2013 december media file online

December 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 8 | Price ` 10

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1125 cq] hnebpÅ 8 ]pkvXI§Ä Ct¸mÄ 620 cq]¡v {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn-¨ 1125 cq] sam¯w hnebp-Å 8 ]pkvXI§fpw 620 cq]¡p e`n¡pw.

X]menemsW¦nð 760 cq].

hmÀ¯ IY hyhlmcw: tUm. BâWn kn tUhnkv; hne 125 cq] Im¼n-tÈ-cn þ Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À: sI.kpµtci³; hne 75 cq] kztZim`nam-\n þ cmPt{Zmlnbmb cmPykvt\ln: Sn.thWptKm-]me³; hne 260 cq] hr¯m´ ]{X{]hÀ¯\w: kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW]nÅ; hne 40 cq] hmÀ¯bpsS inð]ime (cïmw ]Xn¸v): F³.F³.kXy{hX³; hne 150 cq] F.sI.]n-Å þ BZÀi§fpsS càkm£n: F.cm[mIrjvW³; hne 200 cq] s\tòenbpsS I¼n: sI.sI.taml\³; hne 75 cq] aebm-f ]-{X`mj þ hnIm-k ]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä-: hn.]n.kp-ss_À; hn-e 200 cq]

tIm¸nIÄ¡v: sk{I«dn, tIcf {]kv A¡mZan; Im¡\mSv, sIm¨nþ682 030; t^m¬: 0484 2422275 sNt¡m UnUntbm aWntbmÀUtdm Ab¡pI

Unkw_À 2013 $ ]pkvXIw 2 $ e¡w 8 $ hne ` 10

06 Hold the front page!

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Anand Parthasarathy

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17

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sSenhn-j-\nse PohnXw

G{_lmw amXyp

Do Women Lead in the Media?

Shattering the Glass Ceiling Dr. Shoma A. Chatterji

\h-am-[y-a-§fpw ssk_À P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw Itejv Fw.-

ap³t] ]dóhÀ ]n. kpPm-X³

28

\yq thhvkv

33

Lighthouse

38

Students’ Corner

40

hmb-\

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Bookshelf

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tPmk^v BâWn

Ashok R Chandran J. V. Vil’anilam

jmPn tP¡_v

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C.]n.jmPpZo³

A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 47 temIw Iï hc 50

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FUntämdnbð

-h‑mb-\-¡‑mc-s‑â t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S a-d‑p]S‑n

am Editor N. P. Rajendran Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Chief News Editor, Mangalam, Kozhikode N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan Political Editor, Veekshanam, Kochi T. R. Madhukumar News Editor, Deshabhimani, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Cover Image Courtesy WAN-IFRA Printer & Publisher V. R. Ajith Kumar Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 10 Annual Subscription: ` 100 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 20,000 Inside B&W: ` 15,000

Unkw_À 2013

[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â D-S-a-ØÀ Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ Ø‑m-\§-f‑ne‑p‑w ]-Z-h‑n-I-f‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-§Ä h‑m-b-\-¡‑mc‑p‑w {‑i-²‑n¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-h‑p‑w. A-h-c-X‑v NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑m‑w. ]t‑£‑, h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§-t‑f‑mS‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑m³ A-h-I‑m-i-a‑pt‑ï‑m?

A-h-c‑p-s‑S t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä-¡‑v a-d‑p]-S‑n \Â-I‑m³ Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-\‑v _‑m-[‑y-Xb‑pt‑ï‑m? d‑o-t‑U-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ F-¶ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w h‑n-Ik‑n-X t‑e‑mI-¯‑v i-à‑n-{‑]‑m]‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯I ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§-f‑n a‑m{‑X‑w I-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v A-X‑v. d‑o-t‑U-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ F-¶ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w {‑]-t‑b‑m-K¯‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶ C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-Ø‑m-]-\-a‑m-b Z‑n l‑n-µ‑p t‑a-s‑e D-¶b‑n-¨ t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w k‑z-b‑w-t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w `‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v a-d‑p]-S‑n ]-d-b‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑vX‑p F¶-X‑v C-´‑y³ a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑wK-¯‑v H-c‑p A-]‑qÀ-h-X- Xs‑¶b‑m-W‑v.

