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iyiy
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Vol. IV.
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An
August, 1919
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No. 12
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international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of fishes and other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.
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EDITOR PUBLISHER
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Observations on the Chelonians of DR.
R.
North America. IV. W. 5HUFELDT,
C.
M.
Z.
5.
«b
Melanemys guttatus
Spotted Turtle
Jh
Most
writers on our turtles and ter-
rapins include
m
genus Chelopus
this
group
— four
—
that
species,
is,
the
namely,
—
specimen of this species a female which I have recently photographed, and a reproduction of which illustrates the
the Spotted Turtle (Chelopus guttatus),
present
Muhlenberg's Turtle (C. muhlenbergii),
of the aquariums in
the Western
Pond Turtle
and the
tus),
sculptus).
Wood
(C.
marmora-
Terrapin
Living specimens of
(C. all
in-
these
forms have been studied by me, together with their structure and habits, many times during the past half -century.
1866
I
of our
had some forty
common way from
In
living specimens
Spotted Turtle, ranging
those just out of the egg advanced age. Even at the present time I have a very beautiful all
the
to ones of very
article.
It
has been kept in one
my
study,
and upon
the 10th of July, 1919, she laid an egg; a second one on the 24th of the
same
month, and a third two days afterward. This
is
now
have been
three weeks ago, and none
I photographed and they are shown Again, above these here, natural size. eggs, there is a reproduction of an egg
these
of
three
the
laid
since.
eggs,
common Musk
Turtle (Aromo-
chelys odoratus), and this
graphed, natural
size,
I
also photo-
the specimen hav-
Aquatic
156
me by Mr. Edward
ing been presented to
S. Schmid, of Washington, who had a number of this species of turtle in a
These figures
tank at his establishment.
show very well the slight difference in the form of the eggs of the two genera. pure
are
All
and
white
ellipsoidal
in
liitz
far
Jersey and
Pennsylvania
Island being the centre of
Coming cies
had
have
I
months
Wood
to the
at a time,
confinement
in
eration a species that
which may
carapace of seven inches.
with
salmon
may
color,
be
for
consida land
a length of It is
fond of
damp woods, and takes to the water only as it rambles around through them. The
yellow
round,
scattered,
plastron
the
strictly
is
attain
Our common Spotted Turtle is so well known that it requires no special deThe upper shell is always scription. ;
abundance.
we have under
form.
spots
its
York,
— Staten
Terrapin, a spe-
tortoise,
black,
New
has been found only in
it
New
yellow
or
with a central figure of
black, the latter subject to great varia-
The head
tion.
with yellow
black
is
markings, particularly with a deep yellow spot over the auricular opening.
This familiar pond turtle is almost enaquatic by habit, being found in
tirely
ponds,
streams,
them,
etc.
It
with water
ditches
in
feeds under water, and will
eat of the leaves of certain plants, such
and the like. The male has a long tail and the female a very short one. It occurs from Northern Maine to North Carolina, westward to the Mississippi as lettuce
Valley.
It
rarely exceeds four inches in
length of shell or carapace.
The Western Pond
Turtle, with habits
quite similar to the last, species, yellow spots
is
also a blackish
and dashes marking
each shield of the carapace, the dashes
species
running from the shield's centre to
and wonderfully
margin
in
its
The brown
every instance.
limbs are spotted with yellow or black, as
is
This
also the head.
is
a Pacific
of an affectionate disposition
is
This
nian.
intelligent for a chelo-
an entirely different reptile
is
from any of the foregoing
Coast species, and the only species of
shield of
pond
concentric grooves,
turtle of that entire region.
Muhlenberg's Turtle
is
also
a
black
on its plasand a very distinctive bright orange spot on either side of the head, not far
species,
its
carapace having a conspicuous keel, each
which
sculptured
is
deeply marked with giving the
appearance
while
a
though done This shell is of
as
species with yellow blotches
with some tool or other.
tron,
a pale earth-brown, with radiating yel-
i
rom
the
auricular
opening.
It
runs
about four inches for the length of shell,
and
is
aquatic in
its
habits.
its
Thus
low
lines
shield.
mon
and
Limbs color,
brighter red.
various
spots
on
each
and top of head dull sal-
or
in
some
specimens
a
:
Aquatic Hilt
157
Doubtless there are a number of ana-
Marine Aquaria
tomical points that are quite different in the
Wood
the
corresponding ones
Terrapin, as compared with
any of
in
the
three
Pond Turtles described
to
external characters, they are each
its
above.
