OM1

Page 1

Introduction

to production and operation management operation strategies Design operative system


ภภStrategy of productive systems: Process choice Quality

Designing productive systems Forecasting

Product / Process / Capacity / Supply chain Layout / Workforce

Operating Productive systems APP / MPS / Material Management (MRP Inventory ) / Scheduling / Quality control


Input Energy Materials Labour Capital Information

Value Added

Output Transformation Process -

People Plants Parts Processes Planning and Control

Feedback

Goods or Services


Operations Goods Producing Storage/Transportation

Exchange Entertainment Communication

Examples Farming, mining, construction manufacturing, power generation Warehousing, trucking, mail service, moving, taxis, buses, hotels, airlines Retailing, wholesaling, banking, renting, leasing, library, loans Films, radio and television, concerts, recording Newspapers, radio and television newscasts, telephone, satellites

,


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People Information

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Characteristic

Manufacturing

Service

Output

Tangible

Customer contact

Low

High

Uniformity of input

High

Low

Labour content

Low

High

Uniformity of output

High

Low

Measurement of productivity

Easy

Difficult

Opportunity to correct quality problems

High

Low

High

Intangible


Pure goods

Pure services

Crude oil production Motor vehicle Machine tool manufacture Laying or installing a carpet Fast food restaurant Restaurant meal Motor vehicle repair Computer support services Hospital care Management consultancy Counselling


ภŕ¸

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In order to survive and to prosper (meet the strategic challenge) every organization must: Define and grow Internal Competencies

Develop

and maintain an alignment with the environment Create the future


Meeting the Strategic Challenge

Competitive Advantage Does something better than other organizations Does something that order organization can’t Can compete in the world market


What is Strategy? B

A Where the firm is today

Where the firm wants to be in the future

Strategy is the best means for the firm to get from Point A to Point B


LAB0% *" . Q*F % R&? Where are you now? - . /ก 01234 . /ก 01234

Where you want to go? How to go there?


Business Business Proposition Proposition

Profits = Quantity (Revenue - Cost) MARGIN 3 most fundamental variables in Business


World class manufacturing 1990 s ภ:- ;= < > ภ?@A World class -0B < B 1/ ? C ภA/ < - 0 Total Quality Management Just In Time Design For Manufacturing


World Class Manufacturing B >? 23 J ;

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0

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Key long term success 2M ? N/2ON-OภA @A A/2M ( differentiate ) TQM JIT ภP2M :- O0 :- / /ภ. /ภ01234ภA/ < /ภภ< core competencies > Knowledges ? / future capabilities ;TN best practice A <N T Focus fact Strategic Fit


Outside in (Market requirement) Changing environment World Class able to compete

Strategic Resonance

Inside out (Resource based) Core competencies Distinctive Capabilities


Market requirement

Operations capabilities

low defect dependable and fast delivery high performance products customize products broad product line price competitive product design

process and product quality delivery reliability and speed low - cost production new product innovation


Strategic decision making

Market requirements dissonance

Plant capabilities

dissonance


The Business Operations of the Organization

The needs and wants of the organization]s customers or clients


Input

transformation

- A Output

Feedback Transformation Inputs Capital Technology Transformation Energy of inputs,Adding Know-how Value throughout Experience the entire process from basic inputs Input: to finished goods and services Material Customer information

The final,completed product/service offering for the customer. Tangible and Intangible elements. Combining physical and psychological effects and benefits for the customer are in place in the final transaction. Services and production operations have become linked


Stage1

Stage2

Stage3

Supplier processes

Operations processes

Supplier Operations processes processes

Supplier processes

Sales processes Sales processes

Operations EDI EDI processes

Supply system evolution

Sales processes


Operation processes

Operation processes Supplier processes

Sales processes

Operation processes Supplier processes

Supplier processes

Customer

Sales processes Supplier processes

Operation processes

Sales processes Operation processes Supplier processes

Sales processes

Sales processes

A Cluster of Value


Value chain A systematic way of examining all of the organization’s functional activities and how well they create customer value .


