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Jacob C. Cassel 915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa Manufacturtr of
AQUARIUMS Aquarium Ornaments Floral Terra Cotta, Etc.
Fish Globes
Goldfish
and
JOOO<
8°^
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FRESH By
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Fish Food
aquarium requisites. Send for Catalog.
all
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>OCXDC
WATER BIOLOGY WARD GEORGE WHIPPLE and
C.
WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS All interested in aquatic biology will find here answers to their queries on methods of study, conditions of existence, types of life, and inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water bodies, together with data on their life histories, habits and range. This work is the first complete and accurate record of North American aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms among both plants and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria, every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body on this continent. comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species. Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also out. given. Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, Avith 1547 illustrations. Price, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds. ;
A
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IF
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y O n U 5 P
Are Looking for Something Extra Fine in Broad -tail Telescopes Don't Forget
Snails
n R
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FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES 413
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For
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REGENIA CHEMICAL CO. Clementon
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Relieves Constipation, Fungus, Tail Rot. Con.cestion in fancy fishes; also white spots Tropical fishes. Box of Six Powders, Safe and effective. 25c.
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Benefits the
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n
FINE FISH
Help the snails form fish. Box of Siv Powsale at Pet Stock stores.
Excellent for plants. ders. 250.
W. H. HEIMBACH
Breeder and Importer of
FISH
Use Regenia Aquarium Salts To replace the natural salts in your aquarium as absorberl by the fishes and snails.
p g n [)
§
Jersey
[1
—mo
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Aquarium BiocKemistry EDGAR
R.
WAITE.
Presiaent, Soutn Australian
F. L. S.
Aquarium
Society
-Âť
A
Pile of Goldfisk
Ashore and
(right) others
Gasping
at
the Surface of the
Water
Photographs hy the Author
Most people know
that water
is
com-
posed of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen, in
They
know
also
oxygen
proportion of two to one.
the
that fishes breathe in
regenerate their blood,
to
and
they imagine, perhaps not unnaturally, that the fishes obtain nation.
it
from the combi-
This they cannot do, for as soon
as the correct proportion of the is
two gases
disturbed, water no longer exists.
We
must, in the
first place,
appreciate
the difference between the chemical ex-
pressions "mixture" and "combination."
formed of a mixture of two gases, nitrogen and oxygen, and we can vary the normal proportion (of Atmospheric
air
is
about 79 to 21), within certain limits, without destroying the use of the mixture for respiratory purposes.
other hand,
is
Water, on the
produced, not by a mix-
upset in the ordinary course of events if
the proportions are changed, say by
means of
electricity, resulting in the ab-
straction of a certain
amount of oxygen,
then twice that quantity of hydrogen also set free,
is
and a corresponding meas-
ure of water, as such,
is
destroyed.
It
will be evident, therefore, that fishes can-
not breathe the oxygen which stituent of the
Water has
water
in
is
a con-
which they
live.
the property of absorbing
and retaining a certain amount of free oxygen, this amount varying under different conditions, especially of temperature, the
hold.
warmer
the water the less
it
can
Fishes cannot, therefore, live in
water that has been recently boiled, because most of the breathable oxygen has
been driven cooling,
ofT.
will
This boiled water, while
gradually reabsorb atmos-
ture, but
by a chemical combination of
pheric oxygen, and the greater area of
two gases
in certain definite proportions,
water exposed the more rapidly
as already mentioned, which cannot be
sorption take place.
Hence
will ab-
the process
aquatu
140
is
if
accelerated
the water be agitated, or
if
be passed into
air
known
it,
a proceeding
water
not artificially aerated
is
the upper layer only can act as an actual absorber, whence the oxygen is diffused
Under
throughout.
conditions of oxygen
starvation (due to heating, or too many animal breathers), the surface layer re-
mains richest
in
oxygen, and the fishes
crowd
to the top, not to breathe atmos-
pheric
air,
many
as
mostly gold carp, formerly spread over
by pumping out the water, As the water further reduced it provided in-
acres, were,
confined to a deep drain.
as aeration.
If the
lilt
imagine, but to ex-
tract the dissolved oxygen,
where
it
is
was
still
oxygen for the tens of thou-
sufficient
sands of carp, a few of which were photographed,
gasping at the
all
This drain was over a mile
surface.
in length,
the fishes were gathered from the
and
pump-
intake pool at the rate of five tons daily
for a whole week.
Abstracted from the
inaugural address
ivriter's
South
to the
Australian Aquarium Society.
most abundant. In the goldfish-globe days, and unhapwholly a thing of the
On Memorial Day
pily they are not
bers
past, the assembling of the gasping fish
York
was taken as an indication "wanted changing," but water that the tender-hearted fancier and fair the often until this change was that did not realize at the surface
were undergoing that inflicted on the
effected, the little fishes
torture comparable to
poor wretches of the historic "black-hole
of
a number of memThe Aquarium Society, New
City,
held
Morris Canal,
under the Dorn.
an
leadership
Many
along
outing
New
Little Falls,
Mr.
of
specimens of
the
Jersey,
Richard
fishes, turtles
and plants were secured.
No
regular meetings of the Society will
be held during July and August.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Ht/f/o C. Nelles.
of Calcutta."
