Krishi jagran agriculture world january 2016

Volume II | Issue 1 | January 2016 | `70

AGRICULTURE

W RLD The Pulse

Global Agriculture

GLOBALIZATION AND SMALL SCALE AGRI INDUSTRY

AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY FOR THE FUTURE

SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC FARMING

CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR LIVELIHOOD

COMMUNITY SEED BANKS

Echoing Sustainable Environment and Agriculture facebook.com/krishi.jagran

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AGRICULTURE

W RLD Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2016

contents COMMUNITY SEED BANKS

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AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY FOR THE FUTURE

made an impressive beginning to establish a network of Community Seed Banks in every state of India

Food is an intrinsic part of cultural diversity especially for indigenous people and their role in the preservation of biodiversity

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14 20

SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC FARMING

CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

describes the various types of organic manures and their application to maintain the farm soil fertility at an optimum level.

describes various phases of the commercial cultivation of the medicinal and aromatic plants in our country

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TO FEED THE WORLD IN 2050

POULTRY -STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP POULTRY INDUSTRIES strategies to develop Poultry Industries in our country because the annual rate of growth in eggs is 10-12 per cent and that of broiler industry is 14-16 per cent

VISUAL IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR VIRAL DISEASE OF VEGETABLE CROP

is timely and ringing the bell for the planners and policy makers besides opening the door to all agri-business people in the world

vegetable cultivation generates more employment compared to all other farming engagements

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Precision Agriculture will allow farmers Howard Dahl

Agriculture World is printed and published by: M. C. Dominic 60/9, 3rd Floor, Yusuf Sarai Market, Near Green Park Metro Station, New Delhi 110016.

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Editor-in-Chief MC Dominic Directors

Shiny Emanuel MG Vasan

Sr. Executive Editor Dr. KT Chandy RK Teotia Chander Mohan G.S. Saini Editorial Head Sanjay Kumar Assistant Editor Ruby Jain Correspondent Imran Khan Manish Chauhan GM - Marketing Farha Khan Sr. Manager Marketing KJ Saranya Sara Khan Marketing Manager Megha Sharma Sr. Executive Marketing Afsana Malik Chunki Bhutia Poonam Bishwakarma Rinki Pundir Laxmi Pandey Soniya Mahajan Shifali Mahajan Preeti Chauhan Kanchan Singh Punam Pradhan Rachael Xavier Agnes Marry Hema Sharma Ritika Raju Jannet Johnson Rajni Kumari Karishma Lehri Meena Pandey Circulation Head Nishant K Taak Sr. Executive Circulation Chander Dev Bhatt Rahul Singh Abdus Samad Sujata Gautam Anku Yadav Pappu Ray Mohit Prashant Sharma Avnish Sharma Head Pre-Press Dharmendra Kumar Designer Yogesh Kumar Accounts KB Indira Office Assistant Prem Kumar Ranjan DD Nair VP International Business (Russia & CIS Countries) 6 Mikluho-Maklaya STR, Moscow, Russia 117198 Mob: +7903729 98 30, Tel: +7499501 99 10 Email: ddnair@krishijagran.com M Mezhukanal E-16F - 33, Hamriya Free Zone, Sharjah, UAE Mob: +971 50 2870465 Email: mezhukanal@krishijagran.com All rights reserved.

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Agriculture World is published by Krishi Jagran Media Group.

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Biodiversity In Agriculture Cannot be Overemphasized

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ustainable agriculture can be de ned as the production of food, fuel, ber, fodder, fabricates, fertilizers along with other plant and animal products employing various farming techniques that ensure the protection of the eco-system, environment and public health of all human and animal communities. Special emphasis is given to maintain the organic matter cycle and water cycle in all the agro-eco-systems to maintain sustainability.

India is perhaps the maximum bio-diversity country in the world as it can harbour and cherish all types of crops and animals in the world; in other words it is one of the greatest genetic pools in the world including some of the rare spices and aromatic plants. Hence it is highly commendable to know that the Bio-diversity International, New Delhi, has made an impressive beginning to establish a network of Community Seed Banks in every state of India, in partnership with the Krishi Vigyan Kendras of the ICAR and with some very responsible Non-Governmental Organizations. e article on Community Seed Banks by Malavika Dadlani & Co. highlights the philosophy and praxis of CSB programme in our country.

Agricultural bio-diversity is a concern of perennial nature and as farming is becoming more and more high-tech the crop diversity is diminishing at a faster rate. e article by Gennifer Meldrum and Co. on the indigenous people's gathering in Shillong focused on this important issue. e exhibits focused on three major crops of the North East: rice, taro and citrus. Food is an intrinsic part of cultural diversity especially for indigenous people and their role in the preservation of biodiversity in agriculture cannot be overemphasized.

All agricultural productions are the result of organic matter cycle. In other words the same matter is cycled and recycled again and again. e key to organic matter cycle is the judicious use of organic manures in farming to maintain and improve the soil fertility of the agro-ecosystem. Dr. Chandy in his article Sustainable Organic Farming describes the various types of organic manures and their application to maintain the farm soil fertility at an optimum level.

Medicinal and aromatic plants are the basic source of the most of the medicines commercially produced in the world over. Dr. Manish Das the author of the article on Cultivation of Medicinal Plants for Livelihood describes various phases of the commercial cultivation of the medicinal and aromatic plants in our country. Such a venture is necessitated by the fact they are no more available in the wild stage. And yet as the author rightly mentions the programme of cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants is beset with a number of problems.

Poultry is one of the best source of animal food products in the form of eggs and meat. Dr. Mohanlal Shende an eminent poultry expert highlights in his article Poultry India 2015 the strategies to develop Poultry Industries in our country because the annual rate of growth in eggs is 10-12 per cent and that of broiler industry is 14-16 per cent. e issue of maintaining 280 million layers and 2410 million broilers as per 2014 livestock census is a matter of great concern for the sustainability of poultry industry.

To feed the expected population of 2050 is a concern already being expressed in various quarters of humanity such as political, economic, social, national and international levels as the population is increasing more rapidly than the food production. In this respect the article on To Feed the World in 2050 by Paul R. Ehrilich and Co. is timely and ringing the bell for the planners and policy makers besides opening the door to all agri-business people in the world.

Vegetables should form half the amount of human diet and from that point of view India is lagging behind in vegetable production. In India growing of vegetable is 4.8 times more remunerative than cereals and other led crops. Besides vegetable cultivation generates more employment compared to all other farming engagements.

India has a long way to go in accelerating the vegetable production by developing high yielding varieties, varieties resistant to pests and diseases, hybrids and production technologies. e article by Dr. Manish K Mondhe & Co on Visual Identi cation of Major Viral Disease of Vegetable Crop and its Management is certainly helpful to commercial growers of the same.

M C Dominic Editor�in�Chief dominic@krishijagran.com

SEED BANKS

COMMUNITY SEED BANKS A sustainable response to small and marginal farming against climate change hurdles

By Malavika Dadlani, Prem Mathur and Arnab Gupta

Establishing Community Seed Banks will help farmers to acquire seeds of the varieties that are adapted to local conditions, which may not otherwise be available through formal seed systems

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limate change has started to have a big impact on farming, particularly to the resource poor small farmers in the tropical, sub-tropical countries like India. Growing indigenous crops and varieties, which have better capacity to withstand and adapt to environmental stresses and changes, is often a better alternative, provided the quality seeds of such varieties are available in time.

With the introduction of new improved high yielding crop varieties, many of the indigenous varieties have been lost and seeds of these are not available to the farmers in the event of an erratic weather or a natural calamity such as drought, flood, heat wave or

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tsunami. On-farm conservation of local varieties in the Community Seed Banks (CSB) is an effective way of preserving agro-biodiversity as well as seed supply for use. Establishing Community Seed Banks will help farmers to acquire seeds of the varieties that are adapted to local conditions, which may not otherwise be available through formal seed systems.

Bio-diversity International New Delhi has made an impressive beginning to establish CSBs with a plan to establish a network of CSBs in every state of India in partnership with the Krishi Vigyan Kendras (Farm Science Centers of the ICAR) and some ver y responsible Non-Governmental Organizations.

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Fig1: Governor of UP inaugurated a community seed bank at the “Tharu� tribal area in Balrampur, UP

Save-Sow-Produce-Conserve...

Though in principle the purpose of the CSBs is to conserve seeds of all available crop diversity in the region, the main focus is on saving seeds of agriculturally important crops and varieties used for cultivation and use by the community. A network comprising of a cluster of villages in a district/ state/ region can serve the purpose much more effectively than that achieved by a solitary seed bank, particularly in the contingent situations due to natural calamities or climate uncertainties.

With these considerations, Bioversity International Sub-Regional Office for South Asia, India has made an impressive beginning in this direction by identifying the biodiversity rich potential locations in different parts of the country and setting up 7 CSBs to conserve the local plant biodiversity and establish a viable seed supply system for sustainable farming in active collaboration with the governmental institutions, such as the Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) or Farm Science Centres of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation.

It plans to establish at least one medium term Model Communivity Seed/ Gene Bank

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SEED BANKS

Community Seed Bank (CSB) refers to a system of collective seed saving by the farmers of one village or a cluster of nearby villages, in which seeds of a diverse range of crops and varieties are saved for the purpose of conserving agro-biodiversity and use for cultivation. Success and sustainability of such initiatives depend on the interest and capacity of the local farmer community to manage the seed banks ef ficiently; technological

backstopping provided by the scientific institutions; availability of funds to create basic infra-structure and support from the related local organizations in the public or private sectors. Active partnership between all stake holders, therefore, is a key element for the long term viability of CSBs.

A network comprising of a cluster of villages in a district/ state/ region can serve the purpose much more effectively than that achieved by a solitary seed bank, particularly in the contingent situations due to natural calamities or climate uncertainties

SEED BANKS

Fig 2: International workshop on community seed banks (Delhi, Nov 2015) (Left) and a community seed bank in a glimpse (Right)

Dehydrated vegetables has a good market but dried vegetables can be used at a later stage/off season for farmers' consumption

in every state by 2016 and facilitate setting up at least one CSB in each of the 676 districts of India, subsequently. Bioversity not only supports the establishment of CSB, but also the capacity building of the community for the evaluation of landraces for various attributes, quality seed production and the management of the seed banks.

Bio-diversity ensures establishment of these seed banks with adequate but affordable infrastructure, applying sustainable modern scientific technologies, such as the use of high efficiency desiccants and moisture vapour resistant containers for creating a dry chain. It also encourages that these seed banks serve as the centres for knowledge sharing and community farm activities.

PHILOSOPHY Ideally there should be a 4 tier process of conservation and use of crop-diversity 1. Long term conservation of all local and released diversity.

2. Medium term conservation of bigger quantities of popular varieties.

3. Black box/ safe deposit storage of farmers' produce of seeds.

4. Value addition services 1. Long term conservation of all local and released diversity.

The collection of local landraces collected from farmers in small quantities (<2 kg) will be stored under ultra-dry conditions as long term storage. The zeolite beads will be deployed to reduce the moisture of the seeds to a safe level (1-2 % less than IMSCS recommended) and

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stored under hermetic conditions in airtight containers. These samples shall be periodically tested for germination and regenerated when needed.

2. Medium term conservation of bigger quantities of popular varieties.

There will be some varieties in a location/community which will have some special characteristics like high zinc, good aroma, cooking quality etc. These may be traditional varieties or high yielding varieties.

These varieties will be maintained and multiplied by the Community seed Bank so as to promote their cultivation and use.

For storing these varieties, bigger drums with airtight lids will be used. The capacities will vary from 50 kg to 100 kg, where these seeds will be kept stored under dry conditions.