Value Chain Analysis

Support Activities

Administration and Infrastructure Human Resource Management Product / Technology Management

Value addedCost = Margin

Services

Sales and Marketing

Outbound Logistics

Operation

Inbound Logistic

Procurement

Primary Activities Input

Linking with other firms to

Operations and supply

Operations and supply

Operations and supply

End customer Operations and supply


Supply link

Supply link

Core Operations

Operations

Supply link

Supply link

Marketing

Constant dialogue needs to take place between operations and marketing. Cohesion needs to be place in term of; Forecast Delivery promises versus scheduling commitments Design specifications Product assembly Supply involvement and Capabilities


Example of the Firm]s Operations Tactical

Operations activities Strategic Day to day scheduling Capacity scheduling Future capacity; Loading Expansion new site Process quality; Quality management TQM; impacting on SPC charts Monitoring cost Delivery Reliability Change-over times; Process technology Investing to meet Tooling Maintenance customer specifications; inc. speed,flexibility Buying materials Inventory management Strategic purchasing; Buy/make decisions Strategic relationships


Capabilities The organizational routines and processes that determine how efficiently and effectively the organization transforms its input (resources) into outputs ( products , including physical goods and services)


Core competencies The organization ‘s major value-creating skills and capabilities that are shared across multiple product lines or multiple businesses


Manufacturing era Craft Mass production Current / Future Mass customization (Consumer wishes) Flexible specialization (value adding process Lean production ( Zero waste) Agile (Switch from one market driven objective to another) Strategic manufacturing


Robot Parts Controller hardware,

software, power source

Manipulator robot

arm

End-effector “hand”

© 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 6 - 38


Hierarchy of Strategy Corporate Strategy Business (Division Level)

Strategy Functional Strategy


Mission and Objective objective Survive Profitable Growth

Operation Objectives Product Quality Cost Delivery Safety Morale Environment Ethics ( P Q C D S M M )


Competitive Factors


The link between production and competitive factors Competitive factors Operations task Offer consistently low defect rates Offer dependable delivery Provide high performance products Offer fast deliveries Customize products and services to customer needs Profit in price competitive markets Introduce new product quickly Offer a broad product line Make rapid volume changes Make rapid product mix changes Make product easily available Make rapid changes in design

Process quality Delivery reliability Product quality Delivery speed Flexibility Low cost production Rapid innovation Flexibility Flexibility Customization ; Flexibility Delivery speed/reliability Flexibility


Competitive comparison

Benchmarking of Do the organization]s capabilities operation capabilities provide competitive advantage? to determine CA Do the weaker areas cause disadvantage?

Cost Delivery speed Delivery reliability Rapid innovation Flexibility Distribution 1 2 3 4 5 Poor same as Vastly competitor superior

1 2 3 4 5 major neutral major disadvantage advantaage


ภ&-&)( &ภ&0 )# J- *#+F World Class World Class

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A process model of operations Strategy 1. Analyzing the environment 2. Internal appraisal 3. Formulate corporate strategy 4. Determine the implications for operations 5. Examine the limitations that financial and technological factors place on operations 6. Decision Operations systems 7. Plan operations 8. Manage and control operations


Operations Strategy External environment Corporate vision Internal environment and goal Industry / business Resources conditions Operations Strategy Core competencies Key success factors Positioning strategies Strategic choice

Design

Operation


Strategic Choice Corporate

Strategies Strategic Choice : Future Direction Competitive Priorities Market Analysis : Market segment Need Assessment Competitive Priorities

: Quality ( Design Consistent Performance)

Cost Delivery (Fast On-time ) Flexibility (Volume Customization) Shifts in Competitive Priorities

: Product / Service Life Cycle Positioning Strategies :Focus Make to stock /Order Assembly to Order


Tangible

Act

Hi-tech

Hi-touch


Design New Technology Capacity Location Layout Job Design


Operating Material Management Aggregate Plans Inventory

Systems Master Production Scheduling Operation Scheduling Statistical Process Control Maintenance


Process Management

Product

Technology and Product Design Process and Management Process Technology and Process Design Process Selection


Product Technology and Product Design Marketing Strategy Me -too Product Market Expansion

Product Development Innovation

Customer Requirement Industrial Design Design for Manufacturing

Product Strategy


Products & Services Design Technology Development Design for Manufacturing (DFM ) Make-to-order made to customer specifications after order received

Make-to-stock made in anticipation of demand

Assemble-to-order add options according to customer specification


Concurrent Engineering (Product Development Stage) <d ภ;<= J<Ke4 Product Concept Functional Specifications Product Specifications Process Specifications

