Aquatic life 8 1918 by Akwariat.pl

^-o^cj^r

Jacob C. Cassel 915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa Manufacturer of

AQUARIUMS Aquarium Ornaments Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. Fish Food

Fish Globes

Goldfish

and

aquarium requisites. Send for Catalog.

all

J0CI3C

FRESH By

HENRY

WATER BIOLOGY WHIPPLE WARD GEORGE and

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS All interested in aquatic biology will find here answers to their queries on methods of study, conditions of existence, types of life, and inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water bodies, together with data on their life histories, habits and range. This work is the first complete and accurate record of North American aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms among both plants and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria, every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body on this continent. comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species. Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also out. given. Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illustrations. Price, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds. ;

AQUATIC

LIFE, 542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. -»-v t

Minrv—

3000C=3000C

-M-mrx

M HiTM

—

«J

B=.=

YOU

Are Looking for Something Extra Fine in Broad -tail Telescopes Don't Forget

Snails

a chance

make money yinU

FINE FISH

for Proposition

Cive References

Plants

- ADDRESS ~

FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES 413

W. H. HEIMBACH

Breeder and Importer of

FISH

Here

M. E. Corrugating Co.

COVINGTON,

North Tenth Street Allentown, Pa.

KENTUqCV

xio

ACARA BIMACULATA ERNEST LEITHOLF i

The breeding

tropical

South

Acara himaculata, of

More shy

America. cious

few

any, are more interesting than

fishes, if

those

activities of

but not as pugna-

Heniichromis and other relabreeding in the aquarium is

tives, their

not

difficult.

The sexes but

are

The ground

color

origin at the

water,

Fahrenheit.

line. To prevent rust the pipe was coated with Portland cement, giving it the ap-

con-

quite

being

may

a greenish blue. its

coloration,

very changeable,

transformations

trasty

has

similar

which averaged 8i deThis aquarium is heated by gas, the burner being placed in the lower end of a length of two-inch iron pipe, which is fastened to the bottom of the tank and extends above the water aerated

grees

effected.

be either olive or

black lateral band

gill

cover, being fol-

lowed by a number of spots of the same shade, the last located at the base of the

Under

caudal.

oblique light the head,

back, base of dorsal, and anal

brassy sheen.

fin

have a

Upright bars are

visible

extending from the ridge of the

at times,

back to the abdomen, which, lateral

the

abdomen and

cluded they were indulging in a feast of

may The

partially or

com-

dorsal points and

ventrals black streaked with blue.

In breeding examples the sides

may

log.

be black with a bluish sheen,

markings,

the base of the anal are blue, edged with ;

March, much to our concern, the pair were discovered fanning a nest of eggs which they had placed on the heating pipe. When, but two days later, they were observed picking them from this rather warm situation, we con-

pletely disappear.

black

Acara bimaculata

pea ranee of an upright submerged the 29th of

the back becoming a rich olive crossed

boiled eggs

by bars of a darker shade.

nately disappearing in a group of Sagit-

The

ventral points of the male,

folded, extend to the sixth

when

ray of the

anal, while in the female only the fourth is

reached.

In a pair

had under ob-

taria, I

then perceived what resembled, in

miniature, a

The eggs a

Noticing the adults alter-

swarming colony of bees. moment before were now

of a

cluster of

living,

wriggling fry sus-

servation the dorsal and anal fins of the

pended from a

male, which he usually carried slightly

mouthful of the young into the cluster by one of the par-

folded,

drawn

appeared somewhat larger and whereas in the female

into points,

force

ents

leaf of Sagittaria.

would cause the other

to violently

they were rounded and habitually carried

vibrate their caudals to enable

erect.

maintain their positions.

This pair poses,

placed, for breeding .pur-

a large

tank of filtered and

The

expelling a

During the next transferred

seven

five

them

days they were

times,

always

being

;8lqaAtu lilt

154

assembled as described. There were approximately 250 young, and it required less

than ten minutes to

move them

moved

side

close to the

one

half of the fam-

from the centre of the tank

ily

location 18 inches away.

new

occasion, having

to a leaf

nearest the observer,

we approached, apparently denew location was unsafe,

they, as

latus,

20 Xiphophorus

CL ilia

sp,

helleri,

20 Poe-

the breeding pair of

incert.,

Acara and one odd male. On June 13th, the young Acara measured from threefourths to an inch long, and were still in the original tank, where Mr. Winter intends to keep them until they are much Editor. )

larger.

cided that the

for immediately the youngsters were carried back to the old place.

In five days, seemingly without nourishment other than that furnished by the

had doubled in size. the sixth day they had begun to

yolk-sac,

the

fry

about, keeping the parents busy as

swarm

bees to prevent them from scattering. Stragglers would be picked up in the of a parent and expelled back into

mouth

That night they were again

the school.

assembled in a cluster.

This putting to

were, was followed for two

rest, as

weeks.

After

this the

In the death of Rudolph Gallattovitz,

on July 23d, the Aquarium Society, New York, lost an active and popular member. The remains were interred in St.

Long Island. Raymond, who

Michael's Cemetery,

Mr.

Gallattovitz's son,

recently received an honorable discharge

from the U. S. Army, has become While he was stationed

ber.