Again the use of zeolite beads will be done where the seeds will be dried to a low moisture content and kept sealed till use for the next season 3. Black box/ safe deposit storage of farmers' produce of seeds (Medium term storage) For farmers who are producing seeds for their own farming, but not having means to keep them safe till the next seasonâ&#x20AC;Śthe Seed Black Box concept will be used. This consists of having a detailed inventory of the farmers seeds about the quantity, crops and varieties and keeping them stored under dry conditions in airtight drums till the next season. The farmers will get the benefit of seed processing as the Community Seed Bank will be equipped with a medium capacity seed

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grader. This will enable the storage of cleaned seeds for the use by the farmers themselves.

So the farmers come to the CSB, get their seeds cleaned and the seeds get stored under his/her name as a “safe deposit” for use in the next season.

4.

Value addition services

The farmers will bring their vegetable materials to the community seed banks and the bead boxes will be used to dry these for 45 days. The farmers take back the dried materials and the CSB team will recharge the beads for use by another farmer. In this way, the community seed bank can be model for conservation of crop diversity and also a mode of income generation.

Establishment of the CSBs Requires the following steps: · Seed collection and on-farm conservation of local landraces of all crops ·

Capacity building for variety evaluation, seed production and management of Community Seed Banks

·

Evaluation of landraces & other improved varieties by the farmers through a Participatory Variety Evaluation (PVE) approach

·

Identification of farmers' varieties suitable for normal and extreme climate conditions

·

Production of quality seeds of the selected varieties for own or commercial use

·

Establishment of CSB for sustainable seed

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In the first season attention is paid to collect seeds of landraces and farmers' varieties of all crops and grow these on farm to purify the varieties (removing the off-types) while recording their characteristic traits and multiplying the true to type seeds.

A farmer can either save-and-use her/his entire produce stored in the CSB, or leave a portion for further storage. Similarly, a farmer needing seeds of a variety available in the CSB can either purchase or borrow the same and return after harvest. In such cases care needs to be taken that the seed production is taken up in a scientific manner. While the seed production of the pure line or open pollinated varieties (OPVs) is rather simple to practice, in case of cross-pollinated crops such as millets, pigeon pea etc. strict measures are to be taken with respect to maintaining adequate isolation distance from crossable species and maintenance of variety purity.

To set up a basic CSB, the community needs a room or a covered space, some steel or wooden racks, airtight drums and bins, desiccants, oven and manual seed cleaning apparatus. Use of moisture resistant seed cocoons is a good option for creating storage space for CSB, if a pucca room is not available.

Produced seeds are dried and processed to remove all physical impurities and quality tested. If the quality is found above standards, the seed is stored in the Community Seed Banks with desiccants in airtight containers in the Community Seed Banks for conservation and further use. The basic mantra for seed storage in these conditions is to “Make them DRY and keep them DRY”

crosspollinated crops such as millets, pigeon pea etc. strict measures are to be taken with respect to maintaining adequate isolation distance from crossable species and maintenance of variety purity

Malavika Dadlani, Prem Mathur and Arnab Gupta

Bioversity International(A CGIAR Institute) New Delhi Office (HQ Rome, Italy)

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SEED BANKS

Since each CSB will be equipped with zeolite beads, these can be deployed for other functions such as dehydration services. The drying beads need not be kept permanently alongwith the seeds. They will be removed and recharged to be used again. So the bulk of the beads can be used for drying vegetable products to be used later or for sale.

Dehydrated vegetables has a good market but dried vegetables can be used at a later stage/off season for farmers' consumption.

Chillies, okra, cauliflower etc. can be dried by these beads for consumption later.

supply system to support the community

Agricultural Biodiversity For The Future: a Close-up on Indigenous Perspectives GSSAI

AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY FOR THE FUTURE a Close-up on Indigenous Perspectives

By Gennifer Meldrum and Toby Hodgkin

I

ndigenous peoples from around the world gathered in Shillong, in north-east India, for the second Indigenous Terra Madre, where agricultural biodiversity was at the centre of discussion. The report by Bioversity International.

When you look at a map of areas rich in agricultural biodiversity, it is striking that they largely coincide with areas inhabited by indigenous peoples. This connection and relationship between agricultural biodiversity and indigenous people pointed out by Phrang Roy (Coordinator of the Platform for Indigenous Peoples, Agro biodiversity and Food Sovereignty), was a key inspiration for organizing the Second Indigenous Terra Madre. From 3-7 November, representatives from tribes around the world gathered to discuss issues of food sovereignty, biodiversity and indigenous peoples. The event, www.krishijagran.com

held in Shillong, Meghalaya in northeast India, featured a 3-day conference, a field visit to local communities and a public food fair with the participation of 600 delegates from 140 tribes and 58 countries.

“

The Platform for Agro biodiversity Research and Bioversity International organized an exhibit with several partners to showcase this incredible crop diversity and approaches to conserve and secure its benefits.

”

The setting in north-east India was a perfect fit for the event, as the region is predominantly populated by indigenous peoples and hosts a spectacular level of crop diversity. The Platfor m for Agro biodiversity Research and Bioversity International organized an exhibit with several partners to showcase this incredible crop diversity and approaches to conserve and secure its benefits. The 2016 JANUARY

exhibit focused on three crops that have a centre of diversity in the region: rice, taro and citrus. Thanks to the participation of the Indian National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, over 60 varieties of rice were on display, along with wild relatives of citrus, and a number of other locally important crops, such as Job's tears, tree tomato, perilla, maize, turmeric, ginger, and more.

A photo series in the exhibit also highlighted minor millets and the work that Bioversity International and the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation have carried out in Tamil Nadu, India, to promote these hardy and nutritious crops. The millet promotion initiative, supported by the International Fund for Agricultural Development, is continuing in a new phase in collaboration with Action for Social Advancement (ASA) in Madhya AGRICULTURE WORLD

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GSSAI

Agricultural Biodiversity For The Future: a Close-up on Indigenous Perspectives

The need to support indigenous peoples as “conservers of this important resource was also highlighted throughout the event, acknowledging that there is still little understanding or rights for those who are the greatest stewards of the world's agricultural biodiversity.

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Pradesh. A delegation of indigenous farmers from this area participated in Terra Madre, and shared delicious millet-based treats (kutki kheer, kodo laddoo and ragi puri) at the food fair.

The importance of biodiversity for food and nutrition was at the centre of many discussions over the 3-day conference. The need to support indigenous peoples as conservers of this important resource was also highlighted throughout the event, acknowledging that there is still little understanding or rights for those who are the greatest stewards of the world's agricultural biodiversity.

A lively discussion on building a global network for on-farm conservation took place in the plenary session on Agro ecology and Agro biodiversity in the Future we want, following the suggestion by Biodiversity International Senior Scientist Stefano Padulosi for the need of such a network. Several indigenous delegates highlighted the importance of securing land tenure for supporting their conservation role – if their land rights are protected, they will conserve biodiversity as they maintain their

traditional livelihoods.

Food is an intrinsic part of cultural identity, especially for indigenous peoples. Several speakers emphasized this point, including Slow Food President Carlo Petrini, and asserted that food should not be seen and treated as a commodity. In a video address, His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales expressed dismay, echoed by many participants, that most people no longer see themselves as being within nature, but standing apart from it. the central role that agricultural “biodiversity plays in building and maintaining the bio-cultural identity of indigenous peoples, addressing the challenges of climate change, strengthening wellbeing, improving health, meeting threats to pastoralism, and improving school feeding programmes.

”

Alternative indigenous visions for development were a major topic of discussion, where the role of community togetherness, cultural identity and happiness were raised as priorities for wellbeing. These aspects are often lost in development efforts focused purely on economic growth.

Listening and giving a voice to indigenous peoples is essential to ensure fair development trajectories and could be key for solving many sustainability problems linked to modern practices. As Esther Wanjiku Mwangi (Porini Foundation)

highlighted, quoting Einstein: “We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.” Pat Mooney (ETC Group) described the nature of genuine participatory work, which should be initiated by the indigenous communities, from the original idea to defining the work plan.

It is difficult to capture the rich and varied nature of this extraordinary event in just a few words. However, one theme appeared over and over again throughout the discussions of these three days – the central role that agricultural biodiversity plays in building and maintaining the biocultural identity of indigenous peoples, addressing the challenges of climate change, strengthening wellbeing, improving health, meeting threats to pastoralism, and improving school feeding programmes.

The event contributed to moving toward “The Future We Want”, where it is envisioned that sustainable approaches like agro ecology and local food systems are incorporated into public policies, marginalized voices are championed, food is honoured, and wellbeing and intrinsic values are recognized as important components of livelihoods. The Chief Minister of Meghalaya expressed his commitment to pursuing the idea of a recurrent Indigenous Terra Madre event in the State, as well as to establishing an agro ecology centre in Shillong to share agro ecological practices and promote the exchange of knowledge between scientists, indigenous peoples and local communities in the region, India and the world.

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GSSAI Sustainable Organic Farming

SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC FARMING

By Dr. K.T. Chandy I. Introduction

Continuous application of chemicals contaminates soil by the accumulation heavy metals in it. The plants when grown on such soils takes up heavy metals which affects the health of people. The balance in the nature is upset and if nature is destroyed survival of humans would be difficult.

Sustainable organic agriculture is a system of production and cultivation practices, which can fulfill the food and nutrition needs of a particular society without depleting the natural resources like water, soil fertility and diverse biological resources, making it e c o n o m i c a l l y, s o c i a l l y a n d ecologically sustainable. Natural and organic farming systems are linked with sustainable agriculture. In the absence of optimum levels of soil organic matter, inorganic fertilizers and chemicals, in the long run will

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damage the physico-chemical structure of the soil and fail to maintain consistency in crop production.

II. Principle of Organic Farming In nature, recycling of the organic matter like straw, grass, leaves, twigs, excreta, weeds, sawdust etc. (animal and plant wastes) always occur.

Whatever comes out of the soil must return to the soil, and it is a never ending process. In this way the soil never gets exhausted and keeps its balance. The organic wastes in the soil will be broken down by microorganisms into nutrients by bacterial transformation and conversion. The nutrients will be assimilated by the root system and they are utilized in the photosynthesis in the growing plants which results in the better yield.

ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC FARMING 1. B i o - c u l t u r e i n c r e a s e s t h e resistance of plants against pests and diseases, thus eliminating the JANUARY 2016

excess use of har mful and expensive pesticides. However, this is a debated issue as it has not been proved beyond doubt.

2. Vegetables, fruits and other agricultural products in such soils taste, smell better contain more vitamins and other nutrients, and preserve better.

3. The soil is kept in a healthy having all the nutrients and continuing to improve itself from year to year, thus making possible for the future generations to make a living.

4. Erosion is stopped due to the bacterial activity in producing humus in the soil.

Organic farming practices and technologies for the efficient utilization of organic/biological sources of nutrients and the development of self Whatever comes out of the soil must return â&#x20AC;&#x153;to the soil, and it is a never ending process. â&#x20AC;? www.krishijagran.com

Sustainable Organic Farming

GSSAI

sustaining farming systems are the following.

MANURING Organic manuring and green manuring aspects of sustainable agriculture are the following types.

A. Organic manuring The word "organic" pertains to the use of non-chemical fertilizers as manure and compost and the word "manure" refers to any natural substance for fertilizing the soil, especially all types of animal dung. All organic material must be put back into the field. This is the way nature restores and improves itself. The forms of returning organic matter to the soil may take many shapes: composting, mulching, green manuring, etc.

The organic manures are of the various types as described in Table No.1 with their nutrient composition.

All methods of composting also part of organic farming which involves fermentation of organic residues in the presence of moisture in closed conditions: It increases the availability of plant nutrients, destroys pathogens and eliminates the unwanted odours.

The average nutrient content of some common composts of animal and plant origin are given in table no. 2.

