chin woo stadium by kristine

index SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2 [ ARC 60203]

Name Cheah Ee Von

Student ID 0308719

Email 94vonne@gmail.com

Kristine Yong

0311297

kristineblue0810@gmail.com

Gennieve Lee

0311622

genn_lee@y7mail.com

Chuah Wei Hong 0310900

whongchuah@gmail.com

Lee Yuan June

June19942010@hotmail.com

0311128

tutor: ms sharianne

content • Introduction • Fast facts of the building • History of the building • The Architect • Architecture style analysis • Building Construction & Materials analysis • Architectural elements / components analysis • references • Conclusion

page 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-15 16-45 46-59 60-69 70

fast facts

introduction Chinwoo was formed as a long-term project in 1930s, emphasized on intensive expansion of the association. The project included - (1) Establishing a New Building for ChinWoo School, (2) Establishing a Chinwoo Administrative Center, (3) Building a Chinwoo multi-purpose stadium, (4) To Enhance Facilities for all Activities and to Improve Effectiveness of Training, (5) Formation of Malaysia-Singapore Chin Woo Federation. Unfortunately, the Association was stopped functioning and these projects were abandoned due to the World War 2. However, shortly after the war, the newly reorganised Association came back to function and the projects mentioned above had all been successfully achieved soon after.

OPENING CEREMONY IN 1951

building name: chin woo stadium (Chinwoo Athletic Association Selangor, KL) Address: Jalan Stadium, 50150 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur. Phone number: 03-2072 4602 function: cultural & sports centre

History of chinwoo 1930s

Chinwoo was formed, emphasized on intensive expansion of the association. The project included (1) Establishing a New Building for ChinWoo School, (2) Establishing a Chinwoo Administrative Center, (3) Building a Chinwoo multi-purpose stadium, (4) To Enhance Facilities for all Activities and to Improve Effectiveness of Training, (5) Formation of Malaysia-Singapore Chin Woo Federation.

1947

The land in which the current Chinwoo Stadium located was bought. The Building Fund Committee Board was formed under the leadership of Mr. Chen TaiJie. They were devoted to build a new school building and a stadium.

25th January 1977

the Association got back the Registration, and reclaimed the properties. Tan Sri Lee Yan Lian then led a new committee and successfully cleared the debts that accounted up to over a million ringgit.

26th March 1992

Chinwoo signed up an Joint-Venture agreement with a contractor to develop a land located at Jalan Kenanga, K.L and CHINWOO gets a 13-storey building – the CHINWOO COURT, which houses 154 units and 160 parking place, with swimming pool and squash facilities. The project was completed in 1997, and the rental derived from this building became the main source of income of Chinwoo.

28th June 1992

Chinwoo was officially renamed as Chinwoo Athletic Association Selangor and Kuala Lumpur.

1953

construction of Chinwoo stadium completed.

1954

A year later, the construction of an Olympic sized swimming pool was eventually completed and officiated by Tan Sri Lee Guang Qian.

1970s

When Chin Woo faced big difficulties in debts in, some activities were forced to stop.

26th December 1972

Chin Woo was deregistered with the reason that the Association failed to submit Audited Operational Reports for the years 70 and 71, and the properties were taken over controlled by Public Trustees/Assignees. 6

Chinwoo created the image of the “Association of Wushu, Sports and Cultural”. Promoting various type of Cultural and Literal activities with full efforts. There is no racial, religious or political issue in the organization. Currently the activities varies from Wushu, Tai Chi, Lion Dance, Dragon Dance, Flag Dance, Choir, Boys Choir, Cultural Dance, Chinese Orchestra, GuZheng, Scuba-diving, Life-guard, Water Polo, Calligraphy, Chinese Chess, Ping-pong, Gymnasium, Swimming lessons and competitive swimming trainings, and etc. reference: http://www.chinwoo.org.my/en/1_2_history.php

Y. T. Lee

Lee Yoon Thim Dato’ Y. T. Lee, as known as Lee Yoon Thim (1905-1977) the architect of chinwoo stadium, was a Malaysian Chinese architect active in Kuala Lumpur in the 1950s and 1960s. the architect Studied abroad in Germany, Italy, Britain and also has a Master’s degree in Engineering. he was President of Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall, Associated Chinese  Chamber and was in the Municipal Council of Kuala Lumpur for 7 years. he was a close friend to Prime Minister Tuanku Abdul Rahman and other political figures and was Honored as Dato’ in 1964. he Died in 1977, 7th of February by the age of 72, has 3 children, which hold positions as Doctor, accountant, bank  executive.

the architect

TIMELINE y. t. lee born 1905

1957

1955

Kampung Baru Mosque

umno building

Chinwoo stadium

Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka

kuala lumpur

1953

kuala lumpur

1956 1963

East Asia Building, Jalan Ipoh 8

1959

Chinese Maternity Association

PASSED Sing Hoe Building AWAY 1977

kuala lumpur

1963

Ar-Rahman Mosque University of Malaya

1963

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

CHIN WOO STADIUM HAS A MIX OF INFLUENCES FROM ART DECO AND INTERNATIONAL STYLE. SIMILAR FEATURES OF INTERNATIONAL STYLE & CHIN WOO STADIUM: #1 ASYMMETRICAL PLAN

#2 FLAT ROOFED

CHIN WOO STADIUM’S FLOOR PLAN IS NOT EXACTLY SYMMETRICAL. THE TWO OPPOSITE SIDES HAS DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS AND FUNCTIONS. SIDE A ARE SERVICES’ SPACES , WHILE B IS A PUBLIC SPACE WITH STRUCTURAL COLUMNS. SIDE C IS THE MAIN HALL WHILE SIDE D IS THE STAGE AREA. EACH SIDES ARE MODIFIED TO SUIT PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS INSTEAD OF BOXY AND SYMMETRICAL SPACES COMPARED TO THE PAST.

