The Aquarium 2/4 1913 by Akwariat.pl

September, -;c-r OF nSHES

i9i3

THE

Price,

Ten Cents

FRANKLIN BARRETT 4815

Street Olney, Philadelphia, Pa.

Largest Greenhouses in the World Devoted to the Breeding of Fancy, Chinese and Japanese Goldfish and

Propagation

Aquarium

Plants

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

PLANTS

FISHES

CABOMBA MYRIOPHYLLUM

COMMON SCALED

ANACHARIS SAGITTARIA LUDWIGIA VALLISNERIA

SCALELESS

COMET FANTAIL FRINGETAIL

HORNWORT

TELESCOPES CELESTIALS

POTAMOGETON SNOW FLAKE WATER POPPY WATER HYACINTH

LION'S HEADS SHUBUNKINS

SALVINIA

PARADISE GOLDEN-ORFES GOLDEN-TENCH GAMBUSIA-AFFINIS STICKLE-BACKS

WATER FERN LACE LEAF

WATER LETTUCE UMBRELLA PALMS CYPERUS PAPYRUS CYPERUS ALTERNIFOLIUS

SNAILS

GRACILIS

COMMON RAM'S HORN

LAXUS FOLVA VARIEGATED BOSTON FERNS

POTOMAC AFRICAN JAPANESE

Drawing by H. T.

WOLF

PTERIS FERNS

WATER

LILIES

Submerged and Semi-Submerged Plants FOR PONDS ON ESTATES

Manufacturer of the Celebrated Rustless corner pieces.

Marbleized

"SUPERIOR" AQUARIUMS Made

bottoms.

slate

galvanized sheet iron, wrought iron

and brass nickel plated.

"AMERJAP" FISH FOOD

Manufacturer of the Celebrated Made from

the purest of materials.

For

fish only.

aquarium pure and sweet and does not injure the plants

Once

tried,

We maim

the

Keeps your

good condition, keeps your Eaten by the fish with avidity.

fish in

the aquarium.

always used.

ornaments in the country. No rough, sharp edges to injure and but every ornament glazed with a smooth and beautiful finish, and in harmonious colors,

carry the finest line of aquarium fish,

creating an artistic effect in the aquarium.

Globes, Nets, Pebbles, Sand, Foods, Etc. Everything Pertaining to the Aquarium and Pond Send

for Price Lists

(T'-

The Aquarium

Volume

SEPTEMBER,

1913

Xl'MIilCK 4

^. Aquarium Heating Methods By \VM.

IKNES.

Jr..

sheet of zinc; soldering ilux and a ]Mece brass tubing, 3/1(3 inch outside di-

Pliiluik'li.hiii

As there is every evidence of a general awakening along the lines of tropical aquarium keeping, it would seem to be

much

practical value at this time to

arrive at a satisfactory

method

of heat-

ing different styles of aquaria.

have experimented in a careless kind for about two years, but, realizing that in the long run it will pay to get the proposition down to an exact basis, I have made a series of experiments in order to obtain comparative results by the different methods which experience has taught me to be the most valuable. Every method proposed in this article has its own particular good points and is the most suitable under I

way

Where

certain circumstances.

methods may be employed tion of the aquarist,

the results

may

All

divide

and

different

at the selec-

will

merely give

efficiency table so that

choose for himself.

systems to which 1 shall refer themselves into direct heating

and the water-circulating system. One of the most useful plans belongs It is illustrated by to the latter class. This is an independent hot Fig. VI. water system, run on exactly the same principles as a hot water system in a house.

The tubing

composed

of lead

pipe 3/lG inch diameter inside, by o

system of sils

are

necessarv

the illustration, about three turns are suflicient.

the coil

making the

By first ])acking the pij^e with ]:)erfcctlv dry sand and temporarily closing the ends there will be no risk of flattening pipe. The sand can be shaken out after the bending is done. Now bend the pipe into its proper shajie so that it will form a "U" on the inside and on the outside of the aquarium. The idea is that this system merely hangs on the top edge of the aquarium; the side which remains in the water should be made a little longer than will actually reach to the bottom, as it is desirable to spread the lower end out soniewliat horiz(Mitallv. Having bent the ])ii)c into a])proximately the correct ])()sition, the next ste]) is to join the two ends. If xou have

secured

the

t)rass

Xow

small Bunsen burner; a

soldering iron; thin wire solder; a small

referred

the open ends of the lead pipe. slightly.

absolutely

tubing

to,

take a piece about three-quarters of an inch long and insert each end of it in

this type, the following uten-

not

turn on

it does not take too sharp an angle and flatten the pipe so as to impede the circulation.

s])read

but

last

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the small one â&#x20AC;&#x201D; see that

purpose,

desirable, :

1(1

ameter with very thin walls. Take a piece of wood abf)ut an inch in thickness and several inches long and whittle one end down to a cone a little sharper than a 45 degree angle; twist the tubing around this to make a coil as shown in

In order to construct a

inch outside.

the

lead

For this verv

i)ipe

a])ply the solder Ilux to

the exposed portion of brass tube

and and hold the joint over the Bunsen flame. Apply the solder to the pipe,

AQUARIUM

THE

i^ÂŁj^^

E The dotted space in the bases represents concrete or any other The space above is sand or pebbles.

base.

