URBAN NOMADS
AJAY KISHORILAL KUSHWAHA B. ARCH. DESIGN DISSERTATION ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-22 ADMISSION NO. 2017HA0050 EXAM NO.RE/OCT2021/9039
PILLAI HOC COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, RASAYANI
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI OCTOBER 2021
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Pillai HOCL Educational Campus, HOCL Colony, Rasayani – 410 207
Certificate This is to certify that the Design Dissertation titled Urban Nomads Is the bona fide work of Ajay Kishorilal kushwaha for the Final Year B.Arch. examination and was carried out in the college under the guidance of Prof. Dr .Joydeep Dutta
Signature of guide
Signature of principal
Signature of Juror 1
Signature of Juror 2
Date: 23rd October 2021
College Seal
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Plagiarism Declaration by Student
I Ajay Kishorilal Kushwaha hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Urban Nomad: Portable habitation for transient construction workers” Represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references. No material other than that cited and listed has been used. I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission. This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.
Ajay kishorilal kushwaha Name and Signature of the Student:
Date: 23rd October 2021
Place: Rasayani
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Workers or slave?
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Contents 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 3.
2.
4.
Introduction
7
Urban nomads- Title and description Aim and objective Strategies Scope and limitations Design methodology
7 9 10 12 13
Literature study
14
2.1 Who are transient construction workers? 2.1.1 Background 2.1.2 Why cities are in need of transient construction workers? 2.1.3 Transient construction workers of India 2.1.4 Current living condition of transient construction workers 2.1.5 Analysis of current housing prototype 2.1.6 Problem faced by transient workers 2.1.7 Building and other construction worker welfare schemes 2.1.8 NGO’s working for welfare of construction workers
14 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 19
2.2 Study on temporary shelters 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Design of temporary shelters 2.2.3 Bylaws for temporary construction 2.2.4 Use of building material in temporary shelters
20 20 21 22 23
Case studies
34
3.1 Existing & proposed housing prototype 3.1.1 Construction site, Thane, India
35 35
3.2 Ephemeral Architecture 3.2.1 Kumbh mela, Allahabad, India
47 47
3.3 Social ties and sense of belonging 3.3.1 Wall art of bhunga, Bhuj, India 3.3.2 Culture and festivals, India
49 49 50
Site study 4.1 Site selection 4.2 Site analysis 4.2.1 Sun path study 4.2.2 Surface drainage pattern 4.2.3 Land use and significant structures on site
51 51 52 52 53 54 pg. 5
4.2.4 Locally available material and scrap on site 4.2.5 Existing settlement 4.3 4.4 5. 5.1 5.2 6.
Site Photographs Mahoney table for site User analysis Defining users Interview with on-site construction workers Design programming 6.1 6.2
7. 7.1 7.2
Area statement Proximity chart / Zoning diagram
Bibliography List of figures References / citations
54 55 56 57 60 60 60 61 61 62 63 63 64
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1. Introduction 1.1 Urban Nomads- Portable Habitation for Transient Construction Workers Title & Description The design thesis topic – “Urban Nomad” Focuses on solving the living condition of transient construction workers. Not just by providing housing but to make this working group feel rooted in a given place and make sure that this community of transient workers,themselves knowing that they would be displaced within month, had to organically accept the space as their own, as their home. Background & Topic justification 1. Construction and Building workers signify the largest part of the unorganized sector in India consist of all type of skill sets (most of them are unskilled labor) and represents both, male and female workers. 2. Construction Industries is ‘’labor – intensive’’ which employs around 30 million (16% of the Nation’s population) people of unorganized sectors in India. 3. The term unorganized labor can be defined as those workers who have not been able to organize themselves in pursuit of their livelihood and basic common interests due to certain constraints like casual nature of their employment, their migration from one state to another states in want of employment, ignorance and illiteracy among people, small and scattered size of establishments near their hometown etc. 4. followings are the major issues which are common to construction workers:
Lack of Social Security: It is the duty of concerned contractor and principal employer of the construction site to provide social security to their workers in terms of Labor insurance, first aid facilities, restroom, drinking water availability, accidental benefits, canteens and pensions etc. But most of the construction workers are far away from all these facilities
Figure 1. Construction workers of Mumbai
Source: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46698626
pg. 7 Introduction
Poor conditions of migrant labor: Percentage of Migrant people in a construction project is always high. They receive comparatively less payment than local workers and have to work at high-risk posing areas due to having no safety as well as social awareness. Even sometimes no accommodations and basic amenities are provided to them due to their temporary nature of the job.
Problems to female construction workers : The health and safety of female workers are deteriorated due to their working in life-threatening and unhygienic work environment at Construction sites, many of time they also carries child with them, which increases the risks at such places
5. There are many legislature sections and provisions providing safeguards for construction workers in India o The BOCW Act – The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Condition of Services) Act, 1996. o The objective of this BOCW Act and Rules is to standardize the service conditions of BOCW Workers and to provide for their safety, their health conditions, and welfare measures and for other matters connected to their job work i.e. Social Security of laborers. 6. But none of this been found followed by any site of India, because of lack of planning, techniques, affordability and carelessness.
Figure 2 .Current housing scenario of transient construction workers Source: https://issuu.com/rohanbuilders/docs/the_drawing_board_2020
pg. 8 Introduction
1.2 Aim and Objective o Aim To solve the problem of living condition of transient construction labourers in India, by providing them humane living conditions and creating temporary habitat and allows them to experience a sense of community with their neighbours despite short-term stay and change in families as per the construction demand, The design must make feel users that they are rooted in a given temporary space in a permanent relationship
o Objectives 1. To create a universal design solution of home for transient construction labourers in India, and to executed it with help of them considering:
Number of working people and their inhabiting period on particular construction site
Site context
Climatic zone of site
Site topography
Site area
2. To design module which can be dismantle and reassemble, transportable in truck or local vehicle, can be scalable, stackable ( to grow vertical max.g+2) in compact site situations or should spread out for horizontal site situations, flexible and adaptable to different site context and climatic zones.