CHIN WOO STADIUM HAS A RELATIVELY FLAT ROOF AS INITIATED BY THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE MOVEMENT. A FLAT ROOF IS VERSATILE AND DURABLE ESPECIALLY IN A CLIMATE LIKE OURS. IT ALLOWS THE FULL HEIGHT OF THE ROOMS BELOW TO BE UTILIZED WELL AND IT REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF REQUIRED MATERIAL FOR ROOFING. THE FACADE ALSO DEPICTS A SHIP, WHICH IS RELEVANT TO THE STREAMLINE MODERNE STYLE, WHICH IS A SUBSTYLE EMERGED FROM LATE ART DECO STYLE.

11 PREPARED BY CHEAH EE VON

<B #3 BANDS OF GLASS WINDOWS WITH STEEL MULLIONS

#4 SYNTHETICS MODERN MATERIALS

RESULTED FROM ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENTS, GLASS DESIGNS IN THE 1950S IN MALAYSIA ALLOWED LONG, CONTINUOUS STRIPS OF GLASS WINDOWS COULD BE PRODUCED AND SUBDIVIDED BY METAL MULLIONS. LOCAL CONTEXT WAS CONSIDERED WHEN DESIGNING CHIN WOO’S FACADE. FINS WERE ADDED TO PROVIDE SUPPORT AND SAVE COST. “EYEBROW” SHADE WERE ALSO ADDED ABOVE THE FINS TO PROVIDE SHADE FROM THE STRONG SUN WE RECEVE IN OUR SUNNY WEATHER.

CHIN WOO STADIUM APPLIES SOPHISTICATED MATERIALS AT THAT ERA - REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR ITS’ BASE STRUCTURE AND STUCCO WALL COVERINGS FOR ITS’ FACADE. BENEFITS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE INCLUDES HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH, GOOD FIRE RESISTANCE, LOW MAINTENANCE & LONG SERVICE LIFE. STUCCO WALLS ARE RESISTANT TO ROT, MOLD AND MILDEW WHICH MAKES THE BUILDING LOOKS NEW EVEN AFTER A LONG TIME. STUCCO WALLS ARE ALSO FIRE RESISTANT AND HELPS REDUCE SOUND TRANSMISSION . HENCE PROVIDING GOOD SOUND INSULATION WITHIN THE AUDITORIUM. BESIDES THAT, STUCCO WALLS HELPS COOL THE BUILDING, REDUCING THE NEED FOR AIR-COONDITIONING.

TUBULAR CHROME CHAIRS

CLEVELAND GREYHOUND BUS TERMINAL

STREAMLINE MODERNE MOTORS

OTHER THAN INTERNATIONAL STYLE, CHIN WOO STADIUM HAS SLIGHT INFLUENCES FROM THE ART DECO STYLE. GEOMETRIC AND ANGULAR FORMS, EXOTIC MATERIALS, AND LINEAR DECORATION CHARACTERIZE ART DECO DESIGN. CHIN WOO STADIUM HAS THE ABOVE CHARACTERISTICS EXCLUDING EXOTIC MATERIALS. HENCE, A NEW KIND OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLE EMERGED WHICH IS THE STREAMLINE MODERNE. STREAMLINE MODERNE HAS INFLUENCES FROM BOTH LATE ART DECO AND EARLY INTERNATIONAL STYLE.

MUSCAT MOTORS, MALTESE ISLANDS

13 PREPARED BY CHEAH EE VON

STREAMLINE MODERNE WAS A LATE TYPE OF THE ART DECO, EARLY INTERNATIONAL ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN THAT EMERGED IN THE 1930S. ITS ARCHITECTURAL STYLE EMPHASIZED CURVING FORMS, LONG HORIZONTAL LINES, AND SOMETIMES NAUTICAL ELEMENTS.AS THE GREAT DEPRESSION OF THE 1930S PROGRESSED, AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL DESIGNERS STRIPPED ART DECO DESIGN OFF ITS ORNAMENT IN FAVOR OF THE AERODYNAMIC PURE - LINE CONCEPT OF MOTION AND SPEED DEVELOPED FROM SCIENTIFIC THINKING. EVENTUALLY THE STYLE BECAME A NEW INTERPRETATION OF THE ART DECO—STREAMLINING.