Z‑n l‑n-µ‑p-h‑n-s‑â d‑o-t‑U-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ F.F-k‑v.]-¶‑oÀ-s‑iÂ-h³ FÃ‑m X‑n-¦f‑m-g‑v-Nb‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä-¡‑v a-d‑p]-S‑n ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w k‑z-b‑w N‑n-e k‑p-{‑][‑m-\ t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä D-bÀ-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-h-c‑p-¶-‑p. h‑mb\‑m-k-a‑q-l‑w {‑i-²‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. 2013 H-I‑v-t‑ä‑m-_-d‑n Z‑n l‑n-µ‑p-h‑n-s‑â F-U‑n-t‑ä‑md-‑n-b X-e¸-¯‑v I‑m-c‑ya‑m-b a‑m-ä-§-f‑p-ï‑mb‑n. s‑]‑m-X‑p-s‑h C¯-c‑w a‑m-ä-§Ä AX-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§fÃ‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑p-Åh-t‑c NÀ-¨ s‑N¿‑md‑pÅ‑q. ]t‑£‑, C-h‑n-s‑S s‑Nd‑n-b h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-a‑p-ï‑mb‑n. Ø‑m]-\‑w \‑n-È-Ð-X s‑h-S‑n-ª‑v N‑n-e k‑z-b‑w h‑n-aÀ-i-\-§-f‑p‑w h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯-e‑p-If‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ t‑IÄ-t‑¡ X-s‑¶ \-S-¯‑n. k‑z-t‑a[-b‑m B-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p C‑u h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯-e‑p-IÄ F-¶‑v ]-d-ª‑p-I‑qS‑m. h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n X-§-f‑p-s‑S F-U‑n-ä-t‑d‑m-S‑v (]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â F-U‑n-äÀ t‑h-s‑d‑, d‑o-t‑U-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ t‑h-s‑d‑) Z‑n-\‑w {‑]-X‑n t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑mh‑m‑w. {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« N‑n-e t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä-¡‑v d‑o-t‑U-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ ]-{‑X-¯‑nÂX-s‑¶ a-d‑p]-S‑n ]-d-b‑m-d‑pa‑p-ï‑v. Z‑n l‑n-µ‑p k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨ N‑n-e \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑pIÄ‑, N‑n-e h‑mÀ-¯b‑n-s‑e s‑X-ä‑p-IÄ F-¶‑n-h d‑o-t‑U-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ G-ä‑p-]-d-b‑m-d‑p-ï‑v, N‑n-e-h k‑zb‑w N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑m-d‑p-a‑pï‑v. ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â F-U‑n-t‑ä‑m-d‑n-b Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n h-¶ a‑mä-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w C-X‑n-s‑â ^-e-a‑m-b‑n ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â D-Å-S-¡-¯‑n-e‑p‑w c‑q-]-I-e‑v]-\-b‑ne‑p‑w Dï‑m-b a‑m-ä§-s‑f I‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§-f‑p-ï‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ d‑o-t‑U-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ A-e‑v-]-s‑a‑m-¶‑v A-¼-c-¶‑p-t‑]‑mb‑n. {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b D-Å-S-¡-¯‑ns‑â i-c‑n-s‑X-ä‑pI-s‑f I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä-¡‑m-W‑v d‑o-t‑U-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ a-d‑p]S‑n ]-d-t‑b-ïX‑v. F-U‑n-t‑ä‑m-d‑n-bÂ- X-e¸-s‑¯ a‑m-ä-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I-S-¡‑m³ X-s‑¶ I¼-\‑n A-[‑n-I‑m-c-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑nÃ-t‑Ã‑m. Ø‑m-\-a‑m-\-§-f‑n-s‑e a‑m-ä-§-s‑f \‑y‑m-b‑o-I-c‑n-¡t‑e‑m h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡t‑e‑m Xs‑â N‑p-a-X-e-bà F-¶ \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑mW‑v d‑o-t‑U-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨X‑v.

A-t‑±-l‑w F-s‑´Ã‑m‑w s‑N¿-W‑w F-¶‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v A-t‑±-l-h‑p‑w A-t‑±l-s‑¯ \‑n-b-a‑n-¨ Z‑n l‑n-µ‑p-h‑n-s‑â a‑m-t‑\-P‑v-s‑aâ‑p-a‑mW‑v. A-X‑ns‑â i-c‑n-s‑Xä‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I-S¡‑p-¶‑nÃ. Ø‑m-\-a‑m-ä-§-f‑p-s‑S ^-e-b‑m-b‑pï‑m-b D-Å-S-¡ þ L-S-\‑m-]-c a‑m-ä-§Ä A-t‑±-l‑w h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. A-X‑n- ]-{‑X-{‑]hÀ-¯-I a-c‑y‑m-Z-I-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä CÃ-Xs‑¶. A-X‑v H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-ah‑p‑w A-X‑ns‑â h‑m-b-\-¡‑mc‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å k‑w-`‑m-j-W-a‑mW‑v. a-s‑ä‑m-c‑mÄ- A-X‑n C-S-s‑]-«‑v A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b{‑]-IS-\‑w \-S-t‑¯-ï I‑mc‑y‑w C-t‑¸‑m-g‑nÃ. ]-{‑Xh‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑mc‑p‑w X-½‑n \‑n-c´c k‑w-`‑mj-W‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶X‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\‑w. ]-{‑X D-S-a-Ø-Xb‑p‑w ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]c‑p‑w AÃ‑m-s‑X H-c‑mÄ h‑m-b-\¡‑mÀ-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n a‑m[‑y-a D-Å-S¡-s‑¯ ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p¶‑p‑, h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑m-W‑v A-X‑n-t‑es‑d {‑]-[‑m-\‑w. ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑pI-s‑f N‑n-e-t‑¸‑ms‑g-¦‑ne‑p‑w ]-{‑X-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-X-s‑¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p¶‑p. C-X‑n-s‑â-s‑b‑m¶‑p‑w {‑]‑m-[‑m-

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\‑y-s‑¯ BÀ¡‑p‑w N‑p-c‑p-¡‑n-¡‑m-W‑n-¡‑m-³ ]-ä‑nÃ. F-{‑X a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n-Â C-X‑p-\-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v?

