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Jacob C. Cassel 915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa Manufacturer
oj
AQUARIUMS Aquarium Ornaments Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. Fish Globes
Goldfish
and
*t>
aquatic JUfe May 1919
Vol. IV.
"
No. 9
,
international monthly magazine devoted to the studv, care and breeding of fishes and other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.
An
W. A. POYSER JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN
EDITOR PUBLISHER
542 East Giraxd Avenue
Philadelphia
Fish
Food
aquarium requisites. Send for Catalog.
all
KXOCXX)OOOOCXXXX>OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC=SH'
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Breeder
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of
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Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., tinder Act of March 3d, 1879. Popular and scientific artic*es and notes on subjects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium. and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for "Aquatic Life." Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it the results of their studies. The pages are always open to anyone having information of interest to the aquarist and student of Manuscripts, books for review aquatic biologv. and general correspondence should be addressed to
1119 Folsom Avenue
the editor.
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and
Now
is
is
but* a
gladsome
the
THE BOOK OF WATER GARDENING will
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n
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will
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THE BOOK DEPARTMENT Philadelphia
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AQUATIC LIFE
KENTUCKY
4
Nanostomus Eques
I
WALTER LANNOY
BRIND,
F.
Z.
—
Jtw^fc**
—
call
it
Nanostomus
ago,
Poecilobrycon marginatus
you prefer the
latest
tematic ichthyologist
S.
i
About nine years eques if
j
dictum of the sys-
— was brought
to the
attention of aquarists in four small speci-
mens, an inch long, taken in the Amazon.
These were thus half-grown, the maximum size being usually recorded as two It is one of the characins, the inches. dominating group of fishes in South America. The sexes seem quite alike, though there is some difference in the anal fins. A dark red stripe runs from the snout back through the eye to the caudal fin, there meeting the same color in the lower lobe this is bordered above with a golden band. On the sides are two broad, dark,
nuptial addresses,
and clear, pure water, would be most apt to induce spawning, provided the temperature
is
maintained
around 80 degrees and ample live food, such as Daphne, is given consistently.
When commerce with South America becomes normal, we should be able to secure this fish from Brazil, and, if some one is fortunate in having it spawn, it will be well to immediately remove the par-
;
vertical bands,
one just in front of the
dorsal and the other behind
sometimes
and
tail
almost
fins
;
the latter
The
invisible.
are carmine, which
is
anal par-
when the fish is viewed The intensity of the light.
ticularly evident
by
artificial
colors
is
subject to variation, being influ-
enced by
temperature and other
light,
conditions.
The back
is
grayish-brown,
On
the
back, between the dorsal and caudal
fins,
the
is
abdominal
regions
white.
situated the adipose dorsal or fat-fin
characteristic of the family.
plished.
Eventually
Should
it
it
ents to another tank, rather than transfer
the plants with the adhering eggs, thus
saving
in con-
should be accom-
breed like
its
of the aquarium with
grees.
familiar goldfish.
A
the case
large,
its
body pointing
an angle of forty-five deThis probably concerns its feedat
ing habits.
relatives
leaves of water plants, or their rootlets, in
peculiar in possessing a
is
habit of "standing" stationary in a corner
Many
the eggs will be placed on finely divided
adhering singly as
all.
This species
upwards
Nanostomus has not been bred finement.
Nanostomus eques
of
a
man
pins his faith to a star,
only to discover that
it is
a
firefly.
the
Some
sunny aqua-
people are born lucky.
rium, well planted with Myriophyllum,
every fellow
but with a clear space for play and pre-
on
his feet.
who
can
fall in
It isn't
love and land
— •aquatic JLitt
114
The Water
forming the necessary functions.
Horse-tail
J. CHARLES WOBLER
During the Carboniferous Age, ferns and allied plants were the dominant fea-
The
tures of the landscape. mite,
now known
solely
giant cala-
from
its
fossil
remains, grew as large as our presentday forest trees, and is the prototype of
our scouring rushes or horse-tails
—the
EquiS£Tacea£. These vary in height from a few inches to thirty feet, and are seldom greater than two inches in diamThe average American species is eter. but a few feet high, and as thick as a About twenty lead pencil, often less. species are known, mostly from the temperate zones, North America containing
more than half of the species in the world. The name Equisetum is from two Latin words meaning "horse" and "bristle." While
its
parent,
application
is
not always ap-
some kinds have many slender
branches that render the plant not unlike the
tail
catkins, at the tips of the stems.
stems are
Horse-tail, Equisetum fluNorth America extends from Virginia northward and westward occurring in Europe and Asia, it belts the earth
fertile,
Each spore has two hairappendages attached by the middle. When moist they coil around the spore. As the catkin matures and dries, the elators uncoil and assist the spores to float about in the air. Too, they are equally important in entangling two or
more spores together, as the development of two spores in close proximity is necessary to reproduction. The actions of the
may
elators
magnifying
readily be observed with a glass.
The Water in
name
grown
Horse-tail might be
a pan or box in a breeding tank.
winter
is
In
should require no attention
it
the water does not freeze solid.
if
If this
apt to happen, place the pan in a cold
keeping
it
moist.
The **Guppy"
in
zone perhaps a thousand miles wide.
its
all
like
It
was
The
newspaper. sick.
in Golf
the office of the great sporting
;
in a
Not
but end in a whip-like
prolongation.
cellar,
of a horse.
