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Catalogues
niie
Mud Minnows WitK
Notes on tKe Order Haplomi
i
i
DR.
Upper and
lower
figures
of the
same specimen of Umbra pygmaea
Reproduction of phorograpKs made
how the
We
W. SHUFELDT, C. M.
R.
fish rests
bj)
upon
North American hsh fishes, which have been associated in an order, Haplomi, by several of our most eminent have
in the
fauna a group of pike-like
classifiers
brata.
contain
of this branch of the verte-
This order has been created to four very
interesting
families,
namely, the Umbridae, the Lucidae, the
and the Auihlyopsidae, and I have paid some little attention to each
Poecilidae,
tke author. its
fins
and
Note
bilineata;
Z. S.
natural size, from
life
in the lower figure
on the bottom
all
of them.
They vary enormously
wdth respect to the number of genera and species each contains, as the
Mud
Umbridae
when Jordan and Evermann published their work on the
or
Minnows,
Fishes of North America, in 1896, in only genus Umbra is represented by
its
*Read at a regular meeting of the Aquarium Society of Washington, on Thursday evening, the 15th of March, 1917.
; :
Aquatic litt
138
but two species, namely Umbra limi and U. pygmaea; the Lucidae, with the sin-
keenly appreciated and sought after.
gle genus Lucius, or the pikes contained the Poecilidae or in some seven species
are found in Austria and in this country.
Killifishes includes some twenty genera, with an enormous number of species.
they
;
we have
Finally
the Amblyopsidae,
or
blind fishes of the caves, with three gen-
some
era and
Of
have paid more atten-
I
tion to the pikes their structure
anatomy and the
host of forms,
is,
tell
we know something
the truth, while
the
that
;
in so far as
concerned, and, to
is
we
of
relationships of this
most
are, for the
As
part,
genus Umbra
fishes of the
a genus, according to Doctor Jordan,
by
having
no
lateral line; the scales are of
medium
size
characterized
are
and unstriated (cycloid type), with external
characters
studied
easily
my
in
Umbra pygmaea,
photographs of
five dififerent species.
these
all
The mud
speci-
mens of which I have kept in aquaria for months together, in that I might study the habits of the species and make photographs of them. Two of the latter, made by me from life in February, 19 17, are here reproduced to illustrate the present
know
of but two species of
woefully ignorant of nearly everything concerning it. Dr. David Starr Jordan,
article.
in touching upon this matter, has said "While our knowledge of the osteology and embryology of most of the families
as belonging in our fish fauna, that
of fishes
is
very incomplete,
it is
evident
that the relationships of the groups can-
not be shown in any linear series, or by any conceivable arrangement of orders
and sub-orders. The living teleost fishes have sprung from many lines of descent their relationships are extremely diverse, their differences are of every pos-
and sible
degree of value."
This
and we
difficulty
will
remain
will
ever confront us,
in the
dark as
to the
vast majority of the relationships of extinct
and living forms of teleostean
— indeed
of
all
fishes, until
we
are
fish,
more
familiar with their structure or morphology. It has been and is now shamefully
For many years past
neglected.
collected osteological materials of
of our best-known bony
I
have
many
and phoIn some in-
fishes,
tographed their skeletons. stances descriptions have been written out
;
but
all
my
eft'orts,
in
many
tions, failed of publication in
States.
At
direc-
the United
this writing there
seems
to
be very considerable hope that a good part of
it
will
be published in Australia,
where the value of such information
is
Umbra U.
I
that have thus far been described
limi,
of
central
the
of
section
is,
the
United States and lower Canada, with the form very closely related to it, the above mentioned U. pygmaea, which has
Mud Minnow. from Long Island to the Neuse River, being often abundant been called the Eastern It is
said to range
My
locally.
specimens of
Umbra
are
from swampy holes along the Potomac River, near Washington, where I captured them myself. Recently I have made some studies of Umbra limi and Umbra pvgmaea, and carefully compared them. Most of the material studied by of
collection
Fishes
of
fishes
Dr.
Barton
division,
United
the
Museum, and
me in
I
A.
am
belongs to the the
Division of
National
States
greatly indebted to
Bean,
curator
of
that
for his kindness in placing
all
that material before me, as well as for inviting
my
attention
various
to
pub-
lished accounts of these different species
of
mud minnows
considered.
I
of the genus here to be have also studied living
specimens of the form of in the District of
Umbra found
Columbia,
in
one of the
aquaria belonging to Mr. James E. Benedict, Jr.,
of Washington, D.
C,
to
which
—
Siquatic JLitt
he kindly invited
my
There
attention.
is
also an interesting living specimen of the
same
from the same
species,
locality, in
Edward S. Schmid, Washington, D. C, who has kindly
the possession of Mr.
of
me
examine it. While I have seen the specimens of the Austrian form (U. umbra) belonging to the United States National Museum, I have not very critically studied allowed
them.
It
to
quite nearly related to the
is
we have here
species
and
States,
it
in
United
the
common
presents the
gen-
eric characters.
Coming
to the
found
is
it
literature of
the
more or
less
to be
extensive, especially in view of the fact that the family
is
and the have no economic In some waters these so very small,
species contained in
value whatever.
Mud Minnows
it
are
York." by James E. there
1842),
is
Umbra pygmaea is
preyed
upon
a (p.
De Kay brief
214)
;
by
New
In the "Zoology of
larger fishes.
(Albany,
is
account
of
of no value whatever, the
being
coloring
entirely
incorrect
the
;
form wrong, and the specimen only T^.j cms. long. I have examined all that Jordan and Evermann say in their "Fishes of North and Middle America." fish's
In Part
IV
give a cut
which
is
work these authors of Umbra pygmaea (Fig. 268) of that
and which I take example of that species.
10.9 cms. long,
to be a typical
agrees with the description given in
It
Part
I,
page 624, to which reference
made
be
There
will
further on. are
good
accounts
of
these
Umbrids
in the
which
have carefully read and com-
pared I.
the
I
(
Umbra
limi),
being the aforesaid cut
it
from Jordan pygmaea.