3. To give an affordable solution of same, which will be cheaper and sustainable in terms of facilities and hygiene than the current living practise
4. To enhance meaning of their life without changing their way of living by including multipurpose activity centres, medical room, play school, workshop, gathering spaces, providing proper drinking and sanitation facilities to their habitable living area
pg. 9 Introduction
1.3 Stratergies 1. The modules will be designed according to number of workers and their inhabiting period on particular site
2. According to area available on site the design module can stacked in compact site situations whereas, can be horizontally spreaded depending on space availability on site.
Module A (Area 300200 sq.m) (Approximately 300-400 construction workers temporary inhabiting over a four-year period)
Module B (Area – approx. 100 sq.m) (Approximately 100-200 construction workers temporary inhabiting over a Two-year period)
Module C (Area – approx.65 sq.m) (Approximately 50-100 construction workers temporary inhabiting over a One-year period)
3. The material, construction and design techniques of module will be such that it can adapt to different sites and climatic conditions, also by retaining the modularity, a maximum of 15% of the unit design can be changed to suit different site contexts and climate zones.
4. Approving the design module with government and with help of The Building and Other Constructions Workers [BOCW] (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 the design will be placed all over the country including that ,
All the funds and material for building module will be provided by builders/land owner/government Construction workers group will have right to ask for design module for their living if they are registered under BOCW schemes by government. Execution will be done by the construction laborers group by themselves under supervision of site in charge/architect (if included)/contractor.
pg. 10 Introduction
1.3 Stratergies State 2
State 1
Migrants
Migrants
State 3
Construction workers registered under BOCW act and schemes
Construction site .1
Construction site .3 Construction site .2
Workers: 50-100 Workers: 300-400 Inhabiting Period: 3 years
Workers: 100-200
Inhabiting Period: 6 months-1 year years
Inhabiting Period: 1-2 years Dismanteled
Time-being stay for workers till another site allots
Construction site .5
Construction site .4 Government reserved land for temporary settelment
Reassambled
Construction site .6 Figure 3.Stratergies
pg. 11 Introduction
1.4 Scope & Limitations Scope: o 16% of Nation’s working population depends on construction for its livelihood and almost all of this 16% are migrants and came to cities for work and indirectly face settlement issues hence contributing to slum and informal settlement’s in the urban areas. o Also it is difficult to stop this migrant’s as they are acting as main spine of construction sites and without them development of city infrastructure might halt. o As India is a developing country, in future lot infrastructural developments will take place and Migrant construction worker are the pillars for such developments. So appropriate settlement for this group is at peak need. o Impermanence: Cities Grid nowadays are getting more rigid and permanent.it seems to be resisting change, knowing fact that ‘Change is the only constant’, it’s a need of hour to adapt reversible, flexible and impermanent grid wherever possible so that built form can travel, adapt or even disappear, living the lightest possible footprint on the planet. Limitation: o Only government registered worker under BOCW Act can be benefited with such habitat and unemployed migrant will not be benefited with design, since the solution is limited to on-site construction workers who are working for sites registered under Indian government.
Challenges: Portable habitation
Health care facility
Education facility
Community engagement
Solutions:
Light weight structural elements, on site jugads and use of local available material
Health care facility Medical + induction room, Health care Centre, sanitation facilities
(avoiding carrying stuffs), easy assembling and disassembling joineries
Self-help center, Festival grounds/community spaces, everyday community activity spaces (Washing clothes,
Education facility
filling water, play area)
Day center facilities, Community learning space, workshop space
pg. 12 Introduction
1.5 Design Methodology
Figure 4.Methodology
pg. 13 Introduction
2. Literature study 2.1 who are transient construction workers? 2.1.1 Background Transient construction workers are migrants from different part of India, who comes to cities like Mumbai, Bangalore, Pune, New Delhi, Ahmedabad and other developing cities for working under construction field. This workers get works with help of contractors. After completion of the one project this group of workers move on to another site, probably in another city with another contractor. There are around 30 million transient workers (16% of the Nation’s population) ‘When the crops fail or if there is no work in the villages, migrating to affluent cities in the hopes of finding a better life becomes an inevitability for this workers.’
Figure 5 .construction workers on site
Source: https://unsplash.com
2.1.2 Why cities are in need of transient construction workers? The construction industry of India, and by extension its entire built environment, depends heavily on the manual labour of this large migrant workforce, as local workers are insufficient compare to scale of cities development. Also a migrant construction worker earns about ₹ 400 a day without overtime and ₹ 300 for unskilled work and female workers are paid ₹ 250 – 300 day. Whereas, a local worker demands ₹ 600 to 800. So it is obvious why migrant labor is in demand. pg. 14 Literature study
2.1.3 Transient construction workers of India Figure 10. Share of migrant construction workers to total construction workers
Source: Census of India, 2011
Figure 9. Percentage share of migrant workers to total construction workers by sector and gender
*Each stick figure represents approximately 100,000 individuals
Source: Census of India, 2011
Figure 7. Share of construction workers to total workers by sector
Source: Employment-Unemployment Survey; NSSO, various rounds
Figure 6.Family composition of migrant construction workers
*‘Working Adults’ refer to person working and aged 20-60 years.
Source: NSSO 64th Round, Sch.1.2, 2007-08.
Figure 8.Share of construction workforce Figure 11.Share of workers registered under CWWB
Source: Employment-Unemployment Survey, NSSO, 68th Round (2011-12) Source: Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India.
pg. 15 Literature study
2.1.4 Life style and current living condition of transient construction workers During survey, by interacting with transient workers I got to know about their daily routine, way of living, and Housing conditions This workers are provided with temporary stay close to site or on-site which usually made up of tin sheet, clothes, waste plywood’s, scaffolding and other locally available materials. They daily spend 8-10 hrs (9am-6pm) on field and rest 12-14 hours in their cottages. They usually visits their home town, once or twice a year.
