ISSN 2287-7266
Republic of Korea ECONOMIC BULLETIN (Republic of Korea)
ECONOMIC BULLETIN 03 The Green Book: Current Economic Trends 47 Featured Issue
“Pursuing Realistic Visions for the Financial Industry” (Interview with FSC Chairman Shin Je-Yoon)
51 Policy Issues
Economic Policy Directions for the Second Half of 2013
58 Economic News Briefing
KONEX Begins Trading on July 1 Korea-China Currency Swap to be Extended Government to Boost Surveillance on Illegal Forex Transactions Korea-EU FTA Tariffs Further Cut
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61 Statistical Appendices Vol.35 No.7 July 2013
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| Economic Information and Education Center
Vol.35 No.7
July 2013
Republic of Korea Vol.35 No.7
July 2013
Contents
Economic Bulletin The Green Book: Current Economic Trends Overview ......................................................................................................................... 03 1. External economic situation ..................................................................................... 04 2. Private consumption .................................................................................................. 09 3. Facility investment ..................................................................................................... 12 4. Construction investment ........................................................................................... 14 5. Exports and imports .................................................................................................. 17 6. Mining and manufacturing production .................................................................. 19 7. Service sector activity ................................................................................................ 22 8. Employment .............................................................................................................. 24 9. Financial markets ........................................................................................................ 28 9.1 Stock market 9.2 Exchange rate 9.3 Bond market 9.4 Money supply & money market 10. Balance of payments ................................................................................................ 32 11. Prices and international commodity prices ......................................................... 35 11.1 Prices 11.2 International oil and commodity prices 12. Real estate market ................................................................................................... 40 12.1 Housing market 12.2 Land market 13. Composite indices of business cycle indicators .................................................. 45
Featured Issue “Pursuing realistic visions for the financial industry� ...............................................47 (Interview with FSC chairman Shin Je-Yoon)
Policy Issues Economic policy directions for the second half of 2013 ........................................... 51
Economic News Briefing .......................................................................... 58 Statistical Appendices ................................................................................ 61
The Green Book Current Economic Trends Overview The Korean economy has seen some economic indicators improve, including service output and facility investment, while inflation has remained stable. However, mining & manufacturing production, consumption and construction investment fell, and employment grew at a slower pace. Real economic indicators excluding mining & manufacturing production, such as industrial production, service output, consumption and construction investment, moderately improved in the second quarter until May, compared with the first quarter, taking temporary factors in the public sector into account. In May, the economy added 265,000 jobs year-on-year, down from 345,000 in the previous month. Consumer price inflation stayed stable at 1.0 percent in June, as favorable weather conditions and low international oil prices contributed to a continuous fall in agricultural and petroleum product prices. Mining and manufacturing production fell by 0.4 percent month-on-month in May, led by a drop in other transportation equipment, while service output increased by 0.2 percent, backed by an improvement in real estate & renting. Despite strong semi-durable goods sales, retail sales fell 0.2 percent month-on-month in May, as durable and nondurable goods sales went down. Facility investment in May rose 1.2 percent from the previous month due to strong machinery investment, while construction investment dropped by 4.3 percent as both building construction and civil engineering works fell. Exports declined by 0.9 percent year-on-year in June despite strong exports of vessels and ITrelated items such as mobile phones, due to fewer days worked and decreased shipments to Japan. The trade balance remained in the black at US$5.52 billion. The cyclical indicator of the coincident composite index decreased 0.2 points month-on-month in May, and the leading composite index rose 0.3 points. In June, stock prices fell and the won weakened, due to the outflow of foreign capital from the stock market, which resulted from worries regarding the early tapering of quantitative easing in the US, and the strong dollar. Apartment prices rose moderately by 0.1 percent in June from the previous month, when the prices registered a 0.3 percent increase, while the upward trend in rental prices slowed down from 0.4 percent to 0.3 percent. The Green Book | 3
The Korean economy is expected to gradually recover in line with an improvement in global economic situations and as policies have started to positively affect the economy. However, there still remain downside risks that may arise from the early tapering of quantitative easing in the US and the struggling eurozone economy. The Korean government will closely watch the global and domestic economic situations and reinforce its monitoring of global and domestic markets, while continuing to pursue policies to stimulate the economy. At the same time, the government will focus on securing the lives of the low- and middle income classes through job creation and by stabilizing the prices of necessities, while continuing to adopt policies to improve the health of the economy.
1.
The global economy is expected to continue to steadily recover, led by the US, but the eurozone is still mired in recession and there is a possibility that Chinese economic growth will slow down owing to a change in its policy focus to the quality of growth*.
External economic situation
* Rather than implementing short-term economic stimulus measures, China is currently focused on laying the foundation for sustainable growth through policy reforms, including stabilizing the social safety net and investing in infrastructure to support urbanization (announced by the National People’s Congress in March, 2013).
Numerous potential risk factors remain, including political instability in Egypt and Portugal* and financial market anxiety owing to recent talks of tapering quantitative easing in the US**. * Tensions are rising in the eurozone due to opposition within Portugal to further austerity, and there are fears that oil prices will rise owing to the recent political upheaval in Egypt (the military overthrew the Morsi administration earlier in the month). ** Some investment banks, such as Goldman Sachs, predict that the US Federal Reserve will begin tapering quantitative easing in September owing to favorable employment indicators.
World GDP growth 6
(%)
5 4 3 2 1 0 -1
2001
4 | The Green Book
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
US economic growth in the first quarter of 2013 (finalized, annualized q-o-q) was sharply revised downward from the previously reported 2.4 percent (revised) to 1.8 percent, but recovery momentum in the US continues led by consumption and the housing market.
US
Factors that contribute to GDP, including private sector spending, corporate investment and exports, were all revised downward, but the housing market continued to be a bright spot for the US economy as housing investment was revised upwards. Contribution to growth rate (revised [ finalized, %p)
2.40 [ 1.83 (private consumption), 0.23 [ 0.04 (corporate investment), 0.30 [ 0.34 (housing investment), 0.63 [ 0.57 (inventory investment), 0.4 [ -0.15 (exports), -0.97 [ -0.93 (government spending)
Industrial production improved to 0.0 percent in May compared with the previous month (-0.4%), and the ISM Manufacturing Index, which shows business confidence, registered above its baseline of 50 while beating market expectations (50.5). ISM Manufacturing Index (base=50) 51.7 (Oct 2012) [ 49.9 (Nov) [ 50.2 (Dec) [ 53.1 (Jan 2013) [ 54.2 (Feb) [ 51.3 (Mar) [ 50.7 (Apr) [ 49.0 (May) [ 50.9 (Jun)
US GDP growth and industrial production Source: US Department of Commerce & US Federal Reserve Board 10
(%)
8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 2001. Q1
2002. Q1
2003. Q1
2004. Q1
2005. Q1
2006. Q1
2007. Q1
GDP (q-o-q, annualized rate)
2008. Q1
2009. Q1
2010. Q1
2011. Q1
2012. Q1
2013. Q1
Industrial production (q-o-q)
Retail sales showed stronger growth than the previous month, up 0.6 percent, and the Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index registered its highest level since January 2008. Consumer Confidence Index
73.1 (Oct 2012) [ 71.5 (Nov) [ 66.7 (Dec) [ 58.4 (Jan 2013) [ 68.0 (Feb) [ 61.9 (Mar) [ 69.0 (Apr) [ 74.3 (May) [ 81.4 (Jun)
The housing market continued to recover, as home sales indicators improved and housing prices rose for 13 consecutive months. Existing home sales in May increased 4.2 percent, and new home sales improved 2.1 percent compared to the previous month. The Green Book | 5
Case-Shiller Home Price Index (q-o-q, %)
-0.4 (Q1 2012) [ 2.2 (Q2) [ 1.7 (Q3) [ 1.9 (Q4) [ 3.4 (Q1 2013) 1.3 (Feb 2013) [ 1.9 (Mar) [ 1.7 (Apr)
New home sales (m-o-m, %)
-4.9 (Oct 2012) [ 9.0 (Nov) [ -0.5 (Dec) [ 15.7 (Jan 2013) [ -2.8 (Feb) [ 1.3 (March) [ 3.3 (April) [ 2.1 (May)
The unemployment rate was 7.6 percent in June, unchanged from the previous month, but the job market continued to show signs of improvement as nonfarm employment increased by 195,000, greatly exceeding forecasts (165,000). Nonfarm payroll increase (m-o-m, thousand) 160 (Oct 2012) [ 247 (Nov) [ 219 (Dec) [ 148 (Jan 2013) [ 332 (Feb) [ 142 (Mar) [ 199 (Apr) [ 195 (May) [ 195 (Jun) Nonfarm payroll increase in June by industry (Out of 195,000 jobs added, thousand) 202 (private sector): 1 (mining), -6 (manufacturing), 13 (construction), 194 (service), -7 (public sector)
US nonfarm payroll growth and unemployment rate Sourse : US Department of Labor 800
(thousand)
(%)
12
600
10
400
8
200 0
6
-200
4
-400 -600
2
-800 -1,000 2001. 1
0 2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
US nonfarm payroll growth (m-o-m, left)
2013. 1
Unemployment rate (right)
(Percentage change from previous period)
2011 Real GDP²
2012
2013¹
Annual
Annual
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Apr
May
Jun
1.8
2.2
2.0
1.3
3.1
0.4
1.8
-
-
-
- Personal consumption expenditure
2.5
1.9
2.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.6
-
-
-
- Corporate fixed investment
8.6
8.0
7.5
3.6
-1.8
13.2
0.4
-
-
-
- Housing construction investment
-1.4
12.1
20.5
8.5
13.5
17.6
14.0
-
-
-
Industrial production
4.1
3.8
1.4
0.6
0.0
0.6
1.0
-0.4
0.0
-
Retail sales
8.0
5.0
1.7
-0.3
1.3
1.5
1.0
0.1
0.6
-
Existing home sales
2.4
9.9
5.5
-2.0
5.1
3.3
1.0
0.6
4.2
-
Unemployment rate³
9.0
8.1
8.3
8.2
8.1
7.8
7.7
7.5
7.6
7.6
3.2
2.1
2.8
1.9
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.1
1.4
-
Consumer prices 1. Preliminary 2. Annualized rate (%) Source: US Department of Commerce
6 | The Green Book
3. Seasonally adjusted
Chinese economic growth in the first quarter was 7.7 percent, falling below market expectations, while economic indicators were mixed as retail sales improved and industrial production slowed down, and there is a possibility that growth will slow down.
China
Consumption has been gradually improving, but has yet to pick up from a year ago due to the cutting of lavish government spending, anticorruption policies and worries about food product sanitation, and this could lead to a slowdown in growth. Investment continues to be strong and there are signs pointing to a recovery, such as an expansion in investment to promote urbanization. However, factors which limit a recovery remain, including the falling manufacturing PMI and restrictive real estate market regulations. Manufacturing PMI
50.5 (Q1 2013), 50.6 (Apr) [ 50.8 (May) [ 50.1 (Jun)
Nonmanufacturing PMI
55.4 (Q1 2013), 54.5 (Apr) [ 54.3 (May) [ 53.9 (Jun) (Percentage change from same period in previous year)
2011 Annual Real GDP
Q3
2012¹ Q4
Annual
Q1
Q2
2013¹ Q3
Q4
Q1
Apr
May
9.3
9.1
8.9
7.8
8.1
7.6
7.4
7.9
7.7
-
-
Industrial production
13.9
13.8
12.8
10.0
11.6
9.5
9.1
10.0
9.5
9.3
9.2
Fixed asset investment (accumulated)
24.8
24.9
23.8
20.6
20.9
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.9
20.6
20.4
Retail sales
17.1
17.3
17.5
14.3
14.9
13.9
13.5
14.9
12.4
12.8
12.9
Exports
20.7
20.7
14.4
8.3
8.8
10.5
4.5
9.5
18.4
14.6
1.0
Consumer prices²
5.4
6.3
4.6
2.6
3.8
2.8
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.1
Producer prices²
6.0
7.1
3.1
-1.7
0.1
-1.4
-3.3
-2.3
-1.7
-2.6
-2.9
1. Preliminary 2. Quarterly change: average of monthly change Source: China National Bureau of Statistics
China’s GDP growth and fixed asset investment Source: National Bureau of Statistics of China 18
(%)
(%)
70
16
60
14
50
12
40
10
30
8
20
6
10
4 2001. Q1
2002. Q1
2003. Q1
GDP (y-o-y, left)
2004. Q1
2005. Q1
2006. Q1
2007. Q1
2008. Q1
2009. Q1
2010. Q1
2011. Q1
2012. Q1
0 2013. Q1
Fixed asset investment (accumulated, y-o-y, right)
The Green Book | 7
Signs of a Japanese recovery continue to manifest as indicators, such as industrial production, retail sales and exports, all continue to improve.
Japan
Deflationary pressures appear to be easing as the May consumer price index fell only 0.3 percent and core inflation remained steady at 0.0 percent. Business sentiment is improving as the Tankan index for large manufacturers (baseline = 0) grew from -8.0 in the first quarter to 4.0 in the second quarter. (Percentage change from previous period)
2011 Annual
Q3
2012¹ Q4
Annual
Q1
2013¹
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Apr
May
Real GDP
-0.6
2.5
0.1
2.0
1.2
-0.2
-0.9
0.3
1.0
-
-
Industrial production
-2.4
4.3
-0.4
-0.3
1.2
-2.0
-4.2
-1.9
2.2
0.9
2.0
Retail sales
-1.2
0.5
-0.5
1.6
1.2
0.3
-0.9
-0.2
0.6
0.6
1.5
Exports (y-o-y)
-2.7
0.5
-5.5
-2.8
-1.6
4.8
-8.2
-5.5
1.2
3.8
10.1
Consumer prices (y-o-y)
-0.3
0.0
-0.2
-0.0
0.3
0.1
-0.4
-0.2
-0.6
-0.7
-0.3
1. Preliminary Sources: Japan's Cabinet Office, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Finance, Statistics Bureau of Japan
Japan’s GDP growth and industrial production Source: Japan’s Cabinet Office, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 6
(%)
(%)
25 20
4
15 10
2
5 0
0
-5 -2
-10 -15
-4
-20 -6 2001. Q1
2002. Q1
2003. Q1
GDP (q-o-q, left)
Eurozone
2004. Q1
2005. Q1
2006. Q1
2007. Q1
2008. Q1
2009. Q1
2010. Q1
2011. Q1
2012. Q1
-25 2013. Q1
Industrial production (q-o-q, right)
The recession in the eurozone continues as unemployment in May broke records, reaching 12.2 percent, and the manufacturing PMI fell below its baseline of 50 for the 23rd consecutive month. Unemployment rate (%) 11.5 (Aug 2012) [ 11.6 (Sep) [ 11.7 (Oct) [ 11.8 (Nov) [ 11.8 (Dec) [ 12.0 (Jan 2013) [ 12.1 (Feb) [ 12.1 (Mar) [ 12.1 (Apr) [ 12.2 (May) (youth unemployment: 23.9) Manufacturing PMI (base = 50) 46.1 (Sep 2012) [ 45.4 (Oct) [ 46.2 (Nov) [ 46.1 (Dec) [ 47.9 (Jan 2013) [ 47.9 (Feb) [ 46.8 (Mar) [ 46.7 (Apr) [ 48.3 (May) [ 48.8 (Jun)
8 | The Green Book
(Percentage change from previous period)
2011
2012
Annual Annual Real GDP
1.4
-0.5
2013¹
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Mar
Apr
Mar
Jun
0.0
-0.2
-0.1
-0.6
-0.2
-
-
-
-
Industrial production
3.5
-2.4
-0.5
-0.5
0.4
-2.4
0.1
0.9
0.3
-
-
Retail sales
-0.5
-1.7
-0.3
-0.8
0.0
-1.5
0.2
-0.2
-0.5
-
-
Exports (y-o-y)
12.7
7.4
8.6
8.1
7.4
5.5
1.2
-0.1
9.1
-
-
2.7
2.1
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.3
1.9
1.7
1.2
1.4
1.6
Consumer prices (y-o-y) 1. Preliminary Source: Eurostat
Eurozone’s GDP growth and industrial production Source: Eurostat 3
(%)
(%)
10 8
2
6 4
1
2 0
0
-2 -1
-4 -6
-2
-8 -3 2001. Q1
2002. Q1
2003. Q1
2004. Q1
2005. Q1
2006. Q1
2007. Q1
2008. Q1
2009. Q1
2010. Q1
2011. Q1
GDP (q-o-q, left)
2. Private consumption
2012. Q1
-10 2013. Q1
Industrial production (q-o-q, right)
Private consumption in the first quarter of 2013 (preliminary GDP) fell 0.4 percent quarter-on-quarter while increasing 1.5 percent year-on-year.
(Percentage change from previous period)
2011 Private consumption² (y-o-y)
2012¹
2013¹
Annual
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Annual
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
2.4
0.7
0.6
0.1
-0.2
1.7
0.8
0.4
0.7
0.8
-0.4
-
3.2
3.1
2.1
1.2
-
1.3
1.0
1.7
2.7
1.5
1. Preliminary 2. National accounts Source: The Bank of Korea
The Green Book | 9
Retail sales in May fell 0.2 percent compared with the previous month, as sales of nondurable goods, such as automobile fuel, and durable goods, such as computers and communications equipment, fell, despite an increase in semi-durable goods sales, such as clothing. Year-on-year, the index rose 0.5 percent. (Percentage change from previous period)
2011
20131
2012
Annual
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Annual
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Apr1
May1
4.5
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.0
2.3
1.0
0.3
1.2
0.4
-1.2
-0.7
-0.2
-
5.3
6.2
4.0
2.6
-
2.8
1.4
2.6
2.5
0.2
2.1
0.5
- Durable goods²
10.6
3.8
0.5
0.7
-0.9
5.3
2.5
1.9
2.8
2.3
-4.4
2.1
-1.0
• Automobiles
7.0
5.2
-3.3
4.6
-11.3
2.4
2.4
9.4
-1.6
9.0
-9.0
-2.6
0.2
- Semi-durable goods³
3.7
0.9
1.4
1.7
-2.7
-1.1
-0.4
0.3
-1.1
1.7
1.0
-4.4
0.9
- Nondurable goods⁴
2.1
0.4
0.6
-0.1
1.6
2.3
0.9
-0.6
1.5
-1.1
-0.5
-0.4
-0.2
Retail sales (y-o-y)
1. Preliminary 2. Durable goods: Automobiles, electronic appliances, furniture, telecommunications devices, etc. 3. Semi-durable goods: Clothing, footwear, etc. 4. Nondurable goods: Food, medicine, cosmetics, fuel, tobacco, etc. Source: Statistics Korea
There is a possibility that retail sales in June will improve somewhat compared with May due to an increase in seasonal clothing and home appliance sales. Domestic car sales worsened due to poor midsize car sales. Growth of department store sales accelerated from the previous month backed by strong clothing sales due to the warm weather, and discount store sales turned positive without a high base effect from before May 2012, when mandatory closures were fully implemented, and owing to an increase in home appliance sales. Gasoline sales turned negative as sales fell due to rising domestic oil prices. Gasoline prices (won/liter)
1,897 (1st week Jun) [ 1,898 (2nd week) [ 1,902 (3rd week) [ 1,908 (4th week) (y-o-y, %)
2012
2013
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
14.2
7.1
6.2
3.4
5.6
4.5
3.6
4.1
Department store sales
9.1
-0.2
-8.2
1.7
7.5
-1.9
1.0
3.7
Large discount store sales
-1.7
-5.0
-24.6
8.9
-4.4
-9.8
-4.3
4.3
Domestic sales of gasoline
3.7
-2.8
2.9
-8.0
7.6
6.5
2.6
-0.1
13.2
7.5
1.6
-13.5
-1.0
0.8
-1.9
-8.5
Credit card sales
Domestic sales of cars
Sources: Credit Finance Association of Korea, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Korea National Oil Corporation, Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association, Ministry of Strategy and Finance (for June data)
10 | The Green Book
Private consumption Source: The Bank of Korea (national accounts) 14
(%)
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 2001. Q1
2002. Q1
2003. Q1
2004. Q1
2005. Q1
2006. Q1
2007. Q1
2008. Q1
2009. Q1
2010. Q1
2011. Q1
Private consumption (y-o-y)
2012. Q1
2013. Q1
Private consumption (q-o-q)
Retail sales Source: Statistics Korea (industrial activity trend) 25
(%)
20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Consumer goods sales (m-o-m)
Consumer goods sales (y-o-y)
Retail sales by type Source: Statistics Korea (industrial activity trend) 50
(y-o-y, %)
40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 2001. 1
2002. 1 Durable goods
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
Semi-durable goods
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Nondurable goods
The Green Book | 11
3.