Table 1: Types of organic manures (Average Composition) Sl.No Material 1. Bulky organic manures Farm yard manure Compost (urban) Compost (rural) Green manures 2. Oil cakes (a) Non edible cakes Castor cake Mahua cake Karanj cake Neem cake Safflower cake (b) Edible cakes Coconut cake Cotton seed Groundnut cake Linseed Sesamum cake 3. Animal manure Dried blood Fish manure Bone meal (raw) Night soil Cattle dung + urine Horse dung + urine Sheep dung + urine www.krishijagran.com

Nitrogen (%)

Phosphate (%)

Potash (%)

0.5-1.5 1.0-2.0 0.4-0.8 0.5-0.7

0.4-0.8 1.0 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2

0.5-1.9 1.5 0.6-0.8 0.6-0.8

5.5-5.8 2.5-2.6 3.9-4.0 5.2-5.3 4.8-4.9

1.8-1.9 0.1-0.9 0.9-1.0 1.0-1.1 1.4-1.5

1.0-1.1 1.8-1.9 1.3-1.4 1.4-1.5 1.2-1.3

3.0-3.2 6.4-6.5 7.0-7.2 5.5-5.6 6.2-6.3

1.8-1.9 2.8-2.9 1.5-1.6 1.4-1.5 2.0-2.1

1.6-1.7 2.1-2.2 1.3-1.4 1.2-1.3 1.2-1.3

10.0-12.0 4.0-10.0 3.4 1.2-1.3 0.60 0.70 0.95

1.0-1.5 3.0-9.0 20-25 0.8-1.0 0.15 0.25 0.35

0.6-0.8 0.3-1.5 0.4-0.5 0.45 0.55 1.00

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material must be put back into “theAllfield.organic This is the way nature restores and improves itself.”

1. Animal waste composting An animal when fed on a fibrous material low in nitrogen, the solid excreta will be mostly fibrous material and on the other hand an animal fed on high in nitrogen, excreta will be more in nitrogen. Moisture content should be between 40- 70 per cent depending on the nature of the material. Materials containing a large percentage of carbonaceous bedding can be composted at high moisture levels whereas wastes high in nitrogen at low moisture levels.

2. Agricultural waste composting Agricultural wastes like straw ,stalks stubbles etc, should be chopped to 5- 7cm size, and mixed with cowdung slurr y in the ratio of 70:20:10 (agricultural waste :dung :soil). Moisture level should be maintained at 60% and the pits should be filled with agricultural wastes .Periodical turning is essential to maintain uniform temperature and it will take 2-3 months to ripen. Nitrogen fixers like Azatobactor can be added at the rate of 4-5 packets per tonne of the material to enrich the compost.

Materials containing a large percentage of “carbonaceous bedding can be composted at high moisture levels whereas wastes high in nitrogen at low moisture levels.

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GSSAI Sustainable Organic Farming using residues of the previous crop and in situ incorporation of weed regrowth.

Table 2: Average nutrient content of some compost Slink 1

2

3

Manures Farm yard manure a. Poultry manure b. Rural compost c. Urban compost Farm compost a. Mixed farm wastes b. Mixed dry residues c. Cotton stalk d. Water hyacinth compost Synthetic FYM a. Paddy straw b. Dry grass/weeds c. Cotton waste and ground nut husk d. Wheat straw e. Vermi compost

N (%) 0.8 2.87 1.22 1.24

P2O5 0.41 2.93 1.08 1.98

K2O 0.74 2.35 1.47 1.07

0.87 0.9 1.61 2.0

0.59 0.45 0.48 1.0

2.22 1.95 3.38 2.3

1.59 1.9 1.62 2.9 1.6

1.34 0.55 1.04 2.05 2.2

3.37 1.09 1.26 0.9 0.67

pesticides, spending much less time and labour. A normal mulch will provide a uniform cover to the field without leaving any soil exposed. To achieve this, three to four tonnes of

organic residues will be needed for every hectare. Dense mulch is ideal for smothering weeds, but might impede the emergence of the crop. The widely adopted mulching method involves

Table 3: Nitrogen content of common green manures and green leaf manures Sl.No

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Material Green manures Sunnhemp Daincha Manila agathi Sitthagathi Pillipesara Wild indigo Green leaf manures Pongamia Neem Cassia Glyricindia Albizzia Calotropis Subabul

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1 2 3 4 5 6

N content (%)

N accumulation (kg/ha)

2.80-3.15 2.55-3.21 3.2-3.37 2.29-3.1 2.16-2.77 2.9-3.22

80-130 130-185 170-220 115-160 85-125 70-115

1.3-1.54 0.97-1.15 1.4-1.6 2.25-2.75 1.12-1.35 1.35-1.49 3.5-3.7

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Mulching has great potential in improving the physical and chemical properties of soil and increasing the biological activities in it which help in quick mineralisation of the residues. It controls weeds, conser ves soil moisture by cutting down surface evaporation, and lessens the fluctuations in soil temperature of the top soil (5-7.5 cm) and protects the flora and fauna of the soil from heat and cold. Organic mulch is biodegradable and so it furnishes food for microbes and earthworms. Less irrigation is required under mulching conditions. Mulching prevents soil erosion. The soil remains soft and moist .Plants can at least survive when there is no water available.

V. Vermiculture Earthworm eats the organic matter and excretes the digested material as worm castings. These castings act like fertilizer on plant

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

Mulching has great potential in improving the physical and chemical properties of soil and increasing the biological activities in it which help in quick mineralization of the residues.

â&#x20AC;?

growth. They are chemically more neutral than the surrounding soil. So, by continuously using worms in fields, the soil can be brought to neutral pH from a slightly acidic or alkaline status.

Chemical analysis of worm castings show that they contain up to two times as much available magnesium, five times as much available nitrogen, seven times as much available phosphorous, and eleven times as much available potassium as the surrounding soil. A number of beneficial microbes thrive in the castings. As earth worms can consume practically all kinds of organic matter, the use of them in composting is very significant. www.krishijagran.com

Sustainable Organic Farming Table 4: Nitrogen fixing micro organisms in non legumes

The amount of nitrogen fixed by legumes is given in table. 6.

Sl.no Type of association

Micro organisms involved

Sl.no

Crop

1

Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, Azosporillum, Clostridium

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Alfalfa Clover Chickpea Cluster bean Cowpea Groundnut Lentil Green gram Soyabean Pigeon pea Peas Fenugreek

Asymbiotic bacteria

2

Blue green algae

Nostoc, Anabena

3

Symbiotic bacteria

Rhizobium with legumes

4

Symbiotic Actinomycetes Frankia with woody trees

5

Symbiotic algae

GSSAI

Anabaena azolla Lichens (Algae+fungi) Nostoc with Gumnera

there is no water available.

V. Vermiculture Earthworm eats the organic matter and excretes the digested material as worm castings. These castings act like fertilizer on plant growth. They are chemically more neutral than the surrounding soil. So, by continuously using worms

Nitrogen fixed (kg/ha) 100-300 100-150 26-63 37-196 53-85 112-152 35-100 50-55 49-130 68-200 46 46

Table 5: Inoculation groups Rhizobium species Plants inoculated Sl.No

Rhizobium species

Plants inoculated

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rhizobium meliloti Medicago sativa R . trifoli R . leguminosarum Vicia faba R . phaseoli R . lupini R . japonicum

Melilotus sp.

Trifolium sp.

Pisum sativum Phaseolus vulgaris Lupinus sp.

Glycine max

in fields, the soil can be brought to neutral pH from a slightly acidic or alkaline status. Chemical analysis of worm castings show that they contain up to two times as much available magnesium, five times as much available nitrogen, seven times as much available phosphorous, and eleven times as much available potassium as the surrounding soil. A number of beneficial microbes thrive in the castings. As earth worms can consume practically all

kinds of organic matter, the use of them in composting is very significant.

VI. Biological Nitrogen Fixation

Table 7: Beneficial micro organisms as biofertilisers and crops benefited Sl. No

Contri-buting plant nutrients

Micro-organisms

A

Nitrogen

1. Symbiotic organisms Rhizobium Azolla 2. Associative symbiotic organisms Azppirillum 3. Non-symbiotic organisms Heterotrophs- Azotobacter

B

C

Phosphorus

Zinc www.krishijagran.com

Photoautotrophs BGA (blue green algae) 1. P. Solubilizers & mineralisers.

Fungi, bacteria 2. P. absorbers Vesicular arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) 1. VAM

Crop benefited Pulse legumes, chicken pea, pea, lentil, moong, urad bean, cow pea, pigeon pea Rice Sorghum, pearl millet, rice, wheat, finger millet, maize, kodo millet, tomato, chilly Vegetables, onion, brinjal, tomato, cabbage, chrysanthemum, marygold, cereals: wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, sugarcane Rice For all crops

Linseed, maize Wheat, soyabean Linseed, wheat

2016 JANUARY

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GSSAI Sustainable Organic Farming Table 8: Comparison of chemical fertilizer & biofertlizers Sl.No

Factors

Chemical fertilizers

Bio fertilizers

1

Production

Industrial, centralized

Biological small scale

2

Energy

Based on non- renewable energy

Atmospheric nitrogen for N fixers P for PSN & VAM organic residues for compost decomposing organisms (based on renewable energy)

3

Efficiency

4-45% for nitrogeneous fertilizers for upland

About 90% efficiency. Leaching & fixation losses

crops & 25-33% for P fertilizers. Leaching of phosphorus

are negligible. Losses of N and fixation

4

Residual effect

Low for nitrogen & phosphorus

Long residual effect

5

Pollution

Exists due to indiscriminate use

Pollution free

6

Cost

High cost input

Low cost input

7

Targeted

All crops

Rhizobium-legumes, BGA-Azolla- rice, Azotobacter- most of cereals, cotton sugarcane

8

Accessability

Affordable section

Small & marginal farmers

9

Irrigation

More useful to irrigated lands

Both for irrigated and dryland farming

10

Soil

Indiscriminate use deteriorates the soil health

Improves the soil health

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen by living organisms into forms that plants can take up is biological nitrogen fixation. The process is carried out by a group of bacteria and algae. It is given under two heads as given here.

Panicum etc. are Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, Azosporillum, Blue green algae and Frankia. They form either symbiotic association or non-symbiotic association (free living) with the plants. In symbiotic relation ship, the bacteria receives the energy from the host and fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere.

A. Non- leguminous nitrogen fixation Various nitrogen fixing micro-organisms are listed in table The nitrogen fixing organisms in non-leguminous crops no. 4. Mostly they are present in neutral soils. like maize, sorghum, wheat, barley, pearl millet, Digitaria, Table 9 Comparison between fertilizer and organic methods Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

18

Fertilizer method Fertilizer method has become an industry Requires huge capital investment, uses lots of energy and water It is therefore very risky Eliminates millions of small farmers Increases the unemployment problem It is therefore less human Depends mostly on external inputs Exploits nature by stressing maximum production and profit Givers immediate results It has a short range policy This looks for immediate profit at the cost of everything else, Yet, income diminishes due to high costs of inputs and over production which lowers prices Is mostly monoculture and so kills much flora and fauna Destroys the ecology It poisons the food, soil and water Causes the deficiency of trace elements and nutritional imbalance Disturbs the pH value: soil becomes acidic or alkaline Induces genetic disorders Causes soil erosion, dust storms Causes salinization Causes water logging sometimes Causes pollution of ground water, river lakes seas Puts the accent on quantity Needs ploughing digging, raking, hoeing, weeding, irrigating, spraying of pesticides Needs many and expensive tools and machinery

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JANUARY 2016

Organic method This has become a way of life Needs little capital and water There is almost no risk Provides employment to millions Small mixed farms help to solve the unemployment problem It is human Becomes gradually, partly self sustaining, educing expenses Receives from and gives to nature Nature takes its own time It is eminently sustainable It is a balanced sustainable way with respect for nature

Use the flora and fauna for ever increasing fertility Preserves and uses the ecology Produces healthy food, water and soil Keeps the soil and food balanced Causes few pH value problems because nature balances itself Produces healthy food Protects the precious top soil No salinization Regulates water and moisture No pollution Puts the accent on quality Needs very little weeding and irrigation Needs very few and rather cheap tools www.krishijagran.com

Sustainable Organic Farming B. Leguminous nitrogen fixation Legumes always get nitrogen by symbiosis. Certain bacteria which live in symbiotic association with leguminous crops have the ability to utilize or fix gaseous nitrogen from the air into the nodules on the roots of the host plants. Rhizobium is an important nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes.