Activity mapping and housing typology
Water tank with provision of 10,00015,000 litre catering for approx. 480.workers for bathing, washing and other utility
Informal and gathering space under tree, also act as space for celebrating festival and rituals
2.5mx2.5m room with storage hanging on wall, kitchen platform, and elevated sleeping area with some scrap available on site
Sharing outdoor passage space for cottages, Sharing 3toilets for community of Mobiles phones are source of entertainment approx.480 people and way to connect them to outside world where workers sit, relax, chat
2.1.5 Analysis of current housing prototype Area: 9 sq.m i.e., 3mx3m rooms, Height: 2.5m-3m, No. of workers in one room – 5 numbers Material: Corrugated aluminium sheet Weight of material: light weight, flexible and easily transportable Durability of material: Maximum of 2-3 year usable in heavy rainfall area Duration of building: Single prototype requires maximum of 1-2 hrs of installation with help of 2-3 workers Figure 12 Unit plan of workers
pg. 16 Literature study
Technique and method of building: By overlapping and interlocking corrugated sheets and tightening with binding wire Cost: 250-300₹/sq.m, therefore cost of one prototype is nearly 12,000₹ Planning: Negligible light and ventilation and habitable space within unit, with 45℃ in summers, tends workers to spend more time outside, hence makes night uncomfortable
Figure 13.Section of housing unit
Strength of unit to face natural calamities: Unit is a failure to face natural calamities, with improper drainage, roof system, and footing and wall elements
Figure 14. .Joinery detail of unit
2.1.6 Problem faced by transient workers
Figure 15.Problem faced by construction workers
Figure 16.Article based on migrant construction workers
Source: https://leewardists.com
Source: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com
pg. 17 Literature study
2.1.7 Building and other construction workers welfare schemes in India In order to provide social security benefits to the workers in the unorganised sector, the Central Government is implementing Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act, 2008, to provide welfare schemes in matters relating to life and disability cover, health and maternity benefits, old age protection to the unorganised workers. Scheme such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
National Family Benefit Scheme (Ministry of Rural Development) Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (Ministry of Rural Development) Health and maternity schemes (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare) The social security scheme of Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana (AABY) Radhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) and Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) to provide life and disability coverage Housing scheme of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMYA) under the central law of Building and Other Construction Workers
Housing schemes are associated with provision of temporary accommodation, crèches, first-aid facilities, canteen, drinking water, sanitation facilities, washing facilities, cloakrooms Labour laws and other regulations with provisions and norms vis-à-vis housing, basic services and social infrastructure for workers (Source: http://www.shram.org/researchpapers/reports)
labour laws 1.The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Central Rules, 1998
Provisions and norms o o o o
Sources: GoI 1996; GoI 1998 o o o o o o o o
The minimum height of each hut at the eaves level to be 2.10m. (7 ft.) Floor area to be provided at the rate of 2.7 sq.m. (30 sq.ft.) For each member of the worker’s family staying with the worker. Cooking places of minimum area of 1.80m x 1.50m (6 ft. x 5 ft.) adjacent to the hut for each family. Temporary latrines and urinals -not less than 4 per 100 persons, with separate latrines and urinals provided for women. Bathing and washing places. – 1 per 25 person and 3 gallon of water per head per day Open space of at least 7.2m (8 yards) to be kept between the rows of huts which may be reduced to 6m (20 ft.) according to the availability of site Drinking water- 2 gallon per head per day Crèches should be provide for children under age of 6yrs Canteen to be provided at sites that ordinarily employ more than 250 workers. Sanitation - arrangements for conservancy and sanitation First-aid facilities to be provided at the site. (section 36 Structure should be 15cm above ground surface
pg. 18 Literature study
2.1.8 NGO’s working for welfare of construction workers
Nirmana
Vision: An inclusive India where all unorganised sector workers are empowered to achieve social security and dignified livelihoods Role:
Make aware workers about government scheme and help them to registered under government scheme to get benefit Skill training programs for women workers to provide them sustainable future Figure 19.Strategies of Nirvanas NGO Source: https://nirmana.org
Mumbai mobile crèches (MMC) Mission is to promote ‘child-friendly sites’; where every child living on a construction site is safe, healthy and educated, and able to enjoy their childhood.
Tara mobile crèches, Pune
Works on: Provide safety, healthcare, childcare and education to migrant construction worker’s children by operating on construction sites
Figure 18. Logo of MMC NGO
Source: https://mumbaimobilecreches.org
Program: Integrated in 4 verticals: Health, Nutrition, Education, and Recreational It works closely with the children and communities on construction sites and builds partnerships with real estate developers for operating a day care at their construction Tara Mobile Crèches Pune operates 15 Day-care centres on construction sites where the size of the project is large and construction activity is likely to last for about three years. Maximum children intake till now- 130 no’s under builder: Rohan builders
Figure 17. Day care centre in Pune by Tara NGO
Figure 20.Logo of Tara NGO
Source: https://taramobilecrechespune.org
Source: https://taramobilecrechespune.org
pg. 19 Literature study
2.2 Study on Temporary shelters/Portable Architecture 2.2.1 Introduction: A class of building designed to be distinguished by impermanence, and its physical departure from the site.
Adaptable
Modular
Figure 21.Parameters of temporary building in reusable lightweight design Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307418397_Temporary_buildings_in_reusable_lightweight_material_design
pg. 20 Literature study
2.2.2 Design of Temporary shelters Climatic considerations are important to ensure desirable comfort level in the temporary shelters. Climatically-sensitive design parameters, such as building orientation, material selection, roof designs, thickness of walls and natural lighting, should be considered for shelters. In this regard, the following guidelines should be followed in design of temporary shelters:
Considerations in cold climate: 1) The air flow around door and window openings should be minimised. Ventilation for traditional heaters or cooking stoves. 2) The internal floor-to-ceiling height should preferably be a minimum of 2 metres. 3) Sufficient insulation should be ensured in the floor, walls and roof, through nonconductive materials. 4) Roof slope should be provided to ensure minimum accumulation of snow on the roof.
Figure 22.Planningof temporary shelters in cold condition
Considerations in Hot and dry: 1) Door and window openings should be positioned away from the direction of the prevailing wind to minimise heating by hot winds and heat radiation from the surrounding ground. 2) Lightweight material with thermal comfort may be used for with adequate insulation.
Figure 23.Planning of temporary shelters in Hot and dry climate
3) Double-skinned roof with ventilation should be provided between the layers to trap heat, particularly when Corrugated Galvanised Iron (CGI) sheets or tents are used.
