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SEA MOSSES. A

COLLECTOR'S GUIDE AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

MARINE ALG^. BY A. B.

HERVEY, A.M.

ILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTY FULL-PAGF ENGRAVINGS IN COLOR,

FROM PHOTOGRAPHS OF ACTUAL SPECIMENS.

BOSTON

:

BRADLEE WHIDDEN. 1893.

COPYRIGHT, iSSi.

BY

S.

E.

CASSINO

TO

RICHARD HALSTED WARD,

M.D.,

Professor of Botany IN

THE Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,

in

New York;

the name of a long and true Friendship; AND

IN appreciative RECOGNITION

OF A Naturalist, DISTINGUISHED ALIKE FOR CLEARLY APPREHENDING,

AND SKILFULLY IMPARTING THE TREASURES OF A SCIENTIFIC SCHOLARSHIP, SINGULARLY WIDE AND EXACT;

THIS BOOK IS

AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED BY

THE AUTHOR.

63013

T

PREFACE

*31

AVAIL

^—^

shall

myself of the

have

a point or two

for

to

opportunity

last

a word with

what

will

my

book.

have

I

should be

attempted

and

a real

readers

be found on /.

of the " Introduction," concerning the to

helpful

which

add

to

4, et seq.,

method of

make a book guide

to

I

this

which

those,

who,

though not expert botanists, and not having, or using, any aids to a good pair of eyes pocket study

magnifier,

of marine

fore, to resort

see

for

the

to

desire

to

plants.

I

many

first

other than a simple

begin the

and

collection

have been obliged, there-

devices for making the novitiate

time

in

these

plants

what

is

so

PRE FA CE.

viii.

obvious to

of the experienced col-

eye

practiced

the

lector.

Among to

direct

of

the

these

attention

species

while

that

the

the

in

taken those species, for

treatment

species

arranged

and

certainly

again

group certain

comparison naturally

species the

in

natural

more

often

found

together

grouping,

genera cannot

the

Âť

You

orders the

in

for

common-

these

have

I

difficult plants. it

convenient

to

advantage

of

the

which do not always

description

belong together.

that, while

stand

to the

have

I

have

could be most

From

identified.

proceeded step by step

Then

I

genera which contain several

in

ness, or peculiar habitat or appearance, easily

grouped

is,

which, on account of their

first,

their

in

often

are

The reason

otherwise.

wish

be observed

will

It

I

disarrangement

the

:

been

have the

order,

quite

text

viz.

genera.

genera

the

proper natural in

here,

to

which

thing

the particular

is

will

therefore

and genera

text,

the

follow

species

be depended upon to do

under-

so,

in in

their

the

most

cases. I

must add a

subject.

While

single

the

remark further on

several

sub-classes,

this

general

the

Green,

PREFACE. Red

and

Colored,

Olive

Algae,

the

ascending natural order, in

genera

and the

the

order,

opposite

exactly the

in

in

the

orders

and

grouped

are

the

text,

each of them are arranged and treated

in

highly,

IX.

in

being the most

first

the most simply, organized genus

last

each sub-class.

must take

I

indebtedness help

To

Harvard University, tions.

can

I

Algae,

Government Prof.

obliging,

and

the

Farlow

many

obliga-

is

in

his

my

and

readers'

Manual

of

the

all

New

of

now long overdue from

the

stint

Eaton, of Yale College, has been

and

upon

allowing

painstaking, his

ample

store

me

to

know-

of

his well-furnished herbarium.

Mr. Frank with

G.

Press.

draw without ledge,

which

Daniel C.

ever kind,

correspondence,

Wm. my

for

book.

this

could not avail myself of

contained

new knowledge England

for

large

Algae,

for

under very

only regret,

book's sake, that I

Dr.

of

am

I

of

private

the

notes,

my

express

material

the

assistance

personal

to

fellow students

ready

published

the

occasion

several

to

making

in

and

this

S. Collins,

marine

flora

of Maiden, whose acquaintance of Massachusetts

Bay

is

both

PREFACE.

X.

extensive

and

accurate

Magnolia,

and

Mrs. Abbie

Meadow, who has

each kindly made

which they have together with

spent

on the

able collecting

end of Long

east

out

summers

several

for

collected

me in

lists

notes of their special

of profitIsland, have

the

of

several

their

C. L. Anderson, of Santa

Dr.

Dimmick and Mrs. R.

plants

localities,

season of

habitat,

and

collectors

dene the same thing

on the

localities

N.

F. Bingham, of Santa Barbara,

Diego,

well-

ail

Algologists, have very obligingly

the

for

Pacific

coast.

me many

have sent,

Dr.

Cruz, Cal.,

and Mr. Daniel Cleveland, of San

they

and

and frequency of appearance.

growth,

known

and fertile

Cape Ann; and Miss M. A. Booth, of Long

shores of

L.

oi

Gloncester,

rocky

the

Bray,

students

as careful

about

collectors

industrious

of

Davis,

L.

who have long been known

H.

Maria

Mrs.

;

plants

of

their

In addition

valuable

typical

from the rich and extremely interesting

several

to

that,

specimens

flora

of that

region.

Nor for

can

years

lector

in

I

past

New

forget I

the

generous assistance

which

have received from that veteran col-

York

waters,

Mr. A. R. Young, of

PREFA CE. btcroklyn.

have

I

memory

the

about

excursions

the

shores

him,

who knows

where

finer

and

I

am

rarer

permitted to quote him

because

pages us

the

hope

only

the

temporarily

delightful

New York Bay so

well

plants

are

when

in.

and

be had.

to

too seldom in these

all

has

light

many

of

of

company with all

xi.

been

— from

shut

those

—

out

which

eyes

were ever so keen to detect, and so appreciative recognition

of,

the

rare

of

beauties

these

let

in

humble,

but exquisite forms. If this

book

be of any

shall

opening the way

a

to

sei-vice

knowledge of

this

to

any

in

department

of Botany, or shall contribute anything to the pleasures of

summer

by the Sea-side, no small part of the

must be accorded

merit

Mr.

life

S.

E.

Cassino,

to

our enterprising publisher,

whose urgent

at

solicitation

the

work was undertaken, and who has spared no pains or

expense

to

make

it

as

valuable

and acceptable

as possible.

The

plates

photographs line

and It is

for

this

of specimens

volume in

color, therefore, they

my

are

engraved

herbarium.

from

In out-

represent real plants.

with no small degree of soHcitude that

I

send

PREFACE.

xii.

forth

this

I

can have for

a

tithe

its

it

many

I

is

it

its

it

its

mission.

may

The

impart to

best wish

its

preparation has

readers

given

inquirers,

and

intelligent

some

interesting

awaken

in

admiration for

knowledge

appreciative

this part

of Nature's

A. B.

Taunton, Massachusetts, isi,

1881.

to

many

wondrous handiwork.

May\

to

may, perhaps, be allowed to hope, that

communicate

minds an

that

pleasure

of the

author. shall

book upon

little

IIERVEY.

LIST OF PLATES.

ate

v^-

TABLE OF CONTENTS. •o<>o«

Preface

vii.

CHAPTER

I.

INTB OD UCTIOK The Sea; Plan

its

Voices and

and

Names

Scientific

Flowers,

its

Purpose

of

for

" Sea

i

—

The

3.

Book,

this

4

Mosses,"

6

— —

6. 9.

— Distribution, Classifica— Times and Places for CollectCollecting Apparatus, 17 — 13 — Mounting and Preserving, 19 — Methods of — Clubs and Classes, Study, 31 — Geogr-'Vphical

tion,

12

9

12.

13.

ing,

18.

17.

31.

t^6.

History, 39

2>^

2>^.

— 45CHAPTER

H.

BRIGHT GBEEN ALG^. Key to Genera, SPOREiE, 49.

46.

Orders:

Siphonie/e,

47.

Zoo-

XV,

CHAPTER

III.

OLIVE COLORED ALG^. Key TO THE Genera of the Atlantic Coast, 67. Key to the Genera of the Pacific Coast, •

70.

Orders

Dictyote^e,

:

Sporochne^, DARIE^,

no.

Fucace^,

73.

Sub-Orders:

Ph^ospore.^, 82. 100.

Lajminarie^e,

Asperococce^,

MyRIONEME/E, IO9.

103.

Ectocarpe^,

DeSMARESTIE^,

01.

Chor-

SpHACELARIE/E,

Dictyosiphonie^,

112.

117.

1

74.

82.

PuNCTARIE/E,

116.

SCY-

121.

tosiphone/e, 123.

CHAPTER BED

IV.

ALGJE.

Key to the Gener.^ of the Atlantic Coast, Key to the Genera of the Pacific Coast, Floridie^,

Sub-Class:

MELE^, 138. coiDE^, 168.

Hypnes, CARPES, TINEiE,

233.

188.

1

6

Gelidie/e, 185. 189.

BaTRACHOSPERME/E, CrYPTONEMIE/E,

Spyridie/E,

234.

228.

Ceramies,

Rhodo-

SpH/EROCOC-

7.

Corallines, 183. Rhodymenie/e,

203.

207.

Orders:

135.

Chylocladie/e,

125.

130.

2O4.

Spongio-

GlGAR-

DUMONTIES, 236.

Glossary

273

Index of Genera and Species

277

;

I

baard, or seemed to hear, the chiding Sea

Say, Pilgrim,

Am

why

so late and slow to

come?

not always here, thy

summer home?

