Some Recent Agendas in Design Research: Transitional, Circular, Speculative and Discursive

Daijiro Mizuno / Masaki Iwabuchi Some Recent Agendas in Design Research -Transitional, Circular, Speculative and Discursive-

17:00 - 19:00 18th June 2019 Kyoto Institute of Technology KYOTO Design Lab 2F Hall

Today’s aims/objectives

1: know about radical design research arenas ラディカルなデザインリサーチ

動向を知る

2: discuss/share experimental knowledge in design research ラディカルなデザインリサーチ

動向について議論、共有する

3: speculate/imagine the possible design research prospects 日本におけるラディカルなデザインリサーチ

展望を夢想する

Lab is a social agent to change the world, research plays an intrinsic part in practice ！KITを皮切りに、「ラボ」がデザインを実験する＝＞デザインが変わる ！個人、大学、企業、官公庁でデザインを実践する＝＞社会が変わる

Today’s topics

1: self-introduction (10mins each) 2: some recent agendas (50mins) first and foremost...

2.1 beyond “users”: speculative, discursive 2.2 complex sociotechnical systems: knotty, X, stack 2.3 sustainable future: transformation, transition, circular 3: research project and discussion (20mins) currently undertaken by Masaki Iwabuchi and future prospect of Design Research at KIT

ďŹ rst and foremost...

How much do you know about how design (research) is conducted?

http://www.dubberly.com/wp-content/uploads/20 08/06/ddo_designprocess.pdf

YEAR

AUTHOR

PAPER/BOOK TITLE

KEYWORDS

1933

John Dewey

How We Think

Education, research, psychology, critical thinking

1968

Bruce L. Archer

The Structure of Design Processes

design process, management science, operational research, conceptual framework

1969

Rudolf Arnheim

Visual Thinking

perceptual psychology, cognitive theory, human factor

1970

John Christopher Jones

Design methods: Seeds of human futures

Design methods, design process, design history,

1972

Robert H. McKim

Experiences in Visual Thinking

Visual thinking, pattern language, creative process

1973

Horst W. J. Rittel, Melvin M. Webber

Dilemmas in a general theory of planning

General theory, public good, economic policy, social policy, scientific basis, wicked problems

1977

Christopher Alexander et al

A Pattern Language

Architecture, Urban Planning, Design methodology,

1980

Bryan Lawson

How Designers Think

Design principles, design history, Desing practice

1982

Nigel Cross

Designerly Ways of Knowing

Design Theory

1983

Donald A. Norman

Design Principles for Human-Computer Interfaces

HCI, human factors, design principles, tradeoff analysis

1984

Donald A. Schon

The Reflective Practitioner

Reflective Practice

1984

Nigel Cross

Developments in Design Methodology

Design Problems, Design theory, Design methodology, Wicked problems

1986

Donald A. Norman, Stephen W. Draper

User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction

System design, HCI, User-centered design

1987

Peter G. Rowe

Design Thinking

Architecture, Ubran Planning, Design principles, Design Practice

1988

Don Norman

The Design of Everyday Things

Interaction design, design thinking, human factors,

1992

Richard Buchanan

Wicked Problems in Design Thinking

Wicked problem, design thinking, design theory

1993

Christopher Frayling

Research in Art and Design

Desgin theory, Research through Design

1994

Rolf A. Faste

Ambidextrous Thinking

Stanford University, visual thinking, school of engineering, creative problem solving

1995

Bruce Archer

The Nature of Research

research, practitioner action,

1997

Anthony Dunne, William Gaver

The pillow: artist-designers in the digital age

Speculative Design, Cultural probes, interaction design,

1999

Anthony Dunne

Hertzian Tales

Speculative Design, Critical Design, interaction design, design theory

1999

Anthony Dunne, William Gaver

Design: Cultural Probes

Cultural Probes,Speculative Design, Critical Design, interaction design, design theory

