1
Carlo Sturla (18th century) Passio di Venerdì Santo Passione secondo Giovanni
Il Concento Ecclesiastico and Luca Franco Ferrari
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Cantus firmus: Passio Domini Nostri Coro: Iesum Nazarenum! Cantus firmus: Dicit eis Iesus Recitativo: Iesum Nazarenum! Cantus firmus: Ut impleretur sermo Aria: Numquid et tu Cantus firmus / Recitativo: Dicit ille / Non sum Aria: Sic respondes pontifici? Cantus firmus: Respondit ei Iesus Coro: Numquid et tu Cantus firmus / Recitativo: Negavit ille / Non sum Aria: Nonne ego te vidi Cantus firmus: Iterum ergo Aria: Quam accusationem affertis Coro: Si non esset hic malefactor Aria: Accipite eum vos Coro: Nobis non licet interficere Cantus firmus / Recitativo: Ut sermo Iesu / Tu es rex Aria / Recitativo: Numquid ego / Ergo rex Aria: Ego nullam invenio Cantus firmus / Recitativo: Clamaverunt ergo / Non hunc Coro: Ave, rex Iudaeorum Aria: Ecce adduco vobis Cantus firmus / Recitativo: Exivit ergo Iesus / Ecce homo Coro: Crucufige, crucifige eum!
1‘49 0‘45 1‘01 0‘42 2‘37 0‘58 2‘02 0‘42 1‘01 1‘12 0‘27 1‘11 0‘42 1‘39 0‘50 1‘57 0‘54 1‘15 3‘25 1‘39 0‘58 1‘27 2‘32 1‘02 0‘28
3
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Recitativo / Aria: Accipite eum vos / Ego enim non invenio Cantus firmus / Coro: Responderunt ei / Nos legem habemus Cantus firmus / Recitativo: Cum ergo audisset / Unde es tu? Coro: Si hunc dimittis Cantus firmus / Recitativo: Pilatus autem / Ecce rex vester Coro: Tolle, tolle crucifige Cantus firmus / Recitativo: Dicit eis / Regem vestrum Coro: Non habemus regem Cantus firmus: Tunc ergo tradidit Duetto: Noli scrivere rex Iudaeorum Cantus firmus: Respondit Pilatus Coro: Non scindamus eam
Il Concento Ecclesiastico Laura Dalfino soprano Marina Frandi contralto Emanuela Esposito cantus firmus Cantus Luisa Bagnoli, Luisa Cuneo, Alessandra Secci Altus Iolanda Barbieri, Patrizia Bozzo, Alessandra Gattino Basso continuo Marlise Goidanich cello · Nicola Barbieri violone Marianne Gubri double harp · Eduardo Figueroa theorbo, Baroque guitar Davide Merello organ
Luca Franco Ferrari
4
2‘58 1‘16 2‘15 1‘10 0‘54 0‘30 0‘36 0‘37 2‘02 4‘04 0‘56 1‘20
Another St. John Passion Only a limited number of manuscripts bearing Carlo Sturla’s name have survived in the library of the Conservatorio Niccolò Paganini in Genoa: they are sacred works for voices and instruments, dating, according to their style, from the first half of the 18th century. We may guess he was born in Genoa, on the basis of the toponym ‘Sturla’, name of the ancient maritime village, today within the city municipality; we know that he worked in Genoa, in public and private theatres and places of worship. During this period Genoa was home to a great many convents of some distinction in the performance of music, and especially singing. For many young nuns, music would have provided their only window on to the outside world. We know that some Mothers Superior bitterly complained about the distractions afforded by the continual comings and goings of musicians, singing teachers and melomaniacs. In fact, Carlo Sturla’s sole representation in the historical records is in the register of the Convent of Santa Brigida convent belonging to the Sisters of the Sacred Heart. Sturla worked here, but his assiduous attendance upon and training of the young virtuoso singers under his tutelage is (perhaps understandably) viewed with considerable suspicion. Holy Week was the liturgical high-point of the year for any Religious, and it was a most important duty ‘far dire il passio, et la settimana santa le solite cerimonie di mattutini, passi et altro…’ (‘to have the Passio chanted, and, during Holy Week, the usual morning ceremonies, passages, etc.’). Those convents blessed with their own choir usually commissioned local composers for new music to adorn the liturgy; a considerable body of music lovers attended Church on the basis of the quality of music or performers in any one place. This context should be borne in mind when considering Sturla’s Passio di Venerdì Santo. Since the 14th century the passages sung by the turba (crowds of disciples and Jews) in musical settings of the Passion were assigned to the choir, as if to give voice to the throng at the foot of Calvary. The Church of the Baroque age prohibited music in concertante style within a sacred context, and ruled that only the ‘turbae’ and the ‘soliloquentes’ (the maid, Peter and Pilate) could have musical settings, but not Christ. The rest of the narration could be read or sung by the celebrant, or, as in this case, by the abbess. The Good Friday ‘lectiones’ are taken from St. John’s text; the manuscript is interrupted when Roman soldiers cast lots for Christ’s robe.