Production


Process and Management Process T Set of logically related

productive tasks tend to cross internal / external organizational boundaries Process Management T ภภภ-M / >B < B 1// ภ2ON?< ;< 34ภ< ;TN ภ? > ภ2ON-O ภ<-? L T ภInput Operation Work Flow > 3Oภ? > ŕ¸


Processes & Technology Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)

Project

one-time production of product to customer order

Batch production process many jobs at same time in batch

Mass production produce large volumes of standard product for mass

market Continuous processes very high volume commodity product


Product-Process Matrix Continuous production

High Volume

Mass production Batch production Projects

Low Low

Standardization

High


Product-Process Matrix High Labor Intensity

Service Factory Mass Service Service Shop

Professional Low Service

Low

Customization

High


Process Technology and Process Design Process Technology

(CIM) CAD CAM NC Robots AMH FA FM S Process ( Flow ) Design Process Analysis Process Reengineering Macro level focus on overall process Process Improvement Micro level focus on redesign any process


Process: Apple Sauce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Unload apples from truck 20 Move to inspection station 100 ft Weigh, inspect, sort 30 Move to storage 50 ft 360 Wait until needed Move to peeler 20 ft Apples peeled and cored 15 Soak in water until needed 20 5 Place in conveyor Move to mixing area 20 ft 30 Weigh, inspect, sort Page 1 0f 3

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Description of process

Time (min)

Analyst: TLR Operation Transport Inspect Delay Storage

Location: Graves Mountain

Step

Date: 9-30-95

Distance (feet)

Process Flowchart

Total

480 190 ft Ch 6 - 21


Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) CIM FMS CAD /CAM NC MRP Kamban Data Based Robotics EDI Manufacturing Systems Production support Design Information Technologies


Process Selection Process Type

Conversion

Fabrication

Assembly

Testing

Process Flow Structure

Job shop Batch Assembly Continuous Product - Process Matrix ( Product - Process Focus ) Major

Process Decision

Process choice Resource Flexibility Capital Intensity

Vertical Integration Customer Involvement Economy of scope


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Some Dimensions of Product Quality Performance

– relative to customer’s

intended use Features – special characteristics Reliability – likelihood of breakdowns, malfunctions Serviceability – speed/cost/convenience of servicing Durability – amount of time/use before repairs Appearance – effects on human senses


Determinants of Quality

Quality of design – products/service designed based on customers’ expectations and desires Quality capability of production processes – processes must be capable of producing the products designed for the customers Quality of conformance – capable processes can produce inferior product if not operated properly Quality of customer service – a superior product does not mean success; must have quality service also Organization quality culture – superior product and service requires organization-wide focus on quality


Traditional View of How Much to Inspect

Annual Cost ($)

Optimal Level of Inspection Total Quality Control Costs Cost of Scrap, Rework, and Detecting Defects Cost of Defective Products to Customers

0

% of Products Inspected


Modern Quality Management Quality

Gurus Quality Drives the Productivity Machine Other Aspects of the Quality Picture


The Quality Gurus 1. Deming : Management is responsible 14 Principles 2. Juran : Quality trilogy Planning Control Improvement

3. Crosby : Quality is free Defect

Zero


Quality Gurus

W. Edwards Deming

Assisted Japan in improving productivity and quality after World War II In 1951 Japan established Deming Prize US was slow in recognizing his contributions Introduced Japanese companies to the PlanDo-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle (developed by Shewart) Developed 14 Points for managers


PDCA Cycle 4. ACT 1. PLAN Permanently Identify imimplement provements and improvements develop plan 3. CHECK Evaluate plan to see if it works

2. DO Try plan on a test basis


Elements of TQM Top

management commitment and involvement Customer involvement Design products for quality Design production processes for quality Control production processes for quality Developing supplier partnerships Customer service, distribution, and installation Building teams of empowered


Wrap-Up: World-Class Practice Quality

begins when business strategy is formulated Quality is the weapon of choice to capture global markets Quality drives the productivity machine Not depending on inspection to catch defects; concentrating on doing things right the first time Committing tremendous resources to put in place TQM programs aimed at


Five-Step Chain Reaction Cost decline Improved productivity Increased market share Increased profits More jobs


ภ;0 ภK4J 0 ภ>J 0 Economic Forecasts Revised Demand Initial Demand Forecast Forecast Technological Forecasts

/L 31 ภL /L .O J<Ke4 BoLL<02 /?</ .A / -1 0; L

Resource Forecasts


Components of demand 1 .