Antonio, Texas, he

made

mem-

San

a goodly col-

snakes, turtles, horned toads and other lizards. Hugo C. Nullrs, Chairman Press Committee. lection of

youngsters disre-

garded parental restrictions and moved about at will, still, however, zealously

kee Aquarium Society, the following of^-

guarded against harm.

cers

How

strong the parental instinct

may

the annual meeting of the

were elected

Semmann

Alfred

by a pair in the be was Winter, of Dwight possession of Mr. Pittsburgh, Pa. These mated and reared

Schroeder; Treasurer, George

a family in a large community tank, yet

Custodian,

well illustrated

f en

;

Liborius

President,

Vice-president,

;

Recording Secretary,

Milwau-

R. White

Corresponding Secretary, Arthur Simon

Edwin

Merget

they successfully guarded their offspring

rian,

Jaehnert and Dr. R. G. Washburn.

attacks.

When my young were three weeks old removed the parents. The babies are

quite robust, resembling in this particular,

as well as in appearance, the

young

The care and feeding and was covered by Mr. Winter in his paper in the July number. (Mr, Winter writes that his tank holds about 180 gallons, and contained at the time mentioned 4 Fundulns chrysotus, 3 Gambusia holbrooki, 8 Lebistes retictiof the Chanchito. is

Jacob

The members

;

F. Kieckhefer; Libra-

against

all

C. Stef-

;

Directors,

Max

of the Chicago Society

Aquatic Life recently visited Milwaukee,

and apparently found much to interest them in our collections. Arthur Simon, Corresponding Secretarv.

identical,

latus,

P hallo ptychus januarius,

lienisia latipinna,

30 Mol8 Platypoecilus niacu-

First

autumn meeting of

the Philadel-

phia Goldfish Fanciers' Society, Saull's

September i8th. General "get together" and annual auction of fishes. Bring a few good ones and a little "spare change." Public inHall, 804 Girard avenue,

vited.

On Transporting WILLIAM

For

few

several years a

breeders

fish

Living DapKnia IHMES

Tacks of

copper

have been carrying their Daphne home on

when new muslin

cloth stretchers or trays,

instead of

important advantages that

become more

This method has such

of water.

pails

its

general.

use should aquarists

all

are not familiar with the scheme, a description follows, together with a state-

ment of

net

Daphne and mosquito

Collectors larvae

have occasionally noted, when the kept moist over night, that the

"insects" clinging to

following long

morning.

known home

the

has

also

been

and others that

mass of Daphne can be car-

is enamaled white, because white absorbs considerably less heat than dark colors while standing in the sun.

When

facts

development of

The

has been placed

tray will carry a layer 1-16 inch deep

two they may be

piled

cloth

It is

about as

much

tray

Any

washed arrange-

Daphne

will

or tub.

every re-

centre.

principles

answer.

first

quirement.

The

using

carrier

fills

a tin bread

box measuring 12 inches long, 9 inches deep and 8 inches wide. This holds nine trays, the frames of which are wood, ^4-inch square. These are about a halfinch shorter in width and length than the corresponding inside measurements of the carrier, which permits easy removal. Fine muslin tray.

forms the bottom of the

The edges

of the fabric are turned

over neatly and fastened to the outside of the

Let

as can be carried in

should not belly downwards and allow the

work

from the water. To empty a tray

the food

from the tray into water. ment embodying these I

inch deep.

say here that a quarter inch of "bugs" in a tray of this size is a big lot of food.

Upon

outfit

which

The

If not

more than an hour or

to be carried for

ice. In lifting the tray from the water proceed slowly, after spreading the contents as evenly as possible. The muslin

the

carried in a tight re-

home

water

as gathered.

after the water has been drained.

ceptacle which will prevent evaporation. arrival

have brought about

tray on which the food is

a large can of water for an hour without

stretcher on which to carry any kind of

pond food.

collecting, set a tray in the

not allowed

in the net if

These

to dry.

will be alive the

to the writer

quite a large ried

In order

The box

rim up, placing the food

to test its efficiency.

removal

easy

needed.

economize in weight I used soft white pine for the frames, giving them a coat of shellac to make them moisture proof.

the results of a series of experi-

ments made

allow is

frame with small copper

tacks.

tents

will

hose

under the frame, withdrawn

too hastily

invert

over a pan

handy, run the water around the edge and then over the If a

This prevents washing the conbetween the frame and muslin. In

some will lodge there, but removed by pressing the fabric backward and pouring water on

spite of care

are easily slightly

edge. This removal is important. There have been complaints that the cloth soon rots and needs renewing. This, I think, is caused by the particles allowed to remain and decompose, or because the the

trays are not thoroughly dried after use.

They should be stood apart and not returned

to the

the air

box while any

mtt

jaquattc

156

have used my trays for some time, and they seem as good as

moisture remains.

Our

Oh, boy

new.

Have you

emptied into water the water in turn should be passed through Brussels netting or brass wire cloth of tray

mesh

to pass the

Daphne and

seen

Latest thing in

dent's car?