Different species of rhizobium and suitable plants with which they live symbiotically are given in table 5.

VII. Bio fertilizers Bio fertilizers are also known as micro inoculants. They are the biological preparations having live cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing and phosphorus mobilizing micro organisms. The common beneficial organisms which may be used for preparing bio-fertilizers and the crops benefited are presented in table 7.

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On application to soils they remain and multiply and keep benefiting the crops. If the optimum soil conditions prevail added micro organisms build up more population and we can avoid frequency application of bio-fertilizers. They are different from chemical fertilizers and do not get depleted. Important differences between chemical and bio fertilizers are given in table 8.

GSSAI

In general farmers are conscious of the benefits of using organic manures in crop production. They have realized the importance of conserving the locally available manurial resources and of adopting such farming systems which would facilitate on farm organic cycling and maintenance of soil fertility with the least dependence on chemical fertilizers.

IX. Fertilizer method vs Organic Farming There has been, however, of late, a slow but sure change of emphasis, from "revolutionizing" to "sustainable agriculture" which involves organic and natural farming. People realized the damaging effects of the prolonged usage of chemicals and beneficial aspects of organic farming comparison of which can be seen from table 9.

2016 JANUARY

Dr. K. T. Chandy He has authored 677 booklets on various topics coming under environment management and agriâ&#x20AC;?related subjects.

He is on the Editorial Board of Krishi Jagran Media Group.

Email: ktchandy@krishijagran.com

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19

GSSAI Cultivation Of Medicinal Plants for Livelihood

CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR LIVELIHOOD Introduction Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are an essential part of traditional health care systems which provide a critical source of income for many rural communities, especially landless poor and marginalized farmers. MAPs are also inextricably linked to the region's natural biodiversity which are increasingly threatened by various environmental, socio-economic and institutional issues. With growing health consciousness there is an increasing demand for herb based diet supplements that has potential to develop innumerable products to provide livelihood to many stakeholders. Such concerns and issues are however addressed through a variety of programmed activities and projects promoted by several national, international, regional and non-

20

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governmental organisations.

Therefore, it is important to integrate the medicinal plants to harness the potential towards gain for the benefit of mankind. Further, there is urgent need to focus on conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plant populations and bringing it under cultivation.

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are â&#x20AC;&#x153;indispensable components in the sociocultural and health care of the rural India â&#x20AC;?

Reasons to cultivate them are realistic and justified. There has been resurgence in the consumption and demand for medicinal plants. These plants are finding use as pharmaceuticals, neutraceuticals, cosmetics and food supplements and even as traditional source of medicines. Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are indispensable JANUARY 2016

components in the socio-cultural and health care of the rural India. The trade of herbal medicines in the global market amounts to about Rs. 27 billion per year, while it values to the tune of Rs. 3.5 billion per year in India which is increasing at the rate of 7% per year.

They continue to play a pivotal role in t h e s o c i e t y. T h e Wo r l d H e a l t h Organization (WHO) estimated that 80% of the population of developing countries still relies on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs, for their primary health care needs. Also, modern pharmacopoeia contains at least 25% drugs derived from plants.

Many others are synthetic analogues built on prototype compounds isolated from plants. China, India, Sri Lanka and a few other countries have officially recognized the use of traditional medicines in their health care delivery systems. Demand for medicinal plant is increasing in both www.krishijagran.com

Cultivation Of Medicinal Plants for Livelihood opacity of the medicinal plant “tradeTheatrelative the level of gatherers, traders and the industry makes the assessment of demand and supply of medicinal plants a complicated affair

”

developing and developed countries due to growing recognition of natural products, being non-toxic, having no side-effects, easily available at affordable prices. Medicinal plant sector has traditionally occupied an important position in the socio cultural, spiritual and medicinal arena of rural and tribal lives in many states in India.

Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Medicinal plant production through cultivation can reduce the extent to which wild populations are harvested, but it also may lead to environmental degradation and loss of genetic diversity as well as loss of incentives to conserve wild populations. The relationship between in-situ and ex-situ conservation of species is an interesting topic with implications for local communities, public and private land owners and managers, entire industries and, of course, wild species. Identifying the conservation benefits and costs of the different production systems for MAP should help guide policies as to whether species conservation should take place in nature or the nursery, or both.The relative opacity of the medicinal plant trade at the level of gatherers, traders and the industry makes the assessment of demand and supply of medicinal plants a complicated affair. Lack of any mechanism for maintenance and consolidation of information related to supply, trade and consumption of botanicals at the national and state for medicinal plants also reects “d i sDemand tinct cultural preferences. The percentage will vary from country to country depending upon its use and commercial availability.

”

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level adds to the difficulty in making demand and supply estimation for the country. However, many things said and done but cultivation of medicinal plants are compulsory so as to conserve them and stop their erosion from natural habitat.

Various Phases of Transition of Medicinal Plants The transition from wild harvesting to possible cultivation goes through various phases: (i) Discovery Phase: At this point the demand can be met by wild harvest. Extractivism is done for local use or for barter with others. (ii) Expansion Phase: It is clear that the product is potentially useful and that demand is likely to increase.

“

The most important ingredient required to achieve a truly sustainable form of resource use is information.

”

Harvest is done for local or regional sale and eventually for international markets. In general, species with naturally low densities are unlikely to become important sources of commercially large quantities. (iii) Stabilization Phase: The species is unlikely to be attractive to growers unless prices are high enough and wild-harvested resources are scarce enough. However, desirable species may be grown on farm land and planted around settlements. (iv) Decline Phase: Prices increase with scarcity due to transport costs, search time and the long-distance trade. Wild populations will have to decline further before cultivation is a viable option.

The trade is characterized by fluctuations in supplies, often to the extent of disrupting the trade balance. For slow growing species, if controls on collection are not strictly enforced, wild populations 2016 JANUARY

GSSAI

will be more seriously eroded before cultivated material is available. (v) Cultivation Phase: Now, formal cultivation systems are developed and instituted. The plants are domesticated and incorporated in agroforestry systems sometimes for the benefit of small-scale farmers. If viable market opportunities exist, commercial plantations are created with substantial investment and genetic selection, cloning, breeding and biotechnology may be applied. More resilient species may recover in their wild populations.(vi) Support studies for reviewing the plant identities in respect of raw drugs obtained from more than one/ controversial plant sources. (vii) Support the setting up of 1 national and 4-5 regional Repositories of Plant Raw Drugs in Trade to act as reference centres for authentication of raw drugs in trade and consumption. (viii) Review and rationalize current schemes for incentive based promotion of commercial cultivation so that the species of conservation concern and facing acute supply shortage could be accorded needed focus.

Wild or cultivated: What do people need?

Health care needs There is a worldwide trend of increasing demand of medicinal plants for many popular and effective species. Rapid urbanization and the importance of herbal medicines in health care systems stimulated a growing national and regional trade in many developed and developing

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21

M.C. Dominic

: +91-9654193353 : dominic@krishijagran.com

D.D. Nair

: +79037299830

Gavrilova Maria : +79273058626

: ddnair@krishijagran.com : maria@krishijagran.com

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GSSAI Cultivation Of Medicinal Plants for Livelihood Small-scale cultivation and home gardens

countries. Demand for medicinal plants also reflects distinct cultural preferences. The percentage will vary from country to country depending upon its use and commercial availability. The level of herbal medicine use in most developing countries is much higher. While most traditional medicinal plants are gathered from the wild, these are not static health care systems, and introduced species are commonly adopted into the repertoire of plants. In many cases, herbal medicines can also be cheaper than western medicines, particularly where access to traditional healers is easier. Demand for traditional medicine continues in the urban environment even if western biomedicine is available.

Income generation Wild harvesting of medicinal plants is a chance for the poorest to make at least some cash income.

Especially those people who do not have access to farm land at all depend on gathering MAP to earn at least some money. However, local people generally get a low price for unprocessed plant material. Whether fruits, roots, bark or whole plants are involved, the potential yield from wild stocks of many species is frequently over-estimated, particularly if the effects of stochastic events is taken into account. As a result, commercial harvesting ventures based on wild populations can be characterized by a "boom and bust" situation where initial har vests are followed by declining resource availability.

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Small-scale cultivation, which requires low economic inputs, can be a response to declining local stocks, generating income and supplying regional markets. This can be a more secure income than from wild harvest which is notoriously inconsistent. For farmers that integrate MAP into agroforestry or small-scale farming systems, these species can provide a diversified and additional source of income to the family. Home gardens are increasingly a focus of medicinal plant propagation and introduction programmes intended to encourage the use of traditional remedies for common ailments by making the plant sources more accessible.

Large-scale cultivation Large-scale cultivation has a number of socio-economic impacts on rural people. Commercialization is both necessar y and potentially harmful to farmers. It is necessary because without it the market for products is small and the opportunity does not exist for rural people to generate income. A degree of product domestication is therefore desirable.

On the other hand, commercialization is potentially harmful to rural people if it expands to the point that outsiders with capital to invest come in and develop large-scale mono-cultural plantations for export markets. Rural people may benefit from plantations as a result of available employment and hence off-farm income. However, plantations may also distort market forces to their advantage, for example, by imposing low wages which will restrict the social and economic development of local people. The major beneficiaries of large-scale exports will probably be the country's elite and, perhaps, the national e c o n o m y. A l s o , t h o s e s o c i a l l y disadvantaged groups who actually JANUARY 2016

depend on gathering MAP for their survival and cash income, may not have access to farm land at all and are therefore not able to compete with large-scale production of MAP by well-established farmers. Other limitations to the domestication approach include boombust and fickle markets that let farmers down when consumers tur n their attention elsewhere.

Challenges of harvesting sustainably from the wild Sustainable harvest is increasingly seen to be the most important conservation strategy for most wild-harvested species and their habitats, given their current and potential contributions to local economies and their greater value to harvesters over the long term. The basic idea is that non-destructive har vests and local benefits will maintain population, species and ecosystem diversity. Besides poverty and the break-down of traditional controls, the major challenges for sustainable wild-collection include: lack of knowledge about sustainable harvest rates and practices, undefined land use rights and lack of legislative and policy guidance. The most important ingredient required to achieve a truly sustainable form of resource use is information. In reality, resource managers are always confronted with the lack of adequate information about the plants used, their distribution, the genetic diversity of wild populations and relatives and, above all, the annual sustained yield that can be har vested without damaging the populations. Research

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

WHO developed the Guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants, providing general technical guidance on obtaining medicinal plant materials of good quality for the sustainable production of herbal products classiďŹ ed as medicines.

â&#x20AC;?

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Cultivation Of Medicinal Plants for Livelihood on the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants and their habitats has fallen far behind the demand for this globally important resource.Each species has unique ecological, socio-economic, health and cultural associations that must be understood. Model research approaches are feasible, model solutions are not. Hence cultivation of medicinal plants is must.

Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) Medicinal plant materials are supplied through collection from wild populations and cultivation.Under the overall context of quality assurance and control of herbal medicines, WHO developed the Guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants, providing general technical guidance on obtaining medicinal plant materials of good quality for the sustainable production of herbal products classified as medicines. These guidelines are also related to WHO's work on the protection of medicinal plants, aiming promotion of sustainable use and cultivation of medicinal plants. Therefore, GACP would help in large extent to develop a good cultivation practices for the growers and ensure a better livelihood.

