City Study - Milan by Huijuan Dong

MILANO ITALIA

URBAN INTERVENTIONS OVER TIME

Interventions

222 B.C.

CONTENTS p30 | Roman Era

1158 1176

p36 | Milanese Era

1499 1500

p42 | Foreign Era

1859 1859

p48 | Italian Era

2012

ROMAN ERA | HISTORY & MAP TIMELINE -388 -89 -49 286 313 374 538 569 774 800 1158

Guals Establish Mediolanum as a Farming/Trade Center Milan Becomes a Latin Colony Original Castrum enclosed by 1st Circuit Wall Maximian makes Milan the Imperial Capital and expands walls Edict of Milan, Christian religious freedom Sant Ambrogio made bishop of milan Ostrogoths invade and wipe out half of the population Invasions Lombards later leaving them in contorl Charlemagne overthrows Lombard control Reorganization of the city layout Frederick I Invasions lead to fortification of walls and defenses

Development Climate | 388 BC - 1158 AD Prior to Milan becoming an established trade city, it started as a small Gaul settlement in 388 BC. This small settlement soon began to grow due to its ideal centralized location. The nutrient rich soils, quick access to rivers and seas, and connections to the neighboring mountain ranges rapidly established Milan as a trade colony. The Romans eventually focused their resources on the thriving Gaul settlement and conquered it to expand their already strong empire. Soon after Milan was established as a Latin colony in 89 BC, its fast growth and reign influence enabled Maximan to declare Milan as the Imperial Capital of the western region of the Roman Rule in 286 AD. As the 3rd century was drawing to a close religious principles replaced the fading political views of the imperial city. In 313 AD the religious ruler, Constantine granted the Christians their religious freedom. This famous Edict marked the beginning of the establishment of religious government and helped religious centers and churches disperse themselves throughout the city. These centers gradually appointed Bishops that would soon lead the city to construct a vast number of basilicas. The basilicas that were erected were not only works of art, but also soon became the city’s symbol of wealth and power. In the year 374 the bishops secured their grasp of power on the city by anointing Saint Ambrogio Archbishop of Milan. Along with his reign of as archbishop he established a new order of building for Milan, where these churches established spiritual gathering and congregation through out the city limits of Milan. The Roman Empire continued to grow, attracting the attention of a variety of foreign interest surrounding Milan. In 491 the Burgundians invaded and weakened Milans defenses allowing the Ostrogoths to sweep in and temporarily take control of the city. While under Ostrogoth power over half the city was destroyed, and over the course of one year the local population continued to dip to an all time low. The Ostrogoth invasion also plunged the available resources to a limited supply, giving the opportunity for the Lombards to oust the Ostrogoths from power. The Final foreign switch of power during this time happened in 774 when Charlemagne gained control of Milan. Charlemagne first course of action was the appointment of Archbishop Biasono, who initiated the first form of self-government in Milan. Immediately this new form of government led to Milan gaining more power over the Roman Civilization, and transferred power to the bishops who defined the Ambrosian Rite of the religious government. This act further lead to the expansion of the city layout and city planning which included the erection of several new churches in Milan. The continued increase of patronage to the church caught the attention of Fredrick Barbossa I, who later laid siege to Milan. The multiple attacks on Milan forced them to halt all construction on churches, and switched Milan’s efforts to finding new fortification methods for the city. The most well know system was the utilization of a second wall integrated with embankments and trenches surrounding the wall. Despite this increase of security, Frederick I successfully penetrated through the city’s defenses and took control of Milan in 1158 AD. This tragic event marked the end of the Roman Era and the start of the Milanese Era of Milan’s establishment of the Fashion and Trade Capital that we know today. 27

ROMAN ERA | INVENTION ONE

Old Roman Walls | square plan | foundation

Maximan Walls | radial plan |accessibility

Roman Walls | 40 BC - 1158 AD The architectural intervention of the wall has been utilized by the Milanese civilization since the establishment of the settlement as a Latin Colony. Through out the different eras of Milan the wall has served as a variety of purposes; the most basic use was the formation of city boundary in 49 BC. These Republican Walls are also referred to as the Roman Walls, is was a standard circuit wall that encircled the growing settlement’s Castrum, which we consider as the town center. The footprint of the wall system resembled an orthogonal shape that included six main “portas” or gates which allowed quick but controlled access into the center of the town. After continued growth and construction, the city followed the development of a two-axial formation, where the more prominent and important establishments were placed closer to centers of these axis rather than being placed toward the outer limits of the city (A).