As each

Car

President's

— our PresiDaph

traps,

No, it's not a one-lunger, though the fact seems untrue till microscopical examination shows up

got 'em

beat by far.

all

taken.

detrimental insect larvae that are usually Such sieves are, of course, a part

wee two. The boat has four wheels, and three touch the ground, with rubberband tires to make them look round. The nothing new, to self-starter's a pippin

of the equipment of every well regulated

be frank

breeding establishment. In my experiments to ascertain

with eight turns of the crank.

the proper

and

retain a great deal of the rubbish

how

long Daphne could live under the conditions mentioned, I

employed a

single tray,

placing a moist one above and below it. The carrier was placed in the cellar with dea temperature of approximately 65 about layer in a was grees. The Daphne

1-16 inch deep. vals the tray

was

five different inter-

dipped, end down, into

a pan of water, each time washing off a new section, but without disturbing or

Portions were

moistening the balance.

thus removed at three, seven, seventeen, At twenty-seven and forty-one hours.

twenty-three hours practically all were alive, save such as were probably injured

dead or moribund when At forty-one hours placed in the tray. about three-quarters were dead, and no in collecting or

doubt

The

all

would soon have perished.

fact that

good condition for any reasonable length of time by this method, without ice, should make its use almost universal, especially when one In one considers the saving in weight.

outfit, I

certain that

can carry twice the quantity of Daphne as a man with two fifty-pound lard cans

hour

home,

who must

travel an

and mine

will be in better condition.

Fred says

—

any

it's

fan can work

fish

a humdinger, and

For daph huntyou don't care when you

agree with him in that. ing

it's

great, if

Folks

get back.

call

the flaming

tail

left

Haley's comet,

but for speed far be

from such

;

it's

behind when she's

up the dust. Five miles from a gallon and ten minutes to the mile, really the dear ole sloop would make an iron kickin'

man

smile.

'Tis not a tin Lizzie, a flivver or a can,

for the thing

was and is

a man.

was created before H. Ford At night while Fred snoozes,

nature seems dead, the ole buss

all

safely anchored right under his bed.

—

P. S. With apologies Aquarium Society, and

to the

Chicago

the

Orsinger

which is none other than the origiworking model of the prehistoric Simple-X lemonzine. Bro. Bill.

buss, nal

to reach

They're trying to christen Mollienisia latipinna the "flag-fin."

woman's idea of

a square deal

which she comes out ahead.

one

Seems

that

the Philadelphia calico broadtail goldfish

has 'em

all

you look

beaten for flag-fins any

it,

way

not to mention that

sports the colors of liberty, red, white

and blue! It is

— MosE.

surprising from

how

far

Aquatic

Life brings business. We recently had from a reader in Central America, who mentioned that he saw our advertisement in A. L. Crescent Fish Farm.

a visit

— for

Daphne (and mosquito

larvae) can be kept in

hand, with

nire Southern Soft RICHARD DECKERT, Mew

Turtle

Shelled

York

Garden

Zoological

*iB

YOUNG SPECIMENS OF TRIONYX FEROX /

and tortoises are known to every one by their hard, horny armor, but there are a few species that do not posThe comsess this protective structure. monest American species is the Southern Turtles

Soft-shelled Turtle.

The

carapace, or shell, of this creature

constitutes a soft,

more or

less cartilagi-

in which the and ribs can be seen in thin examples, but which is perfectly smooth in well-fed ones. This

neous or leathery covering outlines of the vertebrte

covering bends easily at the edges. outline

The

oval in the adult and almost

and

snout,

thick, fleshy lips,

ceal hard, sharp jaws.

which conthe very tip

of the trunk-like snout are the small nostrils,

which can be closed when the

turtle

The feet are large, margined with broad, membranous flaps, the toes webbed beyond the tips, each foot having but three claws. The carapace is slightly convex, with a row of bony plates imbedded along the centre. The plastron is

under water.

or under side

bony

plates,

is flat,

which

covered with large of the

flat

and also has several

in old

specimens are

callosities.

structure the species

account is

called

young specimens. The head and neck can be withdrawn completely, as with most of the hard-shelled

the "Flapjack Turtle" in

species.

with black spots and rings disposed more

circular in very

The head

small, with a soft, pointed

some parts of

the South.

Young examples

are prettily

marked

or less symmetrically over the upper shell

flqnatu

158

on a pale gray or fawn ground color; there is also a narrow dark margin around the edge. Adults are uniformly yellowish gray or brown. A yellow band on each side of the neck and head extends through the eye and unites with front of the eyes.

the opposite one in

The

tail is

and medium

thick

in length,

and can be drawn sidewise under the

HtU

with about three inches of fine sand, and provided with a large log on which they can climb and rest, they will

endure captivity for years.

fresh-water turtles, they are carnivorous, and large examples do not belie

all

their

three-clawed

scientific

name, Triony.v

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

/ero.râ&#x20AC;&#x201D; ferocious.

;

In Florida they are called snapping known turtles, the real "snapper" being often as the "alligator cooter." They are found in shallow situations near the

shores of the ponds and rivers, buried in prothe mud or sand, with just the head truding.

Upon

the slightest disturbance

they dart into deeper water, throwing up clouds of mud or sand with their broadlywebbed feet. They are remarkably rapid

swimmers, and are no doubt aided in their progress through the water by their comparatively flat and thin form. Small examples in an aquarium will lie for hours buried in the fine sand at the bottom, only occasionally,

rising to

the surface

and then merely protruding

the tip of the snout.

the

many

speci-

mens observed by the writer,, not one has become as tame and confiding as most The of our other fresh-water turtles. slightest jar or a sudden movement on the part of the observer will send them scurrying to the farthest corner of the

aquarium, where into the sand.

they

burrow

rapidly

this turtle reaches a

length of shell of nearly two feet, and a

learning

are

and

direct

the

appreciate

indirect value of small things

in fish culture, as well as in other

mat-

ters.