Facility investment (preliminary GDP) increased 2.6 percent quarter-on-quarter and decreased 11.9 percent year-on-year in the first quarter of 2013.
Facility investment
(Percentage change from previous quarter)
2011 Facility investment² (y-o-y)
Annual
Q3
3.6 -
2012¹ Q2
2013¹
Q4
Annual
Q1
Q3
Q4
Q1
-1.8
-3.6
-1.9
10.4
-7.8
-5.2
-1.8
2.6
1.1
-3.6
-
8.8
-3.5
-6.9
-5.2
-11.9
- Machinery
4.2
-2.3
-1.8
-1.1
11.3
-8.5
-6.0
-3.2
1.1
- Transportation equipment
1.4
-0.1
-10.8
-5.0
6.7
-5.2
-1.7
3.7
7.8
1. Preliminary 2. National accounts Source: The Bank of Korea
Facility investment Source: The Bank of Korea (national accounts) (%)
40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20
-30 2001. Q1
2002. Q1
2003. Q1
2004. Q1
2005. Q1
2006. Q1
2007. Q1
2008. Q1
2009. Q1
2010. Q1
2011. Q1
Facility investment (q-o-q)
2012. Q1
2013. Q1
Facility investment (y-o-y)
Facility investment by type Source: The Bank of Korea (national accounts) 50
(y-o-y, %)
40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 2001. Q1
2002. Q1
2003. Q1
Transportation equipment
12 | The Green Book
2004. Q1
2005. Q1
2006. Q1
2007. Q1
2008. Q1
2009. Q1
2010. Q1
2011. Q1
2012. Q1
2013. Q1 Machinery
Facility investment rose 1.2 percent month-on-month in May, despite a decrease in transportation equipment investment, due to an increase in machinery investment. The index fell 11.6 percent year-on-year. (Percentage change from previous quarter)
2011
2012
Annual Annual
Q1
2013¹ Q1¹
Mar
Apr¹
May1
0.8
-4.5
-0.2
-3.8
1.2
-8.2
-6.9
-15.4
-7.9
-12.1
-11.6
Q2
Q3
Q4
6.4
-5.0
-6.8
10.7
-2.7
Facility investment index
4.0
-2.0
(y-o-y)
-
-
- Machinery
2.7
-2.2
8.1
-5.5
-6.9
-3.8
-5.7
-3.2
1.0
2.3
- Transportation equipment
9.8
-1.1
-1.0
-1.8
-6.7
22.0
0.3
7.9
-17.9
-2.9
1. Preliminary Source: Statistics Korea
Despite an improvement in machinery orders and imports, facility investment is likely to modestly grow due to the low average manufacturing operation ratio, facility investment adjustment pressure and corporate sentiment. Business survey index for manufacturing sector (Bank of Korea) 72 (Oct 2012) [ 70 (Nov) [ 67 (Dec) [ 70 (Jan 2013) [ 72 (Feb) [ 76 (Mar) [ 80 (Apr) [ 81 (May) [ 82 (Jun) [ 78 (Jul)
(Percentage change from same period in previous year)
2011
2012
2013¹
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1¹
Mar
Apr¹
May1
-13.4
-1.1
-19.8
-10.4
-21.5
-10.7
13.4
-0.3
16.9
-5.3
-18.7
-2.0
3.9
5.2
-0.5
0.4
16.0
Annual Annual Domestic machinery orders
7.6
(q-o-q, m-o-m)
-
-
- Public
-2.6
-11.0
126.1
-59.7
86.7
-54.6
-47.0
92.2
63.8
553.5
- Private
8.8
-13.6
-8.7
-15.1
-16.0
-15.1
-5.6
10.6
-2.3
5.3
Machinery imports
7.1
-3.0
15.3
-4.3
-12.2
-8.2
-11.8
-7.1
-7.2
-0.7
Average manufacturing operation ratio
80.2
78.1
79.6
79.0
76.2
77.8
77.1
75.4
75.5
75.4
Facility investment adjustment pressure²
1.1
-1.4
0.7
-1.3
-3.0
-1.5
-2.9
-4.1
0.5
-2.5
1. Preliminary 2. Production growth rate minus production capacity growth rate in the manufacturing sector (%p) Sources: Statistics Korea, Korea International Trade Association
The Green Book | 13
Machinery orders and machinery imports Source: Korea International Trade Association (KITA), Statistics Korea 10
(trillion won)
(y-o-y, %)
60
9
50
8
40 30
7
20
6
10 0
5
-10
4
-20 -30
3 2 2001. Q1
70
-40 2002. Q1
2003. Q1
2004. Q1
2005. Q1
2006. Q1
2007. Q1
2008. Q1
2009. Q1
2010. Q1
2011. Q1
Machinery orders (left)
4. Construction investment
2012. Q1
-50 2013. Q1
Machinery imports (right)
Construction investment (preliminary GDP) in the first quarter of 2013 increased 4.1 percent quarter-on-quarter and 2.4 percent year-on-year.
(Percentage change from previous quarter)
2011¹ Construction investment² (y-o-y)
2012¹
2013¹
Annual
Q3
Q4
Annual
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
-4.7
-0.4
0.1
-2.2
-1.5
-1.3
0.7
-1.2
4.1
-
-3.6
-1.7
-
-0.4
-3.1
-0.3
-4.2
2.4
- Building construction
-2.7
-0.3
-1.0
-1.7
0.3
-2.6
0.1
-0.3
4.6
- Civil engineering works
-7.3
-0.7
1.5
-2.9
-3.9
0.4
1.5
-2.4
3.5
1. Preliminary 2. National accounts Source: The Bank of Korea
The value of construction completed (constant) in May declined 4.3 percent month-on-month, as both building construction and civil engineering works fell. Compared to a year ago, the index rose 12.5 percent.
14 | The Green Book
(Percentage change from previous quarter)
2011
2012 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Dec
Q1ยน
Mar
Aprยน
May1
-5.8
-5.6
-0.9
1.0
1.4
2.1
4.4
-2.5
9.8
-4.3
Annual Annual Construction completed (constant)
-6.4
(y-o-y)
2013ยน
-
-
-4.9
-9.7
-2.3
-5.6
-8.3
5.2
3.7
19.6
12.5
- Building construction
-6.9
-7.6
-4.5
-4.8
1.0
1.8
3.0
7.6
1.5
9.0
-4.9
- Civil engineering works
-5.6
-3.5
-6.9
4.1
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.6
-7.4
10.8
-3.5
2006. Q1
2007. Q1
2008. Q1
2009. Q1
1. Preliminary Source: Statistics Korea
Construction investment Source: The Bank of Korea (national accounts) (%)
20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10
-15 2001. Q1
2002. Q1
2003. Q1
2004. Q1
2005. Q1
2010. Q1
Construction investment (q-o-q)
2011. Q1
2012. Q1
2013. Q1
Construction investment (y-o-y)
Construction investment by type Source: The Bank of Korea (national accounts) 50
(y-o-y, %)
40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
Building construction
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
Residential buildings
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Civil engineering works
The Green Book | 15
Construction investment remains to be seen as there are both positive factors, such as a rise in construction completed due to new home sales in new towns and a decrease in unsold new houses, and negative factors, such as the expiration of the acquisition tax cut and poor construction orders. Unsold houses (thousand, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) 75 (Jan 2013) [ 73 (Feb) [ 71 (Mar) [ 70 (Apr) [ 67 (May) (Percentage change from same period in previous year)
2011
2012
Annual Annual Construction orders (current value)
2013ยน
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Dec
Q1ยน
Mar
Aprยน
May1
6.1
-8.9
33.3
-0.7
-13.6
-33.1
-43.0
-41.2
-20.7
-18.6
-19.1
-
-
15.1
-14.8
-6.1
-20.4
-10.8
-5.9
-13.5
-3.2
5.1
- Building construction
14.0
-8.7
27.4
-7.0
-7.1
-27.4
-37.5
-33.6
-13.7
-26.7
-46.4
- Civil engineering works
-6.0
-9.3
42.0
12.5
-26.3
-43.7
-51.6
-51.3
-33.1
-1.0
79.3
9.9
-0.5
8.7
1.2
-7.3
-2.3
9.2
-12.4
-14.2
-14.2
-12.9
(q-o-q, m-o-m)
Building permit area
1. Preliminary Sources: Statistics Korea, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Leading indicators of construction investment Source: Statistics Korea (construction orders) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (building construction permit area) 340
(y-o-y, %)
290 240 190 140 90 40 -10 -60 -110 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
Construction orders
16 | The Green Book
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Building permit area
5.
Exports in June decreased 0.9 percent (preliminary) year-on-year to US$46.73 billion.
Exports and imports
Despite an improvement in vessel exports and shipments to the EU, export growth turned negative year-on-year in June, due to a fall in steel exports and shipments to Japan, fewer days worked (22.5 [ 21.5) and a high base effect. Export growth by item (y-o-y, %)
11.8 (vessels), 6.7 (semiconductors), 6.3 (mobile phones), -1.6 (automobiles), -7.7 (petroleum products), -13.2 (steel)
Export growth by region (y-o-y, %) 13.1 (EU), 5.7 (US), 5.4 (China), 0.0 (ASEAN countries), -16.6 (Japan), -23.1 (Middle East)
Export growth in 2012 (y-o-y, %) -5.0 (Apr 2012) [ -1.0 (May) [ 0.9 (Jun) [ -8.7 (Jul)
Export growth fell in most items and regions due to a decrease in days worked, while shipments to Japan continued to drop in line with the weakening yen. Average daily exports, an indicator adjusted to days worked, amounted to US$2.17 billion, an increase of 3.7 percent year-on-year, rising for the second consecutive month. Average daily export growth (y-o-y, %)
1.7 (Jan 2013) [ 2.6 (Feb) [ 4.5 (Mar) [ -8.0 (Apr) [ 1.0 (May) [ 3.7 (Jun)
Exports by item Source: Korea Customs Service, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (export and import trend) 160
(y-o-y, %)
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
Export growth rate
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1 Automobiles
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
Semiconductors
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1 Steel
The Green Book | 17
(US$ billion)
2012 Exports
2013
Annual
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Jun
Q1
May
Jun1
Jan-Jun1
547.87
134.85
140.13
133.13
139.77
47.16
135.47
48.36
46.73
276.69
(y-o-y, %)
-1.3
2.9
-1.7
-5.8
-0.4
0.9
0.4
3.2
-0.9
0.6
Average daily exports
2.00
1.97
2.09
1.90
2.04
2.10
2.00
2.10
2.17
2.05
1. Preliminary Source: Korea Customs Service
Imports in June dropped 1.8 percent (preliminary) year-on-year to US$41.22 billion. Despite an increase in capital and consumer goods imports, imports continued a downward trend year-on-year as shrinking oil imports caused by low oil prices led to a sharp decrease in commodities imports. Import growth by category (y-o-y, %) -6.4 (commodities), 2.1 (consumer goods), 7.4 (capital goods)
Imports by type Source: Korea Customs Service, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (export and import trend) 100
(y-o-y, %)
80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
Import growth rate
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
Commodities
2013. 1 Capital goods
(US$ billion)
2012 Imports
2013
Annual
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Jun
Q1
May
Jun1
Jan-Jun1
519.58
133.67
130.43
125.65
129.83
42.00
129.68
42.45
41.22
257.14
(y-o-y, %)
-0.9
7.8
-2.9
-6.9
-1.1
-6.3
-2.9
-4.6
-1.8
-2.6
Average daily imports
1.90
1.95
1.96
1.79
1.89
1.87
1.94
1.85
1.92
1.90
1. Preliminary Source: Korea Customs Service
18 | The Green Book
Exports and imports Source: Korea Customs Service, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (export and import trend) 60
(US$ billion)
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
Trade balance
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
Exports
2013. 1 Imports
The trade balance (preliminary) in June remained in the black for 17 months in a row, posting a surplus of US$5.52 billion. (US$ billion)
2012
Trade balance
2013
Annual
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
June
Q1
May
Jun1
Jan-Junยน
28.29
1.18
9.70
7.47
9.94
5.17
5.67
5.92
5.52
19.55
1. Preliminary Source: Korea Customs Service
6. Mining and manufacturing production
Mining and manufacturing production in May decreased 0.4 percent month-onmonth and 1.4 percent year-on-year, as poor semiconductors & parts and other transportation equipment offset an increase in chemical products and refined petroleum. Compared to the previous month, production of chemical products (up 4.2%), refined petroleum (up 5.4%) and medical, precision & optical instruments (up 6.8%) rose, while other transportation equipment (down 9.6%), semiconductors & parts (down 2.5%) and processed metals (down 2.5%) fell. Compared to a year ago, production of semiconductors & parts (up 6.4%), chemical products (up 5.9%) and medical, precision & optical instruments (up 15.5%) increased, while mechanical equipment (down 6.8%), refined petroleum (down 11.8%) and audio-visual communications equipment (down 16.1%) went down. The Green Book | 19
Industrial production Source: Statistics Korea (industrial activity trend) 50
(%)
40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
Industrial production (m-o-m)
2012. 1
2013. 1
Industrial production (y-o-y)
The manufacturing inventory-shipment ratio rose by 0.1 percentage point monthon-month as inventories and shipments increased 0.2 percent and 0.1 percent, respectively. Inventories of semiconductors & parts (up 3.0%), mechanical equipment (up 2.2%) and groceries (up 4.7%) rose month-on-month, while refined petroleum (down 13.4%), primary metals (down 1.7%) and chemical products (down 1.5%) declined. Shipments of audio-visual communications equipment (up 4.6%), chemical products (up 4.3%) and refined petroleum (up 2.0%) climbed, while other transportation equipment (down 10.4%), semiconductors & parts (down 1.8%) and clothing & fur (down 7.3%) slipped. The average operation ratio of the manufacturing sector fell by 0.1 percentage point month-on-month to 75.4 percent.
Shipment and inventory Source: Statistics Korea (industrial activity trend) 10
(m-o-m, %)
8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
Shipment growth
20 | The Green Book
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Inventory growth
Average manufacturing operation ratio Source: Statistics Korea (industrial activity trend) 100
( %)
90
80
70]
60
50 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
(Percentage change from previous quarter or month)
2012
2013ยน
Annual
Q1
Q2
Q3
Mining production (q-o-q, m-o-m)
-
1.7
-0.5
(y-o-y)
0.8
3.6
1.1
Manufacturing production (q-o-q, m-o-m) Mining and (y-o-y) manufacturing Shipment activity2 - Domestic demand
Q4
May
Q1
Mar
Apr
Mayยน
-2.2
2.9
1.2
-0.9
-2.4
0.6
-0.4
-1.0
-0.1
3.1
-1.7
-2.9
1.6
-1.4
-
1.7
-0.5
-2.3
3.0
1.4
-0.9
-2.3
0.5
-0.4
0.8
3.8
1.0
-1.1
-0.2
3.2
-1.8
-3.0
1.5
-1.5
0.7
1.8
-0.3
-2.4
2.0
1.8
-0.5
-1.4
-0.2
0.1
-1.1
0.7
-0.3
-1.4
1.0
0.9
-0.8
-2.8
0.3
0.3
- Exports
3.0
3.2
-0.3
-3.6
3.2
2.8
-0.2
0.3
-0.6
-0.3
Inventory3
2.3
1.6
-1.8
-3.0
2.3
0.4
-0.8
-0.8
-0.7
0.2
Manufacturing Average operation ratio (%) activity Production capacity4
78.1
79.6
79.0
76.2
77.8
79.5
77.1
75.4
75.5
75.4
2.2
3.1
2.3
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1. Preliminary 2. Including mining, manufacturing, electricity, and gas industry 3. End-period 4. Percentage change from same period in previous year Source: Statistics Korea
Production in the IT sector is expected to slow down from the previous month in line with declining production growth of communications equipment and semiconductors after demand for new mobile phone models peaked. However, mining and manufacturing production is expected to slightly increase as the resuming of working weekends has helped the automobile industry rebound and average daily exports have picked up. Growth of mobile phone exports (y-o-y, %) 32.3 (Jan 2013) [ 15.1 (Feb) [ 21.8 (Mar) [ 47.9 (Apr) [ 57.1 (May) [ 6.3 (June) Growth of semiconductors exports (y-o-y, %) 7.2 (Jan 2013) [ 0.9 (Feb) [ 6.6 (Mar) [ 12.5 (Apr) [ 17.2 (May) [ 6.7 (June) Growth of automobile exports (y-o-y, %)
23.2 (Jan 2013) [ -16.3 (Feb) [ -11.5 (Mar) [ -2.6 (Apr) [ 5.3(May) [ -1.6 (June)
Growth of average daily exports (y-o-y, %) 1.7 (Jan 2013) [ 2.6 (Feb) [ 4.5 (Mar) [ -8.0 (Apr) [ 1.0 (May) [ 3.7 (June) The Green Book | 21
7. Service sector activity
Service output in May grew 0.2 percent month-on-month and 1.6 percent yearon-year, as growth in professional, scientific & technical services and financial & insurance services offset weaknesses in educational services and wholesale & retail. Service output grew 0.3 percent in the first quarter of 2013, showing a slight improvement from the previous quarter, when output remained unchanged. Wholesale & retail declined 0.6 percent month-on-month as retail sales decreased due to falling sales of communications equipment, computers and car fuel. Real estate & renting rose 1.4 percent, with housing transactions increasing from 80,000 in April to 90,000 in May. Hotels & restaurants and financial & insurance services somewhat recovered from the previous month’s slump, rising 1.4 percent and 1.0 percent, respectively. Educational services continued to contract, declining 1.4 percent from the previous month. (Percentage change from previous period)
Weight Service activity index
2011 Annual Q1
20131
2012
Q2
Q3
Q4 Annual Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1 Apr1 May1
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.9
0.0
0.3
100.0
3.2
1.2
0.5
1.2
21.6
3.8
1.6
1.0
0.4 -0.3
0.7 -0.1
0.6
0.1
0.7 -1.0 -0.6 -0.6
- Transportation services
8.5
4.5
2.6 -0.4
1.1 -1.3
1.2
1.2
0.2
0.9
0.6
- Hotels & restaurants
7.2 -1.3 -0.4
2.2 -2.7 -1.4 -1.2 -0.1
0.9
1.3 -1.9 -0.6 -0.9
- Publishing & communications services
8.4
5.1
0.7
0.7
0.6
1.6 -0.6
1.1
14.7
6.8
2.9 -0.5
3.1
1.1 -0.6
- Wholesale & retail
- Financial & insurance services
3.3
1.0
3.9 -0.8
1.6
3.0 -0.4 2.8
2.3 -2.6
0.5
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.7 -0.3 1.4
1.5 -0.2 1.0
- Real estate & renting
5.3 -7.6 -0.5 -0.6
0.9 -2.9 -4.3 -4.0
2.3 -1.3
- Professional, scientific & technical services
5.6
0.5 -3.7
2.7
1.1
4.1
4.0 -0.6
0.8
- Business services
3.3
5.2
1.2
1.2
0.5
0.3
3.5
2.9
1.2 -1.7 -0.2
10.9
2.2
0.5 -1.0
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.6 -1.4
0.0
0.9
0.9 -0.5 -1.4
- Healthcare & social welfare services
7.5
6.4
3.0
0.9
1.4
1.5
5.8
1.4
2.5
1.0
0.2
1.4
- Entertainment, cultural & sports services
2.9
2.7
0.4
3.0 -1.0
1.4
2.8
0.9
2.7 -1.5 -3.0 -0.1
- Membership organizations
3.6
1.6
0.4
0.0 -0.2 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -0.4
1.9 -0.6
- Sewerage & waste management
0.6
3.3 -3.2
8.6
0.3 -4.8 -1.0
- Educational services
0.8
2.9 -0.3 -7.3
5.8
1.6 -2.7
3.7
1.4
0.4 -0.7 -1.6
7.3
1.8
2.4 -0.4 -1.1 1.5
0.1
0.1 -0.3
2.4 -2.0 1.8
2.7 2.2
1. Preliminary Source: Statistics Korea
Service output is expected to improve in June, led by real estate & renting and wholesale & retail, while financial & insurance services may decline due to falling stock transactions. Average daily stock transactions (trillion won) 7.9 (Sep 2012) [ 6.8 (Oct) [ 6.2 (Nov) [ 5.8 (Dec) [ 6.3 (Jan 2013) [ 5.5 (Feb) [ 6.0 (Mar) [ 6.9 (Apr) [ 6.5 (May) [ 5.8 (Apr) 22 | The Green Book
Service industry Source: Statistics Korea (service industry activity trend) 20
(%)
15 10 5 0 -5 -10 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Service industry activity (m-o-m)
Service industry activity (y-o-y)
Wholesale & retail Source: Statistics Korea (service industry activity trend) 20
(%)
15 10 5 0 -5 -10 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
Wholesale & retail (y-o-y)
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Wholesale & retail (m-o-m)
May 2013 service industry by business Source: Statistics Korea (service industry activity trend)
6 4
Tot al i nde x
2 0
&r eta il Tra nsp ort atio ns erv ice Ho s tels &r est aur ant s Pub lish ing &c om mu Fin nic anc atio ial ns &i ser nsu vic es ran c e se Rea rvic l es es tat e& ren Pro tin ser fess g vic ion es al, scie nti fic B &t sup usine ech por ss fa nic al t se cili t rvic y m es an age Edu me nt & cat ion bus al s ine erv ss i c e He s alth car e& soc ial we Ent lfar ert e se ain rvic me es nt, cul Me tur oth mb al & er p ersh spo ers ip o rts ona rga ser n l vic ser iza Sew es vic tion ma era es s, ter ge rep ial , w air rec ast & ove e m ry & an rem agem edi ent atio , na ctiv itie s
(y-o-y, %)
Wh ole sal e
8
-2 -4
The Green Book | 23
8. Employment
The number of workers on payroll in May increased by 265,000 from a year earlier to 25,400,000 and the employment rate fell 0.1 percentage point from the previous year to 60.4 percent. Workers in the service sector continued to grow, while growth in the number of workers in the manufacturing sector slowed and workers in the construction and agriculture, forestry & fisheries sectors declined by a wider margin. By status of workers, regular workers continued to increase while self-employed and temporary workers continued to decrease.