R-§Ä ]-d-b‑m‑w‑, \‑n-§Ä t‑I-«‑m a-X‑n F-¶ hf-s‑c ]-g-©³ \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑n \‑n-¶‑v a‑m-d‑m³‑, ]-g-©³ ]‑m-X-¡‑mÀ F-¶‑v ]-g‑n t‑IÄ-¡‑m-d‑p-Å Z‑n l‑n-µ‑p a‑m-{‑X-t‑a X-¿‑m-d‑m-b‑n-«‑p-Å‑q F-¶-X‑m-W‑v Z‑p‑xJ-I-ca‑m-b kX‑y‑w. t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä-¡‑v ]-e-X‑n\‑p‑w a-d‑p]-S‑n I‑n-«‑n-b‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w Z‑n l‑n-µ‑p h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑v N‑n-e D-d¸‑p-IÄ a‑m-t‑\-P‑v-s‑aâ‑n-\‑v I‑q-S‑n t‑h-ï‑n d‑o-t‑U-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ \Â-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a‑m-ä-§Ä ]-eX‑p‑w \-S-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. ]t‑£‑, h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-t‑c‑m-S‑p-Å a‑p-J‑y-a‑m-b {‑]-X‑n-_-²-X-I-f‑n a‑m-ä-s‑a‑m-¶‑p-a‑nÃ. \‑m-e‑v I‑m-c‑y-§Ä A-t‑±-l‑w F-S‑p-¯‑p-]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. 1. h‑mÀ-¯-b‑n t‑e-JI-s‑â A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-{‑]-I-S\-§f‑p‑w ]-£-]‑m-X‑w {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-t‑i-j-W-§f‑p‑w H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑p‑w. 2. F-g‑p-X‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-§Ä i-c‑n-b‑m-W‑v F-¶‑p-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-Å a‑p³ ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[-\-IÄ \-S-¯‑p‑w‑, h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S FÃ‑m h-i§-f‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c-\‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-¡‑p‑w. 3. ]-{‑X¯‑n-s‑â ]‑m-c-¼-c‑yh‑p‑w N-c‑n-{‑X-t‑_‑m-[h‑p‑w A-S‑n-Ø‑m\-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n ]‑qÀ-Wa‑m-b s‑{‑]‑m-^-j-\ I‑m-g‑v-¨-¸‑m-S‑n h‑mÀ-¯‑m-{‑]‑m-[‑m\‑y‑w \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p‑w. 4.

A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã {‑]‑m-a‑p-J‑y-a‑p-Å F-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c‑p-s‑S ]‑w-à‑n-IÄ-¡‑v ]‑p-ds‑a‑, k‑m-a‑ql‑yþc‑m-{‑ã‑o-bþk‑m¼-¯‑n-Iþk‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑n-I h‑n-j-b-§-f‑n k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-t‑b-S-t‑¯‑mf‑w s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-h‑p‑w _-l‑p-k‑z-c-Xb‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑e-J-\-§-f‑mh‑p‑w F-U‑n-t‑ä‑m-d‑nbÂ‑, H‑m-]‑v F-U‑n-ä‑v t‑]-P‑p-I-f‑n {‑]-k‑n-²s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑pI. K‑p-c‑p-X-ca‑m-b s‑X-ä‑p-IÄ h‑mÀ-¯-b‑n D-ï‑m-I‑p¶‑p. `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ¡‑p‑w D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-ØÀ¡‑p‑w ]-ä‑p-¶ \‑nÊ‑m-c s‑X-ä‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w Ah-s‑c ]-c-k‑y-h‑n-N‑m-c-W \-S-¯‑p-¶-hct‑à \-½Ä ]-{‑X-{‑]-h-À-¯-IÀ? I-g‑n-ª A-©‑p-h-À-j-¯‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n H‑mt‑c‑m ]-{‑X-§Ä F-{‑X h‑o-X‑w s‑X-ä‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v, F-{‑X X‑n-c‑p-¯‑p-IÄ {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v? B-c‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-b‑ne‑p-a‑nà C-X‑n-s‑â-s‑b‑m¶‑p‑w I-W¡‑v. A-©‑p-hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n H-c‑p X‑n-c‑p-¯‑p-t‑]‑me‑p‑w {‑]-k‑n²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑nÃ‑m-¯ ]-{‑X-§-f‑p-ï‑v. s‑X-ä‑p-h-c‑p¯‑p-I s‑]‑m-X‑p-c‑o-X‑nb‑p‑w X‑n-c‑p¯‑p-I F-¶-X‑v I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-h‑pa‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑p-¶-h-c‑mt‑W‑m Z‑r-i‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n-e‑p-Å-hÀ F-¶‑v t‑X‑m-¶‑n-t‑¸‑mI‑m-d‑p-ï‑v.

B-t‑c‑mS‑p‑w IW-¡‑v ]-d-t‑b-ï-h-cà X-§Ä F-¶-X‑m-W‑v FÃ‑m-h-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w [‑mÀ-ã‑y‑w. ]‑pX‑n-b I‑m-e-¯‑n-s‑â c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑n B-i‑m-k‑yh‑p‑w A-\‑m-i‑m-k‑y-h‑pa‑m-b ]-eX‑p‑w I‑m-W‑p‑w. A\‑m-i‑m-k‑y-a‑m-bh-s‑b F-X‑nÀ-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-d‑p-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-I F¶-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-S‑n D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-a‑mW‑v. X‑oÀ-¨-b‑mb‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä A-X‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. h‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-¶-s‑XÃ‑m‑w F-g‑p-X‑n-¯‑p-e-b‑v-¡‑m³ k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑yh‑p‑w A-h-k-ch‑p‑w D-ï‑v \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑nÂ. t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑nb-b‑n A‑w-K‑oI‑r-X F-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c‑p-s‑S c-N-\-IÄ-t‑]‑me‑p‑w I‑p-S-e‑pI‑o-d‑n ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶‑p‑, h‑n-aÀ-i‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶‑p. I-aâ‑p-IÄ F-U‑n-ä-d‑p-s‑S t‑]-\ I‑m-W‑p-I t‑]‑me‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m-s‑X {‑]-k‑n-²s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶‑p. ]t‑£‑, ]-c-¼-c‑mKX a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n ]ï-s‑¯ A-{‑X-t‑]‑me‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑mc-s‑â A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§Ä-¡‑v h‑n-e I-e‑v]‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑m-s‑X t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-h-c‑m-h-I‑m-i-¯‑n-s‑â k‑q-c‑y-{‑]-I‑mi-¯‑n \-á-a‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑mW‑v `-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â a‑q-¶‑p F-t‑Ì-ä‑p-I-f‑p‑w. BÀ¡‑p‑w I-b-d‑n-s‑¨-¶‑v G-X‑v ^-be‑p‑w F-S‑p-¯‑p-]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑m‑w‑, s‑X‑m-®‑q-d‑p i-X-a‑m-\‑w kÀ-¡‑mÀ H‑m-^‑o-k‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w. a‑q-¶‑p F-t‑Ì-ä‑p-I-f‑n A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ k‑p-X‑m-c‑y-X-b‑p-s‑S F-{‑X i-X-a‑m-\a‑p-ï‑v \‑m-e‑ma-s‑¯ F-t‑Ì-ä‑nÂ? ]‑u-c‑m-h-I‑m-i-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w k‑p-X‑m-c‑y-X-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w I‑mc‑y‑w h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-t‑Ì-ä‑v s‑hd‑p‑w d‑n-bÂ- F-t‑Ì-ä‑p-I‑m-s‑c-t‑¸‑m-s‑e {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v k-a‑ql‑w F-¡‑m-eh‑p‑w s‑]‑m-d‑p-¸‑n¡‑p‑w F-¶‑v I-c‑p-X‑n-¡‑q-S‑m. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan) sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), UbdÎÀ, ]»nIv dntej³kv, sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (kvt]mÀSvkv FUnäÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tImgnt¡mSv), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³ (s]mfnän¡ð FUnäÀ, ho£Ww), t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: hn. BÀ. APnXv IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