SIMILAR FEATURES OF STREAMLINE MODERNE & CHIN WOO STADIUM: #1 HORIZONTAL ORIENTATION & NAUTICAL ELEMENT CHIN WOO STADIUM WAS ORIENTATED HORIZONTALLY AND HAS A RESEMBLANCE OF A SHIP AT ITS SIDE ELEVATION. THIS IS VERY MUCH SIMILAR TO THE STREAMLINE MODERNE MOVEMENT WHERE NAUTICAL ELEMENTS AND HORIZONTAL LINES ARE MUCH CELEBRATED. PARAPETS EYEBROWS BANDINGS

#2 HORIZONTAL LINE OR GROOVES IN WALLS AS SHOWN IN DIAGRAM. ONE OF STREAMLINE MODERNE’S FEATURES ARE THESE GROOVES IN WALLS AS SEEN IN CHIN WOO.

#3 SMOOTH EXTERIOR WALL SURFACES, USUALLY STUCCO

#4 SUBDUED COLORS: BASE COLORS TYPICALLY EARTH TONES BMW PROTOTYPE STEAMLINE MODERNE DESIGN

FATHER OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGN, RAYMOND LOEWY

15 PREPARED BY CHEAH EE VON

exterior facade

windows

view of tinted window view of Chin woo Tower

zoom in view of windows back view of Chin woo stadium

#1 colored aluminum window frame Physical properties: Light, strong, smooth, hard, durable, corrosion resistant, low maintenance, recyclable Chemical properties: Chromium free coating powder combine with different types of phosphate and metals like titanium Aesthetics: simple, compact and sleek design and shape that will give off a modern and class feeling to the architecture. uses of aluminum: 1.Easy shaping and corrosion resistance make aluminium a good material for drink cans and roofing materials. 2.Corrosion resistance and low density leads to its use for greenhouses and window frames. 3.Good conduction of heat leads to its use for boilers, cookers and cookware. Advantages: -light weight, corrosion resistance, ductility, recyclable, rigidity, durability and narrow frames, low maintenance, termiteproof, rotproof Disadvantages: - easily scratch, not too strong, expensive

#2 Tinted glass Panel Tinted Glass - a type of window glass that filters out selective solar energy, reduces temperature gain through the glass and prevents an excessive build up of heat. Advantages: -reflect heat from penetrating into the interior space -increase security -increase privacy Disadvantages : -Expensive

types of windows casement window hinges 16

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

<B Advantaage: Lightweight, Corrosion resistance, Robust,Excellent processibility, Low melting point, Good thermal and electrical conductivity, Malleable, Ductile Disadvantage: - Less hail resistant than steel, especially on lower-grade roofs

aluminum roof #3 aluminum roofing Specification: - Physically, chemically and mechanically aluminium is a metal like steel, brass, copper, zinc, lead or titanium. It can be melted, cast, formed and machined much like these metals and it conducts electric current. In fact often the same equipment and fabrication methods are used as for

store room

exterior facade

#4 iron railing physical property: -Iron is greyish metal or silvery white -high tensile strength. -moderately good conductor of heat and electricity -attracted to magnet Chemical property: -major constituent of a range of materials including wrought iron, cast iron, carbonized iron (carbon steel) and steel, each of which has its own unique properties. Iron was first used as a material for tools and weapons. Its uses have since grown to include items for domestic use to architectural building components. -pure metal is chemically very reactive and rusts readily in moist air, forming red-brown oxides

aluminum beams

Advantage: - Hard,Durable .Malleable, ductile, Perfect finish, Lightweight,Easy to install Disadvantage -Rust, Costly maintenance

corrugated roof

roof details 18

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

exterior facade

Characteristics: -To guard against vandalism of windows or doors -Widely use at residential and commercial buildings as well as universities, prisons, psychiatric wards, parking garages and public transit station -For outdoors environment, Stainless Steel or Galvanized metal is normally use -Available in diamond, square or rectangular mesh - Exterior guards should be hot dipped galvanized after fabrication or painted one prime and two finish coats of all weather paint to protect against corrosion. Features: -Hinged guards allow cleaning and escape access. -Window guards can be made from woven wire mesh utilizing 10 ga. or 6 ga. steel wire. - Guards can be finished with an alkyd base enamel paint, polyester powder coating or hot dip galvanizing Advantage: -Virtually maintenance free - Made to fit the exact openings of windows - No waste of material as webs are not cut from stock sheets, but are woven up for each individual guard - Thickness of wire can be increased (when added protection is required) -Sufficient air ventilation and good light diffusion - Unobstructed view

retractable gate is made up of galvanized iron. Galvanized iron is iron which has been coated in a layer of zinc to help the metal resist corrosion. however, corrosion will eventually still occur, especially if conditions are acidic. (e.g. climate etc.) the technoque to make galvanized iron is known as hot-dip galvanization, whereby iron is dip into molten zinc. advantages: - Widely used in domestic and commercial premises - Strong visual deterrent -High security protection for windows (Effective barrier for intruders) - Alternative to shutters and grilles -Custom made to suit any size -Security locking system (Can be secure with padlocks or security locks) -quick & easy to install -Allow vision and air flow -Versatile and Easily fits internally into the window reveal or around an opening in either single or double-sash configuration -Custom built for almost any opening

Single Sash 20

Bi-part sash

removable bottom track

folding bottom track

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

Swimming pool area Stainless steel

#7 stainless steel handle physical property: shiny surface, light weight, sanitary qualities, modern appearance

#8 aluminum platform physical property: -light-weight metal -bright silvery metal -Small amounts of other metals are added to aluminum to make harder alloys -non-magnetic and an excellent electrical conductor -low density and high ductility -cheaper & lighter

chemical property: Stainless Steel contains iron and chromium Advantages: -does not rust, low maintenance cost, light weight, easy maintenance, more durable Disadvantages: -high cost, Galvanic Corrosion: Stainless steel can become corrosive whencomes in contact with lead, nickel, copper, copper alloys and graphite.