A v e r a g e 2 . T r e n d 3. Seasonal influence 4 . C yc l i c al m o v e m e n t 5. Random Error


ภ;0 ภK4 B1 ?/ 4 >ภ<-? L / ?@/

Detailed Planning and Scheduling Causal (Daily Production Schedule) Judgement

>-< / 0 > O0ภ;0 ภK4

Aggregate Planning Staffing Plans Process Modifications

Capacity Planning Facility Planning Process Planning

NM ?<d

Causal Judgement

ŕ¸

Time Series Causal Judgement 0


(Qualitative )Methods Sales force estimates Executive opinion Market research Delphi method


Quantitative Methods Causal

(Linear Regression) Time Series Smoothing Moving Average Exponential Decompositions Additive Mutiplicative


ภ/ ภM </ Total

Demand Market share Company share Capacity Cushion =

Capacity

Design capacity 1Utilization capacity Effective (Utilization) capacity Actual output Rate


Capacity Expansion Strategies Capacity lead strategy Units Capacity

Capacity lag strategy Units Demand

Capacity

Demand Time

Time

Average capacity strategy Units

Incremental vs. one-step expansion Units

Capacity One-step expansion Demand Time Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Incremental expansion Demand Time Ch 11 - 4


Level Production Demand Productio n

Unit s

Time

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 11 - 11


Chase Demand Demand

Units Productio n Time

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 11 - 12


APP Using Pure Strategies Quarter (lb) Spring Summer Fall Hiring cost = $100 Winter per worker

Sales Forecast 80,000 50,000 120,000 150,000

Firing cost = $500 per worker Inventory carrying cost = $0.50 pound per quarter Production per employee = 1,000 pounds per quarter Beginning work force = 100 workers Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 11 - 13


Level Production Strategy Quarter Spring Summer Fall Winter

Sales Forecast 80,000 50,000 150,000 400,000

Production Plan 100,000 100,000 120,000 100,000

Inventory 20,000 70,000 100,000 0 140,000

50,000

Cost = 140,000 pounds x 0.50 per pound = $70,000

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 11 - 14


Chase Demand Strategy Sales Forecast 80,000 50,000

Quarter Spring Summer Fall

Production Workers Plan Needed 80,000 80 50,000 50 120,000 120,000

Workers Hired 120

Workers Fired 20 30 70

30 100

50

Winter

150,000

150,000

150

Cost = (100 workers hired x $100) + (50 workers fired x $500) = $10,000 + 25,000 = $35,000 Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 11 - 15


Examples of Capacity Measures Measure of Capacity Type of organization

Input

Output

Truck manufacturer Machine hours per shift Number of truck per shift Hospital Number of beds Number of patients treated per day Airline Number of planes Seat-miles flown per week Restaurant Number of seats Customer served per day Retailer Size of display areas Number of customers per week Theater Number of seats Number of customers per week


Measuring Capacity Type Output measure for product focus Input measure for process focus Utilization Average output rate / Maximum capacity Design (or peak) capacity Effective capacity


Economies and Diseconomies of Scale 250 O0/

500 O0/

750 O0/

21 k ON0 A @ Bs 0 Economies Diseconomies of scale of scale < (LM @ Bs 0 A ?<B- 4)


Reason for Economies of Scales A. Spreading fixed costs. B. Reducing construction costs. Example of a trash burning plant : Cost ($ Million) Expansion Size (MW) 12.5 25.0 50.0

C. Cutting cost of purchased materials. D. Finding process advantages.

25 36 54


Pressure for Large Cushion Uneven demand Uncertain demand Changing product mix Capacity comes in large

increments Uncertain supply

Pressure for Small Cushion Capital

Costs


ROI and Capacity Cushions Capital Intensity Low High

Capital Cushions Small Medium Large 28 21 25 17 11 7

Conclusion: A small cushion is vital for capital-intensity businesses.