C D

During 286 AD the famous ruler Maximan authorized the expansion of the Roman walls. The expansion of the walls would then encompass the growing civilization to the East. This new wall addition included the relocation of an existing gate entry, and the placement of two new gates. The completion of this extension transformed the layout of Milan entirely. Instead of representing a rigid orthogonal pattern, the walls started to persuade the city to build in a radial fashion. Roads that were built from the gates’ entrances intersected at the city center, accentuating this new innovative city plan (B). In the 12th century the original Roman walls continued to decay and crumble, no longer offering protection for Milan. Weakened by a lack of structural defense Milan was left wide open for global threat. During this time the main foreign threat was Frederick I, who consistently laid siege to the city. The erection of new fortified walls followed, doubling the area of protected soil. The stonewall design exaggerated Milan’s thriving radial plan, offering a new sense of security which temporary kept Frederick from entering the city. Along with the walls the six gates of Milan also were strengthened, which were utilized as a tool to establish roads to handle more traffic leading the mass amounts of travelers and traders into the heart of the city (D). One of the northern gates however was repurposed as the city’s barracks, and where later transformed into what we know today as Castle Sforza (C). Unfortunately, with the passing of time, this new symbol of growth and protection was demolished once again due to foreign attacks. Despite the destruction the citizens found a newfound use for the walls by not using them for protection or walls, but instead as a footprint for a navigational ring. This navigation circuit gave Milan the ability to have better circulation and access throughout the city. Originally the ring separated the residential buildings from the commercial ones. Today this ring still lends a hand to organized circulation but also is a historical showcase for Milan’s diverse history (E). 27

E Medieval Walls | navigation ring | circulation

MILANESE ERA | HISTORY & MAP TIMELINE 1162 1167 1170 1176 1277 1368 1386 1402 1450 1499

Milanese surrender to Frederick I, city destroyed by Imerial Troops, Churches remain Imperial Degree bands citizens reentering into city, development of Communes Milan is marked as largest city during its time Milanese population takes city development into own hands, Overthrows Fredrick I Start of the rise of the Visconti Family Visconti Castello Constructed Initiation of the Construction of the Duomo Death of the Duke of Milan, Duomo construction haulted Rise of the Sforza Family, Castello rennovated to modern day Sforzesco Castle Sforzas abandons city, Milan converts to French Rule (2)

Development Climate | 1861 - 2012 The Milanese Era began with the reign of Frederick I and the complete destruction of the city. Utilizing his imperial troops, he razed nearly the entire of city, only preserving the major churches. As Frederick’s grasp on Milan tightened, the majority of the Milanese population fled Milan and took refuge outside of the city limits. In efforts to trap and penalize the fleeing refugees, Frederick passed the Imperial Degree, which forbid any citizens who left from reentering the city. The outraged citizens residing along the walls established “Communes” which resemble what we know as neighborhoods today. The communes communicated together and appointed each commune with a specialized commodity that would be produced and supplied to surrounding communes. By networking together, the expanding communes took the regeneration of Milan into their control and eventually reconstructed, reorganized, and rejuvenated Milan. With the help of the communes, Milan’s population and economy was once again on the rise. In 1170 Milan was recorded as the largest Italian city of the time.