Is not mj' voice thy music,

morn and eve?

I

My

breath

My

tr>uch thy antidote,

thy healthful climate in the heats.

Behol

The

1

my bay

opaline, the plentiful

Vet beautiful as

is

and strong,

And,

my

breath,

out harms and griefs from

my

in

June

the rose in

Creating a sweet climate by

Waih ng

thy bath?

the Sea,

mathematic ebb and

memory

flow,

Giving a hint of that which changes not. I

my hammer, pounding

with

The rocky Strewing

coast, smite

my

Andes

evermore into dust,

bed, and, in another age.

Rebuild a continent of better men.

Then

I

Men

my

unbar the doors:

The exodus

of nations;

I

paths lead out

disperse

to all shores that front the

hoary main.

Emerson^

CHAPTER

I.

hTMOnuVTION.

On

the surface, foam and roar.

Restless bÂŤtav* Tifd passionate QaMh

)

Shingle ratiiÂŤ along the snoic.

Gathering

boom

anti

*

Under the

thundering crash. #

surface, loveliest fomis,

Feathery fronds with crimson

curl,

Treasures iaw deep for the raid Delicate coral ax:d hiddei! pearL

fit

stormft.

|-2_^|i^..^

CHAPTER

I.

INTRODUCTION. There There There

By I

is

a pleasure in the pathless woods,

is

a rapture on the lonely shore,

is

society

where none intrudes,

the deep sea, and music in

man

love not

the

less,

roar.

its

but nature more,

From these our inteviews, in which I steal From all I may be, or have been before. To mingle with the universe, and feel What I can ne'er express, yet cannot all conceal. Byron,

HO

does not love the

sea

of the mind, with some voices

dwell

it

its

of

presence

know what

its

its

thousand

Those who

tone. surf,

its

who

those

or

for inspiration of soul, or

and health of body, learn

sake and for

t

sound

the

habitually seek for rest

some answering

speaks

within

For every mood

!

one of

to love

it

for

its

own

sweet and comforting companionship.

those feel

who

are content to

sit

Library

N. C. State College

for

hours

2

SEA MOSSES.

.

beside the sounding sea, and watch the

outgoing

incoming and

as

tides,

"The

nightmared ocean murmurs and yearns, Welters and swashes, and tosses and turns,

And

the dreary black seaweed

or listen Hstless to

"

With sobs

among

And under

lifting, all

cruising

which

a deep, dull roar. for

"

evermore;

on every shore, with

now

slid

white

that

down behind

in

some

rythmic sense

the mighty voice of

accompaniment the

its

true

is

human

kinship

with

all

without

feeling

looking into Nature's

For

beat.

true

and makes the soul the

it

Old Ocean plays a low melodious the deepest thoughts that

to all

heart,

yonder

sail

the wide blue sea,

beating,

he

and hearing her great heart

soul, is,

to

listen

that

world,

the

the edge of the sky.

Somehow, one cannot look upon and

shifts,

thoughts wandering around

their

just

rocks,

tossing and drifting,

Dying and swelling

send

the

where the coarse kelp

in tlie rifts

Falling and

or

and wags; "

the beating of the sleepless waves.

they go tumbling

as

lolls

forms and

great

feel

stir

forces

in

eternal

its

of

the

universe.

But,

there

and wide sea offers

to

is

"

another

can

give

our fancy and

pleasure us,

in

besides

our dreams.

templation and study of the

which she nurtures

which "

this

which she

that It

is

the con-

exquisitely beautiful

her ample

waters.

great

When

flora \'oii

INTRODUCrrON. know

a

some

leaves

the

hot

they

live

sea,

whose

she

often

up on

far

careless

all

if

sure

is

But, in

by.

of

the

and grow, they have her constant

live

silky

them. sort

that she

will also see

them again by and

and nurture.

offices of care

plants,

flowers,

she

that for

that

the beach,

of

But you

to

where they

notice

will

and charming

sand or stones

come back

know

will

and tenderness

love

you

for

delicate

or die.

.1

you a dumb, rude, bungling

to

perhaps,

affection,

you

flowers,

its

mother's

may seem

It

to

and

the sea

almost

has

•

These most

fronded

fragile

branches are as fine as the thinnest

cobweb, are handled and tended so gently, that not a fibre

broken or a

is

misplaced

cell

pounding waves, which, with a an iron ship

home, and us,

If

cacy,

to

their

is

rude to

them.

to

of them, and their names, habits, and

I

am

years,

beautiful,

will

but

spent by the its

know

sure the

From

these plants, the beauty, deli-

sea will have

every shore

away your hands

joy of

sea

may seem rough and

you come

you.

after

blow would crush

boisterous

and grace

history, for

it

never ungentle

is

it

though

single

The

atoms.

to

midst of

in the

full

you

of them.

an added charm

visit

you

carry

will

x\nd these garlands,

in

not only minister to your love of the

they will sea,

also

and repeat

mighty presence.

recall the

in

blessed

hours

your heart again

the

SEA iMOSSBS.

4

In

this

acquainted to

book

little

with what

be as interesting as they are

work

the

amore.

{:(?n

many

have, these

I

found

years,

beautiful.

remember

I

make you

attempt to

shall

I

I

how

undertake

much

needed some convenient and competent guide wanted

I

first

delight,

who

and asked

often

this

book

this

of knowledge

field

in vain for

down by

go

With

Ocean.

enter

to

breezy margin of Old

the

want

I

to

make them

ac-

who

will

quinted with some delightful friends of mine

be there before them, pleasure

rare

desire

to share

telligent

sea side

Nature's

and the not

homes

their is

of Cryptogamic botany.

I

am

wondrous garden of the

who come and knock. this

of in-

its

the

waves.

only,

and not

department

ambitious for

my book

just a " Porter " to stand at the gate of

this

v/ay."

greatly

multitude

intelligent

beginners

of

studying, I

multitude

specialists in this

it

my

less

for

that

in

the

within sound of

written

advanced students and

may be

with

delight

and

handiwork.

hours

who spend weeks and months by

yearly,

The work

mounting,

collecting,

this

people

who make

for

in

simpler forms of

these

many

have spent

I

and

have many friends

I

it.

I

when

day, so

sea,

and open

for

There was no such book I

had

to

" climb up some

those to

do

other

There were indeed the three ponderous quartos

of Harvey, and

two or three

little

manuals of English

INTRODUCTION. be found

Algae, to

5

American market.

in the

But neither

served the needs, at once, of a beginner, and of a sea side

upon American

rambler those

admittance.

growing

in

and

knock,

and wander charming

To

with

and wide

put

to

more

matter

zest.

to

the

will,

in,

this

But

into

this

study.

cost,

you

will

enjoy

shall

I

best

attempt so to present the

the

for

call

as far

work

some

results.

The

possible,

as

etc.

or

out the

least

particular

grows,

and

may be found most

be able to search

labor

in

of

the

descriptions

be confined

to

those

which can be seen with the

Especial attention

at

possible

least

unaided eye,

it

and you may go

must assume that you are

l^ocket lens.

naturally

you

earnest

with

points of appearance

ing

sea,

amid the beauties of

I

a litde

achieve

as

attaining

to

flora.

you

plants,

far

one

and see what

and heed what the

at the gate,

begin with, then,

willing

What

you

to

to lead in

under the

world

the

delight, or palace of

enough

strange

have only to come

"Porter" says

interest

Porter " opens

you want to go

If

this

''

any garden of

in

There must be

good.

is

said just now, " for

I

who come and knock." The

door only to such

ask

shores.

with

the will

help

of a

simple

be given to point-

kind of place where each plant the

season

abundantly,

intelligently

for

of so it,

the

year

that

and be

when

you all

will

the

more

know

to

likely

when you

it

In making descriptions

time.

make

use

terms

cannot be

of

of

terms

technical

see the

which would

to

The few words

me.

obliged

am

I

aware

not

are

I

shall

be

in

the

defined

end of

a Glossary at the

in

and animals.

plants

for

tion

of

and

ferns,

at

"Dulse,"

;

away

you

have

;

F.

and "

is

the

an

affecta-

for

these

birds

and

But

do.

I

must

this prejudice, at least

If

will

you study these

be obliged to learn

for the best of all reasons,

Rhodymenia

Chondrics crispus

they

of them have

and

it

them by such outlandish

"Sea Mosses."

all

prejudice

common names

speak of

as

names, and,

nodosus

Laminaria

call

scientifically,

all

because almost

Fucus

and

names,

"

to the

scientific

their

popular

pedantry,

silly

favor, to put

bespeak your respect

a

is

People think

very

to go about and

"jaw -breaking

plants

a

learning,

naturalists

flowers

there

that

use of any other than the

the

against

the

which

be found

you and

to

which

of this kind

volume.

this

in

and

use,

to

dictionary, will

shall

I

common

make circumlocu-

burdensome both

be

first

when, without

or

;

the technical words, I should have to tions

plants.

when

only

found to answer

for the

it

no

other.

pabnata

;

vesiculosiLS ;

Devil's

common

or

"

A

few

like

Rockweed,"

"Irish Moss,"

Aprons " or " Kelp " popular

names.

Eut

;

INTRODUCTION. who have Hved by

people

the

genera]

cared

thing,

Weeds," and have So

few of them.

the

little

have,

as

for

the

"Sea

has

been

left

to the botanist

and a

name

the

to

and the of the

of

latter

the

name

his

usage

in

common

and R.

it

"

and

first,

is

the

the family

name

name, or the name with

it

" given

the

name

generic

or

last.