2010
2011
Annual Annual Q3 Number of employed (million)
2012 Q4 Annual May
Q1
2013
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Apr
May
23.83 24.24 24.48 24.46 24.68 25.13 23.93 25.00 24.99 24.80 24.18 25.10 25.40
Employment rate (%)
58.7
59.1
59.5
59.4
59.4
60.5
57.8
60.2
60.0
59.4
57.7
59.8
60.4
(Seasonally adjusted)
58.7
59.1
59.1
59.2
59.4
59.5
59.3
59.4
59.5
59.3
59.2
59.5
59.3
Employment growth (y-o-y, thousand)
323
415
363
474
437
472
467
430
506
342
257
345
265
(Excluding agriculture, forestry & fisheries)
405
440
414
497
451
493
498
454
504
344
266
367
306
191
63
-12
-75
14
-67 -102
-66
85
140
119
165
105
33
-2
-35
71
22
33
79
33
17
-40
-64
-10
-13
- Services
200
386
472
514
416
531
541
491
397
236
199
186
187
- Agriculture, forestry & fisheries
-82
-25
-51
-23
-14
-21
-31
-24
2
-2
-9
-22
-41
- Wage workers
517
427
392
374
315
309
360
281
317
303
329
466
453
• Regular workers
697
575
572
500
436
356
413
379
485
469
554
659
661
• Temporary workers
-34
-78
-76
-10
-2
89
110
73
- Manufacturing - Construction
• Daily workers
-79 -109 -152 -202 -190
-146
-70 -104 -115 -120 -136 -163 -171
-89
-57
-194
-11
-29
100
121
163
108
150
189
39
-71 -120 -188
-118
1
34
125
124
186
149
173
143
33
-28
-90 -117
- Male
181
238
208
257
234
276
238
242
284
172
123
189
153
- Female
142
177
155
216
203
196
230
188
223
170
135
156
112
- 15 to 29
-43
-35
-1
-18
-36
-19
1
-8
-57
-80 -117 -133
-85
- 30 to 39
-4
-47
-83
-56
-31
-95
-65
-80
33
-10
-15
34
11
- 40 to 49
29
57
46
47
11
25
28
8
12
-3
12
1
-28
- 50 to 59
294
291
270
315
270
282
326
260
273
220
196
264
230
47
149
131
185
222
278
178
251
245
215
181
179
136
- Non-wage workers • Self-employed workers
- 60 or more Source: Statistics Korea
24 | The Green Book
-73
9
-19
Number of persons employed and employment growth Source: Statistics Korea (employment trend) 1,200
(thousand)
(million)
26
1,000 25
800 600
24
400 23
200 0
22
-200 21
-400 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
Employment growth (y-o-y, left)
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Number of employed (seasonally adjusted, right)
Share of persons employed by industry Source: Statistics Korea (employment trend) 100
(%)
80 60
70.3 69.9 69.2 68.8 68.4 68.4 69.1 68.9 69.1 68.7 69.2 70.2 71.0 70.8 70.3 69.7 69.2 69.1 69.3 69.2 69.0 68.7 69.0 70.4 70.9 71.1 70.2 69.4 69.2
40 20 0
7.0 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.1 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.2 6.9 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.1 17.9 17.8 17.3 16.9 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.5 16.5 16.4 16.5 16.9 17.0 17.1 16.6 16.3 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.3 16.9 16.7 16.4 4.4 4.9 6.1 6.8 7.2 7.2 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.1 6.5 5.0 4.4 4.7 5.6 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.5 4.9 4.3 4.6 5.6 6.3 6.7 2011. 1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Services
9
10
11
12 2012. 1 2
3
4
Construction
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 2013. 1 2
Manufacturing
3
4
5
Agriculture, forestry & fisheries
Share of persons employed by status of workers Source: Statistics Korea (employment trend) 100 80
(%)
4.7 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.2 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.7 5.0 5.0
22.8 23.0 23.3 23.2 23.0 22.9 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.2 23.0 22.9 23.1 23.1 23.4 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.1 22.9 22.7 22.7 22.8 23.0 22.8 22.6 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.2 6.4 7.0 7.2 7.0 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.4 6.4 6.7 6.8 6.6 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.7
60
20.9 20.5 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 20.5 20.8 20.6 20.5 20.7 20.5 20.5 20.6 20.6 20.5 20.3 20.2 19.9 19.8 19.8 19.9 20.0 19.9 19.7 19.5 19.5 19.5
40 46.9 47.3 47.0 46.3 46.2 20 44.4 44.5 44.2 43.7 43.4 43.3 43.5 43.7 44.3 43.8 44.1 44.9 45.4 45.4 44.9 44.3 44.0 44.4 44.4 45.1 45.2 45.1 45.2 46.2 0 2011. 1 2
3
4
5
Unpaid family workers
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 2012. 1 2
Self-employed workers
3
4
5
Daily workers
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 2013. 1 2
Temporary workers
3
4
5
Regular workers
The Green Book | 25
The number of unemployed persons in May decreased by 9,000 year-on-year to 797,000, while the unemployment rate fell 0.1 percentage point from the previous year to 3.0 percent. The unemployment rate fell year-on-year in all age groups excluding the 40s and 50s. 2010
2011
Annual Annual
2012
Q3
Q4
Annual May
2013
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Apr
May
Number of persons unemployed (thousand)
920
855
786
740
820
807
947
841
770
722
907
825
797
Unemployment growth (y-o-y, thousand)
31
-65
-88
-68
-35
-12
-82
-23
-16
-18
-40
-70
-9
- Male
-7
-48
-48
-41
-26
-21
-54
-19
-16
-13
-7
-46
-7
- Female
38
-17
-40
-27
-9
9
-28
-4
0
-6
-33
-24
-2
Unemployment rate (%)
3.7
3.4
3.1
2.9
3.2
3.1
3.8
3.3
3.0
2.8
3.6
3.2
3.0
(Seasonally adjusted)
3.7
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.3
3.1
3.2
- 15 to 29
8.0
7.6
6.7
7.1
7.5
8.0
8.2
8.1
6.8
7.0
8.4
8.4
7.4
- 30 to 39
3.5
3.4
3.2
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.2
2.8
2.7
3.3
3.1
3.0
- 40 to 49
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.9
2.0
1.8
2.4
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.1
- 50 to 59
2.5
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.8
2.3
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.3
1.9
1.9
- 60 or more
2.8
2.6
2.1
1.8
2.4
1.7
4.4
2.0
1.9
1.6
3.4
1.3
1.6
Source: Statistics Korea
The economically inactive population in May was up 273,000 from a year earlier to 15,850,000, while the labor force participation rate fell 0.2 percentage points to 62.3 percent. The number of those economically inactive due to childcare (down 8,000) decreased, while those due to education (up 118,000), rest (up 74,000) and housework (up 66,000) increased.
2010
2011
Annual Annual Q3 Economically inactive population (million)
2012 Q4 Annual May
Q1
2013
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Apr
May
15.84 15.95 15.85 16.01 16.08 15.58 16.50 15.67 15.90 16.26 16.83 16.07 15.85
Labor force participation rate (%)
61.0 61.1 61.5 61.1 61.3 62.5 60.1 62.3 61.8 61.1 59.9 61.7 62.3
(seasonally adjusted)
61.0 61.1 61.0 61.1 61.3 61.5 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.3
Growth in economically inactive population (y-o-y, thousand)
143
112
191
53
128
56
103 -
- Childcare
-125
-5
17
23
-2
21
- Housework
201
101
143
103
123
157
85
110
57
244
336
269
273
4
-7
-3
0
6
-8
181
101
126
143
41
66
- Education
12
-51
-78
-69
-12
-65
-28
-64
5
39
118
164
118
- Old age
80
-45
-22
2
148
170
76
174
156
186
154
4
21
-56
182
193
131
-53 -103
126
-71 -142 -125 -106
71
74
- Rest Source: Statistics Korea
26 | The Green Book
Employment rate Source: Statistics Korea (employment trend) 64
(%)
63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
Original rate
2012. 1
2013. 1
Seasonally adjusted rate
Unemployment rate Source: Statistics Korea (employment trend) 6
(%)
5
4
3
2 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
Original rate
2012. 1
2013. 1
Seasonally adjusted rate
Labor force participation rate Source: Statistics Korea (employment trend) 65
(%)
64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 2001. 1
2002. 1 Original rate
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Seasonally adjusted rate
The Green Book | 27
9. Financial markets
9.1 Stock market The Korean stock price index in June fell 6.9 percent to 1,863 points from the previous month’s 2,001 points. The KOSPI Composite declined as concerns over an early reduction of quantitative easing in the US led foreign investors to sell stocks. Foreign investors turned net buyers of Korean stocks in June, selling 5.1 trillion won worth of stocks compared to buying 1.0 trillion won in the previous month. (End-period, point, trillion won)
KOSPI
KOSDAQ
May 2013
Jun 2013
Change1
May 2013
Jun 2013
Change1
Stock price index (points)
2,001.1
1,863.3
-137.8 (-6.9%)
577.9
519.1
-58.8 (-10.2%)
Market capitalization (trillion won)
1,164.2
1,084.2
-80.0 (-6.9%)
131.1
117.7
-13.4 (-10.2%)
4.2
4.1
-0.1 (-2.4%)
2.3
1.7
-0.6 (-26.1%)
34.5
33.9
-0.6 (-1.7%)
8.8
9.1
0.3 (3.4%)
Average daily trade value (trillion won) Foreign stock ownership (%) 1. Change from the end of the previous month Source: Korea Exchange
Stock prices 2,200
(monthly average, KOSPI Jan 4, 1980=100, KOSDAQ Jul 1, 1996=1,000)
2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
KOSPI
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1 KOSDAQ
9.2 Exchange rate The won/dollar exchange rate in June rose 12.3 won to 1,142.0 won from 1,129.7 won at the end of May. The won/dollar exchange rate rose to the 1,140 won range due to a rise in the value of the US dollar caused by expectations of a reduction in quantitative easing in the US, and also due to concerns over a credit crunch in China. 28 | The Green Book
The won/100 yen exchange rate surged to the 1,200 won range with the strong yen/dollar exchange rate, but fell back to the 1,156 won range as the yen weakened again. (End-period)
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
May
Jun
Change1
Won/dollar
1,259.5
1,164.5
1,134.8
1,151.8
1,070.6
1,129.7
1,142.0
-6.3
Won/100 yen
1,396.8
1,264.5
1,393.6
1,481.2
1,238.3
1,120.2
1,156.3
7.1
1. Appreciation from the end of the previous year (%); the exchange rate is based on the closing price at 3:00 p.m., local time.
Foreign exchange rate 1,800
(month-end, ￌ)
1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
Won/dollar
2012. 1
2013. 1
Won/100 yen
Daily foreign exchange rate trend 1,800
(ￌ)
1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 2008. 1. 2
2008. 8. 11 Won/dollar
2009. 3. 18
2009. 10. 19
2010. 5. 25
2010. 12. 27
2011. 8. 3
2012. 3. 9
2012. 10. 16 Won/100 yen
The Green Book | 29
9.3 Bond market 3-year Treasury bond yields rose 10 basis points in June to 2.88 percent from the previous month’s 2.78 percent. The yields rose due to foreign investors’ net selling of Treasury bond futures as well as institutional selling caused by concerns over an early reduction of quantitative easing in the US. (End-period, %)
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
May
Jun
Call rate (1 day)
5.02
3.02
2.01
2.51
3.29
2.77
2.50
2.50
-
CD (91 days)
5.82
3.93
2.88
2.80
3.55
2.89
2.69
2.69
-
Treasury bonds (3 yrs)
5.74
3.41
4.44
3.38
3.34
2.82
2.78
2.88
10
Corporate bonds (3 yrs)
6.77
7.72
5.56
4.27
4.21
3.29
3.14
3.31
17
Treasury bonds (5 yrs)
5.78
3.77
4.98
4.08
3.46
2.97
2.90
3.14
24
Change1
1. Basis point, changes from the previous month
Interest rates Source: The Bank of Korea 10
(monthly average, yearly, %)
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
3-yr corporate bonds yield
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
3-yr treasury bonds yield
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Overnight call rate (daily)
9.4 Money supply & money market M2 (monthly average) in April expanded 5.1 percent from a year earlier. M2 growth accelerated as money supply in the government sector increased due to budgetary front-loading, and also as money supply in the foreign sector increased due to an improved current account.
30 | The Green Book
(Percentage change from same period in previous year, average)
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual
2013
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Feb
Mar
Apr
Apr1 475.3
M12
-1.8
16.3
11.8
6.6
3.8
1.8
3.6
4.3
5.5
8.0
7.4
8.7
M2
14.3
10.3
8.7
4.2
5.2
5.3
5.6
5.6
4.5
5.3
5.0
5.1
Lf
3
11.9
7.9
8.2
5.3
7.8
7.5
8.5
7.9
7.1
1,867.7 4
8.1
6.8
6.9
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2,512.54
1. Balance at end April 2013, trillion won 2. M1 excluding corporate MMFs and individual MMFs while including CMAs 3. Liquidity aggregates of financial institutions (mostly identical with M3) 4. Preliminary
Total money supply Source: The Bank of Korea 40
(y-o-y, monthly average balance, %)
30 20 10 0 -10 -20 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
Reserve money
2008. 1
2009. 1
M1
2013. 1 Lf
Bank deposits and asset management company (AMC) deposits surged in May. Bank deposits surged (-7.4 trillion won [ 7.6 trillion won), led by instant access deposits, as corporate funds that had been lost due to tax payments in the previous month returned. AMC deposits also grew by a large margin (-10.1 trillion won [ 7.6 trillion won), led by money market funds (MMF). (Monthly change, end-period, trillion won)
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Annual
Annual
Annual
Mayr
Annual
May
Mar
Apr
May
May 1
Bank deposits
54.8
36.9
58.9
-0.4
37.0
11.6
1.4
-11.5
12.2
1,139.8
AMC deposits
-27.6
-16.7
-16.6
4.1
18.8
3.6
2.1
-3.9
10.0
341.7
1. Balance at end May 2013, trillion won
The Green Book | 31
Deposits in financial institutions Source: The Bank of Korea 30
(y-o-y, end of monthly balance, trillion won)
20 10 0 -10 -20 2001. 1
2002. 1
10. Balance of payments
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Korea’s current account (preliminary) in May posted a surplus of US$8.64 billion, staying in the black for 16 consecutive months. The goods account surplus widened from US$3.93 billion in April to US$8.64 billion in May due to improving exports of IT products, such as mobile phones, and exports to China and the US, along with falling oil prices leading to a decrease in imports. Goods exports (US$ billion) 47.48 (Apr 2013) [ 49.59 (May) Goods imports (US$ billion) 43.94 (Apr 2013) [ 42.32 (May) Export growth by item (y-o-y, %) 57.1 (mobile phones), 17.2 (semiconductors), 5.3 (automobiles), -12.3 (steel), -34.3 (vessels) Export growth by region (y-o-y, %)
21.6 (US), 16.6 (China), 11.8 (ASEAN), -11.6 (Japan), -14.0 (EU)
The service account surplus narrowed from US$1.45 billion to US$1.13 billion as a result of deteriorating travel and intellectual property accounts.