5
In this performance the Evangelist’s role is chanted, but with a basso continuo accompaniment according to contemporary practice, when the stillness of plainsong was not prized but rather transformed with harmonic and instrumental support. The narration (supported by the organ) has been differentiated from Christ’s words, which are given a richer continuo instrumentation. Sturla assigned short recitatives to his soloists and a number of arias for soprano and contralto, while the turbae are sung in two-voice polyphony. It is worth noting that melodrama was the dominant style of the time, even for sacred music; so the arias barely reflect the tragedy and suffering of the story. Sturla was certainly familiar with contemporary Genovese opera, composed by grander and more illustrious musicians. Accordingly, he writes arias to highlight vocal agility and to express ‘vague and lovely’ feelings. Theatrical intentions are revealed by the mocking laughter of the crowd as Christ passes on his way to Calvary, by the short recitatives in pure operatic style, and by the frequent suspended cadences. The musical writing is linear and the vocal lines are intentionally simple; the composer’s skill is revealed by moments of delicate lyricism (‘Ego nullam invenio’), by graceful but never excessive virtuosity (‘Nonne ego’), and by his ability to shape softly contoured, highly singable melodies. C Luisa Bagnoli, 2011
Italian Oratorio at the Accademia di San Rocco in Alessandria, and since 2006 he has been director of the early-music ensemble Accademia dei Virtuosi at the Giuseppe Conte Music School in Genova. He has published various articles on musical life within the history of Genova. In June 2004 he directed Monteverdi’s Il ritorno di Ulisse at the Teatro Carlo Felice in Genoa, in a production recorded by Mondo Musica. In July 2005 he directed the first modern performance of Tartini’s Miserere at the Festival of Two Worlds in Spoleto. In July 2006 in Savona he directed Handel’s Giulio Cesare. He was choir director for a performance of Angelo Tarchi’s oratorio Isacco at Teatro Bibiena in Mantova, and for Viadana’s Vespro Solenne per la Pentecoste, performed in May 2008 at the Claudio Monteverdi Festival in Cremona. He opened the 2009 Lodoviciano Festival with Stradella’s opera Amore e Marte. He has made recordings for SMC, Dynamic, Rugginenti, Tactus, Stradivarius and Bongiovanni. his performances have also been broadcast on Austrian, British and Italian radio.