(1)

As a unified network of communes, Milan was strong enough to resist Frederick’s control and successfully removed him from power. Even though the city regained its domestic control, Frederick left the city with severe financial issues. Two philosophies as to how the government should recover Milan from its financial debt arose, but no one was willing to step up and organize a plan of action. In 1277, the Visconti Family reluctantly grabbed control of the struggling Milanese government and later resolved Milan’s financial debt. Awarded with the population’s trust and approval, the Visconti family continued to rebuild and revive Milan by reorganizing and rebuilding the city’s image. Instead of the commercial buildings being constructed in the center of the city, they were refurbished as political strongholds in the 1300’s. Other commercial and public buildings were erected surrounding these new government buildings. The final Visconti construction was completed in 1368 with new barracks at the northern edge of the city, within one of the corresponding gates. No longer occupied by foreign threats, the Visconti power then turned it efforts to re-establishing the spiritual foundations of Milan with the construction of the Duomo in 1386. Following the sudden death of the Visconti Duke of Milan, the city soon fell into a chaotic panic. There was a short period of time when there was no single figurehead in control and the people no longer had a ruler to look to for reinsurance. Until a new leader arose the construction of the Duomo soon came to a halt. In 1450, the political struggle ended when the Sforza Family self-appointed themselves into control. With the Sforzas in possession of power, there was a new appreciation for the arts. A large number of artisans flooded to the city looking for commissions. Although on a prosperous incline, the current leader Ludwick Sforza felt increasing pressure from the French and later abandoned the citizens. His exit allowed the French to take control and ended the Milanese Era and thrust Milan into the Foreign Era under the French rule. 27

MILANESE ERA | INVENTION ONE

Civic Political Community

Sforzesco Castello | 1368-1370 In addition to the construction of cathedrals during this time, castles were also being constructed and were linked to power and fortune of the dukes and foreign dominators of Milan. The first castle established in Milan was the Visconti Castle. In 1354, Archbishop Giovanni Visconti died and passed his reign on to his son Matteo II. His first year of rule was cut short by his sudden death. His power was passed on to his two sons Galeazzo II and Bernado. In a collaborative effort, Bernado took control of the eastern half of Milan and Galeazzo II took over the western half. During the years of 1360 to 1370, Galeazzo constructed his home and castle along the border replacing Porta Giova with his new stronghold. This castle later housed the barracks of Milan and served solely for defensive purposes rather than a political residence. In 1450 when the power converted over to Sforza control, Francesco Sforza added to the barracks and turned the castle into a duel purpose residence. Starting in 1549, the Spanish walls were extended to include the entire premises of the Sforza Castle. These walls would later include the small villages surrounding the existing city walls. Generating a need for stronger troops and fortification of the city. The Castle’s barracks developed into the troops training grounds, making it vital that the defenses surrounding the castle were strengthened. The revolutionary Spanish design included a new wall system for the castle itself resembling a 12-pointed star. The completion of this wall transformed the Sforza Castle into a true fortress of Milan. The unfortunate drawback was that the Spanish forced the citizens to pay exorbitant fees and supplied a majority of the resources required for troops residing within the castle’s barracks. The fortress slowly transformed into a self-sustaining environment, but the soldiers slowly altered the once powerful symbol of Milan into an over crowded military shelter. The simple castle soon occupied a hospital, a pharmacy, a workshop, and a variety of more shops within the castle’s walls. The building no longer had consistency and it grew into an ameba of whatever was needed in order to defend Milan. Milan’s streets soon reflected the traits of the castle, mirroring the chaotic unordered style. In 1706, Milan fell under Austrian rule and the government had the tedious task of cleaning up and reorganizing the city’s planning. The statue of Saint John was erected in the center of Castle Sforza’s courtyard to symbolize the conversion of Milan into a typical 18th century city. In 1801, gradual changes to Castle Sforza transformed the commons space into the widely known Piazza d’Armi. This immense 700 meter square was the practice quarters for the military. The completion of this piazza was during the period when the castle was given back to Milanese to control. In order to preserve Milan’s status, the citizens agreed to the lowering of the towers of the castle, which in turn blended the castle into the fabric of the rest of Milan. This bold decision would demerit the castle even further, no longer letting it stand for power and wealth. The Milanese principle portrayed from this was that the people of Milan preferred their city to stand for cohesion and a strong communal bond. The diagrams to the right illustrate how over the years the layout of the city can be closely linked to the layout and utilization of the castle. Most importantly it outlines the solidified arrangement of Milan’s programs and society. 27