In

"

"Smith John," not "John Smith,"

is

family

Rhodymenia

Thus

parlance.

may be considered

corallina,

being the

and

individual

But he writes

names, a "sur-

The former answers

name."

genus,

the

is

species.

family

names

"given

to

Greek and Latin vocabulary.

his

For each plant he has provided two name,"

a

sea,

deigned to give names to but a it

them from

christen

very

7

name, and the

two

last

by which they are known

sisters,

as

palmata the

first

the " given

in the family circle.

Do

not be discouraged on account of these hard look-

ing

names.

pronounce,

They

are

than the

Mrs. Eliza Watson

no harder

Thompson

ton Jones.

When

quaintance,

you are able

creations it

of Nature

remember, or

to

names of your personal

from

to

George Washing-

or Mr.

affectionate

interest

number

among your

to

friends,

these

friends,

you

and acbeautiful will

find

perhaps easier to recall their names, than those of

your find

more that

fashionable

these

acquaintances.

names mean something

For

you

will

as a personal

SEA MOSSES.

8

which

description,

human

The names

patronymics.

terms

descriptive

ance,

habit,

The

more than can be

is

.

place

structure,

fact in their appear-

growth,

of

names

of the

significance

are mostly

of plants

some notable

of

most

said of

will,

as

or

fruiting.

as possible'

far

be indicated as we come to them. Before passing from to

that

say,

may be

you

these charming plants

and varied

.

slender and

colors,

with them than

and

yet,

all

these

the

of

cards,

and mounted them

never

knew

them

and never cared choose.

chapter

all

in

to.

for

years

arranged

will

"Sea

as

You may do you

are,

scientific

gathered

them

on

books and albums, who

than

other

In that case

and

sea,"

about a

single hour's scien-

have

Scores of people

" flowers

their

" marble hearted " botanists

many

never care anything at

study.

and

outlines,

may, perhaps, be an en-

forms;

knowledge of them, or give them a tific

in

their brilliant

of them, and more deeply in love

collector

thusiastic

graceful

forget

interested

intelligently

be an admirer of

;

their

delicate

must not

point, I

this

the

find

this

the guide you will need.

If

Mosses,"

same

if

you

introductory

you have not

time or inclination to study them, do not neglect them

on

that

beautiful

of

account. in

pleasure,

form

and

To

the

taste

that

appreciates

the

or color, they are an endless source

a sure

means

of

cultivation.

The

INTRODUCTION, of

plants

sea

the

surpass

greatly

9

others

all

when

dried and preserved in

some of them

when seen

more

are

herbarium.

the

beautiful so,

beauty

Indeed, than

possible,

if

Their

in their native element.

the

in

perfection with which they retain their original

artistic

value

not be impaired by any lack of scientific knowledge

will

on your

yet I must assure you that a

acquaintance

particular

repay

And

part.

them

with

more

abundantly

will

your labor by giving you a more intelligent

all

interest in

And

them.

it

will

make you a

mere beauty's

better col-

know

lector,

even

habits,

homes, and seasons of these beautiful creations.

for

the

sake,

to

the

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

You to

will

find

pay attention

the

species,

so

given

as

in

may

reasonably be

well

marked

and

expected

coast

floras.

is

to

only

grow

there.

to

distinguished

cases,

cannot

what

for

by two

of

quite

That long reach of land which

known

marks the division between the two. in

many

distribution

search

projects itself so far into the sea,

that

in

not to look for what you

localities,

eastern

geographical

the

to

find

Our

an important help,

it

former times, more than

now

as It

Cape Cod, is

even,

probable that

has

prevented the waters of the great arctic and equatorial currents

from

mingling,

and

so

has

maintained

a

SEA MOSSES.

10

marked At

difference

events

all

temperature,

in

the

floras

the two regions.

in

of the t\vo

by

no

that

this

extend over

the

Cape Cod.

But

enough

Cape Cod

of well

with

the

are

of

feature

essentially

these polar

them

such as

and

arctic,

in Spitsbergen

I

and agree

the

is

have

and Nova Zembla.

but one or two of

collected

at

Marblehead.

I

have a striking

Euthora

il/osa^

The

by an abundance of

crismta,

Halosaccion

Ptilota

Aganim

Turneri,

7-ame7itaceum,

Laminaria

The

resemblance

to

north-

plants of

plumosa, Var.

Ceramiiun Deslongchampsii, Gigarthia

serrata."

pretty

all

distinguished

species

state

twenty species received

those growing along our northern shores.

ern flora

To

find

islands,

plants, too,

individual

do

flora,

barrier.

found on the extreme northern

In a small collection of some

from

the

of

number,

say that the plants growing north

species

coasts of Europe,

species

south

that a considerable

distinct

we may

broadly,

of

and

north

extend either way beyond that

not it

mean

I

make a

to

region,

do not mean

I

number

considerable

whole

have im-

regions

portant differences, whatever the cause.

Fucus

mam-

fureal us,

longicruris,

Alaria

esculenta, etc.

The

flora

south of Cape

or temperate seas,

and

is

Cod

is

that of the

warmer

distinguished by the presence

of such forms as the " Gulf weed/'

Sargassum

vulgarc,

INTRODUCTION. Dasya

Chondriopsis,

eiegans, the several species of the

Grinnellia Americajia,

the

11

Champia

muscifor?fiis,

leyana,

Spyridia

and many

Rhabdonia

BaiBaileyi

Collitha7nnion

filainentosa,

others.

Hypnea

tenera,

Lomentaria

parvicla,

one

suppose, perhaps, that from

I

quarter to one-third of the species of each region do

not extend into as

I

rarities.

each

the other, or, will

as

species

I

no such differences It

California.

note

describe in

the

at

all,

There seem

it.

then

range

geographical

of

be

to

of different parts of

flora

nearly

that

likely

is

they do

if

the

all

the plants that

could be found at San Francisco or Santa Cruz, could

be found

also

rarities

at

San Diego and Santa Barbara, a few

only excepted.

book undertakes

It

be observed

will

flora

of California on the west coast, and of

and

New

England on the east; though,

added, that all

the

this

make

Vancouver Island

to

add

that

I

on the

would be certain

side excursions;

and

I

believe

on our eastern

much

for

special

mention only some

the

California

may be

on the one

other.

common to

I

may

plants,

meet with

to

side,

also

such

in his sea

have included nearly

I

shores.

flora.

New York

it

practically applicable

have included only

as the beginner

of these

it

north of the Carolinas

coast

and

all

will

that this

an account only of the marine

to give

I

I

have

cannot say as selected

for

sixty or seventy species peculiar

to

MOSSES.

^^.4

12

which

region,

that

But

our own.

judged to be

I

most

the

and most widely

much

is

common

to

particular

eastern

there

places,

coast

where the

many

flora

Nothing

year.

localities as

Mount

squam

on our

more

Holl, Orient Point,

southward as

far as

and

fine,

favorable

as

"Sea Mosses

"

such

than

varieties

to Magnolia,

Newport,

Nantasket,

and

New Hamp-

Cape Ann from Annis-

of Shoals,

around

clear

to

of them

Maine and

Desert, the

beachesj Isles

shire

many

and

numbers

great

knew

I

respect

places for finding and collecting splendid in

as

the habit of. going

in

be

could

1

characteristic,

In

rich

is

where thousands of people are every

and

or interesting. are

which

plants

and such

distributed,

be most strikingly beautiful

than

species

in

riclier

have taken those

Marblehead, Nahant,

Martha's Vineyard,

and the shore

at

and Wood's

Coney

and

Island,

Fort Hamilton. CLASSIFICATION.

Algae their

are

classified

kind

the

details

be studied

I

have not thought of this

matter,

only by the

as I have said, I

instrument,

am

and

because these aid

hope

the

basis

of

desirable to enter into

it

of

to

organs

a microscope

writing for those I

on

In a popular work of

method of reproduction.

this

that

by botanists

;

who do not

can and, use

be able to so describe

"

INTRODUCTION. the plants that most of them

13

may be

identified without

aid.

its

Suffice

say

to

it

that

divides itself into three

way by

general

their color, viz.

Bright

Green.

These

nearly

to

more exact

named

above.

their

The

three

Ulva;

next

and ^a<:elp";

the

in a

correspond very

on the

basis

lowest and simplest in their organ-

the

the

olive

green Algs, for example,

green,

highest,

red

the

"

the

Rockweed

AlgcX.

separately,

I

shall

and describe

genera and species, in their natural order,

several

following

naturally

Red, Olive Green, and

:

groups

up each of these groups

take

class

classification

ization, are the bright or grass

the

whole

the

main groups, characterized

the

arrangement

from Prof. Thuret,

in

his

adopted

list

by

Dr.

Farlow,

of North American Algae.

TIMES AND PLACES FOR COLLECTING.

Most

I

on our Atlantic

collecting

during the

summer

and

early

must remind those of you who

have the

it

accessible

greatest

at

interest

you do not go

to

times,

all

and

the

finest

early varieties

in

March of

our

that

beauty

can

be done

be

and even

by the

live

many be

will

Our

shore early.

thamnion, C. A??iencajiti7n beauty

coast, will

autumn months.

had in

things

of

missed

if

finest

in

its

February.

Rhodomela subfusca

But

sea, or

are

Calli-

rarest

The only

SEA MOSSES.