After

once

brass,

water

together.

the pipe. Take the sheet zinc and form it into a funnel about two inches high;

and as soon as it is well melted, quickly push the ends of the lead pipe This will enclose the brass

tube and make a perfect joint. If you cannot obtain the brass tubing, the ends of the lead pipe

may

be cut clean

and

joined with a piece of close-fitting rubber tubing on the outside.

tubing joint

We now

pipe, but

all

the rubber it is

in the

It lasts

better

used, see that

section under the water. there.

have a closed piece

hot water systems need a

of allowing for the expansion water and for replacing the water which is vaporized by the heat; also the vapor itself has to be dis])osed of. For this purpose, an open funnel is soldered into the pipe at the highest point on the turn where it goes into the acjuarium

in all parts.

then wire wiring

Drill a hole at

pen-knife and the sides made straight bv running a nail or other implement around the hole a few times. Make the hole as large as the inside diameter of

ntimber of positions so as to gel the

into position on the lead it

only put it

The system

The to same. on temporarily in

fast

in place while soldering.

now ready

fill,

but

not as easily done as might at Fill the funnel with first be imagined. water, get a fountain-pen dropper, place

this

possible

can easily be done with a

order to hold

pipe and solder

method

this point.

filled

solder this funnel together on the seam,

after leaving the flame.

it is

in the

until all

bottom of the funnel as far as and j^inch the bulb repeatedly the water in the funnel is forced

into the tube.

any

air

Kee]) this

u])

as long as

can be sucked into the dropper

When is water in the funnel. vou can get no more air into the dropl)cr, your svstem is proV:)ably full; now the ll put vour flame under the coil, water in the funnel l:)ecomes violently agitated, it shows that the water is l)oiling and that vour system is not lull. Sometimes it ma\' be necessary to take otT the atiuarium and hold it in a it while there

'<&

remain so as long as water is Whenever bubbles are vaporized by the heat they pass into the funnel, and a corresponding amount of water is drawn back into the it

This method of heating, while not the eflficient, is

venient of

])robably the most con-

all,

mav

be attached to

any aquarium without disturbing its arrangements and mav be discarded or removed to another aquarium in a few moments. Some little increased efficiency is added to this system by wra])-

warm

ping the

where

part of the lead pipe,

in as-

bestos.

When

water

should be slightly protected so

the pipe

first

enters the

as not to come in contact with the

may

fish.

not be absolutely necessary, a good precaution.

For this have used a fine gauze rustless wire, but I find it more satisfactory to wrap it with a few thicknesses of tape and then saturate the tape with melted but

".I

considerable degree of efficiency added, is

shown

heated pipe

In this case the

\'.

Fig. is

carried over the aquari-

um, but the return pipe comes back necessity of lifting the chilled water. is

purpose

down

obvious, of course, that this svstem

practically a part of the aquarium and cannot be removed without taking the whole aquarium down. Its advantage is increased efficiency, and that it onlv requires the aquarium to be raised ])erhaps one-half inch above its original is

level.

has not yet reached the water,

in tape, or preferably incasing

This

through the bottom, thus avoiding the

system.

most

Exactly the same principle, with a

will

kept in the funnel.

Kir

r A

()

l\ shows the latest development water system and is, I be-

Fig.

in the hot

the best of this type.

lieve,

ency

far

in the it is

Its effici-

exceeds either of the others and

matter of convenience and safety, it requires no

infinitely superior, as

attention after once being risk of

melting the lead

This

lutely eliminated.

filled

and the

pijie

owing

absoto the

invention shown at the top of the pipe in

This arrangement

the illustration.

aVjout

takes care of bubbles caused by vapori-

four or five inches below the surface of

the heat gradually dififused in the water.

zation, automatically refills the system and makes impossible any circulation of water between the closed system and

In order to avoid evaporation in the

the water of the aquarium, as well as

parafline.

If this is

the water

funnel,

will

carried

be sufficient to have

desirable to place a small

piece of glass over

it.

the water

exhausted from funnel the rest of the water in the system will ciuickly boil, owing to lack of circulation, and the next thing to happen will be the melting of the lead pipe. It might be mentioned that another way to tell whether you have established circulation is to touch the pipe just before it enters the water of the aquarium; if it is warm, your circulation

working.

Also the water,

just before reaching the coil, should be cold.

This is accomplished by an inverted hook at the being very inconspicuous.

top of the pipe.

In the process of heat-

ing the water a small rises in the ])ipc

and

has collected to

l)e

amount

on the

vapor enough

as soon as

level of the

outlet (see arrow point in illustration) a

bubble will be forced out and a corresponding amount of \vatcr drawn in, leaving a bubble still remain in the very top of the hook which i)erforms the

duty

of sei)arating the

inside

and the

had svstem made of glass in order to see the

outside waters.

this part of the

AQUARIUM

THE

exact action of the bubbles, and I can say that it works to absolute perfection.

the

movement

particles of dirt

within the pipes one can see the speed

and

and movements

of the water,

long watching,

never saw a particle of

the waters interchange.

after

To have

the

water from the heated system enter the aquarium would be undesirable, as this water has had practically all the oxygen driven out of it by the action of the Furthermore, if the ac^uarium water were allowed to freely enter the system, there would no doubt, from time to time, be particles go into the pipe which heat.

would clog it up. The hook is made separate from the rest of the piping and is attached by a rubber hose of the same size. This makes the hook detachable so that the system can be readily filled. Experiments on direct heating have been conducted in four ways. The first by use of an inverted pan in the centre of the aquarium, a hole having been cut is

in the

bottom

of the

aquarium the

size

Another direct method (see Fig. II) through the bottom of the aquarium consists in cutting a hole of about one in diameter in the bottom and pouring either tin or lead into the hole.

inch

The lead should be allowed little

to spread a

make larger The fiame may

at the top so as to

contact with the water.

be applied directly to the underside of the block of metal.