32 | The Green Book
Service account (US$ billion, April [ May)
-0.45 [ -0.58 (travel), -0.09 [ -0.34 (intellectual property), 0.77 [ 0.86 (transportation), 1.18 [ 1.24 (construction), -0.14 [ -0.30 (business services)
The primary income account swung to a surplus of US$0.19 billion from a deficit of US$1.09 billion as the cross-border dividend payments (March-April) by firms whose fiscal year ended in December were completed. The secondary income account surplus widened slightly from US$0.02 billion to US$0.04 billion. (US$ billion)
2012
2013
Annual
May
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Mar
Apr
May1
Current account
43.14
3.61
2.56
11.19
14.56
14.94
10.02
4.93
3.93
8.64
- Goods balance
38.34
1.75
2.61
8.52
13.34
13.98
9.39
4.21
3.54
7.27
- Service balance
2.68
1.59
-0.65
2.31
0.65
0.36
-0.48
0.91
1.45
1.13
- Primary income balance
4.89
0.34
1.49
0.82
1.04
1.54
1.38
-0.22
-1.09
0.19
- Secondary income balance
-2.76
-0.08
-0.89
-0.47
-0.47
-0.93
-0.26
0.09
0.02
0.04
1. Preliminary Source: The Bank of Korea
The capital and financial account (preliminary) in May posted a net outflow of US$11.6 billion. Capital & financial account balance (US$ billion)
-0.91 (Jan 2013) [ -3.27 (Feb) [ -6.72 (Mar) [ -2.61 (Apr) [ -11.60 (May1)
1. Preliminary
The direct investment account swung to a net outflow of US$1.48 billion from a net inflow of US$0.30 billion due to a decrease in foreign direct investment. Net outflow in portfolio investment narrowed to US$1.17 billion from US$1.92 billion as foreign investors’ equity investment turned to a net inflow. Financial derivatives switched to a net inflow of US$0.65 billion from a net outflow of US$0.31 billion, while the net outflow of the other investment account widened to US$8.53 billion from US$1.58 billion due to financial institutions’ net repayment. The current account is expected to maintain a surplus, helped by a goods account surplus resulting from a trade surplus (US$5.52 billion) in June.
The Green Book | 33
Current account balance Source: The Bank of Korea (balance of payments trend) (US$ billion)
10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4
-6 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
Goods account
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
Service account
2013. 1
Current account
Travel account balance Source: The Bank of Korea (balance of payments trend) 4
(US$ billion)
3 2 1 -1 -2 -3 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
Travel balance
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
Travel revenue
2012. 1
2013. 1 Travel payment
Capital & financial account balance Source: The Bank of Korea (balance of payments trend) 15
(US$ billion)
10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
Portfolio investment
34 | The Green Book
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
Direct investment
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
Financial derivatives
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Capital & financial account
11.
11.1 Prices
Prices and international commodity prices
Consumer prices in June rose 1.0 percent year-on-year, staying stable at the 1.0 percent range for eight consecutive months. On a monthly basis, prices fell 0.1 percent. Core consumer prices, which exclude oil and agricultural products, rose 1.4 percent year-on-year. Core consumer prices based on the OECD method, which exclude food and energy, rose 1.3 percent year-on-year. Consumer prices for basic necessities, a barometer of perceived consumer prices, were up 0.3 percent yearon-year but down 0.2 percent month-on-month. The average expected annual inflation fell 0.1 percentage point from the previous month to 2.8 percent and the import prices declined 9.6 percent year-on-year. Expected inflation (%, over the next 12 months)
3.3 (Sep 2012) [ 3.3 (Oct) [ 3.2 (Nov) [ 3.1 (Dec) [ 3.2 (Jan 2013) [ 3.2 (Feb) [ 3.2 (Mar) [ 3.1 (Apr) [ 2.9 (May) [ 2.8 (Jun)
Import price increases (y-o-y, %, won base)
-7.9 (Nov 2012) [ -9.0 (Dec) [ -10.6 (Jan 2013) [ -8.6 (Feb) [ -10.8 (Mar) [ -9.7 (Apr) [ -9.6 (May)
<Consumer price inflation>
(%)
2012
2013
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Month-on-Month
0.2 -0.1 -0.2 0.4 0.7 -0.1 -0.4 0.2 0.6 0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 -0.1
Year-on-Year
2.5 2.2 1.5 1.2 2.0 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0
Consumer prices excluding oil and agricultural products (y-o-y)
1.6 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.4
Consumer prices excluding food and energy (y-o-y)
1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3
Consumer prices for basic necessities (y-o-y)
2.2 1.8 0.8 0.6 1.7 1.6 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.3
Source: Statistics Korea
Prices Source: Statistics Korea (consumer price trend) & The Bank of Korea (producer prices) 16
(y-o-y, %)
13 10 7 4 1 -2 -5 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
Consumer price inflation
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
Core inflation
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Producer price inflation
The Green Book | 35
The prices of agricultural (down 4.7%, m-o-m) and oil products (down 0.1%, m-o-m) fell as a result of favorable weather conditions and stable oil prices, and those of public services and personal services remained unchanged from the previous month, contributing to stabilizing consumer prices. Agricultural, livestock & fishery product prices decreased 2.1 percent month-onmonth. The prices of livestock products (up 3.3%, m-o-m) rose, while agricultural (down 4.7%, m-o-m) and fishery product prices (down 0.9%, m-o-m) fell. Manufactured product prices inched up 0.2 percent month-on-month. The prices of processed food (up 0.1%, m-o-m) rose, while those of oil products (down 0.1%, m-o-m) declined. Personal service prices remained unchanged from the previous month as dining out expenses (up 0.2%, m-o-m) rose but other personal service prices (down 0.1%, m-o-m) fell.
<Consumer price inflation in major sectors>
Agricultural, livestock & Manufactured products fishery products Oil products
Total Month-on-Month (%)
Public utilities
Housing Public Personal rents services services
-0.1
-2.1
0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
-0.09
-0.17
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
Year-on-Year (%)
1.0
-2.3
0.4
-5.1
5.6
2.6
0.7
1.3
Contribution (%p)
1.04
-0.19
0.12
-0.30
0.28
0.24
0.09
0.42
Contribution (%p)
Source: Statistics Korea
Consumer price inflation Source: Statistics Korea (consumer price trend) 7
(%)
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
Consumer price inflation (m-o-m)
36 | The Green Book
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Consumer price inflation (y-o-y)
Contribution to consumer price inflation Source: Statistics Korea (consumer price trend) 5
(%p)
4 3 2 1 0 -1 2004
2003
2005
2006
Agricultural, livestock & fishery products
2007
2008
2009
2010
Manufactured products
Housing rents
Personal services
Public utilities
2011
2012 Public services
11.2 International oil and commodity prices International oil prices stayed unchanged in June, although it fluctuated due to some geopolitical risks and concerns over the US reducing quantitative easing. Meanwhile, domestic oil product prices inched up due to rising exchange rates. The prices of Dubai crude rose to US$103 per barrel in mid-June due to geopolitical risks in the Middle East such as the Syrian civil war, but fell to US$98 per barrel, resulting from concerns over a reduction of quantitative easing in the US and a credit crunch in China. Dubai crude ($/barrel)
99.4 (1st week June) [ 100.6 (2nd week) [ 101.9 (3rd week) [ 98.8 (4th week, down 0.2% from May average)
International oil prices Source: Korea National Oil Corporation 160
($/B)
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2001. 1
2002. 1 Dubai crude
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1 WTI crude
The Green Book | 37
(US$/barrel, period average)
2010
2011
2012
2013
Annual
Annual
Annual
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Dubai crude
78.1
105.9
109.0
106.4
107.9
111.1
105.6
101.7
100.3
100.2
Brent crude
79.7
111.0
111.7
109.2
112.7
116.2
109.0
102.8
102.8
103.1
WTI crude
79.5
95.1
93.8
88.2
94.8
95.3
92.9
92.0
94.7
95.8
Source: Korea National Oil Corporation
Domestic oil product prices continued to increase due to rising exchange rates, staying over 1,900 won per liter. Gasoline prices (won/liter) 1,896.5 (1st week June) [ 1,898.0 (2nd week) [ 1,901.7 (3rd week) [ 1,908.4 (4th week) Exchange rate (won/$) 1,123.9 (1st week June) [ 1,126.9 (2nd week) [ 1,132.7 (3rd week) [ 1,155.0 (4th week)
(won/liter, period average)
2010
2011
2012
2013
Annual
Annual
Annual
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Gasoline prices
1,710.4
1,929.3
1,985.8
1,935.6
1,924.6
1,952.5
1,986.5
1,949.4
1,899.9
1,902.0
Diesel prices
1,502.8
1,745.7
1,806.3
1,760.0
1,749.6
1,766.7
1,786.0
1,745.2
1,699.4
1,701.0
Source: Korea National Oil Corporation
Dubai crude prices and import prices Source: Korea National Oil Corporation 160
(thousand won/B)
($/B)
160
140
140
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20 2004. 1
20 2005. 1
2006. 1
Dubai crude (import prices, won, left)
38 | The Green Book
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Dubai international prices (dollar, right)
The prices of international grain rose in June as the total stock of grain harvested in 2012 dropped, while nonferrous metal prices fell, due to concerns over economic slowdown in China. International grain prices were high as the planting of soybean was delayed in the US and inventories of 2012 harvests dropped, but the price increase slowed towards the end of June due to favorable weather conditions and concerns over a reduction of quantitative easing in the US. World grain supply outlook for 2013-14 (US Department of Agriculture, June, m-o-m) Production (-0.4%), demand (-0.1%), stocks-to-use ratio (-0.3%p)
International grain prices in June (m-o-m, %) Corn (1.7), soybean (6.0), wheat (-2.1)
The prices of most nonferrous metal prices fell due to concerns over a credit crunch and economic slowdown in China, the largest market. Nonferrous metal prices in June (m-o-m, %) Tin (-2.4), lead (3.3), nickel (-5.0), copper (-3.5), zinc (-1.2), aluminum (-2.4)
<Reuters index*>
(Period average)
2010
2011
2012
2013
Annual
Annual
Annual
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
2,553
3,062
3,006
3,067
3,037
2,996
2,990
2,947
2,880
2,828
2,756
* A weighted average index of 17 major commodities Source: KOREA PDS
International commodity prices Source: Bloomberg (CRB), The Bank of Korea (Reuters index) * CRB demonstrates a futures price index of 21 commodities listed on the US Commodity Transaction Market, including beans and other crops, crude oil and jewelry. 470
4,000
430 390
3,000
350 310
2,000
270 230
1,000
190 150 1997. 1
0 1998. 1
1999. 1
CRB (left)
2000. 1
2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Reuters index (right)
The Green Book | 39
12.
12.1 Housing market
Real estate market
Nationwide apartment sales prices rose 0.1 percent month-on-month in June. Apartment sales price growth turned negative in the Seoul metropolitan area (down 0.1%, m-o-m), including Seoul (down 0.2%, m-o-m). Apartment sales price growth slowed in areas excluding the Seoul metropolitan area (up 0.2%, m-o-m), in particular Busan (unchanged) and Sejong (up 0.2%, m-o-m). Apartment prices in the five metropolitan cities and the eight provinces excluding Gyeonggi Province rose 0.3 percent and 0.1 percent, respectively.
<Nationwide apartment sales prices>
(Percentage change from previous period)
2010 2011
2012
Annual Annual Annual Q2
2013
Q3
Q4
Jan-Jun
Q1
Q2
Apr
May
Jun
Jun 31 Jun 101 Jun 171 Jun 241 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02
Nationwide
1.9
8.2
-2.1
-0.5
-1.2
-0.8
-0.1
-0.7
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.1
Seoul
-2.9
0.3
-5.8
-1.4
-2.1
-0.7
-1.1
-1.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
-0.1 -0.01 -0.02 -0.04 -0.05
Gangnam
-2.1
-0.4
-6.7
-1.9
-2.2
-1.8
-1.0
-1.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
-0.2 -0.08 -0.08 -0.10 -0.12
Gangbuk3
-1.7
-0.5
-8.0
-2.2
-3.0
-1.9
-0.5
-1.0
0.5
0.5
0.4
-0.3 -0.08 -0.10 -0.14 -0.14
-2.6
-0.2
-5.0
-1.5
-1.3
-1.6
-1.6
-1.2
-0.3
-0.3
0.0
-0.1 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.10
7.9 18.3
1.7
0.3
-0.2
0.2
0.9
0.1
0.8
0.8
0.3
0.2
2
Seoul metropolitan area 5 metropolitan cities
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09
1. Weekly trends 2. Upscale area of Southern Seoul 3. Northern Seoul Source: Korea Appraisal Board
Apartment sales prices by region Source: Kookmin Bank 5
(m-o-m, %)
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 2009. 1
7 Nationwide
40 | The Green Book
2010. 1
7
2011. 1 Seoul metropolitan area
7
2012. 1
7
2013. 1
Areas excluding the Seoul metropolitan area
Nationwide apartment rental prices continued to rise in June (up 0.3%, m-o-m). Rental prices in the Seoul metropolitan area and regions excluding the Seoul metropolitan area rose 0.3 percent and 0.4 percent each. Apartment rental price increase in major districts in Seoul (m-o-m, %) Gangnam (-0.3), Seocho (-0.2), Songpa (-0.1), Gangdong (-0.3), Gwangjin (0.6)
<Nationwide apartment rental prices>
2010 2011
(Percentage change from previous period)
2012
Annual Annual Annual Q2
2013
Q3
Q4
Jan-Jun
Q1
Q2
Apr
May
Jun
Jun 31 Jun 101 Jun 171 Jun 241
Nationwide
8.5 15.4
1.9
0.1
0.0
1.1
2.5
1.0
1.4
0.7
0.4
0.3 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09
Seoul
7.1 13.3
0.3
-0.7
-0.2
1.1
2.4
1.1
1.3
0.7
0.3
0.3 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08
Gangnam
7.3 13.0
0.0
-1.2
-0.2
1.7
2.4
1.7
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.1 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.08
3
Gangbuk
8.8 11.7
0.2
-1.4
-0.2
2.2
2.1
1.6
1.1
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.10
Seoul metropolitan area
5.5 14.6
-0.2
-1.1
-0.2
1.2
2.7
1.7
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.2 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.07
10.2 17.9
3.6
0.8
0.2
1.1
2.6
1.0
1.5
0.7
0.5
0.4 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09
2
5 metropolitan cities
1. Weekly trends 2. Upscale area of Southern Seoul 3. Northern Seoul Source: Korea Appraisal Board
Apartment rental prices by region Source: Kookmin Bank 5
(m-o-m, %)
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 2009. 1
7 Nationwide
2010. 1
7
2011. 1 Seoul metropolitan area
7
2012. 1
7
2013. 1
Areas excluding the Seoul metropolitan area
Apartment sales transactions in May increased 16.4 percent from the previous monthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 55,442 to 64,538, and were up 41.1 percent from a year earlier (45,641).
The Green Book | 41
<Apartment sales transactions>
(thousand)
2009 2010 2011 1
1
2012
1
1
Annual Annual Annual Annual Mar Apr May Jun Nationwide
53
48
59
42
47
45
46
Jul
37
38
2013 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May 31
26
45
50
81
17
7
2012. 1
34
47
55
65
1. Monthly average Source: Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs
Monthly transaction volume Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport 140
(thousand)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2006. 1
7
2007. 1
Nationwide
7
2008. 1
7
2009. 1
7
Seoul metropolitan area
2010. 1
7
2011. 1
7
2013. 1
Areas excluding the Seoul metropolitan area
12.2 Land market Nationwide land prices in May rose 0.13 percent month-on-month, which is about the same pace as in the previous month. Land prices in the Seoul metropolitan area (up 0.14%, m-o-m) continued to rise, led by Seoul (up 0.15%, m-o-m) and Gyeonggi Province (up 0.13%, m-o-m). Land price increases in Seoul metropolitan area (m-o-m, %) -0.02 (Sep 2012) [ 0.03 (Oct) [ 0.04 (Nov) [ 0.06 (Dec) [ -0.01 (Jan 2013) [ 0.05 (Feb) [ 0.10 (Mar) [ 0.13 (Apr) [ 0.14 (May)
Land prices continued to rise in areas excluding the Seoul metropolitan area (up 0.11%, m-o-m), with Sejong (up 0.50%, m-o-m) posting the highest growth rate in the nation for the 15th straight month in May. Land price increases in areas excluding Seoul metropolitan area (m-o-m, %) 0.10 (Sep 2012) [ 0.11 (Oct) [ 0.12 (Nov) [ 0.12 (Dec) [ 0.11 (Jan 2013) [ 0.11 (Feb) [ 0.12 (Mar) [ 0.13 (Apr) [ 0.11 (May)
42 | The Green Book
<Land prices by region>
(Percentage change from previous period)
2009 2010
2011
Annual Annual Annual Q2
2012
Q3
Q4
Annual
Q1
Q2
2013 Q3
Q4 Jan-May Q1
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Nationwide
0.96 1.05 1.17 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.87 0.30 0.33 0.12 0.21 0.47 0.21 0.07 0.11 0.13 0.13
Seoul
1.40 0.53 0.97 0.28 0.17 0.12 0.33 0.17 0.26 -0.14 0.09 0.41 0.10 0.06 0.11 0.16 0.15
Gyeonggi
1.22 1.49 1.47 0.38 0.43 0.39 0.97 0.34 0.34 0.17 1.32 0.41 0.17 0.03 0.10 0.11 0.13
Incheon
1.99 1.43 0.66 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.36 0.21 0.16 -0.03 0.13 0.46 0.21 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.12
Source: Korea Appraisal Board
Land prices by region Source: Korea Land & Housing Corporation (land price trend) 15
(%)
12 9 6 3 0 -3 -6 -9 -12 -15 -18 1994
1995
1996
National average
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Metropolitan area
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007 City
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 County
Nationwide land transactions in May were 216,000 land lots, up 5.1 percent from the previous month and 16.6 percent from 185,000 a year earlier. Monthly land transactions rose in Seoul (up 11.1%, m-o-m), Daejeon (up 10.9%, m-o-m), Ulsan (up 88.3%, m-o-m) and Jeju Province (up 18.5%, m-o-m). Transactions of vacant land decreased 2.8 percent month-on-month to 84,000 lots, making up 38.6 percent of the total amount of transactions, and were down 0.7 percent from a year earlier.