14

be

to

found

know

Ihem

You

these

on

an icy

wall,

the

months

three

can

that

may be found

our

hard,

the

year

most of

summer

In general,

there

lecting ''Sea

when

the

source

tide

for

By many holdings surface

By

goes

during

of

in

the

depths,

turning

months.

winter places

for

col-

which

the

sea

material

will

be

and

will

and margin of the

carefully

there

the

This

out.

they

growing

princijoal

and will

getting the plants that

causes

Anderson

though of course most of

beaches,

the

plants

So

winters.

Dr.

the shore.

mass

the

upon

up

throws

the

three

Mosses" by

from

First,

than

are

col-

and of more luxuriant growth

beautiful

during the

and

living

inclement around.

at all seasons,

more

are

know

on our shores during two or

are

of

collect

me

assures

them

we

as

collect

will

fenced away by

are not

coast

Pacific

must

and when Ihcy

go,

Those

are in their greatest perfection.

as

you are

if

Then you

when they come, and when they

lecting

you

is

surprised,

Indeed,

thoroughly,

plants

seasons of the year.

at all

they

This

be

will

November and December.

as

to

months.

spring

early

other plants.

see what quantities of things you can find

also, to

late

the

in

many

of

true

sea,

and

behind

leaves

be your main

it

re-

in

deep water.

loosened

from their

then

up

grow

will

float

to

the

be cast on shore.

over these masses, which

will

be

INTRODUCTION,

15

found along almost every sandy or pebbly beach, you

be able to get plants which could otherwise be

will

And by

found only by dredging in the deep water. careful

among

search, too,

this material,

upon

Second,

when

the tide

their

native

You can

out.

is

and

rocks

the

homes here

find

will

seek

such

all

Of

upon rocky and

boots,

and to

a

go two or three

search

in

every place,

farthest

its

Put on

shores.

no Algae

must,

therefore,

the

hours

of

marks,

tide

of stout rubber

pair

low

before the

following

Many

retreat.

pools

tide

course

You

between

grow

as

the

in

collect living plants in

only.

grow upon the sandy beaches.

the

tide

down

tide

best

things

found close down by low water mark, and some

are

a

you

the deep water forms.

all

below

little

These

that.

latter

can

be got best

by taking advantage of the extreme low run of

"new" and

which comes about vantage of going retreating to

get

great

waters

before

down,

moon." and

tide,

when

the

tide

is

coming

in.

you are close by the water's edge when the rising,

you

busily will

intent

very

with brine, for

ad-

following

you are not

that

tides

The

so

the

apt

by the unexpected advance of a

a drenching

wave, as

low is

"full

upon

likely

getting

find

your

yourself

For,

if

tide

is

floral treasures,

suddenly soaked

" The breaking waves dash high On a stern and rock-bound coast."

In

through

hunting

the

region

tidal

for

plants,

hunt everywhere, and collect everything found

and when

ing,

a note of

a

collected,

memorandum

small

each

of

habitat

tide pools, that

out

of

the

places where the

the

And

the

nearer they

more

likely

table

hfe

they

in

book

will

them.

the

is,

and

kind

particular

The

which

Captain

like

choicest are

never

is

to

in

you

as

basins

little

water

enter

collecting

collect

shadows

the

are

may be

had.

limits,

You

plants

there,

as

for

But do not

fail

of

sides

often

will

instance,

the CladopJwra rupestris

Third,

the

be to have abundance of vege-

perpendicular

boulders.

it.

rocks

emptied,

low tide

the

the

it

in the

to

look,

under the overhanging curtain of " Rockweed

great

"make

Cuttle,

you cannot remember without, carry

If

it."

grow-

find

the

the

some low

by standing on

cliffs

some

''

also,

which

and

beautiful

Ptilota

and other smaller

"

elegans,

mosses."

projecting

reef,

by the side of which the tide currents rush in and

you

out,

water in

all

forth

will

forms,

see all

many

spread

their

native

the

water.

in

siphoftid',

are

of

the

more dehcate

out beautifully, and

grace,

Many

carried

of these,

past, like

deep

displayed

back the

and Poly-

seldom thrown on shore in good con-

tNTRODUCTIOisr, or

dition,

therefore

these

the

they are, do not long remain

if

by

is

the

far

To

plants.

do

best

place

you

this

some simple instrument

with

and

water,

Yl

they go

as

I

have found nothing more convenient

a

wire

skimmer, which

furnishing light

stick

but the

or

Alga, with

out widely in

by

five

be

It

it.

implement

every

a

six

feet

its

for

detaching plants

which grow

deep

in

tide

a

by.

than

this

any housestring

to

The

long.

with

limited

from

pools,

too far below low water mark.

into

a

water resist-

little

thrown

very readily caught

is

also

to

down floating

delicate branches

will

of

provided

for

at

stout

this

direction,

serve

got

with

through the meshes of

passes ance,

shop, tied

tin

strong

can

many

be

reaching

for

them

seize

must

This

so.

take

to

or

extent

holdings,

their

For the

not

the sea,

in

an

as

your

rest of

COLLECTING APPAR.4TUS

you may have as

httle

A

or

i'.,

simple to

basket,

wrap

of

your collectings,

sorts

convenient,

dozen or provided a

less

with

compartment

paper

bags,

much

and

different is

as

with a

up

If

it

or

box,

or

keep

for

convenient.

is

few newspapers

somewhat

separate

do

will

The

storing

bottles

whatever you

in

a it,

should also

case

coarse

set

plants,

may

use

in

the

very well.

a case made with

have

wide-mouthed a cork.

as

half

each have

newspapers, for

keeping

SEA MOSSES.

1^

the

or

species,

different

separate.

Then,

they

may be

roughly sorted,

bottles.

for the

are

But two or

protection.

handy.

I

around

the

one

kind that

neck,

so

hand, which

as

leaves

gather in the plants with.

and be

off

with

least

The

selected.

receptacle in

the

of

this

different

And

Polysiphonias^

delicate

a quart

for

to

your

efforts

to

your

fragile

glass

sand pieces

save yourself, jar,

your whole collection. carefully

and

packed

broken, would

in

you

will

upon the hard

is

to

the one to

using

in

a tumble will

smash

forget it

into

your ;

a

that

is

feet

then

in

all

about

a

thou-

and perhaps

lose

But two or three of these

jars,

stones,

a basket,

perhaps

in

free

collection,

and you get

slip

your

very

a string

always

disadvantage

only

need

jar

whose cover goes on

jar

possible trouble,

sort

will

suspended

it

other

the

A

fruit

can fasten

I

carry

to

being

kept partly

climbing over the wet and mossy rocks,

may chance

as there

and some others

have found

the

get

in

which rapidly perish on

The more

I

put

locali-

collected,

should be reserved

forms.

fragile

the Caiithafrmiofis, Dasyas, this

are

the botdes should be

air,

of sea water.

full

and

bottles

tliree

them

of

several

exposed to the

different

your plants

as

most delicate and

from

plants

ties,

furnish

so as

as not

to

handy a

be

easily

collecting

apparatus as you could extemporize at the sea shore.

tl^TnODUCTIOM.

1ft

MOUNTING AND PRESERVING. For

out " your

''floating

"Sea Mosses,"

you should provide yourself a few simple

You should have a

quisites.

a

needle driven into the end of

any white

dishes,

paper;" cloth,

old or

You

off the

point so

stick,

as

can

use

thicknesses will

do

found cut

a

it

it

in

common But

quarters

will

spread

or

three

large

"drying

the

necessary

need

your

plants

trimming

for

the

distance

paper,

finer

be the

into

and allow you

firm,

arranging the

to

details

use of

For drying paper, of course

many

newspaper, by putting

and a sheets

great

of

satisfactory

would

upon

The needle should

considerable

make

much more

into

you

when

together;

that.

in lack of that,

handling

in

pliers

your plant on the paper.

you

stalk," with

botanist's

and

best;

scissors

first,

to

a pair of

;

paper; pieces of cotton

parasites.

end of

blunt

re-

branches of plants which are too

away

cut

driven

the

the

look well

to

to

called,

and

mounting the plants on.

superfluous

bushy

the

is

The

water.

two

carefully;

blotting

for

use

will

the

and

cotton

paper

or,

it,

"wash bowls;"

like

common

or

cards

in

sharpened

stick

"pen

cedar

it is

tools

pair of pliers

common

scissors; a stick like a

as

many, no doubt,

blotdng paper ;

twenty-five

probably

be

all

will

of

you

be

them would

SEA MOSSES.

20

and

use,

serviceable,

number of " drying

of

sellers

on

spongy,

brown and

inches,

of

sides

large

a quantity of botanist's " Naturalist

the

Boston,

Street,

supplies

naturalists'

both

mount a

to

in still

Mass.,

for,

I

100 sheets, probably also of other

per

believe, ^1.25

is

you

with

cheaper and

can be had of

It

Hawley

32

found

you are going

at once,

plants

take

easily

be

will

if

paper."

Agency,"

could

What

your trunk.

more

you

those

the

has a

the

all

Continent.

paper,

felt

in

cut

capacity

fine

It

into

large

a

is

cities,

coarse,

12 x 18

sheets,

absorbing

for

mois-

ture.