Expansionist Strategy Concept Large, infrequent jumps in capacity Stays ahead of demand Advantage Lost sales unlikely Economies of scale (Construction cost and learning) Preemptive marketing


2 ภ> 4ภ/ ภM </ ภ> 4L1- 1 21 ภ<-? L / : @ A BoLL1 < ?123 Computer

Simulation


Evaluate the alternatives Qualitative Fit with capacity strategy and other aspects of business Uncertainties: demand, competition, Technology, and cost estimates zWhat-if{ analysis Quantitative All cash flows attributable to the project, compared to the base case, including Revenue and costs Changes in assets and liabilities


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U ) &1 L . KFภC. KFภL . KFภ.ภI-&!-&!"/+F"G !). & '(3/+F"G . Q*.P) &)" 1 Preference Matix Load-Distance Model Break-Even Analysis Transportation Model !).

& '(3 C+ * J1


Location Rating Factor Identify

important factors Weight factors (0.00 - 1.00) Subjectively score each factor (0 - 100) Sum weighted scores

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 9 - 27


Location Factor Example Scores (0 to 100) Location Factor Weight Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Labor pool and climate.30 80 65 90 Proximity to suppliers .20 100 91 75 Wage rates .15 60 95 72 Community environment .15 75 80 80 Proximity to customers.10 65 90 95 Shipping modes .05 85 92 65 Air service .05 50 65 90 Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 9 - 28


Location Factor Example Weighted Scores Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Location Factor Labor pool and climate 24.00 19.50 27.00 20.00 18.20 15.00 Proximity to suppliers 9.00 14.25 10.80 Wage rates Community environment 11.25 12.00 12.00 6.50 9.00 9.50 Proximity to customers 4.25 4.60 3.25 Shipping modes 2.50 3.25 4.50 Air service Total Score 77.50 80.80 *82.05 Ch 9 - 29 Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e


The Transportation Model Ship

items at lowest cost

Sources

have fixed supplies

Destinations

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

have fixed demand

Supp to Ch 9 - 2


Transportation Problem Grain Elevator

Supply

1. Kansas City 2. Omaha 3. Des Moines

150 175 275 600 tons

Mill

Demand

A. Chicago B. St. Louis C. Cincinnati

200 100

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

300 600 tons Supp to Ch 9 - 3


Shipping Cost Table Grain Elevator Kansas City Omaha Des Moines

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Chicago A $6 7 4

Mill St. Louis B $8 11 5

Cincinnati C $10 11 12

Supp to Ch 9 - 4


The Transportation Tableau To From Kansas City

ChicagoSt. LouisCincinnati Supply 6 8 10 150 7

11

11

4

5

12

Omaha Des Moines Demand

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

200

100

300

175 275 600

Supp to Ch 9 - 5


Network Of Routes Des Moines (275) 5 Omaha (175)

4 12

7 11 Cincinnati (300)

11 6 Kansas City (150)

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Chicago (200)

10 8

St. Louis (100)

Supp to Ch 9 - 6


Solving TransportationProblems Manual

methods

Stepping-stone Modified

Computer

distribution (MODI)

solution

Excel POM

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

for Windows

Supp to Ch 9 - 7


Solution For Grain Shipment Elevator Kansas City Omaha Des Moines Demand Shipped Cost

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Chicago Shipped 25 0 175 200 200

Mill St. Louis Cincinnati Supply 0 0 100 100 100

125 175 0 300 300

150 175 275 600

150 175 275

4525

Supp to Ch 9 - 8


Unbalanced Problems Location Capacity(tons) A. Charlotte 90 B. Raleigh 50 C. Lexington 80 D. Danville 60 280 Location Demand (tons) 1. Richmond 120 2. Winston-Salem100 3. Durham 110 330 Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Supp to Ch 9 - 9


Shipping Costs

From A B C D

1 $70 120 70 90

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

To 2 $100 90 30 50

3 $50 40 110 70

Supp to Ch 9 - 10


Transportation Solution Tableau To

WinstonRichmondSalem Durham Supply From 500 100 50 90 90 Charlotte 120 90 40 30 20 50 Raleigh 70 50 110 80 80 Lexington 90 50 70 Danville 40 20 60 Demand Cost Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

120 15900

100

110 Supp to Ch 9 - 11


Supply Chain Facilities,

functions, activities for producing & delivering product or service from supplier to customer

Planning,

managing, acquiring, producing, warehousing, distribution, delivery

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 9 - 2


Supply Chain Design Strategic

issue Apply quality management principles Benchmark to learn what is possible Work with suppliers & customers to achieve goals Control inventory