Nowadays we make good
with-
the
The Aquarium Stock Company has
drawal of oxygen from the water by the
cepted the agency
introduction of aquatic plants, and the use of the term "balanced aquaria" often
and are now
leads people to suppose that an actual
One
and
delicate balance,
of plant and animal
between the amount life, must be main-
tanks
in
an improvement over the
the corner cones
may
disturbing the
tank
the secret of success
than
water
the
passes into the is
plenty
is
they give off more oxygen
if
required in
can
absorb
it
simply
and as more oxygen warmer weather to counair,
terbalance the feebler absorptive
power
salesrooms.
form, with a superimposed fern receptable, is quite
aquarium. so,
unique
of the several styles, a hexagonal
usual six-sided tank.
Not
these
New York
their
ac-
"Art Aquaria,"
displaying
tained for the successful conduct of an
of plants,
for
From
another type
be removed without
when
becomes Art nickel, enamel it
necessary to have them replated. aquaria are furnished in
and aluminum, and will appeal to those who want small tanks that are out of the ordinary.
of the water, the plants automatically de-
velop increased energy and so supply
The accompanying photographs trate a similar condition, but
digious scale.
A
large area of
it.
illus-
on a pro-
submerged
land was being reclaimed, and the fishes,
An ingenious Spaniard says that rivers and the inhabitants of the water element were made for wise men to contemplate, and fools to pass by without consideration.
Walton.
^iixe
MoutK
Breeder
-
CHARLES M. BREDER,
Jr.
i
Commonly known
vernacular as
in the
the mouth-breeder, Haplochromis
gem
strigi-
has long been a favorite because of
beautiful coloration and intensely in-
its
Their scaly
breeding habits.
teresting
sides display a riot of color, scintilating in the light, as they
move about
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;usually
with some definite object in view. impossible
well-nigh
It is
describe
to
the
ing than the colors.
In nature the fish
prepares a nest by removing
all
the debris
from a circular patch on the bottom, in this somewhat following the custom of our common sunfish, Enponwtis gibbosus, but
is
smaller as befits a fish that
seldom more than two inches long. In the aquarium this nest is often omitted, the tendency being seemingly correlated is
no well defined pattern, each scale seeming to have a comFor this reaplete complement in itself. son they have often been justly described colors, as they lay in
appearing to be
as
with
set
precious
In addition to these prismatic
stones.
is a dull band running laterfrom a highly-colored spot on the
colors there ally
opercule
where
The
it
back to the caudal peduncle, blends into the colors of the
pectorals and ventrals are practically
without color, but the dorsal and anal fins are
as brilliantly
proper.
The
hued as the body
sexes vary only slightly in
color and size, the female being
somewhat
and lacking the vermillion tip on the anal, which is usually present on the duller
male.
This sexual mark
in the
accompanying
well
shown
illustration.
After
is
a female has bred the lower jaw remains rather distended.
The mouth-breeder fish,
is
truly a tropical
inhabiting the streams of Egypt and
the Congo, so should not be subjected to
They
do very well at 72 degrees, while for breeding purposes it is well to raise it a few degrees. It is not necessary to keep as high as 80 degrees, but
will be secured
The breeding
with the
size
of
the
receptable.
The
smaller the tank the greater the possibility
of
A
being passed by.
it
certain pair
when they spawned in a tank 18 by 12 by 12 inches, made no attempt at nestbuilding, but when placed in a tub 24 inches in diameter, a nest a foot in diameter
was hollowed
cleared of
in
the
centre
and
The
con-
foreign matter.
all
were likely more natural in the body of water, with the added advantage that they were not disturbed by the sight of people moving about, as ditions
larger
a temperature less than 65 degrees.
it
Haplochromis strigigena
tail.
around that
good
results
point.
habits are no less strik-
in the case of a glass tank.
After the eggs have been laid and ferfemale gathers them into her
tilized the
mouth, there bation,
to carry
them during incu-
and the resulting fry
until they
have reached the free-swimming stage. During this period the female abstains
from
all
food.
As many
as twenty days
j^qaattc S,iU
142
may
be consumed in the process, but with
the examples under my observation, the average seemed to be ten to twelve. I believe that, within reasonable limits, the
higher the temperature the shorter this period. Of course, this is an advantage, as
it
Her
shortens the fast of the female.
abstinence from food while carrying the eggs and fry is a serious tax on her strength, and may affect future spawns, so
any method
assumed and successfully consummated At this writing I the role of mother. have a dozen little fellows that never wri8:gled about in the maternal mouth they are none the wiser and none the worse for the reversal. They seem just as sturdy as the previous
about fifteen
of shortening the process
from
litter.
The
par-
ents were young and rather small, which accounts for the number, there being in the litter originally.
There must have been "considerable
that viewpoint.
discussion" over the custody of the eggs,
After the female has taken charge of the eggs the male should be removed. His
judging by the appearance of both adults.
further presence will only serve to annoy
some manner was ripped from its anchorage and protruded from under the This I thought would finish gill cover.
is
well worth while
her.