It is

advisable to

put a few pebbles over the upper side so as to avoid the risk of having the fish

come

in direct contact

metal.

with the

warm

would personally have supmethod to be undesirable as

posed this even with the pebbles over the heated spot there must be quite a great deal of local heat in a small place

through

swim. This would seem to be undesirable, but I have seen a large aquarium, containing many kinds of fish, apparently enjoying the best of health, which was heated in this manner. The illustration shows the metal

which the

fish

in slightly enlarged proportions in order

make

of the pan, in order to allow the heat to

be applied to the inside of the pan.

one has an aquarium with a metal bottom, there is no reason why the heat

There are several ways of cutting a hole and securing the pan. Probably the simplist

make

new base

for the

acjuarium out of an equal mixture of

sand and cement, setting the pan in at I use a small enamel milk pan about four inches across and one and one-half inches deep. If an aquarium has a thin slate bottom a series of holes may be drilled in the form of a circle. This method of heating has the advantages of being extremely efficient, requiring no attention and having the heating surface well above the

the desired height.

sand.

This allows free circulation of water over the heating surface and prevents the roots of the plants from interfering with the heatinir.

it clear.

should not be applied directly to

it.

few pebbles over the hottest part would be desirable and if one wished to prevent the roots of the plants from encroaching over this spot, it could be done by the use of a zinc ring about the width of the depth of the sand (one to two inches) and perhaps four inches in diameter.

Many

aquaria have been built with a

drain pipe of about one inch diameter.

This can be utilized very nicely for direct heating (see Fig. III). In this ex-

periment I have used what is called "Rope Brass Pipe." It is slightly corrugated and therefore adds a little efficiency. Any brass pipe, however, to

THE

速

A Q

be used in an aquarium, should be first nickel plated. I found that by inserting

number

the brass tube a large

"U "-shaped

pieces of copper wire

got

A R

down

U M

low.

It is

very im|jortant that This all times.

the flame be blue at

has been overcome by hammering the gas outlet in the burner

difficulty

a great deal more heat, the idea being that as the heat from the flame passes

smaller so as to require practically the

through the pipe, much of it is absorbed by the copper wire and transmitted di-

to obtain a large

At the top

rect to the pipe. is

shown

wire crossed

them

a good plan to

It is

(a).

cross several of

forcing

of Fig. Ill

three of these pieces of copper

them

in this

way

before

Push them

into the tube.

with a round stick which has a flat end and mark on the stick each time in

how

far

the

let

down the next come

illustration

higher.

little

shows the wires

this w^ay a great

The more

wires have gone and

many may

The In

in place.

be inserted.

electricity

directly

can

small lead cable,

The

the water.

carried

made

through

especially

a for

marine work, and the light bulb set in a porcelain socket without any key. If the light is now held in an inverted position and sealing wax melted around the oj^ening where the socket is screwed proof.

found to be The Bunsen burner

handy

for this.

in,

will be

seems

Bunsen

the gas needs to be discharged

flame,

under a

mix

fair

degree of pressure in order

well with the air necessary to

make complete combustion. An extremely good small oil

lani])

can

be had at the larger stores selling lamps. It

called

"A Glow Lamp," and

little

oil.

very

requires

uses

attention

The about every three or four days. principle is somewhat different from the ordinary lamp; it burns vapor of keroThe following statement

this

cjuite

water-

come in method I kee]) will

of interest to those

contemplating the

installation of a heating outflt for

any

aquarium. I"or

from

ordinary heating, a Hunsen flame to one half inch is

one-ciuarter

These

am])lc.

tests

were made with a

three-quarter inch flame in order to get

maximum

results.

that

these systems were installed

all of

niiglil

be added,

in a single aciuarium, built for this ex-

])erimcntal l)arative

perature of 72 degrees in an atmosphere of from oo to (iO degrees, using a o2

carbon fllament lamp with a frosted

of results ob-

tained with the different heating n.ethods herein described, will no doubt be

a 60-gallon acpiarium heated to a tem-

c. p.

sene and makes quite a hot, small flame.

the better.

one has electricity in the house, a very cheap and satisfactory way of heating an aquarium is by having an eleclight

enough flame.

that in order to secure a proper

tric

pressure from the gas main in order

full

])ossible,

The

work

tests

order that the com-

l)e made, as far under identical conditions. occupied about twelve hours

tests

should

each, and the capacity of the aciuarium

They were made with a on the aquarium. .System number one gave a maxinunn rise in temperature above that of the surrounding air of 2S degrees, Fahrenheit; system

globe.

For the heating of the systems described I have used a miniature Bunsen burner. They may be obtained of dental or jeweler's supply houses. It is some-

glass cover

times dif^cult to get these burners so that they make a blue flame when turn-

number two,

434 gallons.