The Green Book | 43
<Land sales transactions>
(Land lot, thousand)
2009 2010 2011 1
1
2012
1
1
Annual Annual Annual Annual Apr May Nationwide
203
187
208
170
182
186
2013
Jun
Jul
Aug Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr May
163
167
150
172
185
141
142
181
206
133
224
216
Seoul
22
16
18
13
15
15
13
12
10
9
15
16
20
10
10
15
18
20
Gyeonggi
46
41
43
33
36
35
32
34
30
27
35
36
45
29
28
33
39
43
Incheon
10
8
10
8
7
8
7
7
8
8
10
9
10
5
5
8
9
9
1. Monthly average Source: Korea Land & Housing Corporation
Land and consumer prices since 1970s Source: Korea Appraisal Board (land prices), Statistics Korea (consumer prices) 60
(y-o-y, %)
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Land price inflation
2010
2012
Consumer price inflation
Land trade volume Source: Korea Land & Housing Corporation (land trade trend) 500,000
(thousand square meter)
450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
Seoul metropolitan area
44 | The Green Book
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Areas excluding the Seoul metropolitan area
13. Composite indices of business cycle indicators
Industrial output in May decreased 0.7 percent month-on-month but increased 1.1 percent year-on-year. Output in service (up 0.2%, m-o-m) rose, while output in mining & manufacturing (down 0.4%, m-o-m), construction (down 4.3%, m-o-m) and public administration (down 5.0%, m-o-m) fell. The cyclical indicator of the coincident composite index fell 0.2 points in May. Mining & manufacturing production, domestic shipment and service activity decreased while four components, such as the value of construction completed and imports, increased. Components of the coincident composite index in May (m-o-m) value of construction completed (0.8%), imports (0.4%), nonfarm payroll employment (0.3%), retail sales (0.3%), mining & manufacturing production (-0.8%), domestic shipment (-0.8%), service activity (-0.2%)
The cyclical indicator of the leading composite index increased 0.3 points from the previous month. Four components, including the ratio of job openings to job seekers and ratio of export to import prices, were higher compared to the previous month while four other components, such the value of construction orders received and international commodity prices, were lower. Components of the leading composite index in May (m-o-m) ratio of job openings to job seekers (0.5%p), indicator of inventory cycle (0.2%p), ratio of export to import prices (0.9%), consumer expectations index (1.0p), value of construction orders received (-4.1%), domestic shipment of machinery (-0.2%), international commodity prices (-0.5%), KOSPI (-0.1%), spreads between long & short term interest rates (0.0%p)
2012 Oct
2013
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar1
Apr1
May1
Industrial output (m-o-m, %)
-0.4
1.1
1.0
-0.9
1.1
-2.0
1.7
-0.7
(y-o-y, %)
-1.0
1.4
-0.2
3.2
-1.9
-0.8
3.6
1.1
Coincident composite index (m-o-m, %)
-0.1
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.0
0.6
0.2
Cyclical indicator of coincident composite index
98.9
99.1
99.2
99.2
99.3
98.9
99.0
98.8
(m-o-m, p)
-0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
-0.4
0.1
-0.2
Leading composite index (m-o-m, %)
0.3
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.7
Cyclical indicator of leading composite index
99.3
99.6
100.0
99.8
99.6
99.5
99.6
99.9
(m-o-m, p)
-0.1
0.3
0.4
-0.2
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.3
1. Preliminary
The Green Book | 45
Industrial output Source: Statistics Korea (industrial activity trend) 20
(%)
15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
Industrial output (m-o-m)
2012. 1
2013. 1
Industrial output (y-o-y)
Cyclical indicator of coincident composite index Source: Statistics Korea (industrial activity trend) 110
(points)
105
100
95
90 2001. 1
2002. 1
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Cyclical indicator of leading composite index Source: Statistics Korea (industrial activity trend) 110
(points)
105
100
95
90 2001. 1
2002. 1
46 | The Green Book
2003. 1
2004. 1
2005. 1
2006. 1
2007. 1
2008. 1
2009. 1
2010. 1
2011. 1
2012. 1
2013. 1
Featured Issue
“Pursuing Realistic Visions for the Financial Industry”
(Interview with Financial Services Commission Chairman Shin Je-Yoon)
How do you see the current state of the global financial sector?
The tapering of quantitative easing in the US and slowing growth in China have emerged as the main destabilizing factors in the global economy and financial sector. However, the situation in the US is actually part of the normalization process of the nation’s monetary policy. In other words, the exit strategy reflects the fact that the US economy is recovering. Likewise, China’s economic slowdown is a transitional phenomenon that comes as the Chinese economy is shifting from export- and investment-led growth to qualitative growth. A slowdown in China’s economy is expected to have direct effects on Korea’s real economy, since China accounts for 25 percent of Korea’s total exports.
How is the Korean government coping with the recent developments in the US and China?
The government is closely monitoring the risks that may arise as the two nations undergo changes. Despite the fact that a gradual withdrawal from the quantitative easing program in the US and economic slowdown in China are part of a normalization process, the huge size of the two economies requires us to pay close attention to the effect they may have on Korea’s real economy and its financial markets. Also, taking into consideration the fact that the emerging markets may be affected as well, we will prepare for the possibility that any economic instability in emerging markets spread to Korea.
Featured Issue | 47
Corporate governance problems have emerged as risk factors in the financial system.
Since the 2008 subprime crisis, financial firm corporate governance has become a globally important issue. In Korea, problems related to corporate governance include difficulties in selecting new CEOs and clashes between executive and nonexecutive directors, and these have posed new risks in the financial system. Such problems can only be solved by improving both related policies and actual practices at the same time. Corporate governance of financial firms should be able to not only help optimize shareholder profit but also protect public interest. One of the government’s priorities is to enact the ‘Financial Firm Corporate Governance Act’ to streamline rules, which have been applied differently in different business areas.
Why are you pursuing the controversial privatization of Woori Finance Holdings, and what are your plans?
Since its establishment in 2001, Woori Finance has been involved with various interest groups, and in the process has lost its competitive edge. Had Woori Finance been privatized earlier, it would have helped boost the competitiveness of the entire financial sector, as well as the company itself. The privatization of Woori Finance will be our last chance to shake off the aftereffects of the 1998 financial crisis and bring our financial industry up to a higher level. The Financial Services Commission (FSC) focuses on reflecting realities in the privatization plan, and speed up the sales process. Instead of being put up for sale as a single entity, the 14 affiliates of Woori Finance will be divided into three groups (regional banks, brokerage division, Woori Bank) and will be sold separately. The units in the three groups will be sold individually or in bundles, depending on demand. In addition, the units may be split or merged in order to make them more palatable to the market. The regional banks and the brokerage division will be put up for sale first, and then Woori Bank, because it will take time for the FSC to work on the sales of Korea’s biggest bank.
Some have pointed out that the role of policy financing should be reestablished to reflect recent changes in the economic environment.
I agree. The traditional method of debt financing has reached its limit as policy financing demand is rising in high-risk fields such as startups, technology firms and overseas projects. This is the time to reform the role and method of policy financing, such as by expanding equity financing. We plan to reestablish the role of policy financing based on 48 | Featured Issue
four basic rules. To begin with, we will boost policy financing in market failure areas, where the active participation of commercial financial firms is impossible. Secondly, we will reduce overlaps among policy financing institutions in order to efficiently utilize limited financial resources. Thirdly, we plan to cut back policy financing in areas that can be managed by private financial institutions, and we will require policy financing firms to focus on their distinct roles. Lastly, we aim to reinforce arbitration mechanisms among policy financing firms in order to eliminate unnecessary competition and conflict. It will not be easy to carry out such tasks, but we will boldly and decisively pursue our goals in order to build a new policy financing system.
The Korea New Exchange (KONEX) was launched on July 1, opening a new era for the nation’s capital market.
The KONEX has started out more smoothly than we had expected. Despite the fact that individual investors’ participation is limited and the Korean stock market is performing poorly, the KONEX has gotten off to a better start than the KOSDAQ or the UK’s Alternative Investment Market (AIM), which does not limit market participation. We will continue to provide tax incentives and other forms of support to help the KONEX-listed firms raise funds and create their own success stories. Meanwhile, the KONEX requires efforts from both the government and market participants to succeed. We expect that the market will successfully get under way if the number of KONEX-listed firms increases to 50 by the end of the year and to 100 by next year.
The FSC faces pending issues such as reforming financial corporate governance and privatizing Woori Finance. However, presenting a vision for the mid- to long-term development of Korea’s financial industry seems to be an equally important task.
It is important to present a vision, but not like the flashy, catchphrase-centered visions that were popular in the past. One such example was “making a Korean version of Goldman Sachs,” which is something we definitely should pursue in the long term but cannot be realized in the short term. Such catchphrases sound good but are rarely realistic. I aim for plans that we can actually achieve. Financial visions should have substance and should be palpable. The Korean society is aging at a fast pace and the economy has entered a low-growth era. Considering such changes, it is now imperative that the financial industry breathe life to the real economy and boost added value and employment as the key industry of the future. Therefore, our vision for the future is “to boost the contribution of the financial Featured Issue | 49
sector in terms of added value to 10 percent over the next ten years.â&#x20AC;? We will provide realistic plans by the end of this year and put them into practice starting next year.
What are your aspirations as the first FSC chairman in the Park Geun-hye administration?
My first goal is to build a nation that is free from financial crises. I will make sure that the Korean economy and people would never again suffer from weaknesses in the financial sector. To make this possible, we will require financial firms to boost fiscal soundness and reserve enough foreign currency liquidity, as well as aggressively cope with risk factors. The FSC will continue pursuing those goals, so that the financial sector will lead the Korean economy to stable and sustainable growth.
The original version of this interview appears in the August issue of Narakyungje, a monthly magazine on economic policies published by KDI.
50 | Featured Issue
Policy Issues
Economic Policies for the Second Half of 2013
Basic directions The government will pursue eight key initiatives to ensure that the economic recovery takes hold and national priorities are successfully implemented. To ensure that the economic recovery takes hold, the government will work to accelerate the recovery process by implementing proactive macroeconomic policies, and by improving domestic demand and export conditions. The government will also establish a response system to guard against uncertainties, such as the possibility of quantitative easing tapering, and manage risk factors. Basic living conditions of the working class will be improved as the government controls inflationary pressures and adopts tailored welfare systems. To implement national tasks, the government will carry out its 70 percent Employment Roadmap Initiatives, which cover creating quality part-time jobs and an employee-friendly workplace culture, while boosting support for the service industry and developing an institutional infrastructure to help build a creative economy. The government will also work on the issues regarding economic democratization. Meanwhile, review systems will be improved to more efficiently manage fiscal resources.
Policy Issues | 51
Action plans 1. Ensuring that the economic recovery takes hold To help restore the economic growth rate to the 3 percent range, the government will adopt aggressive and flexible macroeconomic policies 1) Fiscal policies The government will make the most of its fiscal resources, including the supplementary budget, and increase its financial capacity through public institutions and public-private partnerships. The government will front-load the budget in the third quarter of the year, and increase spending in public institution projects, mostly in energy and SOC, by 500 billion won. The government will develop measures to boost private sector investment, including measures to improve financing conditions and remove business barriers. 2) Monetary policies The Bank of Korea (BOK) will flexibly manage monetary policies by taking into account overall economic conditions, such as domestic economic trends and inflationary pressures. The BOK will also flexibly manage its aggregate credit ceiling loans, a support fund for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). 3) Financial policies The government will expand financial support to SMEs and venture startups, and redefine the role of policy-based financing. 4) Exchange rate policies The government will ensure that the exchange rate is determined by supply and demand and economic fundamentals. However, it will adopt market stability measures when market volatility increases due to external factors. The government will help boost domestic demand and exports by promoting investment and SME support The government will promote investment by easing regulations regarding business location and industrial convergence, and set up a joint public-private investment promotion task force. Another round of SME support measures will come out in July, and a system to provide SMEs with various services at one location from designing to legal & accounting consultation will be set up by December. The government will increase the facility investment funds for SMEs from 3 trillion won to 5 trillion won, and 52 | Policy Issues
allocate more of the fund to export SMEs, which are suffering from the volatile yen. SMEs in the parts and materials industry will enjoy increased support when they try to merge or acquire foreign companies. Funds to support M&As of foreign companies, worth 100 billion won, will be created, which will be available for both SMEs and larger leading businesses. The government will announce financing programs in July to support overseas plant construction by local companies, along with measures to help eco-friendly businesses enter overseas markets. The government will work to normalize the housing market and announce medium- to long-term directions To help increase home transactions, the government will adjust housing supply by realigning public housing projects, and ease mortgage loan requirements for firsttime home buyers. The government will also revise housing market regulations. Heavy transfer taxes on multi-home ownership will be removed, high capital gains tax rates for less than two years of homeownership will be lowered, and the new home price ceiling will be made flexible. In addition, the government will develop a long-term housing market plan which covers medium- to long-term supply, regulations, mortgages and taxes, taking into consideration changes in demographics, families and attitudes towards homeownership.
2. Reinforcing risk management The government will prepare for the possibility of an early tapering of quantitative easing The government will continue to monitor markets while running an early warning system. The government will regularly hold the Macroeconomy and Finance Meeting to share information on the flow of global funds, liquidity conditions and key policy trends in major countries. The government will prepare for contingency plans to quickly respond to market volatility, while flexibly adopting macro-prudential policies. The government will manage risks to prevent them from developing into a crisis In order to manage risk in a comprehensive manner, the government will itemize risk factors by July. The government will help ease household debt and control its growth, while increasing support for the economically vulnerable to improve their debt repayment ability.
Policy Issues | 53
The government will also strictly control the soundness of nonbank financial institutions and increase consumer protection in the finance sector. Meanwhile, the 2nd Basic Plan for Energy will be announced in December, which will cover using sustainable energy and adjusting prices according to different energy sources.
3. Easing the burdens on the working class The government will help stabilize prices by streamlining distribution systems Plans to improve distribution systems will come out in July for fishery products, in September for manufactured goods, and in November to promote competition among retailers. The government will implement measures to lower entry barriers to energy and liquor industries in October and December, respectively. The government will provide tailored welfare The government will continue to work on stabilizing agricultural product prices by adjusting supply and demand. To provide rental homes at affordable prices, the government will launch a pilot public rental home program, encourage the private sector to provide rental housing, and introduce housing vouchers. The government will continue to help the restructuring of household debt through the National Happiness Fund, phase in a universal high school education program, and provide a college tuition system tailored to each student. Tax benefits to encourage childbirth will be announced in August. A basic pension fund scheme for the elderly will be prepared in July, and a revision of the National Health Care will be announced in December, which will increase the health care coverage and lower the burden for the working class. The government will also develop plans to implement a basic social security system tailored to each recipient by October, and increase emergency welfare support to help families faced with difficulties, such as unemployment.
4. Implementing the roadmap to achieve 70 percent employment The government will lay the foundation for steady job creation The government will enact laws related to part-time jobs, provide temporary tax breaks and social insurance support to increase quality part-time jobs, and will gradually introduce work-study programs to boost youth employment. Also, the government will encourage women to continue pursuing their career by promoting childcare leave and employer-sponsored childcare centers, while reinforcing public career counseling programs. Plans to address mismatches in the labor market will be unveiled in September. 54 | Policy Issues
The government will shift its focus to job creation The government will offer incentives to foreign companies that create jobs in Korea, and cut overlapping or similar SME support in order to increase support for job-creating SMEs. More emphasis will be placed on job creation when evaluating fiscal projects.
5. Laying a solid foundation for building a creative economy The government will establish strong institutional infrastructure to help build a creative economy Plans to increase R&D financial support for promising startup businesses will be announced in December. Tax incentives designed to support the forming of a virtuous venture-startup funding cycle will be implemented as planned, while a funding system to support a creative economy will be set up, through which innovative enterprises and convergence industries will be made eligible for increased financing*. * Growth Ladder Fund of 2 trillion won to be launched in the third quarter and Smart Guarantee System to be introduced in October
The government will prepare by October measures to utilize industrial complexes as a hub for creative economy, and will work on the establishment of a national statistics development plan, which is aimed at building the infrastructure for creative economy statistics. The government will facilitate the building of a creative economy by increasing support for the service sector Regulatory reforms to remove discriminatory regulations against service industries will be unveiled in July, which also include rules to help found a solid basis for the development of the service sector. The government will lay the foundation for developing the service sector through increased support for human resources and technology development: human resources development support includes education programs designed according to the stages of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life, such as Meister high schools in service areas, colleges specializing in services, enterprise-run colleges and e-learning. Promising SMEs that deal with new technologies will receive tax incentives, and the government will provide increased R&D support. The government will also introduce a certification system specified for the service sector. The government will facilitate the service industryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s involvement in the procurement of government projects, while quickly easing business-related service sector difficulties through various measures, such as flexible financial support for foreign educational and research institutions in the Free Economic Zones.
Policy Issues | 55
Measures to increase service sector competitiveness will be unveiled in July, including measures to develop tourism and information protection industries.
6. Making economic democratization a priority The government will pursue mutually beneficial economic democratization through increased ministerial cooperation and by encouraging communication between corporations and the market The government will renew its efforts to pursue economic democratization without burdening the economy. The government will also work on minimizing uncertainties regarding economic democratization by promoting communication between corporations and the market.
7. Financing national priorities The government will prepare action plans to achieve and finance national priorities The tax revision bills and budget proposals, scheduled to be unveiled in August and October, respectively, will serve as tools to achieve national priorities and local government-related campaign pledges. The government will adjust fiscal support and obligatory private sector expenses taking into consideration overlapping purposes to minimize the areas that may not receive support The government will redefine the role of fiscal support and obligatory expenses to increase the efficiency of government expenditures. In the case that fiscal projects and tax expenditures have similar purposes, the government will start making adjustments from 2014 by modifying budgets, tax reductions and exemptions. The government will boost the vitality of the private sector economy by improving regulations and promoting private investment in order to compensate for public sector spending cuts. The government will efficiently manage fiscal risks in order to ensure that future generations are not burdened The long-term fiscal outlook for 2011-2060, which reflects changes in demography, will be announced in September. According to the findings of the report, the government will lay out directions to improve areas with high fiscal risks. The public debt calculation method will be prepared in September, and the comprehensive fiscal risk management system will be established in November, which will examine major fiscal risks by area and provide indices for those risks. 56 | Policy Issues
8. Policy evaluation system based on performance The government will improve and carry out performance-based policy evaluations, in which the Korean people as well as all ministries will participate 1) Evaluators The Government Economic Policy Performance Evaluation Task Force will be formed in July, and will conduct a government-wide evaluation of major policies. The Citizen Evaluation Group will be launched in July and will be composed of experts from the private sector, workers participating in the project being evaluated, and recipients of policies. Each related ministry will form a joint publicprivate performance evaluation team in July, and the team will regularly report its evaluation results to the government evaluation task force. 2) Evaluation targets The government will create a database of monthly plans and performance outcomes by project and continuously evaluate the performance of major projects. Inputs, expected performance and actual performance, will all be evaluated. 3) Feedback Evaluation outcomes will be discussed at the Ministerial Meeting on the Economy and will be made accessible to the people. The government will prepare follow-up measures for underperforming projects.
Policy Issues | 57
Economic News Briefing
KONEX begins trading on July 1 The Korea New Exchange (KONEX), a stock market for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), opened on July 1. The KONEX, which is modeled after the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Alternative Investment Market (AIM), serves as a market for startups that have huge growth potential but are too small to be listed on the KOSPI or KOSDAQ. According to the Financial Services Commission (FSC), the KONEX is expected to function as an important financing window for SMEs and venture businesses, and will give investors more opportunities to invest in promising enterprises.
Korea-China currency swap to be extended President Park Geun-hye and Chinese leader Xi Jinping agreed at a summit held on June 27 to extend the Korea-China currency swap arrangement by three years, recognizing the positive effect that the currency swap scheme has on bilateral trade relations as well as the economic development of both nations. The existing currency swap agreement, which was signed on October 26, 2011 and was originally due to expire on October 25, 2014, will be extended to 2017. At the summit, the leaders also agreed to consider further extending the currency swap duration after 2017 and to expand the size of the currency swap if necessary. The existing won-yuan currency swap is worth 64 trillion won, or 360 billion yuan. 58 | Economic News Briefing
Government to boost surveillance on illegal forex transactions The Ministry of Strategy and Finance (MOSF) will work on improving the foreign exchange system in order to strengthen surveillance on illegal foreign exchange transactions. The enactment of the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act in 1999 has liberalized most foreign exchange transactions, making foreign transactions easier for individuals and corporations. However, foreign exchange liberalization has also caused illegal capital outflows, such as offshore tax evasion, to increase, which lead authorities to seek means to monitor such illegal practices while guaranteeing the free flow of normal foreign exchange transactions. The plan to improve the foreign exchange system covers granting joint inspection authority to the Korea Customs Service (KCS) and the Financial Supervisory Service (FSS). Under the current system, the KCS has authority over transactions related to imports and exports, while the FSS inspects transactions related to capital and services. Considering the fact that this arrangement has caused problems in cases where capital transactions and import-export transactions are mixed, both the KCS and FSS will be given inspection authority in such cases in the future. The plan also includes follow-up management of overseas direct investment. Although investors are currently required to submit reports on overseas direct investment related activities, many cases go unreported, raising concerns over illegal capital outflows. In order to increase the effectiveness of obligatory reporting, fines will be imposed in cases that follow-up reports are not submitted after the investments are made.