The

plants,

which Dr. Emmeline Moore, pro-

shell.

If kept in a large

cut in narrow strips. tank,

aquatic

investigations

fessor of botany at Vassar College, and at times investigator for this

Bureau, has

been conducting for several years, are revealing a greater forage value of water plants than had previously been realized.

illuminating illustration of the indi-

rect value of certain plants

was presented

in the course of her investigations at the

Fairport laboratory last summer.

observed that species

was

June and July a certain

insect

(a chironomid,

larva

Orthocladius nivorutndus)

feed almost

exclusively upon a species of filamentous

alga {Mougeotia genuflexa), and that at the

same time

this insect larva

formed

an important food of the large-mouth black bass. Thus, during these months, the small alga, which might have been

thought to serve no useful purpose, was contributing in a material port of the black bass.

way

to the sup-

Fisheries Service

Bulletin.

correspondent, writing of a

"We

visit to

were shown some beautiful high-brids (sic) Barbus conchonius hatched from common goldfish eggs." Verily, there is no end to the hybrid stufi^. A couple of years ago an article was submitted, based on one from current German magazine, which a

another town, says

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

weight of more than thirty pounds, only

asserted the production of a cross be-

very young specimens are suitable for

tween an oviparous and a viviparous fish. The translator had failed to grasp

aquarium inmates.

The food

in captivity

should consist of

earthworms, and raw beef and fresh

fish

that the original article satire.

was evidently

Breeding Habits of tke Asiatic Red-bellied Ne\\?t EDGAR

WAITE,

Museum

Director, SoutK Australian

NEWT

RED-BELLIED

On August

PHOTOGRAPH BY MAJOR

31st, 1904, I exhibited be-

fore the Society Hving examples of the Asiatic

Recl-beUied

Newt (Molge

rhogastra Boie) and, though in

Sydney, until

last year,

pyr-

kept them,

removal

April

they showed no signs of breed-

W. SHUFELDT

days for incubation, the temperature of

from 55

the water ranging

The tank

including

to 65 degrees

well suplied with plants,

Anacharis

Vallisneria,

Myriophyllum, but

and

every instance the

first-named was selected.

The procedure

ing.

does not appear to differ from that of

At the breeding season last year the Newts were exhibited at the New Zea-

the Crested

Newt

of Britain

for though

land International Exhibition, but they

Bell,

were not then suitably housed for breed-

adults

ing purposes.

never actually bred

This season, however, they were turned to the tank in which in

The

re-

kept them

Sydney, and, with the exception of

{Molge

formerly kept both

and tadpoles of

this

Red-bellied Newt, as watched in

floating portion of a leaf of Vallisneria

precisely similar conditions.

often cracked in the process.

loth,

eggs were laid on October

and hatched on December

.12th;

subsequent eggs also required about sixty

vivarium, usually employs a terminal

and folds

first

species,

it.

the exigencies of climate, they are under

The

cris-

Laur), as detailed by Rusconi and

tata

upon

itself,

the leaf being

The

leaf

glued in this position, and the single

egg, placed within the fold,

secured.

rarely an egg

similarly is

placed

jAquatU

160

S,ltt

between two leaves where they cross each other, the two being glued together. Occasionally a detached portion of a leaf

narrow bands radiate from the eye, which is golden-green with narrow golden iris.

used, and fixed against the wall of the tank, always, however, at the surface of

the dorsal, anal and caudal

the water.

removed from the plant an

but the primary object of the

egg sinks, attachment appears to be protection, for some eggs I have intentionally detached well on equally and they have developed larvae

have grown

rapidly since

they were hatched, ten days ago, but if their subsequent development is as slow as that of

mouth is

Molge

Higginbottom,

cristata, as

will

The

fins.

capacious, as befits a bass, and

a sure indication that the possessor

a voracious fishes

seizing

fish,

prey

its

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;small

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; suddenly, and gulping them down The maximum

like pills.

length

seven

inches.

The

the bottom.

The

of dots cross the soft portions of

Bands

sexes are hard to distinguish, ex-

cept during breeding season,

when

the

female becomes distended and deeper the abdomen.

At other

times, to the prac-

recorded by

be fully three years

before they are mature, even if I am sucFrom the Processful in rearing them. ceedings of the Linnean Society of Nezv South Wales.

(The Red-bellied Newt, which American students prefer to place Diemyctylus,

pet shops, selling for It

cents.

in the

genus Nandus marmoratus

often obtainable in the

quite

about twenty-five beautiful

species,

aquarium, as

easily maintained in the

does not leave the water.

Small tadpoles

while the males are more angles. In general habits the fish

time concealed

variations in the distribution of the bril-

which, pickerel-like,

under black.

side

;

above

it is

markings of the blackish-brown to

Editor.)

implies activity.

seize a passing

pinch

fore

among

much

It is a

and temptingly dangled besimulate a luscious worm.

marbled with three broad, patchy bands of dark brown, while a fourth crosses the caudal, though this vertically

be present in the form of a blotch;

in confine-

ment, though eggs have been deposited,

brackish

greenish brown, with brassy reflections,

good pet

supply unlim-

strips

but not fertilized.

of the

rushes forth to

who can

Nandus marmoratus. In coloration it The ground color quite handsome.

motion

the plants, from

minnow.

good general idea of the appearance of

may

spends

Nandus has not been bred

glance at the illustration will give a

not active,

Daphne and worms, though in a it will eat raw beefsteak if cut into

narrow

Nandus Marmoratus WALTER L. BRIND,F.Z.S.

for the aquarist ited

far as continuous

at least in so

and worms are favored foods. Major photograph illustrates the Shufeldt's liant orange-vermillion

more "curves,"

ticed eye, the females are

This species

waters

ture

life if

maintained

75 degrees.

in the fresh

India

where it is common in and inundated fields. tenacious of

and and Burma, ponds and ditches

found

exceedingly

the proper tempera-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;not

less

than about

^.-^-^*.

ni(

Medical Corps. U. S. A.