As
At
the meeting of the South Austra-
Aquarium
lian
March, the by Mr. Edgar R. Waite, F. L. S., who demonstrated the principles and practices of the marine aquarium. After detailing some of the physical properties of sea presidential
Society,
in
was
address
delivered
when we come them with those of the Spotted Turtle, of the Western Pond, and
water,
its
density,
those of Muhlenberg's Turtle.
and so
on,
Mr. Waite remarked
and
entirely different
all
to contrast
The
distinctive external characters of
the three pond turtles on the one hand,
Wood
and the have,
Terrapin on the other, with their habits, been
together
sufficiently set forth above, obviating the
necessity for their tabulation here.
marked
known
differences
have
to herpetologists
with them. that the
Pond
Terrapin
different
a
an entirely
is
from any of
This being the case,
Turtles.
represents
it
are familiar
All this points to the fact
Wood
different species of reptile
the
been
long
who
The
genus among
chelonians, and this difference should be
recognized through drawing the necessary generic I
lines.
ture,
for
will then stand thus
:
Melanemys guttatus Melanemys muhlenbergii Melanemys marmoratus. The Wood Terrapin Chelopus insculptus, which
now
are liars
Hard work always of factors
Na-
of
mountain torwhich may have a fauna and flora quite its own, not even the conditions found in an ordinary stream. We rent,
rather attempt to copy the stagnant, often slimy pool, whose surface may be forbidding, but whose water beneath is
often clean and limpid. closed in glass walls
place in our cellent
Such a pool
in-
we can nowadays
rooms and preserve
condition with very
little
in ex-
atten-
Turning
to the
immediate subject of
we may ask where shall similar ocean pool? The an-
our discourse,
we
find a
swer must be a negative one, and evident,
therefore,
that
is
remain
the
name
and
We
billows.
its
The ocean
stands at the top of
is
ever
its
often enormous
cannot, therefore, attempt
yard of open ocean On rocky shores
pur drawing room.
often find pools left by the receding
tide,
full
of sparkling water and bright
green seaweeds,
in success.
is
waters are being con-
to translate a cubic to
who never even
it
conditions
rium must be different from those with which we are familiar as votaries of
tinually revivified by will
the
required for maintaining a marine aqua-
wealth of list
seek to trans-
little bit
which few people We do not, how-
bits of
freshwater aquaria.
tried to catch a fish.
the
a
ever, try to reproduce the
we
men
we
own homes
one of the
in motion,
bears in science.
Lots of
our
have any knowledge.
therefore here suggest that the three
which I propose the name of Melanemys, which refers to their general black color. These turtles
it
"In keeping aquaria late to
composition
tion.
above referred to Pond Turtles, now in the genus Chelopus, be removed from that group and made to form a genus by themselves,
salinity,
guide, but
it
among which
is
to
lurks
a
must be our be remembered that
This, then,
life.
Concluded on page 160
IGNATZ STEINHART Photo by Moulin, 1916
<The
STEINHART AQUARIUM SAN FRANCISCO expected that San Francisco will
It is
soon have the most comprehensive and best equipped
aquarium
in
America.
This has been made possible by the Ignatz Steinhart, who was one of San Francisco's most prominent business men and most honored citizens. Mr. Steinhart had long contemplated establishing a public aquarium in San Francisco, as had his brother, Sigmund Steinlate
hart, before him.
When Sigmund
Stein-
sum
hart died, in 1910, he left a certain
with his brother with which to establish be found feasible
an aquarium, should do so. Various and divers it
to
difficulties
and the idea was tically abandoned. But, in 1916, soon after Dr. Barton Warren Everman went from the Bureau San Fisheries, in Washington, to of prac-
arose, however,
Francisco to become the director of the
Museum
of the California
Everman
Academy
of
order to free
ciety, in
it
of politics, the
city continuing to furnish the
funds for maintenance but having nothing whatever to do with the management, Mr. Steinhart asked
emy was
the California
if
not similar to the
Acad-
New York
Zoological Society in being entirely free
from
When assured he decided then and there to give to the California Academy of Scithat
political influences.
it
ences
is,
funds
the
for
the
building and
equipment. It was his wish that the aquarium might be established and in operation in
his lifetime, but, to the
of the
Academy and
was not
to be; for
only a few days'
very great regret
all
California, this
Mr. Steinhart, after
illness,
died
May
15,
1917.
When learned
was made public it was Mr. Steinhart had be-
the will that
queathed to the California Academy of
discussed with
Sciences $250,000 for the erection and
Mr. Steinhart the value to the public that a great aquarium in San Francisco
completion of a public aquarium build-
Sciences,
would
Dr.
possess.
cussions,
As
Mr. Steinhart's
matter revived.
The one
interest in the difficulty
caused Mr. Steinhart to hesitate presented
He
felt
made
by the any
that
question
was
of
management
political control possible
which that
control.
which
should be
For that reason he would not When he place it under city control. was told that the New York aquarium, originally under the Board of Park Commissioners, was, upon the initiative of the Park Commissioners themselves, avoided.
transferred to the
ing upon the following conditions
a result of these dis-
New
Zoological So-
in
:
That the aquarium be located (1) Golden Gate Park adjoining, or adja-
cent
to,
Academy
the
of
Museum Sciences.
of the California
(2)
That the
management and superintendunder ence be the California Academy That the city of San of Sciences. (3) control,
Francisco supply to the California Acad-
emy
of Sciences the funds adequate for
(4) That the aquarium be known as the Steinhart Aqua-
maintenance, and, rium.
Mr. Jesse
W.