Considerations in Warm and humid: 1) Shelters should be designed to maximise ventilation and minimise entry of direct sunlight into the shelter. 2) The ceiling should be designed to facilitate good air circulation and ventilation. 3) The roof should have overhangs and an adequate slope for rainwater drainage. Locations with high winds, roof should come close to ground. Figure 24.Planning of temporary shelter in warm and humid climate
pg. 21 Literature study
2.2.3 Bylaws for temporary constructions: o Location and permission Permission from the planning authority is not necessary for following types of work: a) Temporary site offices and watchman chowkies within the site only during the phase of construction of the main building. b) Labour camps for construction sites, provided adequate water supply and sanitation facilities are provided and safety is ensured
o Design requirements a) Ratio of 1 toilet for 20 should be adopted for temporary shelter settlement b) Garbage containers of 100 litres, 1 per 50 persons or 1 per 10 families are recommended. Ideally one bin of capacity 50–100 litres should be provided for every 3-5 households. c) Spaces for cooking should be adequately ventilated and materials used near such spaces should be fire resistant. Fire risks should be assessed and mitigated for the shelters with heaters and for cooking facilities d) Adequate space and provision for female menstrual needs e.g. cleaning, drying or disposal of sanitary napkins should be ensured. e) Average use of water is at least 3 litres per person per day for drinking and 15 litres for toilet and bathing. Additional water requirement for infants, senior citizen and those with medical condition should also be provided. f) The distance between the corner edge of the wall and inner edge of the opening should be at least 1/6th the wall height g) Access to social, health and educational infrastructure such as crèche/ aanganwadi, health centre (with special facilities for women), school, PDS, semi-open community and social spaces should be provided after community consultations.
o Construction Guidelines
h) Rain water harvesting in appropriate locations should be encouraged a) The plinth should preferably be at least 150 mm higher than the highest expected flood level. b) The masonry walls should not be more than 350-450 mm thick. The walls above 1200 mm of height should preferably be made of light weight material. c) Ideally, a single continuous wall should not be longer than 5m
pg. 22 Literature study
2.2.3 Potential, Limitations and Recommendations for Use of Building Materials in Temporary Shelters (Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307418397_Temporary_buildings_in_reusable_lightweight_material_design)
Building debris
Figure 25.Building materials in temporary settlements
pg. 23 Literature study
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pg. 25 Literature study
pg. 26 Literature study
pg. 27 Literature study
pg. 28 Literature study
pg. 29 Literature study
pg. 30 Literature study
pg. 31 Literature study
pg. 32 Literature study
pg. 33 Literature study
3. Case Studies Categories of Selection of Case Studies: Category 1: Existing housing and proposed housing prototype of transient construction workers National: 1.Construction site, Thane, India Intent: To Study Existing housing typology of transient workers with an area more than 300 sq.m, serving to a community of more than 250 workers. To observe their lifestyle, problem faced on daily basis and on site jugads by workers for making their lifestyle better .And to learn proposed housing prototype.
Category 2: Ephemeral Architecture National: 1.Kumbh Mela, Allahabad, India Intent: To Observe the temporary settlements on large scale project with area more than 28,000 sq.m serving to mass influx of 10,000 users at a time .To understand building technique, typologies and Design-to-cost strategies of ephemeral settlements.
Category 3: Social Ties and Sense of Belonging National: 1.Wall Art of Bhungas, Bhuj, India 2. Culture and Festivals, India Intent: To analyze the importance of Art, Festivals, and Rituals for the development of community and participation in individual’s life, so as to create a sense of belonging for a temporary space in a permanent relationship.
pg. 34 Case studies
3.1 Category 1: Exisiting housing and proposed housing prototype of transient construction workers 3.1.1 Construction site, Thane, India The Temporary housing on Construction site in Thane, India. Facilitating for more than 250 transient workers working on daily wages with an area more than 300 sq.m with approx.50 units with other basic amenities. Each unit of 9sq.m made up of tin shed covering and walls with negligible gaps between them.
Figure 26.Temporary dwelling of construction workers, Thane
3.1.1 (A) Observations on site - Lifestyle
They do Celebrate Festivals
Entertainment
Vegetation-as gathering space
It is observed during the survey that the users also celebrate small festivals like mahashivratri.
Mobile phones, radios, or in some cases even television acts as a means of entertainment
Users utilize natural vegetation on site very effectively. In some cases it is a holy space orv a gathering space.
Role of informal areas
Where do they store their belongings?
Natural light and ventilation –through perforations
Users spend most of the lesiure time in such informal semi enclosure spaces.Here comfort and habitual behaviour of the workers play an important role.
The survey shows thatbthere is lack of storage spaces.Hence once can see the belonging are just lying on the floor or hanging somewhere on the hooks.
Insufficent natural light and ventilation makes spaces uncomfortable for the users.
pg. 35 Case studies
3.1.1 (B) House Typology observed during the Survey
Structural grid
Problems
House Typology – 1 (Tarpaulin covered spaces with post)
o
House Typology – 2 (Tin shade covering)
o
House Typology – 3 (Stretched cloth covered rooms)
o
House Typology – 4 (Asbestos cement sheet covered walls and roof)
Water harvesting
Natural light and Ventilation
Site borne disease
Comfort
o
Figure 27.Housing typology of construction workers, Thane Source: https://architecturelive.in/urban-nomads-housing-for-migrant-construction-workers-thane-aniket-risbud/
pg. 36 Case studies
3.1.1 (C) On-Site Jugaad
Figure 28.On site jugads by construction workers
As the workers are transient, they have to move from one place to another periodically and hence, it is difficult to carry all interior elements so they built most of the things onsite from locally available materials and prefer not to carry them. Such techniques can be used while designing a habitation for them Figure 29.The out-of-doors cooking place in the open yard
which makes lifestyle more feasible.