Chemical property: -Aluminum reacts with air to grow its own thin oxide coating. This hard, dark gray coating protects the metal. this process is call â&#x20AC;&#x153;anodizingâ&#x20AC;?. this coating helps to protect aluminum from corrosion

aluminum platform

uses of aluminum: -drinks cans -window frames -boats & aircrafts etc. 22

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

interior facade

intro suspended acoustic ceiling, also known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;drop ceilingâ&#x20AC;? is commonly used in Commercial and institutional buildings such as offices, convention centre and etc. the acoustic ceiling tiles are made mostly from mineral fiber. by using this material, the need for construction of tiles also reduces the usage of the resources, as the materials can be made from reduce -Recyclable/reused/renewable materials as well.

inside chin woo stadium acoustic ceiling tiles

#9 Suspended Acoustic ceiling /Drop ceiling /Grid ceiling

Disadvantage: - Water Damage: When your roof leaks or a pipe above your ceiling leaks onto a drywall ceiling, you can touch up the water stain after fixing the leak. When water leaks on an acoustical tile, the tile will start to yellow and eventually begin to fall apart. All of the ceiling tiles stained and affected by the water leak will need to be replaced. - Smoke: When cigarette, cigar or pipe smoke discolors a drywall ceiling over time, you can either scrub the ceiling clean or use a fresh coat of paint to solve the problem. Acoustical ceiling tiles absorb smoke and begin to turn yellow. Once your ceiling tiles have been discolored by smoke, replacement is the only option.

Advantage: -Versatile -Durable -Cost effective -Low maintenance -Sound insulation/noise reduction (good at absorbing sound to reduce echo or loud environment) -Wide variety of aesthetic options -Fire resistant - Indoor environmental quality includes ventilation, VOC emissions, lighting and thermal system control, thermal comfort, use of daylight for natural illumination, acoustics, and optimization of outdoor view availability.

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

interior facade

ventilation louvers #10 ventilation louvers/windows what is ventilation louvers? A louver is a ventilation product that allows air to pass through it while keeping out unwanted elements such as water, dirt, and debris. besides, it allows hot air that rises to exit the hall. Wind ventilation is a kind of passive ventilation, using the force of the wind (or local air pressure differences) to pull air through the building. Advantages: -Least expensive form of passive cooling and ventilation - Durable -low maintenance (made from corrosion resistant materials) -Easy to install -environmentally freindly -low running cost, zero energy consumption

air flow

Exhaust fan 26

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

interior facade

Materials: Fireproof surface MDF fiberboard wood panels, Surface finishes (e.g. Melamine, Wooden veneer, plywood, varnished or lacquered), Polyester Fiber or fireproofing sound absorption cloth. Dimensions: There are versions in large dimension panels for continuous walls and ceilings and also standardized ceiling panels in different versions to install with visible, semi-hidden, hidden and hidden practicable profiling. - Applicable to walls and ceilings. #11 perforated sound absorption panel

advantage: -Very light -Easy to install -Environmental friendly -Fire proof -High sound absorption -Decorative figure 11.1-sound absorption panel on the wall Application: Public places or private life space- theaters, recording studio, television station, music hall, auditorium, stadium, large entertainment city, hotel, KTV, museum, library, banks, courts, multi-function hall, meeting rooms, business office, or advanced villa etc.

29 PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

interior facade

intro Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a structure. Into this mould, fresh concrete is placed only to harden subsequently. The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure up to 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called stationary forms. Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete or fiberglass. They are used separately or in combination. Steel forms are used in situation where large numbers of re-use of the same forms are necessary. For small works, timber formwork proves useful. Fiberglass made of pre-cast concrete and aluminum are used in cast-in-situ construction such as slabs or members involving curved surfaces. However, timber is the most common material used for formwork. concrete comlumn

#12 Concrete column

formwork using timber

Properties of concrete: -Strength and Durability-Used in the majority of buildings, bridges, tunnels and dams for its strength Gains strength over time. Not weakened by moisture, mold or pests. Concrete structures can withstand natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes -Versatility-Concrete is used in buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels, sewerage systems pavements, runways and even roads -Low maintenance-Concrete, being inert, compact and non-porous, does not attract mold or lose its key properties over time -Affordability-Compared to other comparable building materials, concrete is less costly to produce and remains extremely affordable -Fire-resistance-Being naturally fire-resistant concrete forms a highly effective barrier to fire spread -Thermal mass-Concrete walls and floors slow the passage of heat moving through, reducing temperature swings. This reduces energy needs from heating or air-conditioning, offering year-round energy savings over the life-time of the building

cement filling the formwork

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

interior facade

#13 Parquet Hardwood flooring

parquet flooring

parquet flooring pattern

Only hardwood species are fit for parquet flooring. Main criteria of wood are: -solidity (ability of wood to resist to destruction under the influence of mechanical loads); -stability (property that shows degree and speed of changes of wood dimensions during changes of air humidity); -durability (it is estimated in years according to wood lifetime when contacting with soil); -unique beauty of decor.