For convenience, the cotton cloths should be

made

the

Some

number them

same

specimens

of

paper

drying

and

smooth

very

at

in

to

but

the

used.

mount a

great

want

have

when

fine

biit

all,

smooth pieces of

thin

care

once,

at

paper

drying

the

as

size

who do not

collectors,

to

dry,

place

of

use it,

no have

deal, got out a foot or so square

and one-quarter or one-third of an inch thick; upon these

they spread

lay

the

plant

it

the

cotton

;

keep

the

straight

one or more layers of cotton and

on them and put absorbs

the

even

pressure

each one must use

his :

own

they

many more

moisture, and

and

and smooth throughout.

cut of uniform size

as

the

the

boards

and plants

For ''mounting paper

taste.

can

papers

ovei

Many

be had

at

"

prefer cards

almost any

iNTRODUCTlOM. paper

job printing

store, or

and a

by

half

convenient

But

size.

office,

and a

six

21

made 'to

half inches,

you want

if

friends,

and

albums

to

haps the In

you

will

This

course.

and

inches,

any

you

will

good 26

quires of

ing

expense case

that

have

Ae

you

which

X

5

the

inches,

1

smallest

sheets,

2

With brim ocean, of

By

lolx

or

8 x

16

10^

16

x

look

best

inches.

x

5^

21

will

inches,

great

on the

ma-

a sheet

give

most used

size

it

By

halving

8

the

for

half of this

be the

halving

inches;

sheet

enough

will

;

while

half of

these

4 inches. large

sea-water,

with

in

plants

paper, unruled, of

collected.

are

One

which

your

with

your

them

x

?,

demy

octavo

large

of plants.

jority

4

quite

is

or

then per-

convenient sizes for mount-

21,

sheets

an

books

of fairs,

unfolded sheets,

in

into

8x

get

your

cheaper to buy a few

it

lb.

ordinarily

sheets

quartering,

these

find

28 is

cut

will

course

all

be an item worth considering.

or

paper

plants

number

a

Church or Charity

at

sell

up

several

the

in

have some to give to

to

make

to

a neat and

mount

to

hundred or several thousand specimens of a season, so as

Four

order.

is

water

plants

one

or,

made

from of

white

the

the

dishes

if

filled

near to

you are away from

artificially

salt,

collecting

dishes.

Here,

take

case

the the

a

few

and

put

handling

them

•*

SMA Mosses.

2^

your

with

any

of

and

superfluous

them

shake

pliers,

adhering sand

or

and

branches,

at

you "float

a time, as

Then

take

your

piece

large

enough

to

dipped floating

and

the

in

it

base

your

around

the

of

it

hand,

up near

to

so

you can

that

that

hand

Now

slowly

draw

it

water

will

under

being

out

lift

of

the

water,

flow off from

This

will

the

paper.

in

float

paper

next

down on

the

the

in

water.

surface

and

such a way that

the

to

the

two or three directions.

in

it

hand

left

Now

hand, the rest of

left

up

paper

the

the it

paper

the

the

draw the root or

hold

paper with the thumb of your

a

room,

under

right.

end of

the

dish.

and having

quite

it

one

selecting

ample

plant

out over the paper, and

plant

them

other

holding the paper with your

plant,

managing the plant with

the

paper,

all

put

water,

the

to

the

and leave a margin of white

parasites

transfer them,

your

give

their

make

generally

them,"

or

card,

away

trim

Thence

ready for "floating out."

and ^lean

out

shells,

spread the plant out somewhat evenly over

But

in

many

cases

you

will

need

tc

arrange the branches in their most natural and graceful

position

and

also

massed upon each while

other

carefully

take care

other,

places are

and left

arranged so as to

that

they do

make

bare.

make

not get

unsightly

heaps,

They should the

most

be

beautiful

introduction: picture

remote

branchlets

work of arranging

final

delicate

plants,

having the

in

and

disposed

naturally

all

and

fine

be bestowed

cannot

care

This

out.

some

In

possible.

much

too

23

spread

you

details

will

do with your needle while you hold the paper very near to the surface of the water with your

and

no

above

more,

which you

been removed

has

a part of

But

separately. easily

than will

indeed,

these

plants

take

to,

to

to

on

movement,

left all

to

A

very

little

And,

perfectly.

"

refractory,

you

anything

or

can

In

element.

fact,

you

do no more with them than

paper

which they have by nature be nothing

more

be done, it.

parts

you humor them by

while

are altogether willing

do themselves. your

be

re-immerse

to

means

do

will

them do what they

help

and disposed

them

do

to

their native

commonly need just

water,

easily

by no

are

They

manage.

keeping them in

to

can

how

tell

reasonably want them

will

the

you the " knack

give

practice

hard to

can

I

will

it

and re-arrange the several

this

all

parts

delicate

Oftentimes

from

at a time,

it

hand,

paper with the plant on

the

after

tne

tioat

manipulating.

are

found convenient, it

to

it,

left

be just water enough

there will

near, indeed, that

so

desire,

the in

for

combine there

For

to

you

will

and

outHne,

if

form

let

the

water,

there

their

color,

form, and

make them

will

the loveliest

SEA MOSSES.

24

When

and most graceful things that grow. put

the

and your " Sea Moss

process,

"a

paper so as to be

surface,

adjusted upon your

any smooth board

made

is

of

upon

will

Thence

all

way.

Over

above

over with all,

sheet of the

and

lying

paper,

or

mount.

sheet as

the

of paper, and

over

drying

paper. will

sea-side.

them,

I if

upon

were

blotting

plant

and

upon

on

layer

a

all

Upon

of till

on

I

plants,

put another again,

this

more

the muslin,

you have disposed it

of plants stout

as

as

you care a

i)ut

board

lay

this

be as handy

using

the

this,

piece

should put on, I

the

Upon

board,

last

— stones

the

weights

of

Upon

of

specimens in the same

of your collection, or so much, of

all

Laying

boards of muslin-

directly

of plants, then a

to

trans-

Cover the board or drying

" floated "

paper, plants, muslin, and so

of

drain

be

to

described sheets

spread your piece of muslin.

a layer

joy

do, to

is

it

the following manner.

in

the

the plant up.

this,

paper

a

paper upon some

covered deal, you lay your paper with it

and

beauty,

botanist's " drying paper," or

paper,

you have "floating"

the

few moments, to the press for drying.

ferred, in a

down one

is

lay the

to

away the superfluous water.

This

"

thing of

forever;" then you want inclined

upon

touches

finishing

last

final

as large

some

heavy

anything at the

think, about fifty

pounds

drying

paper,

botanist's

Library

N, C. State College

INTRODUCTION.

25

which has a good deal of " give "

of muslin,

it

some

or

of

would not do the

recognition.

use

I

so

it

heavily,

crushed* beyond

be

drying

the

With the

it.

weight

to

would

plants

in

good many thicknesses

use of boards unless there are a

and

paper,

always

have two boards, one for the bottom, and one for the top of

my

complete,"

I

comer out of bearing to

Then, when

press.

can

put

down on

and

have made the

recommend

botanists

be changed in the the

and

cloths

This

will,

my

But four

course

papers

perhaps, be

best,

in

gifts.

the

that

of five

again

or

cloths

and

cloths,

so

and

then

papers,

being

as not to

lift

them

them

lie

a change

careful

the

and

hours,

six

hours.

one has plenty of time.

if

give

drying papers

twenty-four

practice has always been to let

hours,

to work,

stones

which they seem

for

have some conspicuous and weighty

Some

pile

some convenient

in

the

set

business

a

it,

aside

it

way,

the

'^

I

twenty-

both

of

removing

in

plants from the

the

mounting

paper.

The subject

second to

a

time

harder

in

press

the

pressure,

hundred pounds of stone being not twenty-four hours dry,

or

and ready

to

more

should

they

seventy-five ' or

too

most of them

much.

will

be

be

one In quite

be put into your herbarium, album,

whatever you use for the

final disposition

of them.

SEA MOSSES.

26

Those

that

not perfectly dry should be put back

are

day's

and

dry papers

the press with

in

cloths

When

plant

the

perfectly

is

these

facts,

me

People often ask

is

collecting. I

make

use to

gum

have to answer

that

most of them

I

to use

it

aid.

plants

perfectly

nothing whatever

or mucilage

have for

I

that

;

that

there

adhere

the

to

paper without other

And

the

reason for putting the muslin over the

in

the

process of pressing and

may

drying,

is

that

which

is

laid

not stick to the drying paper

above them, the muslin not adhering to the plants all,

is

matter in the body of the plant to

sufficient gelatinous

make

the plants

supposing, evidently

necessary to have some kind of

for that purpose.

they

what

paper,

the

away and

it

on the back of the paper

and place of

exact date

stick so firmly to it

write

removed

and

dry,

from the press, you should, before putting forgetting

the

another

for

stay.

ai

except in some few cases.

But a considerable number of the ''Sea Mosses

do not adhere gelatinous it

out to

to

paper

matter enough glue

their

devices are resorted

in

either

them, or

in

bodies to

They

well.

to

the

these

will

paper.

cases.

have not not

give

Various

Sometimes

the plant,after being dried in the press in the usual way, is

simply strapped

down

with

slips

of

gummed

paper

INTRODUCTION.

27

Sometimes they are fastened down with some kind of adhesive

substance,

being the

best

for

after

being dried,

gum

this.