The out-of-doors cooking place in the open yard
pg. 37 Case studies
Figure 31.Temporary swing for kids
Figure 30.storage space mounted on walls
3.1.1 (D) Problmes faced by the workers
Figure 32.Problem faced by transient construction workers Source: https://architecturelive.in/urban-nomads-housing-for-migrant-construction-workers-thane-aniket-risbud/
pg. 38 Case studies
3.1.1 (E) Proposed prototype – Design Manifestation The prototype is a cube of size 2.8m x 2.8m x 2.8m, elevated from the ground by 150 mm to prevent rainwater and insects entering in. The specialty of the prototype is its flexibility where structural MS framework is constant and walling panels are variables. As per the availability of materials, funds, climatic zones and other barriers, the users can change the walling material .
Prototype design
Natural light and Ventilation
Modular design
The structural system of the prototype is designed in such a way that it is not only easy to construct but dismantle
For the hot and climate, sloping roof helps to drain the rain water and allows natural light and ventilation
The unit can be clubbed together to house more users, relatives from the same village also known as ‘laborer gangs’
Stackable units
Versatility
For compact construction sites where site area is a constrain, stackable prototype is feasible
The prototype can be arranged in different fashion to house various activities. For example: the same unit can be used as a crèche or a medical room for construction workers
Figure 33.Design manifestation of proposed design, Thane
3.1.1 (F) Antropometric study A ventilator will keep constant air circulation in the dwelling (in case of G+1 unit)
Bunk beds are provided to accommodate more users in minimum footprint As per National Building code, bunk bed of maximum two tiers are allowed
Flap will help to allow the light to illuminate the interior of the dwelling
Figure 34.Antropometric data of prototype
pg. 39 Case studies
3.1.1 (G) Form Evolution
Grid of 400mm x400mm
Extrude the plan of 2800mm x 2800 mm
Introducing horizontal framework
Addition of vertical supports
Additional flap for ventilation
Figure 35.Form evolution of prototype (Ar. Aniket Risbud, site- Thane)
3.1.1x400mm (H) Various way ofx using 400mm 2800mm 2800 mmthe No.
1.
Site constraint/ Response
prototype
Arrangement of units
Elevation
Plan
Undulate site/Raised plinth
Telescopic stilts are used to create a flat surface
2.
Gender specific site/Dormitory
M.S clamp help to keep two prototype together
3.
Separately demarcated labor camp/cluster
M.S Frame flap is removed in order to obtain cluster arrangement
4.
Compact site/G+1
Prototype is stacked for compact site
pg. 40 Case studies
No.
5.
Site constraint/ Response
Arrangement of units
Elevation
Plan
No space for labor camp/in the stilts As per DCR clear height of the stilt should be 2.4m, hence the stilts can be used
3.1.1 (I) Versatile Nature of the Prototype
Figure 36.Versatile nature of prototype
For instance, here the walling panels used are tetra pack sheets as they are lightweight, durable, environmental friendly and keeps internal temperature cooler than aluminium sheets. As per the construction site location one can replace tetra pack sheets with bamboo mats, cement sheets or even aluminium sheets (for cold climatic zone).
pg. 41 Case studies
3.1.1 (J) Exploded view and details
Detail at ‘B’ (Liter of light)
Roof flap Detail at ‘G’ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1.
Tetrapack roofing sheets1000mmx3000mmx6mm thick M.s Hollow box section 25mmx25mmx2mm M.s pawan kadi – 500 mm in length Reinforcement rod-8mm dia. M.s Hollow box section 50mmx50mmx3mm M.s Nut with washer plate
Detail at ‘D’ (Mitre joinery) 1. 2.
M.s box hollow section 50mmx50mmx3 thk. M.s angle section 50mmx50mmx5 thk.
M.s square box hollow sections are chamfered and welded together to form base and top frame
2. 3. 4.
Empty plastic bottle filled with water and chlorine Cement to seal Tetra pack roofing sheet piece Screws to fix the assembly to the main roofing sheet
Detail at ‘F’ (Base frame Fixing)
Detail at ‘E’ (Telescopic stilt)
1.
1. 2.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Tetra pack sheet 1200mmx2400mmx6mm thk. M.S hollow box hollow section25mmx25mmx2mm thk. 19mm thk. Marine plywood M.s angle section-50mmx50mmx3thk. M.S Nut and bolt with washer Scissor joinery
3.
M.S nut and bolt M.S square box hollow section 50mmx50mmx3thk. M.S square plate250mmx250mmx13mm thk.
Figure 37.Exploded view of prototype
pg. 42 Case studies
3.1.1 (K) Wall section
Figure 38.Wall section of prototype
pg. 43 Case studies
3.1.1 (L) Creche
Figure 40.Design of crèche
3.1.1 (M) Subsidized canteen
Figure 39.Design of subsidized canteen
pg. 44 Case studies
3.1.1 (N) Toilet Detail
Figure 41.Toilet details
3.1.1 (O) Personalized Touch
The design also allows the users for personalization. Metal cup hooks are welded to the upper MS framework. One can put curtains, hang their belongings or dry their clothes on it. During festivals they can use them to decorate their unit too.
Figure 42.Internal view of prototype
pg. 45 Case studies
3.1.1 (P) Salient Features Its generous nature makes it unique from the conventional designs. The salient features of the design include: 1. Comfort – The design ensures user comfort with the help of proper natural light and ventilation. The upper flap has a dual role- it helps to drain the rain water and allows natural light and ventilation. 2. 3. Adaptive – The design adapts with respect to the needs of the user and the function. 4. 5. Stackable-the prototypes can be stacked in case of site constraints. This ensures adequate user comfort in spite of having a compact site. The G+1 module can be access with the help of add-ons like a passage and ladder4. Modular the design is modular in nature, hence easily replicable. The modules can be modified according to usability. Cluster or liner arrangements can be done as per the requirement. 6. 7. Easy to erect and dismantle – This simplifies the process, minimizes the time taken by the workers to set up the proposed dwellings. 8. 9. Versatile – The prototype can be arranged in different fashion to house various activities. For example- the same unit can be used as a crèche, a canteen, toilet block, and a medical room for construction workers.