The number sometimes usually
of
young
as
many
be
much
it is
in a litter will
as
fifty,
It is best
less.
but
not to
A
branchiostegal ray of the female in
her, but she lived to kill the
male that
did the damage.
breed a female more than twice during a year, but a male may be bred successively
feeding helps to prevent "scraps," and
to several females.
the actions of
After
all
the care given the fry by the
mother, after they are liberated to shift for themselves, she will be found as cannibalistic as the
more
vicious species of
fishes. She should therefore soon as the young are as removed be
acjuarium
swimming
free.
see
sight to
a
It
is
really
a
pitiful
following
school
their
unconscious of her
mother dangerous tendency, disappear one by one down her ample throat. The fry, after separation from the after release,
The
editor suggests that very liberal
my young
fish
tend to con-
As an experiment I feeding double portions, and now
firm this opinion. tried
find that
I
have no trouble
direction, but the tank
in the fight
must be watched
no neglected food sours in the However, I believe that a great deal depends upon the temperament of the individual, and accounts for the wide
to see that
water.
difi:erence in opinion
regarding the dis-
position of the species. large female
owned by
A
particularly
the editor would
carry the eggs several days and then eject
mother, should be treated like other speFeed them liberally on infusoria cies.
them, eating them several hours
enough daphne and other foods.
the eggs, but to reject
to take small
until they are large
If
prepared
foods are used rather rich ones should be selected.
The
pair that
and spawned
made such
in the
a large nest
tub took a notion to
change the order of procedure. After much evident fighting and fin-mauling, I
found the female male
in
in a
possession
sad
of
state,
the
and the
eggs
!
He
It is
later.
not unusual for a female to swallow
them first is pecuShe should have been muzzled These few notes give a slight idea of the great variations and peculiarities that may be found in the habits of individuals liar.
of a species.
They suggest
the greater
pleasure of the study of the behavior and T:ology of our aquarium inmates. Breed, therefore,
numbers.
not
merely
for
increased
^»
«»'^»^^i-«»'^»^«
»
ll^
BREEDING THE CHAMCHITO DWIGHT WINTER
THE CHANCHITO /.-^
The Chanchito, Cichlasoma facetum found in the ponds and slow streams which are tributary to the La Plata River, South America. In (syn. Heros),
shape
very
rather compact,
is
it
is
much our
In color
it is
local basses
resembling
and
sunfishes.
glossy green to yellow, vary-
ing in different individuals, with broad
black vertical bars, the color extending
onto the dorsal and anal dorsal fins dark
becoming
;
reddish
;
caudal and
eyes greenish yellow,
brown
during
the
During the periods of sexual excitement the colors become more pronounced and beautiful. Wild breeding season.
specimens
may
reach a length of nine
the sexes, in fact,
more often
reaches to the beginning of the anal It is
dominal
line of the female is more rounded, but this is very hard to detect, except in very old fish. With the ap-
proach of the breeding season the female becomes much larger and thicker, and is then quite easy to distinguish from the male.
Owing
to its hardiness
—
it
great deal of knocking about
can stand a
—the chan-
chito has always been a great
finement seldom exceed five inches.
water as low as 40 deg. to be
I
commended.
favorite
have kept them
with aquarists.
not always possible to distinguish
fin.
asserted by one writer that the ab-
inches or more, but those reared in con-
It is
impossible,
and shapes of the fins are alike in both. However, in full-grown males, the ventral is slightly longer and
as the colors
A
F.,
but this
is
in
not
temperature be-
iftqnattc
144
Hit water about
tween 60 and 70 deg. suits them better. During breeding activities the temperature must be not less than 70 deg., pref-
them.
In four or five days the parents
move
the eggs to a nest previously pre-
erably higher.
pared; a mere hollow
Breeding pairs should be provided with large tank, with plenty of sand fairly a Plants to excavate the nests. which in are not necessary, as they will persist-
The South American
ently uproot them.
natives
call
the
the
fish
shoat,
which
means pig, probably because they root about continually. The aquarium should contain two
or three large stones or a
flower pot laid on
its side,
on which they have found a
will deposit the eggs. flower pot useful because it affords a shelter for the female should the male I
become aggressive. sometimes
It is
difficult to
mate a
pair,
a
constant
When
circulation
of
in the sand.
the fry emerge
from the eggs
they are unable to swim, but manage to
wriggle around in the nest, presumably
The brood
searching for food.
new
several times to
is
moved
nests, being carried
mouths of the parents. This moveprobably due to the exhaustion
in the
ment
is
of the food, infusorians, in the region
After several days the
about the nest.
young swim
freely,
and follow the par-
At
this stage the adults
ents in a shoal.
become very aggressive, and anything they think
will attack
may harm
Both parents are active babies and return them
the young.
in the care of the
to the nest
every
as the male will not always accept the
night.
female provided by the owner. I have found that the best way to prevent dis-
male when the young are two or three
sension
is to
divide the aquarium with a
Some days
aquarists advocate removing the
old.
but
find that if well fed, both
I
piece of glass, placing the male in one
parents will take care of the brood until
compartment and the female in the other. Thus they may see and become accustomed to one another. After a few days I remove the partition and leave them to-
they are seven or eight weeks old.
gether for a short time. the partition
If they scrap
replaced, the procedure
is
being repeated until they become amiable. Having mated, they will proceed to dig holes
large
the
in
aquarium, which
is
all over an indication that
sand
the
young mature
meal worms.
usually select one of the larger stones or the flower pot, and carefully clean the absence of either
it.
In
have known them
I
on the side of the tank. having been carefully
to place the eggs
The
surface
cleaned,
upon
it,
the
female
deposits
dropping them
fertilization is effected
the
in a circle.
eggs
Then
will
breed
If these are not available,
they will eat the dry prepared foods used other
for
meeting
tropical
the
of
fishes.