The
stems are produced from the nodes of the creeping root-stock. Spores are born in cone-like spikes or
The Water
viatile,
As
;
:
The
was home, was doing the
golf editor
baseball editor
golf stuff. implies,
it
prefers the water,
growing in the sand and mud of shallow ponds and ditches. With its root-stock protected by the unfrozen mud, it early feels the vernal impulse and shoots its stems upward. The root-stock and stems are made up of sections or joints quite unlike any other plant. One writer likens them to a line of drain pipe, each section of which fits into the flaring end of the one below. Growth consists merely of the lengthening of the sections or internodes. flaring top of each section
is
The
composed
"Which in
is
wrote
the better course,"
a Constant Reader, "to fuzzle one's
putt or to fetter on the tee ?"
The b. smoked a
b.
ed. tilted
cigarette
back
in his chair,
and wrote
"Should a player snaggle
his iron,
it
him to fuzzle his putt but a better plan would be to drop his guppy into the pringle and snoodle it out The Guide to Nature. with a niblick." is
permissible for
At the twenty-eighth meeting of the Aquarium Society of Washington, held in
the
Zoological
Laboratory
Washington
of
the
May
of a circle of teeth that are said to be the
George
remains of leaves which were present in an ancestral form. Existing species bear no leaves, the stems and branches per-
ioth, Dr. R. W. Shufeldt read a paper on the Basses of the waters of the District of Columbia.
University,
Observations on the Chelonians I
i
of DR.
R.
North America.
W. 5HUFELDT,
II.
C. M. Z.
5.
Right Lateral View of Lesueur's Terrapin
In
my
first article
of this series of brief
contributions on our native chelonians, a
was presented of
Bell's
Terrapin of the genus Chrysemys.
This
short
account
kohnii)
;
Maur's Terrapin (M. pulchra)
;
Lesueur's Terrapin (M. lesu urii), and the Ocellated Terrapin (M. oculifera^.
While these six species differ considersome instances, do not depart so very much from certain species of the
group will be taken up again later, as it embraces many interesting species of
ably, in
wide distribution for the present they are passed by, in that a more or less nearly related genus may be touched upon. This is the genus Malacoclemniys, which up to date is said to comprise some
genera Chrysemys.
Popularly, as in the
case of the
they are
;
half a dozen species.
of good
size,
Generally they are
the largest forms attaining a
and they are sold our markets under that name, "sliders,"
known many
in
a
as
of
prominent
contradistinction being seen in the "Dia-
mond-back," large examples of which often sell at the stalls for no less than
Besides the' length of a foot or more. famous and very widely known Diamond-
eight dollars.
backed Terrapin (M. palustris), we have in this interesting assemblage such elegant types as the Geographic Terrapin (M. geographica) Kohn's Terrapin (M.
rarely seen
;
latter,
One is
of the species of this genus
away from
its
is
but
range, and that
Lesueur's Terrapin, listed above. ReMr. Edward S. Schmid has re-
cently
ceived a large consignment of these from
Aquatic
116 Illinois,
where they are abundant, and he me with both living and dead
ILitt
somewhat
different
in
individuals.
has favored
Blackish-brown splotches, one on each
specimens of several sizes. Of the forI have made a number of photographs, a very good one of which is here
shield, are
mer
reproduced size,
tail in
me
cost
Figure
and was a most
photograph
and
in
—that
full sight.
is
difficult
with
is,
It
i.
its
natural
subject to
head, limbs
This achievement
nearly six hours spent in con-
less
distinctly seen.
come out
but they unfortunately do not in these
tron
is
photographs.
Below, the plas-
of a grayish yellow, and sometimes
presents a deeper marbling near the mar-
The
gins of the scutes (Fig. 3).
limbs and olive,
secutive trials.
more or
In some cases they are very well marked,
head,
are of a deep brownish
tail
figured
various ways by fine
in
dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 2
lines of yellow, with a sharply defined
and 3) are from a specimen that had been
small area of the same color on either
The
side
of
the
either eye.
—
head back of and above median stripe of yellow
A
runs the length of the
one above and
tail,
one below.
The median this species
length of the carapace in
may sometimes
be found to its width
measure nearly ten inches and
over seven. Lesueur's Terrapin is an abundant species throughout the valley of the Mississippi, and may be found as far to the east-
ward
as
Ohio
;
it
is
sold in
numbers
in
Chicago markets. It is a delicate form by nature and does not bear cap-
the
tivity well.
Its habits
are
much
the
same
as those of any of the ordinary fresh-
water terrapins of
its
own
and oc-
size,
curring in the same locality. As a rule, in the species of this genus the females are larger than the males markedly so
—
in
Lesueur's Terrapin
dead but a few hours previous to my photographing it. These cuts present many of the specific, as well as generic char-
is
and
special attention
invited to the large feet
and long
tail,
down
the median line of the carapace seen on
view
in
Figure
writing
I
on either side, as well as in similar and opposite them, in the upper jaw. These gringing surfaces are accurately opposed to each other that is, the pair above and the pair below so that dible
—
;
adult
1.
In several specimens before
to
Lesueur's Terrapin feeds largely upon fresh-water snails and other small mollusca, and such food they can easily crush through the use of the broad, hard surface just within the margin of the manlocalities,
as well as the tuberculated ridge
side
tails
are very conspicuous, this latter character being particularly noticeable in the males.
Superior and Ventral Views of
acters of this form,
some examples, while the long
me
at this
find the color of the carapace
be of a deep olive brown, varying
individuals
of
this
terrapin
are,
through their use, quite capable of crushing the shells of ordinary snails and other small molluscs.
