teuarp
I0t^
snam Jacob
gf|
C. Cassel
915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa Manufacturer
oj
AQUARIUMS Aquarium Ornaments Floral Terra Cotta, Etc.
and
Aquatic JLife
\ H
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)C
Breeding
No. 6
February 1919
Vol. IV.
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EDITOR ..PUBLISHER
1
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The
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offer
I
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irmni
g
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Pol^centropsis Abbreviata
WALTER LANNOT
Here indeed seen fies
ated
it
is
a rare fish,
a fish with tail.
It
many is
and
I
The name
alive but once.
spines
have signi-
and abbrevi-
F.
Z.
ture between 80
S.
and 85 degrees 75 degrees will be an agreeable temperature at ;
other times for older
fish.
The water should be
not a large species, a
mature specimen averaging between two and two and one-half inches long, but it
BRIMD,
well aerated
contain abundant microscopic port
the
growing
fry.
life to
Tiny
and sup-
daphne
must therefore be kept alone. The illustration shows this species with Nandus marmoratus below, a whim of the artist bringing the two forms together, though it would not be is
a voracious rascal, and
advisable to associate these species in an
aquarium. In color our subject
with dark mottlings. chestnut
;
mouth very
is
warm brown
The eye is reddish The caudal
large.
fin and the extremities of the soft dorsal and anal fins are transparent and nearly
invisible,
thus adding to the foreshort-
ened appearance of the
fish.
Sexual differences are
difficult
to de-
During breeding activities a short ovipositor protrudes from the vent of the female, the abdominal line being convex, due to the distended ovaries in the male the abdominal contour is quite termine.
;
straight.
The breeding habits The male constructs a
are
interesting.
nest of bubbles
under floating leaves. After close contact between the sexes the female assumes a position under the nest, backdownwards, thrusts her ovipositor into the nest, and therein deposits the eggs singly. In the aquarium, with this accomplished, she should be removed. The eggs number about one hundred, and hatch in five or six days. The tank should contain not more than three inches of water, and be maintained at a tempera-
should follow, and then the live foods usually provided for carnivorous fishes
mosquito
larvae, small mealworms, fry of live-bearing fishes and similar materials. The species is a native of tropical West
Africa, and
W.
J.
delta.
found
was
Ansorge,
first
discovered by Dr.
in the Niger described as rare, and when occurs in brooks, rivers and in
1900,
It is
ponds.
Polycentropsis and Nandus are bers of the group of fishes called
memNan-
which has representatives in Southeast Asia and South America as well as didse,
in Africa.
&quauc fUtf
72
Fishes to Habit-forming Drugs
The
reactions
of
habit-forming drugs article
in
goldfish is
Pharmaceutical
to
certain
the subject of an
the Journal of the
Association,
American by Prof,
Victor E. Shelford, of the University of The craving engendered by the Illinois. use of habit- forming drugs is not understood.
Most
The
lation.
Reactions of
opercles are lifted, the lower
jaw protruded, or the mouth moved
When
a fish enters a solution containing
morphine or any
ethyl-alcohol, cocaine,
one of there
is
substances tried,
other
several
no apparent rejection of the drug,
on the contrary, after a time the fish found to have a preference for the drug-containing end of the tank. With
but, is
of the pharmacologic stud-
cocaine the fishes, after a short exposure,
made on
refused to leave the drug solution, soon
ies in this
connection have been
mammals
(a few have been on frogs),
but almost none on the lower vertebrates. By chance Professor Shelford discovered that fishes are peculiarly affected by nu-
merous organic substances in aqueous solution when put under special experi-
became
and
intoxicated
ethyl-alcohol the fishes reacted
more
positively as the concentration in-
The experiment was discontinued because the subjects became semi-intoxicated. In 20 per creased up to 10 per cent.
cent, ethyl-alcohol the fishes
inches long, 5 inches deep and 6 inches wide, in which water containing a drug
With morphine no preference
flows into one end and out at both top
and bottom, at the middle, while water which contains none of the drug flows The into the other end at the same rate. two flows meet at the middle and with most substances there is a mixture of the two kinds of water which occupies the centre third of the tank. In this mixture a fish moving from the pure water end toward the drug-containing end encounThis region of change of concen-
tration
is
called the gradient.
The
char-
acter of the gradient in these tanks has
been fully determined by taking samples,
by measuring and by the use of colored water. If a fish encounters no change water,
it
moves
freely back
and forth
without showing preference for either end of the tank. If it encounters water containing an excess of carbon dioxide, it backs away and starts again, often re-
g.
1
per
shown by one
is
per
shown was
preference
individuals
avoided
in
the
With
strongest solutions of morphine.
naphthalene
In
litre.
individual, but not by an-
Some
other.
and
half : saturated
sat-
urated solutions, the fishes reacted pos-
although they died after a time.
tively,
Some
species of
minnows were
tive to ethyl-alcohol
The It
goldfish
is
less sensi-
than goldfish.
becoming a great
has multiplied in the River
pest.
Murray
an extent that a frayed rope-end into the water will in a few days be a mass of goldfish spawn. These wild goldfish grow up to two or three pounds to such
let
down
weight, many of the largest being â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Herbert M. Hale, Australia.
in
red.
We recently heard of a house that found a tenant solely because it happened to have a glass-enclosed sleeping porch. To
ward.
ers, a hint
gives other evidence of stimu-
positive
litre
avoided the
reacted positively.
still
in concentrations of 0.15 g.
peating the operation before going forIt
but
full strength,
ters a gradual rise in concentration of the
drug.
With more and
died.
The conditions are mental conditions. established in a tank approximately 48
in
in a
yawning, coughing or gulping motion.
aquarists, nuf sed
;
to property
own-
of a desirable improvement.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
:
â&#x20AC;˘b i
Chologaster cornutus
niie FisK of the Dismal Sxtfamp W. W. WELSH,
The
United States Bureau of Fisheries
recorded description of this
first
curious and little-known fish was published by the elder Agassiz in the American Journal of Science and Arts, in 1854. The fish then described was taken in ditches in the rice fields of South CaroIn 1853, on his return from a tour lina. through the Southern and Western States, Professor Agassiz gave a sum-
mary
of
some of
his ichthyological dis-
coveries in a letter to Professor
J.