Figure 43.Exterior view of unit
Source: https://architecturelive.in/urban-nomads-housing-for-migrant-construction-workers-thane-aniket-risbud/
pg. 46 Case studies
3.2 Category 2: Ephemeral Architecture 3.2.1 Kumbh Mela, Allahabad, India Kumbh mela pragmatically promotes the pluralism inherent in indian civilization by creating the spatial and psychological conditions where followers of disparate traditions live together The kumbh mela presents a distilled narrative surrounding the deployment of a city in a short timeframe.issues that are negotiated are as diverse as cultural memory, geography, infrastructue, sanitation, public health, governance and ecology. This can contribute to reflection on several questions like- How can we flexibly accommodate things while providing space for rapid transitions,frugality and the increasing fluidity that cities require? How can we move toward a more adjustable urbanism that is capable of anticipating and hosting even the impermanent- like refugee camp, disaster relief camp, or temporary housing
Figure 44.Kumbhmela festival, India
Figure 45. Temporary Settelment in kumbhmela, India Source: https://www.archdaily.com/624425/kumbh-mela-designing-the-world-s-largest-gathering-of-people
pg. 47 Case studies
3.2.1 (A) Kit of Parts
Incredibly the kumbh mela is built with a ‘kit of part’ of the following materials o
o
o
o
a superstructure of Aluminium or iron hangars and eight feet tall bamboos a skinning material or corrugated metal, fabric, plastic or plywood sheets a binding material in the form of string or rope, nails or screws a finishing material of fabric, paper, papermache, mud plaster or paint.
This allows the materials to be recycled by their reincorporation into regional economies and local industries.It is a city which sits very lightly on the ground and leaves very little mark.
The city of the kumbh mela challenges the idea of sustainability,by enganging us to think about urban design as a reversible operation.
Remarkable thing about the kumbh mela is that it is constructed in a short period of time,and also it can be disassembled as quickly.
Figure 46.Kit of parts
pg. 48 Case studies
3.3 Category 3: Social Ties and Sense of Belonging 3.3.1 Wall Art of Bhungas, Bhuj, India Art forms also contribute to make an individual to connect to himself. In earlier days, human use to decorate their house walls with their art form, shows the identity of self. Wall art of bhungas shows - connection of the people with their homes and way they celebrate their life, and how deeply they are rooted with their culture and place, and respect towards art and festivals.
Figure 47. Wall art of bhunga, Bhuj, India
pg. 49 Case studies
3.3.2 Culture and Festivals, India Festivals, cultures, rituals are added to life to rejoice special moments and emotions in our lives. play an important role to add structure to our social lives, and connect us with our families and backgrounds Similarly, provision of festival space can create a sense of belonging for a temporary space in a permanent relationship for transient workers
Figure 48. Ganesh Chaturthi festival, India
Figure 50. Diwali festival, India
Figure 51.Holi festival, India
Figure 49. Kite festival, India
pg. 50 Case studies
4. Site study 4.1 Site selection
Figure 52.site plan
Source: Google earth. Edited by Author
Location: kalyan, Maharashtra,India Building type : Residential Buildings under construction: 4 No. of workers residing : 1,800 + Plot area for temporary settelment: Settelment 1: 0.76 Acres ( Approx.480 no. of workers residing)
Figure 53.site photos
Settelment 2: 2.3 Acres ( Approx. 1330 no. of workers residing) pg. 51
Site study
4.2 Site Analysis 4.2.1 Sun path study
Figure 55.Summer solstice
Summer solstice
During summers, Site 1 face summer heat from morning 10am-6pm and hence trap major amount of heat and during night structure release traped heat which make it unhabitable during summer nights Site 2 face comparatively less amount of heat (shaded with building shadows during i.e, from afternoon till evening which make it habitable during summer nights
Figure 54.Winter solstice
Winter solstice During Winters, Site 1 is shaded with building shadows throughout the day and hence restricted to gain winter light which make it unhabitable (more cooler as less gain of heat during day) during winter nights Site 2 gains direct winter light throughtout the day and make the structure warm during nights, make it habitable during winter nights pg. 52 Site study
Interpretation : As construction workers spend major of their time in their homes during nights, the prototype design should be oriented such that it gain major winter light during winters and make structure warm during night, on other hand in summers day protype can be shaded with building shadow ( when building height is raised upto level where it can restrict direct heat gain) or there is need of temporary provision for restricting direct heat .
4.2.2 Surface drainage patterns
Figure 57. Surface drainage pattern
Site terrain and its drainage pattern
Figure 56.Site section
Site section showing terrains on site and surface drainage pattern The surface drainage pattern shows that the major flow is from north-west and south-east, there are various depressions on site, which indicate to design elevated prototype in scenerios where there are terrains with heavy rainfall and chances of water accumulation during monsoon.
pg. 53 Site study
4.2.3 Landuse and significant structures on site Legend Residential settelments Shops Mixed use Temples schools Farmland Park Pasture Temporary settelment for construction workers
Figure 58.Existing land use map
4.2.4 Locally available materials and scrap on site Locally available materials on site are stone, bamboo, wood, thatch, which can be used to create temporary settelments and can be resourced when settelment is displaced to other sites Also, during construction there is production of lot of construction waste such as scaffolding tiles,tarpaulins,corrogated sheets, prefabricated panels, steel sections, etc. which can be use for settelments built after construction phase started.
Figure 59.Rusted metal pipes on construction site Source: https://unsplash.com
Figure 60.Untying of scaffolding
Figure 61.Debris from construction site
pg. 54 Site study
4.2.5 Existing settlements
Settlement 1 – Area: 3093sq.m (0.76 acres) No.of workers residing: 480 no.s
Figure 62.plan of settlement 1
Settlement 2 – Area: 9336 sq.m (2.3 acres) No.of workers residing: 1330 no.s
Figure 63.Plan of settlement 2
Figure 64.Schematic Section of settlements
Settlement pg. 55
Site study
4.3 Site photograhs
Figure 65.site photographs
The settelments are placed like a storage for temporary things, spaces were unhygine, and dark. Hidden behind the high skylines of buildings and seems to be negelcted part of the construction field.