I
I
I
I
Became
I
a
Fancier
EDITH PROCTOR
I To
plan and lay out a garden, build a
fountain, and thereafter* 'Idulge delights of raising water
lilies
the
ir
and othex
aquatic plants had long been a smolder-
Some
ing ambition.
time ago
I
purchased
a property which, while not large, proved
well adapted to
week
a
the
fulfil
my
Within
desires.
warm June sunshine. As I stood there, lost in profound admiration, the opening lines of Thanatopsis flashed ing in the
through
my mind "To him who
love
Nature holds communion with
of
:
in the
her visible forms, she speaks a various language."
ground was broken for a pond In
twelve feet in diameter.
its
construc-
were provided for fresh water, with an adequate outlet, while an
two
tion
inlets
additional line of pipe ran to the centre to supply the fountain.
The pond was
of
concrete.
Now my
attention turned to the selec-
tion of water
Large white, pink,
lilies.
red and yellow ones were chosen and set
boxes under eighteen inches of water. later I was rewarded with
in
Four weeks
three beautiful blooms and, though
I have had as many as twenty-five in a sinday, none have seemed as wonderful
since gle
as that
first
success.
But, beautiful though water be,
lilies
species are not to be despised. five miles
pond. I
may
one needs other plants, and our native
from town
I will
came upon
unknown
to
I
never forget this spot, so
man.
I
About
discovered a large
my
delight as
wild and almost
have
visited
famous
gardens from coast to coast, and not even Santa Catalina, with its wonderful marine gardens, could vie with this pool.
Water From
Many
Lily
Bisset's
times
I
(Nymphaea)
"Water Gardening" visited
the pond,
and
inland
thus the pool in the city grew more lovely.
The surface was covered by lilies, Homwort,
The snails multiplied and strange insects began to inhabit the water. A little turtle appeared and, later in the season, as unceremoniously disappeared. Then came a frog and still another, and again six baby
little
with Arrowheads, Anacharis,
Starwort and mosses in profusion, each seeming to strive to excel the others in daintiness and beauty. Saucy green frogs blinked from the lily pads, seemingly proud of the hundreds of tadpoles bask-
frogs.
With these we parted as soon as Four sprightly goldfish com-
possible.
— •aquatic ILiiz
118
other
pleted the ensemble.
One morning shout from
my
see the funny
I
was
little little
startled to hear a
son,
"Mother Come !
things in the water.
And, sure enough, like fish." of baby goldfish. hundreds were there
They look Let
me
say, for the benefit of the inex-
I had never before seen In planning the life goldfish. young a endeavored I had to repropond the for duce natural conditions. The result was a rank growth of submerged plants, lilies
perienced, that
is
ills
and natural enemies, but there fish among the hundreds I
not a sick
have
The secret is to simulate The same principles have been
at present.
nature.
applied to a larger pool, fifty feet long
and four
feet wide, constructed
became too small
original pool
the
number
when
the
to handle
of fishes needed.
They were looking
at the
kangaroo
at
the "zoo," says the Boston Transcript,
when an Irishman asked
his
neighbor
in
The Author's Garden Pool and cat-tails, among which the young fish had hidden and found protection. The babies were all of six weeks old, and had subsisted entirely on the foods naturally found in the water. About four hundred were successfully reared. That was the beginning of four successful years. A market was found and the demand now exceeds the supply. But this has not been without ups and downs, for I have battled congestion, fungus and
the group: tell
"Beg pardon,
me phwat
sor; can you
kind of a crature
is
that?"
"That," said the man, "is a native of Australia."
"Good
me
hivins
sister Julia
!"
exclaimed Pat.
married wan
o'
"And
thim."
The Youths' Companion. Those who boast water devil
may
that they never take
find themselves
and the deep
sea.
between the
A
Peculiar Planorbis
CHARLES A a
tank containing
number
of local
among
pond
Sp.) of rather small
other things
snails (Planorbis
size,
was taken by
the writer as a prize, during December, 1917, at a drawing held by the Essex County Aquarium Society. These molluscs were very prolific, the aquarium soon becoming the home of numerous offspring. But having on hand more atractive species with which to grace this tank, they were pooled with some Jap snails, Viviparus malleatus, in a large aquarium used for rearing young exotic fishes, and no notice was taken of them for more
M. BREDER, JR
what
it
may, there
is
evident weakness or
lack of resistance at the apex of the shell,
and
this
has been noted in a large
Such
of species.
when
died
snails
number
have invariably
the etching perforated the shell
and thus exposed the body of the animal, being especially the case with the red
this
variety of Planorbis corneus.
The unusual feature of the eroded local Planorbis
that the animals live
is
and appear
than a year.
one
Recently
drew
condition that
rather
odd
individual
Apparently the
attention. is
common
responsible for the ero-
sion of the shells of snails
had eaten a
hole completely through the centre of the
and the animal was still alive and in health. Further examination dis-
shell,
good
closed that half of the individuals of the
were in the same condition literdoughnuts The perforations varied from pinholes to ones making the animal suggest the mentioned pastry. species
;
ally living
It
is
snails
!
reasonable to believe that as the
grow and
the shells increase in size,
the water becomes deficient in lime.
Co-
to
enjoy perfect health.
race
of
power
snails
to render
is
Can
it
be that a
thus developing with
innocuous
this ordinarily
incidentally the water dissolves parts of
fatal
the shells previously built up, usually the
along this line would be interesting, and some sort of result could be expected when it is considered how
oldest
portion
— the
spire
— which
for
some reason is less resistant to its action than the more recently formed body whorl. the
It
should follow that the greater
number
of snails to a given
body of
water, the greater the degree of erosion.
From is
the observations of the writer this
generally substantiated.
Be
the cause
condition?
Experiments
in
artifi-
cial selection
readily these univalves adapt themselves to
changed conditions.