2001

Anthony Dunne, Fiona Raby

Design Noir: The Secret Life of Electronic Objects

Speculative Design, Critical Design, interaction design

2003

Ken Friedman

Design research, design science, Theory Construction in Design Research: Criteria: Approaches, design theory, philosophy of and Methods design, theory construction

2005

Klaus Krippendorff

The Semantic Turn: A New Foundation for Design

Design History, design theory, interaction design , philosophy of design

2005

Bruce Sterling

Shaping Things

Interaction Design, Design History, Artifacts, Product Design

2005

Daniel Fallman

Design in HCI, Design-oriented Why Research-oriented Design Isn't Design-oriented Research Research, Research-oriented Design, Process,

2006

Colin Burns et al

RED PAPER 02: Transformation Design

Transformation Design, socio economic issues, emerging discipline

2007

Wolfgang Jonas

Research through DESIGN through research: A cybernetic model of designing design foundations

Cybernetics, Evolution, Research through Design, Knowledge management

John Zimmerman et al

Research Through Design as a Method for Interaction Design Research in HCI

interaction design, design research, HCI research, wicked problems, design theory, design methods

2007

Interaction design, design practice, design studies, design exploration

2008

Daniel Fallman

The Interaction Design Research Triangle of Design Practice, Design Studies, and Design Exploration

2008

Liz Sanders

An evolving map of design practice and design research

Design research, map, landscape, approach vs. mindset

2011

Ilpo Koskinen et al

Design Research Through Practice: From the Lab, Field, and Showroom

Design research, design practice, process, lab, field, showroom

2012

William Gaver

What should we expect from research through design?

Design Research, design theory, HCI research, Research through Design,

2014

Liz Sanders, Pieter Jan Stappers

From Designing to Co-Designing to Collective Dreaming: Three Slices in Time

design practice, co-design, design research

2015

Terry Irwin et al

Transition Design: A Proposal for a New Area of Design Practice, Study, and Research

Transition Design, sustainable design, social innovation,

2015

Wolfgang Jonas et al

Transformation Design- Perspectives on a new Design Attitude

Transformation design, ethical design, responsible design

2016

Donald A. Norman, Pieter Jan Stappers

DesignX: Complex Sociotechnical Systems

Sociotechnical systems, Design X, incrementalism,

2017

Liz Sanders

Design Research at the Crossroads of Education and Practice

Design research, academia, practice, industry, university

2017

Laura Forlano

Posthumanism and Design

posthumanism, nonhuman, feminist new materialism,

2018

Terry Irwin et al

The Emerging Transition Design Approach

Transition Design

2018

Jody Forlizzi et al

Let's Get Divorced: Pragmatic and Critical Constructive Design research through design, Research constructive design research,

Christopher Frayling(1993)

http://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/384/3/frayling_research_in_art_and_design_1993.pdf

Richard Buchanan(2001) https://www.ida.liu.se/divisions/hcs/ixs/material/DesResMeth09/Theory/01-buchanan.pdf

Wolfgang Jonas(2007) http://8149.website.snafu.de/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/2007_DRNow.pdf

Wolfgang Jonas(2007)

Wolfgang Jonas(2007) / Liz Sanders(2014)

https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2670616 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/presentssome-trinities-of-design-research-concepts_t bl1_235700673

John Zimmerman(2007) / RtD as a method for Interaction Design Research in HCI

https://www.researchgate.net/figure /An-illustration-of-the-pathways-and -deliverables-between-and-among-I nteraction-Design_fig1_221515150

Daniel Fallman(2008) / The Interaction Design Research Triangle

http://www.dfallman.com/w8m17cfvj80sbf380 7021d4cqhpmzg

https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1 162/desi.2008.24.3.4

Liz Sanders(2008) / Evoloving Map of Design Research

http://www.dubberly.com/a rticles/an-evolving-map-ofdesign-practice-and-desig n-research.html

Ilpo Koskinen et al(2011) / Design Research Through Practice: From the Lab, Field, and Showroom