B.
In this letter are the following
Dana.
of Southern and South Central States. In
family the body
this
com-
elongate,
is
pressed posteriorly, the head long and flat,
with projecting under jaw.
ficially ther'
is
the Poeciliidse, or
mouth
is
Super-
a strong resemblance to
Top Minnows, but
smaller,
the
scales
finer,
the the
ventral fins are absent or rudimentary,
and the vent
is
the four or five
Chologaster
is
placed far forward.
known
the only one that has func-
and a pigmented
tional eyes
Of
genera, the genus
skin, all the
remarks
others having skin-covered eyes and col-
would mention foremost a new genus which I shall call Chologaster,
orless body.
"I
very similar
general appearance to the
in
blind fish of the
Mammoth
provided with eyes
under the throat, but of ventral fins
;
has, like
it
;
aperture
anal
the
opsis,
Cave, though
Ambly-
I
scarcely three inches long,
fish,
living in the ditches of the rice fields in
South
Carolina.
name from
derive
I
snout, which has
its
specific
form of the
singular
the
two horn-like projec-
tions above."
Agassiz,
shades.
two
Chologaster have
other
been
species
of
described, both
caves.
dorsal
fin is
white with dark
The
or bar; remainder of caudal dusky.
length does not exceed two and one-half
Cholgaster
which
to
is
so-called
blind-fishes,
Chologaster
assigned, together with the
composed of
is
the
Amblyop-
small, ovoviviparous
fishes living in caves,
swamps and
ditches
cornutus
is
found
from
Virginia to Georgia, in swamps, ditches,
and backwater of small
rivers.
pears to be solitary in habit, but
abundant. family
cornutus
sidse,
The
There is a black blotch at the base of the tail, beyond which is a white area
inches.
being found in subterranean streams and
The
placed for-
spots.
Since the discovery of this species by Prof.
is
The body and
fins.
trunk are flushed with red of various
but one species, Ch. cornutus Ag. a small
pectoral
It is
and unex-
pected combination of characters.
ward of the
cornutus the ventral
and the vent
know
entirely deprived
is
a very strange
Chologaster
fins are absent,
head are dark brown above, white below, with three narrow longitudinal black stripes on the sides, the middle one extending through the eye and snout. In some examples the belly and sides of the
advanced
far
In
It is
ap-
locally
In April, 1916, the writer ob-
tained six examples in the Little Peedee River,
all
dead leaves in
being captured in
drifts
at the foot of sand-bars,
of
and
shallow indentations of the river bank.
Associated with them in such places were
:
&quauc
74
numerous
salamanders,
larval
and the
JLitt
The
pieces of timber
D
marked C,
and
resemblance of the two in shape, color
E
Four movement, was striking. at secured were females two and males
bottom and end boards.
this time, the latter containing large yel-
out accurately with a square, and that
and
low eggs,
to Ij4
i
mm.
portant to see that
lived in a small
several months.
aquarium for
Although supplied with it was never ob-
a variety of live food,
served to feed in the daytime. Considering the apparent hardiness of this
and the character of the inhabits, it would appear to be
species,
waters
it
well suited for observation in the aqua-
rium, which might throw some light on its
habits
and
life-history.
A Wood C. G.
At
Aquarium
PILKINGTON
the present time, in Australia,
difficult to
much
secure all-glass aquaria.
as not
all
it
is
Inas-
aquarists are sufficiently
adept with tools to
make
tanks of metal,
with reinforced concrete base, the following specifications for a tank with ends
and bottom of wood, one of which I have had in use for fifteen years, may make an appeal All
wood
one-inch red pine, dressed
(cypress or first-grade white pine
be substituted
in
where shown
in
may
America). Screws (60) sketch
nailed, including top plates,
most im-
marked
nailing together; also square everything
ner plates.
If the
clamps are beveled
off
to hiding place in short,
survived a trying journey to Washington, it
It is
parts are
before nailing on the top and bottom cor-
wriggling dashes of astonishing rapidity. One example, taken in the Peedee River,
where
all
bottom and end boards are square before
in diameter.
This species appears to be nocturnal in habit, invariably attempting to hide in the daytime, and when disturbed moving
from hiding place
are nailed through the sheet iron to the
;
all
other parts
and bottom corner
which are cut out of thin sheet
iron.
Give all woodwork three coats of paint, and the piece of iron, which covers the bottom and two ends three coats of white bath enamel after it has been bent to fit.
End
24 c.
Front Sheet
I
1
View
of
Clam ps
;
Danio Malabaricus ERNEST LEITHOLF
In the Madras Journal of Literature
and Science, for 1849, Jerdon describes Pcrilampus malabaricus, canadensis and mysoricus; Bleeker,
in
1864,
male
more der and
slen-
describes
Danio micronema and lineolatus from Ceylon; Day, 1869, describes Paradanio All were merely variants aurolineatus.
we now know
of one species, the fish
fully developed the coloration of the is
as
is
In color
abdomen
length of the body
The back
silvery
sapphire-blue
the
;
bands, at
is
sides
the
dorsal contains from I j
15,
The
anal
15
4
with three central
one
long, sometimes very broken
and irregu-
and seemingly a continuation of a of irregular golden streaks and
dashes directly behind the
gills,
extends
partly through the centre of the central
The
and abdomen are tinged with reddish salmon. Extending through the caudal fin are three or four dusky rays. Some writers maintain these
ventrals, anal
rays,
in
the
female,
incline
toward the upper lobe, and that the irregular marks behind the gills are more numerous, but I have not found these devery convincing guides. The number
of irregular marks varies considerably,
may have more
than
the average, and a certain female
less.
a particular male
Before maturity
it
is
Danio malabaricus (Male)
Between these
are two luminous golden lines, with an-
tails
1
12 to
one-half to
height.
gray-green
other line about three-fourths of an inch
that
-
its
base gradually
its
tapers toward the caudal.
band.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;two and
three and one-half times
one of the most beautiful
it is
somewhat wider
number
graceful.
the fishes of India.
of the genus.
lar,
and the body more
In proportions the length of the head contained four or five times in the
Danio malabaricus, and as synonyms are handled by Day in his larger and later
work on
intense
practically impos-
sible to distinguish the sexes, but
when
to
19,
pectorals 8 and the ventrals
15
Lateral line with 35 to yj scales, transversely 7 to 8. Of the four barbels rays.
the
two lower ones are very minute and
rudimentary, often entirely absent
upper pair correspond
;
the
in length to one-
half the diameter of the eye,
and may
also be absent.