The following experiment will serve to show the effect of environment on a pond snail. Eggs of Physa heterostropha were allowed to hatch and develop
in a small,
— aquatic
120 tightly sealed jar,
which contained a body
of water an inch and a half deep and
two inches
Six were thus
in diameter.
grown, and in due time reached maturity and spawned, though measuring but a sixteenth of an inch across the widest part. One deposit contained five ova, and to remove it the jar was opened for the The eggs were hatched in a first time. much larger vessel and eventually the resulting animals grew to the normal size for the species.
when
Later,
placed with
other and normal specimens, they could not be distinguished. It must be mentioned that the annular Planorbis grew in company with normal
Jap
snails,
as
well
as
with the
ever-
Attached to the plants are many small tint. These bladders serve two purposes as buoys to the leaves and as traps for small aquatic anibladders of a purple
—
mals.
The
desired Japs, and, of course, the others likewise profited.
From
fact
this
it
is
evident that there must have been a weakness of shell peculiar to the Planorbis. Biologists have conducted experiments similar to that with Physa,
and the
results
with other organisms have been similar.
Bearing
fact in mind, the aquarist
this
with a limited purse should not hesitate to
purchase small specimens for breeding
if
the stunting has been brought about by
small quarters. Succeeding generations need not inherit the dwarfish size, and dealers naturally will not charge as much for such small individuals.
have
in
water-plants
England two
known
as
bladderworts,
For-
and
other
for
tiny
fish
fry
minute aquatic animals, they are somewhat rare and local. On the other hand, as they inhabit ponds and gentle streams, they are particularly well placed to do the
maximum amount
of mischief.
is
No
out.
in
such a manner
particularly easy eel trap is
;
not
more cun-
An
eel-trap
void of
life
a
is
human
and power
ing a capture.
contrivance de-
to assist in effect-
The bladderwort
is
a thing
possessing vitality and cunning. There are many traps on each plant,
and if an examination be made it will be found that all or nearly all contain a victim.
The
Many
plant never lacks for food.
long and careful investigations
have been made respecting the harmfulness of the bladderworts, and in cases every trap contained a
some
little fish.
Fishing Gazette. •*
Trainer Simpkins was telling some admiring ladies how he first discovered that
Teddy, the famous Mack Sennett dog, "I had an armchair in which I always liked to sit," he said, "but Teddy, even as a pup, also showed a fondness for it, and it became a habit that I had to drive him from the chair in order that I might sit down. One day I had a bright hunch, so, stepping to the window, and, peering out intently, I cried has brains.
cats Teddy made a bound window and I grabbed the chair. few days later came the sequel. I was the chair reading a book when Teddy
out, 'Cats
!'
!
for the
room. He looked at me, and then ambled over to the window. Suddenly his fur ruffled up stiff and he began to growl. I tossed my book aside and dashed to the window, and, will you believe it, that dog made one leap and strolled into the
varieties of
both of them veritable death-traps. tunately
formed
is
ningly devised.
in
We
way
so the
A
The Bladderworts
trap
that an entrance
present Physa, neither of which exhibited
any departure from the type. Lime in the form of plaster of paris had been added from time to time for the benefit of the
JLitt
landed
in
my
chair."
Too many men size of their
are measured by the bank accounts.
Association and Color Discrimination
Mudminnows and
in
Sticklebacks
GERTRUDE M. WHITE,
Ph. D.
i
Jh
Observations were made on the ties
of the
mudminnow, Umbra
activi-
paper, or objects above the surface of the
and
water both are stimulated by shadows or an increase in the amount of illumination.
limi,
the stickleback, Bucalia inconstans, with
;
A
special reference to the acuteness of their
sense organs, their ability to form asso-
and
ciations
patterns.
on
to
discriminate colors and
The experiments were
carried
in the Zoological Laboratories of the
In these fishes the senses of sight and smell are most used in seeking food. displays
more
using both senses, and a
The
alertness
much
in
higher de-
gree of acuteness of the sense of smell.
This was tested as follows
:
Cloth packets
which contained meat and the one were suspended at opposite cotton, other aquarium. The mudminnows the ends of of
did not
show
that they perceived either
packet though they
swam
in close
prox-
imity to both.
The
sticklebacks
behaved differently
series of
to discover
experiments were carried whether these fishes pos-
sess color vision.
The
general problem
presented to them was that of learning to associate food with a certain color,
the
University of Wisconsin.
Stickleback
on
and at same time associate unpalatable sub-
stances, such as paper, with another color.
In order that there might be no chance to smell the food, the bait
was not drop-
ped into the water, but the fishes were taught to leap out of water and take it from forceps. Repeated trials determined that the fishes were not able to distinguish between the imitation baits and the food when both were offered out of water under the same conditions. In the first set of experiments colored papers were used. Discs cut 7.3 cm. in diameter and stiffened with cardboard.
since the appearance of the packets at-
An
tracted them at once. Those fishes which went towards the packet containing meat darted furiously upon it, and pulled at it with great excitement, but those which
large enough to allow the discs to be slip-
swam
in the direction of the packet of
aperture was cut in the centre of each
ped down over the ends of the forceps from which the fishes were fed. After a mudminnow had been given food in this way for some time, the appearance of
became a
cotton stopped about 4 cm. away, and
a colored disc
Only turned off in another direction. once or twice did they actually snap at
fish to
of water after food.
When
this associa-
Then, perceiving the struggles of the rest of the fishes with the other packet, they swam over and
tion with one color
seemed
to be thor-
oughly established, a disc of another color was substituted, with paper closely resem-
joined them.
bling the food in color
the cotton packet.
In the use of the sense of sight the
mudminnow compares more
favorably
with the Stickleback, though the latter Both pursue movreacts more quickly. ing objects without odor, such as bits of
signal for the
dart to the surface and spring out
and appearance in snapped at the paper, but soon came to avoid it, and refused to snap at paper or food under the disc with which it had come to associate unpalatable substances, though it
the forceps.