Lillienthal, Jr., execu-
tor of the Steinhart estate, has recently
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Aquatic Etfc
160
informed Dr. Everman that he expects
Academy
to pay over to the
within a
few weeks the entire quarter of a million dollars and that it is his desire that the aquarium be in operation as soon as posIt is
sible.
therefore quite probable that
by native labor
Apart from large and expensive apsuch as
aquaria,
our endeavors
gratulated on having had as honored and Sigmund and citizens, public-spirited Ignatz Steinhart men of vision and
presented
large sympathies, who, having prospered in this world, decided to do this splendid
more
thing for the people
among whom
they
maintain
to
The tanks must be
a
quite shal-
low, so that a large aerating surface ;
amount of sive
is
minimum
light in order to retard exces-
than in
active
warm weather
during ficial
they must admit a
vegetable growth,
aeration
aquarist
San Francisco and California are also upon having as one
public
in
installed
is
marine aquarium must be on a very modest scale.
lived.
luxury which cannot
paratus,
building operations will begin very soon. The city of San Francisco is to be con-
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a
be enjoyed in White Australia.
also
which
much
is
water,
fresh
and
provision for arti-
The
must be made. must be content
with
smaller and fewer animals than he would
The
to be congratulated
introduce into fresh water tanks.
of their great institutions the California Academy of Sciences, which is doing so
chances of success are greatly enhanced
in the
in the tank is kept in absolute darkness,
much
for science
and education
if
quite half the total quantity of water
but with free access to the lighted part
land.
The name
Steinhart will ever be
of
so that circulation of the water
is
pro-
honored and revered by the thousands who will daily visit the Steinhart Aqua-
moted."
through observaand entertainment receive tion and study, inand varied instruction regarding the which life teresting forms of aquatic
and blackboard drawings, and the president mentioned that he had maintained a marine aquarium for seven years, during which period the water was not changed, fresh water only being added to replace loss by evaporation. The correct density of the water was assured by testing with a salinometer, or by ob-
rium, where they
will,
will there be displayed.
Marine Aquaria Concluded from page 157 twice daily this
little
garden-like pool
is
thoroughly scoured by the tides, a condition we cannot hope to reproduce unless
we live quite close to the sea, and the work entailed in carrying sea water would soon dampen the ardor of the most enthusiastic.
I
recently
saw some
delightful exhibits of marine life main-
tained by this means.
man
settlers in
New
One
of the Ger-
Ireland took great
pleasure in keeping, in large glass basins,
specimens culled from the ocean his
illustrated with ap-
serving a pair of specific gravity bulbs,
one of which floated and the other reAny change in at the bottom.
mained
the relative position of the bulbs indicate that the
and required
salinity
was
would
incorrect
As an
to be adjusted.
indi-
cation of the success of the installation, it
was mentioned
that
pipe-fishes
and
sea-horses had bred in Mr. Waite's aqua-
rium.
Herbert
M.
Hale,
Honorary
Secretary.
close
bungalow, but the water was changed daily, and new life introduced
to
The address was paratus
A man
does not amount to
he can prove
it.
much
unless
LEBIAS SOPHIAE WALTER LAMNOT
With
the
World War
a matter of the
and with the ships dashing over the seas unmenaced by hostile submarines,
past,
it
is
not too
much
to believe that
Lebias
sophias will be one of the fishes sought
aquarium
by collectors of
doubt
if
brought to America, but
in
who
fishes
I
is
Z. S.
F.
by far the showiest of the
In breeding periods
pair.
becomes a mespots hence it it
beautiful deep blue, sprinkled with
green and silver might well be given the tallic
silver-spangled lebias.
it
vidual
1910
and anal
was ever it had been secured by the Germans, and was bred in the fishery on Lake Tegel, known penetrate Asia.
the case,
BRIMD,
in
is
;
common name
When
the indi-
prime condition the dorsal with rows of
fins are orange,
by the high-sounding name of "Vereinigten
Zierfischzuchtereien
hohe."
my
return to the United
States
from
missed the chance to add
Berlin,
so I species
this
Conrads-
in
This was but a short time after
the
to
number
large
I
brought with me,
many
of which are
prime
with
American aqua-
favorites
now
rists.
The genus Lebias belongs
to the "egg-
laying tooth-carp group" of the aquarist,
which comprises such forms as HaploRivulus, Fundulus and so on.
Lebias sophiae
chihts,
The breeding
habits of
Lebias sophias
are quite like those of our native (South-
ern) Fundulus chrysotus.
The eggs
are
two or three, on the leaves of Myriophyllum or such deposited in small
lots,
one,
other fine-leaved plant as vided.
Breeding
is
may
be pro-
said to be easy, but
from a standpoint of numbers, as but few eggs seem to be spawned at a time, and but a small percentage hatch to grow to maturity. This would seem to indicate that when we are fortunate enough to secure the fish, it not
will
profitable
be one to be placed
class, to
in
the costly
remain there.
The male
of the species, as
The female
black spots and black edges. is
quite
insignificant,
being of a dirty,
clayish, yellow-gray, with a
dark lateral
and some mottlings of dark brown at times showing on the sides. The length of the male is about two inches, a stripe
trifle
longer than the female.
Love-making is chronic with the male. Never wps there such an ardent lover, nor a more resentful bit of viciousness
when
his suit
is
rejected.