Luca Franco Ferrari received a diploma from the Nicolò Paganini Conservatory of Music in Genoa, while attending courses in Renaissance Music and Barock performance practice. After studying early-music singing, viola da gamba and conducting, he finished his studies at the Music School of Fiesole, the Early Music Department of the Musical Academy of Florence and the Centro Studi Piemontese di Musica Antica. In 1995 he founded Il Concento Ecclesiastico, which specialises in the recovery and performance of hitherto unknown Baroque music. As a singer, instrumentalist and director he has performed in Italy, France , Denmark and Switzerland, working with conductors such as Christopher Hogwood, Robert King, Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos, Jeffrey Tate, Claudio Astronio, Salvador Mas Conde, Helmut Rilling, Gianandrea Noseda, Juanjo Mena and Alessandro De Marchi. He taught viola da gamba and vocal training at the Stanislao Cordero Institute of Early Music in Pamparato (Cuneo) until the school closed. He currently holds the post of Master in Barock
6
7
Johannes, 18 01 Passio Domini Nostri Jesu Christi secundum Joannem. 1. In illo tempore egressus est, Iesus cum discipulis suis trans torrentem Cedron, ubi erat hortus, in quem introivit ipse, et discipuli eius. 2. Sciebat autem Judas, qui tradebat eum, locum; quia frequenter Iesus convenerat illuc cum discipulis suis. 3. Judas ergo, cum accepisset cohortem et a pontificibus et pharisaeis ministros, venit illuc cum lanternis et facibus et armis. 4. Iesus itaque sciens omnia, quae ventura erant super eum, processit et dixit eis: Quem quaeritis? 5. Responderunt ei:
04 Iesum Nazarenum. 8. Respondit Iesus: Dixi vobis quia ego sum; si ergo me queritis, sinite hos abire. 1. When Jesus had spoken these words, he went forth with his disciples over the brook Cedron, where was a garden, into the which he entered, and his disciples. 2. And Judas also, which betrayed him, knew the place: for Jesus ofttimes resorted thither with his disciples. 3. Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh thither with lanterns and torches and weapons. 4. Jesus therefore, knowing all things that should come upon him, went forth, and said unto them, Whom seek ye? 5. They answered him:
02 Iesum Nazarenum.
Jesus of Nazareth.
03 Dicit eis Iesus: Ego sum. Stabat autem et Judas, qui tradebat eum, um ipsis. 6. Ut autem dixit eis: Ego sum, abierunt retrorsum et ceciderunt in terram. 7. Iterum ergo interrogavit eos: Quem queritis? Illi autem dixerunt:
8
Jesus saith unto them: I am he. And Judas also, which betrayed him, stood with them. 6. As soon then as he had said unto them, I am he, they went backward, and fell to the ground. 7. Then asked he them again, Whom seek ye? And they said,
Jesus of Nazareth. 8. Jesus answered, I have told you that I am he: if therefore ye seek me, let these go their way:
05 9. Ut impleretur sermo, quem dixit: Quia, quos dedisti mihi, non perdidi ex eis quemquam. 10. Simon ergo Petrus habens gladium eduxit eum et percussit pontificis servum et abscidit auriculam eis dexteram. Erat autem nomen servo Malchus. 11. Dixit ergo Iesus Petro: Mitte gladium tuum in vaginam: calicem, quem dedit mihi Pater, non bibam illum? 12. Cohors ergo et tribunus et ministri Iudaeorum comprehenderunt Iesum et ligaverunt eum 13. et adduxerunt eum ad Annam primum; erat enim socer Caiphae, qui erat pontifex anni illius. 14. Erat autem Caiphas qui consilium dederat Iudaeis, quia expedit unum hominem mori pro populo. 15. Sequebatur autem Iesum Simon Petrus et alius discipulus. Discipulus autem ille erat notus pintifici et introivit cum Iesu in atrium pontificis.
9. that the saying might be fulfilled, which he spake, Of them which thou gavest me have I lost none. 10. Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest’s servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant’s name was Malchus. 11. Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it? 12. Then the band and the captain and officers of the Jews took Jesus, and bound him, 13. and led him away to Annas first; for he was father-in-law to Cai’aphas, which was the high priest that same year. 14. Now Cai’aphas was he, which gave counsel to the Jews, that it was expedient that one man should die for the people. 15. And Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple: that disciple was known unto the high priest, and went in with Jesus into the palace of the high priest.
9
16. Petrus autem stabat ad ostium foris. Exivit ergo discipulus alius, qui erat notus pontifici, et dixit ostiariae et introduxit Petrum. 17. Dicit ergo Petro ancilla ostiaria:
16. But Peter stood at the door without. Then went out that other disciple, which was known unto the high priest, and spake unto her that kept the door, and brought in Peter. 17. Then saith the damsel that kept the door unto Peter,
06 Numquid et tu ex discipulis es hominis istius?
Art not thou also one of this man’s disciples?