Evermann
and
of
2. "Catalogue of the Fishes of York," by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean,
New York
60, Zool. 9,
State
U.
New Bull.
Museum,
Albany, 1903 (p. 287). Brief scientific and popular account of the American
Umbra. "The Fishes of New Jersey," by Henry W. Fowler. Ann. Rep. New Jersey State Museum, 1905, pp. 180-183, pi. 16. Plate 16 is of the Mud Minnow, species of
following works,
all
of
Umbras," by Theodore
of Fishes Gill
(Smith-
sonian Miscel. Coll., \o\. 45, pub. April II, Five figures, pp. 295-305. 1904).
figure,
of Jor-
brought up
to 18 cms. in length (about seven inches),
which grows
much
is
to be.
larger than the fish ever
gives 38 scales instead
It
of 35, and 12 dorsal rays instead of 13; it has too many anal rays.
As
a matter of fact, none of the de-
scriptions of the external characters of
Mud
these
Minnows,
authors
various
as
given by the
seem
above,
cited
to
As already pointed out. Gill figtally. ured Umbra pygmaea for Umbra limi. Fowler, who goes quite exhaustively into the external
pygmaea 30
180-181),
"D
II, 12,
in lateral series to
three lot
measurements,
(pp.
other things:
more on
of
A
etc.,
in
U.
says,
among
III, 6.
Scales
base of caudal and
latter,"
and so on with a
measurements.
This
does
not
Evermann given Dr. Tarleton H. Bean calls above. Umbra pygmaea the "Striped Mud Minagree with Jordan and
now," and agrees with Jordan and Everin the number of fin rays and
mann
scales.
:
"A Remarkable Genus
Umbra pygmaea, an enlargement dan and Evermann's
but the plate
not numbered, and the colored figure
of the fish
This brief paper gives a good cut of the European Umbra (U. umbra), and three of U. pygmaea, of which Fig. 38 is given incorrectly as the Western Umbra
3.
first
Unibridae,
139
It
is
not unusual to find these
particular points in agreement in U. limi
and U. pygmaea.
Bean gives for U.
For example. Doctor 9., and
limi D. 14; A.
scales in lateral line 35.
;;
j9quatic HiCe
140
The
Mud
these
of
habits
Minnows,
U. pygmaea, in na-
especially those of
Chesapeake Bay)
(Trib.
Maryland)
ture and in aquaria, have been quite fully
(Eastern
described in the articles cited above by
Island, N. Y., 6 specimens)
Doctor
Bean;
Doctor
and
Gill
my own
agree with
they
observations,
and
Inthey are surely quite remarkable. deed, the European Umbra (dogfish)
was described as sigli), and again these
to
L.
the
best
(1899).
and
See also "Fishes of Illinois," Forbes and Richardson, pp. 203-205. There is one point worthy of notice others.
here that
in part,
will,
account for the
remarkable dififerences to be found
Some
in
Mud Minnow
given
by the authors mentioned above. In the first place, the fish changes its coloration to a wonderful degree when placed in alcohol and other preservative fluids.
specimens
fully adult
in life, the
Then,
—
young
(4 to 4^ inches long) change their color to such an extent too the
ones,
—
as fish
appear
to ;
like
an entirely
different
this is particularly true of
The changes
pygmaea. similar
to
Umbra
are due to causes
those that produce them in
as Anolis. or any of the Sometimes it will be of a deep umber brown, with all the markings when, again, it will in strong relief
some
lizards,
chameleons.
;
have a general color of a pale clay tint, with all the markings, or most of them, more in evidence. These facts still should be borne in mind, and I have failed to find
them
stated in
any of the
have read of the fish. As stated above, at the U. S. National Museum I examined many specimens of Umbra umbra, U. limi, and U. pygmaea,
accounts
I
and among the
last
4 juv.)
;
of these specimens agreed, in the
named Nos.
16,896
of
scribers
the
Mud Minnow
Eastern
more than
have, for
a century, been so
we
thoroughly satisfied that
Umbra
species of
find but one
Eastern United
in the
every one taken has been
that
States,
referred to
it,
whether
agreed with
it
published descriptions of that species or not.
Now
the descriptions of the external coloration of the Eastern
large,
Umbra pygmaea as given by Jordan and Evermann, while others by no means did. It would seem that all collectors and de-
since,
Kathariner
i
67,455 (Laurel, Md., 2 specimens), and 60,797 (pool near Chain Bridge, D. C.)
(Kramer),
known account having been rendered by Heckel and Kner (1858), C. C. Abbott (1884),
I.,
(Long
35,971 (E.
main, with the figure and description of
naturalists have re-
fishes
L.
;
1726 (Mar-
1756
in
many
while a great ferred
early as
Lake Patchoque,
27,481
;
68,321
;
(one
72,442
;
one small. Laurel, Md.)
large,
two
the larger specimen of the
72,442 of the above list has a length of 8.2 cms. it is marked like one living in
;
in
my
one of
tudinal
There
aquaria
stripes
are
—that
is,
the longi-
practically
absent.
a single, whitish stripe running
is
the entire length on either side, mesially the general color
brown,
is
brown on
a
rather pale clay
dark
with
mottled
distinctly
There are dark markings on the side of the head one heavy one through the eye and one below it chin very light. D. 14 A. 9. the
back.
—
;
;
This specimen hardly agrees
in a single
particular with Jordan and
Evermann's
description of U. pygmaea.
This
is
also
true of No. 68,321 (the largest specimen, also largely so the smaller ones).
It
has
and is not markedly while the above described whit-
a length of 7 cms., striped,
ish stripe
is
D. 14; A.
8.
conspicuous
;
chin pale gray.
No. 60,797, length 10 cms.,
caudal spot white, bordered with black mid-lateral
longitudinal
D.
chin pale gray.
other specimen, or
I.
white
stripe
14
rath'^^r
;
A.
8.
An-
two specimens.
Continued on page 14/.