The
fish first
— Aquatic
122
continued to take food under the colored disc beneath which it had first been fed. red and blue, and red and
way
In this
violet papers
JLitt
periment indicates that the color of the food which Sticklebacks take habitually
makes an impression
were distinguished.
This ex-
no positive response.
elicited
difficult to eradicate.
Since colored papers are never spec-
Since the theory has been proposed that
were
fishes see colors as shades of gray, as a
pure,
trally
monochromatic
lights
human
in order to make more accurate tests. The following lights were discriminated by mudminnows, as was shown by associations formed with them: Red and
totally color-blind
green, red and blue, yellow and green. Varying the intensity of the red and
ments described above, they ought to be able to form associations of food and un-
green lights did not affect such discrimi-
palatable substances with gray lights as
nation, indicating that the reactions of the fishes were to color rather than to inten-
they had done with the colored lights.
Sticklebacks also disinguished between red and green lights forming asso-
"fogged" to different shades of gray and food offered on the appearance of one shade and paper on another. No asso-
used
sity.
ciations of food
An
and paper with them. was
interesting piece of evidence
from an aquarium containing fourteen Sticklebacks. These fishes were under observation for several kept months, during which they were reguobtained
them,
formed.
being perceives
were were reacting
experiments
further
If the fishes
perto in-
tensity rather than to color in the experi-
Accordingly
ciations
photographic
plates
were formed by the
were
fishes, since
they attempted in the same manner to
larly fed,
whatever was offered with both which supports the conclusion that the discriminations in the experiments cited were due to the wave length of the
liver
light.
and became very tame. Calves' was given to them nearly every day from forceps. It was very amusing to see all fourteen of them dart to the top
at
a
slight
of any one near
movement
them and begin
sticking their noses out
water in anticipation of food. food was held a slight distance out of the water, they would with one accord leap out after it, and at times hang on so tightly that they could be lifted several inches out of water before letting go
of
the
When
their hold.
On
one occasion, after the
take
plates,
Only negative experiments to
them empty.
None
of the fishes ap-
proached the forceps, but the merest of dark red liver
was
bit
sufficient to attract
Small pieces of bright red and dark red paper rolled into balls and substituted for the food were at once at-
them.
lavender which had a pinkish tinge was snapped at twice, while tan yellow, yellow, dark blue, gray and green tacked
;
were obtained
in
ferences in background by mudminnows and sticklebacks, suggesting that such discrimination does not have a very im-
portant function in their search for food. color and movement seems to be of the most importance. Author's abstract of paper in the February, 1919, number of The Journal of Ex-
The perception of
perimental Zoology.
Sticklebacks had been given a small piece of calves' liver, the forceps were held out to
results
test the perception of dif-
The "one-time" of
public
immature
forgetfulness plant.
abandons and the weeds
advertiser
the field right after sowing,
To
exceptions to this rule.
grow over
his
be sure, there are
Some
"one-time"
advertisements are highly productive, just as
some seeds grow
practically
planting. rule.
into fine plants with
no care or attention after the However, these only prove the
<7Ke
HAY
INFUSION MICROCOSM
LORANDE LOSS WOODRUFF Professor of Biology in Tale University \
Since the days of Leeuwenhoek and Joblot hay infusions have been a prolific
source of material for amateur and promicroscopists,
fessional
been relatively
there
but
little scientific
has
study of the
sequence and interrelations of the various organisms which abound in them. As a matter of fact there
is
probably no better
introduction to microscopic organisms in
respectively to
relatively
high and low
acidity.
When liquid,
infusions are
though
first
made up
slightly colored,
is
the
trans-
parent, but within a day or so
markedly
turbid,
it becomes due to the development
of countless bacteria. first
are
about
The
equally
bacteria at distributed
general, or indeed to general biology, than
throughout the medium, but soon a scum appears on the surface, and gradually in-
a careful study day by day of the kaleido-
creases in
scopic series of changes which an infusion
the bottom
presents from
some
its
inception until
it
reaches
amount
until
and another
it
finally falls to
formed. In however, after reaching its thickness, it merely thins out is
cases,
a stage of sterility or, in the presence of
maximum
sunlight, of practically stable equilibrium
and disappears. The hay and smaller amount of oxygen at the bottom and the more abundant supply of oxygen at the
which animals and green plants become so adjusted that a veritable microcosm
in
exists.
top, offer attractions for different
Hay, tap water and of the
of an infusion, but in order
life
for study
is
it
with
better to "seed" the
small
a
and water from the a pond.
forms
representative series of
to get a
terial
air are all sources
amount of
ma-
debris
superficial slime of
Divide the infusion into several
equal parts and put each into a large battery jar, weighting the hay
down
so that
forms
of bacteria, with the result that approximately the same number are to be found in each region. After the surface scum has fallen or disappeared the centre of
bacterial life
is at the bottom amongst the remnants of disintegrating hay. As soon as the bacteria have become numerous, there occurs the great growth of Protozoa saprophytic, herbivorous,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Cover the jars loosely with glass plates and stand them near a window where they will get but little
carnivorous and omnivorous forms rapidly succeeding each other in dominance, and illustrating within the confines of a
direct sunlight.
drop that struggle for existence which is one of the fundamental facts of biology.
it
does not
float.
When
hay and water are combined a complex series of physical, chemical and biological
phenomena are
liquid rapidly
initiated.