Histor}? of Ichth3?olog}).

MAJOR

W. SHUFELDT,

Part

Cuvier, in his writings, passed, to some

portant particulars, additional light being

domain of

fossil fishes,

thrown on the subject through the de-

demonstrated

scription of the remarkable form, Cero-

was

by A. C. Gunther, of the British (Phil. Trans., 1871, II), and by Professor Huxley, establishing the

extent, into the

palseoichthyology

;

the fact that the extinct Palaeoniscus related

existing gars

the

geons, especially, in the

Lepidosteus.

first

remained

and

stur-

instance, to

for

Louis

todus,

Museum

correct place in the system for Lepido-

Agassiz, however, to demonstrate to the

siren.

world the value of the study of fossil form of fishes, and his work upon them

his

In 1880, Doctor Gunther also published

les

well-known work, "Introduction to the Study of Fishes," a copy of which

erected to that department of the science

he presented to the present writer, as well as a copy of the famous monograph

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; "Recherches sur Poissons Fossiles" â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the grandest monument ever is

still

of fishes (1807- 1 873).

was pubHshed

as an elephant folio, with an atlas, at

Neuchatel, between the years 1833 ^^<i

Ceratodus,

with

other

number of years previous

many important works on

1843-

Agassiz established the

now

well de-

group of ganoids (Ganoidei) principally through his exhaustive studies of fined

the scales of

This

many

distinguished

fishes

this

had ap-

peared, not only from the pens of writers in France, but in England as well, chief

among

was

the latter being those by Richardby Jenyns, and by Gunther (Challenger Reports "Fishes"). Indeed, as

law of organic

each year came and passed, the literature

son,

species of fishes.

ichthyologist

totally unable to accept the

papers

fishes.

name

Biblical account of the origin of living

on this subject was ever on the increase, and a great many treatises and monographs were added to it. Both Yarnell and Couch described the fishes of Great

form on

Britain, while Heckel,

evolution science

;

as a consequence, his

must ever remain an example of

that type of naturalist

at the

this planet

command

who

accepted the

by special creation,

of a creator.

Therefore

his elaborate classification of fishes,

based

upon the form of their scales, was a failure and of no value to science. Agassiz was followed by a broader ichthyologist, Johannes Muller (18011858),

who

pointed out, in his classical

Kner and Siebold

described those of Germany.

Blanchard brought out of

fishes

France,

his

while

the

worked up the fresh-water forms of Portugal and Spain, these being supplemented by B. de Bocage and Capello. Schlegel,

1850,

paid

Japonica,

ferences of those fishes.

worked up those of the East

considerable

attention to the fishes of Japan

(Fmtna

many

writers

researches markedly advanced the science

cially

here, being considered in not a

and

few im-

1866

Steindachner

work, "Ueber den Bau und die Grenzen der Ganoiden" (1846), the structural difThis writer's

work on

1850),

Ruppell, P.

Blecker,

while

Playfair,

Indies, espe-

Gunther,

Day

the last being a most

jAqaatlc

162

JE^lti

and author of the

and Central America received the atten-

famous Atlas Ichthyogiqiie des Indes

tion of such writers as Vaillant, Bocourt,

voluminous

writer

This superb production, with

(1862).

wealth of colored plates, was interrupted in 1878 through the death of its

its

Gunther and Steindachner, the two

named

and South America.

The

fishes

Central

many

works, the

utors

among

the earliest of

and W. Zealand were

attention of Gunther, Petterick

New

distinguished and eminent contribichthyology,

science

the

whom was

Rich-

In Part III of his well-known

ardson.

Fauna

we have had

country,

and Eastern

difirerent

Peters, while those of

own

our

eminent author. Africa received, in

last-

principally to the fishes of Central

B or eali- Americana

(1836) he de-

few species of the

scribed not a

fishes of

British America.

In Part

of his "Zoology of

York," De Kay,

New many

in 1842, described

of the fishes of that section of the coun-

and

try,

was

fully thirty years after

that before other

works of any import-

ance began to appear.

Chief

among

these

was the five-volume Report of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which was published between the years 1873 and 1879. These reports long remained standard, and later on latter

began

to be

supplemented by ichthyologi-

papers,

cal

which were contributed

various journals and similar publications

by writers on Spencer Fullerton Baird

nately

described by Hutton, Hector and others in

1872.

Soon

after their time, or in

1875, C. Lutkin gave his attention to the

ichthyology of Greenland, and ten years previously A.

Malmgren had devoted

for

the

fishes

Cuba,

old

of those times.