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Anand Parthasarathy

Hold the front page!

(We have an ad coming)

In their haste to oblige advertisers, leading Indian newspapers take a giant leap back, in the evolution of the front page.

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T

he front page has long been sacred space for newspaper people, worldwide. At least three memorable Hollywood films of the same name, from the 1930s to the 1970s, have celebrated the front page as a metaphor for aggressive headlinehunting journalism. “Hold the front page!” was the apocryphal battle cry of editors waiting till the last possible moment for that big, exclusive story.

But the front page was not always a space for news. Newspapers that had news on the front pages from their very first editions were the exception.

The New York Times was a pioneer in this sense and devoted its front page to news from Day One: 15 September 1851. (It was then known as the New York Daily Times).

Leading European papers took almost a century to do likewise. The Times, published from London from 1785, continued to carry classified advertisements on its front page till 3 May 1966, a

The New York Times put news on its front page from its very first issue - September 18, 1851

The Times (London) put news on its front page for the first time, to report the death of Winston Churchill in 1965.

But this became a permanent feature only from May 3, 1966. Source: British Library archives (http://www.bl.uk/ learning/histcitizen/fpage/churchill/churchill.html)

fallout of the paper’s acquisition from its owners, the Astor family, by Canadian newspaper baron Roy Thomson, earlier that year. Prior to this, the paper had occasionally put news on the front page to mark a rare or historic event, as on 25 January 1965, clearing the entire page to carry the news of the death of Winston Churchill.

The other British institution, the Guardian—or the Manchester Guardian as it was known for a century and more from 1821 to the mid-1950s—made the change to front page news on 29 September 1952.

It was a radical change for a “quality” British broadsheet: front page news was considered something fit only for tabloids. (The Daily Express, a tabloid in spirit, though then a broadsheet, was the first British paper to put news on the front page, on 24 April 1900.) In a leading article, the Guardian said that the change was an “adaptation to modern newspaper habit, which should increase its usefulness to its readers without modifying its character.”1 Managing Editor Laurence Scott felt that the change was essential, before the paper could move its operations to London (and drop the “Manchester” tag).

The Hindu, nicknamed the “Maha Vishnu of Mount Road,” mirrored the attitudes of the British quality papers on which it seemed to be modelled and carried a front page full of advertisements for nearly 80 years. But the shift in the Guardian—a paper that continues to be its role model—seemingly emboldened it to change, and the edition of 14 January 1958 was the first to carry news on the front page. An editorial entitled “Our Front Page” said: ‘The front page is devoted to news instead of to advertisement. This change, though really just a technical one, has not been made light-heartedly to satisfy some passing whim but after considerable Unkw_À 2013

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The Guardian - then published from Manchester transitioned to news on the front page in 1952

deliberation and in deference to the wishes of an overwhelming majority of our readership. The content of the paper remains the same and there will be no let-up in the high standards of journalism the paper has tried to maintain through nearly a century of public service. This is an assurance we would particularly like to give such of our readers as do not wish to see our format altered and we would ask them to give the new “face” a fair trial.2’ Fifty years later, in 2008, N. Ram, the Editor of the Hindu, recalled and celebrated the change in an edit page article: ‘Today is the anniversary of an editorial breakthrough in the 129-year-old history of the Hindu. It was on January 14, 1958, in its eighth decade of publication, that our newspaper brought news to the front page on a daily basis... There was no question of taking readers or advertisers for granted even when change was in the air. Trust is the most important asset of a serious newspaper.

“Our Front Page,” the third editorial published on January14, 1958 and reproduced here, is a fine example of how a great newspaper wins and renews trust by being transparent and by communicating openly with its readers, advertisers, and distributors... The observation that “we have moved into an age when events go rushing by in such headlong fashion that a reader to-day has often no time even to pause ‘to open his paper’ for the news but must get it the moment he picks his paper up’ sounds contemporary (except that in several mature media markets, although not in India, fewer and Unkw_À 2013

(9) fewer young people seem to be picking up printed newspapers even to scan the front page).3 (emphasis added)’ The Hindu was rather late in making the change to front page news. Upcountry papers and its own competitor in many southern markets, the Indian Express, had made the transition earlier. Indeed, the Indian newspapers have created many historic front pages that bear witness to the key events of a century and more.

In hindsight, N. Ram’s 2008 celebration of front page news and his reiteration of “trust” with all stakeholders, particularly with readers too busy to even open a paper, seem to have been overtaken by earthier, less pious considerations. Today the Hindu has joined most of the national print media in reversing a half century or more of front page news and handing over the front page to full page banner advertisements on a fairly regular basis. The sacred trust of advertisers is seemingly, a mite more important than that of millions of readers.