Lab / Field / Showroom ↓ four different cultures of analysis in design research (Koskinen, 2014) ・designer as statistitians ・designer and qualitative social science ・explication: designer as scholars ・art and design as analysis https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=_oTZBAAAQ BAJ&lpg=PT274&ots=9uaVe491W_&dq=ilpo%20 koskinen%20four%20different%20cultures%20of %20analysis&hl=ja&pg=PT274#v=onepage&q=ilp o%20koskinen%20four%20different%20cultures% 20of%20analysis&f=false

Liz Sanders and Pieter Jan Stappers(2014) / From Designing to Codesigning to Collective Dreaming

https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2670616

Bruce Sterling and Julian Bleeker / Design Fiction

https://vimeo.com/8 4826827

http://nearfuturelaboratory.com/#whatwed o

https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1516021

Why should we understand design theories?

岩渕・デザインメソッド「自体」をもっと見せたい https://note.mu/iwabm/n/n29ea8c5b0f6c?creator_urlname=iwabm

beyond “users” ・Designing for People / with People / by People ・Consumer - User - Co-Designer - Our Future Selves ・People collectively discuss and decide what the possible future / the alternative and possible realities can be ・Design as a tool to engage in the possible future and the alternative presents (realities)

Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby works

Matt Malpass / Critical Design in Context

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Conte xtualising-Critical-Design%3A-Towards-a-Tax onomy-Malpass/a1da0adfd5ec5e884d33ae5 41b6084ae03e41e5b/figure/0

Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby / https://youtu.be/HuarSnKN0qY

Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby, Designed Reality Studio / https://www.designedrealities.org/

https://strelkamag.com/en/article/dunne-and-raby-from-futures-to-realities

Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby, Designed Reality Studio / https://www.designedrealities.org/

https://strelkamag.com/en/article/dunne-and-raby-from-futures-to-realities

Discursive Design

Process where artifacts intentionally embody or engender particular ideas of psychological, sociological, and ideological import, and which are capable of sustaining a complex of competing perspectives and values.

複雑で競合する見方や価値を残すことを可能にしつつ、設計された人工物が 意図的に心理的、社会学的、そして思想的なアイデアを具体化、ないし 醸 出するデザイン プロセス

Discursive Design

Discursive Design

Discursive Design / genus-species metaphor for sorting

Discursive Design

four ďŹ eld of framework

four domains

commercial responsible experimental discursive

social engagement (activism) applied research (RtD) basic research (Design Theory) practical application (Artistic work)

Discursive Design

Bruce Tharp / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wD_f7O-EWoo

Discursive Design on Core77 / https://www.core77.com/Discursive-Design

daijiro’s ďŹ rst friend who received ig nobel prize https://www.core77.com/posts/53574/Take-a-Holiday-from-BeingHuman-Thomas-Thwaites-on-Becoming-a-Goat?utm_source=cor e77&utm_medium=from_tile_image

Discursive Design / https://www.discursivedesign.com/

FAQ 10. Do we really need to add another type of design to the lexicon?

Yes, if it happens to help. No, if it is just re-branding. While perhaps ironic, we feel that a new umbrella term can help deal with the expansion of design activity and corresponding labels. It is a little like going out and getting a new storage container to help better organize a messy garage. We acknowledge the assertation that critical design has different emphases than speculative design and design fiction—they are not the same, despite some similarities. Just as there are many useful and nuanced types of fiction writing or rock music, so too for design.

We believe that more precise and meaningful naming can help despite adding complexity.

How can we use this kind of design in practice?

岩渕・クリティカル・デザイン思考 https://note.mu/iwabm/n/n5d45f58e37c3?creator_urlname=iwabm

complex sociotechnical systems (Norman&Stappers, 2015) Complex societal systems such as healthcare, transportation, government policy implementation, and environmental protection have many components—technical and otherwise—whose interactions are critical to the system’s overall behavior. Many different fields contribute to the efficiency of these systems, including in recent years, design.

Fulfilling this role is very different from producing the traditional craftwork that originally characterized the design profession. With the advent of human-centered design methods and design thinking, many designers and design consultancies have started to work in complex sociotechnical arenas.