Fundulus Chr3)sotus ERNEST LEITHOLF
i
The Golden Fundulus southeastern
the
South
is
Carolina
a native of
Notwith-
Florida.
to
from
ranging
States,
name Fundulus,
standing
the
which
derived from the Latin "fun-
is
generic
dus," meaning bottom, this species
pronounced
surface
means golden. The male and female are both tively
Were
each other. ity
in
very
but
colored,
shape, one
it
a
At times he
are interesting. directly lently,
above her,
be at her side.
will
swim
trembling vio-
or,
When
ready to
deposit an egg they will approach, swim-
ming
side by side, the place selected, which may be a protruding stone, the
attrac-
from
distinct
not for the similar-
would be inclined
As
think them separate species. ter of history,
is
Chrysostus
fish.
perature of 75 degrees, Fahrenheit. The antics of the male in courting his mate
to
a mat-
Jordan described the fein the Proceedings
male as a new species, of the
U.
calling
it
National
S.
Museum,
1879,
Even
Zygonectes henshalli.
may
The speckled with reddish brown
authorities
err
male
!
is
or wine-
colored spots on a glistening ground of
bronze green, suggesting upright parallel lines.
The
efifect
variable, being
of the spots
very
is
pronounced on some
and on others entirely absent. The gill covers are adorned with a large shining green spot; dorsal, anal and caudal fins ventrals and pecwith reddish spots female upon a torals colorless. The warm, mellow olive ground color dis;
plays glistening silver spots, these in a certain light
The
assuming a greenish
'ihe
cast.
gill
are green.
Other than by coloration, the
though
in the it
is
aquarium
is
of
roots
floating
not
diffi-
such
closely to the
vehement
trembling and sidelong twisting an egg expelled and fertilized. to
as
During the
side of the female, then with
This
may
is
occur
twenty times daily for a week
My
largest day's find has not
exceeded ten eggs, but qo doubt some were devoured and others overlooked.
The eggs hatch days' incubation.
well to maintain a tem-
plants,
Water Hyacinth.
orgasm the male presses
from ten
anal and dorsal fins of the male.
Breeding
the
I
Salvinia or
or more.
sexes can be distinguished by the larger
cult,
Generally
warm
covers, like those of the male,
aquarium or a group of plants. have found them to prefer
side of the
efifect.
cool silver in contrast with the
background produces a striking
Fundulus chrysotus
fish
are
!
after ten to fourteen
Beautiful babies they
Examine one with an ordinary
hand magnifying glass and
it
appears as
— —
!9quatic JLitt
142
if studded with tiny sparkling diamonds. After a few days these radiant spots disappear, but reappear on the females as they approach maturity. The males de-
velop the reddish spots.
that
it
harbors countless myriads of pro-
tozoans
(infusorians,
The
main requirement
had specimens for three or more years.
as possible.
present any particular
little
Riccia Fluitans
in those
days
I
as
The little
in a glass-
in the sunlight, or
have grown Algae are
half-pint jars.
in
do well
it
with
fine
clumps
its
serious
enemies, and a contest between the two
There was a time when Riccia was considered of little value aquarium, but
sunlight.
difficulties.
to disturb
is
will
It
covered aquarium
JACOB MERGET
etc.),
cultivation of this plant does not
Considered from all viewpoints, the Golden Fundulus is worthy of a place in every collection. It endures well I have
—
rotifers,
which is the necessary food of the resulting young fish. The oxygenating power of such a mass is not inconsiderable.
fluitans
usually results in the ultimate disappearin
the
ance of Riccia. atten-
little
was given to the exotic fishes. The books gave it passing mention, with the tion
While the species
may
is
a native,
and thus
be collected in ponds and ditches,
must be introduced it may come some of the pests that work havoc among young fishes. It will be better to start with a little secured from a fellow aquarist, or, if the pond plants are collected, to take them in small lots, examine carefully, and then place in "quaranRiccia was named in tine" for a time. honor of P. F. Ricci. an Italian nobleman, patron of the botanist Micheli. this
wild
material
with caution, as with
Riccia fluitans
information that
it
was
a
poor oxygen-
ator.
Riccia
a liverwort, one of the so-
is
called flowerless plants,
the
The
mosses.
and
plant
is
of
consists
a
bright green, expanded and irregularly
forked thallus. floating at the surface of the water with the tips thrust above. Growth is by repeated branching and ball-like
clusters
are gradually
formed.
These when broken by the activities of the fishes, or otherwise, form nuclei for other
balls,
green
is
until
literally
finally
a
blanket
of
and
when we breed
posit their eggs near the
these tion.
it
Not
an
less in
Many
a
close
do
life
fishes resemble
and love of
resemblance
off-
obtains.
are nest builders, erecting struc-
tures quite as complicated as those of
'some birds, and hardly less elaborate in and finish. Dr. Thomas G.
design
Gentry. the easiest thing in the world for
It's
a
man
to deceive himself.
I
very
much
pleased
fishes,
to a fuller appreciation of
surface.
To
ideal place for oviposi-
importance
am
which de-
certain
particularly those species
offers
spring
home
Aquatic LikS and fully With its assistance issue.
value of such a covering becomes
evident
in color
In the
birds.
thrown over the sur-
face of the water in the aquarium.
The
Not alone
related to
is
the fact
with
enjoy every I have come an aquarium,
and have been able to make the large one in my office more attractive and of greater interest.
Russell T. Neville.
Belonesox Belizanus WALTER LANNOY
This peculiar aquarium
name
specific
means
name
Silver
fish is a native
Honduras
of Belize, British
;
helizanus ;
Gar-pike.
base of the
hence the
tain
Belonesox
a
Though
this
suggests relationship to the pike
and pickerel family, the connection is net particularly close, and it is probably as closely akin to our favorite Gaiiibusia affinis holbrooki, which is also live-bear-
tail
A
;
seven
females,
inches.
The live-bearing pickerel, for such we may call it for sake of popularity, partakes of
the
our native
of
disposition
method of feeding and choice of foods. A tender, young fish is pickerel
in
its
it
From
demands.
a hid-
not re-
ing place amongst the plants
dull grayish-olive
on the
out to capture and swallow (all practi-
back or dorsal region shades to a bluish
cally in
leaden tint on the sides
luckless
;
Males attain
finish.
length of six inches
is
In point of color Belonesox
markable.