Others take

them and

float

and

after

them out a second time wiping off the

when,

again,

way

artistic

Mosses,"

A

them

milk,

in the press to dry

they stay.

said,

friend of mine,

me

have never tried

I

who

which she always "

in

tells

plants, put

is

it

method.

this

skimmed

milk from the paper and plants, except

under the

directly

in

tragacanth

is

that for these forms

famous

for the

out " her " Sea

lays

which lack what

the Phrenologist might call " Adhesiveness," she prepares

from

" Irish

the

paste,

fluid

Chondrus

Moss,"

crispus,

them on paper, and then

carefully

from the paper and

except what

two, and then puts

they are

a

semi-

which she dips them before putting

into

made

plant,

them

to

removes

stick,

" like

it

between the

is

By

in the press.

of

all

this

means,

paper upon the

the

wall."

In preparing the coarser " Rockweed " and "Kelp" herbarium,

the

for

These

pursued. quite

black,

in

to

treat

tomed method in

:

hours,

the

perhaps

almost

method

them place

according

home,

and

twenty-four,

let

I

have to be

will

turn

all

process of drying.

them

Taking

some shaded

another

will

to

very I

the

spread

them

perhaps

dark,

am

or

accus-

following

them

out

lie

for

a few

less

or

more.

;

SEA MOSSES.

28

most

until

but not

Then

practice learn

to

in

the

enough to

the

in

them

to

some the

therefore,

and

floating

for

of

side

there

A

little

them

find

will

long

dried

inclined

you may be sure

throw them away and get

;

friend

fortunate

up,

of

keep the

to

await or

out,

convenient

we

may send

that

correspondent on

or

beyond

or

that

but

all

these

the

the

again,

will

bright

and

taken

from

world

;

and

come out

more

the

supple their

now

referred to

fiia,

DasycB,

when

then, half

in

briny

assures

me

and the most

as

home.

delicate

is,

delicate

transported

;

put as

in

fresh

they were

The

that even

other It

dried rough

an hour,

and graceful

the

seas.

may be

plants

we

that

a more

and kept any length of time

round

treasures

unmounted,

sea

to

them

continent

perishable

rolled

been

press,

the

them away

carry

season

drying paper

ones.

we have gathered from

may

brittle.

which you

by

you

If

air.

sometimes desirable

is

evaporated,

and

keep them

have

they

they are not dry enough

It

has stiff

complete.

is

way

only if

open

and

press,

drying

the

tell

mould while kept

some new

hard,

between sheets of

of

be

will

how

them

in

become

the

in

process

the

until

them

them

lay

water

the

they have

put

I

and

of

till

the

friend

water

and

when just

Callithavi-

Polysipho nice, and

INTRODUCTION. such

of them

water out

the

may be

plants,

like

so

29

by

treated,

shaking

first

and then thoroughly mingling

them with dry sea sand, and drying them rough She says

way.

usual

most delicate a

way

as

plant

the

done

be

good

as

left

with

sand

the

out,

suggest

to

Then when

together.

wards soaked

ought

adhere

will

keep them separate and

to

glued

getting

sand

the

and ramuli of the plant

fibres

will

ever

as

'•'Kelp" to

ing

them

into

afterwards

would

and

dried,"

so

Before

taking

must permit

Perhaps

getting

the

with

to

no

little

plants.

To

the

not

hurt.

will

"

or

found

it

by immers-

not

a great

quantity

of

by wrap-

trouble, but

dampness

from

;

to

these

they

manageable,

be

make them troublesome.

leave of this

myself

display

you

Rockwecd

to

of

part

add a word

my

taste

in

mere botanist

the

subject,

regard

in

which botanists commonly think too

point

I

always

know

have

I

mounting,

after-

them, which would have to be ex-

enough

imbibe

not enough

:

for

them about with wet towels

ping

but

them

water,

in

of moisture pelled

viz

me "rough

sent

prepare

best

are

should

"

have had specimens of the

I

their

they

have only those plants that fresh water

When

prevent

you

unless

water,

salt

such

was.

it

the

to in

disengaged and

be

" soaking out "

that

the

i]i

little

mounting of

a plant

is

to

I

a

about, their

a specimen

SEA MOSSES.

30

of a given

genus and species, interesting wholly

that

fact.

If

fruit,

all

the

interest

will

them

look

:

be secondary.

when

plant

the

for

you

most

perfect

with

the

and

botanist

paper or card;

beautiful to

for scientific

one group of ''Sea Mosses" various

kinds

present,

you

and

of

A

little

handle

two

or

with

one.

opportunity to

often

plants

out," almost

Then

again,

Initial

and

letters,

beautiful

the

most

the

all

the

combining

in

on

the will

same

brilliant

soon make you able to

same

the

at

as

readily

you wiU soon

''

two

display

forms

some of the more slender

interesting

each

you, with

For

produce

practice will

three

them

and

colors

may

you

results.

age

rule

on

other

the

you are master of

paper,

" floating

the

is

purposes altogether

give

will

which

green

have

will

skill

different

several

It

the

With the numberless shades of red which

or chiefly.

taste

preserve

species

to

whole

the

I certainly advise disregarding this rule,

you are mounting

unless

plants.

scientific

say then

to

but one

put

the

and

get

have

will

get

things,

but

can,

want

I

best

which

to

botanists.

pages

these

plants

not

are

all

read

will

these

in

interest

Now

ror

form with

typical

gro\^Ti

full

better.

Most of those who an

a

is

it

as

find

plants

designs "

in

to

the

even monograms, may not

time

you it

in

man-

possible

work out same way. be beyond

tiSTTR Ob UCTION.

your reach with a

"Sea Mosses" and

faculty,

Foi

preserving your

mounted, pressed

open

to

botanist

does, by

herbarium, X

lo?,

with

practice.

Let the

cultivation

of every

covers

after

you

dried,

take

of stout

each

for

for you.

they are neatly

have

care

them

arranging

inches

1 6?,

separated

treasures

and

You can

you.

the

to

means of pleasure

possible

all

care and

httle

contribute

i1

two courses

them

of

systematically

having

as

to

shp

It

is

well

By

the

and

the

and

genus,

leaves

corners

in

enough

following

the

you an

will

expert

of

case

that

large

doubt

a

in

the

species

by white sheets or thinner covers; or you

paper or card which you

leaves

the

Manilla paper folded

can provide yourself with blank books, made purpose,

as

cut

the to

directions

in

of

plants

on,

so

into

provide

a

four

here

become a

mounting

sizes

cards

or

the

cuts.

book

with

cards each.

given,

I

successful

and

the

the

fit

mount your

hold two

to

soon

to

for

cannot

collector,

preserving

''Sea

Mosses."

METHODS OF STUDY. Having now the book the shall

use

I

guide tell

you are

question

in

you

it,

so

learning in

a

as

as

most to

you go likely

make

it

to the

to

ask

is

:

a true and

about these plants?"

few words.

sea

Most of the

shore,

"

How

helpful

I will try to

descriptionb;

SEA MOSSE3.

ii'2

are

them

herbarium

from

^vritten

they appear spread

as

where there are plant

are

mentioned.

is

serviceable

knowing

make

to

book

says, for

all

paying

In

upon the

as

are,

the

book.

see

if

plates

;

if

the if

The

together.

up

plant in so,

its

in looking

question is

descripdon.

If

first

is

there

for

and

name

and

doing

figured it

you do not

or

the

cousin to

this

If

you do,

:

in

first,

in

any of the

will

be easy to

find

one you are studying it.

the

by taking a

is

description

its

name

Now

eyes see not."

you do not find some plant figured

near enough like brother

mark of the

your eyes

two ways of bringing

You have two ways

the

puts the emphasis

distinguishing

who "having

conceive,

I

and hunting

plant

it

other.

what the

to

and use your powers of mental observation.

not be of those

book and plant

see

how

is,

the

to

attention

next place, use

the

at the plant,

there

careful

every instance

in

description

its

species.

find

And

trouble in recogniz-

one guide the learner

the

by

of

Do

little

particularly

it

specimens.

But the important question

living.

First

of

have

will

find

mounted

yet

element, they

in its native

therefore

will

And

seen when

points to be

you bring the book and the plant together, so

shall

as

you

these,

them

ing

You

identifying

in

describe

on paper.

out

characteristic

found growing

the

and

specimens,

it

figured,

which to

that will give

is

be a

you

tiSTTRODUCTiOJ^,

name

the

you

that

have

frond of

a

elegans under observation, you the

plates

Ptilota

much

find

will

the

to

have the thing

not

will

a

serrata,

var.

resembles your plant,

you

lead

but you

;

plit77iosa

and among the

there,

Suppose,

plant in question.

the

find

will

example,

for

Go

genus.

the

ot

you

species

33

the

Ptilota

find

that in

copy of a

beautiful

which

but

you

will

see

it.

This

will

not

is

genus, and then you

right

Again, you will find " keys " at the head of great

of the

divisions

book, which

the

all

used,

carefully

if

lead you easily to the genus you are in search

will

and once there you

kinky the

or

mass of curled and

a

Moss,"

you observe that

till

it

is

on

floating

entangled with Algae on the rocks

carefully

it

find

" Sea

green

wool-like,

tide

of,

will readily find the species sought.

Suppose, for example, you

at

soon

will

settled.