The
becomes straw colored, and
within a few days, depending largely on temperature, bubbles of gas rise to the
It is this phase of the life of the infusion which we shall emphasize. After the period of greatest protozoan fauna has passed, rotifers become numer-
Gradually the liquid appears darker, until a brownish color is assumed.
ous, and as the diatoms, desmids and filamentous blue-green and green alga; flourish under proper conditions of illumina-
The
tion,
surface.
lighter
and darker shades are due
various species of aquatic worms.
aquatic
124
etc., are more or less abundant. This condition of the fauna and flora merges imperceptibly into a condition of
Crustacea,
nearly stable equilibrium, in which green plants and animals, under optimum condi-
and temperature, are so ad-
tions of light
justed that for a considerable period a
microcosm
self-supporting
practically
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;but
with the balance of nature established neither Protozoa nor Bacteria exists
can
ever again
maximum
their
attain
Turning now of the infusion.
to the protozoan
No
fauna
one, of course, can
what forms or what the sequence of forms will be in any given just
infusion, since both are the result of so
many are
Although there
variables.
But
if
several infusions
been "seeded"
studied which have
with representative material from a number of sources, the general results can be
is
this
fairly
definite
sequence of typical protozoan forms at the surface of infusions, the data at
hand
does not indicate any definite sequence in
The midseems to be more or less neutral territory, which is encroached upon by animals from the top and bottom regions. The bottom protozoan fauna is also, until the middle or bottom regions. dle
late in the life of the infusion, relatively
meagre above,
abundance.
predict
ILitt
main
the
;
with
types
exception
the
emphasized of
certain
Amoebae being essentially surface dwellers, and seldom resorting to bottom, except during or after a period of great
development at the top. However, there is no invariable correlation between a fall in numbers at the top and a rise in numbers of the same organism at the bottom, and it seems clear that, in the majority of cases, when a form declines in one
and various closely related hypotrichous Vorticella and Paramecium, forms, Amoeba, because all these organisms are
most of the animals encyst or die. is certainly true for Paramecium, because many hundreds of passive and dying individuals, affording a feast for Coleps, sometimes may be seen at the bottom among the debris. Again, myriads of cysts of hypotrichous forms are frequently found at the bottom as the surAmoebae among face decline proceeds. the general types mentioned give some evidence of migrating from the surface to the bottom, which is their chief abode. On the whole, the bottom dwellers are
present in practically every infusion.
largely independent of those at the sur-
foretold with reasonable accuracy.
The
variety
which appear that
it
is
in
of
species
of
such infusions
necessary, at
concentrate attention
first
Protozoa is
so great
at least, to
on a few typical
forms, and neglect the
many
transient
which appear apparently at random. The groups or genera to be considered first are Monads, or simple flagellates, Golpidwm and Colpoda, Oxytricha species
These forms ordinarily succeed each other in maximum numbers at the surface of infusions in the order in which they are named above. That is, first there is a great growth of monads, rising to a sharp maximum and then declining as Colpidum and Colpoda gradually assume the ascendancy. like
Then creeping
ciliates,
Oxytricha and Stylonychia, devour
the Colpidia and flourish.
Paramecium, which feeds chiefly on bacteria, comes next and so the series proceeds.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
region,
The
face,
latter
though
it
is
usually possible to find
there a few struggling individuals which
have survived from an earlier prosperous surface population. It
is
impossible to discuss briefly the
factors determining the relative
number
and sequence of the Protozoa. Chief among these are, however, food conditions, chemical changes due to bacteria, the excretions of the Protozoa themselves, and the relative reproductive powThe compeers of the different forms.
:
Aquatic tition
between the various organisms is and the cycle is so rapid that even
so keen
daily observations are hardly sufficient to
though now and then some prominent case of competition, such as between Paramecium and Didinium is forced upon the attention and the reason for the extinction of one form is clear The premature elimination of study the factors involved
hay infusion microcosm becomes the
Photograph
the
source of
"in-
food for
newly hatched fishes.—£af.)
disturb there-
The South Side Aquarium Club was March 16th, at a meeting called for the purpose at the home of the organized on
of Vorticella
671
writer,
Parnell
1
avenue.
Fifteen
aquarists were present, the following cers
were elected for the
Paramecium
Didinium
tank,"
fusoria
;
!
Paramecium obviously may
125
ILiit
initial
Amoeba
Vorticella
by Philip O. Gravelle; others
offi-
year
at Yale University
after the "normal" cycle of such infusion.
President,
M.
But enough has been said to indicate the possibilities which hay infusions offer for becoming acquainted with many of the fresh water Protozoa. And by becoming acquainted, I do not mean learn-
treasurer,
A.
larly
on the
ing their names, but rather, getting an
The
secretary will be glad to furnish in-
inside glance, as
it
were, at the daily
life
"world of the infinitely world beyond the ken of unaided vision but within that of any one with a compound microscope at his dis-
and
strife in the
little"
posal.
Stubbs A.
and
secretary
;
Maima
;
importation
Carson, Zemke and Maina. Aquatic Life becomes the official organ
committee,
of the club.
Meetings first
will
be held regu-
Thursday of each month.
formation to aquarists desiring to become affiliated.
— A. A. Maina, Secretary.
—a
— By
illustration,
permission, with courtesy of
from The Guide
to
Nature,
organ of the Agassiz Association. (In the language of the aquarian the
You
wouldn't
making an bray so
ass
know many
a fellow
of himself
if
much about
it.
Likewise
so
many
would be credited with knowing more about fishes if he didn't talk
a fellow a lot
was
he didn't
much on
"meetin' night."