31 degrees;

number

three

(with copper wires inserted), 27 degrees;

T H E number

three (without copper wires in-

serted), 19 degrees;

number

grees;

number

Two

A Q

six, 1(3

number 18

five;

four,

30 de-

and

degrees;

degrees.

•^

over more than a few, and these degenerate very nuich in

Also those

size.

which can be purchased

in the Spring

By proper treatment, these small plants can be brought

are apt to be small.

were made with no cover on the aquarium. This brought the temtests

down

A K

four

and multiplied

in size

numbers

degrees.

as to greatly increase the stock of spawn-

Tests on numbers one and two with

ing plants at the time they are needed.

perature

three

a half inch of sand over the heating sur-

showed the eftlciency was lowered about two degrees. For the best results, the flame must faces

be set in the proper position. position varies somewhat with the ent systems.

number two

This differ-

(the metal

disc of lead) the tip of gas flame should

touch the metal. Oil flame a

trifle

lower

down. For number one (the inverted pan) and flame should be about one-half inch below heating surface of pan. With heating tube (Fig. Ill) the flame ought to be about half in the opening the

and

half below.

The

three different coil

systems produce best results with center of flame directly below the pipe on its second turn, and high enough up so as

plan

use a

to start in early February.

wooden

cover

tub, place a 2-inch layer

manure

fresh horse

the bottom,

with 3 or 4 inches

sand and

then put in water so as to cover the

sand to a depth

that the longer roots

about 5 inches, so

may

be inserted in

The tub should be kept in a warm place and where it will re-

the sand. fairly

ceive as

much

In three

light as possible.

weeks the roots have doubled in length and new plants have budded out. If kept in the tub the plants will produce

Summer, if the removed to the new ones, for it is

bloom

a continuous

all

older plants are occasionally

make room

for

on the younger plants that the blossoms principally occur.

to nearly touch, or touch very lightly,

the pipe on

first

turn.

This, then,

not directly in the center of the

way

this

the

heat

strikes

against three points before

capes through top of spiral.

coil.

vigorously

much

flame comes in contact with

with perfect com-

bustion and results in the unpleasant

metal,

interferes

K. Stansch.) Chicago. Family of Centrarchida, or Sunfishes.

—

— Trichogaster Fasciaius, Anabas, Bet Ctenops — Family

Osphroneuiis.

la.

Phihidclphia. 7

In the Fall water hyacinths are a glut

on the market. Although all goldfish breeders are anxious to have them in large quantities in the Spring it is impossible with (jrdinary facilities to carr\-

20°

22°

— g-onoptenis Goldlish —Japanese Common Goldfish — Cichlidd

— 50° F — 61° F

C— 68° C

C C C

— 59° F 68° F 65° F — 71° — 68° F

C— F 0—68° F C— 65° F 20° C— 68° F

20° Cvprinodon. R'iviihis, CynoleOuif 20° Haptochilus 18° ^Barbfls, Danio. Capoeta (,. Pyrrhulina. Pseudocor\nopo}na. I'ctra=,

Water Hyacinths

Fa-cilliid,t : 15° Girardtnus, Ciaml'iisia, Jenynsia 20° Pa-cilia. Mollienesia Fundulus Fa/ 1 id us. F. Chrysostus. ... 18°

West African Ftindnlus Species

used.

By H.AKRV PETHKS,

By WM. KOPP,

12 C Makropodus Specie?', TrichogasierLtlijis.\(^° C

smell frequently noted where gas heat-

ing

(.After

the

the MiniMaintain in Perfect Health

Temperatures

Them

finally es-

Aquarium Fish and

mum

the

List of

16" 12°

— 61° F 0—50° F

0—

61° F 16° Geopliagus. FaratiLipia. J'liapia. Ciih0—65° 18° F lasoma, Ncotropltis 68° F HemicliroDiis. Acara. Helcrogramma .2V>° C Family Siluridu (Catfish):

Chanchito

—

Calhchthys

16°

Fiiiiclodiis. Otoaiu-tiis Ficxiiis

22°

0—61° F

O— 71°F

A Q

A U

-:*-*^ '4tÂŤbi*u>(i^eiiL'

LUNG

FISH, PROTOPTERUS ANNECTENS Photo by courtesy of Technical World

The Lung Fish

ies will

York.

The Brooklyn exhibit

held at the store of

latest

Fulton

New

scientific

curiosity

arrive

came from Africa. The specimen is popularly known as a "lung fish," because when out of water it inhales

York.

air

were

land-living

though when in the water it breathes through gills. The ability to breathe out of water preserves the life of the lung fish, when caught in the mud of a dried-up stream during the summer drought, until the stream fills up again. The fish was received in a dormant condition, coiled up in a cocoon, deeply sunken in a clod of earth which had been dug from a dried-up river bottom. To release the fish from its case, the mass of mud was placed in tepid water to soften the wall of the capsule, which then became soft enough to remove a part of it, when' the fish emerged alive. animal,

Abraham &

September 27th,

New York

show,

inclusive;

be held

inclusive.

comprizing

and native classes

are

Aquarium Exhibitions first

latter part of of

the

varitics,

Each

fishes.