F. Z. 5.
gives the species a cer-
neatness and
the racy tidbit
ing.
whitish
BRIKfD,
j
gill-covers
;
abdominal area
with a shimmer of
it
will
one movement) any small
enough
to
venture
glance at the illustration
is
near.
a wholesome conception of power of the alligator-like jaws of
male being modified into a conspicuous
rapacious rascal.
All the fins are watery-
intromittent organ.
A
black spot at the
give
A
fish
A
sufficient to
olive or transparent, the anal fin of the
metallic green.
rush
the this
temperature of 70 to 75 degrees.
—
SlquatU
144
mu
Fahrenheit, seems to meet the needs of this fish, though it is not particularly
above and
delicate in this respect.
Sudden changes, from high to low, are injurious to this and all other warm water fishes, and must be carefully avoided. Belonesox is ovoviviparous, and in breeding
hatch,
especially
afternoon.
should be treated ness
it
rather
is
other
the
like
Due
bearing species.
to
its
to
difficult
live-
voracioussave
the
morning, the eggs will
in the early
warm
on a
More on account
of
peculiar form
its
and greedy habits does this fish appeal to and particularly to those having an over-abundance of young
the aquarian,
fishes with which to sate its appetite I prefer to pass it up; such maintenance I
day, by two in the
The wigglers
are very active,
breathing at the surface, descending for
The wiggler moults
food.
three times,
maturity and transforms to a
reaches
pupa in a minimum of seven days, in hot weather in cool weather this takes much longer. The pupa stage lasts two days, ;
when
the skin
and the adult mosquito emerges. Gayne T. K. Norton in Nature-Study splits
Reviezv.
The
larvae of
mosquitoes form a food
for aquarium fishes that superior,
enough
too costly.
from below.
white
longer in cool weather,
babies.
is
Laid
silvery
is
equal,
daphne for consume them.
those
to
to
A
not
if
large
number
of
successful goldfish breeders ascribe the
The Mosquitoes The mosquitoes, family Culicidae, do form a large insect group, but are an important one. They are a pest, and carry They range from the tropics to disease. They Alaska, Lapland and Greenland.
rapid growth of their youngsters to the They may abundant use of wigglers.
often be collected in quantity in pools, or
not
in
bays of slow-moving streams.
When
using a rubber hose to syphon the
are true air-breathers, but are born in stagnant water. They breed rapidly, and
sediment from the bottom of an aquarium
pass through several generations a year; the adults hibernating in outhouses, cel-
with precision.
lars
and cold
The main purpose
garrets.
of the adult seems to be propagation of the species its life to be dependent only ;
upon
this opportunity.
mally
plant-feeders,
very
different
from
Females are normouth-parts
their
the
flesh-sucking
males.
Five genera are represented in this country: Anopheles, Aides, Megarhinus, Psorophora and Culex. Most of our species
belong
to
the
genus
Culex.
Those of the genus Anopheles carry maThose of the genus Mdes are very small those of Megarhinus and Psoro-
laria.
;
phora are large
— known
it
is
a difficuh matter to guide
To overcome
about
it
the
diffi-
wood, a piece of an old box sandpapered smooth, measuring one inch wide and six inches longer than the aquarium is deep. Fasten the hose to the rod with three rubber bands culty take a strip of
bottom, middle and
at
a
point
several
from the upper end of the tod. After the syphon is started by a slight suck at the end of the hose, the other inches
end,
in
the
aquarium,
about as desired.
If
may plants,
be
moved
snails
stones are caught, a pressure of the
or fin-
gers on the hose will stop the syphon and the object will drop, after
which a release
of the pressure will again start the water.
as gallinippers.
Hggs, numbering from 200 to 400, are laid in a raft-like mass, gray-brown from
Promises may get you friends, but nonperformance will turn them into enemies.
A
Histor})
WILLIAM
E.
Culture
of FisK
MEEHAM.
Director, PKiladelpKia
Public
Aquarium
y^W-^
CALICO TELESCOPE GOLDFISH Ouned
now
It is
by Geo.
E.
Wilt
PhotograpK hS H.
generally accepted as a fact
that fish life in fresh water streams
and
other bodies of fresh water can no longer be
maintained,
except
in
very
remote
by natural propagation. The steady growth in population, and the re-
places,
increased
sultant
demand
for
W.
Sclimid
would have long since been exter-
fishes
minated.
The ods
of
fish culturist
employs three meth-
propagation
in troughs with water running over and under wire netting trays by keeping the eggs revolving :
;
in glass jars filled
with water; in ponds
food, has caused a greater drain on the
in w^hich the fishes
are allowed to spawn
supply than the fishes
naturally,
Hence,
come.
in
in
tish
for
nature can over-
order that the demand
it became necessary to assist nawhat is termed artificial propagaIf it were not for what is being
both mature and young
being guarded from their
many
be met,
Only very heavy
ture by
trout and salmon, are hatched by
tion.
of the troughs and trays.
accomplished by the direction,
our
it
is
fish
enemies.
eggs, like those of the
means
Semi-buoyant
fish cultui-ist in this
eggs and those which are yielded in vast
many of food and game
quantities are hatched by the jar method.
safe to say that
famihar and best
Pond
culture
is
reserved for those fishes
!
<aquattc 2.i(f
146
from which eggs cannot be taken
at
all,
In the middle of the seventh century,
or from which they can only be taken
Count Jacoby, a German nobleman,
with much
discovered
trouble or possible injury to
In this class are placed a
the culturist.
hatching
of
trout
Curiously
eggs.
few nest-building species that take vigi-
enough, his hatching apparatus was
lant care of both eggs and young, and
most
where
fertilization
by natural methods
even better than by
Pond
culture
is
artificial
is
expression.
the oldest of the three
methods. The practice dates back to very ancient times. The Romans, the Greeks raised fish by that
and the Egyptians all So did the Chinese. Indeed there is reason to believe they were the first. There are records showing that more than five hundred years before Christ a Chinese built a pond and dotted it with The avowed idea being to fool islands. the fish and make them believe they were in their natural environments, and that means.