The Times of India—now widely touted as the world’s largest circulated English-language newspaper—has rewritten many of the rules of print Historic moments are preserved forever in great front pages... unless advertisements take over

journalism and can be said to be the undisputed champion when it comes to creative use of its front pages, in the service of its advertisers. It is ready to modify its masthead, change its background colour, clothe itself in metallic foil, print in 3-D, transform its front page into a pop up or a fold out, embed a chip that belts out a musical message, or vary the width of its printed page so that some pages hang out and others are reduced to a narrow sliver... all at the command of the advertiser.

The interesting development is that many of the Times of India’s competitors, who professed to not approve of its more creative marketing techniques, see no contradiction in handing over their front pages to advertisers on many days each month, with no regard to the importance of the leading news of the day. Indeed, the editorial departments of these papers seemingly have no say on when the front page will carry news and when it will be given over to the nation campaign of an advertiser with deep pockets.

The charismatic leader of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party appeared to be well advised on the overwhelming impact of her photograph on virtually every front page of every leading newspaper across the country on the same morning, in multiple languages, to mark the anniversaries of her government in Tamil Nadu.

Is there any newspaper that has the ability to say, “No, thank you. Our front page is not available for advertisements”?

Those newspapers fortunate to be part of the front page plans of advertising agencies, generally argue that Indians get their newspapers at a tenth of the price in many other countries, thanks only to the subsidy provided by advertisers. This is a specious argument that rarely takes into account the purchasing power of different currencies: One Singapore dollar for the Straits Times or two US dollars for the average American daily is still a smaller part of the salary of their average buyers, than 4 or 5 rupees is for an Indian.

On a recent day in Bangalore, where I make my home, four of six general interest English-language newspapers published in the city, gave away their front pages to advertisements—all from different advertisers. Clearly, this is a trend that is here to stay.

And arguably, this will slowly erase the motivation of subeditors and designers to create a strikingly visual, newsy front page that will compete with other papers on a news stand, for the business provided by the casual buyer. When all competing papers on a given day surrender their front pages to advertisements, it hardly matters how each flings together a few news items for page 3 of the paper (or page 5); we have already seen papers give away their first four and last four pages to advertisements.

Even more recently on November 6, 2013, all editions of the Times of India and The Hindu surrendered their first two pages to the same Unkw_À 2013

(10) advertisement for the re-launched Star Sports Channel. On page three, they carried a full complement of sports news—all apparently editorial content —to underline the advertiser’s page-top banner ‘Imagine a world where sports come first’. With the Times we have come to expect that anything goes - but for The Hindu this was an uncharacteristic departure from its often proclaimed mantra of strictly keeping editorial and advertisements separate.

Ironically, The Times of India, two days later carried an edit-page piece4 in Jug Suraiya’s lighter column, titled “Advertisements have squeezed all the news from your daily paper”, where the author writes: “There was a time when newspapers,

particularly the front pages... were about news...

Those days are gone... The reason why newspapers are looking like telephone directories on steroids is that they are bulging with ads. Marketing people say that no newspaper can survive without ads.

The point at issue, however, seems to be whether newspapers can survive without news.”

In all this, it is the paying customer—the reader—who is shortchanged. His or her need to find the key news of the day prominently and intelligently displayed on the front page is being contemptuously disregarded. When the world’s great newspapers (including many Indian ones) decided a half century or more ago that the reader needed to find the news quickly, conveniently, “the

Front page takeover: almost every major Indian newspaper was taken over for an AIADMK advertisement on the first anniversary of its rule in Tamil Nadu

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Front pages of four national newspapers (Bangalore City Edition) on October 13, 2013

In all this, it is the paying customer—the reader—who is shortchanged. His or her need to find the key news of the day prominently and intelligently displayed on the front page is being contemptuously disregarded.

Times of India and The Hindu, November 6, 2013

moment he picks his paper up,” they operated in an earlier, more idealistic age when the customer was king; the more adventurous amongst them even professed to “give the reader what he wants.”

Today, readers have been shown their true place in the newspaper industry’s scheme of things.

They have to “take it or leave it,” and for want of an alternative they are already doing just that. But can they please, be at least spared the hypocrisies of newspaper managements who mark their anniversaries with pious editorials committing themselves to their readers’ interests? Rather, let them, honestly, if they dare, rededicate themselves to their new Gods, the advertisers.

Anand Parthasarathy is a veteran technology writer who reported on information technology for the Hindu for 15 years. He now runs his own infotech communications company—Online India Tech Pvt Ltd—and is Editor of the news portal IndiaTechOnline.com. He is based in Bangalore and can be contacted at anand@indiatechonline.com 1. “Sixty years of headline news: Hold the (Guardian) front page,” The Guardian, 28 September 2012, http://www. theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2012/ sep/28/guardian-front-page-news-1952 2. “Our Front Page” (from the Hindu editorial on 14 January 1958), reproduced in the Hindu, 14 January 2008, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/ dated-january-14-1958-our-front-page/article1178538.ece 3. N. Ram, “Our leap to front page news,” The Hindu, 14 January 2008, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tpopinion/our-leap-to-front-page-news-half-a-century-ago/ article1178544.ece 4. It all ads up: Jug Siraiya; The Times of India; November 8 2013 http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ jugglebandhi/entry/it-all-ads-up1 Unkw_À 2013

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G{_lmw amXyp

sSenhn-j-\nse PohnXw t{]£I kz-`m-h-hpw t{]£I aqey-hpw t{]£I ssienbpw am{Xw ap³\nÀ¯n hmÀ¯bpw ]cn-]mSnIfpw Nm\-ep-IÄ cq]-I-ev]\ sN¿p-¶p. Pbn-en \n¶v Hc-ѳ aIÄ¡v F{X-X-hW Is¯-gp-Xn-bmepw Zriy-am-[y-a-§Ä¡v hmÀ-¯-bm-In-Ã; Pbn-en \n¶v _nPp-cm-[m-Ir-jvW³ Fgp-Xp¶ I¯n\p am{Xsa hmÀ¯m-aq-ey-ap-Åp.