Design X: Don Norman and Pieter Jan Stappers(2015)

・Designers now face the challenge of designing complex sociotechnical systems. ・For complex sociotechnical problems, design is not limited to one person, one phase, or one solution. ・Some systems work through evolutionary development and satisficing rather than optimizing. ・Complex sociotechnical systems require a combination incremental “muddling through” and satisficing. ・Implementation is usually the great challenge.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240587261530037X

Knotty Objects: MIT media lab/ https://medium.com/mit-media-lab/the-summit-9a632339f56c

https://wired.jp/2015/08/12/knotty-object-report/

Krebs Cycle of Creativity and Antidisciplinary / https://jods.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/designandscience

The Stack / Benjamin Bratton What has planetary-scale computation done to our geopolitical realities? It takes different forms at different scales—from energy and mineral sourcing and subterranean cloud infrastructure to urban software and massive universal addressing systems; from interfaces drawn by the augmentation of the hand and eye to users identified by self-quantification and the arrival of legions of sensors, algorithms, and robots. Together, how do these distort and deform modern political geographies and produce new territories in their own image?

In The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty, Benjamin H. Bratton proposes that these different genres of computation—smart grids, cloud platforms, mobile apps, smart cities, the Internet of Things, automation— can be seen not as so many species evolving on their own, but as forming a coherent whole: an accidental megastructure called The Stack that is both a computational apparatus and a new governing architecture. We are inside The Stack and it is inside of us.

Strelka / Benjamin Bratton

https://thenewnormal.strelka.com/

What skills do we need to do this type of design?

and more!

NYC Civic Service Design Studio https://civicservicedesign.com/

第四次産業革命とデザイン 役割 産業競争力とデザインを考える研究会 https://www.meti.go.jp/committee/kenkyukai/sangi/sangyo_design/pdf/004_s01_00.pdf

sustainable future ・From interaction to complex networks of actors ・People are part of the complex and global scale ecosystem ・People decide what the possible future / the alternative and possible realities can be ・Design and Democracy: Policy making and design ・Limits of Growth

Colin Burns et al(2005) / Transformation Design, British Design Council

In the first decade of the 21st century, however, we are experiencing two important shifts: firstly, in where design skills are being applied, and secondly, in who is actually doing the designing. A number of design groups have broadened the scope of design to include disciplines such as interaction, experience and service design. All of these demand a holistic approach, a level of systems thinking, a focus on individual behaviour, and the orchestration of a range of different design inputs. characteristics: 1 Defining and redefining the brief 2 Collaborating between disciplines 3 Employing participatory design techniques 4 Building capacity, not dependency 5 Designing beyond traditional solutions 6 Creating fundamental change

challenges: • The loss of personal creative authorship • Shaping behaviour rather than form • Transformation design is never done • Creativity happens in run-time, not just in design-time • Diversity over quality • Design becomes a Pro-Amateur community

https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/red-paper-transformation-design.pdf

Transition Design

Terry Irwin: Transition Design(2015)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282 432370_Transition_Design_A_Proposal_for_ a_New_Area_of_Design_Practice_Study_an d_Research

Circular Design, PSS(Tukker, 2004)

https://www.circulardesignguide.com/resources

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Eight-types-of-product%E 2%80%93service-system%3A-eight-ways-Tukker/26c0926cd7b2 9764316e84524cf7337f04ec0fdc

Ezio Manzini, DESIS / https://www.slideshare.net/desis_uk/131113-desis-uk-design-and-design-schools-for-social-innovation

design coalition

Ezio Manzini /design for democracy, politics of the everyday

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-KL1zSpr2E at CMU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhm05JodBQ8 at IIT

Ezio Manzini(2016) / Design Culture and Dialogic Design https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/DESI_a_00364

Solution-ism

Participation-ism

By this expression, which I have taken from Eugeny Morozov, though without necessarily sharing all that this author attributes to it, I mean a culture that starts from an approach that is in my view totally correct, reducing it to a reductive ideology that leads us, as Morozov writes, to recast “all complex social situations either as neatly defined problems with definite, computable solutions or as transparent and self-evident processes that can be easily optimized”…

Participation-ism is a sort of cultural aphonia that induces design experts to refrain from expressing themselves. In this case, too, the departure point is an extremely important idea: the recognition that every design process is co-design, and that it therefore must provide space for the point of views and active participation of many different actors.