The cute Chinaman placed about twenty fish in At the end of the first year the pond. the pond contained several thousand fine the islands were continents.
by the close of the second, several hundred thousand, and at the end of the third there were so many that this pioneer fish culturist couldn't count them That this man did business there is no fish
;
o.oubt,
sion
but
we
are forced to the conclu-
that he either
outclassed Ananias
or did better than any culturist since his time, for nowadays a man may count
every
he can raise by pond culture. pond culture produces less fish
fish
In fact,
than any other method. The artificial expression of eggs from fishes
was discovered by
France during
a
Jesuit
in
the latter part of the fif-
teenth century.
He
fertilized trout eggs
and hatched them in a hatching box which he invented. His discovery made no stir and was forgotten after his death. This important feat was not learned until many years after, and then only by the accidental discovery of old records in the
monastery
in
which he had
lived.
re-
and
fertilization
artificial
al-
identical with that of the obscure
Jacoby was a scientific man and his experiments and results.
priest.
published
The pamphlet was
translated into several
languages, and excited widespread scientific
interest, but
no one seemed
to think
there would be any practical use for It
was not
until after
1840 that
it.
fish
culture by artificial expression and fertilization of eggs was put a practical use, and it is a curious fact it didn't come through the discovery of Jacoby. His work, like that of the priest, had been forgotten. The world owes practical fish culture to two Breton fishermen. These two peasants became interested in watching trout spawn, and they made what to them was an amazing discovery, that the eggs of the trout were not fertilized until after they left the body of the female.
Wondering
if
the eggs could be pressed
from the female, they
They devised
cess.
tried
it
with suc-
a hatching appara-
tus which proved successful, and then communicated their discovery to the French government. The officials were profoundly impressed and appointed one of the men, Gehin by name, a commis-
sioner to instruct others in the
Gehin's
partner
Remy, was forced
in
to
this
new
work,
art.
Mons.
drop out because of
illness.
An American was among
those
who
from Gehin, and he imparted his knowledge to a Dr. Garland, of Cleveland. Dr. Garland became enthusiastic, and fertilized and hatched a A few years lot of salmon-trout eggs. early sixties, William Ainslater, in the Yorker, started commerworth, a New a cial trout hatchery. He was followed almost immediately by Seth Green, and took
lessons
;
147
^aquatic JLitt
commercial
the
United
industry
trout
became
States
a
the
in
accom-
fact
This specimen appears to be a typical or nearly typical Uuibra pygmaea.
The
phshed.
Seth Green was not satisfied to keep within one groove, and investigated other
The outcome was
fishes.
the successful
seem
U
longitudinal stripes in
run from 10 to 14
to
pygmaea
.
number,
in
with an included median white or whitish
one
;
the
number
of rays in the dorsal
propagation of shad, whitefish and pike-
and anal
fins
and the invention of the jar system, which now enables the National and State governments to hatch billions of valuable food fishes annually, and all from eggs which would otherwise be ab-
cated.
have yet to find a specimen
perch,
solutely wasted.
say wasted advisedly,
I
fishes taken in
the nets for market.
is
the greatest advances, consequently the
United States leads the world
in
fish
culture.
The Mud Minnows No. 67,455 of the above list, are also like large living specimens taken
those in
D.
II.
one
y."/
my 8
Columbia, including
of
District
aquaria
;
larger one 8.8 cms.,
imperf.); A.
(fin
D.
cms.,
14;
A.
8.,
smaller
Both are
8.
mottled on the back, and have the usual whitish
or
white
lateral
longitudinal
stripe. list
has a length of
10 longitudinal stripes, seventh
one from belly nearly white and runs over top of percle to the eye D.
snout blunt.
14;
A.
8.
;
ish
A.
middle
;
8.
I
tion for them.
From my study I am inclined
fishes
Same
white.
species
as the
one present)
(
;
D.
of
Umbra
pxgmaea, another form of these Mud Minnows, which may easily be recognized by its external characters. In form, structure and general habits, it doubtless does not depart from its near relative. Umbra pygmaea, while it does do so very markedly in its coloration. This form a sub-specific one I be-
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
and
I
find
characters
:
been heretofore described,
it
to
present the
General contour as
following in
Umbra
pygmaea, D. 14. A. 8. Dorsum olive brown, spotted and mottled with black sides somewhat lighter; lower parts very whitish, broken yellowish-olive light ;
extending from eye to base of
tail.
Running along immediately below
this
line
another of double the width, and
of a deep olive or
more or
less spotted
yellowish white
;
brown
color.
Sides
with small spots of
fins of
a pale yellowish
without markings of any kind
an
oblique whitish bar beneath either eye
D.
II.
last.
14.
No. No.
12 stripes, the usual white
chin pale.
of
Scales 34.
16,896, length II cms., striped as in
27,481 above
family
this
range
eastern
the
in
of
to believe that there
olive,
cm., striped; chin dark-
stripe
genus of cannot be
chin light,
Agrees almost exactly with Jordan and Evermann's description and figure. No. 35,971, length
difi^erences
attributed to sexual ones as an explana-
line is
No. 27,481 of above iicms.,
indi-
the coloration
sexes in this
Umbrids, the above
lieve has not
marked the
above
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Continued from page 140.
in
two
alike in the
is,
While fish culture was not discovered in the United States, Americans have given it the greatest attention and made
As
with a "black chin."
because the eggs of the whitefish, shad
and pike-perch are from
I
also vary, as
I.
13.
A.
8.
chin pale yellowish white
;
eye black
;
;
a
vertical white area at base of tail, bor-
dered both in front and behind by black; borders of
fins
rounded.
Other charac-
ters are those of the genus. I
propose for this new sub-species the
name
of
Umbra pygmaea
bilineata,
in
reference to the two longitudinal stripes
Slquatic lilt
148
:aquattc ILitt An
international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of native, exotic, gold and domesticated fishes, other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.
A. POYSER JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN
Editor
W.
Publisher
542 E. Girard Avenue. Philadelphia.
September
Entered as second-class matter, 2,
1915,
at the
Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa.,
under Act of March
3,
1879.