——
—— Aquatic
126
A
was given on Aquarium So-
ciety,
Anglers' Casting Club, Chicago Fly
and Bait Casting Club, and the Lincoln Park Casting at the Hotel Breevoort. According to reliable reports, in the batthe fish culturists cleaned the boards
tle,
JLitt
"get together" dinner
April 22d by the Chicago
would
I
many have
that
For an unbiased account of the affair see Communicated.
any one
G. Hammerschlag, of the Essex
(Referred
County Aquarium Society, says Newark, New Jersey, is far and away in the lead
The slogan of the city is "Newark Knows How." To substantiate the assertion Mr. Hammerschlag sends all
cities.
program of a
the
local theatre,
which
announces that the orchestra will play "Excerpts from Xiphophorus Helleri" and "Gems from Platypoecilus Rubra." Colorful music.
Mr. William T. Innes, Twelfth and Cherry streets, Philadelphia, is one of those fortunate individuals who seldom have sick goldfish. This places him in a quandary.
To
continue
his
researches
and cures of the diseases of goldfish he must have patients. To this end he will be glad to have Philadelphia aquarists turn over to him all their sick goldfish, except those suffering from constipation, and is especially interested into the causes
in
cases of dropsy.
Fishes restored to
health will be returned to owners.
me how
—"Why
you advertise?" Town Storekeeper "No, siree I did once, and it pretty near ruined me." don't
—
;
—
so?" — "Why, "How people come
Visitor
near
all
the stuff
I
Town in
had."
Storekeeper
appar-
"Love
Ed.)
to readers.
dear
like a
is
Can
to prevent or kill
F. S. Boston.
gled the sweet
born blind."
little
kitten," gur-
young thing of 45. "It is "But it takes a kitten only
nine days to get
its
eyes open," replied
the masculine brute.
"There are some queer ways about operations." "How do you mean ?" "When a man wants to expand his building for business reasons he calls in a contractor." Baltimore American. building
Blobbs
men
— "Doolittle
is
a miserable speci-
of humanity, and yet he
boasting of his ancestry."
many
man
a
is
is
Slobbs
forever
— "Oh,
completely cast in the
shade by his family tree." If
you want
to kill
an aquarium society
member monopolize
let a
the floor, meet-
ing after meeting, with a talk,"
fishes.
of "small
*
are often asked
so-and-so in
lot
but remotely connected with the
study of
We
Visitor
find a
I is
ently responsible for the condition. tell
in-
told
to a lack of lime in the
organism, which
this parasite?
of
was
I
water, but under a microscope small white
Max
many
a great
in
eaten through.
is
it
was due
it
have found that
I
white spots on different parts
of the shell and, stances,
information con-
like a little
cerning red snails.
under the leadership of Fred Orsinger. Jamison, the bait man.
—
many
fish
Don't
does
know
It depends upon the genand demand, and how anxious
cases.
eral supply
you are
how much
cost a pair.
to possess
it.
and bought durn Judge.
"What
away from your more efficient way of
Instead of running
work, try to find a doing it. That is the secret of success.
is
the connecting link between
and vegetable asked the teacher. the
animal
"Hash voice.
!"
yelled
the
kingdoms?"
class
with
one
.
:
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fish, food that is fishfood fit for fish. The only food composed ot aquatic, animal and vegetable substances from which good results are obtained.
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Aquarium Fishes (Webber)
in Aquaria (Gale) Pipe-fish, notes, etc. ;
Price 15c
WM.
Development of
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Tropical
Dealers,
G.
Snails Habits of Black Bass, The ;
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SARBACHER, 1318
Then
Manufacturer
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Cynolebias bellottii (Brind) December.' recurva and Other Notes (Finckh) Another Tank Heater (Kuhn) Aquarist vs. Aquarian (Mellen) Emotions of Fishes (Gale) A Cigar Box Aquarium (Modesto) Florida Notes (Carlton) Photosynthesis, Miscellaneous notes, news, etc.
NELLES
C.
for first-class stock at reasonable see me. I have what you want. of the "Faultless Fish Food." 20 cents per box; per pound, $2.50. 1305 Third avenue, New York city (76th Street Station, 3d Avenue L; 77th Street Station, Lexington Ave-
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holf)
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February. Polycentropsis abbreviata (5rinrf) Chologaster cornutus, the Fish of the Dismal
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Yogi Fishfood 75c
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Danio malabaricus (Leitholf) Native Fishes (Pray) Managing Reactions of Fishes to the Aquarium (Innes) Habit-forming Drugs, The Boston Show, A True Fish Story, notes and news.
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March. Breeding the Goldfish (Hanna) Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part I (Shufeldt) Lucania ommata
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JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
April. The Surinam Toad (Deckert) Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Brind) Keeping (Innes) Beware the Living Food Alive Dragonfly (Gordon) An Electrolytic Aerator
A guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations of the author. Ten breeds are illustrated in color, with numerous text
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Water
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vs. Liver,
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A
cuts; 112 pages.
window Acquarum
sign noticed in a pet shop
"Water
Snewts,
the
Scalvengers. —15 sents."
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EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST
Fine Blue Veiltail Telescope Spawn
Don't paddle in the water with one hand and be blind wPth both eyes. In other words, "keep your eyes open" for all nature.
Magazine
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(Buiae to j|$aturr Will Help You
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is edited by EDWARD F. IUOELOW, who in the heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth. Four months' trial. 2,">e. One year, $1.00.
It
fishes
From
Established Strain of
THE AOASSIZ ASSOCIATION
"Blues"
AreAdiA Sound Beach
Connecticut
Franklin Barrett SILVER
S.
&
Wyoming Avenue
Pa
C. Street, Phila.,
Fancier and Breeder of Tropical Fishes Splendid healthy stock at reasonable Haplochilus cameronensis, Betta rubra, etc. All kinds of live-bearing
35c Extra for Shipping
prices.