The female is much as per-
coy and shrinking, hiding as mitted plants.
amongst the thickets of bushy And plenty of plants must be
provided. is
so often
Coming
as
it
does from brackish wat-
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; &guatic
162 ers,
of Persia,
follows that a similar
it
degree of salinity should be simulated in
aquarium, in fact
the
it
absolutely
is
necessary, especially insofar as breeding
Further, inability to re-
concerned.
is
aquarium the precise conditions of its native environment may account for the small numbers the Germans were able to rear. A temperature of about 75 degrees seems best suited. produce
An
in the
the fish in the St.
Lawrence River
reau of Fisheries during the in July.
Og-
at
the Bu-
week
first
Fish Hatchery, had re-
ported that large numbers of fish were
dying in the ponds and also in the river. The epidemic was at its height during the
two weeks
first
in
June and then
At the
decreased rapidly in severity.
time of the investigation the disease had
from the ponds and fish were taken in few diseased only a entirely disappeared
the river.
None
of these appeared to
be seriously affected by the disease.
The
fish
taken in the river showed two
distinct types of lesions
bullheads
the
on the
disease
which are present
catfish
the
On
skin.
areas were very distinct, about
x
disease
is
2
The manufacture of pearl buttons from mussel shells began in 1891 and the rapid increase in the business soon
threatened the destruction of the mus-
The United
due to the complete destruction of the
Government
States
consequence entered upon a series of as
to
the
propagating mussels
practicability
This
artificially.
and suckers had a very different appearThey were irregular in shape and
by
unusual. velops
various
investigators
The
work.
theoretical
life
characteristic
around the
was a
scales,
The most marked
faint reddish
due
border
from the egg
a
to
form
larval
naked human
eye,
the water where dies,
is
it
whether
depending on
opportunity to attach
chance favors
it
it,
the stream, and enter the adult mussel.
it
has an
some fish. takes up the life enough developed
itself to
drop
to leave the fish,
discharged into
develops further or
it
bottom of upon the life of to the
The
task, therefore,
of artificially breeding mussels, involves
of
and
the young, almost microscopic, glochidia.
Investigations have
from one thousand these
seum
parasitic
shown
may
mod-
that a
successfully carry
to
guests.
two thousand of American Mu-
Journal.
to a slight extra-
vasation of blood into the epidermis.
A
is
called "Glochidium," barely visible to the
erate sized fish so indistinct as to attract attention only
in
history
After the young mussel de-
ance.
on close examination.
is
the mussel, which has been
history of
gained
the bringing together of suitable fish
diseased areas in the skin of bass
of
commercial problem, yet success depends upon a knowledge pi the life
dermis beneath.
The
in in-
a
to i-
epidermus, thus exposing the inflamed
bacteria
at present problematic.
of a parasite until far
inch in diameter and bright red in color,
to
in
infected
/
due
enormous numbers in the disintegrating epidermis. These bacteria are not present in the lesions on bass and suckers, and the cause of this
If
and
In the former the
apparently
is
vestigations
E. A. Cooper, superintendent of
New York
the bass and suckers.
sels.
made by
densburg, N. Y., was
the
among
investigation of an epidemic
JLitt
Patience
is
the ri^ht
bower of
floridae
has
success.
microscopic examination of sections
skin
from the infected areas
cates that the disease in bullheads catfish is probably distinct
indi-
and
from that
in
Jordanella
been
transported to Australia, where
bred
in the
safely it
has
ponds of H. E. Finckh, Esq.
THE SENSES OF FISHES C. Professor of
JUDSON HERRICK
Neurology
in the University
of Chicago
Our human world is a very limited The unaided senses of primitive man open a few doors of com-
thing in our
munication between the individual and
animals except in so far as their sensory
part of nature.
his surroundings, total of his
through which the sum
knowledge of things as they
are must be derived. ly
Science has great-
enlarged the efficiency of the natural
sense organs telescope vision,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;the
and
microscope
the
have extended the range of
the periscope enables us to
see
around a corner, the spectroscope, photographic plate, X-ray machine, and innumerable other aids have enabled us to But no new see deeper into nature. senses have been developd and our and most furthest scientific advances recondite philosophical theories must be based in last analysis on such fragmentary knowledge of the cosmos as is revealed to us by our senses. Great realms of nature remain wholly unexplored, although
new
artificial aids
per-
mit constant advances into the hitherto
unknown
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Hertzian
waves and wireless
telegraphy, ions and the electrons
new
chemistry,
and the new physics.
do not represent our whole physiological equipment for this task. In fact, the human animal is endowed with about twenty distinct senses, including two
in
bodies,
equipment
is
and
it
is
quite
similar to our own.
the companionable dog,
Even who responds so
sympathetically and intelligently to our lives in a very different world.
moods,
Recent experiments have shown that his sense of vision is very imperfect, especially for details of
form, and everybody
knows
the inconceivable delicacy of the hound's sense of smell. With us vision the dominant sense and our mental imagery is largely in terms of things is
seen.
how
it
Even a blind man will say, "I see is," when he comprehends a dem-
onstration.
What whose does
it
world is it to a dog, experiences and chief in-
sort of a
finest
terests are in
terms of odors
feel to be a catfish,
?