Parquet floors are formed from short strips of wood arranged to create a variety of mosaic patterns. Parquet tiles are a specific kind of engineered wood designed to be the unit that repeats in a parquet pattern. The tileâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s top layer is made from narrow strips of wood glued together to form the unit portion of the pattern. The top layer is joined to a plywood base that is reinforced by metal strips. Solid hardwood floors are made of planks milled from a single piece of timber. Solid hardwood floors were originally used for structural purposes, being installed perpendicular to the wooden support beams of a building known as joists or bearers. With the increased use of concrete as a subfloor in some parts of the world engineered wood flooring has gained some popularity. however in areas where homes traditionally have full basements solid wood floors are still common. Solid wood floors have a thicker wear surface and can be sanded and finished more times than an engineered wood floor.

parquet flooring details materials: Examples of types of wood use for parquet flooring are: Amaranth jatoba padouk timber & shallac American walnut karelian Birch pear tree Ash kempas plane tree advantage: Beech mahogany rosewood -durable Cherry tree maple sapelli -restorable Ipe merbau teak -environmentally friendly Iroko oak wenge -long lasting Jarra olive tree zebrano -low maintenance parquet flooring placement 32

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

interior facade

toilet is Made up of: Glazed Ceramic Tiles Glaze ceramic tiles -most suitable for indoor use and can be found in kitchens, bathrooms and laundry rooms everywhere. The glazing process allows them to be created in virtually every color of the rainbow, giving them almost universal appeal. In the kitchen, they have traditionally been the most commonly used material for splash backs. -The raw materials used to form tile consist of clay minerals mined from the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust, natural minerals such as feldspar that are used to lower the firing temperature, and chemical additives required for the shaping process. The minerals are often refined or beneficiated near the mine before shipment to the ceramic plant. toilet #15 ceramic tiles Advantage: -Water resistance - Glazed ceramic flooring tiles have a protective layer that rests over the material, making them impervious to water and stain penetration. They are also naturally resistant to the ravages of high humidity conditions. These properties make them ideal for use in moist environments such as bathrooms or kitchens. -Extremely tough and durable (Quality installation can last up to 10-20 years) -Low maintenance - Ceramic flooring is fairly easy to care for. Dirt, stains, and liquids all rest on the surface, allowing you to easily wipe or mop them away. Regular maintenance just consists of sweeping or vacuuming with a soft brush attachment to keep the floor free of dirt and loose debris. If set in stains do occur you can use most heavy-duty cleaners without having to worry about damaging the material. -Have different dimension - Slip resistance - Can sustain heavyweight load swimming pool tiles -come in variety of colors and patter

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

interior facade

Intro -In exposed-aggregate finishes, by definition, the aggregates (the stones or sands) near the surface are revealed; these would otherwise be concealed by a thin layer of cement paste. There are a number of techniques for producing exposed-aggregate finishes, each creating a different and distinctive appearance. -The aggregate used for exposed-aggregate range from 3mm and 6mm to large stones place in concrete -maximum size of aggregate is 20mm -3mm-6mm are ideal for pools and pavements -The ‘exposed’ surface of exposed aggregate concrete reveals the natural textures of numerous stones like pebble, shells, or silicate and crushed Quarry stone.

cement floor

Concrete mixture of water and cement, physical property: -rough on the surface, -hard and heavy

Advantages: -Hard and not easily broken, high tensile strength, high compressive strength, fire resistance, low maintenance Disadvantages – Rough surface, heavy, once cracked can be easily pebble cement pavement broken #16 exposed aggregate finish/pebble cement Advantages: An exposed aggregate finish is ideal for most flatwork including:-Variety of colored aggregate -Sidewalks -hard -Driveways -Durable -Patios -low maintenance -Pool decks -Aesthetically beautiful -Plaza etc. 36

Precast Concrete stairs - Precast concrete stairs are a mixture of natural aggregates, cement, water, steel reinforcements and components. Admixtures may be added to modify the properties of the concrete used in the manufacture of the concrete stairs. Advantage: -Durable -Maintenance-free -Speed of Erection for Precast Stairs are quick and easy weathers -Economic Cost. -Versatility - Flexible Configurations PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

interior facade

<B Terrazzo stairs -Terrazzo stairs can be used to create lasting first impressions while providing a long lasting durable and economical interior stairs. A terrazzo stairs will outlast the building while providing a beautiful lasting look. Terrazzo is arguably the most durable and lowest life cycle cost product available today, perfect for high traffic public access buildings such as airports, schools, medical and convention centers. -Terrazzo is a word derived from the Italian to designate any mosaic flooring made by embedding small pieces of marble or colored stone in mortar - Terrazzo consists of marble, granite, onyx or glass chips in Portland cement or resinous matrix. The terrazzo is poured, cured, ground and polished. Typically used as a finish for floors, stairs or walls. Terrazzo can be poured in place or pre-cast. - Tiles are manufactured using specialised techniques with the final product consisting of more than 75% natural stone bonded with an inorganic binder (Portland cement) and pigment oxides used for colour. This allows the density to increase, resulting an exceptionally strong but thin profile product with excellent physical mechanical properties. All monolayer Terrazzo tiles are classified moisture sensitive and the right choice of materials and installation methods is essential to the success of your installation.