pg. 56 Site study
4.4 Mahoney tables for site
pg. 57 Site study
Mahony table inferences for site Layout : Orientation north and south (long axis east-west) Spacing : Open spacing for breeze penetration, but protection from hot and cold wind Air movement : Rooms single banked, permanent provision for air movement Size of openings : Composite, 20-35% of wall area Position of openings : In north and south walls at body height
Air movement at body level is desired
Protection of openings : Protection from rain and direct sunlight Walls and floors : Thick walls and heavy floors with over 8 hours of lag time not only reduce the sunlight coming in but also act as insulating barriers.
pg. 58 Site study
Roofs : Heavy roof, more overhang, over 8hr time lag Outdoor sleeping : Space for Outdoor sleeping required Rooms on the east side are warm in the morning and cool down in the afternoon. Can be used for outdoor sleeping area
Rain protection : Protection from heavy rain needed
Mahony table inferences for India Indian subcontinent is divided into five climate zones, viz. Hot and Dry, Warm and Humid, Temperate, Composite, and Cold. And each of this zones follow different design strategies according to climatic conditions. Fig. shows Maps of building design strategies for different region of India, which will be helpful to build universal and modular design for transient construction workers with 15% of the unit design able to adapt changed to suit different site contexts and climate zones.
5%
Figure 66. Mahoney table inferences for India
Group wise stratergy code: (a)Layout of building, (b)Spacing between building, (c & e)Air movement and opening position, (d)Opening size in % wall area, (f&j)Protection required from, (g)Wall and floor type, (h)Roof type, (i)Outdoor sleeping space requirement pg. 59 Site study
5. User analysis 5.1 Data from Survey with construction workers – Defining users Users Men Women Children Injured/Differently abled Pregnant women
Age category
No.of users
20-55 years 55 year and above 20-55 years 55 year and above 6-15 years Below 6 years All age group
1,300 300 190 25 20 8 6
20-40 years
7
5.2 Interview with on- site construction workers Question asked
Answers/ factor analysis results
Daily routine
1. No. of working hours on site? 2. No. of time kitchen used in a complete day for cooking purpose? 3. How frequently do they visit home town? 4. From where do they manage daily groceries? 5. How frequently they get holiday and how do they spend time? 6. Do they have any addictions
1. 8-9 hours on site and rest in settlement 2. 2 times a day, for cooking 3. Once or twice in a year or depending on work 4. Buy from local stores and shops 5. Once a week , and spend time by resting in cottages 6. 35% male population have alcohol and smoking addictions
Safety and sanitation
1. Do women’s face any security issues? 2. Do women’s have proper sanitation facilities? Or separate toilets? 3. Are no. of toilets sufficient all? 4. Is water sufficient for drinking and other purposes?
1. Not till now, but have health issue because of unhygienic environment 2. No there is insufficient toilet and sanitation facilities 3. 1 toilet per 160 persons 4. 30 liters per head for daily use for both purpose ( sufficient)
Healthcare facilities
1. Who take care of pregnant women’s and before and after child birth? 2. Is first-aid facility available on-site? 3. Who take care of injured worker or differently abled person?
1. Pregnant women have to left her work and move to her home town 2. No first aid facility available 3. Injured person have to look by himself for his medical checkups
Children lifestyle
1. Who look after children ( 6-15 yrs.) after their parents go to work 2. Are children’s educated and go to schools? 3. What they do when parents left for work
1. Some Children go to site for helping parents 2. 45% are educated and been came to help their parents in vacation and will be going back to hometown, rest are uneducated 3. And they just wander near site
pg. 60 User analysis
6. Design programming - 6.1 Area statement The area program is iterated by considering, various casestudy and design standards, the primary, secondary, tertiary activities have been identified on basis of user relationship, and their core functions. *Areas are reffered from casestudies and Indian’s labour law norms and regulations
Program
Living/sleeping area Kitchen area Storage area
Living/Sleeping area Community kitchen Storage area
Users per unit
3 adults, child
Total Capacity
No. of rooms
Housing units Family units 1,080 360
NA NA
3 adults 9 adults
Provided area (sq.m/per)
2.7
2,916
2.7 / family 0.4
2.7 0.4
972 144 4,032 4,637
2.7
2.7
1,458
60
0.5
0.5
270
180
0.4
0.4
72 1800 2,070
3 5 5 2.5 1.8
3 5 5 3 2
60 25 150 15 15 265 305
1.8
2
130 130 150
5 4 3 12 1.8
5 4 3 12 2
25 360 30 24 15 454 522
BUA Total BUA + 15% Dormitory units 540 180
BUA Total BUA+15%
Waiting area Reception Clinic rooms Doctors changing Toilet
Common toilet
Admin classrooms Kitchen Storage Toilet
Total area (sq.m)
2.7
360 360
540
Standard area (sq.m/per)
Healthcare Medical clinics Staff/visitors 20 1 Staff/employees 10 1 Staff /visitors 15 2 staff 5 1 75 wc-3 BUA Total BUA+15% Sanitation facilities 1650 65 BUA Total BUA+15% Educational Learning Centre /crèche Staff/employees 10 1 Users/Teachers 25-30 3 10 1 2 75 wc-3 BUA Total BUA+15%
pg. 61 Design programming
Program
Training Centre shops Canteen Kitchen Admin Reception Social gathering/Entertainment hub Toilet
Water filling area Bathing and cloth washing area
Users
Total Capacity
No. of rooms
Standard area (sq.m/per)
Community Engagement Self-help Centre/workshop spaces Staff visitor 70 4 Staff 2 NA NA Staff/visitors 10 1 Staff/employee 10 1 Staff/visitors 20 1 1,600
Provided area (sq.m/per)
Total area (sq.m)