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 9 - 7


Global Supply Chain Free

trade & global opportunities Nations form trading groups No tariffs or duties Freely transport goods across borders

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 9 - 9


Factors In Heavy Manufacturing Location Construction

costs

Land

costs Raw material & finished goods shipment modes Proximity to raw materials Utilities Labor availability Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 9 - 17


Factors In Light Industry Location Construction

costs

Land

costs Easily accessible geographic region Education & training capabilities

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 9 - 18


Factors In Warehouse Location Transportation Proximity

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

costs

to markets

Ch 9 - 19


Factors In Retail Location Proximity Location

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

to customers

is everything

Ch 9 - 20


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Ranking System For Departments A E I O U X

- absolutely necessary - especially important - important - okay - unimportant - undesirable

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 7 - 17


Relationship Diagramming Example Production Offices Stockroom

O U

A O

I

A X Shipping and Receiving U U O O Locker Room O Toolroom Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

E

A

U

Ch 7 - 18


ก / </ ก > ก ( Process Layout ) /+FCA

/+F. A

กB >?/ 4 > . / 21 NM < ก > ก NM /B < > ก A 0~

?@| ?O0 <d/ TN /

. B > 0. 4 TN /L<ก

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A / ก 0 TN / T L<-ก <?-1 / A / < / > 1 ก 0 ก


Manufacturing Process Layout Lathe Department

Milling Department

Drilling Department

L

L

M

M

D

D

D

D

L

L

M

M

D

D

D

D

L

L

G

G

G

P

L

L

G

G

G

P

L

L

Grinding Department Receiving and Shipping

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Painting Department

A

A

A

Assembly Ch 7 - 6


Block Diagramming Example LOAD SUMMARY CHART DEPARTMENT DEPT. 1 2 3 4 5 1 100 50 2 200 50 3 60 40 50 4 100 5 50 60 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 7 - 13


Initial & Final Designs

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 7 - 14


Block Diagrams

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 7 - 15


Service Process Layout Women’s lingerie Women’s dresses

Shoes

Housewares

Cosmetics Children’s & Jewelry department

Women’s Entry & Men’s sportswear display area department

© 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 7 - 7


A Product Layout IN

OUT

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 7 - 8


ก / </ J<Ke4 (Product Layout ) /+FCA

/+ F . A < ก > ก P ? / </ NM : A / <d/ TN /L<ก A 0~

?ON0/ A ก 2 2 ก </ 0T- 01A NM C B Kก NM

ก . B > 0. 42 <;0 ก 2ON OกP NM - 0


Balancing The Line Workstation 1 2 3

Task A B C D

Remaining time 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1

1

2

3

A, B

C

D

Feasible tasks B none none

0.3 min 0.4 min 0.3 min Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 7 - 28


ภ/ </ @ภ? ( Hybrid Layout ) "AL @

Product -Process Layout

One

Worker Multiple Machine Group Technology Group parts or Products into Families Create GT cell for each Family


Labor Planning Employment

Policy Variable Fixed level Work Schedule Standar Work Schedule Flexible Work Schedule Part Time


/? / / 4ภภ< ภ01234ภ> & &+ -- G Vertical

> & &+ --& .(" 'ภ-FJ# (ภ&&" Mass Horizontal

.(" 'ภ-FJ# (ภ&&"LAB CK ( J%* G ProductionLAB"A ภ{1' LAB"A ภ{1' ภ) ภ&&".ภ)C @M €

/% / *.&KBF #+*LJ*

0 )# 123 O * .&I! ภ&FFภ--CM .*)* * G 0 )# 123( ภ(

# " Gภ+


2M : /2M / / Job Design ภภ/ .(#J0 L .|&{zภ)

.(#J0 L "

Technical- Physical factors

Sociopsychological factors

.(#J0 # !-J


/ 4B >ภภภ/ Job

Specialization Job Expansion Enlargement Rotation

Enrichment

Psychology Self-Directed

Team Reward/ Incentives Ergonomics Lean Production


ภ> 4 3Oภ2M / ;TN 3ภO 2M / C@ภ/

B -J<0 :- 1KJ ; }

2 2ON .

Flow Diagram ภ&R( Process Chart Activity Chart *ภ-. &KBF Operation Chart "KF + "KF/!