terrazzo stairs

#17 Terrazo Advantage:

stair timber handle and terrazzo

terrazo section

-Unlimited use - Aesthetic Consistent with all cementitious and natural stone products, tonal variation in the final aesthetic will appear due to the natural materials used. During and immediately following installation, Terrazzo tiles will continue to release small amounts of moisture and will typically show a lighter shade to the perimeter of the tile known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;TV effectâ&#x20AC;?. This is a result of evaporation of moisture and will reduce over time. - Versatile Terrazzo tiles can be polished in-situ to achieve a completely flat floor surface. This is an option sometimes considered for shopping Centre and airports where trolleys are being utilized Edging & Profiles Completely homogenous, Terrazzo tiles can be profiled to create edging as required.

terrazo

terrazo details 38

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

interior facade

#18 Timber wall Panels and doors timber door with glass paneling

Main door Frame

timber wood panel

intro Internal paneling, also known as appearance boards and linings, is not just a practical means of covering one or more walls and ceilings in a building, its inclusion in a roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interior design can generate looks that are both dramatic and stylish. Internal paneling comes as either solid natural timber paneling or as sheets of engineered wood products that provide a durable and hardwearing surface for areas subject to high impact. As they typically function as appearance products they generally have no structural requirements. Internal paneling, also known as appearance boards and linings, is not just a practical means of covering one or more walls and ceilings in a building. its inclusion in a roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interior design can generate looks that are both dramatic and stylish. Internal paneling comes as either solid natural timber paneling or as sheets of engineered wood products that provide a durable and hardwearing surface for areas subject to high impact. As they typically function as appearance products they generally have no structural requirements. Timber paneling creates a warm as well as stylish interior. Most common wood panel are MDF or plywood substrate. internal timber paneling is natural and versatile and comes as either solid natural timber panels or as sheets of engineered wood products. Timber wall panel details

Timber wall panel around the stadium Advantages: -Can be cut into different dimension -hard -easily get in Malaysia -good insulator

Specifications: Internal panelling timber products are generally grouped as either solid timber paneling or sheet engineered wood products. Solid timber paneling is a natural product that is selected for its colour, surface texture and grain. The most common internal paneling profile has a tongue and groove joint.

Disadvantages: -heavy load -expensive -rough -vulnerable to pest (termite) -shrinking or swelling

PREPARED BY GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO

interior facade

#19 plywood wall panel Plywood - can be used in decks, flooring, roofing, walls, furniture-making and woodcrafts -the material comes in many shapes and sizes. -Plywood can be made of softwood or hardwood, and depending on how the plywood was made and treated. Some plywood is used for decorative purposes. -Plywood is used in many interior and exterior applications and is even found in boat construction. It is a durable material that provides an excellent foundation for building

plywood wall

Advantages: â&#x20AC;&#x201C; less expensive than similar board, high strength, more layers, can be combine by using glue, higher resistance in cracking or twisting (ideal for construction planking material) plywood decorative wall with carvinggs

Disadvantages: â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Thin and many pieces of it are needed. hence, the weight will be heavier. The layering effect in plywood makes it porous and susceptible to water damage if exposed over time.

Manufacturing process of plywood

Plywood is available in several lengths, widths and thicknesses and this will be determined by individual suppliers. Standard plywood panels are: Length: 2700, 2400 and 1800 mm Width: 1200 mm. Standard plywood panel thicknesses are available in 3, 4, 4.5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25 and 28 mm. examples of the Uses of plywood are: -doors -exterior stairs -exterior cladding -Flooring -framing -interior rails and balustrades -interior stairs and paneling -shear walls

PREPARED BY LEE YUAN JUNE

interior structure

Cast iron the oldest ferrous metals used in construction and outdoor ornament. it is primarily composed of iron, carbon and silicon, as well as traces of sulphur, manganese and phosphorus. It is hard, brittle, and nonmalleable and more fusible than steel.

Advantages: -high tensile strength -high compressive strength -high malleability cast iron railing

Disadvantages: -expensive -hard to be made because it will easily undergo oxidizing when exposed during manufacture process -fracture under excessive tensile loading

cast iron railing

#20 Cast Iron Cast iron is used in a wide variety of structural and decorative applications, because it is relatively inexpensive, durable and easily cast into a variety of shapes. examples of the uses of cast iron are:

Process of producing cast iron: Iron ore is heated in a blast furnace with coke and limestone. This process â&#x20AC;&#x153;deoxidizesâ&#x20AC;? the ore and drives off impurities, producing molten iron. The molten iron is poured into molds of the desired shape and allowed to cool and crystallize..