Practical articles and notes on topics pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium are always wanted for Aquatic Life. Readers of the magazine are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help, and to contribute The to it any ideas that may occur to them. pages are always open for anyone who has anything helpful and practical to say. Manuscripts, books for review and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor.
Aquatic Life has
the largest circulation
of
any magazine in the world devoted to this It presents to adbranch of nature-study. market that can be reached a vertisers through no other medium. Rates made known on application. $1.00
Yearly Subscription Foreign Subscriptions
1.35
10
Copy
Single
Payments may be made by money
order, draft
Foreign remittances letter. registered or If should be by international money order. local checks are sent, ten cents should be
added for
collection charges.
which was formerly the dominant gasteropod in the aquarium. In activity it is only equaled by the American Planorbis trivolvis. These snails ravenously devour unconsumed fish food, vegetable matter, and especially the conferva that develops on the sides of the aquarium. Both species can be easily propagated in an aquarium or tub, fishes being excluded, as they would devour the snails as hatched. The eggs, numbering twenty or more, are deposited in a round, gelatinous mass, attached to the plants or
The young
sides of the receptacle.
appear
in
according
leaves or turnip tops.
Red
If the
July,
red
color
be
Figure
lost.
from twelve
No. 11
side,
there being
to fourteen in U.
while the lateral markings in
pygmaea,
Umbra
liiiii
are vertical.
In the same family (Linmaeidae) with the foregoing are
two other
a favorite, the other
species,
one
The
first
used.
misnamed African snail, The common name,
sadly
the
is
little
Lymnaea
auricularia.
African,
seems
be
to
aquarists' world.
peculiar
Inasmuch
as
time to give
is'
entific
the
snail
Snails of
it
the proper
Why
name.
Ear Snail
is
Figure
tration.
not
is
should be called
it
quite evident in the illusi.
The
spire of the shell
The body and
is
the
with a darker shade.
is
the shell are horn-
color, the shell being attractively
today
common
very short, while the body-whorl
large.
The popular
the
to it
name. Ear Snail, the vernacular of the conchologist, and a translation of the sci-
is
Aquarium
answers
5
equally well for both species.
from Africa, being a native of Europe,
1917
running down either
Snail
and the native species are kept together they will interbreed, and much of the
it II
Food
temperature.
the
to
should be provided in the form of lettuce
Copyright 1917 by Joseph E. Bausman
Vol.
will
about twenty to thirty days,
This snail
marked is
quite
Copenhagen, Coral or Red Ramshorn, this last the better common name, properly Planorbis corneus rubra, of Europe.
an industrious feeder, but is short-lived. However, it is readily propagated like
The demand
Great Pond Snail, L. stagnalis, Figure 4, has an extremely long shell, which may
due to it
is
its
for the species
brilliant red color,
is
not alone
but because
a good "worker," and excells the
Japanese
Snail,
Viviparus
malleatns,
the
Red
Snail.
The
allied
Niagara or
reach a length of two inches, and largest fresh water species.
It is
is
our
com-
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Aquatic fiiU
mon
Europe and North America, though its range is restricted and it canIn the aquarium not always be found. to both
does not confine
it
and
algae,
For
it
higher plants.
plants
should be provided
floating plants,
and but one or two
specimens should be placed
in a tank.
The Red Ramshorn, American Ramshorn, Ear and Niagara snails belong to the
inactivity
order PuIvMONata, which includes
The full-grown
fishes.
much
individuals spend
large,
with abundant food, such as the com-
mon
aquarium with
the
appetite to
will attack the
reason
this
its
149
of the time in
upon the bottom, and, being
are
of
use in keeping the
little
from
free
being particularly
the
algse,
Ramshorns
work, and negligible weight. The Potomac and Japanese snails are provided with a gill, hence do not rise to the surface for air, have an operculum or horny plate by which
due
efficient for this
to their activity, small size
the shell
when
closed
is
the animal re-
and various other anatomical details which prove their affinity to certain marine snails. Every aquarium should contain a tires within,
small mussel or two. They can do little harm, and may accomplish much good. Figure 3 shows a tiny species, with the foot by which it moves and the inhalent
and
exhalent
Through
apertures
one
extended.
water is drawn, the fod of the mussel extracted, and then it is passed out through the aperture
the
Raking up the mud and plants in pond or slow stream will usually reveal a few specimens. other.
a
land and fresh water snails.
All are pro-
vided with a lung chamber and are without gills, so it is necessary for them to
Three kinds of Paradise Fishes are
known
to aquarists
occasionally rise to the surface of the
water for air. The species described are hermaphrodites, both sexes being present in
an individual.
The Potomac figure
2,
closely related.
breed
if
Snail,
Pahidina contecta,
and the Japanese
The
sexes are
and the males may be
dis-
tinguished by the unequal size of the tentacles,
the
the
common body
form, a
and
red
and Macropodis opercularis hav-
ing a caudal fin resembling Haplochilus
or Belonesox
ored one.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
C. J
.
most beautifully Heede.
col-
"He who buys had need to have a hundred eyes, but one is enough for him that sells the stufif." Benjamin Franklin.
the right one being shorter than
left.
The eggs
the female,
are hatched within
and the young retained for
some time, being perfect size of a
reason
stripes,
:
reddish
are
In fact, they will inter-
placed together.
separate,
snail
with
variety
it
snails about the
pea when expelled. is
possible to raise
For this them in an
We
don't believe that an
man saw
Allentown
a snake sixteen feet long. Probably a fishworm that somebody dropped on their way home from a day's angling in the
Lehigh.
—
:
;
^aquatic litt
150
Society
The June meeting in
20th,
Saull's
attacked a chicken dinner in full force.
News of the Philadelphia
Goldfish Fanciers' Society the
—
;
Hall,
was held on 802
Girard
The menu comprised chicken, chicken, still more chicken, and while the members are all temperate, none refused
and
famous Princetown mince
the
avenue.
The competition was for novices members who have not at any time received an award in competition. Judges, William Hartman, Dr. F. C. Leffman and R. L. Harding make the following awards Scaled Telescopes—Siiver cup, Samuel W. Burgess; blue ribbon, William J.