07 Dicit ille: Non sum. 18. Stabat autem servi et ministri eius ad prunas, quia frigus erat, et calefaciebant se, erat autem cum eis Petrus stans et calefaciens se. 19. Pontifex ergo interrogavit iesum de discipulis suis et de doctrina eius. 20. Respondit ei Iesus: Ego palam locutus sum mundo; ego semper docui in synagoga et in templo, quo omnes Iudaei conveniunt, et in occulto locutus sum nihil. 21. Quid me interrogas? Interroga eos, qui audierunt quid locutus sim ipsis; ecce hi sciunt quae dixerim ego. 22. Haec autem cum dixisset, unus assistens ministrorum dedit alapam Iesu dicens:
10
He saith, I am not. 18. And the servants and officers stood there, who had made a fire of coals, for it was cold; and they warmed themselves: and Peter stood with them, and warmed himself. 19. The high priest then asked Jesus of his disciples, and of his doctrine. 20. Jesus answered him, I spake openly to the world; I ever taught in the synagogue, and in the temple, whither the Jews always resort; and in secret have I said nothing. 21. Why askest thou me? ask them which heard me, what I have said unto them: behold, they know what I said. 22. And when he had thus spoken, one of the officers which stood by struck Jesus with the palm of his hand, saying,
08 Sic respondes pontifici?
Answerest thou the high priest so?
09 23. Respondit ei Iesus: Si male locutus sum, testimonium perhibe de malo; si autem bene, quid me caedis? 24. Et misit eum Annas ligatum ad Caipham pontificem. 25. Erat autem Simon Petrus stans et calefaciens se. Dixerunt ergo ei:
23. Jesus answered him, If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil: but if well, why smitest thou me? 24. Now Annas had sent him bound unto Cai’aphas the high priest. 25. And Simon Peter stood and warmed himself. They said therefore unto him,
10 Numquid et tu ex discipulis eius es?
Art not thou also one of his disciples?
11 Negavit ille et dixit: Non sum. 26. Dicit ei unus ex servis pontificis, cognatus eius cuius abscidit Petrus auriculam:
He denied it, and said, I am not. 26. One of the servants of the high priest, being his kinsman whose ear Peter cut off, saith,
12 Nonne ego te vidi in horto cum illo?
Did not I see thee in the garden with him?
13 27. Iterum ergo negavit Petrus, et statim gallus cantavit. 28. Adducunt ergo Iesum a Caipha in pretorium. Erat autem mane. Et ipsi non introierunt in pretorium, ut non contaminarentur, sed ut manducarent pascha.
27. Peter then denied again; and immediately the cock crew. 28. Then led they Jesus from Cai’aphas unto the hall of judgment: and it was early; and they themselves went not into the judgment hall, lest they should be defiled; but that they might eat the passover. 11
29. Exivit ergo Pilatus ad eos foras et dixit:
29. Pilate then went out unto them, and said,
14 Quam accusationem affertis adversus hominem hunc? 30. Responderunt et dixerunt ei:
What accusation bring ye against this man? 30. They answered and said unto him,
15 Si non esset hic malefactor, non tibi tradidissemus eum. 31. Dixit ergo Pilatus:
If he were not a malefactor, we would not have delivered him up unto thee. 31. Then said Pilate unto them,
16 Accipite eum vos et secundum legem vestram iudicate eum. Dixerunt ergo Iudaei:
Take ye him, and judge him according to your law. The Jews therefore said unto him,
17 Nobis non licet interficere quemquam
12
Numquid ego Iudaeus sum? Gens tua et pontifices tradiderunt te mihi: quid fecisti? 36. Respondit Iesus: Regnum meum non est de hoc mundo. Si ex hoc mundo esset regnum meum, ministri mei utique decertarent ut non traderer Iudaeis; nunc autem regnum meum non est hinc. 37. Dixit itaque ei Pilatus: Ergo rex es tu? Respondit Iesus: Tu dicis quia rex sum ego. Ego in hoc natus sum et ad hoc veni in mundum, ut testimonium perhibeam veritati: omnis qui est ex veritate audit vocem meam. 38. Dicit ei Pilatus: Quid est veritas? Et, cum hoc dixisset, iterum exivit ad Iudaeos et dicit eis:
It is not lawful for us to put any man to death:
18 32. Ut sermo Iesu impleretur, quem dixit significans qua morte esset moriturus. 33. Introivit ergo iterum in praetorium Pilatus et vocavit Iesum et dixit ei: Tu es rex Iudaeorum? 34. Respondit Jesus: A temetipso hoc dicis, an alii dixerunt tibi de me? 35. Respondit Pilatus:
19 Am I a Jew? Thine own nation and the chief priests have delivered thee unto me: what hast thou done? 36. Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence. 37. Pilate therefore said unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice. 38. Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them,
20 32. that the saying of Jesus might be fulfilled, which he spake, signifying what death he should die. 33. Then Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called Jesus, and said unto him, Art thou the King of the Jews? 34. Jesus answered him, Sayest thou this thing of thyself, or did others tell it thee of me? 35. Pilate answered,
Ego nullam invenio in eo causam. 39. Est autem consuetudo vobis ut unum dimittam vobis in Pascha; vultis ergo dimittam vobis regem Iudaeorum?
I find in him no fault at all. 39. But ye have a custom, that I should release unto you one at the passover: will ye therefore that I release unto you the King of the Jews?
21 40. Clamaverunt ergo rursum omnes dicentes: Non hunc sed Barabbam. Erat autem Barabbas latro.
40. Then cried they all again, saying, Not this man, but Barab’bas. Now Barab’bas was a robber.
13
Johannes, 19 1. Tunc ergo apprehendit Pilatus Iesum et flagellavit. 2. Et milites plectentes coronam de spinis imposuerunt capiti eius et veste purpurea circumdederunt eum. 3. Et veniebant ad eum et dicebant:
27 1. Then Pilate therefore took Jesus, and scourged him. 2. And the soldiers platted a crown of thorns, and put it on his head, and they put on him a purple robe, 3. and said,
22 Ave, rex Iudaeorum; et dabant ei alapas. 4. Exivit ergo iterum Pilatus foras et dicit eis:
Hail, King of the Jews! and they smote him with their hands. 4. Pilate therefore went forth again, and saith unto them,
23 Ecce adduco vobis eum foras, ut cognoscatis quia numquam invenio in eo causam.
Behold, I bring him forth to you, that ye may know that I find no fault in him.
24 5. Exivit ergo Iesus portans coronam spineam et purpureum vestimentum. Et dicit eis: Ecce homo. 6. Cum ergo vidissent eum pontifices et ministri, clamabant dicentes:
5. Then came Jesus forth, wearing the crown of thorns, and the purple robe. And Pilate saith unto them, Behold the man! 6. When the chief priests therefore and officers saw him, they cried out, saying,
7. Responderunt ei Iudaei: Nos legem habemus, et secundum legem debet mori, quia Filium Dei se fecit.
28 8-9.Cum ergo audisset Pilatus hunc sermonem, magis timuit. Et ingressus est praetorium iterum et dixit ad Iesum: Unde es tu? Iesus autem responsus non dedit ei. 10. Dicit ergo Pilatus: Mihi non loqueris? Nescis quia potestatem habeo crucifigere te et potestatem habeo dimittere te? 11. Respondit Iesus: Non haberes potestatem adversum me ullam, nisi tibi datum esset desuper. Propterea qui me tradidit tibi maius peccatum habet. 12. Et exinde quaerebat Pilatus dimittere eum. Iudaei autem clamabant dicentes:
8. When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he was the more afraid; 9. and went again into the judgment hall, and saith unto Jesus, Whence art thou? But Jesus gave him no answer. 10. Then saith Pilate unto him, Speakest thou not unto me? knowest thou not that I have power to crucify thee, and have power to release thee? 11. Jesus answered, Thou couldest have no power at all against me, except it were given thee from above: therefore he that delivered me unto thee hath the greater sin. 12. And from thenceforth Pilate sought to release him: but the Jews cried out, saying,
29 Si hunc dimittis non es amicus Caesaris, omnis enim qui se regem facit contradicit Caesari.
25 Crucufige, crucifige eum. Dicit eis Pilatus:
7. The Jews answered him, We have a law, and by our law he ought to die, because he made himself the Son of God.
If thou let this man go, thou art not Caesar’s friend: whosoever maketh himself a king speaketh against Caesar.