And how
provided not
only with large olfactory organs whose central nervous centers
make up almost
of the cerebral hemispheres of the
all
but also with innumerable taste
brain,
buds
Fortunately the traditional five senses
own
impossible for us to form any conception of what the world appears like to these
all
over the mucous lining of the
mouth and
gills
and freely distributed
over the entire outer skin from the barblets
the
("feelers")
tail fin ?
around the mouth
We cannot
to
conceive the epi-
curean delights which such an animal
may
such as muscle sense, hunger, thirst and
feel when he swims into the water surrounding a juicy piece of fresh meat, by whose odorous and savory juices he is
other visceral senses.
bathed.
the ear, at least
four in the skin, and
numerous Dthers
It is
lower
well
known
vertebrates
in
the
deep
that fishes
possess
tissues,
and other numerous
types of sense organs quite unlike any-
how
One wonders,
parenthetically,
far the fish himself
is
able to con-
ceive or even enjoy the pleasures of
With how much mind
life.
of any sort the
Aquatic
161
endowed
fish is
riddle
;
but
it
at present
is
certain
is
havior complex
is
an unsolved
that
be-
his
of very different pat-
JLitt
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
two quite different sense organs the organ of hearing and the organ of the
The
sense of equilibrium.
latter lies in
from ours and whatever mind he have would surely be as different may
the semi-circular canals, which in
as the pattern of his sense experience
human
tern
is
and function are similar body.
form
to those in the
Indeed, the semi-circular
canals probably play a larger part in the
different.
Let us pursue
line
this
further and review what
of
inquiry
known
is
the other senses of our catfish.
This
of fish
behavior of the
matter for a
fish
since maintaining
fish,
equilibrium
perfect
more
a
is
suspended
difficult
water of
in
cealed in dark corners during the day.
about the same specific gravity as the body than for a man walking on solid ground. But when the man essays to fly,
The
his
has small and poorly developed eyes and is
largely nocturnal in habit, lying con-
has
retina
remarkable powers of
adaptation to differences in illumination
and the
fish is
very sensitive to changes
But the eye
in intensity of light.
is
not
the only light-sensitive organ.
Experi-
show
that the
ments with blinded entire skin surface
fish is
sensitive to differ-
feature of aquatic animals.
uncommon The image-
forming power of the eye
is
ences of light intensity, a not
not very good.
Some
catfishes,
probably it is
true,
spoon hook, and probably a must always be in motion if it is The usual to be sensed by the eye. method of feeding is to trail the bottom with the barblets, which are very efficient organs of both touch and taste, and when contact is made with a worm
semi-circular
dominant place
again
canals
take
a
sensory equipment.
in his
In the practical testing of the fitness of
men who
are candidates
Service of the point
Army
determined
to be
Air
the
for
the most important is
whether the
semi-circular canals are functioning normally.
Whether
fishes
hear at
has been
That they are very
hotly controverted. sensitive
all
mechanical jars and vibra-
to
has been
will take a
tions all agree, but
bait
prove whether their responses to these vibrations are brought about through
difficult to
by refined cutaneous sensiingenious/ experiments of
their ears or bility.
it
The
or other suitable food to turn sharply
Parker have shown that both of these organs serve and that, in fact, fishes do hear true sound waves of rather low
and snap
pitch with their ears.
it
up.
Just as the eyes are supplemented in their
functions by the skin, which has
a very
feeble sensitiveness to light,
so
the highly refined chemical sense organs
and taste buds are also supplemented by a chemical sense in the general skin. In some other fishes which have been carefully tested the general skin surface is found to be very sensitive to chemicals in solution, to some sub-
more
sensitive, in fact,
than are
the taste buds themselves.
In fishes, as in men, the ear contains
tones of high
have no power of tone analysis, that they can hear a noise but cannot
tell
is,
one
tone from another.
The
in the nose
stances
To
pitch they are deaf and probably they
fishes
can boast no superiority
over ourselves in being able to respond
low tones by both the ear and Lhe We can do the same, as can readily be shown by lightly touching the sounding board of a piano or organ when
to
skin.
a low tone
is
struck.
The same
tone
heard by the ear can be readily felt by But for perceiving still the finger tips.
Aquatic Hitt slower vibratory movements we, with
our boasted brain power, ourselves
inferior to
all
must
admit
the fishes.
They
possess an elaborate system of cutaneous
and subcutaneous sense organs of which we have not a vestige. These so-called lateral line organs in the catfish comprise a complex system of fine tubes under the skin, the lateral line canals, and
two kinds of sense organs
The
organs.
the pit
in the
sk'n,
canals ramify
in
various directions in the head and
trie
main
the
canal extends
lateral
along
side of the body back to the tail. They were formerly supposed to be for the secretion of mucus and are still often called the mucous canals. But they are
now known
numerous small
contain
to
sense organs which respond to slow vi-
The
bratory movements of the water.
organs are scattered over the skin,
pit
the smaller ones each in a flask-shaped
with a narrow mouth and the less numerous larger ones exposed on the pit
The
lateral
line
supplied by a
sense organs are
single
all
system of nerves
and quite from those for the general tactile and chemical senses of the skin and cutaneous taste buds. That the lateral related to the nerves of the ear, distinct
organs .respond to slow
line
movements has been
clearly
vibratory
shown by
Parker, but the distinctive features of the pit
organs are
unknown
and, in fact, our
knowledge of the functions of the system as a whole is still very incomplete. It
clear
is
that cutaneous
touch, lateral line organs,
organs of
and the organs
of equilibrium and hearing in the internal ear
form a graded
series,
and
all
have
probably been derived in evolution from a primitive type of tactile organ.