Fortu-

Reports of our

Government were frequently devoted accounts

marine

and

fresh-water

fishes of the United States, and these began to appear more often as time went

on.

himself to the fishes of Spitzbergen.

fish

for science, the

During these years, and earlier, the of writers in Europe on the morph-

list

friend and correspondent, Filipe Poey,

ology of fishes was, indeed, a long one,

Havana, described a large number of them in his Memorias sohrc la Historia

and

natural de la Isle de Cuba,

commenced

185 1, and his Repertorio Fisico-natural

would be

name even

quite out of the question

them in this artiHowever, I may mention those with whom I was in direct correspondence for example, W. Kitchen Parker and his two sons, W. Newton Parker and T.

a part of

cle.

;

de Cuba (1865), both of which works he presented to my private library.

la Isla

South American fishes were touched upon by Agassiz, Gunther, Castelnau and others, while the ichthyology of

Mexico

Parker, of Dunedin, New ZeaMr. Thomas Henry Huxley, Carl Gegenbaur, Hasse, C. Vogt, A. Gunther,

Jefifrey

land

;

SlquatU and not a few others equally prominent in

such

we had many on both technical and popular

ichthyology,

now

fishes that

he did, and

will

be a lasting

regret that he did not, during his long

fields.

In the United States, too, writers

163

f.itt

nearly

all

passed away.

whom

Earlier in his

have life,

Jordan, associated with not a few co-

many works on deand systematic ichthyology, as Barton W. Evermann, Gilbert and others.

give us

life,

some general work on the

subject.

Edward D. Cope, during his most remarkable career in the fields of American zoology and palaeontology, touched very

authors, contributed

extensively on the science of ichthyology.

scriptive

He was

one of America's greatest natur-

and whatever he turned his attention to along such lines was sure of a marked advancement. alists,

Prominent among the earlier writers was the well-known ichthyologist Girard,

who was in

some

co-author with Professor Baird of his writings.

In fact, speaking of the last-named ichthyologist, few, indeed, in American zoology did more

towards furthering the interests of the science and economics of the fishes of this country than Spencer Fullerton Baird.

Especially

when he

held

the

was

this

the

case

United States Commissioner of Fish and Fish-

eries,

position

and, later, the secretaryship of the

Smithsonian Institution.

It was through most generous encouragement that the present writer was enabled to publish

his

George Brown Goode

Carl H.

Eigenmann worked up

of tropical America, and Dr.

the fishes

Hugh M.

Smith has given us many contributions to

economical ichthyology, with papers

on the

fisheries of this

country generally.

O. Ayres, Tarleton H.

especially Theo.

Gill,

"Osteology

Amia

calva,"

with

some twenty other papers and memoirs on North American fishes. In those

Bean, and

published long

long-ago days. Doctor

.:. Brown Goode was Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution he was a most tireless ;

contributor to the study of the various groups of fishes of this country, as well as the deep-sea forms.

few months past

Although but a

forty-five years of age

series of papers dealing with the taxo-

at the time of his death (Feb. 13, 185

nomy

had already published many minor papers on ichthyology, as well as such formal works as "Catalogue of the Fishes of the United States" "American Fishes" (1879), (1880), "The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States" (1884), and

species, Gill's

fishes,

genera,

work on

describing

and

many new

families.

Doctor

the classification of this

branch of the Vertebrata, when reviewed and collected into one volume, will have a profound influence on the science. Few possessed the far-reaching knowledge of

Sept. 6, 1896), he

iaqnatu UlCc

164

"Oceanic Ichthyology" (1894).

Associ-

ated with him, in the latter work,

Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, to

ence was

In traits

made

whom

refer-

above.

Under present shipping

may seem

conditions

a far cry to talk of fishes of

Australia, but the seemingly impossible

private collection of the por-

of naturalists,

Krefftius adspersus

was

find unpublished

has been accomplished.

mens

Gudgeon have

of the Purple-striped

few

speci-

photographs of both Professor Baird and

been safely transported to the United

Doctor Goode, personally presented

States.

me at the Army Medi-

These were copied for

me.

photographic gallery of the

Museum and

cal

them

tions of pers.

Many

Library, and reproduc-

illustrate the present pa-

naturalists

now

living will

delight in possessing these portraits

;

and,

few American zoolo-

as a matter of fact,

decade were more uniand esteemed than these

gists of the last

versally loved

two

most

eminent

scientists.

an age when

Fortu-

were carried on

nately, their researches

the departments of

all

American biology were at the acme of their development, and naturalists of the very highest order were producing works of the greatest possible importance. But

now the world is in the throes of a mighty and most destructive war, and

trievably.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

One can

some ways

irre-

what intense pain either of these men would have experienced, had they lived to see well imagine

the felling of the magnificent and long-

revered beeches, oaks and other grand trees close to the National

the Mall in

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

all

of which

Museum on

was accomplished

a few hours as one of the military

necessities of this war, to say not a

word

we have

ceived a splendid photograph of the

refish,

taken by Mr. H. E. Finckh, of the Royal Zoological Society of

which

reproduced

apparently the

New

South Wales, This

in this issue.

published photo-

first

graph.

Mr. Finckh observes that the fish is a most considerate inhabitant of the aquaIn his tanks the eggs were always

rium.

placed on the front or room-side of the tank,

making

a close study of their de-

velopment very easy.

In a nest contain-

some two hundred

ing

eggs,

all

the fry

were coiled round in the same direction, head down, and were thus on the eighth day all,

at 9 A. M. and at noon. At 4 P. M. with a single exception, had turned

head up.