The breeding of this Danio in confinement has not met with any great degree of success, and as none have been imported since 1914, the species at this writing is nearly extinct in our collections.
We
secured our stock at the time men-
and since then the original pairs and later their offspring have frequently spawned in our tanks. Fortunately some tioned,
of the fry always survived to maturity, though each succeeding year marked a
decrease in
number
until,
in
1918, only
three were found, and these succumbed
— Aquatic
76
when about an inch long. Inability to new blood undoubtedly has been
:
filtt
W. H.
Mr.
Association of Maryland,
main factor in this decline. For breeding purposes a large tank should be used. The vegetation should
appeared
Baltimore Sun.
in the
know
anxious to
is
be arranged in one dense group at one side or in a corner, as this affords protec-
by
this
spawn, and gives ample swimming space for the fish; moreover facilitates locating and removing the it
solved in Baltimore.
the
for
which can be accomplished with
eggs,
In
a glass dip-tube or a rubber hose.
our tanks the species has never spawned more than three or four times during a
The operation takes place while their way through the
summer. the
force
fish
densely planted section of the aquarium. After incubation, which requires from
two to five days, the fry can be seen suspended from the plants, stones or sides of the aquarium.
They
will cling to the
same spot for hours, only changing positions
when
disturbed.
their
This inactiv-
broken only by an occasional effort to swim, continues from one to two days, the yolk-sac supplying nutrition during this time. When able to swim about, and supplied with an abundance of infusoria, and later daphne, small mosquito larvae, etc., their growth is remarkable, individity,
uals attaining a length of three-fourths
one inch in less than four weeks. This seems to be the most critical period. The majority, if an apparently healthy lot of fry, will m a few days' time be transformed into a sickly lot, with arched backs, shrunken abdomens and conThis has frequently haptracted fins. pened in tanks that were painstakingly maintained in the best of condition, and so far we have been unable to determine
Seems
Our
so the question
of
experiences lead us to conclude
numbers, an exceedingly large tank, tory,
or,
still a pond or basin in a conservamust be employed, with artificial
aeration
if
the
is
The
clipping spe-
The
were used,
referred to the treas-
Aquatic
Louis Hens.
fins.
problem should be
cifically states that hens' eggs
urer
W. H. hatched
Association,
Mr.
clipping
"The Chinese have a novel way of fish. The spawn is carefully collected from the surface of the water, and when a sufficient quantity has been obtained they take a number of hens' propagating
eggs, the contents of
which have been
carefully emptied through a small aperture,
The
and
refill
holes are
the
with spawn.
shells
sealed
up and the eggs
The hens
put under broody hens.
are
allowed to incubate the eggs for a certain
number
of days,
when
the eggs are again
broken and their contents put into water that has been previously sun.
warmed by
the
In a very short time the spawn
hatches, and the in pure, fresh
young
water
fry are then kept
until a sufficient size
to be put into the ponds.
At one time
considerable business was style of
done
in
a
this
spawn hatching."
The West
Philadelphia Goldfish Fan-
ciers' Association met on Thursday even-
January 2d, in their new quarters, Hamilton Hall, 5236 Market street. The competition was for blue ribbon winners. Awards were made as follows Scalelcss Telescopes Silver cup to Michael Moylan blue and yellow ribing,
—
;
that in order to raise this species in large better
fishes
if
method develop feathers or to us that the
to
the cause.
is
exercised over the following note, which
C.
tion
The Aquatic very much
of
Cassell,
infuse the
:
available.
Howard E. Demuth red ribbon, Scaled Telescope Blue E. Weinreich. ribbon, E. Weinreich. Lionhead Blue
bons,
;
— —
to Michael
Moylan.
Frank Merges. retary.
Scaled Jap
— Blue
to
Earle W. Roak, Sec-
Notes on Native FisKes LEON Field
For a number of years
I
Museum
L.
of
have main-
tained a small aquarium or two on the
back of a table
at
my
place of employ-
A
few seasons ago, in June, I netted some fishes from a body of water ment.
With the rubble from the bottom of
adjacent to the building.
brought by the net
in
Aquaria
PRAT Matural
History
After three
weeks they exhibited the form and markings of the species, though they were not more than a fourth of an inch long.
Soon a rather surprising thing hapThe baby bass turned cannibals. The larger and stronger ones quickly
pened.
the pool were pieces of mussel shell and
swallowed the smaller, afterward going
pebbles, which
slowly about, rolling their eyes wisely,
lection at the
I
kept to add to the col-
bottom of
my
aquarium.
Large-mouth black bass were nestling along the shore of the pool, but suspect
days
I
later,
had taken eggs
when
I
I
until
didn't
several
noticed half a dozen
newly-hatched babies moving uncertainly
They were
about over the bottom. small to identify, but diately that they
were
I
too
suspected immebass.
Each con-
sisted principally of a pair of goggle eyes,
a stomach attached below
and a little to and a pointed, apparently finless tail. The tail was held curved around at one side, except when the owner wanted to get somewhere, when it was energetically flipped backward to produce forward motion. At this time there were countless minute, whitish creatures dodging about over the bottom and through the plants. To these the baby fish turned their attention, seeming to depend upon them for the rear,
food
at this stage of their career.
In a
few days the little fish, which at first were scarcely more than one-sixteenth of an inch in length, began to straighten their
oddly-curved
During the same time the yolk-sac was absorbed, their mouths became larger and the fins began to take shape and become visible. tails.
with the
tail-fins
of their brothers and
protruding from their mouths. In a few days but two remained. There sisters
was but I came
slight difference in size.