Community

Civic

Political

FOREIGN ERA | HISTORY & MAP TIMELINE 1499 1513 1521 1548 1630 1706 1769 1778 1796 1801 1814 1861

Louis XII claimed Milan Restoration of the Sforzas Spanish Rule The Spanish Walls commissioned by Ferrante Gonzaga (1) The plague Austrian dominion Giuseppe Piermarni became royal architect Teatro alla Scala Napoleon declared Milan the capital of the Cisalpine Republic Foro Bonaparte by Giovanni Antonio Antolini (2) Austria reclaimed Milan Part of the United Italy

(2)

Development Climate | 1861 - 2012 In the year 1499, Louis XII asserted his claim to Milan and since then Milan entered the era of foreign domination of more than three hundred years. In the early 16th century northern Italy was one of the territories contested by the Spanish and the French monarchies. In 1521, the Emperor Charles V reclaimed Milan and started 170 years of Spanish domination which transformed the once-proud independent Duchy of Milan into the neglected capital of a province administered, guarded and taxed by foreigners. It was a time of no development and the city was also stroke by a severe plague in 1630. There was a considerable decline in building activity and very few notable building projects during that period. Fortunately in the second half of the 17th century Milan’s religious and cultural life was given fresh vigor thanks to the Borromeo family, especially Carlo and Federico.

(1)

Then, the great European wars of the early 18th century assured the Austrian domination of the city, which completely changed Milan in all society fields (economic, public, cultural, artistic, administrative, scientific) thanks to the improvement given by the Habsburg dynasty. The Accademia di Brera was founded in this period; the theatre La Scala by Giuseppe Piermarini was built in 1778, together with other neoclassical buildings and the Arco della Pace (1807). Milan remained under Austrian control until the unification of Italy (1859), apart from the brief period of Franco-Savoyard rule (1733–6) and the Napoleonic occupation (1796–1814). Under the French, some areas of the city were considerably changed through new building programmes, most notably the reorganization of the area around the Castello Sforzesco. Also, when Milan was annexed to the Napoleonic Empire, governor Francesco Melzi d’Eril ordered the demolition of the Spanish walls and the replaced the original gates. In 1814 Milan was returned to Austrian rule to become merely a provincial city again. However, the city’s growing population led to much building activity, both in undeveloped areas within the Spanish walls and in the Corpi Santi, the extramural working-class areas that had grown up along the main roads. The widening, straightening and paving of many streets, and the introduction of gas street-lighting from 1845, altered the city’s appearance. Meanwhile, in the settlements along the edges of the Spanish walls, the first railway stations were built (1840–58), and work on the Central Station began in 1857. In 1859 Milan requested annexation to Piedmont and in 1861 it became part of the unified Italy. That is the end of the era of foreign domination. 27

FOREIGN ERA | INTERVENTION ONE

Porta Venezia

Porta Romana Porta Ticinese

Air os uen so B

Porta Nuova

Cor

The Spanish bastions, often known as the Spanish walls today, were commissioned by Ferrante Gonzaga in 1548 and largely completed before 1560. The nine-pointed bastions closely followed the outline of the Visconti ditches, with gateways aligned with the existing gates. Built from spolia, the ramparts had irregular, battered walls and a rough surface. The gates had two pilasters covered by a pitched roof and were flanked by toll-houses.