H

c‑p s‑s‑k¡‑nÄ A]-I-S-t‑¯b‑p‑w Hc‑p al‑m-k‑w-k‑v¡‑mc‑w XIÀ¶‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\b‑p‑w Hc‑p k‑m[‑m-cW t‑PÀWe‑nÌ‑v Ht‑c-h‑n-[-a‑mI‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿‑p-I-s‑b¶‑v _ ÀW‑mU‑vj‑m ]c‑n-l-k‑n-¨-t‑X‑mÀ¡‑p-¶‑p. _ÀW‑m-U‑vj‑m-b‑ps‑S ]c‑n-l‑m-k-¯‑ns‑â i_‑vZh‑o-N‑n-IÄ t‑Ic-f-¯‑ns‑e Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑ya-§-f‑ps‑S \‑y‑qk‑vd‑q-a‑p-I-f‑n {‑]X‑n-[-‑z-\‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. Ig‑nª kÀ¡‑m-c‑ns‑â I‑me¯‑v a‑pÃ-s‑¸-c‑n-b‑m-d‑n ]‑pX‑nb U‑m‑w \‑nÀ½‑n-¡-W-s‑a¶ k‑wØ‑m\ \‑nb-a-k-`-b‑ps‑S GI-I-W‑vTa‑mb B-hi‑y‑w {‑]t‑a-b-a‑mb‑n ]‑mÊ‑m-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. k` U‑ma‑n-s‑â \‑ne-b‑n DX‑vIW‑vT t‑cJ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. B Z‑nh-ks‑¯ {‑][‑m\ h‑mÀ¯-b‑mb‑n N‑ne N‑m\-e‑p-IÄ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vXX‑v I‑mh‑y‑ma‑m-[-h³ h‑nh‑m-l-t‑a‑m-N-\-¯‑n\‑v X¿‑m-s‑d-S‑p-¡‑p¶‑p F¶-X‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I‑mh‑y‑m-a‑m-[-h-t‑\-¡‑mÄ he‑n-¸-a‑pÅ a‑pÃ-s‑¸-c‑n-b‑mÀ U‑m‑w s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j-\‑n s‑Xf‑n-ª‑n-Ã. h‑nh‑m-l-t‑a‑m-N\ N‑n´ Ac-a-W‑n-¡‑qÀ t‑\c‑w NÀ¨ s‑N¿-s‑¸-«‑p. s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑ps‑S ]c‑n-K-W-\‑m-{‑Ia‑w Gs‑d¡‑ps‑d a‑q¶‑v "k‑n‑' (C‑) If‑n-t‑e¡‑v ]c‑nhÀ¯\‑w s‑N¿-s‑¸«‑p Ig‑n-ª‑p. {‑I‑n¡ä‑v (Cricket)‑, k‑n\‑na (Cinema)‑, s‑s‑{‑I‑w (Crime‑)‑,F¶‑o a‑q¶‑p k‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w t‑hï‑n a‑mä‑n-h-¡s‑¸« t‑ij-a‑pÅ kab‑w c‑mj‑v{‑-S‑o-b-h‑mÀ¯-IÄ¡‑v k‑whcW‑w s‑N¿-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j-\‑ns‑e s‑]‑mf‑n-ä‑n-¡Â d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑v BIs‑« c‑mP‑y-¯‑n-s‑â-t‑b‑m‑, c‑mj‑v{‑-S‑o-b-]‑mÀ«‑n-If‑p-s‑S-t‑b‑m‑, `c-W-L-S-\‑m-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-t‑St‑b‑m {‑]X‑n-k-Ô‑n-If‑p‑w {‑]i‑v\-§f‑p‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n-b‑p-Å-X-Ã‑m-X‑m-b‑n. a‑q¶‑m‑w-I‑nS t‑\X‑m-h‑n-s‑â \‑me‑m‑w-I‑nS `‑mj-b‑n A`‑n-c-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob h‑mÀ¯-IÄ F¶ t‑_‑m[‑y‑w A\‑p-Z‑n\‑w D‑u«‑n-b‑pd-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. Hc‑p t‑\X‑m-h‑n-\‑v as‑ä‑m-c‑m-f‑ns‑â ad‑p-]-S‑n-b‑n a‑m{‑X-a‑mb‑n c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑v ]c‑n-a‑n-X-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p; Reaction Journalism F¶-X‑mW‑v ]‑pX‑nb s‑s‑ie‑n. s‑s‑{‑I‑w‑, {‑I‑n¡-ä‑v, k‑n\‑na F¶‑o a‑q¶‑p "k‑n‑' IÄ-¡‑pÅ k‑z‑o-I‑m-c‑y-Xb‑p‑w s‑{‑]‑mt‑a‑m-j\‑p‑w N‑m\-e‑p-I-f‑ps‑S t‑d-ä‑n‑w-K‑ns‑\ a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n-b‑mW‑v F¶ \‑y‑mb‑o-I-cW‑w h³t‑X‑m-X‑n {‑] N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. s‑a¿-\-§‑ms‑X h‑mÀ¯-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶-hÀ \S-¯‑p¶ h‑y‑mP-{‑]-N-cW‑w I‑qS‑n-b‑m-W‑n-X‑v. t‑dä‑n‑w-K‑ns‑â AS‑nØ‑m\‑w t‑a¸dª a‑q¶‑v "k‑n‑'IÄs‑I‑mï‑p a‑m{‑X‑w \‑nÀÆl‑n-¡‑m-h‑p¶ k‑q{‑X-h‑m-I‑y-a-Ã.