therefore
we
When
both hear and feel a musical
tone of the piano
we
are reminded of the
long and dramatic history of the very intricate
and
first
at the
human
auditory organ, whose
last
may function own bodies.
stages both
same time
in
our
We
cannot here recount the details of the long series of very tedious scientific investigations required to replace the conjectures of amateur naturalists and fisherfolk by accurate knowledge of the
sensory
life
of fishes.
precise information
And we
even with
this
are far from a
true understanding of the fishes' minds. To learn the structure and behavior of
any
animal
requires
only
sufficient
and industry, but to understand the mind of an animal is the most scientific skill
baffling of all scientific questions.
Our own thoughts are purely personal Even with the aid of language, facial expression and gesture, we are able
matters.
communicate our ideas and feelings our intimate friends only imperfectly,
to to
and
this difficulty is multiplied
when we
many
try to understand even the
fold
most
The only rehow an animal behaves
intelligent of the brutes.
course
surface.
165
to see
is
given situation and then in the light what we know of human and animal bodily structure and function try to imagine how we would think in such a in a
of
situation, taking into account the animal's
limitations of nervous organization.
Oband uncertain method at best, and no wonder many psychologists have given up the problem in despair and decided that the only scientific procedure is to pay no attention to animals' minds and limit our inquiry viously this
is
poor
a
to their objective behavior.
Indeed, so
impressed are some of them by the futility of scientific study of even the human mind by introspection that they advocate throwing overboard the whole science of psychology. But this is too like
sinking the ship, cargo and
all,
to
get rid of the rats.
No,
if
we wish
to attain the heights of
a true understanding of the significance
:
&quatic
166 of
mind
we must keep
in evolution,
JLitt
"There was quite a crowd in the depeople going home from the circus,
to
the steep trail and not yield to the temp-
smoother paths leading to But we must shelters by the way.
pot
—
tation to take
mostly.
rest
in
watch our
By
steps.
we can
although
mind only
in
terms of our
that,
The
unconsciously
shown
it
is
prove
be
mechanisms
havior and intelligence alone are very
can
difficult
the
be-
moved from us
The popular dramatization
for
or
literary
of animal
pedagogic
purposes, the same as other fairy stories.
But
let
it
not be forgotten that this
fiction for children, not science
foundation for science
;
home
and there
long, long road to travel before
is
nor the
we
is
"Goldfish
tural
— By
what
in
bet
this
you pail,
she removed the
exclaimed the woman, tak-
"Did you buy them here? I thought you had some at home." "These are the ones I had at home. You see I wanted to go to the circus, and there was nobody at home to leave them with, so I brought them along." "I went outside to laugh, and I laughIt's a wonder she all the way home. Exchange. didn't bring the cow, too." ing a look.
(
—
Make
shall
a fish's
permission,
Museum. "I
!"
"I'll
a
mind is from NaHistory, Journal of the American outlines
really like.
And
show you.
I'll
be able to understand in any but the most
shadowy
—
you taking
are
something good to eat?"
"No," smiled the other, can't guess what I've got
re-
and imputation to them of human thoughts and feelings may have a certain
with the pail
"And what
said.
so
life
justification
she
cover.
the fishes.
look
"Well, did you have a good time?"
adequate.
in behavior type as are
woman
to the
things to
regard to animals so far
in
off,
in,
to
is
acts reflexly or
for
these
Every now and
and then put the cover on again. Then another woman came in and spoke
are inadequate to account
And
ered tin pail on her lap.
exper-
when
that the unconscious
dressed
own
only safe rule
except
all
then she would take the cover
not uncritically read
assume that an animal
woman
animal
our thoughts and feelings back into animals' minds.
noticed one
the
interpret
we must
ience, yet
mean
this I
I
her best, and carefully holding a cov-
a Note
Heretofore a volume of Aquatic L,iFE has consisted of the numbers from Sep-
tember
The
to
August of the year following.
present volume, IV, will be continued
end of the year, thus making it include 16 numbers. The purpose of tthis departure is to make Volume V, and sub-
to the
went over
to
Iona to do some shop-
ping," explained our neighbor, "and I've
been laughing ever since."
sequent volumes, coincide with the cal-
"There was an awful crowd on the streets, and it wasn't Saturday, so I didn't know what was the matter. But a clerk in a store told me that the circus was in town. To think I'd forgotten that and But it was too missed the parade, too
endar year.
—
The
The
fellow with the original thought
a lap
is
ahead of the other
the big pay.
!
late to think
my
about circuses
shopping and got some
;
so I finished
ice
cream and
status of subscriptions
not affected.
is
man and
gets
*
Did you ever notice that the young fellow
who always
then went to the station to get the 5.30
nin' after
for home.
est
has a
lot
of girls run-
him always marries lookin' one of the bunch?
the plain-
T Became a Fancier (Proctor) (Shufeldt) Peculiar Planorbis (Breder) Association and Color Discrimination in Mudminnows and Sticklebacks (White) The Hay Infusion Microcosm (Woodruff) The Bladderworts, notes and news.
aquatic Life
;
;
A
1918â&#x20AC;&#x201D;1919
;
;
The Blood-fin September, 1918. Breeding Haplochilus cameronensis The Spotted Gourami (Kearns)
(Heede)
;
(Nelles)
;
;
Japanese
;
Aquarium
Water and Its Restoration (Dormeier) Aquarium Heater (Hale) Fish Foods (Heede) Happy Families, Breeding Habits of Mud-minnow, notes (Boyd)
Snail
;
;
;
;
and news.