The

zoological science has, as a consequence,

suffered enormously

Incidental thereto

The next day

the eggs hatched.

common name from

fish gets its

the four purple stripes on the gill-covers.

The body is marked with blue and brown, becoming more pronounced during breedThe yellowish

ing.

fins

are plentifully

bespeckled with the body colors.

If this

gudgeon proves well-behaved and suitable for the community tank, its future in America is assured, especially as it breeds

readily and does not require a high winter temperature.

of the trees sacrificed in the park north of the Bureau of Fisheries, a department

Carbon dioxide

the most important

with which both Baird and Goode were so thoroughly identified. Indeed, Professor Baird was our first Commissioner

gas

of Fish and Fisheries (1871), and was, it may be said, the Nestor of that important

rapidly fatal, acting as a narcotic.

particularly injurious in the absence of

industry.

oxygen, which absence

freshwater.

essential

In small quantities

rather

aquatic animals.

than detrimental to

In large quantities

It is

usually associ-

Siqaatit M,itt ated with

affinity

Abundant oxygen decreases

found that

because blood has a greater

line water,

it.

toxity,

its

for oxygen than for carbon di-

oxide, and the latter

combination. it is

cc.

crowded out of

account of the fact that

usually accompanied by lack of oxy-

gen, putrescible

presence

per

165

muck bottom,

in quantities greater

liter, if

entirely of such

etc.,

its

than 6 to 7

accompanied by a bottom muck would indicate that

Kref/tius adspersus

was

Purple-striped

fishes

do not

Neutrality

active.

live well in alka-

but become sluggish and inis

likewise toxic to

some fresh-water fishes. a certain amount of acid. acidity for different

optimum lid us

per

for the bluegill

Mit.)

liter

They require The optimum species differs. The

is I

to 3 cc. of

{Lepomis

pal-

carbon dioxide

and for crappies (Pomoxis anliter. Wells

nularis Raf.) 4 to 6 cc. per

Gudgeon

Photograph by H. E. Finckh

trout,

showed by using various other acids that

and crappies. One of the most important characteristics of a water is its acidity or alkalinity. Protoplasm must maintain essen-

the hydrogen ions are the important fac-

the

water

unsuitable

for

basses, sunfishes

tial

neutrality or

will die.

possesses

a very effective physico-chemical

anism based upon the presence of very

weak

mech-

in excess

acids (carbonic and phos-

tor.

In other words fishes require a cer-

tain concentration of trality is

avoided by

Fishes and

various crustaceans will live in distilled

water

and phosphates. Since protoplasm must rem.ain nearly neutral, the

much ordinary

acidity or alkalinity of the surrounding

ers, in

medium cannot

Biology.

Thus Wells

Neu-

sence of acidity they select alkaline in

rapidly fatal

be ereat.

ion.

In the ab-

fishes.

preference to neutral water.

phoric) and alkalies in the form of car-

bonates

hydrogen

colloidal

slightly

acid,

alkaline. distilled

while

The water

toxity of is

due

copper or other metal from cool-

suspension

it.

Fresh Water

^aquatic

166

The

great majority of small specimens

HUc

but the longevity of the females

of aquatic animal life can only be seen microscopically, but there are a few suf-

twelve to fourteen days.

ficiently large to

be seen with the naked These are the rotifers and the nematoid worms. They all have soft bodies, and therefore come under the common designation of "aquatic worms,"

ly.

eye.

and are of

special interest to those

study nature that It

who

under the water.

these animalculse that sustain the

upkeep, the health conditions, and the procreative powers of the larger denizens of aquarium

of these tiny ani-

should be studied more closely than even the other inhabitants of our tanks. Nothing

that

the

aid

will

laws

nature

should be passed over slightingly. Nature, who so tenderly looks after all her

from the great "leviathan" to the smallest microscopic mite, must have children,

the conditions her requirements need, otherwise the result is always more or all

Remember

less a failure.

that

all

Rotifers

are

generally

animalcule. In the

first

was

called

description given

said to be "an ani-

them mal like a large maggot, on which appeared forceps like of

earwig."

a rotifer

The next

wheel

the

tail

feeding on them.

appearance nematoid

very similar to the

They

in the debris, live in

and when once they make for themselves a home in the bottom of an aquarium they become extremely active. They have an oscillatory motion, and grow to about one and one-half inches in colonies,

length

fully a third of

;

their length

used as anchorage. They are various shades of red. Their appearance is by

no means repulsive. Their chief advantage is

an aquarium

young and indeed for any fish. the plant anchorage is constantly

that they are splendid food for

carnivorous

fish,

disturbed their increase

checked there;

fore leave well alone, and don't disturb the plants.

description of

was

Albert Gale.

All turtles are possessed of powerful

and many of the sea-turtles are and other hard-

jaws,

able to crush the clam

The common

rotifers are one-fiftieth of

comes

an inch long;

still

they are the giants of

members of the family, it takes lOO of them to the inch. They increase very rapidly. The female produces fifty young every thirteen days. The males live only three or four days.