Process Flowchart Symbols

D

Operation - direct contribution to product/service Transportation - move to another location Inspection - examine for completeness, quality Delay - process has to wait Storage - store product/service for later use

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 8 - 13


Process Flowchart Job: Page:

Copying Job 1

Date:

Analyst: Calvin

Desk operator fills out work order Work order placed in “waiting job” box Job picked up by operator and read Job carried to appropriate copy machine Operator waits for machine to vacate Operator loads paper Operator sets machine Operator performs and completes job Operator inspects job for irregularities Job filed alphabetically in completed shelves Job waits for pick up Job moved by cashier for pick up Cashier completes transaction Cashier packages job (bag, wrap, or box)

© 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

9/11

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D Ch 8 - 14


Job Photo-Id Cards Time Operator

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10

Worker-Machine Chart Date 10/14 Time Photo Machine

Idle

Key in customer data on card

2.6

Feed data card in Position customer for photo Take picture

0.4 1.0 0.6

Accept card Idle Begin photo process

Idle

3.4

Photo/card processed

Inspect card & trim edges

1.2

Idle

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 8 - 15


Labor Standard / Work Measurement / Work Standard

Work Measurement Historical Data Direct Time Study Reference Data Work Sampling Work Standard + Time Standard =Normal Time (1+Allowance) Time Study Average


<d ภ€‚ภ (Time Study) <d 2ON

1 T ภ/ 2ON /ภ€‚ภ <d 2ON 2 A// ภB / 4B >ภ0A 0 <d 2ON 3 ภM -ภ1A < 0A /2ON /ภ< <d 2ON 4 L< / 4B >ภ/

A <d > < 2‚ภA <d 2ON 5 M K Average Actual cycle time <d 2ON 6 M K BภภM -Normal time <d 2ON 7 Normal Time <d 2ON 8 M K } Standard Time


Time Study Observation Sheet

Identification of operationSandwich Assembly Operator Smith

Date

Approval Jones

Observer Russell

Cycles 1 Grasp and layout 1 bread slices

2

3

4

5

6

Summary 7

8

9 10 ÎŁ t

t RF Nt

t .04 .05 .05 .04 .06 .05 .06 .06 .07 .05 .53 .0531.05.056 R .04 .38 .72 1.051.401.762.132.502.893.29

Spread mayonnaise t .07 .06 .07 .08 .07 .07 .08 .10 .09 .08 .77 .077 1.00.077

2 on both slices

R .11 .44 .79 1.131.471.83 2.212.602.983.37

Place ham, cheese, t .12 .11 .14 .12 .13 .13 .13 .12 .14 .14 1.281.28 1.10.141

3 and lettuce on bread

R .23 .55 .93 1.251.601.962.342.723.123.51

t .10 .12 .08 .09 .11 .11 .10 .10 .12 .10 1.031.031.10.113 Place top on sandwich, 4 slice and stack R .33 .67 1.011.341.712.07 2.442.823.243.61 Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 8 - 22


Time Study Example

Compute average element time ∑ t 0.53 t= = = 0.053 n 10

Normal time = (Elemental average) (rating factor) Nt = ( t )(RF) = (0.053)(1.05) = 0.056 Normal Cycle Time = NT = ΣNt = 0.387

© 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 8 - 23


ST = (NT) (1 + AF) = (0.387)(1+0.15) = 0.445 min How many sandwiches can be made in 2 hours? 120 min = 269.7 or 270 sandwiches 0.445 min/ sandwich

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 8 - 24


Incentive Piece-Rate Example Piece-rate is $0.04 per sandwich What would average worker earn per hour?

60 min = 134.8 or 135 sandwiches 0.445 min/ sandwich

Wage rate = (135)(0.04) = $5.40

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

Ch 8 - 25


Studied Worker’s Wage Average

cycle time = 0.361 without RF ST = (0.361)(1+0.15) = 0.415 60 min = 144.6 or 145 sandwiches 0.415 min/ sandwich

Wage

Š 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e

rate = (145)(0.04) = $5.80

Ch 8 - 26


B ก ก ก General

Training Leadership Communication Project Management Problem Solving Mathematic SPC Critical Thinking Administrative Employment Pratices Performance- Training appraisals Management Skill Learning Curve Technical Increases Skill


Incentive Plan Individual Based

Group / Team Based

Piece

Profit

Rate

Plans Pay-for-Skills Plans Bonus -Point Plans

Sharing Financial Reward Public Recognition


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