arranged

are

tropical

of these

main

several

sub-

and cover practically all the fishes owned by American aquarists. Prizes are to be awarded for the best

classes

specimens

individual

classes, for the largest

collections in each of

These two shows

the

several

and for the rarest the main classes.

will

i)ring

best specimens in the Hast

out

the

and should

furnish a very lively competition. as there

much good stock in both cities. Those who live in the vicinity of Xew York

portunity

see

much

this op-

these

exhibitions

to see

and

learn.

between the true

familv and four-footed animals.

and the

be displayed,

goldfish

there will be

During the

Strauss,

In both exhibitions a large

variety of fishes

species of land-living animals that form

fish

to be

American Museum of Natural History, is announced for October ()th to r2th,

and Brooklyn should not miss

the connecting link

Brooklyn, September 22nd

St.,

claimed that this species of fish has survived from a very ancient period of time and belongs to the earliest known It is

Xew

take place in Brooklyn and

wonderful fish that can Hve out of water /or at least six months is the

September

October, two notable

exhibits of fishes, aquaria and accessor-

The study of Nature is an intercourse with the highest mind. You should never trifle with Nature. At the lowest her works are the works of the highest povers, the highest something in whatever way we may look at it. Louis Agdssiz.

THE AQUARIUM A Q UARIU M The Aquarium

TH E

difficult

one to

management Published monthly except July and August at Chicago, Illinois, by the Aquarium Societies of Brooklyn, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Milwaukee, Minneapolis.

Temporary Editor, 543 E. 34th

St.,

Business Manager, 6100 Ingleside Ave.,

Treasurer,

428 W. 66th

St.,

WILLIS

Chicago,

Hammond,

There

111.

September, 1913

-:-

No. 4

with deep regret and with a feelheavy loss that we have to announce the sudden and unlooked for It is

ing of

resignation

Poyser,

our editor,

who on

account

Mr. of

business

matters had to relinquish his work on

The Aquarium.

Those who personally

knew Mr. Poyser and

his

work, readily

realized his fitness for editing a pubHcation relating to aquatic life; and those

who knew him

only as "The Editor" had placed before them each month in the form of The Aquarium, tangible

evidence of his abihty. Mr. Poyser's long years of study in the realm of nature and his practical experience as an aquarist and his extensive readings gave

him

a fund of

ting

him

for

ideas

a side to the

work

The

knowledge peculiarly

means by

which the magazine exists. This paper is purely an amateur venture in the sense that no one of the staff concerned in

Vol.

as important as any, viz., the

Single Copies, 10c

Advertising Rates upon Application

-:-

Mr. Poyser's

Aquarium magazine which does not receive much attention from the average reader. On close analysis, it is perhaps,

Indiana

Subscriptions, $1

endeavor to follow as

111.

W. HOFFMAN --------

Circulation Dept.,

hoped

of Chicago.

YOUNG

Chicago,

to be

not long be

111.

ACKERMAN

FLOYD -

HILPERT

Chicago,

- I. J. - - -

- - -

it is

will

and publish the journal punctually. In the meantime we beg the indulgence of the readers until matters have again been satisfactorily settled. The credit of this issue is due to INIr. W. vS. Hilpert

exchanges, books for the Editor-in-Chief; remittances to the Treasurer; all other matter to the Business Manager direct

etc.,

will

closely as possible

manuscripts,

all

review,

but

without a "regular" editor. Until satisfactory arrangements can be made the

Issued in the Interests of the Study, Care and Breeding of Aquatic Life

Send

fill,

that

fit-

the disemmination of na-

ture lore and especially facts of interest to aquarists. His place will be a most

its

making

receives

money

for his

an endeavor to make the magazine the success it deserves. The measure of success is, in a large way, dependent upon the interest which you, the readers, evince. If you knew the amount of work necessary to place the magazine before you, we would have the sympathy of all. But we cannot exist on sympathy alone, nor is it desired, except in a friendly and courteous sense. Sympathy will not pay the printer and the plate-maker. What we need is co-operation of reader and advertiser. That more than any one thing will bring us success and that is your part. If you know a person who ought to subscribe, speak a friendly word and send the Business Manager his name and address for a sample copy. When you think the co])y has been received, ask about it. Follow up your prospect, the services.

give our time gladly in

best intentions are easily side-tracked

AQUARIUM

THE

unless you do. Buy your supplies from an advertiser and compliment him on his foresight in putting his name where the aquarists can read about what he has for sale. If you purchase from a man who is not an advertiser, urge on him the advisability of using this paper, your paper, for the promotion of his business.

Thermometers By FRED

G. ORSINGER. Chicago. Since foreign contemporaries use and

pheric

pressure

14.7

pounds

per

square inch.

Between 32 and 212 degrees there are 180 degrees, which are usually spaced into

-degree intervals.

The Centigrade thermometer, which was designed by Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer in 1742, and in Germany is known as the "Celsius" and also "Centigrade" and indicated as "C" is used in Europe and in scientific work degrees or zero corresponds

generally.

quote other than the Fahrenheit ther-

mometer, so generally used by our mem-

(which

bers, a short discussion of the various

scale)

and 100 degrees

systems used was considered of interest. Thermal or Heating value is that property by virtue of which a body has for absorbing or giving off heat. Thermometer An instrument for measuring temperatures, but very often supposed to be a heat measure. This latter is, however, erroneous, as it is in no sense a measure of heat, but gives simply a relative comparison as to the

From

the freezing to the boiling point

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

degree

heat

measured; that

in is,

body or a thermometer the

fluid

regis-

tering 1 75 degrees in one body, while in another a thermometer registers 50 degrees, indicates that one body is 125 degrees warmer than is the other. The Fahrenheit thermometer was in-

the

freezing is

point,

melting ice

marked 32 on the Fahrenheit to boiling water.

there are 100 degrees.

Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur in 1730, the thermometer which bears his name. It is used in Russia, Sweden, Turkey and Egypt.

introdviced,

degrees or zero, corresponds to melting ice,

From

80 degrees to boiling water.

the freezing to the boiling point there are 80 degrees.

Each degree

of Fahrenheit

5/9 of a

degree Centigrade, and 4 9 of a degree

Reaumur.

4^he Centigrade

interval between

boiling point being 100 heit interval

180,

gree Centigrade

temperature

the freezing and the

and the Fahren-

follows that

c(iual to

de-

degrees

troduced by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, It is used in America and 1724.

Fahrenheit.

Great Britain and the British Colonies. degrees or zero on the The number scale corresponds to the lowest degree of cold that could be artificially pro-

ed into Fahrenheit's scale by multiplying the former by 9 and dividing by 5,

duced when the thermometer was

tures are converted into Centigrade scale

orig-

taken at 32 degrees above zero, and the temperature of pure boiling water at 212 degrees. is

freezing point of water

and adding 32 degrees to the ([uotienl; and conversely, Fahrenheit tempera-

by deducting 32 and taking 5

inally introduced.

The

Centigrade temperatures are convert-

In both cases the measurement

recorded under the ordinary atmos-

9 of the

remainder. ilxamph

Centigrade Degrees 20 X 9 =36 and 5 36 + 32 68 degrees F. Fahrenheit Degrees: 68â&#x20AC;&#x201D;32=36 and 36X5 20 degrees C. 9

AQUARIUM

THE

o()

COMMENTS AND QU

RIE

est

culture of these

month

weakness

and he has read with the keen-

The Aquarium

the

for

him by who was acquainted with his in the

matter of goldfish and

One is apt sometimes to especially when somewhat iso-

their breeding.

think,

lated, that

they are the only ones

lowing a certain

line of study,

and

folit is

always a delightful experience to find that there are others who have made the same field an object of investigation. The information gleaned from the pages of

The Aquarium

esting

and

not only inter-

are

instructive, but exceedingly

mind of one engaged such matters. The goldfish, however, has been the only fish that has been fascinating to the

studied by the writer, and most of the little

it is

before long be

The construction

small ponds for the raising of these

fish

and aquatic plants was a field entered upon by the writer without much in-

of February, kindly sent

a friend

fish, will

understood.

fully

has afforded the writer the greatest interest,

way, and

held by the Japanese and Chinese in the

An Amateur It

in a scientific

therefore to be supposed that the secrets

pleasure,

upon

tered

formation or matter to study from, but still,

many who have

seen these aquari-

beauty in the Summer at his place, have gone away and started up ponds for themselves, with varying success. Water gradening and fish culture, are both, not only interesting and instructive, but afford pleasures not to be found in other kinds of gardening. There has been a great fascination in finding out these things, and now still another field has been opened up in the care of tropical and other fish, which he He will, howwill hope to follow up. ever, despair of going into the matter in the scientific manner in which some of the writers to The Aquarium have attained, but may look on and by studying these pages, perhaps obtain a better understanding of things aquatic.

ums

in their

CHAS.

knowledge attained has been by

The matter read upon

TRIVESS.

close observation of their habits. first

really instructive

been in your magazine, with the exception of a few items which were of little value, in some papers. There were years of stumbling in the

Do You Know?

this subject has

CHICAGO LOCAL EDITOR.

For

dark, and, of course, there

much

has

foot

suf-

â&#x20AC;˘

.036 lbs. 62.5

" ' " 8.33 gallon" 7.48 L'.S. gals. 1 cubic foot of water equals 231 cu. inches. 1 U. ,S. Gal of water equals 1728 cu. inches equal 1 cubic foot.

be learned and attained to yet. The proper balancing of an acjuarium, both life,

â&#x20AC;˘

say that

Cubic inch of water weighs

1 1

with vegetable and animal

practical purposes,

all

ficiently accurate to

U.vS.

The pressure produced by

af-

water

column

called the "static head."

forded great pleasure, and to produce

the proper conditions for the healthful

head or cokimn (or dcjith) of water I foot high, produces a pressure of ().4)i;i pound per square inch, or approximately 1 pound of i)ressure per every square

state of the fish has been a source of

ever increasing interest. delightful to learn that

all

However,

that has been

so laboriously studied out has been en

inch to

'is

inches of height or depth.

SOCIETY BULLETINS Brooklyn

Aquarium

Society

Regular meetings 2nd Tues, in every

4th

month except

July & Aug. at Fairchild Bldg. 702 Fulton St., at 8 P. M. Initiation Fee,

$1 .00

Annual Dues,

$2.00

President Vice President Corresponding and Recording Sec'y Treasurer

Dr,

Frederick Schneider. 64 Grove Street Geo. W. Post, 52 Herkeme Street

Harry Roessle, 116 Harman Street Theodore P. Fritz, 80,S Halscy St

Li'^i-ary

Local Editor Local Business Manager

Dr,

j SchweickerT Frederick Schneider, 64 Grove Street

Owen

H, Smith, 702 Fulton Street

Chicago Fish

Fanciers' Club Regular meetings Second Wednesday

the

at 809 12

City Hall Sciuare Building. 127 139 North Clark St., at 8:30 P, M. on 4th Wednes-

day where announced.