Aquarium
October.
Hemiramphus
(Breder) Heating (Brind) Mollienisia Blue-tailed Skink (Deck;
fluviatilis
;
latipinna (Heede) er t) Factors Controlling the ;
Development of Snails (Webber)
;
Aquarium Fishes
Tropical
;
Habits of in Aquaria (Gale) Pipe-fish, notes, etc. ;
Black Bass,
The
on
Observations
June.
North America, Part
Chelonians of (Shufeldt) ; Gam-
the
III
(Brind) The Wheel Animal(Bade); Sonnet to a Goldfish (Burditt); A Study of the Diamond Bass (Trell) ; The Brook Stickleback (Barker); Goldfish in China, Red-colored Water, Crappie Spawn in Washington Aquarium, and Society News. busia episcopi
;
cules
July. A Big-headed Gurnard (Fowler) The Nesting Habits of Certain Sunfishes as Observed in a Park Lagoon in Chicago (Hubbs) Badis badis (Brind) The Paradise Fish (Balleisen) The Garden a Terrarium (Breder) Philadelphia Aquarium, A Fish Elevator, Akiyama Goldfish Farm, notes and news. ;
;
;
November. American Live-bearing Tooth(Bade) Aquarium Notes (Leitholf) The Notes on Krefftius adspersus (Freund) Anatomy of the Fish (Clark) Breeding Habits carps
;
;
;
;
;
;
of Burmese Eel (Finckh)
(Waite)
;
A
The Name "Water
;
Bloated Axolotl Flea," notes
News
Society
and
news.
The December.
Cynolebias recurva and Other
Tillaea
(Brind) (Finckh) Aquarist vs.
bellottii
;
Notes
Another Tank Heater (Kuhn) Aquarian (Mellen) Emotions ;
;
;
;
;
January,
1919. Limia caudofasciata Classification of Fishes (Stead)
;
Changes of the Chub-sucker (Hubbs) carpintis
Goldfish
Fanciers' Association meets on the
first
;
Thursday of each month (except July and August), in Hamilton Hall, 5236 Market street, at 8 P. M. Take any car to Market street, transfer to the elevated.
(Leit-
Color Neetro;
(Brind) A Simple Heated Aquarium (Finckh); Notes on the Breeding GoldHabits of the Pigmy Sunfish (Poyser) fish Farm of Kichigoro Akiyama, notes and news.
plus
Philadelphia
;
Fishes of (Gale) A Cigar Box Aquarium (Modesto) Florida Notes (Carlton) Photosynthesis, Miscellaneous notes, news, etc.
holf)
West
;
;
Don't
forget
show.
the
big
Horticultural
Philadelphia
Hall,
Fairmount
Park, October 4th, 5th and 6th. exhibition
is
unique
in that
This no prizes are
awarded. February. Polycentropsis abbreviata (.Brmd) Cho'ogaster cornutus, the Fish of the Dismal A Wood Aquarium (PilS vamp (Welsh) kington) Danio malabaricus (Leitholf) Managing Notes on Native Fishes (Pray) ;
The Pittsburgh Aquarium
;
;
;
hold
its
annual exhibit
in
Society will
Phipps
the
;
the
Aquarium (Lines)
;
Reactions of Fishes to
Habit-forming Drugs, The
Boston Show,
A
True Fish Story, notes and news.
Conservatory, North Side, from October 25th to
March. Breeding the Goldfish (Hanna) Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part I (Shufeldt) Lucania ommata
November
10th.
;
HUGO
;
Apistogramma agassizi (Heede) Water-fleas (Tompkins) Viviparous
(Welsh)
;
;
Tl^e Fishes-in-general (Stead) Striped Gourami (Simpson)
The
April.
Surinam
;
Breeding the Notes and news.
;
;
Toad
(Deckert) ;
;
;
;
;
Nanostomus eques (Brind) The May. Water Horse-tail (Woblcr) Observations on ;
;
Chelonians
of
North
America,
Part
2,
S
TT.
J
C.
NELLES
f ir
Dealer and Breeder of Tropical Fish ^ 10440 115th Street, Richmond Hill IT L.I..N.Y.
f
;
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Brind) Keeping (Innes) Beware the Living Food Alive Dragonfly (Gordon) An Electrolytic Aerator (Putnam) Water Lilies, Some Cultural and Beef vs. Liver, notes Historical Notes (Pring) and news.
the
f TT
SEE
f
MY MODERN CONSERVATORY | Two cups, 23 reasonable. Y
Y
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Y W
prizes
silver
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the
W
Fulton Street Elevator
^ ^ A
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^ DIRECTIONSâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Take A
B. R. T., to Lefferts Avenue, use
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Walk
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Walnut
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fi
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Something New!