Crucify him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them,
30 26 Accipite eum vos et crucifigite: ego enim non invenio in eo causam. 14
Take ye him, and crucify him: for I find no fault in him.
13. Pilatus autem, cum audisset hos sermones, adduxit foras Iesum et sedit pro tribunali in
13. When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth, and sat down in the
15
loco, qui dicitur Lithostrotos, hebraice autem Gabbatha. 14. Erat autem parasceve Paschae hora quasi sexta. Et dicit Iudaeis: Ecce rex vester. 15. Illi autem clamabant:
judgment seat in a place that is called the Pavement, but in the Hebrew, Gab’batha. 14. And it was the preparation of the passover, and about the sixth hour: and he saith unto the Jews, Behold your King! 15. But they cried out,
31
20. Hunc ergo titulum multi Iudaeorum legerunt, quia prope civitatem erat locus ubi crucifixus est Iesus, et erat autem scriptum hebraice, graece et latine. 21. Dicebant ergo Pilato pontifices Iudaeorum:
20. This title then read many of the Jews; for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin. 21. Then said the chief priests of the Jews to Pilate,
35 Away with him, away with him, crucify him.
Noli scribere rex Iudaeorum, sed quia ipse dixit: Rex sum Iudaeorum.
Dicit eis Pilatus: Regem vestrum crucifigam? Responderunt pontifices:
Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered,
36
Non habemus regem nisi Caesarem.
We have no king but Caesar.
Tolle, tolle crucifige eum.
Write not, The King of the Jews; but that he said, I am King of the Jews.
32
33 34 16. Tunc ergo tradidit eis illum ut crucifigeretur. Susceperunt autem Iesum et eduxerunt eum. 17. Et baiulans sibi crucem, exivit in eum, qui dicitur Calvariae, locum, hebraice autem Golgotha, 18. ubi crucifixerunt eum; et cum eo alios duos hinc et hinc, medium autem Iesum. 19. Scripsit autem et titulum Pilatus et posuit super crucem. Erat autem scriptum: Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum.
16
16. Then delivered he him therefore unto them to be crucified. And they took Jesus, and led him away. 17. And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Gol’gotha: 18. where they crucified him, and two others with him, on either side one, and Jesus in the midst. 19. And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS.
22. Respondit Pilatus: Quod scripsi scripsi. 23. Milites ergo, cum crucifixissent eum, acceperunt vestimenta eius et fecerunt quattuor partes, unicuique militi partem, et tunicam. Erat autem tunica inconsutilis desuper contexta per totum. 24. Dixerunt ergo ad invicem:
22. Pilate answered, What I have written I have written. 23. Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took his garments, and made four parts, to every soldier a part; and also his coat: now the coat was without seam, woven from the top throughout. 24. They said therefore among themselves,
37 Non scindamus eam, sed sortiamur de illa cuius sit.
Let us not rend it, but cast lots for it, whose it shall be.
17
First recording Recorded on original instruments Recording: 3–5 September 2006, Chiesa del Convento di Santa Caterina, Genova Recording engineer, digital editing & mastering: Enrico Di Felice Artistic supervision: Silvia Piccollo Edition by Luca Franco Ferrari Original score: Passio di Venerdì Santo, Turba a 2 Voci: Canto et Alto, segnatura N.1.3.18.(Sc.71), Biblioteca del Conservatorio Paganini di Genova Cover image: Delacroix: Christ on the Cross © Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, USA/ The Bridgeman Art Library DDD STEMRA P & C 2011 Brilliant Classics
18
19