But the loggerhead torchampion of the turtles when it

shell substance.

toise

other

are

These two descriptions taken

worms

common earthworm.

themselves

fix

together will help us to recognize them.

the race.

well maintained

that of an

"an animal with two wheels thick set with teeth, resembling the wheels of a watch."

young fish in their first stage of growth. They will be constantly seen rotating in the water, and it is amusing to note the baby fish chasing and for the rearing of

When

physical existence.

supply of them

fish the

organ-

isms wholly depend on other organisms for nutrition wherewith to support their

Increasing so

When once a few of them are put an aquarium no further trouble need be taken. They breed in the mud, and unless an aquarium be overstocked with

of such vital importance that they

from

rapidly, they can afford to die off quick-

life.

The economic value mals

hard

One of these known to crush a

biting.

tures has been

creasteel

gun-barrel which a sportsman had thrust into

its

mouth, while another of these

tortoises has been

known

handle of an oar, three inches ter

and made of hardwood.

split

the

diame-

;aquatic JLitt

YOU CAN JUDGE

international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of native, exotic, gold and domesticated fishes, other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.

an aquarist by his library. The progressive aims to secure all the available literature of the subject. His slogan is "read, mark and learn." The elementary books are stepping stones Adto the more technical works. vanced treatises assume that the student is grounded in the subject; the elementary takes nothing for granted. Both are necessary; one an introduction to the other, and to success and pleasure. For your library we suggest

POYSER JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN W.

Editor

Publisher

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Entered as second-class matter, September 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879.

the following:

Practical articles and notes on topics pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium are

standard in periodical aquarium literature. volume averages 165 pages, and as many or more illustrations a picture whenever it is needed. Each year brings forth papers on the fundamentals of aquarium management and the breeding of goldfish, two ever popular phases. Month after month appear articles on the tropical fishes; he

always wanted for Aquatic LiPE. Readers of the magazine are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help, and to contribute to it any ideas that may occur to them. The pages are always open for anyone who has anything helpful and practical Manuscripts, books for review and to say. general correspondence should be addressed to the editor.

Aquatic Life has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to this branch of nature-study. It presents to advertisers a market that can be reached Rates made through no other medium. known on application.

Keystone Volumes AQUATIC LIFE. The recognized

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AQUATIC MICROSCOPY. By Dr. Alfred C. Stokes. This book, whether or not you possess a microscope, will immeasurably add to your knowledge of the minute organisms that play in the econof the early life of your fishes. If you have a 'scope it will tell you how to use it to the best advantage.

such an important part

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12tli St.

Phila.,

Charles E. Vrsel

Plain and Fancy

Fish Foods, Plants, Snails, Etc.

Blacks, Blues and Parti-colors

500,000 Fish Sableable after September 1st

WALDRON. INDIANA

and Japs

Broad-tail Telescopes

215

Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn,

N. Y.

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ARE YOUR GOLDFISH DYING

Otto Walter

Or Are You Having Bad Luck With

Brooklyn, M. Y, Near Central Avenue L Station

86 5u]?dam

Street

Used

Breeder and Importer of

TROPICAL & GOLDFISHES Telescopes

Calicos

Japs

Fan-tails

AQUARIA. UTENSILS

AND

Try

Scientific Aquarists and Breeders the world over. Output last season over 100,000 boxes. By Mail 13c & 18c Two Sizes lO & 15c

AS/iT Dealer in All Varietiei of Aquatic Plants All Kinds of Fish Foods FresK and Dried DapKnia

Them— If So

"BUG FOOD"

YOUR DEALER FOR IT & Supplies PUTNAM, 490 Washington St.

Wholesale Goldfish, Foods

BERT

SUPPLIES

Buffalo, N. Y.

3000000000(

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GOLDFISH BREEDERS

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HARRY

1210 N. Warnock

Street, Philadelphia,

PETERS Pa

BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish Plants

FLORISTS

every variety,

Aquarium Supplies

and

Snails

kinds at

all

times.

MANUFACTURER OF

58th and Walnut Streets

110 South 52nd

Qreen River Fish Food

Street

15c Box

Green River Baby Fish Food

Philadelphia

20c Box

Aquarium Fishes

A GOOD FISH FOOD most

All Kinds of Aquatic Plants

Aquaria

Supplies

Wholesale and Retail

inm-K

BREEDERS— Largest

Welcome

New

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Assortment

Blues, Blacks and Calico Telescopes and Japs at Reasonable Prices..

Shipping Cans,

Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of

—

. Broad-tails, Fringetails and Telescopes and Japs. All Colors, $1.00 per Dozen Up.

to be appreciated

Visitors

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& Terraria

Aquatic Life

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YOUNG

Aquarist

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF must be seen

one of the

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HERMAN RABENAU,

necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It keeps the fish in good color by promoting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask your dealer or send for it today. things

essential

50c.

Pine Assortment of Lionheads

Varieties received

regularly

HARRY

1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N, Y.

Near Broadway.

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1210 North

PETERS,

Warnock

St.,

Phila.,

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Nippon Goldfish Co

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food

Sample Box 10c

Imported Shrimp Fish Food

•

Sample Can 15c

Imported Wafer Fish Food

Large Sample Box 10c

1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal

Importers

Agents for

"ART AQUARIUMS"

Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Ordar.

Catalogue

Sent

AQUARIUM STOCK CO 273 Greenwich Street

New York

3000g=30CXX

8 (J

Upon Bequest.

City

and

Dealers

JAPANESE GOLDFISH

Mali Orders Promptly Attended to

Direct From Breeders in Japan Silver Medals. PanamaInternational Exposition, San Fran-

Awarded Gold and

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Pacific

ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES

Price Lists Furnished Trade Only.

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