Carefully
When
one morning one was gone.
in I
watched the survivor and,
sure enough, there
was the bulging belly and the tell-tale caudal fin sticking out of his mouth. In outline he resembled a mature bass. He was paunchy and full-throated, just like
many an
cracker" that has fallen to
old "crab-
my
rod.
It
was laughable. little
There swam the lordly savage, sole proprietor and tenant
of the tank, ruthless destroyer of his kin
aquatic
78
gorged bass would
that he might live.
After
this I
caught a
swarm
of
minnow
fry and turned them in with the little bass Until his for company and for food. but them, ignored appetite prodded he unthem gave when the spirit moved he swerving attention. Then he would slide
up through the water toward the glinting drove, all of which were longer than himself, and aim his baleful eyes and bulldog nose
one he intended to
at the
Time
kill.
watched him make his selecThey were in limited space, and he
and again tion.
I
could be deliberate.
The minnow chosen
seemed to know that ill was brewing and would rush alone from the throng, wildly seeking an escape. A wire screen covering the tank prevented an aerial egress.
The
bass fed twice daily, as regu-
little
mid-forenoon and midmissed his first He afternoon. strike, usually catching his prey by the
lar as a clock, in
rarely
middle, then quickly and deftly shifting his hold to the head, and swallowing with a quick gulp
and a wriggle of
Nearly always the
fLitt
of the
tail
them.
lazily
160 minnows, including his
He grew
little
fellow
In that time he consumed
three months.
slightly
swim among
kept this interesting
I
own
relatives.
about an inch a month, and was
under three inches
in
length on
the first of September.
Among
the
many
other fascinating
lit-
native fishes which I have kept was young Warmouth or Mud bass. This fellow was even more bulldog-like in appearance than the black bass, but was fairly gentle and as proud as a peacock. He would change his colors and dark tle
a
mottling into several beautiful combinations in less time than
Once
it
takes to
tell
it.
put a piece of mirror behind his
I
Whether
tank.
censed him
I
this
delighted
could never
make
or
out.
in-
Be-
fore it he would bristle and strut with mouth agap, his colors blazing and gills expanded until they resembled a rosy blossom. With all fins spread, he would
wriggle about, rolling his fiery eyes at
his body.
his reflection.
minnow
at his antics.
A
dog would have laughed
him snatch a frantic minnow by the tail and try to swallow him that way. Usually the vibrating tail of the victim would
He would eat almost anything, and was altogether a very satisfactory aquarium pet. Goldfish shared his tank, and This he did in to them he made love. the most ardent and mirth-provoking
work out through his gills, when he would shake it free and then take head
would
protruded from his mouth for two or three hours after.
When
first.
A
few times
I
saw
scales flying in
became.
he missed he became angry and the speed of his next seemed doubled, if indeed greater speed be possible. There was no perceptible "open mouth effect"
If
when
striking; he
snout met the minnow, a shimmery shower. The other minnows
its
particular
alarm,
Last
summer
I
The minnow
usually
started
by sliding out from his weedy retreat with his head twisted sidewise,
hostilities
would soon be
playing and feeding again, not showing
any
the weeds.
snapped as his
in a slight
dart thrown with incredible speed from sling.
the goldfish in consternation
flee into
had a mud minnow and two young bluegill sunfish. The two species engaged in a feud which ended in disaster. Not a day passed but the three staged a battle or two, in which the mud minnow nearly always bested his two The longer they doughty antagonists. lived together the more savage the fights
he struck he sped
arc, so fast that he resembled a silvery
a
style, until
even
when
the
fins
spread and undulating with nervous
energy.
Slowly he approached the hid-
— aquatic
Then with
ing sunfish.
swing of a
like the
motion exactly
a
pugilist's
fist,
he would
one could see him only brown arc. Bing! When tough little "mug" hit a sunfish, and
strike so fast that
as a blurred, his
he never missed, that sunny went sailing
But the sunnies came back every time, game as bantam cocks. Then it would be bing! biff! bang! for a few seconds, until the combatants retired to the weeds to glare and bristle and accumulate energy and courage for the like a flat stone.
next round. It
came
mud minnow
I
floated
dead
at the surface
of the water, with his snout bruised and
gouged and half the It must stripped from his body.
swollen, his sides
have been some scrap!
With the end of the war the interest of members of the Essex County Aqua-
the
rium
reviving,
is
and
look
prospects
The following
bright
for the
officers
have been elected for the current
future.
year: President, Rev. B. Coltarti
;
vice-presi-
dent, F. Hoernig; treasurer, Dr. William
Bachmann Breder,
recording secretary, C.
;
Jr.
lis.
— C.
M.
BrtvDRr, Jr., Recording Sec-
retary.
One
reason
why consumers have
freely
that
is
an advertisement consti-
;
financial
secretary,
C.
M. F.
Hermes. Membership, exhibition, entertainment and publicity committees have been appointed the machinery has been set in motion for a big and prosperous year. The members were glad to welcome back to the fold the Hoernig boys, who have been wandering in other fields for more than a year. They have plans for
—
upon
tutes a reliable record of the terms
which the
con-
and buy them
fidence in advertised wares
goods to the
seller offers his
buyer.
The personal salesman may
may
or
not
represent the quality of the
truthfully
product he urges upon his customer. If he misrepresents it, and afterwards repudiates his description of
an end one Sunday when
to
was not on hand to witness the final scrap. I wish I had seen it. On Monday morning the sunfish were swimming The around with an air of triumph.
scales
79
JLitt
ises in its behalf, there
An
for the purchaser. unsubstantial.
It
or his prom-
it,
no come-back
is
oral statement
not
is
a
is
matter of
record.
The magazine advertisement tection to the buyer.
It is
able for reference;
it
is
a pro-
is
always availevi-
first-class
dence.
Buyers and
sellers alike recognize the
advantage of the printed word as a promoter of square dealing and clear understanding. The aquarist who commits himself to print in the magazine adver-
tisement
fully
is
therefore a safe
accountable,
man
and
is
to deal with.