;

looking

simple un-

a

branched thread of green, you turn to the "key"

Green Algae will

;

not find

the frond it

in

thread-like, therefore

other

of the

branched, division,

so for

is

the

first

you

you

you

to

read,

sometimes attached straight and ing,

kinked and matted

it

of this

sure

are

group.

will find

sub-division

there

for

not membranaceous, so you

like

It is filiform,

or

under one or the

group.

find

it

in

"Frond single,

is

un-

the

first

It

unbranched,

sometimes

wool," which

is

float-

an account

;

U

^BA MOSSES.

of the plant you are making inquiries about, and you find that these plants are in

now

Turning the

such

plant,

you

before

A meet

to

you

that,

you

that

is

to select a few

common

where

especially

you find

book

and

on

referred

of

sides

to,

cliffs

search

You

it.

the overhanging "

you find species

down

which

are

the

says

the

the

best

your mind, go to the

will

read

for

it

the

in

grows upon the or black balls

some with

you find

common on

large

Cystoclonium

tendril-like

plant

its

read that Ptilota elega?is just

told

perpendicular

the

under the curtain

rocks,

Go

Rockweed."

You

it.

the

book

go down and find some o

till

will

grows

and

with

like little bn.Vvn

Now

a walnut.

as

FuciLs

have

grow and there search

that the Polysiphonia fastigiata

parasite

go

in

it

For example, you

it.

ends of Fucus nodosiis as big

you

noting

carefully

habitat,

its

ought to

it

plants that the

and

anywhere,

and

image you can form of places

now

account of

doubt

tortuosa.

C.

description,

this

an

find

not

will

second way of making the book and

may be found

till

genus Chcstomorpha.

the will

and hunt

there

many

that

purpurascens

of til]

plants of the

have

httle

curling

branches which twine around other plants to

the

shore

retreating

X)me specimens of

it,

and

tide

turn

has

and you

left,

will

over till

the

you

mass find

not have to search

nvrnoDUCTioN'. In

long.

the

common

the

book."

and

forms

easiest

first

those

;

distinguished

easily

easily

ceed step by step

and

When you

labor

these

studies,

of

by

*'

take

commonest and have more easy pro-

the

difficult.

trying

in

them

Put

cases.

difficult

them

From

more

to the

unnecessary care

many

great

identify

in

are

that

marks.

a

find

making your beginning

In the

may

way you

this

i'

aside

Do

not spend

to

make

the

for

have had more practice

it

out

present.

will

be easier

on

the

for you.

may

you

Again,

and

nature

tience first

I

thus

I

out

in

guished botanists not

a

dated,

as

liberty

of finding

Still

trust

another

Algologist

repay

path,

than

to

and

I

plants

the

of

them

to

and

kindness

to for

pa-

were guided, when

by many

far

ever expect

of

good

especially

done such sendee

footsteps

indebtedness

little

I

to

this

little

difficult

often

my

a

botanists,

have

try

which

with

set

of

and send your

Algologists,

nanye for you. people.

presume

kindness

this

more

to be.

kind

some of my readers

will

have

I

still

I

distin-

unliqui-

take

the

out.

way

spare

.

to

get

help,

you

out

of

is

his

to

get

some

duplicates,

by

exchange or purchase, some of the forms which you are inquiring about,

and thus have something authentic

SEA MOSSES.

,iC>

You would have

comparison.

for

then

in

very

name

and

place

the

fixing

difficulty

little

own

your

of

plant.

CLUBS AND CLASSES.

Supplementary section,

Classes

for

of " Sea Mosses,"

formation

the collection, mounting,

may be

over

associated

action

solitary

the

in

Clubs

of

and study,

The many advantages

said.

Everybody knows

cognized.

presented

subject

a few words on the

last

and

of

the

to

that

everywhere

is

in

re-

any undertaking

where half a dozen people can be engaged together,

more

than where

be derived want

recommend

to

your

shore with

or

three,

you

will

not

part

a very

it

is

copy

pleasant

much

at

intelligent

talk

or

some of them

of

and a

this

I

sea

boarding-

hotels,

persons " Sea

at

sea-side

one should

book, as the best

are

least,

col-

Moss Club." on your

enthusiasm

engaging way of

summer

practicable, each

of

friends

that

mounting these " things of beauty

hours

So the

to

go among strangers and

or

about organizing a

take

convince

to

and

leisure

set

can

profit,

alone.

anywhere indeed, where two or

a dozen,

half

lected,

ing

and

and all

when you go

that

" camps,"

or

pleasure,

one works

friends,

acquaintances

Qiake

houses,

It

enthusiasm,

interest,

"

collectwill

spending

vacation.

be tiie

When

be armed with a

" Collector's

Guide."

iMTRODUCtlOM. You

need

will

no formal organization perhaps,

you want to have a name call

after

it

for

some eminent

such things,

in

and

or director,

doings,

or

"ready writer"

to

your

for

making notes of the

finding the

would

habitat of

in

after

neighboring

or

to

off

when

is,

collect

or

fitable,

one

if

to

botanists

and

region,

species.

in

It

certainly

many

pleasant

or

together,

all

so

best,

to send

as

all

Let each collect

will it

be

with

vastly

is

carried

is,

" two

on

for

more in

The

interesting

company with

So,

better

six

pair

minds are surely more than

as that

all,

be

as to

study

mounted

both

heads are

a sheep's head."

thinking

duplicates.

plants,

of

reaching

thus

localities,

divide

parties

enough specimens of each kind so

saying is

record

a

scientific

the

recall

to

go

islands,

different

unknown

mounted,

The

serve

would be

supply

to

new

of

uncommon

points as possible.

able

six

it

each,

many

flora

appoint a

Such

secretary.

and

successes,

For collecting expeditions along the shore,

memories.

two

years

the

keep a record of your

adventures,

tramps,

might sometime be of real value to in

one of your

If

more wise than

is

your collectings, and your progress,

failures,

if

him be appointed your leader

let

you care

if

your

of

or

your extemporized society,

Botanist.

number has had experience, rest

37

of

and

un-

and

pro-

the others.

than of six

one,

eyes

if

and

times as

SEA MOSSES.

38

good the

plants. I

venture to predict, that you

sion,

find

will

"Sea Moss Club" an extremely

of the

a

books, and identifying

one, in searching the

as

both

and

socially

new

sdrring, thrifty,

You

intellectually.

member

every

that

result,

Nature's

in

has acquired at once a keen appetite of her more

and

rare

things,

for the

as

to

a

and

charms

handiwork, and a new

delicate

and observing her wondrous ways.

for seeing

faculty

will find

be awakened

will

interest

the doings

pleasant diver-

"Nature hath tones of magic deep, and colors iris bright, And murmurs full of earnest truth, and visions of delight; 'Tis said, ' The heart that trusts in her, was never yet beguiled,' But meek and lowly thou must be, and docile as a child.

Then study

her with reverence high, and she will give the key,

So shalt thou learn

And

shall

I

to

comprehend the

venture

also

believe

to

"

'secret of the sea.'

that,

when you

" Fold your

And

from sea

the

sound

take

to

confusion of sure to

and

you other

of

the

up your

surf,

toils

and

again

the

in

of

the

the hub-bub and

work-a-day world, you

this

sight

will

be very

keep up the pleasant memories of the "Club,"

perhaps

furtlier

tents like the Arabs, " as silently steal away

also

study and

will

its

form,

by

exchange of

correspondence,

and

And, perhaps,

plants.

hear of other Clubs, formed and working

points

of

the

coast,

and

you

will

correspondence and exchange with them

entei

also.

at

into

INTRODUCTION,

39

HISTORY.

would be an

It if

had

I

interesting

branch of the subject

necessary space

the

my command,

at

to

give an adequate historical sketch of the cultivation of

branch of botanical science

this

be especially so

I

if

in

America.

It

would even

could allow myself to give

a brief account of the most distinguished workers in

But

field.

this

few names,

Of which of

in

I

all

is

We

possession

how many

tell

employ

collecting,

in

plants.

not

year

every

sea-side,

these

am

I

can ever

I

incidents

enumeration

of

a

can expect

for at this time.

course

people

the

and

dates,

room

to. find

The

cannot.

I

know

hundreds

scores or

hours

leisure

their

by

and

arranging

few of them

who have

mounting,

of a

data by

of

given their collections to botanists to write about.

The

singularly

early

Vancouver

America world.

made

his

collections

on

that coast

the

which

name, was described, from plants which he

his

the

Mr. Archibald Menzies,

enough

by the celebrated Dawson Turner,

brought from there in

ever to have interested

Algae, vvas

The Phyllospora from

Pacific Coast.

bears

who seems

American

himself in

who

person

first

in

part in

of

his

this

century.

expedition

to

1792-3, and with him

He

accompanied

North sailed

Western

around the

SBA MOSSES.

40

Harvey speaks of him, one of the

as

life,

green old

age

calling with

venturous

Harvey

gone.

through

plants

before

1825,

a

desire

which

Beechy

Russian

a

made

me

his

expedition

exploring

exploring

in

and carried away

In July,

1833.

expedition

plants,

touched

the

interesting

first

lections

St.

Petersburgh, in

was

collector into

fell

time

collections

some

the

and brought home many

Coulter collected in

'49,

explore

followed

to

figured by

The

the

which

several

coast,

Ruprecht, in

to

their

some of which were described and

California

Dr.

re-

century

half a

has

an account of which was published

plants,

with

associated

more than

desire

the North Pacific

1840,

him,

and often ad-

the stirring

were

enthusiastic

life."

In into

his

with

a

a

" It was his enthusiasm

:

me

shores,

in

still

of them

writes

possessed

first

American

which

Many

late

knew,

vividness

scenes

him

specimens of

ever

and with

;

great

collection.

he

that

studies

his

in

he knew

as

preserved

best

California

great

emigration

Mr. A. D. Frye, of were

attention

Francisco.

Monterey Bay.