However, this original good idea has developed into an ideology that also is limited and limiting. In its adoption in co-design processes, the design expert’s role is reduced to a narrow, administrative activity, where creative ideas and design culture tend to disappear.

If the first limit of solution-ism is in not taking account of all these possibilities, its second limit is in proposing to find solutions concentrating only on the way they function, on their economies, and on their practical results, while leaving in the shadows the critical discussion of their meaning and the qualities sought and produced.

Design experts take a step backward and consider their role simply as that of “process facilitators,” asking other actors for their opinions and wishes, writing them on small pieces of paper, and sticking them on the wall and then synthesizing them, following a more or less formalized process. We can call the results of this way of thinking and doing “post-it design.”

Cameron Tonkinwise(2015) /

Post Normal Design Research: Practice-Based Research in an Era of Neoliberal Risk

Practice-Based Design Research is part of a larger project to create knowledge about preferable futures in an era of complex risks. This demands that the reectively abductive outcomes of Practice-Based Design Research be comprehensively negotiated with a range of stakeholders. ...The participatory constructivism of Practice-based Design Research is part of the Post Normal response to that crisis, a way of reconstructing trust in processes for determining future directions for our society. https://www.academia.edu/19611753/Post_Normal_Design_Research_Practice-Based_Research_in_an_Era_of_Neoliberal_Risk

UK policy lab and policy making tools

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/open-policy-making -toolkit/getting-started-with-open-policy-making https://openpolicy.blog.gov.uk/ https://www.slideshare.net/Openpolicymaking/in troduction-to-policy-lab https://www.slideshare.net/Openpolicymaking/0 60715-change-cardscollated

UK policy lab and policy making tools

https://www.slideshare.net/Openpoli cymaking/introduction-to-policy-lab

How should we cultivate the attitude to design the 21st Century?

A holon (Greek: ὅλον, holon neuter form of ὅλος, holos "whole") is a philosophical term and a something that is simultaneously a whole and a part.

岩渕・D-lab研究日誌1: 意地悪な問題 定義 (準備編) https://note.mu/iwabm/n/ne271a2d21f34?creator_urlname=iwabm

research project undertaken

Scope of “DESIGN”

Design Methodology

Discursive Thing Centered Transitional Circular Designed Reality DDI

Design Thinking

HCD

Ontological

Speculative

Current Practice

Linear Vision

Transition Design

from Hierarchy to Holarchy A holon (Greek: ὅλον, holon neuter form of ὅλος, holos "whole") is a philosophical term and a something that is simultaneously a whole and a part.

from Hierarchy to Holarchy

https://www.academia.edu/15403946/Transition_Design_The_Importance_of_Everyday_Life_and_Lifestyles_as_a_Levera ge_Point_for_Sustainability_Transitions_presented_at_the_STRN_Conference_2015_Sussex_

from Hierarchy to Holarchy ≠ Holacracy

“Life, in all its evolutionary wisdom, manages ecosystems of unfathomable beauty, ever evolving toward more wholeness, complexity, and consciousness.” ― Frederic Laloux, Reinventing Organizations: A Guide to Creating Organizations Inspired by the Next Stage of Human Consciousness

“Design is ontological in that all design-led objects, tools, and even services bring about particular ways of being, knowing, and doing.” ― Arturo Escobar, Designs for the Pluriverse

thank you Daijiro Mizuno

Masaki Iwabuchi

https://issuu.com/tacticaldesign https://medium.com/@daijirom www.daijirom.com

https://note.mu/iwabm https://medium.com/@iwabm https://twitter.com/powergradation http://iwabm.github.io/