Rural farming in particular faces constraints associated with the processing of medicinal plants which may result in reducing their competitiveness in global markets and which have to be remedied are:

· Poor propagation methods. · Inefficient processing techniques leading to low yields and poor quality products.

· Poor quality control procedures. · High energy losses during processing.

· Lack of current good manufacturing practices.

· Lack of R & D on product and process development.

· Difficulties in marketing. · Lack of local market for primary processed products.

· Lack of trained personnel and equipment.

· Lack of facilities to fabricate equipment locally.

· Lack of access to latest technological and market information.

Future Lines of Work for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants ·

Cultivation of medicinal plants which will generate employment and income. This needs encouragement at the right place.

·

In case of marketing of the economic product like medicinal plants, organized marketing facilities is to be provided.

·

The agronomy of these crops are not well known among the farmers, this needs urgent attention. Therefore, cultivation of medicinal plants is must.

·

Agro-processing of medicinal plants is to be perfected and popularized among the needy.

This would help in enhancing employment and income of the rural people.

·

Work on balanced use of plant nutrients in improving yield and quality of medicinal plants is lacking. Therefore, this kind of

· Poor agricultural practices. · Poor harvesting (indiscriminate) and post-har vest treatment practices.

· Lack of research on development of high-yielding varieties,

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work needs urgent attention.

domestication etc.

Constraints in cultivation of medicinal plants

GSSAI

2016 JANUARY

·

Availability of rural credit at right place by right method can create miracles which has been demonstrated by Nobel Prize winner, Prof.Yunus through his Gramin Bank. The wealth creation through higher production and profit has to be encouraged by the cultivation of economically attractive crops like medicinal plants.

Prof M. S. Swaminathan says “Providing family farmers with adequate financial and scientific support to ensure food security should be the bottom line of all food and agriculture policies of developing countries”. In this line, cultivation of medicinal plants could be beneficial and involvement of rural people will further add flavor to farming in India so as to make it more economically viable.With all the research references mentioned above, it can be concluded that the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops and inclusion of MAPs as a component in different cropping systems is highly remunerative as it reduces the risk due to pest and diseases, vagaries in climate, utilizes the farm inputs more efficiently for sustainable production without affecting the production of other field or horticultural crops. Besides, cultivation of medicinal plants is a promising livelihood option for many MAP stakeholders besides helps in the conservation of native species.

Dr. Manish Das Principal Scien st Indian Council of Agricultural Research Hor cultural Science Division, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan‐II, New Delhi‐110012 Email: manishdas50@gmail.com

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GSSAI Poultry: Strategies to Develop Poultry Industries

POULTRY

By Dr. Mohanlal Shende

Strategies to Develop Poultry Industries Poultry occupies an important role as a food item in India since the eggs and meat are important and rich sources of protein, vitamins and minerals. Poultry is an important source of income and employment to millions of farmers and other persons engaged in allied activities in the poultry industry.

Chicken is the most widely accepted meat in India. Unlike beef or pork, it does not have a religious taboo. The price of chicken meat are lower than those of mutton or goat meat. Many Indian families, especially the educated people in urban areas, have begun to accept eggs as a regular supplemental part of their vegetarian diet. The forecast surveys indicate that as the present younger generation goes to the adulthood, the acceptability and demand for eggs and chicken meat in next 2-3 decades is likely to increase many-folds very rapidly. Poultr y far ms provide

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AGRICULTURE WORLD

excellent organic manure rich in plant nutrients.

In the last four to five decades, poultry has made tremendous strides particularly in the private sector, with the result that India is now selfsufficient with regard to requirements of high quality breeding stocks, modern poultry equipment, availability of medicines and vaccines and technically qualified and skilled manpower. tremendous scope for growth â&#x20AC;&#x153;withthererapidis aurbanization, and increasing demand from the present 250 million economically strong, consumer market base (which is likely to go up to 350 million by year 2010), there is bright future for this industry in India.

â&#x20AC;?

The annual growth rate is 10-12% in egg and 14-16% in the broiler industry. With the annual production JANUARY 2016

of 43 billion eggs, India is the fifth world's largest egg producing country.

It also produces 540 million broilers per year. Poultry provides employment to about 1.6 million people. The annual per capita consumption in India is only 33 eggs and 630 grams of poultry meat. This is much lower as compared to the world average of 124 eggs and 5.9 kg meat. The National Committee on Human Nutrition in India has recommended per capita of 180 eggs (about one egg every two days) and 10.8 kg meat per year. To meet this target, it is estimated that by year 2010, the requirements will be 180 billion eggs and 9.1 billion kg poultry meat while the estimated production may only be around 46.2 billion eggs and 3.04 billion kg poultry meat .This shows that there is a tremendous scope for growth with rapid urbanization, and increasing www.krishijagran.com

Poultry: Strategies to Develop Poultry Industries demand from the present 250 million economically strong, consumer market base (which is likely to go up to 350 million by year 2010 ), there is bright future for this industry in India. It is estimated that, at present, Indian Poultry Industry contribution to the GDP is about Rs 80 billion which is likely to reach Rs. 400 billion by the Year 2014.

Requirements of poultry in future As per the 2011 Livestock census, India had 384 million fowls (Including both desi and improved layer and broiler birds). It is estimated that India presently has about 135 million improved layer and 690 million commercial broiler population. By year 2014, this is likely to reach to 280 million layers and 2410 million commercial broilers. This means that the parent female layer breeding stocks have to increase from 1.51 million to 3.92 million. In the same manner, the broiler breeder female stocks have to grow from 6.10 million to 30 million. This again indicates a tremendous potential for hatchery growth. All this will require intense efforts to provide proper infrastructure support sustainable broiler and egg industr y in breeding, feeding, management, health control, and infrastructure for collection, processing, preser vation and marketing of eggs and poultr y products with a view to increasing the food security and improving the overall economy of the country.

The National Egg Coordination Committee projected a poultry plan for year 2015, keeping in view the target of 180 eggs and 9 kg chicken meat.

Per capita annual consumption and considering an average growth of 10 % and 15% for egg and broiler industry respectively. For this purpose the country would need a capital investment of about Rs.148000 million. A district wise growth and marketing plan, with a thrust on local rural marketing has been suggested instead of concentrating on the urban www.krishijagran.com

“In the Govt. Sector, the emphasis initially was on poultry training, breeding and health care. Post graduate programmes in Poultry Science were started at many centers.

”

markets.

Development programmes for poultry industries in India The Central and State Governments Educational and Training Institutions, Farmers and The Private Sector poultry industry have contributed significantly for this achievement. In the Govt. Sector, the emphasis initially was on poultry training, breeding and health care.

Post graduate programmes in Poultry Science were started at many centers.

Programmes for selection and improvement of genetic stocks were taken up at Central and State Govt. farms. Random Sample Test Units were started to evaluate the genetic stocks and some excellent work was done on manufacturing of vaccines and providing diagnostic ser vices.

Subsequently the focus was on implementation of plans for assisting small farmers for poultry production.

The private sector contributed significantly to produce high quality commercial breeding stocks, poultry equipment, compounded feed, health care products and disease diagnostic facilities. Good genetic stocks, equipment and machinery, medicines and vaccines and skilled man-power are available. There is a need to improve processing, preservation and marketing of eggs and poultr y products.

Regional imbalances with regard to poultry production as well as consumption of eggs and poultry products are prevalent in India. The northern, western and southern states have progressed well but the Eastern and North eastern states have lagged behind. This is mainly due to lack of infrastructure facilities and absence of backward–forward linkages.

2016 JANUARY

GSSAI

Poultry farming in India In India, both intensive and traditional systems of poultry farming are followed, but intensive system is rapidly increasing due to increasing land and other input costs. It is estimated that in India, about 60% of poultry meat and 56% of eggs are currently being produced in the intensive system. It is further estimated that there are about 60000 farms under Intensive system (some of them having more that 100000 birds) while there are about 100000 small farms scattered in rural areas practicing more extensive production systems, having flock sizes ranging from 25 to 250 birds. In case of layers the cage system is rapidly replacing the deep litter system. However in broiler farming, the deep litter system is more prevalent.

Poultry marketing A farmers' organization – National Egg Coordination Committee (NECC) -has done a good job in last 10-15 years by collecting information on supply and demand position of eggs on daily basis and declaring region-wise wholesale egg prices. This has helped to prevent undue exploitation of farmers. Agro-corpex India limited has been functioning in different states for direct trading of eggs of farmers. Fast-food joints of well known International companies like “Kentucky Fried chicken“, “McDonalds”, "pizza hut" and "Subway" etc. have been started.

Institutional finance Credit facilities from commercial and cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks and refinance facilities from NABARD during the last 2-3 decades have been provided to all aspects of poultry production and marketing. Besides providing financial resources NABARD has also given valuable guidance in preparation, appraisal and monitoring of schemes.

It has for mulated several new innovative schemes and has been AGRICULTURE WORLD

27

GSSAI Poultry: Strategies to Develop Poultry Industries In RS million Particulars

1998-99

1999-00

2000-01

2001-02

2002-3

Ground level credit disbursed for A. H.Sector

19960

21770

25990

31840

NA*

NABARD Refinance for poultry

1217

1133

710

700

762

· · ·

free (SPF) eggs for vaccine production, Manufacturing poultry vaccines, medicines and diagnostics, Poultry diagnostic laboratories and Private veterinar y practice/ clinics.

Major strategies and action plans Poultry feed: Two major feed ingredients required for poultry feeds are Maize and soybean meal. It is estimated that the current poultry requirement of maize is about 5.88 million metric tons which is likely to grow to 8.84 million metric tons by the Year 2014. Large portion of maize is now being diverted to other industries like manufacturing of starch, corn flakes etc. Import of maize is a short term measure. A long term plan and campaign on “grow more maize” backed by incentive prices for farmers is required. In case of soybean meal, prices fluctuate depending upon supply and demand position for its exports. At farmer's level, extension education to prevent wastage of poultry feed is necessary. If a farmer can manufacture his own feed, the savings can be obtained to the extent of about Rs 2000 per ton. To achieve this objective, it is necessary that banks provide financial assistance to medium large-sized poultry units to purchase feed grinder /mixer. Central Avian Research Institute Izatnagar has developed a computer software on “least cost feed formulations” in which quality feed using locally available cheaper feed ingredients can be prepared by the farmer.

Quality of poultr y feed are variable: More Feed analytical Laboratories

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·

A campaign to introduce eggs in “the mid-day meal programmes 'of school children will be useful.

·

In India, consumer preference is increasing for “clean”, “safe”, “hygienic”, “nutritious” and “properly packed, labeled and presentable” food items including eggs and poultry meat.

Introduction of modern state art technology in processing, packaging, labeling, preservation of eggs and poultry meat and meat products is required to improve "quality" for domestic and export markets. With economic liberalization and free trade under WTO, the domestic products have to maintain "quality" to face the stiff competition from imported foreign poultry foods.

·

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has prepared standards for safety certification of foods. It has recently launched a scheme for HACCP (Hazard analysis and critical control point) for food industry to obtain IS 15000 certification. Soon, this certification may become mandatory for all major food processing plants.

are required for testing of feed ingredients and compounded feed for "quality" including presence of harmful contaminants and problems like 'aflotoxin' infestation etc.

Diseases of poultry:A recent NABARD study has identified several problems responsible for reduction in productivity of birds due low poultry health. There is a need for establishing and vigorously following strict biosecurity measures on the poultry farms. All breeding stocks have to be regularly screened for the presence of carriers of Salmonella organisms. It is necessary to create well-equipped disease diagnostic and surveillance laboratories at state levels and in the heavily concentrated poultry pockets in the country. Private sector can play a big role.

Poultry marketing ·

Regular monitoring of demand and supply position of eggs and declaration of price by the NECC has improved farm gate prices of eggs. Similar efforts are required for the live birds/ processed meat.

·

Infrastructure facilities using modern equipment and machinery for processing preservation and marketing of eggs and poultr y meat are required.