The

made about in

Algae,

whose

col-

hands of botanists, subsequently

the

of the

of

Subsequently

1852.

New York

plants

to

that

New York 1850.

land in

city.

They

His

attracted in

San

in this collection are the

ones

as

well

as

INTRODUCTION. chiefly

the Pacific

Harvey

by

used

Algae

the

in

and especially during

making

in ''

of this

flora.

and

time,

that

in-

that rich

and

mention the names several of the best

for

mention

pages of

in the

appear

others

of

many

years,

work on

here

frequent

get

These

book.

not

company,

distinguished

known of them this

need

I

Since

ten

last

account

his

Nereis."

the

dustrious botanists have been at beautiful

41

often

the

in

botanical publications by other hands.

Previously

to

knowledge of the marine

the

1850,

botany of our eastern coast was

and

chaotic

Boston and

history

the

or

of

as

did no of

which

arrangement

are

now

the

in

work

the

plants

others

in

a

illustrating

large

the

number of

Olney Herbarium

such

Dr. Silas

Olney, of Providence,

collected

in

natural

the

Mr. Geo. B. Emerson and

inconsiderable Island,

of

They included among

Mr. Stephen T.

Rhode

collectors

any of them, with

knew about

Gray,

systematic

the late

Durkee.

How much

Dr.

does not appear.

men

a very imperfect

There were a few

state.

vicinity.

exception

the

in

of

who

botany Algae,

Brown

University.

A few New York inspired Prof. J.

city

had

and guided by

W.

and

enthusiastic

been

capable at

that able

Bailey, of the

work

collectors

about

some

time,

for

and devoted

naturalist,

West Point Mihtary Academy,

SBA MOSSES.

42

whom

Dr. Harvey

"the earUest American worker

calls

He

sent the

to

Dr.

Harvey.

considerable

distance

in the field of Algology."

American

our

of

Prof.

Bailey

sea,

he

mainly

these

in

a

lived

was

interest

Algae

instrumental

send

to

he.

Though from

the

awakening

in

an

who were

better

They were

accus-

those

them than

situated for collecting

tomed

among

plants

specimens

first

and when he could

their plants to him,

not resolve them after patient study, he sent them abroad to

be

determined

of Europe

and

;

by the more advanced Algologists

came

so, gradually, there

be a

to

little

knowledge about these things difiused among

scientific

American

collectors.

thusiastic

Algologists

Am^ong

them,

and

Walter

There was a

Hooper,

and

little

city

Lounsbury,

whom

with

Averill,

correspondence,

New York

in

knot of en-

and Brooklyn. Congdon,

Pike,

Bailey was in constant

sometimes

evidently

went

col-

lecting.

In a

letter,

Hooper, he as

the

to

West

he

adds,

friends

at

"I

nev\^

zeal.

company

show same

my time

will

in

them

his

will

It

by him

written

invites

you

believe

" to the

and

and look over

Point,

says,

have,

I

to that

refers

" Algerines,"

Barbary with

he

which

Mr.

a pleasant

way

all

to

come up

collections; ''then,"

carry

the

be no

less

microscope,

than

to

to

&c.,

one

war

into

pleasure," to

several

alone."

In

INTR OD UC TI ON. those days, before 1S50

cannot

say, as

in

country at

this

no date

was a

least,

that

though how has

the letter

Of

moment.

—

43

company

much

—a

believe

microscope, of no

curiosity

I

before I

small

Captain

only

Pike remains.

A notes

complete of Prof.

3,000 are

It

Bailey,

his

scientific

and

of Algae,

collection

possession

the

and

scientific

correspond-

no

mainly

that

Dr.

Wm. H.

British

the

for

Harvey,

Algologist,

publication

the

of

influence Prof,

Prof.

Botany

of

and the most learned and

came

study and publish our plants.

made

objects,

students of science.

all

through

Trinity College, Dublin,

than

less

Boston Natural History

of the

are accessible to

was

distinguished to

with

mounted and catalogued microscopical

in

Society,

in

large

his

and accurate

patient

Bailey's

and manuscript

published

of the

together

observations,

ence,

set

of

the

to

country,

this

Arrangements were Memoir-,

and Dr.

Harvey came here about 1850, and remained

in

the

country several months visiting important points from

Key

Halifax

to

availing

himself

the

material

West, of

thus

the

and

collections

gathered,

of

also

largely,

collecting

others.

From

he published through the

Smithsonian Institution, the largest work ever yet issued

on American Alg^

The

first

part

— the

"Nereis Boreali- Americana."

containing

the

olive

colored

sea

SEA MOSSES.

44

weed/ was

published

part

on

the

third

Dr.

Harvey's

on

quarto

form,

bought

for

contain

from

50

the

anything

meanwhile, for a space

was

At the present time

and a

still

there

of

our

more

up and

his

study

brated

of Yale

work

College

the

of these

Agologists

and the learned

of

living

this subject

of

;

and

Academy

of Arts and

Dr.

:

Europe

several

— the

Wm.

Prof. Daniel C.

whom years'

lamented

others.

pubHcations consist of several annotated

new

pages. botanists

brings critical

under some of the most

Agardh, and

including

exten-

these

in

former of

the

advantage

plants

students

down our

distinguished

;

Algae.

of several of them will be

G. Farlow, of Harvard University Eaton,

up.

twenty years,

American

appearance

frequent

come

number of devoted

smaller

have given special attention to

to

in

a few enthusiastic col-

are

The names

seaboard.

found making

of

on

published

Marine Algae scattered

Only two

are

and can be

days a nev/ generation has

But in

sive

They

plates,

after

1857,

till

Australia.

colored

second

the

a year later; and

about

about $25.

scarcely

of

1852;

January,

green Algae, not

the

return

Since those

lectors,

in

red sea weed,

the

cele-

Thuret,

Dr.

Farlow's

lists

of Algae,

species, issued in the proceedings of the

Sciences,

the U. S. Fish Commissioners.

and

in

the

A much more

reports of

elaborate

INTRODUCTION. work from

pen

his

shortly

will

45

be

come

not

saying

that

awakening any

should

interest

to

fail

book

this,

be the means of

shall

these

in

sea-side,

creations,

should

I

be

among sorry

mind beyond the

carry

the

best

story

shall

it

introductory chapter, with-

this

this

if

by the

sojourners

indeed

if

readers before they see

cannot conclude

I

out

my

to

under

published

the auspices of the Fish Commission,

the if

it

creature

to the Creator.

To me, or

heart,

ioned

its

tell,

it,

but

story

skill

of

also

which any flower of land

the

is

not only of the

care which to

the

can

sea

the

has kept and

whispers

it

and

beneficient

preserved

humble wants, and

will

not

it,

let

"Not Of

it

a flower in freckle streak or stain,

his unrivaled pencil."

" The Lord

of

all,

Sustains, and

Himself thiough

is the; life

of

all

all diffused,

that lives,

Nature name for an effect, Whose cause is. God; He feeds the sacred fire, By which the mighty process is mamtainedJ is

He No

but a

sleeps not,

—

flaw deforms,

And whose

is

not weary; in whose designs

no

difSculty thwarts,

beneficence no change exhausts."

my fash-

sleepless

has ministered

out His notice. But shows some touch

to

and wisdom which

perish

with-

CHAPTER

II.

BBIGRT GBEEN ALGuE.

I

KEY TO THE GENERA. BRIGHT GREEN ALG^. I.

Frond Membranous. Color Green.

I.

(^,)

Frond,

and

long

wide,

the

thin,

largest

^/

green Algse.

^

Ulva, {b?)

PVond, narrow,

sometimes

inflated,

C"

Ip-

always

tubular.

Enteromorpha. 2.

Brown

Color,

Frond,

or Purple.

translucent, sheeny, satin-like.

thin,

Porphyra. II.

\

Frond Filiform. I

.

Unb ranched.

Frond

Sometimes

attached,

sometimes

^

bÂŤ5^

straight

floating,

kinked

and

single,

and

matted

hke wool. ^

Chcetoino7pha. 2.

{a.)

Stem

Frond Branched. and

single

(straight)

cell,

branches

each

a

not jointed. Bryopsis.

(b.)

Stem

and

composed

branches of

tached end to

short

jointed, single

that cells

is,

at-

end.

Cladophora.

,

!)•'

p

;

Sz^eidC-n ^iii

"^n^

^Wc^€-tv off

»ic^ nahz'C^x

GCcic^

tiK>ffcvi.

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CHAPTER

c_=^^^

II.

DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Sub-Class.—

CHLOROSPOR^.

Oxdex.— SIPHONED.

Genus.—BR VOPSIS* Lam.

^Jl^HE American <^j

ants

and

that

northern the

of is

single

Each

warmer

the

The

structure

main

seas,

order are

except

of

cell,

the

of

different

branch or filled

all

inhabit-

the Pryopsis,

one species

characteristic

stem

long undivided

this

by but

represented

waters.

tube-like

frond.

genera of

in

oui

the

order

parts

of

branchlet

with a green

is

the is

granular

substance, suspended in the watery fluids of the plant. Biyopsis= Moss-like

a

SEA MOSSES.

48

Bryopis plumosa,* Lam. Perhaps the most beautiful of the

one here named.

an

admirable

lected

The

N. Y.

picture

But

monly

had

in

a

be

better

fronds

from the same point, from

high.

The

sometimes

on

two

top

of

the

placed as to

that

our it

Mystic in

the

appearance.

feathery parasitical

along

give