Pittsburgh
Read at a Aquarium
Society.
How
the deposition of the eggs, they
and
when about nine months old. Food should consist largely of animal matter, such as raw beef, rain worms and
they are ready to spawn.
For
rapidly,
The
in
long do "tropical" fishes survive
our aquaria?
to compile a
mum
list
length of
stances rerio
have
and
It
life in
been
confinement.
reported
Tetragonopteris
living five years. to
would be interesting
of species with the maxi-
communicate
of
In-
Danio
riihropictux
Readers are requested their
records
to
the
editor.
by the male. Both
adults guard the eggs in turn, hovering
above and fanning with their
fins to
keep
The wise
aquarist preserves
Life; for future reference.
Aquatic
Do you?
^
«^ta^>^to4*'^ta^»^ta«l
4*^te^"^ta«*'^h^>'^to«l'
^»4V^te«»^te«
THE FAM-TAILED DARTER FRANK BAMFORD HANNA "The darter (Btheostoma
of darters
the fantail
Thus have Jordan and Copeland
writ-
Hardiest, wiri-
ten of the fish that deserves to be
more
is
flabellare).
est, wariest of them all, it is one which is most expert in catching other creatures, and the one which most surely evades your clutch. You can catch a weasel asleep when you put your finger on one
of these.
It
pirate-rigged
a
slim,
little
fish,
is
narrow, black, with
a
long,
among aquarists, and particularly who find pleasure in the study of our native species. The "darter of dart-
popular those
ers" has quite a wide distributions,
ranges from Quebec and
down lina,
and England South Caro-
New
the Atlantic coast to
westward by way of the Great
pointed head, and a projecting, prow-like
lower jaw.
It carries
ored
like the rocks
It is
dark brown
no
flag,
but
among which in hue,
col-
is
lives.
it
with a dusky
spot on each scale, so that the whole
body
seems covered with lengthwise stripes, and these are further relieved by cross bands of the same
color.
Its fins, espe-
fan-shaped caudal, are
cially the broad,
much checkered with The spines of the dorsal
likewise
spots of
black.
are very
low, and each of these in the male ends
pad of rusty-red
in a little fleshy
color,
the fish's only attempt at ornamentation.
The
fan-tailed darter chooses the coldest
and swiftest waters, and befits his
in
these,
as
;
and
rivers
lakes,
it
teeth.
large
Its
yellow-rimmed black
eyes are ever on the watch.
The
least
of a "fish" and the most of a darter, the fan-tailed is worthily left as a type of the genus Btheostoma, in which place by
its
it
was
discoverer, Rafinesque."
shows a preference
for small streams.
You small
catch
will
minnow
it
seine,
life.
snails
first
eastern half of the United States, the Gulf States excepted. Look for it in cool, rocky brooks occasionally found in
form, he leads an active preda-
He is the terror of water and caddis worms, and the larvse of mosquitoes. In the aquarium this darter is one of the most interesting of fishes, for, though plainly colored, it is very handsome, and in its movements is the most graceful of all the darters. Its mouth opens wider than that of any of the others, and it is fuller of bristling tory
Etheostotna flabellare
Lakes and the Ohio basin to Missouri and northeastern Iowa, and southward to northern Alabama. It is practically within reach of most aquarists residing in the
most readily in a though occasionally,
you are lucky, in a dip net. The colmust not be overcrowded, and should be kept as cool as possible. For a home, in your home, it asks a fairsized aquarium, the water but a. few inches deep some aquarists say not more if
lecting can
;
than four inches, but six will not be detrimental. Artificial aeration will be desirable, but if not possible, then half of the tank should be rather thickly planted with
Sagittaria
leaving
subulata,
the
small
species,
bottom space clear. The bed of the aquarium should be of clean, sharp sand, with a few rocks in the open area. If the tank is cool at the
rest
of
the
jaqaattc lilt
146
times,
all
The
may
fantail practically
haunts.
give
demands a it
diet
depends
in
During the summer months
mosquito larvse
it
at one
be expected.
of live food, for on such its
Hydra
and the food requirements met,
then success
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
it
will
exhibit
unexpected dexterity in catching them vary with small pond snails, which may be had in abundance, and with caddis
worms and daphne,
many
or with the
is
is
end
tubular in form, and attached
to
some object
by a number of eight.
A large
cles are
will
have a body the tenta-
discharged the minute stinging
which paralyze and cause the death of any minute animal coming in
threads,
when prey has been
to reach
end
surrounded
From
tacles of ecpal length.
supply of some of these foods, but it will be possible to get daphne and Corethra ice
is
three-quarters of an inch long, with ten-
contact with them.
even though
at the free
tentacles, usually six or
specimen
small larv?e from a neighboring creek or pond. Winter will bring to an end the
larva,
;
a hole, the mouth, which
The body and
tenta-
cles are capable of great contraction,
and
captured, the animal
must be broken
snails may be Though we have not
them a supply of ;
kept in other tanks.
them it will probably relish "enchyworms. High temperature will be main summer difficulty, and lack of
tried trse"
the
living food that of winter, but both can
The
be overcome.
fan-tail will eat the
dry foods, but they should be used sparingly, and only in a "pinch," in which
must be exercised to remove unconsumed particles before the development of fungi, and to otherwise keep the
Hydra Attached
to
Drawn by Frank
Duckweed
J.