Hodges
;
red ribbon. Dr. Louis
bein; yellow ribbon, A.
J.
W. Reh-
Hoag,
Jr.
ribbon, Telescopes— ^\n& Scaleless Samuel ribbon, red McDevitt; James A. W. Burgess; yellow ribbon, Elmer E.
Hazlett.
—
Scaled Japs Blue and red ribbons. Dr. Louis W. Rehbein. A yellow ribbon
was not awarded. Scaleless /a/^.y— Blue and red ribbons, Harry H. Mills; yellow ribbon, B. Mc-
Quade. Nezv members F. S. Walton, John Krause and Paul R. Koehler. A motion was passed at this meeting increasing the monthly dues to twenty
—
cents.
No
meetings will be held during
Each member wore a club button and "Old Glory," and attention was divided between singing patriotic songs, led by Mr. T. R. Wilson, and talking "fish."
The members present included John W. Kershner, Ray C. Lash, Oscar A. Becker, G. R. Wilson,
W.
Scott Slegel,
Theo H. Abelen, George
S.
W. H.
Yeager, Mor-
ris
Himmershitz, L
F. Kissinger,
writer.
that
it
W.
S.
Breneiser,
A. Barber and the
The dinner was such a success was decided to hold another at the
same place next
year.
—
S.
O. MellErt,
Secretary.
The
Aquarium
Milwaukee
Society
annual meeting on Wednesday,
held
its
June
6th,
cers
for
and elected the following offithe coming year President, Paul W. Roth; Vice-President,
Rev.
Dean
:
Semmann
Liborius
Secretary,
sponding
Recording
;
Hemsing;
George Secretary,
Treasurer, George rian,
July and August.
pie.
Enthusiastic good fellowship prevailed.
J.
Corre-
Simon
Arthur C. Stefifen
;
Libra-
Jacob Merget; Custodian, Alfred
H. Schroeder Directors, Ed. F. Kieckhefer and Rev. G. Keller Rubrecht. ;
Fred Richardson, Secretary.
Arthur Simon, Secretary. At
the recent annual meeting of the
Chicago Aquarium Society the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Dr. H. G. Champlin vice president, Miss Helen A. Loomis;
The
Kensington
Philadelphia,
is
Goldfish
rapidly
Fanciers residing in this section of the
Secretary, N. G. Hitchcock; Treasurer,
Quaker City should
Walter C. Schroeder; Board of Governors, W. H. Hitchcock, St. Elmo Linton, Austin N. Niblack and H. W. Keedy.
H.
J.
street,
The The members
of the Reading Aquar-
ium Society recently journeyed to Pricesome fourteen miles away, and
town,
Society,
forging ahead
get in touch with
Mackrell, president, 2816 Jasper
and become members.
Aquarium
Specialty
Company,
Joseph Taubles, manager, has moved to
more commodious quarters Tremont avenue, New York
at
414 East
City.
"AQUARIA FISH" A
Otto Walter
work on care and breeding of Aquarium, Greenliouse and outdoor I'onds. Finely illustrated. Every one practical in
(ish
tlie
86 5u3)dam Street
:: Brooklyn, KJ. Near Evergreen Avenue L Station
interested in keeping fish should send for copy of this book. Price. $1. Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) deposit a mass of large coral red eggs out of the water, the little snails droit into the water as they hatch. These snails are invaluable for destroying Hydra in the aquarium. a
Thoroughbred
Collie
I'ups,
Breeder and Importer of
TROPICAL & GOLDFISHES Telescopes
beautifully
Route
AQUARIA, UTENSILS
Hopkins, Minn.
GOLDFISH SPAWN From Choice Telescopes X.
I.
1«09
I..
10c.
Lorcjiiin
tlie
History
Niitural
Club, and contains original observations of naturalists, particularly of the West. Associate membership, inclnding snbscriptlon, $1.50 per year.
West 23rd
ENCHYTRAE The
(5oMi0^
of ^11 l^atitties
money
which can be raised inyear round. Portion 50c (cash or order) with instruction how to breed them
CHARLES
:
:
:
Aquaria
Plants N.
EDWARD
S.
Emporium Water
712 Twelfth Street, Taxidermy
of Pets Plants
Lilies
N. W., Washington, D. C. for Catalog
3
PROMPT SERVICE GUARANTEED
GOULD WILHELNCOi^' 44
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SCHENK
Young
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GEORGE
SCHMID
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CANADIAN BIRD STORE,
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All Kinds of Goldfishes and Aquatic
22d
DRIED SHRIMP
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W. 60th and De Lancey
-
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109
GEORGE'S GOLDFISH SHOP
ALL SUPPLIES
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doors
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PLANTS
FISHES
go anywhere to construct aquatic gardens. Write for illustrated price list. PIONEER AQUARIUM CO., Racine, Wisconsin
LORQUIN NATURAL HISTORY CLUB, 1051
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Monthly of the Southwest
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AQUARIUMS OF ARTISTIC DESIGNS
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Regular and Baby Fisiifood,
LORQUINIA-The Is
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All Kinds of Fish Foods Fresh and Dried Daphnia
TAPPAN
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Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic PlanU
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F. L.
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PHOTOGRAPHERS
STREET PHILA.
SEND FOR SAMPLESa^^PRICES THEY WILL INTEREST YOU
Calico Japs and Telescopes Good Quality as Low as $3, $4 and $5 Dozen A few Lionheads reasonably priced want YOU on my mailing list I 29 Claremont
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Mount Vernon, N. Y.
HERMAN RABENAU,
Aquarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life must be seen
& Terraria
shell. Benefits the fish. Box of Six Powders, 25c. For sale at Pet Stock stores.
to be appreciated
Welcome
Visitors
New
Myrtle Avenue,
Safe and effective.
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N.
Y.
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Philadelphia
THE BRUCE FISHERIES Breeder, Importer, Wholesale
MEANING ALSO -
Rot,
REGENIA CHEMICAL CO.