5 12
5 12
350 24
NA
NA
NA
3 5 3
3 5 3
30 25 60
2
1,200
75 wc-3 BUA Total BUA + 15% Everyday activities 550 1650 65
1.8
2
1.8
2
BUA Site area= 12,430 sq.m and total BUA= 9,870
15 1700 1,955 100 130 230
6.2 Proximity charts The proximity charts of functions and their sub spaces are in coherence with the area program.
Self-help centre/ Community Engagement
Crèches
Temporary habitation (Family dwelling/dormitory dwelling)
Daily activities
Health care
pg. 62 Design programming
7. Bibliography 7.1 List of figures Figure 1. Construction workers of Mumbai .................................................................................................................7 Figure 2 .Current housing scenario of transient construction workers .........................................................................8 Figure 3.Stratergies .....................................................................................................................................................11 Figure 4.Methodology ................................................................................................................................................13 Figure 5 .construction workers on site ........................................................................................................................14 Figure 9.Family composition of migrant construction workers .................................................................................15 Figure 7. Share of construction workers to total workers by sector ...........................................................................15 Figure 10.Share of construction workforce ................................................................................................................15 Figure 8. Percentage share of migrant workers to total construction workers by sector and gender .........................15 Figure 6. Share of migrant construction workers to total construction workers .........................................................15 Figure 11.Share of workers registered under CWWB ................................................................................................15 Figure 12 Unit plan of workers ...................................................................................................................................16 Figure 13.Section of housing unit...............................................................................................................................17 Figure 14. .Joinery detail of unit.................................................................................................................................17 Figure 15.Problem faced by construction workers .....................................................................................................17 Figure 16.Article based on migrant construction workers ..........................................................................................17 Figure 19.Logo of Tara NGO .....................................................................................................................................19 Figure 18. Logo of MMC NGO..................................................................................................................................19 Figure 17.Strategies of Nirvanas NGO .......................................................................................................................19 Figure 20. Day care centre in Pune by Tara NGO ......................................................................................................19 Figure 21.Parameters of temporary building in reusable lightweight design .............................................................20 Figure 22.Planningof temporary shelters in cold condition ........................................................................................21 Figure 23.Planning of temporary shelters in Hot and dry climate ..............................................................................21 Figure 24.Planning of temporary shelter in warm and humid climate .......................................................................21 Figure 25.Building materials in temporary settlements ..............................................................................................23 Figure 26.Temporary dwelling of construction workers, Thane ................................................................................35 Figure 27.Housing typology of construction workers, Thane ....................................................................................36 Figure 28.On site jugads by construction workers .....................................................................................................37 Figure 29.The out-of-doors cooking place in the open yard.......................................................................................37 Figure 30.storage space mounted on walls .................................................................................................................38 Figure 31.Temporary swing for kids ..........................................................................................................................38 Figure 32.Problem faced by transient construction workers ......................................................................................38 Figure 33.Design manifestation of proposed design, Thane ......................................................................................39 Figure 34.Antropometric data of prototype ................................................................................................................39 Figure 35.Form evolution of prototype (Ar. Aniket Risbud, site- Thane)..................................................................40 Figure 36.Versatile nature of prototype ......................................................................................................................41 Figure 37.Exploded view of prototype .......................................................................................................................42 Figure 38.Wall section of prototype ...........................................................................................................................43 Figure 39.Design of subsidized canteen .....................................................................................................................44 Figure 40.Design of crèche .........................................................................................................................................44 Figure 41.Toilet details ...............................................................................................................................................45 Figure 42.Internal view of prototype ..........................................................................................................................45 Figure 43.Exterior view of unit ..................................................................................................................................46 Figure 44. Temporary Settelment in kumbhmela, India .............................................................................................47 Figure 45.Kumbhmela festival, India .........................................................................................................................47 Figure 46.Kit of parts..................................................................................................................................................48 Figure 47. Wall art of bhunga, Bhuj, India .................................................................................................................49 Figure 48. Ganesh Chaturthi festival, India ................................................................................................................50 Figure 49. Kite festival, India .....................................................................................................................................50
pg. 63 Bibliography
Figure 50. Diwali festival, India .................................................................................................................................50 Figure 51.Holi festival, India ......................................................................................................................................50 Figure 52.site photos...................................................................................................................................................51 Figure 53.site plan ......................................................................................................................................................51 Figure 54.Winter solstice ............................................................................................................................................52 Figure 55.Summer solstice .........................................................................................................................................52 Figure 56.Site section .................................................................................................................................................53 Figure 57. Surface drainage pattern ............................................................................................................................53 Figure 58.Existing land use map ................................................................................................................................54 Figure 59.Rusted metal pipes on construction site .....................................................................................................54 Figure 60.Untying of scaffolding ...............................................................................................................................54 Figure 61.Debris from construction site .....................................................................................................................54 Figure 62.plan of settlement 1 ....................................................................................................................................55 Figure 63.Plan of settlement 2 ....................................................................................................................................55 Figure 64.Schematic Section of settlements ...............................................................................................................55 Figure 65.site photographs .........................................................................................................................................56 Figure 66. Mahoney table inferences for India ...........................................................................................................59
7.2 Refrences / Citation Bomquist, L. (2016, 8). Research gate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307418397_Temporary_buildings_in_reusable_lightweight_mate rial_design Climate kalyan-dombivili. (n.d.). Retrieved from Climate data.org: https://en.climatedata.org/asia/india/maharashtra/kalyan-dombivili-6279/ Government of India. (n.d.). Retrieved from Chief labour commissioner(central): https://clc.gov.in/clc/actsrules/building-and-other-construction-workers malhotra, R. (2015, 4 28). Archdaily. Retrieved from Kumbh Mela: Designing the World's Largest Gathering Of People: https://www.archdaily.com/624425/kumbh-mela-designing-the-world-s-largest-gathering-ofpeople Ministry of labour and employment. (2019, 2 11). Retrieved from Government of India: https://labour.gov.in/whatsnew/model-welfare-scheme-building-and-other-construction-workers-andaction-plan-strengthening Mumbai mobile creches. (2018). Retrieved from https://mumbaimobilecreches.org/ NIRMANA-Building an inclusive India. (2018). Retrieved from https://nirmana.org/ puri, A. (2018). Anarock. Retrieved from https://www.anujpuri.com/tag/temporary-housing-for-constructionworkers-in-india/ Risbud, A. (2018, 12 26). Retrieved from Architecture live: https://architecturelive.in/urban-nomads-housing-formigrant-construction-workers-thane-aniket-risbud/ Rohan builders. (2021, 6 4). Retrieved from Issu: https://issuu.com/rohanbuilders/docs/the_drawing_board_2020 Tara mobile creches. (2017). Retrieved from https://taramobilecrechespune.org/
pg. 64 Bibliography