Myers
appears as a small lump, with a coronet of very short tentacles.
In the aquarium the
case care
freely
Hydra reproduces
(alas! too freely)
by budding, a
small excrescence appearing on the side
bottom clean by the frequent use of the Changing a portion of the dip-tube.
of a mature individual, which gradually
be advantageous.
young Hydra may remain attached until nearly as large as the parent, and may
water occasionally
Hydra:
will
even
The Pest
pest of pests, in the opinion of the
aquarist,
is
the freshwater polyp.
gardless of care
it
may
Re-
be introduced
aquarium containing one's most valued fry, and woe betide them The Hydra is a relative of small marine jellyfishes, the Portuguese Man-of-war and some corals, and like them is abundantly provided with nettling organs with which
overcome
prey.
its
live-bearing
the third attack
fishes ;
Even the young succumb to
will
fry of egg-laying fishes
end their career with one.
all will
The
other method of reproduction is by which protrude as small globules from the lower portion of the animal.
After into
fertiliziation
these develop direct
new Hydra.
Many methods have
!
of
produce buds, but
eggs,
into the
to
in its turn
This
eventually become detached.
HARRY COLQUHOUN The
develops into a perfect organism.
been suggested to
Hydra from an infested aquaThe most satisfactory is to remove
eliminate
rium. all
the fishes and snails, and syphon out
the water, then refilling to the top with
new water
at a temperature of 104 deg. This effectually kills the pest. Replace this with water of average temperature before returning the fishes.
mÂť^^^m^^Âť$
^"f
1^1
Breeding Habits of Krefftius adspersus, tKe Purple-striped
Gudgeon
ALBERT GALE Royal Zoological Society of NJe^ South Wales
The
purple-striped
gudgeons
in
my
aquarium, on which the following notes
various batches of eggs for ninety days. The following observations are based
tween one thousand and two thousand
on one spawning only, that of February 17th. The details were obtained twice each day, at 9 A. M. and 9 P. M., with
children during the breeding season of
occasional intermediate
are about five
are based,
They have become
They
1913-1914.
inches long.
the parents
first
were then three years
of be-
bred in 1912, and old.
There was
but one spawning in that year, and as a result of
I
it,
have sixteen yearlings from
adult
what
all
in length.
ited,
which clearly illuminated them, as
well
as
though the males are some-
fish,
placed on the side of the aquarium opposite that on which the eggs were depos-
the color markings of the
one and one-half to two inches
These have
visits. The evening visits were most instructive, being made by the light of two or three candles
lighter in color than the females.
In October, 19 13, the coloration of a pair of
my
which
indicated
movements of the parent
the
fishes.
On the 15th and i6th, the male made preparations for the deposition of the ova
gudgeons became intensified, approaching fertility. Accordingly, they were placed in an
by removing confervoid growths and all foreign matter from the selected site. These he carefuly cleared away with his
aquarium which had been prepared for them during the previous autumn, and
mouth.
judiciously
fed,
but
otherwise
The tank was
turbed.
of
undis-
glass,
with
Meanwhile the female lurked
ited
and inspected the
perpendicular sides, and measured thir-
of
teen by fourteen inches on the surface of
position by
the
which was thirteen
water,
To make
inches
it, her abdomen lying at an angle of about 45 degrees, so that the
conditions as natural as
genital papilla
ova on to the
it
introduced
Early
.
in the
breeding season (15th No-
vember) the female deposited her first batch of eggs on the glass side of the aquarium, and others again on the i8th and 27th of December. In the following month, January, 1914, she spawned on the 7th, 17th and 30th, and now in March she has her tenth
lot of eggs.
Since last
October the male has been tending the
Approving
site.
she placed herself in a horizontal
it,
was well supplied with waterweeds' and pond-snails, and the anchorage for the plants was composed of shell-grit, sand and humus, no clayey matter being
deep.
possible
in
the weeds on the far side of the aquarium. At 9 A. M. on the i6th she vis-
gave
me
had free play glass.
Her
to eject the
position also
a clear view of her every
movemate had settled herself, the male drew near, and took up a position about one inch above her. His head pointed in the opposite direction to
When
ment.
hers,
and
abdomen
prepared
to the
was
his
his
lay at right angles
site; his genital papilla
immediately
above
that
of
the
female.
On
morning of the 17th, the first was emitted, and immediately afterwards, two others followed. These the
ovum
were conjoined by a
fine hair-like film.
)8lqnatu JttCc
148
among
the weeds, where
and were closely followed by a string of She continued to eject strings of eight. eggs until a circular patch of about two
all
by two inches was covered. All the chains of eggs were placed horizontally, no one crossing another, and there were about
perature of the water at this time was
Each genatinous base by means of
twenty eggs to the
inch.
lineal
egg had a which it adhered to the glass. As the ova were being deposited, the male hovered over the female,
it
from the movements of the
that
spermatic
and
ejected,
being evident
his genital papilla fluid
was
There were no sterile eggs in the first few nests, the first one being observed
He
remained over
I suppose he obtained his food at night, as he was never feeding
In thirty-six at the time of my visits. hours the gelatinous base of each egg had into
a peduncle, the
eggs themselves being also larger, and provided with a globule of air on the
commenced
the third day he
increase
as
them continually by oscillating his These actions pectoral and caudal fins. kept the ova in a constant swirl, and were continued until the fry emerged and took shelter in the weeds.
the
morning of the 20th I noticed signs of eyes, and at 9 P. M. they
the
first
were
distinctly visible.