-plaques -hardware: hinges, latches -columns, balusters -stairs -structural connectors in buildings and monuments -decorative features -fences -tools and utensils -ordnance -stoves and firebacks -piping.

process of manufacturing cast iron 44

PREPARED BY LEE YUAN JUNE

Architectural elements

The column is a compression member which support with capital and base. The arrangement of the columns actually help to reduce the number of windows to have strong support of the building. Besides that, the windows that fill in between the column are known as casement and awning which both can be open. The structural supporting mullions used to reduce the span of the header or lintel. The relationship between column and window frame which is interacting one another play an important role for the building and the supporting. From the front elevation we can see that this building plays with horizontal line travel from left to right and are relative to the horizon which represent calmness and tranquility. EXTERIOR COMPONENTS Chin Woo Stadium has a very consistent structural arrangement of all the supporting elements. The fascia which know as frieze or band running horizontally, situated vertically under a roof edge. It function as a shed which reduce the rate of sunlight through windows. As for the rain gutter which used to hold by fascia, the main purpose of it is to divert rainwater to reduce the erosion. This is style is pioneered used in ancient Greek bulding. Whereas Chin Woo Stadium been inspired and simplified the style and pattern.

VERTICAL PATTERN (FRONT ELEVATION) 46

47 PREPARED BY KRISTINE YONG XI WEI

From the side elevation we can see that this building plays with vertical line travel up and down which tend to have more of a grandeur effect. But the view from swimming pool strongly enforce the horizontal line travel from left to right and are relative to the horizon which represent calmness and tranquility.

INTERIOR COMPONENTS HALL The curved beam can be formed only when the neutral axis is in the unloaded condition. Instead of using boxy elements to create a closed space which limit the space and visually confined, they choose to use curved beams for the ceiling. It gives a spacious feeling with the curved ceiling which also beautify the building. The curved beam used as a structure in the hall is inspired by RENAISSANCE era which KNOWN AS VAULT projecting from a wall to serve as a supporting or reinforcement. The curved plate structures typically constructued to transmit applied forces by membrane stresses- compressive, tensile and large foRM uniform membrance The distribution of stress in a curved flexural member is determined.

HORIZONTAL PATTERN (SIDE ELEVATION)

RENAISSANCE VAULT 48

49 PREPARED BY KRISTINE YONG XI WEI

Half-Turn Stair A half-turn stair turns 180 degree which is more compact than a single straight-run stair. The two flights connected by the landing is equal. The starting steps which known as bullnose, the first step from the lower ground is wider than other steps. The baluster made up of concrete which is contrary to support baluster by volute. The handril has a horizontal spiral called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;voluteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; which install on top of the baluster. From the starting steps allow the balusters to form wider and more stable base for the end of handril. It is inspired by the stairway from Ford plant in Los Angeles with a double bullnoses and two volutes. The terminal features of a newel post which turned in a decorative manner.

VENTILATION The small openning on top of the side of the hall is for ventilation. It consider as natural ventilation that utilizes the pressure difference of outside air and circulation of inside air. Wind-induced ventilation of interior spaces aids in the air exchange necessary for health and odor removal. During hot weather or humid climates, ventilation is benificial for convective or evaporative cooling. Besides that, natural ventilation reduces the energy required by mechanical equipment. The crawl spaces is required to remove moisture and control condensation. During hot weather, attic ventilation can reduce overhead radiant heat gain. The patterns of air flow are affected by building geometry and orientation than by air speed. The heat molecule is lighter than the cool molecule. Therefore, The heat air will raise up and flow out from the concealed roof whereas the cool air will flow in and goe down to the hall to cool down the space.

ascending round VOLUTE

THE LIGHT PENETRATE FROM THE CEILING WHICH PRODUCE THE MYSTERIOUS FEELING AND CENTER ORGANIZATION. 50

stairway from ford plant

SECTION OF STAIRCASE 51 PREPARED BY KRISTINE YONG XI WEI

view of the gymnasium

Gymnasium The gymnasium in Ancient Greece operated as a training facility for participants in public games. It was also a place for socializing and engaging in academic searches. Ancient Greek gymnasiums also held speeches and deliberations on literature, music, and philosophy.

wushu

facade of chinwoo stadium

Architecture elements

exposing structure

wall without decoration

chinese orchetra

the gymnasiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oval form created a stunning looking facade with a dramatic effect on the interior. The wall of the gymnasium around the stage is designed with a smooth surface, unadorned, completely without any ornamentation and decoration. the architecture style is more focus on the detailing of structural elements. they express the structure such as the column around the stage without any decoration and exposing the structure of the beam supporting the gymnasium without hiding it underneath the ceiling.

The gymnasium in Chinwoo Stadium is designed based on aesthetics and functionality. It functions as an exercise facility and competition arena. It is also used for cultural performances such as Chinese traditional dancing, Chinese Orchestra, drama, martial arts, Wushu and crosstalk.

longitudinal section - gymnasium ( ) 52

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Frank Lloyd Wrightâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s last major project, designed and built by himself between 1943 until it opened to the public in 1959. it is one of the most influencial International Style architecture building. The museumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intense curves of the exterior created a spectacular effect on the interior. The walls of guggenheim musesum are completely unadorned, rejected non-essential decoration or ornamentation. at the same time, the columns and structure supporting the whole building is expressed withouht any hiding and decoration in the interior of the building.

guggenheim museum

exposing structure

53 prepared by chuah weihong

view of the gymnasium

)

auditorium

The gymnasium in Chin woo Stadium is designed based on acoustic principle. the Auditorium is designed around the performing space, which makes it possible for the audience to enjoy performances from any angle and allows a good view of the events. It is designed using the Pythagoras Theorem for the height of the seats. moreover, The audience can leave the space rapidly using five exits in the gymnasium at the end of the performance.

sound system is very important for a space for sport events and other large functions. the Acoustic system of the space is closely related to the form, height, width, and materials used. A good acoustic system for the gymnasium is zero echo tolerance and the sound distribution is even throughout the space.