B- Ys! **BEST
Tail
Congestion in fancy fishes also white spots on Tropical fishes. Box of Six Powders, 25c.
Near Broadway.
(BE WISEj
Fungus,
Constipation,
Relieves
;
Varieties received
regularly 1163
Remedy
Violet-Ray Fish
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of
Use Regenia Aquarium Salts To replace the natural salts in your aquarium as absorbed by the fishes and snails. Excellent for plants. Help the snails form
Comets a
and adopt at onre a "BEST YET" Tropical Aquarium
ELGIN
Retail Dealer in
Kinds of Goldfish
All
YET"
&
Specialty
BRUCE, THORNBURG,
K.
lA.
FRANKLIN BARRETT EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE jt Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, PKila., SEND FOR PRICE LISTS
Pa.
THE TERMINAL PET SHOP which affords tropical conditions for Trop-
PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND
ical Pishes.
Send for my free circnlar on this and "Best Yet" Fishfood, accessories and specialties.
Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty
"DOMESTICATED FISH"
HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING
The
All
Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines
first and only illustrated book on tropiand Goldfish. Price $2.60 (includpayment on supplement). Without sup-
Concourse,
New York
cal tish ing;-
plement, $2.08.
New Importation
W.
BRIND, Aquarist
L.
449 W. 20«th
Phone before
Fine
of Brilliant Tropical Fishes
Street,
Correspondence Solicited
New York
calling, St. Nicholas
Telescopes BLACK & CALICO
Broaa-tail
GEORGE
S4is
WILT. 1519 M. 62nd
Street
PHILADELPHIA
EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST
Wiinners
Don't paddle
»Iy
Telescope
Broad-tail
awarded
Goldfish
were
eyes.
water with one hand and be blind with both words "keep your eyes open" for all nature.
in the
In other
and three
Our Magazine
special prizes at the last annual exhibition of the Aquarium Socicity held in the American Museum of firsts
Natural History,
from these line coming season.
New fish
York.
for
Young
sale
stock
during the
Watch my future
W^t
ads.
(BuiDe to i^ature Will Help You
is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW. who fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth. It
Four months'
Otto Gneiding's GoldfisK Hatchery? 31
—37
Depot Ave., Ridgefield Park, N.
J.
trial,
25c.
One
year, $1.00
THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION ArcAdi.A
Sound Beach
Connecticut
!
New Aquarium Book GOLDFISH
AND
VARIETIES
TROPICAL AQUARIUM FISHES fVm.
^3' This work of
is
Fisheries
T.
I fines
endorsed by the U.
aud
leading-
S.
Bureau
fanciers.
It
is
thoroughly practical in every respect, and is written so plainly that a beginner may easily understand every point. 170 beautiful illustrations, mostly from life, includly chapters. ing prize winning- Goldfishes, Gives alphabetical list of 300 aquarium fishes,
breeding-, in detail.
tiieir
aud care
foods,
temperatures
Sent anywhere upon receipt of PricÂŤ $S.OO
Perefect Photograph of the Best Moor Goldfish Life-size, Natural,
We
Extremely Handsome
Price 50c
enclose one of these prints with each copy of our new Ijook, "Goldfish Varieties and Tropical Aquarium Pishes," where we send two or more books at retail to one address. will
INNES & SONS, PubHshers 129 135 N. 12th Street -
Philadelphia 3C=3o8
TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL AQUARIUM PLANTS for $1.00 Postpaid J.
Hknri Wagner, 1909 North Capitol Washington, D. C.
f
What's the Object? See you later
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 150 Chambers Street
Aquarium
::
New York
City
Specialists
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Can 10c Sample Can 15c Imported Shrimp Fish Food Imported Wafer Fish Food Large Sample Box 10c Special Prices on Qgantity Lots
Cash With Order
Catalogue Sent Upon Request
Orders amounting $2 delivered Mail
orders
postpaid.
promptly attended
to.
000(
)OOOC
1210 N. Warnock
street, Philadelphia,
X
Plants
Aquarium Supplies
n
times.
South 52nd
Street
8
Philadelphia
Aquarium Fishes
Supplies
Wholesale and Retail
J
U
8
Q
Green River Baby Fish Food
n
20c Box
GOOD
A
most
one of the
is
things
essential
—tnnru
innn.
innrv
innni
-.nnni
u
innni
reeaers Breed A
large assortment of splendid Telescope groldfish at reasonable prices.
Fine Assortment of Lionheads
JAPANESE GOLDFISH
Shipping Cans,
Japan
Young Young
Blues, Blacks
&
45
Cents.
Calicos
Veiltails or Broadtails
HARRY
P.
$1.50 Doz $5.00 Doz
PETERS
WARNOCK
STREET PHILADELPHIA
1210 N.
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300C00000CC0CCrZ!00C00C000l
GREEN RIVER FISH FOOD R 8 9 n
Awarded Gold and
Silver
Medals
U 8
Panama-Pacific International Exposilion
p San Francisco, 1915
§
ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only
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DCXXX
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Due to the constant increase in costs of ingredients, boxes and printbecome necessary to init has crease the price of these foods to 15 and 20 cents. When conditions again become normal the old prices will again prevail. ing,
HARRY 1210 North
P.
PETERS,
Warnock
Street,
Philadelphia, Pa. oocr;';ooooooooocz30ocoocooooooc=r30oooocooc
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Dealers
in
FOOD
FISH
necessary to After the fish in good health. keep p S test of years Green River stands out It U as the best food on the market. 8 keeps the fish in good color by proIt n moting a healthy, robust growth. § will not sour or cloud the water. Ask Lvour dealer or send for it today.
uinnnnnt
Direct From Breeders
^ g n «
and Jap :
all
15c Box
1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal
and
and
Snails
kinds at
all
MANUFACTURER OF
Nippon Goldfish Co :
of
Green River Fish Food
8
All Kinds of Aquatic Plants
every variety,
of
§
8
n
Importers
Pa
BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish
[]
58th and Walnut
innoi
PETERS |
8
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)000
p.
FLORISTS
&
DOCXX
HARRY §
Aquaria
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GOLDFISH BREEDERS
Streets
110
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