On
the 25th, at
9 A. M., the fry were emerging from the eggs, nine days after their deposition.
For a while they hung, head downwards, from the empty egg-capsules, by means of their tails, which were bent like the
The motions tremulous movement
curve of a fish-hook. respiration
and a
the pectoral fins were the
of
Re-
printed by permission from The;
Aus-
P.
the
tralian Zoologist'
"Mysterious Fish
caption,
the
Strange
Arabic
Inscriptions,"
a
recent magazine article presents a photo-
graph of Holacanthus nicobariensis (var. caught
Semicirculatus),
Zanzibar,
at
where it created quite a sensation. The markings of the caudal fin form two distinct inscriptions in Arabic, reading on one side, "The Work of God," and on the other, "God Alone." The fish was bought in the market, and when the strange markings were noticed, it was taken to an Arabic scholar. It was afterwards shown to the Sultan, who also recognized the wording.
The
lettering
is
plain,
ery caused wonderment
Mohammedans. They
and the discov-
among
declare
it
the local
portends
something about to happen, possibly the end of the war. Fabulous prices were ofifered for the fish
by the superstitious,
came the Government
to rest, in formalin,
but in
it
finally
later placed
What
laboratory.
It
was
on public exhibition.
fishes
may
be associated
in
"happy family" or community aquarium
a ?
of
The experiences
of
me have a list of the species composing your "family," mentioning the size of the tank. This is a point on which many
indications
when they came into the world. M. the following day they had
life
At 8
first
to
season advanced.
to fan
On
eighth nest contained
and the number continued
With
cubation, and
become elongated
The
in the fourth.
thirteen,
with
the eggs for nine days, the period of in-
On
about 80 degrees.
the
once placed himself perpendicularly above the ova, frequently changing his position, his head being sometimes up, at others down.
The tem-
being
at
yolks.
for another twenty-four hours.
fertilization taking place.
The spawning being completed, male
dispersed
they were further guarded by the male
readers ask help.
of aquarists differ.
Editor.
Let
Part 3
Histor}? of IcKth3?ology.
MAJOR Passing from
R.
W. SHUFELDT,
Medical Corps. U. S. A.
his
time
progress of ichthyology received at the
This
is
hands of such men as
tematic treatise on the anatomy of fishes
such
influence
J.
the
as
Ray and we
F. Wil-
kighby, from 1628 to 1672,
pass to
a brief account of the achievements of
a
man who
them
far
outclassed
of
either
although what he did for the
;
and
its
(Bibliotheca
application to
sophia Ichthyologica). his
Ichthyologica).
followed by a wonderful and sys-
Genera Piscium,
taxonomy (Philo-Then he gave us
in
which no fewer
sci-
ence of fishes in his time was due to the
accomplishments of the two writers just Reference
mentioned.
made
is
the
to
labors of Peter Artedi.
Now, Artedi was born and
1705,
at the
Sweden
in
in
age of 29 he was acci-
drowned in one of the canals of Amsterdam, in 1734. In his brief lifedentally
span he not only studied under Linnaeus at Upsala, but
he seized upon the pub-
left by Ray and Wilwhose writings he thoroughly appreciated, and applied them to his own
material
lished
lughby,
various lines of research in ichthyology.
Owing all this
to his
sudden and early taking
was
manuscript
left in
tunately, there
was
take care of this
;
a friend at
off,
but, for-
hand
to
This was
for him.
Count Clifford, a wealthy Englishman, and the proof was edited by a no less dis-
Portrait of Carl Linne,
tinguished naturalist than Linnaeus him-
than
who
self,
of
was, as stated above, a friend
during
Artedi
the
latter's
brief
So important were the works of and so comprehensive for the time they were written, that many biographers refer to him as the father of ichthyology and it would seem that he
forty-five
ated, all of
which seems
to the present time
career.
diagnostic
Artedi,
Species Piscium
;
well deserves that distinction.
As gathered
together, his
prise five distinct treatises.
these
we
find
works comFirst
among
an exhaustive ichthyological
biography as well as bibliography up to
somewhat past middle age
piscine
genera are creto
have held up
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; so accurate were the
differences
defined.
In
we meet with most
cellent descriptions
his
ex-
of seventy-two spe-
which are quite as scientifically dealt with as his Genera; and, lastly, this remarkable authority compiled a great work on ichthyological synonomy (Synonymica Piscium), wherein we meet with a systematic arrangement of the works of all previous writers on cies of fish,
ItU
SiquAiit
150
up
fishes
Few
own
to his
day.
ceived the attention of
writers in biology have accom-
pHshed such an array of completed productions in so brief a period of time;
even Linnaeus, the best-known naturalist the world has ever seen, never succeeded
numerous pens
of authors skilled in comparative anat-
omy, wherein For example.
were not neglected. Hunter worked on the nerves Camper and Haller took up other organs, but also paid some attention to fishes
;
but he applied correct binomial names to
neurology. Munro produced a mass of excellent work on the general anatomy of fish, contrasting it with that of our own species. Electrical fish were studied by Allamand, Walsh, Reaumur, Bancroft and others. Even as early at 1764, Fleditsch both understood and
in the twelfth
practiced the artificial rearing of salmon
in
overshadowing Ardeti, of
science
fishes
in so far as the
How-
concerned.
is
ever, Linnaeus did accomplish one great
task in this field
;
taking the correctly
for,
described species of fish by Artedi, he
not only added other species to the
Moreover, Linnaeus,
them.
list,
edition of his System, gives us a classifi-
cation of fishes which
is
a very thorough
considering the time
one,
it
appeared.