Unkw_À 2013

What, When, How

F¶‑o h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S a‑q¶‑v B[‑m-c-i‑n-e-IÄ¡‑p‑w N‑m\e‑p-IÄ X§-f‑p-t‑S-X‑mb \h h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m\‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n¨‑p Ig‑nª‑p.

What Consumer want?, When they want?, How they want?

t‑{‑]£-I³‑, F¶ D]-t‑`‑m-à‑mh‑v s‑Xf‑n-¡‑p¶ hg‑n-b‑ne‑qs‑S ]‑pX‑n-b-I‑m-e¯‑v hï‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑mW‑v "What, When, How' F¶‑o a‑q¶‑v k‑qN‑n-I-IÄ¡‑p‑w t‑{‑]£-I‑m-[‑nj‑vT‑nX Z‑pÀh‑y‑m-J‑y‑m\‑w cN‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c³ As‑Ã-¦‑n t‑{‑]£-Is‑\ t‑_‑m[-h-X‑v¡-c‑n-¡‑p-I‑, t‑\Àhg‑n \b‑n-¡‑p-I‑, i‑n£W‑w \e‑vI‑pI F¶‑o h‑n[-a‑pÅ k‑ma‑q-l‑y_‑m-[‑y-X¡‑p ]Ic‑w D]-t‑`‑m-à‑mh‑v F´‑v‑, Ft‑¸‑mÄ‑, Fh‑ns‑S B{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p¶‑p F¶‑v X‑nc‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-I. s‑s‑\a‑n-j-Ih‑p‑w‑, D]-c‑n-¹-h‑p-a‑mb Ah-c‑ps‑S Cj‑vS‑m-\‑n-j‑vS-§s‑f X‑r]‑vX‑ns‑¸-S‑p-¯‑pI F¶X‑p a‑m{‑X-a‑mW‑v Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑ya [À½-s‑a¶‑p s‑Xä‑n-²-c‑n-¨-hÀ k‑rj‑vS‑n¨ s‑IW‑n C¶‑v Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S s‑]‑mX‑ps‑hb‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯‑m-\‑nÀ½‑n-X‑n-b‑ps‑S h‑ni-‑z-k-\‑o-bX t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S s‑]‑mX‑p h‑ni-‑zk-\‑o-bX t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. ]{‑X-h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑ps‑S h‑ni-‑zk-\‑o-b-X-b‑ps‑S Ab¸-¡¯‑v s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ h‑mÀ¯-IÄ¡‑v F¯‑p-h‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑ms‑X t‑]‑mI‑p-¶X‑v CX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v. h‑mÀ¯-IÄ¡‑p-ï‑m-t‑Iï b‑pà‑n `-{‑Z-X‑, h‑ni-‑z-k-\‑o-bX‑, Hc‑p hk‑vX‑p-X-t‑b‑m-S‑pÅ h‑yX‑yk‑vX {‑]X‑n-I-c-W-§Ä‑, `‑mj-b‑ps‑S H‑uN‑n-X‑y-]‑qÀ®-a‑mb {‑]t‑b‑mK‑w X‑pS-§‑n-bh ka-bs‑¯ ad‑n-I-S-¡‑m-\‑pÅ _²-¸‑m-S‑n s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j-\‑n ]‑me‑n-¡-s‑¸S‑m-d‑n-Ã. ]‑qÀ®-a‑mb‑p‑w CX‑v ]‑me‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-a‑m-h‑n-Ã. h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S DÅ-S-¡-t‑¯-¡‑mÄ BZ‑y‑w I‑n«‑n-bX‑v BZ‑y‑w k‑wt‑{‑]-jW‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p F¶ Ah-I‑m-i-h‑m-Z-¯‑n-\‑mW‑v ]‑n´‑p-W. ]{‑X-§s‑f k‑w_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑mf‑w AX‑ns‑â e‑oU‑v \‑nÝ-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑pÅ a‑m\-ZÞ‑w h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S DÅ-S¡‑w (Content‑)BW‑v. s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j-\‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S Iïâ‑v (Content) Hc‑p h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S e‑oU‑v \‑nÝ-b‑n-¡‑m\‑pÅ a‑m\-ZÞa‑mb‑n a‑md‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ]‑n. k‑n. t‑P‑mÀÖ‑ns‑â Stock visual play s‑Nb‑vXt‑ij‑w Hc‑p s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ t‑eJI-\‑v, X\‑n¡‑p e`‑n-¨‑p-s‑h¶‑v Ic‑p-X‑p¶ GX‑p-Xc‑w h‑nh-

(13) c-§f‑p‑w k‑z-´-a‑mb‑n ]dª‑v Ac-a-W‑n-¡‑qÀ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob NÀ¨ \S-¯‑m‑w. ]{‑Xs‑¯ k‑w_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑mf‑w ]‑n. k‑n. t‑P‑mÀÖ‑ns‑â t‑\c‑n-«‑pÅ {‑]X‑n-I-cW‑w e`‑y-a‑ms‑b¦‑nt‑e AX‑v {‑][‑m\ h‑mÀ¯-s‑b¶ \‑ne-b‑n cï‑v t‑I‑mf‑w s‑lÍ‑n‑w-K‑n {‑]X‑y-£-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p-Å‑q. s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ ]c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-IÄ¡‑v {‑I‑nt‑b-ä‑oh‑v Bb (kÀ¤‑mß-I-X-b‑p-Å‑) Hc‑p h‑yà‑n-b‑ps‑S Bh-i‑y-t‑a-b‑n-Ã. ]Ic‑w Ah‑ns‑S Content Creator Dï‑m-b‑m aX‑n. Ct‑¸‑mÄ k‑w`h‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w C§s‑\ Xs‑¶. {‑I‑nt‑b-ä‑oh‑v Bb t‑PÀW-e‑n-Ì‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ Hc‑p k‑m[‑m-cW Iïâ‑v {‑I‑nt‑b-äÀ s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ N‑m\-e‑p-I-f‑ps‑S {‑]I‑m-i-]‑qÀ®-a‑mb a‑pJ-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑p-¶‑p. kÀ¤‑m-ß-IX N‑m\-e‑p-IÄ¡‑v Hc‑p-Xc‑w _‑m[‑y-X-b‑mb‑n X‑oc‑p-¶‑p; \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑n-äÀ t‑I‑m H‑mÀU‑n-t‑\-ä-d‑mb‑n Xc‑w X‑mg‑p-¶‑p. \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑n-äÀ¡‑v h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S DÅ-S-¡-h‑p-a‑mb‑n (Content‑) ]e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w _Ô‑w Dï‑m-h‑p-I-b‑n-Ã. Ab‑mÄ