Korea-ASEAN FTA certification requirements to be eased Country of origin certification procedures regarding the Korea-ASEAN free trade agreement (FTA) will be simplified starting next year. The Korea-ASEAN FTA implementation committee approved on June 30 the revised version of the KoreaASEAN FTA operational certification procedures (OCP), and announced that the revisions will take effect on January 1, 2014. Trade between Korea and the ASEAN member nations has grown by an average of 12.8 percent each year since the trade pact entered into force in 2007. Despite the increase in trade, however, Korean firms have experienced difficulties in taking advantage of the Korea-ASEAN FTA due to complex certification procedures. According to the revised rules, the duration of validity for the certificate of origin, which is currently only six months, will be extended to twelve months, and export companies will no longer be required to reveal sensitive information in the certificates. Economic News Briefing | 59
Korea-EU FTA tariffs further cut Korea and EU has further cut tariffs on each otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goods as of July 1, which marks the day the Korea-EU FTA entered into force. Korea reduced tariffs on 2,000 items imported from EU nations. Tariffs on midsized cars were cut to 1.6 percent from the current 3.2 percent. Tariffs on pork were lowered to 18.1 percent from 20.4 percent, handbags to 2.0 percent from 4.0 percent, and whiskey to 5.0 percent from 10.0 percent. The EU also cut tariffs on 551 Korean goods. Tariff on midsized cars were cut to 2.0 percent from 4.0 percent, while tariffs on televisions and tires were reduced to 7.0 percent from 9.3 percent and to 1.1 percent from 2.2 percent, respectively.
Korea and Kenya ink deal to avoid double taxation Korea and Kenya held a tax treaty negotiation meeting in Seoul on June 19-21, where they initiated a deal to help their companies avoid double taxation. The double tax avoidance agreement is expected to reduce the tax burden for Korean companies in Kenya, and help prevent tax evasion by facilitating the exchange of information. Meanwhile, the government is working on expanding the tax treaty network to regions such as Latin America, the Middle East and Africa, in order to help Korean firms enter and invest in those markets.
60 | Economic News Briefing
Statistical Appendices
1. National accounts 2. Production, shipment and inventory 3. Production capacity and operation ratio 4. Consumer goods sales index 5. Consumer goods shipment index and consumer sentiment index 6. Machinery orders received, domestic machinery shipment and estimated facility investment index 7. Value of construction completed and domestic construction orders received 8. Composite indices of business cycle indicators and BSI 9. Balance of payments (I) 10. Balance of payments (II) 11. Prices 12. Employment 13. Financial indicators 14. Monetary indicators 15. Exchange rates
Statistical Appendices | 61
1. National accounts Real GDP Manufacturing
Final consumption expenditure
Construction
Facilities
4.0 5.2 5.1 2.3 0.3 6.3 3.7 2.0
Agri., fores. & fisheries 1.3 1.5 4.0 5.6 3.2 -4.4 -2.1 -0.6
6.2 8.1 7.2 2.8 -1.5 14.7 7.3 2.2
4.6 5.1 5.1 2.0 1.2 4.1 2.3 2.2
1.9 3.4 4.2 -1.9 -1.0 5.8 -1.0 -1.7
-0.4 0.5 1.4 -2.8 3.4 -3.7 -4.7 -2.2
5.3 8.2 9.3 -1.0 -9.8 25.7 3.6 -1.9
Period 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012P
(year-on-year change, %, chained 2005 year prices) Gross fixed capital formation
2005
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
2.7 3.4 4.5 5.1
0.4 4.8 3.8 -3.1
4.8 3.9 6.7 9.3
2.7 4.7 5.9 4.9
-0.3 1.8 1.5 3.9
-3.1 0.9 -0.3 0.3
3.4 2.8 4.1 10.8
2006
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
6.1 5.1 5.0 4.6
3.9 -0.3 -1.4 4.2
9.4 9.1 8.7 5.4
5.8 4.9 4.6 5.1
3.8 0.1 4.0 5.7
1.9 -4.2 -0.5 5.1
7.2 8.0 12.0 5.7
2007
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
4.5 5.3 4.9 5.7
1.6 7.0 8.2 -0.7
4.5 7.2 6.3 10.2
5.1 5.4 5.3 4.7
7.3 5.7 1.5 3.1
4.4 2.0 -0.2 0.4
12.6 13.0 4.0 8.0
2008
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
5.5 4.4 3.3 -3.3
7.8 4.6 4.3 6.5
8.9 8.3 5.3 -9.4
4.3 3.0 2.4 -1.7
-0.6 0.6 2.1 -8.7
-2.5 -0.5 0.4 -7.7
2.8 2.0 5.3 -13.3
2009
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
-4.2 -2.1 1.0 6.3
2.5 0.0 5.0 5.0
-13.6 -7.1 1.8 13.1
-2.2 0.7 1.5 4.8
-7.5 -3.0 -1.0 6.2
1.6 4.3 3.2 4.0
-21.9 -18.1 -9.4 12.2
2010
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
8.7 7.6 4.5 4.9
-0.1 -2.2 -7.8 -5.9
22.4 17.6 9.5 11.0
6.1 3.6 3.5 3.0
11.2 5.8 5.6 2.3
1.8 -4.7 -4.9 -5.2
29.6 32.0 26.3 16.9
2011
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
4.3 3.5 3.6 3.4
-9.7 -2.6 -5.8 7.1
10.3 7.4 6.4 5.5
2.8 2.8 2.4 1.3
-1.4 0.4 -1.4 -1.8
-10.0 -4.7 -3.6 -1.7
10.5 7.7 1.1 -3.6
2012P
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
2.8 2.4 1.6 1.5
-0.4 -1.8 0.3 -0.5
4.1 2.7 0.9 1.3
2.1 1.6 2.1 2.8
3.7 -2.6 -2.5 -4.2
-0.4 -3.1 -0.3 -4.2
8.8 -3.5 -6.9 -5.2
2013P
Ⅰ
1.5
0.3
1.0
1.4
-3.8
2.4
-11.9
P: Preliminary Source: The Bank of Korea 62 | Statistical Appendices
2. Production, shipment and inventory (constant prices, 2010=100) Production index Period 2011 2012
Shipment index
Y-o-Y change (%)
Inventory index
Y-o-Y change (%)
Service production index
Y-o-Y change (%)
Y-o-Y change (%)
105.9 106.8
5.9 0.8
105.6 106.4
5.6 0.8
120.2 124.1
14.9 3.2
103.2 104.8
3.2 1.6
2011
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
102.6 107.4 103.9 109.7
9.3 6.1 5.3 3.3
103.3 106.6 103.1 109.2
10.0 5.4 4.6 2.6
104.7 110.0 112.7 120.2
7.7 12.0 11.9 14.9
99.5 103.4 103.2 106.7
2.8 2.9 4.5 2.8
2012
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
106.3 108.6 102.9 109.6
3.6 1.1 -1.0 -0.1
106.3 108.1 102.6 108.4
2.9 1.4 -0.5 -0.7
117.8 115.2 114.6 124.1
12.5 4.7 1.7 3.2
102.1 104.9 104.7 107.6
2.6 1.5 1.5 0.8
2013
ⅠP
104.5
-1.7
104.1
-2.1
122.4
3.9
102.9
0.8
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
105.3 91.8 110.6 106.8 107.1 108.3 105.9 101.5 104.4 109.7 109.3 110.1
11.9 6.7 8.9 5.5 6.9 5.9 3.6 5.1 7.2 4.2 3.5 2.3
105.8 93.3 110.8 106.8 106.0 107.0 104.0 101.2 104.2 109.1 108.2 110.3
12.8 8.6 8.6 5.2 6.6 4.5 2.9 4.1 6.9 3.5 1.9 2.5
104.6 102.8 104.7 105.8 108.6 110.0 111.8 112.2 112.7 115.6 117.9 120.2
7.6 4.2 7.7 7.6 9.5 12.0 10.7 10.9 11.9 13.6 15.6 14.9
100.1 94.2 104.1 102.1 103.5 104.7 103.1 103.1 103.3 104.2 103.7 112.3
5.1 0.4 2.6 3.3 2.3 3.1 3.6 5.1 4.4 3.7 3.1 1.9
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
101.9 105.8 111.2 106.4 110.4 108.9 105.6 99.4 103.6 107.6 111.6 109.7
-3.2 15.3 0.5 -0.4 3.1 0.6 -0.3 -2.1 -0.8 -1.9 2.1 -0.4
102.6 105.8 110.6 105.9 109.6 108.9 104.8 98.5 104.6 106.6 109.5 109.0
-3.0 13.4 -0.2 -0.8 3.4 1.8 0.8 -2.7 0.4 -2.3 1.2 -1.2
119.4 117.5 117.8 116.6 118.4 115.2 115.8 119.5 114.6 115.5 120.4 124.1
14.1 14.3 12.5 10.2 9.0 4.7 3.6 6.5 1.7 -0.1 2.1 3.2
100.5 100.0 105.9 102.7 105.9 106.0 104.7 103.8 105.9 104.6 105.2 113.1
0.4 6.2 1.7 0.6 2.3 1.2 1.6 0.7 2.2 0.4 1.4 0.7
2013
1 2 3 4P 5P
109.7 95.8 108.0 108.1 108.8
7.7 -9.5 -2.9 1.6 -1.4
107.9 96.4 108.1 107.4 107.8
5.2 -8.9 -2.3 1.4 -1.6
127.8 124.1 122.4 120.1 121.8
7.0 5.6 3.9 3.0 2.9
101.8 100.3 106.6 105.3 107.6
1.3 0.3 0.7 2.5 1.6
P: Preliminary Source: Statistics Korea Statistical Appendices | 63
3. Production capacity and operation ratio
Period
Production capacity index (2010=100)
2011 2012
Operation ratio index (2010=100)
Y-o-Y change (%)
Y-o-Y change (%)
Average operation ratio (%)
104.9 107.2
4.9 2.2
99.8 97.0
-0.2 -2.8
80.2 78.1
2011
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
103.6 104.7 105.2 106.1
5.9 5.2 4.5 4.0
97.6 103.1 97.3 101.3
2.0 0.4 -0.3 -2.6
81.4 80.4 80.4 78.8
2012
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
106.8 107.1 107.2 107.5
3.1 2.3 1.9 1.3
96.9 100.3 92.8 97.9
-0.7 -2.7 -4.6 -3.4
79.6 79.0 76.2 77.8
2013
ⅠP
108.0
1.1
92.7
-4.3
77.1
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
103.2 103.4 104.2 104.6 104.6 104.9 105.1 105.2 105.4 106.0 106.1 106.2
6.1 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.7
100.3 87.0 105.4 102.3 102.8 104.3 100.4 94.4 97.2 102.4 101.6 99.9
4.6 -0.1 1.3 -1.0 1.5 0.7 -2.6 0.0 2.1 -1.8 -1.8 -4.1
82.5 80.3 81.3 79.6 80.2 81.3 80.9 80.0 80.4 79.7 78.9 77.7
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
106.7 106.8 106.9 107.0 107.1 107.2 106.9 107.4 107.3 107.4 107.6 107.6
3.4 3.3 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.2 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.3
91.8 96.5 102.3 98.2 102.0 100.8 96.8 87.9 93.8 97.7 100.3 95.8
-8.5 10.9 -2.9 -4.0 -0.8 -3.4 -3.6 -6.9 -3.5 -4.6 -1.3 -4.1
79.7 80.4 78.7 79.0 79.5 78.4 77.8 74.0 76.7 77.0 78.0 78.4
2013
1 2 3 4P 5P
107.9 108.0 108.1 108.1 108.2
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0
97.9 84.1 96.2 97.0 98.3
6.6 -12.8 -6.0 -1.2 -3.6
78.6 77.2 75.4 75.5 75.4
P: Preliminary Source: Statistics Korea 64 | Statistical Appendices
4. Consumer goods sales index (constant prices, 2010=100) Consumer goods sales index Durable goods
Period 2011 2012
104.5 106.9
Y-o-Y change (%) 4.5 2.3
Semi-durable goods
110.6 116.5
Y-o-Y change (%) 10.6 5.3
103.7 102.6
Y-o-Y change (%) 3.7 -1.1
Non-durable goods
102.1 104.4
Y-o-Y change (%) 2.1 2.3
2011
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
100.7 104.8 103.7 108.9
5.3 6.2 4.0 2.6
105.4 112.2 111.4 113.3
11.5 16.9 10.3 4.4
98.3 105.5 94.2 116.7
5.1 5.2 3.6 1.2
99.6 101.2 104.4 103.3
2.7 2.0 1.5 2.4
2012
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
103.5 106.3 106.4 111.6
2.8 1.4 2.6 2.5
110.0 115.5 118.8 121.8
4.4 2.9 6.6 7.5
98.0 104.4 90.9 117.1
-0.3 -1.0 -3.5 0.3
102.9 102.8 107.5 104.3
3.3 1.6 3.0 1.0
2013
ⅠP
103.7
0.2
111.3
1.2
99.8
1.8
101.9
-1.0
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
105.4 92.8 103.9 102.5 107.3 104.7 104.2 100.9 106.0 107.4 107.2 112.0
10.9 -0.5 5.6 6.1 6.6 6.1 4.1 4.9 3.2 3.3 1.8 2.7
104.0 97.8 114.5 106.4 112.6 117.5 117.0 109.7 107.6 109.0 116.3 114.5
12.1 8.2 14.2 14.8 19.0 16.7 12.5 11.7 6.9 3.4 7.4 2.3
104.9 90.0 99.8 105.6 109.9 100.9 96.2 86.2 100.1 116.1 111.9 122.1
10.4 1.7 3.1 5.9 4.7 4.9 3.8 3.4 3.7 2.2 -2.6 4.0
106.3 91.7 100.8 99.4 103.6 100.5 101.8 103.4 107.9 102.7 100.9 106.4
10.7 -5.3 2.6 2.4 2.0 1.7 0.2 2.5 1.5 3.6 1.3 2.3
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
107.5 97.9 105.0 102.9 110.0 105.9 108.0 102.0 109.1 109.0 111.5 114.2
2.0 5.5 1.1 0.4 2.5 1.1 3.6 1.1 2.9 1.5 4.0 2.0
107.7 107.9 114.4 107.8 118.1 120.5 126.2 114.3 115.9 117.1 123.0 125.3
3.6 10.3 -0.1 1.3 4.9 2.6 7.9 4.2 7.7 7.4 5.8 9.4
103.6 91.0 99.3 103.7 110.4 99.2 96.0 80.7 96.0 113.5 117.8 119.9
-1.2 1.1 -0.6 -1.8 0.5 -1.7 -0.2 -6.4 -4.1 -2.2 5.3 -1.8
109.2 96.3 103.1 100.2 106.0 102.1 105.0 105.8 111.7 103.2 103.3 106.5
2.7 5.0 2.3 0.8 2.3 1.6 3.1 2.3 3.5 0.5 2.4 0.1
2013
1 2 3 4P 5P
104.6 99.5 106.9 105.1 110.5
-2.7 1.6 1.8 2.1 0.5
112.0 106.6 115.2 114.0 119.9
4.0 -1.2 0.7 5.8 1.5
101.4 91.1 106.9 104.8 111.3
-2.1 0.1 7.7 1.1 0.8
102.6 99.9 103.1 101.1 105.8
-6.0 3.7 0.0 0.9 -0.2
P: Preliminary Source: Statistics Korea Statistical Appendices | 65
5. Consumer goods shipment index and consumer sentiment index Domestic consumer goods shipment index (2010=100) Durable goods
Period 2011 2012
109.2 101.1
Y-o-Y change (%) 0.9 0.2
Non-durable goods
100.2 98.5
Y-o-Y change (%) 0.2 -1.7
101.2 102.3
Y-o-Y change (%) 1.2 1.1
Consumer sentiment index -
2011
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
100.8 97.9 101.2 103.8
4.3 1.0 0.6 -2.1
99.5 100.7 100.8 99.9
4.1 3.1 -0.4 -5.3
101.4 96.7 101.4 105.4
4.6 0.2 1.0 -0.8
-
2012
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
100.0 99.7 100.9 103.9
-0.8 1.8 -0.3 0.1
97.4 98.9 96.0 101.7
-2.1 -1.8 -4.8 1.8
101.2 100.1 103.0 104.8
-0.2 3.5 1.6 -0.6
-
2013
ⅠP
98.4
-1.6
95.3
-2.2
99.7
-1.5
-
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
108.6 88.7 105.2 98.2 96.1 99.3 99.7 102.1 101.8 105.0 102.1 104.2
7.0 -1.6 7.2 0.9 0.9 1.2 -0.8 2.3 0.4 -1.6 -3.8 -1.0
100.9 92.6 105.1 97.3 99.3 105.4 104.2 98.1 100.0 100.3 98.6 100.9
5.1 1.5 5.4 2.2 4.1 2.9 -1.2 0.4 -0.3 -5.4 -7.4 -3.1
111.9 87.1 105.2 98.6 94.7 96.7 97.8 103.8 102.6 107.0 103.6 105.7
7.8 -2.8 8.0 0.4 -0.4 0.5 -0.6 3.0 0.7 0.1 -2.2 -0.1
111 109 110 102 105 103 103 99 99 101 105 100
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
100.2 97.9 101.9 98.7 101.9 98.6 101.6 98.5 102.7 103.7 104.2 103.7
-7.7 10.4 -3.1 0.5 6.0 -0.7 1.9 -3.5 0.9 -1.2 2.1 -0.5
92.2 98.0 102.1 93.6 100.2 102.9 105.1 87.5 95.4 98.4 101.0 105.7
-8.6 5.8 -2.9 -3.8 0.9 -2.4 0.9 -10.8 -4.6 -1.9 2.4 4.8
103.7 97.9 101.9 100.9 102.7 96.7 100.1 103.1 105.8 105.9 105.6 102.8
-7.3 12.4 -3.1 2.3 8.4 0.0 2.4 -0.7 3.1 -1.0 1.9 -2.7
98 102 102 106 106 101 100 101 99 100 100 99
2013
1 2 3 4P 5P 6
104.0 92.3 98.8 98.2 96.9 -
3.8 -5.7 -3.0 -0.5 -4.9 -
96.8 92.7 96.4 95.6 95.2 -
5.0 -5.4 -5.6 2.1 -5.0 -
107.0 92.2 99.8 99.4 97.7 -
3.2 -5.8 -2.1 -1.5 -4.9 -
102 102 104 102 104 105
Source: Statistics Korea 66 | Statistical Appendices
6. Machinery orders received, domestic machinery shipment and estimated facility investment index Domestic machinery orders received excluding ship (billion won, constant value) Period 2012
Private
Total
Public
21,789
2,142
19,647
Manufacturing 10,482
Estimated facility investment index (2005=100)
Domestic machinery shipment excluding ship (2010=100)
136.4
98.8
2012
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
6,310 5,391 5,079 5,004
810 285 579 468
5,500 5,106 4,500 4,536
3,055 2,765 2,320 2,339
144.5 145.7 128.1 127.4
103.4 104.6 90.9 96.4
2013
ⅠP
5,621
429
5,192
2,928
122.3
83.5
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1,933 2,541 1,836 1,845 1,830 1,716 1,835 1,516 1,729 1,545 1,689 1,771
52 695 63 56 39 190 310 169 100 86 127 255
1,881 1,846 1,773 1,789 1,791 1,526 1,525 1,347 1,629 1,458 1,562 1,516
1,158 1,036 860 927 988 850 779 689 852 733 833 773
139.4 146.8 147.4 143.1 145.9 148.1 140.4 118.2 125.7 119.7 124.4 138.1
95.0 106.0 109.1 104.1 103.8 105.8 96.4 87.8 88.6 92.7 93.8 102.6
2013
1 2 3 4P 5P
1,864 1,675 2,083 1,839 2,140
139 168 121 92 254
991 858 1,078 956 1,094
117.5 113.8 135.7 125.8 129.0
81.1 76.6 92.7 88.5 92.6
-13.4
-11.0
-25.9
-2.0
-5.3
2012
1,724 1,506 1,961 1,747 1,886 Y-o-Y change (%) -13.6
2012
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
-1.1 -19.8 -10.4 -21.5
126.1 -59.7 86.7 -54.6
-8.7 -15.1 -16.0 -15.1
-19.0 -27.3 -26.6 -31.4