Spanish Walls | 1548 - 1560

Cor

so Ven e

zia

Porta Venezia

In many large and small continental European centers, the need to ensure efficient defense against attack was a major reason for a tradition of high-density urban life based on relatively high-rise apartments. If the cities could have been defended at lower cost, boundary expansion would possibly have been more horizontal in character. Over time, the walls lost their defensive purpose. When successive rings of defenses became obsolete, the land made available provided the opportunity to create the typical inner-ring boulevards, which served as invaluable traffic routes around the city centre as well as attractive open spaces. Porta Venezia is one of the historical gates of the city of Milan, Italy. In its present form, the gate dates back to the 19th century; nevertheless, its origins can traced back to the Medieval and even the Roman walls of the city. Porta Venezia is the crossroads of three of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s different worlds: the elegance of Porta Nuova; the bustle of Corso Buenos Aires with its increasing immigrant population; and the more conventional Porta Romana. During the reign of Maria Theresa of Austria, Milanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy prospered and the upper class started to build large palazzi (palaces) in the area around Porta Venezia. Milanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest city park Giardini Pubblici is also located along the Corso Venezia which runs north from Piazza San Babila to Porta Venezia. The Porta Venezia nowadays has become both the cultural and the transport hub in the east of central Milan. 27

Porta Romana

FOREIGN ERA | INTERVENTION TWO

Foro Bonaparte and the area around the Castle | 1801- 1888 Under the French rule, some areas of the city were considerably changed through new building programs. By that time, Milan had already expanded beyond the city walls. Instead of being on the boundary of the city, the area around the Castello Sforzesco had become the historic center of Milan. The Foro Bonaparte project(A), designed in 1801 by Giovanni Antolini, was the earliest reorganization of the areas around the Castello Sforzesco. The Spanish ramparts were demolished and the areas were called to be redesigned for public buildings and open piazza. However, this remained unrealized, the area was transformed nonetheless to the Piazza d’Armi.(B) The actual “historic restoration” on the Castle and the areas around it began in 1833 under the supervision of the Milanese architect Luca Beltrami who proposed a kind of “philological” restoration. In 1888, due to architect Emilio Alemagna, Parco Sempione(C) was established with the intent of creating panoramic views encompassing both monuments of the Sforza Castle and to the Arch of Peace following the similar “philological” concept. The historical buildings are no longer dominating the area but being part of the panoramic view of the park. The park has greatly eliminated the monumentalness of the area and created a perfect place for the public gathering and recreation. 27

ITALIAN ERA | HISTORY & MAP TIMELINE 1861 1865 1880 1884 1900 1912 1914 1921 1926 1934 1943 1946 1953 1968 1985

Milan joins unified Kingdom of Italy Milan becomes economic capital of new Italy City Center Demolition and Addition (1) Piano Beruto Assassination of King Umberto 1st Piano Pavia Masera World War One Rise of Fascist party Urban plan by Piero Portaluppi and Marco Semenza Albertini Plan - Piazzas San Babila and Diaz created Allied bombings destroy significant portion of city center Reconstruction & Expansion of Housing Sector (2) New Master Plan allows for substantial growth Post war development boom ends Post-industrial cultural rebirth within Milan

(2)

(1)

Development Climate | 1861 - 2012 After Milan joins a unified Italy in 1861 it quickly becomes the economic capital of the nascent state. Growing in population from approximately 186,000 inhabitants in 1860 to nearly 442,000 in 1902, largely due to the rapid expanse of the industrial sector, a huge demand is placed on its limited housing resources. Two plans, the Piano Beruto of 1884 and the Piano Pavia Masera of 1912, the second largely a simple extension of the first, are adopted to provide for and manage Milanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rapid growth. These plans expand transit beyond the Spanish Walls to link city with a decentralized and expanding industrial sector, reorganize central areas around Piazza della Scala, Piazza del Duomo, the Castello Sforzesco, and straighten medieval streets to create more ordered spaces. Eventually, the growing scale of metropolitan Milan forces a planning shift to its broader regional relationships. In 1926, Piero Portaluppi and Marco Semenzaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban plan is adopted and aims to divert traffic from the dense city center by means of a network of periphery streets. In conjunction with the later Albertini Plan of 1934 significant demolition is carried out within the city center to facilitate the construction of several new avenues and public piazzas. By the 1930â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, with over 200,000 factory jobs, Milan becomes the largest industrial city in Italy. Diversified housing solutions are sought for the ever increasing demand. As a result of the Allied bombings more than 25% of the building heritage is destroyed or heavily damaged. Milanese reconstruction plans follow the outline of the Albertini Plan until the adoption of the Master Plan of 1953 with its flexible growth strategy. Milan, Turin, and Genoa become an industrial powerhouse and propel the Italian economic boom while the primary focus of planning remains the management of the massive influx of people. With the increasing development and subsequent capital, Milan founds numerous cultural institutions that pave the way for an eventual transition to a post-industrial, creative and technology based economy. Presently, Milan has reversed its policies regarding growth as it works towards preserving its built heritage while maintaining international status as a hub of cultural and creative capital (Anselmi; Arcidiancono, 2008; Cognetti, 2008). 27