President

YouNc, 428 West 66th Street Preusker, 457 Xorth Avenue w, P, Hoffman. Hammond, Ind. Carl Fossetta, 1341 George Street F, S.

Vice-President Secretary Treasurer Librarian Local Editor Local Business Manager

Dr. G. A,

A. Poyser, Hammond, Ind. Orsinger. 123 S. Oakley Blvd. J. w. Gage. 1225 Glenlake Ave.

F. G.

$1.00 $1.00

Initiation Fee,

Annual Dues.

The Aquarium Society' President

Regular Second

German Sherman

meetings

the Thursday at the American School, Ave., Jersey City, the Fourth Friday

and on

the American Museum of History, 77th St. and Central Park West, New Nork, each month except Corre July and August. sponding membership, $1 00 at

Natural

Edw. W. Kierann. 22 Nassau

Place. East Orange, .N, J. O, H, Smith, 23 Jacob Street, New York City

Vice-President Recording Secretary

Arthur Osborne. 42 South St., Jersey City. N. J Corresponding .Secretary Herman Osmer, West New Brighton. N. Y Treasurer H. A. Richtberg, 85 South 16th St., East Orange, N.

J Librarian Herman Hoffmeister, 165 Webster Av., Jersey City. N. J Local Editor John Treadwell Nichols, Am. Museum of Nat. History Local Business Manager Carl P. Ording, 1931 Broadway, New York

Annually, Dues, $2

Initiation Fee, $1,

Philadelphia Society

Aquarium

President \'ice-

Regular meetings on the Fourth Wednesday, at 1414

Arch

Street. Initiation Fee, $1.00 Annual Corresponding Dues, $1.80.

President

Treasurer Secretary Local Editor Local Business Manager.

H. R. LippiNCOTT, Collingswood, N. J. Charles Paxson, 2534 N. 11th Street Hiram Parker, 224 N. Wilton Street L. M. DORSEV, Jr., 2219 N. 19th Street Wm. T, Innes. Jr 1824 N. Park Ave. .L. M, DoRSEv, Jr 2219 N. I9th Street ,

Membership, $1.00 Annually.

Milwaukee Aquarium Society Regular

meetings

Monday

at 105 Initiation Fee, $1

First

Grand Ave. .

Dues, $1 .20

Minneapolis

Aquarium

Society

Boston

Aquarium

Society

Initiation Fee,$l An'l Dues.$l

President

SCHENK, 105 Grand Avenue 31 lO Grand Avenue Geo, j. C. Steffen, 950 First Street Rev, Paul Roth. 2602 Prairie Avenue August W, Pollworth. 1816 Wright Street W. A, Brve. 304 Fifteenth Street C. G, B,

August Grau,

President Treasurer Secretary Librarian Local Business Manager. \"ice

President Treasurer

F. L. .

Secretary

President

Secretary Treasurer

.J.

Tappan. 92 South 7th Street

W, Franzen, Curator Museum Pub. Library

Mrs,

Anna Essene.

Tennant Lee. W. Alden, 15

3421 Longfellow Ave. South

Dedham. Mass. Bloomfield St., Boston, Mass. Franklin A. Packard, 5 Perry St., Cambridge, Mass. .

.Chas.

18 School St..

New

Importation

THE

Terminal Pet Shop

containing interesting species from South America and Mexico. Accurate lists of Stocks prepared on request.

Importers, Breeders and Dealers

Japanese Goldfish and Tropical Fish

WE ARE AGEXTS VOK

Fish foods, plants and aquaria Pets ot every description

DR.G.M.

9^^

.KDA!'

Birds, seeds

Burnett's Japanese Fish Booth No.

and cages

Food

Concourse

HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDINa NEW YORK P''ices cheerfully

furnished for special sized aquariums

K. D. A.

TELESCOPES SCALED AND SCALELESS of the Highest

and other German a'luar'ium specialties. stock of the most impc^rtant articles carried on hand. NO WAITING, no custom house delays nor expense,

in Blacks

and other a

GENERAL AQUARIUM COMPANY to

135 N. i2th

F. L.

St.,

TAPPAN

Dealer and Breed of Rare a nd

Fancy Fish

Long-eared Suntish

Goldfish

Philadelphia

Young Stock $1.00 each up Correspondence Solicited

ALBERT

{Ampullarici

ARIA

92 Seventh

Street, South, Minneapolis,

FANCY FISH

•.•

Imported German CANARIES Tested and guaranteed singers, obtained from the Germany, in shipping cage, each, $3. Imported females each $1, living arrival guaranteed; handsome brass cage $1. Parrots, gold fish, all kinds cages, etc. Large illustrated catalog free. Largest mail order bird dealers in the world. Bird Book 25 cents. IOWA B'RD CO DFS M^^INES, lA. Dept

best breeders in

Minn.