Blood circulation in the frog is readily observed by placing the web of a hind foot under a moderate-powered microscope.
A chanchito
with a shoal of fry
as busy as a cross-eyed
boy
is
about
at a three-
ring circus.
Some men
are like musical glasses
produce their
them wet.
Even
may
finest
—to
tone you must keep
Coleridge.
the things
we
get
for nothing
cost an effort.
a fine goldfish hatchery in the nearby country, so
New
Jersey
is
now
real fish establishment near her
to
have a
metropo-
Don't brag about your goldfish
them do the
talking.
;
let
— »^# i
MANAGING THE AQUARIUM I
WILLIAM
T.
IMMES
)
)
£
—
.,
I
\
Blue Calico Comet
Original
Water Color by Franklin Barrett \
\
-4
There
is
one question which the be-
ginner always asks of the experienced "How often should I change aquarist
—
The answer: Except under
the water?"
unusual circumstances, not at is
all.
This
sure to bring forth expressions of sur-
prise
and wonderment, and a demand
know how
to
is
that
the fish
exhale carbon dioxide,
which the plants need
up the combination, and returning the the water, to again be used by
the plants breaking
retaining the carbon
oxygen
to
a general way, then,
is
way one may avoid
plants to handle
the
breathing of the
fishes.
ill-smelling.
this
As
a matter of fact, a prop-
aquarium only needs water added to make up for evaporation, while a general house-cleaning and reerly
conditioned
planting
may
be desirable (but not neces-
sary) from one to three years apart.
The governing that
it
is
principles are so simple
surprising to find the general
public ignorant of them.
The
big fact
The answer,
the fishes in respiration.
having the water become stagnant and
in
food-making,
in
ment makes what
is
in
have enough
to
products
of
the
This arrange-
known
anced aquarium," which
is
as a "bal-
capable of
remaining undisturbed for years.
The
writer has an aquarium which has not
been drained for
The proper themselves
five years.
conditions naturally group
into
five
considerations
number of fishes, feeding and temperature. The general principle plants,
light,
aquatic regarding the benefits exchanged between
and
plants
been stated,
fishes has already
but the plants in order to do their part
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
work must have light not too litnor too much. They give off oxygen
of the tle
only under the influence of
aquarium plants
but most
light,
be "burned"
81
liitz
is
not counting the
That
tail.
aquarium
five-gallon
a
properly
maintain either one five-inch or inch or ten half -inch
To rium
to say,
is
will
one-
five
fish.
calculate the capacity of an aquain gallons, if
be rectangular, mul-
it
if
ex-
posed to too much direct sunlight.
A
water measurement in inches, and divide
strong north or other diffused light
is
the total by 231.
will
An hour
generally successful.
or two a
Avoid globes where
day of direct sunlight is beneficial, but more than this is not recommended, particularly as it is apt to turn the water green by promoting a rapid growth of
The
minute
this applies to
algae.
Some
plants
are
oxygenators
better
Three of the best are giant
than others.
Anacharis,
the
Vallisneria,
Italian
or
and Sagittaria. The latter two are probably the most satisfactory of all aquarium plants. The Washform,
diminutive
Cabomba
ington Grass,
caroliniana, fre-
quently sold by dealers,
mended.
not recom-
is
breaks up easily, and unless
It
the conditions are just right
it
as long as the fishes
The
soon looks
many
shabby. There cannot be too
have room
plants
swim.
to
surplus oxygen passes off into the
atmosphere.
For the bottom of the aquarium use
Do
not use fine ocean sand.
have to
roots, spread
them
two inches of sand
If the plants
From one
well.
will be
found
suffi-
The next important ber of fishes which
aquarium.
subject
may
is
the
be placed
numin the
In spite of advice to the con-
the
trary,
beginner
insists
on
over-
crowding, and only learns by repeated
As
failures.
a large fish
consumes more
oxygen than a small one, there can be no satisfactory rule as to the number of fish used,
but there
is a
very good rule
will
be well to remember
fish to
the gallon of water.
it
inch of
full.
are
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; one This
if
more than more air sur-
fill
This gives
when they
face than
the top.
filled to
greater the air surface the better, and
any aquarium.
a broad, flat shape
narrow one.
is
Therefore
better than a deep,
Fish undoubtedly do better
in rectangular
aquaria than in globes, and
they can be seen to
much
better advan-
tage.
An aquarium capacity
A
fish.
fishes
ten-gallon size
possible
is
it
Many
down
persons
They
sumed
a
of
good one the
to
tropical
use quite small
to
to quart jars.
kill
their fishes
overfeed
more than
not be fed
is
For many
aquaria, even
ness.
of less than five-gallons
not very satisfactory for gold-
is
with.
start
them.
by kindFish
in
aquarium should
will be entirely con-
few minutes. In moderate and warm weather they may be fed once in a
daily;
if
the water
is
F.) every other day
low
cient.
which
two-thirds
but
possible,
they must be used, do not
the confinement of an
washed, coarse sand, or sand and gravel.
and width of the
tiply the depth, length
cool (50 to 60 deg. is
If be-
sufficient.
The white
once a week.
this,
rice
wafer, the food generally used by the inexperienced,
Nearly
is
dealers
all
the sell
desirable.
least
a better food in
granular form, composed of dried insects,
egg and farinaceous substances. The best temperature for goldfish
from 65
to
maintain
life
but under
70 degrees
F.
down
to the freezing point,
artificial
conditions necessarily
pertaining in an aquarium this avoided.
is
They can
is
Higher than 80 degrees
to be is
also
— aquatic
82
A
ten-gallon aquarium should be provided with about half a dozen snails such
They
sell.
keep down the
will
green growth on the glass and also consume particles of food which the fishes
For the
overlooked.
may have
latter
purpose some aquarists use tadpoles. The writer does not care for them, as they
up too and watched be should snails The much. mussel A removed. promptly dead ones helps to keep the water clear, and is a and sand
keep the water
stirred
desirable addition, but should not be used
unless one
whether
ILitt
a general splitting of the
dangerous.
as dealers
—
is
it
willing to frequently observe is
When
alive.
separate
fins,
Salt water should be
able to the taste.
changed
times this treatment
beneficial to fish
is
which are generally run down, but show no external signs of disease. It is believed that sea water, properly diluted,
common
effective than
cooking
table
On
dead their
some contain chemicals
as
salt,
injurious to
fish.
cloudy days, even in a properly
if
quickly placed in the
is
Hold
the closed end as far
they do this in clear weather,
sure sign that something
is
time can be taken,
water
settle
let
into the aquarium.
fine
This
is
the
drawn-
filter
the
be from too high a temperature, too plants, decomposition of snails,
sels
or
musunconsumed food, but in all cases it is from overcrowding. Whatever the cause, it must be found and quickly reme-
To
delay
better than
the same temperature as the old.