·

Instead of concentrating all marketing efforts in the big urban centers, it is necessary to improve infrastructure and develop rural markets where there is a good demand.

·

Efforts are necessary to improve consumer education on use of eggs and poultry products in human diet.

JANUARY 2016

Government aided schemes: ·

There are several schemes of central and state Governments. To assist the small farmers for poultry production. In many schemes, non-availability of timely and efficient inputs and services and poor backward and forward linkages are the major bottlenecks.

·

Schemes to develop rural markets and to remove regional imbalances need to be worked out. Electronic and print media need to be harnessed for more

“It is estimated that in India, about 60% of

poultry meat and 56% of eggs are currently being produced in the intensive system.

”

www.krishijagran.com

Poultry: Strategies to Develop Poultry Industries efficient inputs and services and poor backward and forward linkages are the major bottlenecks.

“

Large portion of maize is now being diverted to other industries like manufacturing of starch, corn akes etc. Import of maize is a short term measure. A long term plan and campaign on “grow more maize” backed by incentive prices for farmers is required.

·

Schemes to develop rural markets and to remove regional imbalances need to be worked out. Electronic and print media need to be harnessed for more effective communication with people to increase their nutritional awareness regarding value of eggs and poultry products and for surveillance and guidance to farmers for control of poultry diseases.

·

Policies and systems for on-going and post-project evaluation of the development schemes need to be established by the central and state governments. Refresher training for developing the capacity and skills of the Government staff has to be an integral part for all Government aided programmes.

”

·

Efforts are necessary to improve consumer education on use of eggs and poultry products in human diet.

·

A campaign to introduce eggs in “the mid-day meal programmes 'of school children will be useful.

·

In India, consumer preference is increasing for “clean”, “safe”, “hygienic”, “nutritious” and “properly packed, labeled and presentable” food items including eggs and poultry meat.

Introduction of modern state art technology in processing, packaging, labeling, preservation of eggs and poultry meat and meat products is required to improve "quality" for domestic and export markets. With economic liberalization and free trade under WTO, the domestic products have to maintain "quality" to face the stiff competition from imported foreign poultry foods.

·

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has prepared standards for safety certification of foods. It has recently launched a scheme for HACCP (Hazard analysis and critical control point) for food industry to obtain IS 15000 certification. Soon, this certification may become mandatory for all major food processing plants.

Government aided schemes: ·

There are several schemes of central and state Governments. To assist the small farmers for poultry production. In many schemes, non-availability of timely and www.krishijagran.com

GSSAI

Rural poultry production While the industr y is being modernized, it must be remembered that, even now, considerable volume of eggs are being produced by village poultry maintained by very poor farmers, tribals living in remote forest and hilly areas under very adverse and difficult situation. Their needs as regards suitable breed, feed, disease prevention and marketing will have to be looked into by the Government agencies to maintain sustainable production and provide them with some supplementary income for livelihood. Suitable research on appropriate needs and policies to implement such programmes for village poultr y will have to be continued.

Vertical integration of poultry industry: This system is well established in developed countries and has to be introduced in India if the progress has to continue in the next millennium. The 2016 JANUARY

scheme has been introduced recently in few places by private sector hatcheries or feed millers. They provide chicks and feed to the producers and purchase the live broilers at a cost depending upon the body weight. Some incentives for high feed efficiency and good livability are provided. However, in most cases, the purchased birds are sold to the wholesale dealers who often dictate the price and full benefits of the scheme are not available to the farmers. The scheme needs to be supported by providing infrastructure for meat processing, packaging, preservation and marketing with value addition of products and maintaining a cold chain till the product reaches the consumer.

The private sector companies including foreign investors have a great opportunity to invest in these schemes, in collaboration with the Indian entrepreneurs.

Low volumes for exports: According to a Kuwait based broiler Company, the demand in Gulf (West Asia) is 60000 tons of frozen chicken per month. In Kuwait, the firm sells 1000 metric tons per month. One of the challenging problems faced by AGRICULTURE WORLD

29

GSSAI Poultry: Strategies to Develop Poultry Industries portion of maize is now being diverted “to Large other industries like manufacturing of starch, corn akes etc. Import of maize is a short term measure. A long term plan and campaign on “grow more maize” backed by incentive prices for farmers is required.

”

European Union. A major market promotion ef for t is needed to encourage use of egg powder in Bakery products. In India and we will have to look for more diversified and value added products from processed eggs.

According to APEDA, India's major markets for poultry exports are as under:Live Poultr y: Sri Lanka (50%), Bangladesh (32.5%), and Nepal (8.2%) Hatching eggs: UAE (38%), Oman (26.8%), Kuwait (5.4%) Table eggs: UAE (72.8%), Kuwait (8.3%), Oman (8.3%) Egg Powder: Japan (16%), Poland (14.5%), UAE (8.9%), Belgium (5.54%) Frozen Eggs: UAE (83%), Oman (5%) Kuwait (3.9%) Possibilities of export of hatching eggs, one day old chicks and table eggs were identified. The recommendations were made to provide cash incentives, and freight subsidies to exporters, more pressurized air-conditioned space and non-A.C. cargo-space for perishable goods in the air-crafts, and better handling, storage and veterinary inspection facilities at major airports.

There is an urgent need to create these facilities to boost poultry exports from India.

Infrastructure facilities for grading, processing, packaging preservation, and marketing with cold chain facilities will have to be developed Better veterinary inspection, disease screening and certification facilities are required at major airports. With the onset of WTO

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agreement, more strict 'quality' and 'hygiene' standards (e.g. SPS measures) are being prescribed by countries intending to import poultry products. For example, in addition to testing for the presence of “Salmonella”, screening of broiler meat for other organisms like “compylobacter”(causing food-borne illness in man) is being insisted by certain countries For developing exports, more refrigerated air cargo space will have to be provided to encourage poultry exports. It is proposed to establish National Poultry Development Board as an autonomous body to help develop infrastructure facilities for this purpose.

According to the poultry private sector, India exports about 800 reefer containers of table e g g s (0.513 million eggs per container) to the gulf market. Eggs come to Gulf market from India, Holland and USA. Dubai is the major market with a preference for white shelled eggs.

Muscat is another market but the imports are seasonal (6 to 7 months).Oman, Baharen and Quatar are other small markets Saudi Arabia, Yemen Syria and Iran are almost self sufficient in requirement of table eggs.

In Dubai, our major sales are in the institutional market i.e. hotels, restaurants and caterers. Retail stores prefer eggs from Europe and USA. Indian eggs are perceived as of lower quality and are quoted for USD 2 t o 3 less per carton (360 eggs) than the eggs from Europe and USA. We need to improve skills in getting higher productivity per bird and reduce cost MAJOR EXPORTERS

VALUE (Rs millions)

of production of egg, develop “quality”, maintain consistency in the supplies and create awareness for a 'brand' name for our products.This is only possible if we take care of proper washing (cleaning), grading, branding packaging, preservation and transportation of exported table eggs .There is a scope to invest for creating this facility.

Recently another The present requirements of importers in Gulf are that the table eggs should have 50-55 gram weight, clean and uniformly thick shell with no visible cracks, have a spotless yolk (yellow colour preferred), and should be free from Salmonella and other contagious disease infections. They should be stamped with date of production, country of origin and date of expiry, using food grade quality ink.

Problem faced by Indian exporters is that the RTO authorities levy a very heavy fine (Rs 10000) if the weight of a reefer laden container exceeds 34 metric tons (out of which m a x i m u m 16.0 metric tons of actual goods weight is allowed). Maximum utilization of container space takes 1148 cartons of 360 eggs each.

But the cumulative weight comes to 19 metric tons which exceeds by 3 tons and hence the penalty of about US$ 235 per container which negates the profitability of exports. Both central and state Governments need to look into this problem seriously and help the exporters to overcome it.

Poultry products are exported from India Assistance

by APEDA: MAJOR IMPORTERS

VALUE (Rs millions)

USA

11580

Japan

12820

France

11050

Saudi Arabia

5960

Netherlands

10620

Germany

10170

Brazil

6280

CIS ( Russian Fed)

5030

Hungary

4680

Hong Kong

4200

Thailand

5840

Other middle East Countries

14380

Other European countries

5020

Others

13150

JANUARY 2016

www.krishijagran.com

Poultry: Strategies to Develop Poultry Industries eggs, hatching eggs, frozen eggs, egg powder, and to a small extent for live poultry (One day old chicks), poultry equipment and machinery etc. As of 1998-99 the poultry exports were worth Rs 637.10 million although there is a potential to increase it to Rs. 3 to 4 billion. The products, quantities export values for the years 1997 to 1999 are shown in annexed Table.

There are five egg powder manufacturing plants in the country with total capacity of 15000 tons per annum. They all have faced a major problem due to the fall of price (USD 4.00 to 2.5 per kg) in the international market and imposition of heavy import duty (USD 0.80 per kg) by the European Union. A major market promotion ef for t is needed to encourage use of egg powder in Bakery products. In India and we will have to look for more diversified and value added products from processed eggs.

According to APEDA, India's major markets for poultry exports are as under:Live Poultr y: Sri Lanka (50%), Bangladesh (32.5%), and Nepal (8.2%) Hatching eggs: UAE (38%), Oman (26.8%), Kuwait (5.4%) Table eggs: UAE (72.8%), Kuwait (8.3%), Oman (8.3%) Egg Powder: Japan (16%), Poland (14.5%), UAE (8.9%), Belgium (5.54%) Frozen Eggs: UAE (83%), Oman (5%) Kuwait (3.9%) Possibilities of export of hatching eggs, one day old chicks and table eggs were identified. The recommendations were made to provide cash incentives, and freight subsidies to exporters, more pressurized air-conditioned space and non-A.C. cargo-space for perishable goods in the air-crafts, and better handling, storage and veterinary inspection facilities at major airports. www.krishijagran.com

GSSAI

There is an urgent need to create these facilities to boost poultry exports from India.

Infrastructure facilities for grading, processing, packaging preservation, and marketing with cold chain facilities will have to be developed Better veterinary inspection, disease screening and certification facilities are required at major airports. With the onset of WTO agreement, more strict 'quality' and 'hygiene' standards (e.g. SPS measures) are being prescribed by countries intending to import poultry products.

For example, in addition to testing for the presence of “Salmonella”, screening of broiler meat for other organisms like “compylobacter”(causing food-borne illness in man) is being insisted by certain countries For developing exports, more refrigerated air cargo space will have to be provided to encourage poultry exports. It is proposed to establish National Poultry Development Board as an autonomous body to help develop infrastructure facilities for this purpose.

According to the poultry private sector, India exports about 800 reefer containers of table e g g s (0.513 million eggs per container) to the gulf market. Eggs come to Gulf market from India, Holland and USA. Dubai is the major market with a preference for white shelled eggs.

Muscat is another market but the imports are seasonal (6 to 7 months).Oman, Baharen and Quatar are other small markets Saudi Arabia, Yemen Syria and Iran are almost self sufficient in requirement of table eggs.

In Dubai, our major sales are in the institutional market i.e. hotels, restaurants and caterers. Retail stores prefer eggs from Europe and USA. Indian eggs are perceived as of lower quality and are quoted for USD 2 t o 2016 JANUARY

3 less per carton (360 eggs) than the eggs from Europe and USA. We need to improve skills in getting higher productivity per bird and reduce cost of production of egg, develop “quality”, maintain consistency in the supplies and create awareness for a 'brand' name for our products.This is only possible if we take care of proper washing (cleaning), grading, branding packaging, preservation and transportation of exported table eggs .There is a scope to invest for creating this facility.

Recently another The present requirements of importers in Gulf are that the table eggs should have 50-55 gram weight, clean and uniformly thick shell with no visible cracks, have a spotless yolk (yellow colour preferred), and should be free from Salmonella and other contagious disease infections. They should be stamped with date of production, country of origin and date of expiry, using food grade quality ink.