BEST COLLECTION

?s a

your home with music and your heart with gladness. makes you feel life's worth 11 ing. Hundreds of pleased cr tomers last year. They are re fills

little

FISH". Send $1.00 for my new book, "'AC^U A practical work on care and breeding ot Illustrated rish in the aquarium.

Glenside, Fa.

sii.beam, active as a ciicket,

iiii^iis)

deposit a mass of large coral-red eggs out of the water; the snails drop into the water as they hatch.

COLES,

To K??D ^'i! CvTip.iny Dur'nil Winter Months! A pretty Canary, bright

Gir-rdinus reticulatus Girard nus guppyi

Chanchitos

FOUR-HORXED SNAILS

ffleti^^Pet 3 3^00

Mexican Swordtail Platypoecilia maculata Geophagus And many others Gambusia holbrooki

Paracise Fish

brilliant colors

Specialty

Finest

OF JMERICA

129

Grade

BROAD TAILS

A complete

.Ask _\'uur dealer for the

^.-^=sJ=:*—

AQUATIC PLANTS

Always on Exhibition years of experience has enabled me to make all aquatic life My aim is to assist the student of Nature and make it possible for him to obtain the specimens he de sires in a healthy and first -clas^; condition

Many

Lindemann Cage

a specialty of

HERMAN RABENAU Brooklyn, N. Y. 1163 Myrtle Avenue Near Broadway New Shipments received iVIonthly. Prices Right AQUARIUIMS AND ALL ACCESSORIES Mention

riie

ST.ANDARD

for

Fifty Years

Mamifartuied and sold

THE AQUARIUM when

to the trade

LINDEMANN & New

writing advertisers

York

only by

CO.

Jacob C.Cassel 915 Arch

Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Manufacturer of

AQUARIUMS Aquarium Ornaments Floral Terra Cotta. etc. Fish Globes Fish Food and all aquarium requisites Send for Catalog and Trade Prices

Gold Fish

Handle Everything iz Aquariuni

Aquarium Ornaments

3 9088 01015 4011

WATERPROOFS VI71 yf yf

4^ * '

i JL y •^

IMPERVITE

•

i/ivc

a pure Asphaltic Paste that contains no Soap.

Fail

It is

abso-

W'afrrproofing Compounds coniaiti soap. a tcmpor'iry water proofing just as soft soap would do.

They

lutely

Where Others

MPERVIl

permanent.

Oidnmry

Impervite mixes easily with water. It does not reduce the Strength Mortar cr delay the Setting. Soap compounds do. A ^-inch Impervite facing will adhere to "Impervite Pointers"? You will then receive gratis four interesting and valuable the inside of walls even where the water presbooklets on: sure is from the outside. Theory of the Various Waterproofing^ Methods. We guarantee that Impervite will make Full Directions for Waterproofinfr Against Pressure. Cement Mortar absolutely waterproof. Description of Some Interesting fobs. Why not write a postal today, asking for Hoii.< to Make Waterproof, Non-Cracking Stucco. of

STANDARD PAINT COMPANY, New York

Aquarium Book Aquarium Specialty Co. and Herman

T. Wolf's

work

Other

''Goldfish Breeds

WASHINGTON NEW YORK CITY

1827-31

AVE.

Aquarium

Fishes'*

the standard authority. Tells all about breeding fancy goldfish and treats in a practical way on all aquarium and terrarium sub-

Rogers

MAKERS OF THE Crystal Aerator and Filter

jects.

1240 beautiful illustrations.

Price, postage prepaid by us, $3.00

LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF

INNES & SONS

Aquaria, Terraria, Vivaria and Aquatic Cages, Mouse and Frog Houses

Twelfth Street, Cor. Cherry, Philadelphia, Pa.

BREEDERS OF

MILWAUKEE TRYPOD CO., «^|}lVl'uSwis. W. C. EVANS, Manager

Fringetail Japanese and Chinese Telescopes and of Red, African and Japanese Snails Importers of Foreign and Tropical Fishes.

Dealer in Manufacturer and repairer of aquariums. kinds of aquarium fishes and plants, Imported Japanese and Chinese gold fishes. all

"ENUF SAID' E. C.

VAHLE

and Gigantica and Single-rooted Ludwigia MuUertti

Sagittaria Natans

W. Madison

of artistic designs for partictKa*-?'"'^^. Fish. Water Plants, Imported Snails.

Catalog

N. State Street

Goldfish

kinds

(^Not Incorporated)

ILL.

for Price List

Mention

all

Auburndale Goldfish Co. 1449 We£t Madison

Write

WIS.

Aquaria Tanks Fish Globes Ornaments, Etc.

Birds, Cages, Seeds, Etc.

KAEMPFER'S BIRD STORE

CO., RACINE.,

Aquarium Plants

fmported

SUPPLIES

CHICAGO,

FREE

THE PIONEER AQUARIUM MFG.

AQUARIA

Chicago

AQUARIUM Gold

Correspondence solicited

St., in

BIRDS AND ANIiMALS

Exchanges ronsidered

114

315

Wholesale and Retail Dealer

CULTIVATORS OF

THE AQUARIUM when

Send

for

St.,

Chicago,

111.

Catalog and Trade Prices

writing advertisers Press of

Wh.

Pool Pig.

Bog. Co.,

626

S. Clurk St., Chicago