10.7 -2.7 -8.2 -6.9
4.4 -5.0 -10.7 -9.4
2013
ⅠP
-10.9
-47.0
-5.6
-4.2
-15.4
-19.2
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-0.8 25.1 -23.6 -4.4 -14.4 -35.4 -9.4 -13.8 -8.1 -20.8 -26.4 -17.0
-22.2 829.0 -70.9 -10.3 -72.8 -62.2 135.5 105.9 3.5 -72.3 -75.8 31.2
0.0 -5.7 -18.9 -4.3 -10.2 -29.1 -19.5 -19.7 -8.7 -11.0 -11.6 -21.8
3.9 -12.3 -41.7 -22.4 -19.1 -38.7 -25.1 -32.7 -22.4 -24.3 -25.0 -42.0
10.3 27.3 -1.7 2.8 -3.3 -7.0 -0.4 -15.6 -8.6 -3.5 -10.8 -6.3
1.0 16.5 -2.5 -0.3 -6.8 -7.6 -6.9 -12.2 -13.1 -8.5 -8.4 -11.2
2013
1 2 3 4P 5P
-3.6 -34.1 13.4 -0.3 16.9
169.8 -75.8 92.2 63.8 553.5
-8.3 -18.4 10.6 -2.3 5.3
-14.4 -17.2 25.3 3.2 10.6
-15.7 -22.5 -7.9 -12.1 -11.6
-14.6 -27.7 -15.0 -15.0 -10.8
P: Preliminary Source: Statistics Korea Statistical Appendices | 67
7. Value of construction completed and domestic construction orders received (current prices, billion won) Period 2012
Value of construction completion (total) 88,031
Type of order Public
Private
33,578
50,260
Domestic construction orders received (total) 86,821
Type of order Public
Private
26,103
57,202
2012
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
19,106 22,203 21,135 25,587
7,385 8,813 7,499 9,881
10,795 12,333 12,584 14,548
21,772 25,136 17,665 22,248
5,531 5,602 5,478 9,492
15,549 18,515 11,632 11,506
2013
ⅠP
20,113
6,984
12,364
12,805
4,279
8,255
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
5,742 5,979 7,385 6,789 7,225 8,189 6,970 6,508 7,658 7,298 8,030 10,259
2,106 2,358 2,921 2,625 2,839 3,349 2,337 2,292 2,870 2,574 2,974 4,333
3,339 3,371 4,086 3,875 4,066 4,393 4,254 3,907 4,423 4,432 4,742 5,375
7,244 8,122 6,406 6,033 7,215 11,887 6,450 5,120 6,195 5,501 7,232 9,516
1,796 2,165 1,390 1,448 1,072 3,082 2,284 1,341 1,852 1,962 2,148 5,382
5,100 5,812 4,636 4,097 6,034 8,385 3,886 3,738 4,008 3,507 4,743 3,255
2013
1 2 3 4P 5P
6,258 6,217 7,638 8,062 8,080
2,065 2,341 2,579 2,820 2,766
3,424 4,304 5,077 4,910 5,838
1,306 1,280 1,694 1,551 1,503
1,970 2,955 3,329 2,944 4,216
-4.0
-4.4
3,948 3,650 4,766 4,948 5,052 Y-o-Y change (%) -2.7
-8.9
-8.8
-7.5
2012 2012
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
-0.9 -7.7 -1.3 -5.1
0.9 -5.1 -2.4 -8.7
-2.1 -7.5 -0.1 -1.0
33.3 -0.7 -13.6 -33.1
34.3 -11.2 -18.4 -17.3
40.0 4.9 -9.6 -43.1
2013
ⅠP
5.3
-5.4
14.5
-41.2
-22.6
-46.9
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-7.2 12.2 -4.8 -5.4 -2.9 -13.3 3.2 -5.6 -1.5 -8.3 2.2 -7.9
-13.6 16.3 2.3 -4.3 1.8 -10.9 -1.7 -6.8 0.9 -11.3 -6.2 -8.8
-4.3 10.1 -8.8 -4.7 -4.3 -12.5 4.8 -4.7 -0.3 -5.1 10.5 -6.2
47.5 99.1 -12.8 -10.1 0.9 3.7 23.1 -32.4 -19.7 -26.6 -20.0 -43.0
50.2 53.7 0.3 1.4 -43.3 3.0 23.1 -10.9 -44.7 -15.3 -28.1 -12.9
75.6 131.7 -18.6 -11.5 27.3 1.3 25.6 -35.4 0.4 -29.7 -19.2 -65.2
2013
1 2 3 4P 5P
9.0 4.0 3.4 18.7 11.8
-2.0 -0.7 -11.7 7.4 -2.6
18.3 8.3 16.6 27.7 24.3
-52.7 -47.0 -20.7 -18.6 -19.1
-33.9 -40.9 21.8 7.1 40.2
-61.4 -49.2 -28.2 -28.1 -30.1
P: Preliminary Source: Statistics Korea 68 | Statistical Appendices
8. Composite indices of business cycle indicators and BSI
Period
Leading index (2010=100)
Coincident index (2010=100)
Cycle of coincident index (2010=100)
BSI (results)
BSI (prospects)
2009
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
87.4 88.2 88.7 90.5 91.9 93.6 94.3 95.0 95.9 96.9 98.2 98.8
88.5 88.5 89.2 90.3 90.8 92.3 93.1 93.7 94.3 95.3 96.0 96.5
95.3 95.0 95.4 96.1 96.4 97.5 98.0 98.3 98.6 99.2 99.6 99.7
58.1 62.4 89.0 93.7 100.9 96.6 98.5 96.0 110.5 107.5 103.8 104.8
52.0 66.0 76.1 86.7 103.8 100.2 98.7 99.8 117.0 116.5 109.0 105.9
2010
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
99.2 99.1 99.0 99.0 99.6 100.1 100.7 100.8 101.0 100.5 100.5 100.5
97.0 97.7 98.4 99.1 99.8 100.3 100.9 101.1 101.1 101.0 101.4 102.2
99.9 100.2 100.5 100.8 101.1 101.2 101.4 101.1 100.7 100.2 100.2 100.6
99.2 98.7 113.1 108.9 111.9 109.4 105.0 98.6 104.1 104.3 103.5 102.1
103.1 102.3 116.2 111.2 113.4 108.9 107.3 100.7 111.1 113.1 107.1 104.2
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
101.3 101.6 101.7 101.3 101.6 102.0 102.6 102.9 103.2 103.3 103.4 103.7
103.5 103.6 104.0 104.0 104.7 105.3 105.9 106.5 106.5 107.0 106.9 107.4
101.4 101.1 101.1 100.7 100.9 101.1 101.2 101.4 101.0 101.0 100.6 100.5
99.1 92.2 107.8 98.4 98.9 99.6 96.2 86.8 96.4 95.0 93.0 90.1
101.8 98.0 113.5 99.3 104.3 104.3 101.3 98.9 96.3 101.4 96.4 94.8
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
104.4 105.4 105.7 106.2 106.3 107.4 108.0 108.1 108.0 108.3 109.1 109.9
107.4 108.2 108.3 108.6 108.7 109.1 109.7 109.6 110.1 110.0 110.7 111.3
100.2 100.5 100.2 100.0 99.7 99.7 99.8 99.3 99.3 98.9 99.1 99.2
88.6 92.2 101.4 97.5 95.7 90.4 82.1 84.4 89.3 88.9 82.2 87.0
88.3 91.0 106.1 98.4 104.7 98.3 89.7 82.7 99.5 97.0 92.5 82.0
2013
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
110.1 110.4 110.7 111.2 112.0 -
111.8 112.3 112.3 113.0 113.2 -
99.2 99.3 98.9 99.0 98.8 -
85.0 83.0 101.3 94.1 97.6 95.0 -
85.7 86.7 104.4 101.5 99.8 97.2 90.7
Source: Statistics Korea & The Bank of Korea Statistical Appendices | 69
9. Balance of payments (I) (million US$) Current balance Goods trade balance
Period 2011 2012
Exports
Imports
Services trade balance
Income trade Balance
Current transfers
26,068.2 43,138.5
31,660.0 38,337.7
551,765.4 552,565.3
520,105.4 514,227.6
-5,849.5 2,676.2
2,890.9 4,885.5
-2,633.2 -2,760.9
2011
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
2,610.3 5,492.2 6,896.0 11,506.8
5,842.7 7,661.0 7,197.7 10,248.9
127,691.2 142,722.8 141,393.5 140,756.8
121,848.5 135,061.8 134,195.8 130,507.9
-2,538.0 -796.0 -1,198.2 154.8
387.9 -824.8 1,314.9 1,577.8
-1,082.3 -548.0 -418.5 -474.7
2012
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
2,559.9 11,188.8 14,561.7 14,828.1
2,612.4 8,520.5 13,341.2 13,863.6
134,627.6 138,784.9 137,086.0 142,066.8
132,015.2 130,264.4 123,744.8 128,203.2
-648.4 2,312.7 654.4 357.5
1,487.6 821.4 1,041.3 1,535.2
-891.7 -465.8 -475.2 -928.2
2013P
Ⅰ
9,971.8
9,339.8
137,293.0
127,953.2
-483.0
1,375.0
-260.0
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
154.7 1,126.1 1,329.5 1,277.6 2,183.9 2,030.7 3,773.6 292.6 2,829.8 4,132.9 4,564.6 2,809.3
1,557.9 1,530.8 2,754.0 3,327.6 1,633.8 2,699.6 4,728.0 371.5 2,098.2 3,547.2 3,997.2 2,704.5
42,662.8 37,228.3 47,800.4 47,879.4 47,149.8 47,693.6 48,555.9 45,634.9 47,202.7 46,451.7 46,656.2 47,648.9
41,104.9 35,697.2 45,046.4 44,551.8 45,516.0 44,994.0 43,827.9 45,263.4 45,104.5 42,904.5 42,659.0 44,944.4
-1,640.9 -569.1 -328.0 -178.8 15.5 -632.7 -690.9 -577.9 70.6 2.8 357.2 -205.2
703.7 542.6 -858.4 -1,581.9 517.3 239.8 72.3 699.6 543.0 643.5 445.6 488.7
-466.0 -378.2 -238.1 -289.3 17.3 -276.0 -335.8 -200.6 118.0 -60.6 -243.5 -178.7
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-968.8 557.3 2,971.4 1,734.0 3,574.9 5,879.9 6,144.3 2,504.3 5,913.1 5,781.7 6,906.2 2,140.2
-1,624.0 1,310.1 2,926.3 1,750.8 1,715.9 5,053.8 5,340.6 2,514.0 5,486.6 5,168.9 6,777.4 1,917.3
41,383.8 45,863.0 47,380.8 45,820.3 46,162.8 46,801.8 46,620.5 42,895.6 47,569.9 48,144.1 49,636.8 44,285.9
43,007.8 44,552.9 44,454.5 44,069.5 44,446.9 41,748.0 41,279.9 40,381.6 42,083.3 42,975.2 42,859.4 42,368.6
-128.8 -1,219.3 699.7 549.7 1,593.0 170.1 593.3 -262.2 323.3 378.3 -51.6 30.8
1,191.7 613.4 -317.5 -422.0 341.6 901.8 401.9 435.5 203.9 521.9 374.3 639.0
-407.7 -146.9 -337.1 -144.5 -75.6 -245.7 -191.5 -183.0 -100.7 -287.4 -193.9 -446.9
2013P
1 2 3 4 5
2,331.7 2,712.9 4,927.2 3,926.9 8,638.8
2,617.7 2,562.9 4,159.2 3,543.3 7,270.0
47,163.0 42,218.6 47,911.4 47,482.1 49,593.9
44,545.3 39,655.7 43,752.2 43,938.8 42,323.9
-927.1 -461.0 905.1 1,447.6 1,130.5
968.4 628.9 -222.3 -1,088.6 193.6
-327.3 -17.9 85.2 24.6 44.7
P: Preliminary Source: The Bank of Korea 70 | Statistical Appendices
10. Balance of payments (II) (million US$) Capital & financial account Period
2011 2012
Direct investment
Portfolio investment
Financial derivative
Other investment
-26,778.0 -43,619.1
-16,410.0 -18,628.1
13,109.3 10,114.8
-1,031.3 3,075.2
-8,468.6 -26,897.7
Capital transfers Changes in & acquisition of reserve assets non-financial assets -24.7 -13,952.8 602.1 -11,885.4
Errors and omissions 709.8 480.6
2011
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
-2,754.1 -6,808.0 -8,320.9 -20,931.2
-4,696.3 -4,138.1 -2,807.6 -2,980.7
-1,379.1 2,035.4 8,108.4 -5,338.8
730.3 -542.9 -1,490.7 1,086.4
6,251.6 -1,432.5 -18,692.6 -11,733.2
-181.4 -111.9 235.5 106.8
-3,479.2 -2,618.0 6,326.1 -2,071.7
143.8 1,315.8 1,424.9 6,103.1
2012
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
-1,377.1 -7,968.0 -13,342.8 -20,931.2
-7,203.3 -3,015.2 -5,428.9 -2,980.7
15,156.1 -5,481.3 5,778.8 -5,338.8
1,355.0 -65.3 699.1 1,086.4
-4,232.7 -581.2 -10,350.6 -11,733.2
134.3 284.3 76.7 106.8
-6,586.4 890.7 -4,118.0 -2,071.7
-1,182.8 -3,220.8 -1,218.9 6,103.1
2013P
Ⅰ
-10,901.4
-4,065.9
-5,769.9
1,418.9
1,294.3
152.0
-3,930.8
929.6
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-1,282.0 -1,996.2 524.1 394.7 -3,956.7 -3,246.0 -2,469.2 -1,690.6 -4,161.1 -4,391.9 -6,191.9 -3,497.8
-1,725.4 -1,635.1 -1,335.8 -738.8 -1,254.7 -2,144.6 327.1 -1,036.4 -2,098.3 -1,132.2 -2,077.1 -842.7
904.6 -3,004.0 720.3 4,575.0 -1,140.1 -1,399.5 9,258.3 -2,923.0 1,773.1 3,919.1 39.8 -2,411.4
569.3 -363.3 524.3 -206.2 165.1 -501.8 526.6 -1,868.6 -148.7 108.5 -379.9 -160.6
1,773.30 5,126.9 -648.6 -145.9 -821.7 -464.9 -6,581.0 4,638.4 -16,750.0 2,784.7 -6.2 10.1
-120.7 -32.7 -28.0 -33.6 -49.9 -28.4 13.8 41.5 180.2 109.7 98.1 0.0
-2,683.1 -2,088.0 1,291.9 -3,055.8 -855.4 1,293.2 -6,014.0 -542.5 12,882.6 -10,181.7 -3,866.6 -93.2
1,127.3 870.1 -1,853.6 -1,672.3 1,772.8 1,215.3 -1,304.4 1,398.0 1,331.3 259.0 1,627.3 688.5
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1,305.6 -920.3 -1,762.4 157.7 -2,897.4 -5,228.3 -7,840.1 -605.0 -4,897.7 -7,259.3 -9,838.2 -3,833.7
-2,013.3 -3,572.6 -1,617.4 -940.4 -1,382.0 -692.8 -1,443.6 -1,607.1 -2,378.2 -975.0 -1,336.2 -669.5
7,737.0 6,115.2 1,303.9 -2,213.3 -937.1 -2,330.9 2,529.2 580.9 2,668.7 -4,657.2 -3,875.8 3,194.2
434.2 214.1 706.7 320.5 -390.4 4.6 267.1 68.3 363.7 -135.3 612.6 609.1
-2,190.4 -1,526.1 -516.2 2,667.4 -1,600.9 -1,647.7 -7,625.3 1,464.0 -4,189.3 -15.5 -2,683.7 -9,034.0
-1.7 36.0 100.0 102.3 144.2 37.8 36.3 8.0 32.4 -6.1 5.8 107.1
-2,660.2 -2,186.8 -1,739.4 221.2 1,268.8 -599.3 -1,603.8 -1,119.2 -1,395.0 -1,470.2 -2,560.9 1,959.4
-336.8 363.0 -1,209.0 -1,891.7 -677.5 -651.6 1,695.8 -1,899.3 -1,015.4 1,477.6 2,932.0 1,693.5
2013P
1 2 3 4 5
-910.3 -3,269.1 -6,722.0 -2,606.4 -11,596.0
-1,417.7 -777.8 -1,870.4 303.3 -1,482.2
-4,374.3 1,993.5 -3,389.1 -1,917.5 -1,171.9
586.9 686.9 145.1 -313.2 649.2
4,643.9 -3,218.3 -131.3 -1,584.7 -8,534.9
48.5 37.8 65.7 -36.8 -16.8
-397.6 -1,991.2 -1,542.0 942.5 -1,039.4
-1,421.4 556.2 1,794.8 -1,320.5 2,957.2
P: Preliminary Source: The Bank of Korea Statistical Appendices | 71
11. Prices (2010=100) Consumer Prices
Producer prices
Export & import prices
Period All Items 2011 2012
Export
Import
104.0 106.3
Commodity 105.7 108.9
Service 102.7 104.2
Core 103.2 104.9
All Items 106.7 107.5
Commodity 108.7 108.9
100.2 97.9
111.6 110.8
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
102.2 102.9 103.3 103.4 103.6 103.8 104.3 105.0 104.9 104.7 104.8 105.2
103.4 104.4 104.9 104.6 104.7 105.0 105.9 107.1 107.1 106.6 106.8 107.3
101.2 101.7 102.1 102.4 102.6 102.8 103.1 103.3 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.5
101.4 102.1 102.4 102.6 103.0 103.4 103.7 103.8 103.7 103.6 103.9 104.3
104.3 105.1 106.3 107.0 107.3 107.1 107.2 107.4 107.4 107.3 107.0 107.1
105.7 106.7 108.3 109.1 109.5 109.1 109.3 109.5 109.6 109.4 108.9 109.0
98.7 100.7 103.7 102.3 100.5 99.3 97.4 98.1 101.0 102.2 99.5 99.4
106.3 109.3 113.2 113.9 111.5 110.9 109.5 109.8 113.6 114.8 113.1 113.3
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
105.7 106.1 106.0 106.0 106.2 106.1 105.9 106.3 107.0 106.9 106.5 106.7
107.9 108.5 109.2 108.9 109.2 108.8 107.9 108.8 110.4 109.8 108.9 109.0
103.9 104.2 103.5 103.7 103.9 104.0 104.2 104.4 104.4 104.6 104.6 104.8
104.6 104.7 104.3 104.4 104.6 104.9 104.9 105.1 105.2 105.2 105.3 105.5
107.7 108.4 108.9 109.0 108.4 107.1 106.6 107.2 107.6 106.8 106.1 105.8
109.5 110.5 111.2 111.1 110.3 108.4 107.6 108.6 109.2 107.8 106.8 106.4
100.4 100.0 100.6 101.0 100.2 98.8 97.5 97.5 97.6 95.6 92.9 92.3
114.4 115.0 116.9 115.6 113.5 109.4 108.5 110.3 111.1 107.4 104.3 103.2
2013
1 2 3 4 5 6
107.3 107.6 107.4 107.3 107.3 107.2
109.8 110.2 110.3 109.8 109.6 109.3
105.2 105.5 105.1 105.3 105.4 105.4
106.0 106.7 106.3 105.9 105.6 105.5
106.8 107.8 107.1 106.6 106.1 106.0
92.2 94.4 94.7 95.3 94.4 96.9
102.3 105.1 104.3 104.4 102.5 104.7
4.0 2.2
5.7 3.0
105.9 106.1 105.9 105.9 106.3 106.4 Y-o-Y change (%) 2.7 3.2 1.5 1.6
6.7 0.7
8.7 0.2
0.2 -2.4
11.6 -0.7
2011 2012 2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3.4 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.7 3.8 3.6 4.2 4.2
5.2 5.9 6.1 5.0 5.2 5.8 6.4 6.8 5.0 4.5 6.0 5.7
2.0 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8
2.1 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.6
6.8 7.4 8.2 8.1 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.9 6.3 5.8 5.1 4.3
9.1 9.8 10.7 10.6 9.7 9.3 9.1 8.9 8.0 7.4 6.5 5.3
0.8 1.6 5.1 3.4 -0.9 -4.8 -6.0 -2.7 1.0 5.3 2.0 -1.0
11.7 14.5 17.7 17.4 11.7 8.6 7.6 8.0 11.9 14.5 10.7 6.1
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3.4 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.2 1.5 1.2 2.0 2.1 1.6 1.4
4.4 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.3 3.6 1.9 1.6 3.1 3.0 2.0 1.6
2.7 2.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3
3.2 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2
3.2 3.1 2.4 1.9 1.0 0.0 -0.6 -0.1 0.2 -0.5 -0.9 -1.2
3.6 3.6 2.7 1.9 0.7 -0.7 -1.5 -0.9 -0.4 -1.4 -1.9 -2.3
1.7 -0.7 -3.0 -1.2 -0.3 -0.5 0.1 -0.7 -3.4 -6.5 -6.6 -7.2
7.7 5.2 3.3 1.5 1.8 -1.3 -0.9 0.5 -2.2 -6.4 -7.9 -9.0
2013
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0
1.8 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.5
1.3 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3
1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.4
-1.6 -1.6 -2.4 -2.8 -2.6 -1.4
-2.5 -2.5 -3.7 -4.1 -3.8 -2.2
-8.1 -5.6 -5.9 -5.7 -5.8 -2.0
-10.6 -8.6 -10.8 -9.7 -9.7 -4.3
Source: The Bank of Korea 72 | Statistical Appendices
12. Employment Economically active persons (thous.) Period
2011 2012
Wage workers
Employed persons (thous.)