Problem faced by Indian exporters is that the RTO authorities levy a very heavy fine (Rs 10000) if the weight of a reefer laden container exceeds 34 metric tons (out of which m a x i m u m 16.0 metric tons of actual goods weight is allowed). Maximum utilization of container space takes 1148 cartons of 360 eggs each.

But the cumulative weight comes to 19 metric tons which exceeds by 3 tons and hence the penalty of about US$ 235 per container which negates the AGRICULTURE WORLD

31

GSSAI Poultry: Strategies to Develop Poultry Industries

“

the purchased birds are sold to the wholesale dealers who often dictate the price and full benefits of the scheme are not available to the farmers

”

profitability of exports. Both central and state Governments need to look into this problem seriously and help the exporters to overcome it.

Poultry products are exported from India Assistance

by APEDA: · Agricultural and Processed Food Export Development Authority (APEDA) is promoting agroexports since 1986. Financial assistance is available to exporters, growers, trade associations, Government agencies etc. For poultry exports, following incentive schemes are available :· Feasibility studies, sur veys, consultancy and data-base upgradation, · Infrastructure development, · Export promotion and market development, · Packaging development. · Assistance to promote quality and control of Quality, · Up-gradation of meat plants, · Organization building and HRD, · Generating relevant research and development and · Air-freight subsidy for export of hatching eggs @ Rs 6 per kg, or 25% of IATA rates, or 30% of FOB rate, whichever is less for countries of North Africa, South East Asia and CIS countries.

According to the private sector hatcheries, firstly the subsidy should be available for exports to all countries.

Secondly, the subsidy amount needs to be increased or air freight costs to be reduced .They claim that the cost of producing a hatching egg is Rs 12.37 and airfreight is Rs. 2.25 i.e. total Rs 14.62 per egg. After getting subsidy of Rs 0.40, the expenditure comes to Rs

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G e n e r i c advertisement on processed foods and marketing assistance, · Strengthening of backward linkages in food processing industry, · Promotion of food processing industry, · Strengthening of nodal agencies and · Setting up of demonstration units / pilot projects.

Scope and strategies for investments in Indian poultry industry: ·

14.22 per egg (Rs 14.62-0.40). The selling price is about 26 to 28 cents (US) per egg or about Rs 11.60 to Rs 12.00 which is not remunerative.

APEDA has initiated following steps towards development of poultry exports:· Standards have been laid down for export of egg products, ·

Standards for export of poultry meat have been sent for Government notification,

·

Standards are being framed for export of eggs and

·

Feasibility studies are being launched to create integrated infrastructure facilities for export of eggs at major production centers.

Ministry of Food Processing, Government of India Assist to poultry Industry. · Assistance for following relevant schemes is available, · Development of infrastructure facilities, · Setting up/ expansion/ modernization of food processing industries, · Development/ modernization of meat processing, · Development of poultr y/egg processing, · Research and development in food processing, · Person power development in food industry, · Development /improvement of marketing, quality control, storage and transport of meat and meat products, JANUARY 2016

·

The international donors need to collaborate with Government of India, NABARD, and APEDA etc.

·

The foreign research and development institutes need to collaborate with Indian counterparts like ICAR, CARI, and Agricultural Universities etc.

·

It will be seen from above information that the demand of eggs and poultr y meat are increasing. The people have a capacity to buy products. The 'quality' of products has to be improved. India has technically qualified manpower, a strong private poultr y sector and financial credit institutions.

·

There is a considerable scope in investments in all aspects of poultry namely breeding, feeding.

Housing and management, health control and processing and marketing of products both for the domestic as well as export market.

·

The foreign investors should seek collaborations with Indian entrepreneurs.

Dr. Mohanlal Shende (B.V.Sc . & A.H., PDBIM, LADFTM) +918718094447 +919406298867 www.krishijagran.com

GSSAI To Feed The World in 2050 Will Require A Global Revolution

TO FEED THE WORLD IN 2050 WILL REQUIRE A GLOBAL REVOLUTION

By Paul R. Ehrlich and John Harte

A

chieving universal food security is a staggering challenge, especially in a world with an expanding population, accelerating consumption, and many signals of a deteriorating global environment. Some claim that population size and growth are irrelevant, and that the solution is a more equitable distribution of income, wealth, and available food. In this view, future food security is attainable, even if the global population grows to 10 billion or more over the course of this century. To others, biophysical constraints on how much food can be produced, combined with the size and growth of the human population, imply there soon may not be enough to go around, even with equitable distribution.

A combination of population size, high per capita consumption and wealth inequality has stymied efforts to improve global food security, argues the authors. Image courtesy of shutter stock/ auanhuongho.

There is merit in both claims, but neither, alone, is adequate to identify the policies that have a chance of achieving the goal of food security. As we expand on below, adequate calories are available, “dietsEvenarewhen often far from ideal, increasing the burden of disease. ”

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large population size, high per capita consumption, and inequality of wealth or income can each (and especially in combination) impede attempts to achieve progressive and effective policies that will be needed to reverse the trend toward persistent mal-distribution and environmental degradation. This grim diagnosis also points toward a solution, as we outline below.

Both demographic and environmental factors are crucial to this problem, according to a broad consensus of scientists. The basic task of supplying sufficient calories and nutrients is not being met now. Almost 800 million of today's 7.3 billion people are undernourished and perhaps half of the world's people—most but not all in poor and middle-income nations—lack access to one or more essential nutrients. Even when adequate calories are available, diets are often far from ideal, increasing the burden of disease. Indeed, inadequate consumption of fruits, nuts, seeds, and vegetables makes a major contribution to ill health worldwide. In short, the current failure to feed humanity makes the prospects seem slim for making the projected 9.7 billion population foodsecure and healthy in 2050, and perhaps billions more beyond that.

JANUARY 2016

Major Challenges Humanity now faces severe biophysical constraints on achieving food security: (i) Increases in agricultural production are slowing because of climate disruption, and yields and nutritional quality of crops are being threatened by the loss of pollinators and growing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. (ii) Fertile soil is being lost to wind- and water-caused erosion, salinization, and nutrient depletion. (iii) Groundwater supplies for irrigation are increasingly limited as a consequence of over pumping and contamination of aquifers. (iv) Excessive applications of pesticides and fertilizers have contributed to dangerous levels of exposure to toxic substances. (v) Pollinators are declining rapidly as a result of climate disruption, poisons in the environment, and habitat destruction as a result of changing land-use practices.

Humans are likely to become increasingly dependent on marginal crop- and grazing lands, which are more vulnerable to all of the above risks. In addition, wild fish yields are decreasing because of overfishing and are threatened by ocean acidification resulting from CO2 emissions.

With more people on the planet requiring more calories and demanding more animal protein, as well as commercial energy, each of these problems will likely grow worse.

Magnifying the challenge, these threats are linked to each other, as well as to population and consumption rates, through a network of nonlinear relationships. Attempts to deal with one problem sometimes exacerbate other problems.

For example, clearing forested land for food production can disrupt local and regional climates and hydrological regimes. Through such clearance, agriculture itself is one of the greatest destroyers of the biodiversity on which agricultural productivity depends.

Clearing land for farming increases stress on other ecosystems and dependence on groundwater for irrigation. Climate disruption is likely the single greatest threat to future food supplies, yet some 30% of greenhouse gas emissions can be traced to the food production and distribution system.

Food spoilage is more likely in areas with warmer and wetter climates, meaning such areas will require further increases in crop production to compensate. Crop failures may www.krishijagran.com

Poultry: Strategies to Develop Poultry Industries

“ Magnifying the challenge, these threats are linked to each other, as well as to population and consumption rates, through a network of nonlinear relationships.

”

become more frequent in warming and less stable climates. Expanding cropland or using more intensive and mechanized agriculture and increasingly resorting to bio-fuels will impose food vs. energy land-use conicts and likely require more fossil energy mobilization, thereby exacerbating global warming.

As the planet warms, the wintertime “pest control” effect will decrease and reproductive rates of pests will rise, leading to increased pesticide use and toxification.

Open spaces adjacent to farmland often support crop pollinators, the natural predators of pests, reduce wind-caused erosion, and recharge aquifers. Protecting these spaces becomes more difficult when land prices go up because of population growth. When yields decline, farmers often can only maintain their profits by expanding their acreage, unless they have the funds and opportunity to invest in new crops or technologies. Regulating pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics, and fertilizer use requires cooperation between farmers, corporations, civil society, and governments.

All of this will become more difficult in a world torn by conict over resource constraints, health hazards, and the needs of a growing population.

False Dichotomy Portraying the opposing viewpoints as “insufficient food” versus “inequitably distributed food” may seem like a caricature, but in fact, discussions on sustainability often polarize into these two camps. As with many other dichotomies, this one impedes the sort of critical analysis required in order for humanity to achieve sustainable food security. It is as intellectually unjustified and counterpr oductive to focus on the “sufficiency-distribution” dichotomy as it is on that between those who seek to base land-use decisions on a monetary valuation of healthy ecosystems and those who think they should be based on the intrinsic value of pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics, “andRegulating fertilizer use requires cooperation between farmers, corporations, civil society, and governments

”

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nature.

Equity issues make adequately feeding everyone extremely difficult, but biophysical constraints limit our ability to feed more than a certain number of people, even under the most equitable of distributional arrangements. Most importantly, our biophysical and social dilemmas are tightly linked. From villages to nations, egalitarian systems of governance and resource distribution do not ourish when communities lack basic resources. Great inequalities in wealth or income can affect governance systems so that the nutritional needs of the poor are not properly met. Wellfinanced resistance to programs to feed the poor in the United States demonstrates how sound governance can be distorted by wealth. When population growth outpaces the availability of education, healthcare, and other basic services, and environmental degradation threatens livelihoods, people have less time to seek social justice because they must spend more time focused on survival. Those who champion increased equality as a means of achieving global food security must team up with those who urge both curbing overconsumption and a transition to a reduced population.

Otherwise, the new political and economic institutions desperately needed to redirect humanity toward sustainable food security and away from the fiction of perpetual growth will not evolve.

First Steps toward Solutions Numerous policies could be implemented today to start that transition.

At the top of our list are a set of seemingly unconnected reforms: (i) Carefully evaluate and reduce excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics, and growth hormones in plant and animal agriculture. (ii) Price water appropriately, regulate groundwater use, and encourage development of much more efficient water-handling systems as pioneered (for example) by Israel. (iii) Greatly expand research that can lead to more ecologically sound cropping systems, with more emphasis on long-term sustainability as opposed to immediate yield. (iv) Institute a carbon tax and expedite the transition to greater energy efficiency and reliance on cost-effective renewable energy. (v) Generally revise tax codes to limit individual income and inhibit consumption by the 2016 JANUARY

GSSAI

Meeting the challenge of food security “demands a revolutionary change in human society ” wealthy, and to provide more purchasing power for the poor to increase their capacity to acquire food. (vi) Allocate more funding and reduce barriers to promote the health, education, and human rights of women around the world, including unobstructed access to modern methods of family planning. (vii) Set aside vast natural areas, including old-growth forest, on land and at sea to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services. (viii) Transition to a new economic system in which internalizing externalities is a central rather than a side issue.

Whether such a set of reforms can be instituted, given the inuence wielded by those who profit from the status quo, and the indifference of far greater numbers, remains a huge question; we find it hard to be optimistic. Many have claimed that technological fixes alone will solve the food security problem, but the record does not give us great hope. A call for dramatic global changes that do not rely on new technologies resonated worldwide in response to Pope Francis' encyclical on the environment. We hope that its perspective can be expanded to embrace the implications of having too many people on the planet, and that its basic thrust will be adopted as a response to the challenge now facing humanity.