This part of the wonderful achievements of Linnaeus is too extensive to reproduce in a short article like the present one.
Almost immediately after the works of Artedi and Linnaeus appeared indeed, inspired by them this branch of zoological science took on a truly marvelous forward movement, which was
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
manifested
in
the rapid appearance of
many works on
fishes
from many pens
of writers of very different nationalities.
Omitting the feeble efforts of Klein and Gronow, both of whom were contempo-
we may name such writers as Thunberg; Brum(Mediterranean nich fishes) Kalm raneous authors with Linnaeus,
;
(American types) O. Fabricius (Greenland) Osbeck (Fishes of Japan and Forskal (Red Sea forms) China) Hasselquist (Palestine and Egyptian spe;
;
;
cies),
as
;
with a great
Duhamel,
many
Pennant,
others,
Muller,
such
Parra,
Cornide, Neidinger, and others of less
eminence. press
Next followed the great im-
made on ichthyology by
the writ-
and complications of such distinguished writers as M. E. Bloch (17231799), and Lacepede (1756- 1826) while ings
;
the morphological side of the science re-
piscine
and trout; and
just previous to this time
number of brochures appeared on what was being discussed under the gen-
a great
eral title of the
mystery of the
common
eel.
Another enormous impulse was given when Baron Cuvier entered the field 1769-1832) this was the study of fishes (
;
a time almost immediately after the
at
writings peared.
of It
Lacepede will
and
Bloch
ap-
be remembered that G.
Cuvier was the author of the great work, the
Regne Animal, and
his
interest
in
ichthyology hinged upon his employing it
in that
famous
treatise.
A. Valenci-
ennes was a pupil of Cuvier's, and in the
1820 the former commenced his well-known work on the Hirtoire Naturalle des Poissons, the first volume of which was published eight years thereafter. Following Cuvier's death, Valenciennes continued the work, producing volume after volume, until the twentysecond one was out in 1848, which takes into consideration the salmon group of fishes or the Salmonidae. Notwithstanding its extent, this series of volumes is by no means complete. This does not mean, however, that the student of ichyear
thyology can well dispense with
such
is
it,
for
not the case.
In a brief article like the present one
'UiZ'
t
'Jei
-i/l-
J %.!
d'_
aquatU
152
it is
quite out of the question to present
the various
proposed by
classifications
any of the above named ichthyologists, as that would occupy too much space. The readers of this short biographical history would gain nothing by it, for all of those
lilt
erosity of Col. C. C. McCulloch, Jr., of
librarian of the
Army
Mr. Cary R. Sage, that institution,
of modern times. The era between the years 1760 and i860 was filled in by
these
writers in this
the majority
field,
For
example, we find the works of Patrick Russel, F. Hamilton, E. Donovan, A. Risso, and finally, in 181 5, a work on the
New York by S. L. Mitchell. Although only seventy years elapsed between the days of Linnseus and Cuvier, fishes of
is
assistant librarian of
who
their present use.
many
is
Museum
Medical
of the Surgeon General's Office, and to
classifications are, to a greater or less degree, now much modified by writers
being, however, pre-Cuvierian ones.
Army, who
the Medical Corps of the
them for
selected
In this library there
a wonderful gallery of portraits,
two of Carl Linne were
and
selected
from it, copies being made for me by Mr. Roy Reeve, the official photographer of the Museum. In Fig. i we have a portrait of Linne, somewhat past middle life,
while in Fig. 2 he
younger,
is
considerably
or, as indicated in the legend,
about 41 years of age.
Historically, these
portraits are of great value,
and have not
appeared anywhere
in literature
the advances made in the science of ichthyology were simply enormous. These
graphical
for
were principally along the lines of the knowledge the accurate knowledge of the significance of taxonomic groups, based upon distribution in time and upon the upon characters morphological anatomy and physiology of fishes, and
ated by students of ichthyology in any part of the world where they may be
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
;
upon many of the in truth, that,
it
may
be said,
notwithstanding the
bril-
liancy of the light shed on scientific ich-
thyology by Artedi,
who preceded
Lin-
and the glorious contributions to the subject by Bloch, Lacepede and Cuvier, who followed him, it must be adnaeus,
mitted that the impetus given the study of fishes by the Systema of Linn?eus must ever be regarded as the great central
light
eighteenth
of the middle period of the
and
nineteenth
centuries.
we may
well devote
This being the case,
the illustrations of this part to the
illus-
Swede, who accomplished so much that redounds to the credit of biological science. For the two portraits I
trious
here present of Linnaeus to the readers of
Aquatic Life
I
am
;
they cannot
fail
a
indebted to the gen-
or bio-
many
great
of being appreci-
seen.
The aquarian should scientific names of
at all times use
the
fishes
in
name; then there
pref-
common
erence to a manufactured or
extinct forms.