Violent changes
in
This
first
and
is
tempera-
ture produce contagious diseases as "white fungus"
I
deserves.
of
to invite disaster.
is
should like to express
preciation of
It
pleasure
my
great ap-
Aquatic Life, and wish has given
and
it
me many
instruction.
it
greatly
hours
— A.
E.
Atkins, England. Let our object be our country, our whole country, and nothing but our country.
muslin back
new water if the aquarium is right. If new water is used, see that it is of nearly important.
a It
in small fish
somewhat and
clear portion through
is
few
the very best of succes, which
If the
to
may
the surface of the water in the aquarium. Move the end of the tube about in the water just above accumulations of dirt, which will be rapidly sucked up. Care
off
it
wrong.
died.
must be taken not to draw and snails.
come
the surface of the water to breathe, but
as possible below the aquarium and into a suitable receptacle. The open then run out as long as the diswill water charging end of the tube is lower than
down
Do
not use advertised brands of non-caking
an aquarium becomes unsightly, siphon it off with a rubber tube of from onefourth to one-half inch in diameter and
aquarium.
more
is
salt.
conditioned aquarium, fishes will
while the other
Some-
Feed sparingly.
daily.
decomposition is rapid and very offensive. Once in a while, when the sediment in
about three to four feet long. Fill the tube with water, holding one end closed
it
from the others and place in salt water This may until improvement is distinct. take from one day to a week. The water should be salt enough to be just notice-
"tail rot."
sign of a whitish coating on a
known At the fish,
or
as
Let us then stand by the constitution it is, and by our country as it is, one,
united, and entire let it be a truth engraven on our hearts let it be borne on the flag under which we rally in every ;
;
exigency, that
one
we may have one
constitution,
Webster.
one
destiny.
—
Nature yields only
to
work.
country,
Daniel
aquatic
The Boston Show WALTER The
N.
annual
third
turned up the flame to see
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
CHUTE of
exhibition
Boston Aquarium Society was held Mechanics' 19th
Building,
inclusive,
in
January
the
in the
14th
to
conjunction with the
and Pet Stock Show. Five hundred fishes were shown in 73 tanks, 23 of which were "balanced." More than a hundred goldfish were Boston
Poultry
The End
of a Perfect
In
tropical section twenty-nine species
the
were
shown, together with two hundred native representing fourteen species.
tropical
were shown
in electrically
The
heated
cases, the heat being applied to the air
and not showed
to the
a
water
direct.
One member
community tank, lamp. This worked ad-
beautiful
heated by an
oil
and forgot
to
120 degrees, presenting
the
water,
and by
attendant present at
individual in the absence of the attendant.
its
unfortunate-
have
all all
means have an if you
times, even
Society Aquatic Life
to hire one.
The
greatest interest centered in the
Mr. F. S. Blodgett carried off the honors for the best fish shown with a big black. A younger black, entered by W. N. Chute, was awarded second, while F. A. Packard's blue was special awards.
third.
the
In the class for balanced aquaria
50-gallon
tank
gallon" class.
some curious
!
mentioned as a warning. If exhibition tanks must be heated, heat the air, not
dropped as low as
50, until
how it worked down again
is
75 degrees, while the hall temperature
maintaining a temperature of
it
owner with an entirely unexpected fish chowder the following morning. This
Hauthaway was The writer took
mirably,
turn
After that the aquarium was maintained at
Day- Members of The Chicago at the Daph Pond
entered in the sixteen classes.
fishes,
83
ILitt
ried off
far first
entered by C. Land away the best. in the "under five-
Mr. Hauthaway also carthe honors for the largest collec-
!
aquatic
84 tion of plants, the
number
of native
first
prize for
and and also received
fishes fishes,
the
most species of tropical
the largest
of classes entered, showing
number
fishes in
45 classes against 32 entered by
record was kept of the attendance,
but 900 copies of a
little
"The Daphnian" were
A
pamphlet called
in
distributed.
True Fish Story
the
and catch the horn from the sides of the cattle. Often we saw them leap as much as half their
leap out of the water
length out of the water to secure a
American Naturalist for He said that cattle in Ne-
March, 1909. were seriously infested by the Texas horn fly, Haematobia serrata, a pest that had been introduced from EuThese flies "literally swarmed rope. cattle, and since the majority the around
braska
was dehorned, the insects over the backs and sides all would settle of the animals, although they were in some cases observed to cluster around the of the stock
photograph of a chub ing a
from the
fly
photograph
where the collecting Running Water, several hundred cattle watered all summer. "The cattle would almost always enter
"At Harris'
fishes actually learned that
the dark spots on the sides of the cattle
made good food Just
how
they
there can be no doubt.
first
learned
The chubs had
know.
it
we may
not
further learned
coming of the cattle meant food would meet the catthe shallows and follow them to
that the
for them, hence they in
tle
deeper water." Dr.
Moodie proves
story with a
his
ford,
parties crossed
.
.
.
Scientific education
practical education,
standards of work
the stream at the shallow part of the ford
the standards of
and gradually wade up stream, drinking as they went, until they came to the deep place near the fence where the water The reached well up on their bellies. seemed atromaculatus, Semotilus chubs,
tion.
be unusually numerous at the ford,
and we often wondered bers of the
and the
published herewith.
is
"That the
in the act of catch-
side of a cow,
good photograph.
horn bases."
to
fly
which was high up on the animal's side. These observations were made on several consecutive days, and on the last day but one I was so fortunate as to secure a
Professor Roy L. Moodie, of the University of Kansas, related a good fish story
Often we saw as many more chubs following a single cow. As soon as the water came near the bellies of the animals the chubs would at the shallows.
as a dozen or
flies
his nearest competitor.