ITALIAN ERA | INTERVENTION ONE

C A B

City Center Demolition and Addition | 1861- 1934 During a period of dynamic renewal in the wake of Italian unification the Milanese government sought to reorganize the city center. In 1961, Italian architect Giuseppe Mengoni submitted a proposal for a new street linking the Piazza del Duomo (A) to the Teatro alla Scala (B). A revised submittal of 1863 had the connection being made via a covered public commercial space first as one dominant axes and later as four intersecting axes meeting at an octagonal center. When constructed, the new Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II (C) clearly linked the cultural institution of the Teatro with the religious and civic institutions of the Piazza del Duomo via this new commercial district. By articulating and controlling the procession between these programmatically distinct spaces, Mengoni provided a more dynamic, intimate experience at both a pedestrian and urban scale. In addition to the new connection, Mengoni’s plan also created a larger, more orthogonal Piazza del Duomo through the demolition of existing construction dating from the city’s medieval history (shown in dotted lines at right). The great success of Mengoni’s plan was no doubt an influence on later demolition carried out during urban renewal programs in the 1920’s and 1930’s with the creation of nearby Piazza Diaz, and Piazza San Babila. These alterations to the city center have continued to function as a nexus of urban activity attracting thousands of Milanese and foreigners alike. Almost all of Mengoni’s changes remain in place today and have come to define the very character of Milan (Anselmi, Arcidiancono, 2008; Selvafolta). 27

Cultural & Artistic | exterior

Commercial & Social | interior

Civic & Spiritual | exterior

ITALIAN ERA | INTERVENTION TWO

Via dell Bollo | city center

Via Nago | QT8

Expansion of Housing Sector | 1861- 1973 Beginning in the late 19th century, diversified housing solutions are sought for the ever increasing demand from the growing industrial workforce immigrating to Milan. Chief among these new developments is the desire for varied price points to allow for greater accessibility by the working population. Rapid growth continues well into the 20th century pausing only for brief post-war recoveries. As Milan expands outward from its medieval core (A), lower density high-rise developments with reduced “figure-ground” building poche (see diagram at right), in accordance with popular modern urban planning schemes, become popular with the rise of Italian rationalism. Some examples include Albini, Camus & Palanti’s Quartiere Filzi from 1937, Irenio Diollatevi’s Omero District from 1949-1955, and Piero Bottoni’s QT8 from 1946-1961 (B). Early modernist urban planning is later criticized during the 1960’s and 1970’s for “disregarding human needs, for not blending in, for lacking signs of identity and association, and for being an instrument of class oppression,” (Curtis, 1996). Some public housing developments, due to their size and built characteristics, become difficult to manage as they age and the Milan Institute for Social Housing (IACP) looks to new technology, materials, and methodologies for solutions. Many existing buildings are modified and adapted due to the high demand for affordable housing and limited resources for new construction (Anselmi; Arcidiancono, 2008; Cognetti, 2008; Jeanneret, 1929).

Via dell Bollo | south elevation

Via Nago | north elevation

WORKS CITED

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