In sum, attempts to frame the issue of food security as either “the solution lies in more equitable distribution of food” or “there are too many people and not enough planet,” miss an essential factor that links these two viewpoints: achieving the for ms of governance needed to more equitably distribute resources becomes ever more difficult on a more crowded and degraded planet. Meeting the challenge of food security demands a revolutionary change in human society, necessarily one as farreaching as a combination of the agricultural revolution, now 10 millennia in the past, with the industrial revolution and the multiple transitions to more democratic governance that started three centuries ago. We urge policy makers around the world to move this issue to the top of the political agenda.

Anything less is a recipe for disaster.

AGRICULTURE WORLD

35

GSSAI Visual IdentiďŹ cation of Major Viral Disease of Vegetables Crop and Its Management

By Dr. Manish K Mondhe, Dr. R.W.Ingle and Dr.S.S.Mane

Visual IdentiďŹ cation of Major Viral Disease of Vegetables Crop and Its Management Comment: Very nice article, but the figures and their captions are to be properly aligned which only the author can do. Pl get that done by the author.

For this Dharmendra should make a lay out and send a copy to the author so that he can correct the placing of pictures and their captions correctly.

Vegetable cultivation is a core part of Indian farming systems which is susceptible to several pathogenic agents, among them losses cause by viral diseases are enormous.

Management of these diseases at early growth stage will reduces yield losses as well as subsequent expenditure on vector control. Symptom initiation to yield loss, it takes very less time, unless proper management strategy are not follows. Therefore identification of nature of cause of disease based on

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AGRICULTURE WORLD

visual symptoms at field level is very important from farmers view point. The below points will tr y to cover identification and management of major viral diseases of tomato, chilly and okra.

A. Identification of viral disease based on visual symptoms and their mode of transmission in field I. Viral disease of Tomato 1.Tomato Yellow Leaf curl virus (ssDNA virus)Symptoms: Cupping, curling, puckering and chlorosis of leaves, reduction in leaf size with inward curling, general stunting with bushy appearance, partial/complete sterility, under sever infestation at early growth stage bear small, deformed few/no fruits JANUARY 2016

Vector: Disease is acquired by nymphal stage of whitefly and transmitted by adult in persistent manner.

2. Tomato spotted wilt virus (-ssRNA virus) Symptoms: Plants infected at early growth stage are stunted, generally bear no fruits. However late infection exhibit chlorotic/necrotic ring spots on leaves, stem and even no fruits.

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Visual Identification of Major Viral Disease of Vegetables Crop and Its Management Vector: Nymphal stage of thrips acquired the virus by feeding on infected plant for minutes and transmitted by adult in persistent manner.

reduction in number & size of fruits, streak of discoloration on fruits 3. Spotted wilt virus (-ssRNA virus) Symptoms: Infected plant shows

3. Cucumber mosaic virus (ssRNA virus) Symptoms: Mosaic symptoms on leaves, narrowing/elongation of leaves, overall stunting & plants turn bushy, produce few small fruits.

Vector: Aphid can acquire the virus and transmit in non persistent manner. These are transmitted by stylet of aphid.

4. Tomato Mosaic virus Symptoms: Mosaic & mottling of leaves, general stunting of infected plants, upward leaf rolling in some cases, bear few small fruits Ve c t o r : N o s p e c i f i c v e c t o r involved, it is mechanically transmitted thermostable virus.

II. Viral disease of Chilli 1. Chilly leaf curl virus (ssDNA virus)Symptoms: Stunting of plants, plants turn bushy, upward curling, cupping & puckering of leaves, leaves become leathery, vein thickening, reduction in leaf size, severely affected plant bear no/few fruits

Vector : Whitefly, persistent manner I. Field management of viral diseases •

No direct measures available to control plant viruses except host resistance

•

Incidence/damage can be minimized by Cultural practices – For prevention Chemical – To kill vectors (insect which can transmit virus)

stunted growth, bronze appearance on infected leaves, necrotic spot on leaves. Concentric rings are diagnostic feature of this viral disease. Ripe fruits shows distortion, necrotic rings.

Ve c t o r : T h r i p s , c i r c u l a t i v e persistent virus III. Viral disease of Okra

Knowledge about vector is important for its management Cultural methods Virus diseases cannot be controlled once the plant is infected.

Therefore, prevent introduction of virus by following methods ·

Nylon netting (50 mesh) in nursery (for Whitefly transmitted viruses such as TLCV )

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Sanitation is the primary means of controlling virus diseases.

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Infected plants should be removed immediately to prevent further spread of viruses.

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Perennial weeds serve as alternate hosts, should be uprooted before transplanting

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Avoid overlapping cultivation and nursery should not be grown next to the infected crop.

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Weeds serve as reservoir of viruses, hence should be removed through out growing season.

·

Avoid adjacent planting crops supporting common viruses/vectors such as Tospovirus can infected chilly, tomato, soyabean etc. Similarly Chilly

1. Yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) (ss DNA virus) Symptoms: Yellowing of veins & veinlets, leaves turn thick/leathery with network of yellow veins & veinlets , under severe infection, leaves turn complete yellow & even fruits Vector : Whitefly, persistent manner 2. Leaf curl enation virus (ssDNA virus) Symptoms: Cupping, Curling, puckering of leaves, reduction in leaf size with inward curling twisting of petiole, enations on veins & veinlets ,stunting with bushy appearance of plants , partial/complete sterility, bear small, deformed few/no fruit

Vector : Whitefly, persistent manner 2. Cucumber mosaic virus (ss RNA virus) Symptoms: Foliage turns light green, systemic vein clearing, mosaic symptoms on leaves, reduction in leaf size. plants turn bushy, tapering/ narrowing of leaves (shoe string), www.krishijagran.com

GSSAI

2016 JANUARY

AGRICULTURE WORLD

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GSSAI Visual Identification of Major Viral Disease of Vegetables Crop and Its Management YVMV virus carrying vector, whitefly. While blue sticky trap attract, thrips prominent vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus.

Biological method / botanical control agent for management of vector · cultivation adjacent to onion / garlic should be avoided as it favor thrips population. ·

·

·

Reflective mulches : Mulch or mesh that reflects light interferes with certain flying insects ability to locate plants. If the plants are initially pest-free, it can delay or reduce the extent to which young plants become infested by winged aphids and adult leafhoppers, thrips, and whiteflies and reduced virus infection.

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Planting bright flowers such as marigolds around chilli and tomato plots is a novel way to attract these natural enemies.

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Release of predatory mite for thrips.

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Control through trap plants: if few rows of rye, corn, or tall plants are planted around a field of chilly, tomato, cucurbit, many of the incoming aphids carrying virus that attack main crop will stop and feed on the peripheral taller row of rye or corn. As most of the aphid borne viruses are non persistent in the aphids, many of the aphids lose the tomato, chilly, cucurbit infecting viruses by the time they move onto these crops. In this way, traps crop reduce the amount of inoculum that reaches a crop.

By washing their hands before handling certain kinds of plants such as tomatoes, worker who smoke may reduce the spread of TMV. Many plant viruses such as cucumber mosaic virus, are brought into crops such as Chilly, Tomatoby air borne aphid vectors.

When vertical, sticky yellow polythene sheets are erected along the edges of susceptible crops, considerable number of aphids are attracted to and stick to the plastic. This could also work for Tomato leaf curl virus as well as

Ladybird beetles and lacewing larvae feed on eggs of whitefly and aphid reduce their population.

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in 160 L of water /acre. ·

Sprays of NSKE @ 5%

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Neem oil can be used to heavily infested areas.

Chemical control of virus diseases Management of vectors ·

Seed treatment with imidacloprid (Gaucho) @ 5 grams per kg seed will avoid the attack of sucking pest and prevent early infection.

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Spraying with systemic insecticide 2 days before transplanting

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Always remove the infected plants first & then go for chemical sprays

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In the main field, alternate spraying of systemic & contact insecticides

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In the field, spray with imidacloprid @ 1 ml in 3-4 liters of water or fipronil @ 2 ml per liter.

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Aphid : Weak soap solution. This works well, although frequent application may affect crop growth. In case of severe infestation, application of dimethoate @ 2 ml or acephate @ 1 gram per liter or imidacloprid @ 1 ml in 3-4 liters can effectively manage aphids.

Spray Azadirachtin 0.03 %(300 ppm) need oil based WSP@10002000 ml in 200-400 L of water/ acre or Azadirachtin 5% W/W neem extract concentrate @ 80 ml

Dr. Manish K Mondhe, Dr. R.W.Ingle and Dr.S.S.Mane

AGRICULTURE WORLD SUBSCRIPTION

38

YEAR

MONTHS

RATE

DISCOUNT

PER RATE

1 YEAR

12

840

140

700

2 YEARS

24

1680

380

1300

3 YEARS

36

2520

720

1800

5 YEARS

60

4200

800

3400

10 YEARS

120

8400

1400

7000

15 YEARS

180

12600

2100

10500

AGRICULTURE WORLD

JANUARY 2016

www.krishijagran.com

GSSAI

INTERVIEW

Precision Agriculture will allow farmers to do things they have never done before oward Dahl of Amity Technology says precision agriculture will allow farmers to do things they've never done before.

H

University's Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department chairwoman, talked about using precision ag to feed the world's growing population.

Dahl talked about precision ag around the world at the fifth annual Precision Ag Summit held recently in Jamestown.

"Today there are 800 million people who are not getting enough food or who are in poverty," she said. "That's not because we are not producing enough food."

Because of precision ag, Dahl said strides are being made in water utilization where water is scarce. It's also helping farmers use less fertilizer -- saving money and the environment -- when they use it in the right amount, at the right time, in the right place, he said.

"China is probably the greatest opportunity for precision ag being applied" because farmers there use twice as much fertilizer as they need to, he said.

Farmers have traditionally managed their farms with experience and gutinstincts, he said, but technology is making everything from planting to applying chemicals more precise.

Precision ag can save up to 30 percent of fertilizer costs, Dahl said.

"It's almost always going to be a cost savings and should be an increased yield by putting on the right amount of fertilizer," he said.

Sreekala Bajwa, North Dakota State

“

It can also help farmers adapt to climate changes and it can help provide diverse and nutritious food choices.

”

www.krishijagran.com

It has to do with accessibility and affordability, Bajwa said.

Population growth, climate change, the growing middle class and fewer people living in rural areas and farming the land are all contributing to food insecurity, she said.

Energy demands and waste disposal problems are growing, she said. And 70 percent of water demand goes into agriculture worldwide, which Bajwa said is expected to increase.

Precision ag can help address those issues by increasing food production and conserving and protecting resources, she said. It can also help farmers adapt to climate changes and it can help provide diverse and nutritious food choices.

The world's population is estimated to grow by another 2.25 billion to 9.6 billion people by 2050, she said.

"That means we'll have another 2.3 billion mouths to feed," Bajwa said. "But it also brings opportunities. As we are a major agricultural state, it's an opportunity to produce more food."

It's also an opportunity for research, 2016 JANUARY

an opportunity for research, trade, “innovation, partnerships with other countries and industries, and to improve production efficiency trade, innovation, partnerships with other countries and industries, and to improve production efficiency, she said.

”

Farmers said it's important to attend events like the summit to stay on top of current technology and learn how it can impact their farms.

Roger Zetocha farms and has a small cow-calf operation near Stirum, N.D., in Sargent County. He's also president of the Sargent County Farmers Union. He said he's attended every Precision Ag Summit so far.

"I didn't start farming yesterday," he said. "Technology, it's a moving target. I just felt if I didn't keep up, I'd be further behind than I probably already am compared to the young people."

Pr ecision ag is becoming mor e important every year, he said.

"The cost of production is important, especially in these down years with the prices being down so we've got to watch every nickel," Zetocha said.

More farmers are using precision agriculture in their operations, but Dahl said the tools need to get simpler.

“That will happen but it's got to be simple for the farmers to utilize it," he said.

"Better software and better sensors will allow that to take place."

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