25,099 25,501
All industry Manufacturing 24,244 4,091 24,681 4,105
S.O.C & service 18,595 19,033
Status of Worker
Unemployment (%) Regular
Temporary
Daily
3.4 3.2
17,397 17,712
10,661 11,097
4,990 4,988
1,746 1,627
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
24,114 24,431 24,918 25,240 25,480 25,592 25,473 25,257 25,076 25,409 25,318 24,880
23,196 23,336 23,846 24,303 24,661 24,752 24,636 24,495 24,318 24,673 24,589 24,125
4,148 4,149 4,122 4,108 4,137 4,135 4,079 4,031 4,014 4,044 4,054 4,071
18,007 18,019 18,244 18,536 18,731 18,812 18,844 18,739 18,595 18,856 18,921 18,833
3.8 4.5 4.3 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0
16,832 16,856 17,065 17,357 17,626 17,720 17,667 17,510 17,378 17,608 17,650 17,496
10,305 10,390 10,543 10,618 10,708 10,716 10,718 10,710 10,764 10,796 10,838 10,824
4,848 4,781 4,782 4,928 5,064 5,132 5,137 5,031 5,047 5,094 5,047 4,986
1,680 1,684 1,740 1,812 1,854 1,872 1,811 1,769 1,567 1,718 1,765 1,686
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
24,585 24,825 25,210 25,653 25,939 25,939 25,901 25,623 25,755 25,787 25,652 25,139
23,732 23,783 24,265 24,758 25,133 25,117 25,106 24,859 25,003 25,069 24,941 24,402
4,034 4,060 4,018 4,027 4,071 4,084 4,114 4,111 4,153 4,188 4,218 4,183
18,631 18,599 18,870 19,103 19,292 19,248 19,265 19,040 19,125 19,128 19,088 19,010
3.5 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9
17,184 17,225 17,421 17,679 17,935 17,932 17,911 17,734 17,862 17,958 17,941 17,763
10,769 10,807 10,899 10,957 11,064 11,157 11,153 11,203 11,291 11,302 11,281 11,282
4,868 4,877 4,997 5,095 5,153 5,094 5,081 4,935 4,961 4,964 4,960 4,875
1,547 1,542 1,525 1,627 1,718 1,681 1,676 1,595 1,610 1,692 1,700 1,606
2013
1 2 3 4 5 6
24,901 24,973 25,397 25,928 26,195 26,291
24,054 23,984 24,514 25,103 25,398 25,478
4,189 4,139 4,141 4,192 4,175 4,180
17,581 17,493 17,743 18,145 18,388 18,429
11,292 11,336 11,510 11,616 11,726 11,750
4,791 4,725 4,769 4,892 4,964 4,980
1,498 1,431 1,465 1,636 1,699 1,699
1.4 1.6
1.7 1.8
1.6 0.3
18,810 3.4 18,736 4.0 18,989 3.5 19,303 3.2 19,492 3.0 19,531 3.1 Y-o-Y change (%) 2.1 2.4 -
2.5 1.8
5.7 4.1
-1.5 0.0
-3.9 -6.9
2011 2012 2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.1 1.6 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.0 1.7 0.7 1.6 1.9 1.4
1.4 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.4 2.0 1.1 2.1 2.0 1.9
5.7 6.7 5.1 2.9 2.5 2.9 1.0 -0.7 -1.2 -1.3 -2.1 -2.1
1.2 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.3 2.1 1.9 3.1 2.1 3.2 3.2 3.1
-
3.3 3.5 2.7 2.1 2.2 3.1 2.5 2.7 1.6 2.5 2.0 2.0
6.1 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.0 5.5 5.4 5.0 4.9 4.6
-0.3 -1.2 -3.9 -4.3 -3.0 -0.6 -1.5 -1.8 -1.2 0.1 -0.4 -0.3
-2.6 1.6 1.5 -1.3 -5.1 -3.4 -4.9 -0.3 -11.9 -5.0 -7.0 -6.7
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2.0 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.5 1.3 1.0
2.3 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.9 1.5 2.8 1.6 1.4 1.1
-2.8 -2.1 -2.5 -2.0 -1.6 -1.2 0.8 2.0 3.5 3.6 4.0 2.8
3.5 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.0 2.3 2.2 1.6 2.8 1.4 0.9 0.9
-
2.1 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.3 2.8 2.0 1.7 1.5
4.5 4.0 3.4 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.1 4.6 4.9 4.7 4.1 4.2
0.4 2.0 4.5 3.4 1.8 -0.7 -1.1 -1.9 -1.7 -2.5 -1.7 -2.2
-7.9 -8.5 -12.3 -10.2 -7.4 -10.2 -7.5 -9.8 2.7 -1.5 -3.6 -4.7
2013
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.3 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.4
1.4 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.4
3.9 1.9 3.1 4.1 2.6 2.3
1.0 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5
-
2.3 1.6 1.8 2.6 2.5 2.8
4.9 4.9 5.6 6.0 6.0 5.3
-1.6 -3.1 -4.6 -4.0 -3.7 -2.2
-3.1 -7.1 -4.0 0.6 -1.1 1.0
Source: Statistics Korea Statistical Appendices | 73
13. Financial indicators (period average) Yields(%) Period
Stock
2009
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2.4 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
3.2 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8
Corporate bonds (3 years, AA-) 7.3 7.1 6.1 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.4
2010
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5
2.9 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8
5.4 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.2
4.3 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.3
4.8 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.3 3.9 3.7 4.0 4.0
1,602.43 1,594.58 1,692.85 1,741.56 1,641.25 1,698.29 1,759.33 1,742.75 1,872.81 1,882.95 1,904.63 2,051.00
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3
2.9 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6
4.5 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.2
3.7 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4
4.3 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5
2,069.73 1,939.30 2,106.70 2,192.36 2,142.47 2,100.69 2,133.21 1,880.11 1,769.65 1,909.03 1,847.51 1,825.74
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8
3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9
4.2 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3
3.4 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0
1,955.79 2,030.25 2,014.04 1,981.99 1,843.47 1,854.01 1,881.99 1,905.12 1,996.21 1,912.06 1,932.90 1,997.05
2013
1 2 3 4 5 6
2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.5
2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7
3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.2
2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.9
2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 3.1
1,961.94 2,026.49 2,004.89 1,963.95 2,001.05 1,863.32
Call rate (1 day)
CD (91 days)
Source: The Bank of Korea 74 | Statistical Appendices
Treasury bonds (3 years) 3.4 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.2
Treasury bonds (5 years) 4.0 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8
KOSPI (end-period) 1,162.11 1,063.03 1,206.26 1,369.40 1,395.89 1,390.07 1,577.29 1,591.85 1,673.14 1,580.69 1,555.60 1,682.77
14. Monetary indicators (billion won) Period
Reserve money
2011 2012
M1
M2
Lf
75,232.0 82,131.1
425,675.1 441,963.6
1,708,984.5 1,798,625.7
2,208,170.4 2,379,518.7
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
73,540.8 75,432.1 73,012.7 73,206.1 73,828.5 74,705.5 74,069.7 75,642.3 77,942.2 76,944.6 76,617.3 77,842.5
429,368.1 432,482.8 430,936.6 425,420.5 423,994.7 421,885.3 418,973.1 422,649.3 425,196.4 421,480.1 423,111.9 432,602.2
1,676,448.8 1,674,390.5 1,677,475.9 1,684,792.3 1,690,543.0 1,697,204.2 1,705,451.5 1,719,437.8 1,729,531.1 1,742,645.4 1,753,296.4 1,756,597.4
2,152,814.0 2,148,254.1 2,152,736.5 2,163,485.7 2,175,557.3 2,189,729.2 2,208,624.3 2,230,191.9 2,243,675.6 2,263,627.7 2,279,234.1 2,288,816.9
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
81,635.4 81,655.3 79,068.0 80,641.8 80,547.7 81,804.0 81,555.7 82,369.1 82,958.7 85,078.6 82,956.5 85,302.7
439,352.9 437,193.9 440,075.4 437,445.3 438,795.3 441,611.0 441,760.6 439,573.2 440,034.3 444,477.8 445,463.9 457,778.9
1,757,058.7 1,762,988.4 1,773,172.9 1,777,114.7 1,784,220.5 1,796,981.5 1,807,289.2 1,817,134.9 1,819,290.1 1,822,420.9 1,830,280.3 1,835,556.7
2,292,213.5 2,302,065.8 2,341,626.9 2,349,723.2 2,357,701.0 2,377,071.3 2,393,737.7 2,405,239.9 2,415,263.5 2,424,000.4 2,440,062.8 2,455,962.9
2013
1 2 3 4 5
85,839.3 88,855.7 89,523.5 87,729.0 89,654.8
464,914.5 472,239.6 472,430.1 475,330.0 475,526.7 Y-o-Y change (%) 6.6 3.8
1,841,128.1 1,857,135.0 1,862,405.5 1,867,726.3 1,870,289.7
2,469,789.3 2,488,539.0 2,499,718.1 2,512,459.7 2,518,239.1
4.2 5.2
5.3 7.8
2011 2012
11.3 9.2
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13.0 13.3 11.2 13.9 8.8 12.8 10.6 12.4 10.9 10.1 10.3 8.9
12.6 11.5 11.6 9.6 7.4 5.4 3.8 5.4 5.1 4.1 2.0 1.6
6.5 5.0 4.3 3.9 3.7 3.0 3.2 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.4
6.6 5.2 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.0 4.6 5.5 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.2
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
11.0 8.3 8.3 10.2 9.1 9.5 10.1 8.9 6.4 10.6 8.3 9.6
2.3 1.1 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.7 5.4 4.0 3.5 5.5 5.3 5.8
4.8 5.3 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.9 6.0 5.7 5.2 4.6 4.4 4.5
6.5 7.2 8.8 8.6 8.4 8.5 8.4 7.8 7.6 7.1 7.1 7.3
2013
1 2 3 4 5
5.1 8.8 13.2 8.8 11.3
5.8 8.0 7.4 8.7 8.4
4.8 5.3 5.0 5.1 4.8
7.7 8.1 6.8 6.9 6.8
Source: The Bank of Korea Statistical Appendices | 75
15. Exchange rates
￦/US$
￦/100￥
￦/Euro
Period 2011 2012
End-period
Average
End-period
Average
End-period
Average
1,153.3 1,071.1
1,108.1 1,126.9
1,485.2 1,247.5
1,391.3 1,413.1
1,494.1 1,416.3
1,541.4 1,448.2
2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1,114.3 1,127.9 1,107.2 1,072.3 1,080.6 1,078.1 1,052.6 1,071.7 1,179.5 1,104.5 1,150.3 1,153.3
1,120.1 1,118.1 1,122.5 1,086.8 1,083.5 1,081.3 1,059.5 1,073.2 1,118.6 1,155.5 1,132.3 1,147.5
1,356.6 1,380.7 1,331.9 1,313.8 1,335.6 1,335.7 1,353.2 1,396.8 1,536.6 1,458.0 1,475.7 1,485.2
1,356.3 1,351.0 1,376.2 1,304.8 1,333.6 1,342.8 1,333.4 1,391.4 1,456.5 1,508.2 1,460.0 1,473.4
1,514.0 1,549.5 1,563.5 1,591.2 1,549.7 1,560.5 1,507.9 1,547.3 1,601.4 1,562.7 1,532.9 1,494.1
1,495.4 1,524.6 1,572.6 1,569.4 1,551.3 1,555.4 1,515.4 1,538.7 1,542.4 1,584.0 1,536.6 1,511.0
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1,125.0 1,126.5 1,137.8 1,134.2 1,177.8 1,153.8 1,136.2 1,134.6 1,118.6 1,094.1 1,084.7 1,071.1
1,145.9 1,123.4 1,125.9 1,135.6 1,154.3 1,165.5 1,143.4 1,131.7 1,124.8 1,106.9 1,087.5 1,077.0
1,473.1 1,399.2 1,380.7 1,412.0 1,489.1 1,453.8 1,453.6 1,444.0 1,441.1 1,374.5 1,320.6 1,247.5
1,488.7 1,433.7 1,364.1 1,393.9 1,447.1 1,469.1 1,446.4 1,438.4 1,438.6 1,400.9 1,344.0 1,288.1
1,478.2 1,516.3 1,513.4 1,501.7 1,456.6 1,435.0 1,393.1 1,419.6 1,444.3 1,418.3 1,407.3 1,416.3
1,477.2 1,486.0 1,487.1 1,495.6 1,478.6 1,462.3 1,407.0 1,402.8 1,446.0 1,436.0 1,395.9 1,411.4
2013
1 2 3 4 5 6
1,082.7 1,085.4 1,112.1 1,108.1 1,128.3 1,149.7
1,065.4 1,086.7 1,102.2 1,121.8 1,110.7 1,135.2
1,196.8 1,166.4 1,161.1 1,148.4 1,100.3 1,165.7
1,469.3 1,425.8 1,425.2 1,451.3 1,471.4 1,498.2
1,415.7 1,452.3 1,427.5 1,459.6 1,441.5 1,498.7
1.3 -7.1
-4.2 1.7
1,188.5 1,176.2 1,180.1 1,132.0 1,116.6 1,167.2 Y-o-Y change (%) 6.3 -16.0
5.4 1.6
-1.3 -5.2
0.6 -6.0
2011 2012 2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-3.6 -2.6 -2.1 -3.9 -10.0 -10.9 -11.3 -9.9 3.3 -2.0 -0.6 1.3
-1.6 -3.4 -1.3 -2.7 -6.8 -10.8 -12.2 -9.0 -4.1 2.8 0.5 0.0
5.4 6.3 9.4 10.7 1.3 -2.1 -1.2 -0.7 12.7 4.8 7.4 6.3
8.7 5.4 9.6 9.2 5.4 0.7 -3.2 0.8 5.2 10.0 6.8 7.0
-6.2 -1.3 3.0 7.6 5.1 5.8 -2.9 2.7 2.9 -0.4 1.0 -1.3
-8.1 -3.8 1.8 4.5 6.2 5.0 -1.6 1.0 1.6 1.6 -0.3 -0.3
2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1.0 -0.1 2.8 5.8 9.0 7.0 7.9 5.9 -5.2 -0.9 -5.7 -7.1
2.3 0.5 0.3 4.5 6.5 7.8 7.9 5.5 0.6 -4.2 -4.0 -6.1
8.6 1.3 3.7 7.5 11.5 8.8 7.4 3.4 -6.2 -5.7 -10.5 -16.0
9.8 6.1 -0.9 6.8 8.5 9.4 8.5 3.4 -1.2 -7.1 -7.9 -12.6
-2.4 -2.1 -3.2 -5.6 -6.0 -8.0 -7.6 -8.3 -9.8 -9.2 -8.2 -5.2
-1.2 -2.5 -5.4 -4.7 -4.7 -6.0 -7.2 -8.8 -6.3 -9.3 -9.2 -6.6
2013
1 2 3 4 5 6
-3.8 -3.6 -2.3 -2.3 -4.2 -0.4
-7.0 -3.3 -2.1 -1.2 -3.8 -2.6
-19.3 -15.9 -14.5 -19.8 -25.0 -19.7
-19.6 -18.6 -14.9 -17.6 -24.0 -20.7
-0.6 -6.0 -5.8 -3.4 1.0 4.4
-4.2 -2.3 -4.0 -2.4 -2.5 2.5
Source: The Bank of Korea 76 | Statistical Appendices
■ Editor-in-Chief Cho Byung-Koo (KDI) Kim Yong-Jin (MOSF) ■ Editorial Board Lauren Kang (MOSF) Lee Seong-Pyo (KDI) Lee In-Sook (KDI) ■ Coordinators Kim Dae-Hyun (MOSF) Lee Ji-Youn (KDI) ■ Editors David Friedman (MOSF) Joung Hye-Sun (MOSF) Park Jin (KDI)
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