No
JLitt
little
fishes
at the great
num-
which we could
see in schools in the clear water.
presence was soon explained.
Their
As soon
You
is
necessary with
we raise the we must also raise for
if
knowledge
in
our na-
can gauge an aquarist by the con-
tents of his bookcase.
Are you preserv-
ing for reference every available scrap of literature
?
you think you have troubles, just watch a fat man trying to catch a swordwith a 3tail in a 75-gallon aquarium If
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
inch net
as the cattle entered the stream at the
shallow place in the ford the chubs would
come out from
their cool
and shady
re-
under the grasses along the sides of the bank and hasten to meet the cattle treats
Keep and
a note book near your aquaria
jot in
interest.
it
every
little
observation of
Don't trust to memory.
best of us err at times.
The
—
irrYVTryvY^nr^rYv-inonriririnrv ,nnr>nnr,r)mnnni
«p.
frOOOCraooCK
iff
)OOQ<
—
)C
The RYUKIN or
JAPANESE FRINGETAIL HAVE
E
an especially
fine lot
of large and very large fish of this variety suitable for use as
Breeders,
or
display
for
Write
pools or large aquaria. g
us for prices.
8
SUNDOWN
in
Retail or in quantity
8
Blacks
g 8
None
—
ft(
^
HENRY
By
B.
§
A.
SCHENK
Mount Vernon, N. Y.
«-mn<-
FRESH
for sale at present!
GEORGE
)Oooocoooocx)oooooc)OOOOC)oooooooooooociocrz3ij, ->nrm<
ana Vari-nues
::
8
Coachella, California
ij
Blues
::
g n g
HATCHERY
FISH
GoldfisKes §
fcnmt
inrv-M
—>nnn<
mnm
trm i
rw-i i-
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rw-»
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.m-w^
^
nryi.
WATER BIOLOGY WARD GEORGE and
C.
WHIPPLE
WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS All interested in aquatic biology will find here answers to their queries on methods of study, conditions of existence, types of life, and inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water bodies, together with data on their life histories, habits and range. This work is the first complete and accurate record of North American aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms among both plants and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria, every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body on this continent. comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species. Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed out. Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also given. Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illustrations, Price, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds. ;
A
AQUATIC 8oc
3QOOI
LIFE, 542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
)OOOC
3QOOI
)OOOC
rAQUATIC MICROSCOPY By DR. ALFRED A
not
splendid,
book
too
C.
dooocttdoooc ?"=><
technical
inquiring aquarist
nonplused by
who
dislikes
to be
324
>'
><
>'
x-mnrmn!
u
»
n
»
»
«
cuts; 112 pages.
postage on 2 pounds.
postage on 2 pounds.
$2.00, plus
Address Aquatic Life —
>nm-innnonrin<-ioi
guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations of the author. Ten breeds are illustrated in color, with numerous text
pages, with 198 illustrations. $2.25, plus
—mf —rr
z>t
"
A
hand-
scientific verbiage.
"
JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
STOKES
lower organisms for the
of the
><
Address Aquatic Life »
,r
&-"
"
1<
"
"
innn.TfYinmwYii
w
—
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«
11
—
mfl
!
30000000000000QOC
OOOOOOCCOCKXJCIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi
Wm.
Excellent Conformation
n Color Cannot Be Beat
and
Importer
f§ or
Paullin
L.
13000000000000 300'
Breeder
of
Rare
I
how
ED ave
I
Cropical jFistjes
Their Quality in Finnage
and Calicos
Blues, Blacks
i
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Them
at C. C.
VOWINKEL
Catherine Street
Has Mc\)ecl To
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SELL OR EXCHANGE
1119 Folsom Avenue
Japanese Medakas at $4 to $6 per dozen. Will exchange for red snails, broad-tail teeseopes. lion-heads or other fancy goldfish. Vallisneria, 5c.
PROSPECT PARK DELAWARE CO.. PA. Orders booked
Them Over
very Fancier Should Look
per plant.
to 20c.
ALBERT FUCHS
803 Sheridan Road
::
Chicago,
©=,
3E=£)
for 1919 hatching of
Pterophyllum Scalare
111.
Important
OOOOCOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
With
the
number
for January, 1919, the
subscription price of Aquatic Life advanced Have your spawns
as early as you wish Magic will raise your fish for you. If you have not tried Magic send for free booklet and see what leading breeders think of Yogi Fish Food and Magic. Ask your dealer or send for it direct. Magic 50c Postpaid; Yogi 15c box by mail 7c; Yogi 75c lb add postage.
Single copies, fifteen cents.
to $1.25.
Joseph E. Bausman, Publisher.
Schaeffer
J.
1818 Frankford Avenue
Fine
Phila.,
and
Telescopes CALICO
LIVE FOOD
15 19 N.
62d
THE BEST
thrive
them.
Street,
S.
W. BURGESS,
3424 Hurley Street
PHILADELPHIA
PHILADELPHIA
HENRY
IS
and grow on Enchytraeids. the Generous box by mail, 50 little white worms. cents. Pull directions given for propagating Pishes
Correspondence Solicited
GEORGE WILT,
C"
Pa
Broad-tail
BLACK
^
^>
1
Robert
3000000000 oocc
XX30000000000C
KISSEL, JR.
Cbe Mature ^tuDp
Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes
IRetiieto
OFFICIAL JOURNAL
AMERICAN NATURE-STUDY SOCIETY
Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails. Rooking orders now tor spawn and fry. Telephone. 461 Cliffside. 241 Walker St.. Cliffside. N. J.
H.
J.
the coming school year will be filled with special articles from practical teachers dealing with actual works, methods and suggestions for school gardening, elementary agriculture and nature-study.
The numbers
MACKRELL
$1.00 per year.