Can
v
Cash With Order
fishes.
NEW YORK
235 East 11th
Street (Between 2d and 3d avenues)
CITY
am now booking orders for early shipment. $6.00 per dozen, including can. Money order must accompany all requests (not less than one dozen sold). Shipments by express at purchaser's
I
(5
© -a ©
risk.
GEORGE W. PRICE,
2145 South Lee Street,
Philadelphia
THE BEST BOOK AQUARIUM
ffi
ftffiffi
&
"Goldfish Varieties Tropical Aquarium Fishes", by Wm.T.Innes former President of the Aquarium Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195
is
Tells all about the fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed
illustrations.
HENRY
KISSEL, JR.
Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes Booking
Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails. orders now for spawn and fry
etc., etc.
or the
advanced expert.
A
complete, practical, handsome sent postpaid anywhere for $3.00. t Enlarged edition now ready. book,
Telephone 461 Cliffside
Filhes, Plants, etc.. Sold at Conservatory
For the beginner
them,
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N.
INNES
J.
& SONS
-
133 N. 12th
Phila
St.
OOOOOOcf
Charles E. Visel
The Paradise Fish We
have
the
per
Large, $4
stock
largest
dozen
the
in
medium,
:
$3
Broad-tail
country.
per
Blacks, Blues
Gambusia Holbrooki Extra large females. Shipping: Cans, Vallisneria Vallisneria
(narrow leaf) (wide leaf)
(floating)
Cabomba (giant) Anacharls Potomogeton Horn wort Kgyptian Lotus (pink)........
(Postage paid on
The best
215
Fine colored males.
30 doz. plants 50 doz. plants $1.00 doz. plants 75 doz. plants 50 doz. plants 75 doz. bunches 75 doz. bunches 75 doz. bunches 75 doz. bunches
all
.50
work on care and breeding of fish the aquarium, greenhouse and outdoor ponds. Finely illustrated. practical
i"
Everyone interested in keeping copy of this book. Price
for a
each
Tappan's Natural Fish Food.
fresh water fine, $1.00 per
KKJOC
Street,
fish
should send
$1.00.
Three boxes, post-
25c.
is
Add postage
New
Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beautifully marked. Write for prices.
to
CRESCENT FISH FARM 1624 Mandeville
N: Y.
"AQUARIA FISH" *
plants.)
food in the world
shrimp. Coarse, medium and pound, Sample box, 15 cents. your zone.
iCXXX
Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn,
paid, fish
and Parti-colors
each 35c. and 60c.
Water Poppy Water Lettuce Frogbit
Telescopes and Japs
dozen,
Orleans, La
F. L. \ g
30O0O0OC=3OOOC=3O0OOCXXi
Route 2,
TAPPAN Hopkins, Minn. 3o8
n
-w
«imu
v»'»
m«»»
-
—
JtMH'M
SCRIMSHAW'S FISH
HATCHERY 1431 N. Clark
Street, Chicago,
111.
Telephone, Superior 4415
Auto
vwv
>(
x—nxXV
HARRY
P.
1210 N. Warnock
Street, Philadelphia,
"8
PETERS Pa
BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish
Delivery-
Plants
every variety,
of
Aquarium Supplies of Importer and
M.MMM— vvvir-
of a Large
Breeder
Snails
and
kinds at
all
all
times.
MANUFACTURER OF
Variety of Gold and Tropical Fishes
Green River Fish Food AQUARIUMS KEPT
IN
STOCK & MADE TO ORDER
Aquatic Plants and Snails
Green River Baby Fish Food
Baby Alligators Aquarium Cement
20c Box
Everything for the Aquarium-Pond and Aquariums stocked, maintained Lake.
and repaired.
Thirty-six Kinds of Fishes Wholesale and Retail Food and Supplies
Cages
Warbling Canaries
15c Box
Out-of-Town Customers name County when Ordering
A GOOD FJSH FOOD most
one of the
is
necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out It as the best food on the market. keeps the fish in good color by promoting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask your dealer or send for it today. things
essential
=>oooc=>c
toe
r HERMAN RABENAU,
Aquarist
& Terraria
Aquatic Life must be seen
Welcome
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty
New
Importations of
Varieties received
regularly T
1163 Myrtle Avenue. Brooklyn, N
.
8°° mm ywv
xmrv-
DOOCH
Shipping Cans,
>OOOC
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food
•
Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food
-
Sample Can 15c Sample Box 15c
Baby Fish Food
15c, 25c 35c Each
Glass Feeding Rings
PETERS,
300000QOOCX
>OCXX30OO0OO00C=3O00O0O*oooczxx
St.,
Phila.,
MUEATA,
Proprietor.
19-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal
Importers and Dealers Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and
AQUARIUM STOCK CO K..M- HUVtt-
New York
PLANTS
SNAILS
AH
Supplies
Upon Request.
::
i
Nippon Goldfish Co
GOLDFISH
Sent
Pa.
x-nryrnrwiri
Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order.
273 Greenwich Street »».»
P.
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Catalogue
<»
50c.
3000000000C
J. •
of
Warnock mnm x
1210 North
DOOOC
3000C
Colors
Fine Assortment of Lionheads
HARRY
Y.
Near Broadway. toe 3000C
Veiltails, All
Blues, Blacks and Calico Telescopes and Japs at Reasonable Prices.
to be appreciated
Visitors
Young
$ 5.00 Dozen Up BREEDERS— Largest Assortment
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
City
NEW STOCKS ARE COMING! Price List Sent on Request
30C3OOOO0OOOOC=3OOOOOOOOO0OOC
»
*