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$2.50 per Dozen
C5ut&c to jRaturt Will Help You
i—w-wv
Young
Magazine
Our
It is edited fishes in the
of
Telescpoes from the Finest Stock in America
Don't paddle in the water with one hand and In other words, be blind with both eyes. "keep your eyes open" for all nature.
%bt
3000C=XX>OC
Wyoming Avenue
&
C. Street, Phila.,
Pa
Fancier and Breeder of Tropical Fishes Splendid healthy stock at reasonable Haplochilus cameronensis, Betta All kinds of live-bearing rubra, etc.
35c Extra for Shipping Can
prices.
Cash With Order
fishes.
NEW
YORK Street (Between 2d and 3d avenues)
235 East 11th
HENRY
CITY
Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails. Telephone 461
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N.
Cliffside
J.
Goldfishes Blacks
::
Blues
None
::
scmof
AQUARIUM
THE
SUBJECTS
" Goldfish Varieties & Tropical Aquarium Fishes", byWm.T.Innes,
is
3000C=Z»00<#
"fcK>OOCr=>OOOC
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THE BEST BOOK
KISSEL, JR.
Fishes, Plants, etc., Sold at Conservatory
3QOO<
former President of the Aquarium Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 Tells all about the illustrations. fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner or the advanced expert.
A
and Vari-kues
complete, practical, handsome book, sent postpaid anywhere for $3.00. & Enlarged edition now ready.
&
INNES
SONS
•
133 N. 12th
St.
•
Phila., Pa,
for sale at present!
Diatoms
GEORGE
A.
Wish
SCHEMK
and from
3O0O0O000OO0OC=>C=300O0OO0OOOOOC
>c
t*
'AQUARIA FISH"
Lincoln Park Pet Shop
work on care and breeding of fish the aquarium, greenhouse and outdoor ponds. Finely illustrated. Everyone interested in keeping fish should send Price $1.00. for a copy of this book. A
TTJZEE, Manager.
practical
in
TROPICAL FISHES OUR SPECIALTY
Tappan's Natural Fish Food.
BIRDS & SMALL PETS OF ALL KINDS Aquaria, Bird Cages and all Supplies. Displayed and Sold on Commission.
1509 North Clark
fossil deposits.
Editor, Aquatic Life
some—tooo^,
MADAM
diatomaceous material,
recent freshwater and marine gatherings
Mount Vernon, N. Y. £>OOOC=3000C
to secure
Street
CHICAGO rZ=30CJOOOOOCX3000C=Z5C=>OOOOOOC
"Does
paid,
Three boxes, post-
25c.
Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beautifully marked. Write for prices.
F.L. Route 2,
TAPPAN Hopkins, Minn. zxx
tOOOOOO
>GOOOOOOOOOOOOOO<
HARRY
aquatic Htfe Vol. II
:
Vol. Ill
:
PETERS
P.
1210 N. Warnock
Street, Philadelphia,
BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish
$2.25 each, postage paid
165 pages and as many illustrations. Substantial cloth binding, with title page and complete index. (Stock of Volume II is small.) One hundred copies of Volume I, loose or bound. Can use single issues. Address publisher.
Volumes average
Plants
every
of
of
all
kinds at
MANUFACTURER OF Green River Fish Food 15c Box
Green River Baby Fish Food
JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
20c Box
A
A
guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations Ten breeds are illusof the author. trated in color, with numerous text $2.00, plus
GOOD
most
FISH
FOOD
one of the
is
necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It keeps the fish in good color by promoting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour or cloud the water. Ask vour dealer or send for it today.
cuts; 112 pages.
postage on 2 pounds.
Address Aquatic Life
things
essential
3QOCX x-mrw-irv
OOQCX
5°=
HERMAN RABENAU,
Shipping Cans 50c
Welcome
Young Blues, Blacks and
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty
Young
New
Importations of
HARRY
regularly
1210
1163 Myrtle Avenue. Brooklyn, N. Y.
Calicos
P.
PHILADELPHIA 3QOOCZZ31
aooooooocrx
c
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food
•
Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food
•
Sample Can 15c
Nippon Goldfish Co
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
GOLDFISH
Special Prices on Quantity Lota. Cash With Ordar.
Upon
lOOOC
Request.
::
New York
3000e=3000<
Proprietor.
PLANTS
SNAILS
Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All Supplies
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 273 Greenwich Street
MURATA,
Importers and Dealers
15c, 25c 35c Each
Sent
>oooc
1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal
Sample Box 15c
Catalogue
>OOOOOOOOOC
—
J.
Baby Fish Food
5.00 Dozen
PETERS
NORTH WARNOCK STREET
Near Broadway.
Glass Feeding Rings
$1.50 Dozen
Veiltails or Broadtails
Varieties received
-
v-mnr
Fine Assortment of Lionheads
to be appreciated
Visitors
nx
Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices
& Terraria
Aquatic Life must be seen
—
Breeders
Aquarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
M H*
all
times.
oooocooooc
u 3QOO
and
Snails
variety,
Aquarium Supplies
WANTED:
s°°
Pa
NEW STOCKS ARE COMING!
City
XJOOC
xi
Price List Sent on Request