Breeder of Fancy Broadtail Telescopes and Japs Add
Healthy stock at reasonable prices. Mack's Superior Pish Pood (best by test). 15 cents. Baby Wholesale to dealers. food, 'M cents. Plants, Breeder of Pomeranian and snails and aquaria. Appointments by mail. Pekingese dogs. 2Slfi
Jasper
Street.
Philadelphia.
for
for
15c.
per copy.
Canadian Postage 10 cents.
Foreign Postage. 20 cents. With Aquatic Life, one year, $1.50.
ITHACA, *>c
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EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES TO THE NET OP A NATURALIST
Thousands
Veiltail
Telescopes from the Finest
Don't paddle in the water with' one hand and In other words, with both eyes. be blind "keep .your eyes open" for all nature.
America.
Stock in
Magazine
Our
Young
of
$2.50 per Dozen
Ut>£ CBuiSie to jftaturc Will Help You
$ 15.00 per Hundred
EDWARD
edited by P. BIGELOW, who in the heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth. Four months' trial, 25e. One year, $1.00. It is fishes
Mixed
In
THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION ArcAdiA Sound Beach
Blacks
Blues,
Colors, Calicos,
Etc.
Connecticut
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3QOOC
S.
DOOOC
Franklin Barrett
DOOO
SILVER
&
Wyoming Avenue
Pa
C. Street, Phila.,
Fancier and Breeder of Tropical Fishes Splendid healthy stock at reasonable Haplochilus cameronensis, Betta All kinds of live-bearing rubra, etc.
50c Extra for Shipping
prices.
Can
Cash With Order
fishes.
235 East 11th
NEW YORK
Street
CITY
OOC3C
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(Between 2d and 3d avenues)
WHITE The the
WORMS— Enchytraeus
this
;
(Send cash or money order only Pull directions given for breeding
one pound. no checks).
is
worm.
Secaucus,
New
Jersey
they said, "Price sold out,"
They knew not what they talked about. Price has the goods, same as of old, So please don't believe all you're told. For fine broadtails or tropical fishes, Price
here to
is
"Goldfish Varieties
& Tropical
Aquarium Fishes", byWm.T.Innes,
CHARLES E. JENNE, 1577 Paterson Plank Road When
THE BEST BOOK & AQUARIUM &£gg
Can he raised indoors 50c. add postage on
ideal living fish food. year round. Portion,
fulfill
A
complete, practical, handsome book, sent postpaid anywhere for $3.00. & Enlarged edition now ready.
your wishes.
2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia
former President of the Aquarium Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 Tells all about the illustrations. fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner or the advanced expert.
None Shipped
INNES
& SONS
133 N. 12th
St.
-
Phila., Pa.
Charles E. Visel
Wanted Pantodon buchholzi (Butterfly Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum.
Fish)
and
Broad-tail
Telescopes and Japs
Blacks, Blues and Parti-colors
Address Aquatic Life 215 *boooooo(
—
Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn,
soooooof
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"AQUARIA FISH"
Mollienisia latipinna We
have an extra fine stock of this most desirable Southern aquarium fish, bred in small tanks, and thoroughly domesticated. While a "live-bearer," it will stand a temperature of 32 degrees. We ship this species during winter months only. Extra Large, $ 4 Dozen
$ 20 Hundred
Medium,
$ 15 Hundred
lO Kinds
$ 3 Dozen
of
i
Street, >oooooo<
New
Orleans, La
practical
in
the aquarium,
work on care and breeding
of fish
greenhouse and outdoor ponds.
Tappan's Natural Fish Food, paid,
Three boxes, post-
25c.
Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beautifully marked. Write for prices.
Aquarium Plants $1 Postpaid
1624 Mandeville
A
Finely illustrated. Everyone interested in keeping fish should send Price $1.00. for a copy of this book.
CRESCENT FISH FARM if»ooo jooeznaooo
N. Y.
TAPPAN
F. L. g
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Route 2, 3QQCX
Hopkins, Minn. oooooo
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HARRY
^lirfjaelsen i&ros
P.
1210 N. Warnock
GOLDFISH BREEDERS
PETERS
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa
BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish Plants
FLORISTS
every variety,
of
Aquarium Supplies
of
Snails
and
kinds at
all
all
times.
Walnut
Streets
South 52nd
Street
58th and
110
MANUFACTURER OF Green River Fish Food 15c Box
Green River Baby Fish Food
Philadelphia
20c Box
Aquarium Fishes
A GOOD FISH FOOD most
All Kinds of Aquatic Plants
Aquaria
&
one of the
is
necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It keeps the fish in good color by promoting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask your dealer or send for it today.
Supplies
Wholesale and Retail
things
essential
JOOOC^OQOO
^rsooooooooocraog
HERMAN RABENAU,
Young
Aquarist
& Terraria
Welcome
Shipping Cans,
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of
New
of
Blues, Blacks and Calico Telescopes and Japs at Reasonable Prices.
must be seen to be appreciated Visitors
All Colors
$5.00 Dozen Up BREEDERS— Largest Assortment
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life
Veiltails,
50c.
Fine Assortment of Lionheads
Varieties received
regularly
HARRY
1163 Myrtle Avenue. Brooklyn, N. Y.
1210 North
Near Broadway.
P.
PETERS,
Warnock
Phila.,
St.,
Pa.
J000000000C=D000O0O000O00C=3O0000O
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food
-
Sample Box 10c
Imported Shrimp Fish Food
-
-
Sample Can 15c
Imported Wafer Fish Food
Large Sample Box 10c
Nippon Goldfish Co 1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal
Importers
:
and
:
Dealers
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Agents for
Japanese Goldfish and Supplies
"ART AQUARIUMS"
Special Combination Offer: 12 Sagittaria
Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order.
Catalogue
Sent
hatans,
Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO New York
City
3C=OOOC=>OOOC
sneria,
§
2 1
Sagittaria
box
gigantica,
Ground Shrimp,
6 Valli1
box
Mikado Fishfood All for $1.00 Postpaid
OOC30000CX)OOOC=OOCX)OOOOOOOQO€=DOOOCXDOOOOC
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