Therefore, every architecture elements and decorations must have a purpose of distributing sound. The ceiling in the gymnasium not only performs as decoration or air ventilation. different levels of the ceiling in the gymnasium work together as sound spreading system. It reflects the sound wave all directions to every edge of auditorium to ensure the sound is distributed throughout the space.

Floor plan - auditorium (

ceiling

Acoustic system The oval volume created a space that defects sound performance as it formed two focal points of sound. That obviously weakens the focusing and reflection of sound in the space.

auditorium Floor plan - focal points of sound ( )

comparison with colosseum seat-pythagorous theorum around the stage to ensure every angle of view exit-leave rapidly 54 section - sound and ceiling

55 prepared by chuah weihong

parquet flooring

stage

parquet of the staircase

Flooring Parquetry is a geometric mosaic of wood pieces used for decorative effect. IN CHINWOO STADIUM, PARQUET IS USED FOR FLOORING AND STAIRCASE IN THE GYMNASIUM. Parquet patterns are entirely geometrical and angular, squarE PARQUET WAS USED FOR THE FLOORING HERE.

stage A stage is a space for the performance of productions. The stage serves as a space for actors or performers and a focal point for the members of the audience. As an architectural feature, the stage may consist of a platform or series of platforms. There are several types of stages that vary as to the usage and the relation of the audience to them. The most common form, which is the proscenium stage, is used in the gymnasium of Chinwoo Stadium. In this type, the audience is located on one side of the stage with the remaining sides hidden and used by the performers and technicians.The curve panels at both sides of the stage serves a purpose of reflecting sound to the audience.

railing

parquet WAS introduced DURING THE ERA OF ART DECO to replace the marble flooring that required constant washing, which tended to rot the joists beneath the floors. Parquet floors are often found in bedrooms and hallways AS they HELP TO absorb sounds.

RAILING

floor plan - stage ( )

THE RAILING AROUND THE AUDITORIUM WAS INFLUENCED BY ART NOUVEAU. The ORGANIC-SHAPED, DRAMATIC CURVING iron railings CREATED AN ELEGANT FEELING TO the SPACE. A LOT OF THEMES THAT WERE USED IN THIS MOVEMENT WERE TAKEN FROM NATURE. ONE OF THE PERFECT REPRESENTATIVE OF ART NOUVEAU RAILING IS THE RAILING OF STAIRCASE FROM THE TASSEL HOUSE. IT WAS DESIGNED BY Victor Horta, THE ARCHITECT OF THE TASSEL HOUSE.

section - stage ( ) 56

railing - the tassel house

57 prepared by chuah weihong

lighting design in the gymnasium

Elevation - round bay windows (

lighting design

lighting design in the gymnasium

exterior view- round bay window

round bay windows

Gymnasium lighting The lighting design of the hall is more complex than a Proscenium stage as the audiences are sitting around the gymnasium. the actor must be lit from all sides without blinding nearby audience. The lighting system is placed on top of the hall to provide sufficient light without disturbing the audience.

chandelier in the main hall

the style of the chandelier is consider as art nouveau style. Art nouveau is a design style of arts that was most popular during 1890â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1910. Art Nouveau is an art style that embracing architecture, graphic art, interior design, and most of the decorative arts utensils and lighting, as well as the fine arts.

The round bay windows with Metal window frames flushed into the exterior walls was influenced by international style architecture. it runs all along the whole wall from floor to ceiling to provide more light. At the higher lever of the window system, it included opening to allow air ventilation by letting warm air flowing out following the air pressure and keep the indoor air fresh. windows in the downstairs lavatory with the one below operated by the most amazing handle because it was very high.

Chandelier the dramatic ,classy chandelier hanging on the ceiling of the main hall has a very strong sense of style. When you walk into the hall, it is the first thing that grabs your attention.

)

art nouveau style of the chandelier

interior view- round bay window

mechanism of the windows

59 prepared by chuah weihong

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conclusion established since 1951, chin woo created the image of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Association of Wushu, Sports and Culturalâ&#x20AC;? as founded originally in china by huo yuanjia. Promoting various type of Cultural and Literal activities with full efforts. There is no racial, religious or political issue in the organization. Currently the activities varies from Wushu, Tai Chi, Lion Dance, Dragon Dance, Flag Dance, Choir, Boys Choir, Cultural Dance, Chinese Orchestra, GuZheng, Scuba-diving, Life-guard, Water Polo, Calligraphy, Chinese Chess, Ping-pong, Gymnasium, Swimming lessons and competitive swimming trainings, and etc.