In concluding this part,
years
sketches
no mistaking
will be
the particular fish about which he
may
be talking.
A
little
fish
from
Africa,
recently
made known to science, bears the tonguetwisting name of Microstomatichthyoborus hashforddeani.
hand" the name long as the
Written
in
"long
just about twice as
is
fish.
Most exotic fish fanciers endeavor to breed a greater number of species than their equipment can handle. The usual result
is
under-sized
fish,
due
to
crowd-
ing.
The waters which she Walton.
are nature's storehouse, in
locks
up
her
wonders.
;aquatic ILitt
YOU CAN JUDGE
An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of native, exotic, gold and domesticated hshes, other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium. W. A. POYSER JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN
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542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia.
Entered as second-class matter, September 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879.
an aquarist by his library. The progressive aims to secure all the available literature of the subject. His slogan is "read, inark and learn." The elementary books are stepping stones Adtc the more technical works. vanced treatises assume that the student is grounded in the subject; the elementary takes nothing for granted. Both are necessary; one an introduction to the other, and to success and pleasure. For your library we suggest the following:
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No. 11
The
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Cash With Order
tEeUscopetf
CALICOS BLACKS BLUES PHILADELPHIA 4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, Prices Reasonable
ON
AQUARIUM
THE
fu^c^?
&
"Goldfish Varieties Tropical Aqaarium Fishes", byWm.T.Innes, former President of the Aquarium Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195
is
Tells all about the fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner or the advanced expert.
illustrations.
ENCHYTRAE
(White Worms)
The
ideal live iish food which can be raised indoors all year round. Portion 50c (cash or money order) with instruction how to breed them.
CHARLES
JENNE
E.
1577 Paterson Plank Road, Secaucus, N.
No
Mail Orders
Bell
J.
INNES
& SONS
-
133 N. I2th
St.
-
Phila.,
& Tropicals
GEO. W. PRICE,
2145
Charles E. Visel Broad-tail
Lee Street
PhILADEIvPHIA
Telescopes and Japs
Blacks, Blues and Parti-colors
215
Putnam Avenue, Brookeyn, OOOOOOOCXDC^DCOOC
Doco(
—
Or Are You Having Bad Luck With
Brooklyn, N. Y. Near Central Avenue L Station ::
TROPICAL & GOLDFISHES Calicos
Japs
Fan-tails
Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants All Kinds of FisK Foods Fresh and Dried Daphnia
AQUARIA. UTENSILS
AND
?ooooooocx:i
Them— If So
Try
"BUG FOOD" Used
Breeder and Importer of
Telescopes
N. Y.
ARE YOUR GOLDFISH DYING
Otto Walter 86 5u>>dann Street
Pa
Phone
Broadtails
S.
A
complete, practical, handsome book, sent postpaid anywhere for $3.00. Enlarged edition now ready.
by Scientific Aquarists and Breeders the world over. Output last season over 100,000 boxes. By Mail 13c & 18c Two Sizes 10 & 15c
ASK YOUR DEALER FOR IT Wholesale Goldfish, Foods
BERT
J.
PUTNAM, 490
SUPPLIES oooocooco:
—
&
vSupplies
Washington St
Buffalo, N. Y. loaoz.
:3QICCH
)000000000'
3000C=3C3C
HARRY 1210 N.
GOLDFISH BREEDERS
P.
Wamock
PETERS
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa
BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish Plants
FLORISTS
of
every variety,
Aquarium Supplies
of
and
Snails
kinds at
all
all
times.
MANUFACTURER OF
58th and Walnut Streets
110 South 52nd
Green River Fish Food
Street
15c Box
Green River Baby Fish Food
Philadelphia
20c Box
Aquarium Fishes
A GOOD FISH FOOD most
All Kinds of Aquatic Plants
Aquaria
&
Supplies
Wholesale and Retail -MMWw
irmnr-
3C=X{ "X
HERMAN RABENAU,
—
Aquarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
& Terraria
Aquatic Life
IOC
YOUNG
and
Nymph
All
Broad-tails, Fringetails Telescopes and Japs, Colors, $1.00 per Dozen Up.
BREEDERS— Largest
Welcome
Shipping Cans,
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of
New
Assortment of
Blues, Blacks and Calico Telescopes and Japs at Reasonable Prices.
must be seen to be appreciated Visitors
one of the
is
necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It keeps the fish in good color by promoting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask your dealer or serui for it today. things
essential
Varieties received
50c.
Pine Assortment of Lionheads
'
regularly 1163 Myrtle Avenue. Brooklyn, N.
HARRY
11.
Near Broadway.
1210 North
P.
PETERS,
Warnock
Phila.,
St.,
Pa.
icc=xxxx.
yx=.oc
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food
•
Sample Box 10c
Imported Shrimp Fish Food
•
-
Sample Can 15c
Imported Wafer Fish Food
Large Sample Box 10c
Mai/ Orders Promptly Attended to
Agents for
"ART AQUARIUMS"
Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order.
Catalogne
Sent
Upon
::
New York
1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal
Importers
:
and
Pealers
:
JAPANESE GOLDFISH Direct FroiA Breedws in Japan Silver Medals. PanamaInternational Exposition, San Fran-
Awarded Gold and Pacific
Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 273 Greenwich Street
Nippon Goldfish Co
City
cisco, 1915.
ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES Price Lists Furnished Trade Only.
—
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