¡‑p¶ Z‑uX‑y‑w. d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À IT‑n-\‑m-²-‑z‑m\‑w s‑Nb‑vXX‑v k‑z-c‑q]‑n-¡‑p¶ Iïâ‑ns‑\ (D-Å-S-¡-s‑¯‑) {‑]kâÀ Ah-X-c-Ws‑s‑i-e‑n-s‑I‑mï‑v Cf¡‑n {‑]X‑n-j‑vT‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A§s‑\ Ab‑mÄ Iïâ‑v {‑I‑nt‑b-äÀ Bb‑n a‑md‑p-¶‑p. d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«d‑p‑w Ab‑m-f‑ps‑S \‑y‑qk‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-I-f‑p‑w ]g-©³ S‑qf‑p-I-f‑mb‑n X‑oc‑p-¶‑p. d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-IÄ¡‑v Entertaimment Value \e‑vI‑p-¶-X‑p‑w‑, h‑mÀ¯-b‑n s‑k³t‑k-j-W-e‑n-k¯‑ns‑â h‑n¯-‑nd-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w Content Creator F¶ {‑]kât‑d‑m‑, N‑ne-t‑¸‑mÄ {‑]kâ-d‑ps‑S \‑ne-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v h‑oW‑p-t‑]‑mb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«t‑d‑m aä‑p N‑ne-t‑¸‑mÄ C‑u t‑Nt‑c-ï-hÀ Xs‑¶ t‑NÀ¶‑p-s‑I‑mt‑ï‑m Bb‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.

C¯c‑w s‑k³t‑k-j-W-e‑n-k-¯‑ns‑â h‑ns‑¯-d‑nª‑v s‑I‑m¿‑m³ I‑m¯‑p-\‑n-¶-hÀ D½³N‑mï‑n c‑mP‑n-s‑¡‑m-c‑p-§‑p¶‑p F¶‑v a‑q¶‑p-X-h-W-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w Ig‑nª Bd‑p-a‑m-k-¯‑n-\‑ns‑S t‑{‑_¡‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p. AX‑ne‑p‑w I‑qS‑p-X XhW X‑nc‑p-h-©‑qc‑n \‑n¶‑v A`‑y-´c‑w a‑mä-s‑¸-S‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w {‑]-h-N‑n-¨‑p. ]‑pX‑p-¸-

Ah‑n-c‑m-a-a‑mb‑n X‑pS-c‑p¶ Ì‑pU‑nt‑b‑m NÀ¨-IÄ¡‑v `‑wK‑w hc‑mX‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ AX‑n-Y‑n-Is‑f hi‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¡ï t‑I‑m H‑mÀU‑n-t‑\-äd‑ps‑S \‑ne-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v N‑pc‑p-§‑p-¶‑p. h‑mÀ¯‑m-t‑e-J\‑p‑w (News Reporter) Ah-X‑m-c-I\‑p‑w (Presenter) X½‑n h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S t‑e‑mI¯‑v cï‑v h‑n`‑n¶ t‑e‑mI-§-f‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-hc‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n-t‑¡-ï-hc‑p-a‑m-W‑v. F¶‑m s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ P‑oh‑n-X-¯‑n d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À DÄ-s‑¸s‑S GX‑mï‑v FÃ‑m-h-c‑p‑w k‑m[‑m-cW Ah-X‑m-c-I³ a‑m{‑X-a‑mb‑n h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. Hc‑p h‑mÀ¯ Is‑ï¯‑n AX‑ns‑â At‑\-‑z-j-W-]-Y-§-f‑n Aeª‑v HS‑p-h‑n AX‑v t‑{‑_¡‑v s‑N¿‑p¶ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«-t‑d-¡‑mÄ‑, d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«-d‑n \‑n¶‑v h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S h‑me‑p‑w Xeb‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n¨‑v h‑mÀ¯s‑b FU‑nt‑ä‑m-d‑n-b-s‑s‑ek‑v s‑N¿‑p-It‑b‑m ^‑o¨-s‑s‑dk‑v (Featurise‑) s‑N¿‑p-It‑b‑m BW‑v ]e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Ah-X‑m-c-IÀ \‑nÀÆ-l‑n-

Å‑nb‑p‑w X‑nc‑p-h-©‑qc‑p‑w AS‑p-¯-S‑p¯ cï‑v {‑K‑ma-§Ä a‑m{‑Xaà F¶ X‑nc‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑pÅ ]{‑X-§-f‑ns‑e c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob t‑eJ-IÀ {‑]h-N-\-s‑¡-W‑n-b‑n h‑oW‑p-t‑]‑m-b-X‑p-a‑n-Ã.

Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S a‑pJ‑m-h-c-W-a‑mb a‑q¶‑p k‑nIÄ þ {‑I‑n-¡-ä‑v, k‑n\‑n-a‑, s‑s‑{‑I‑w þ t‑]‑ms‑e "R' If‑p‑w \‑ne-\‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

Revenue (hc‑p-a‑m-\‑w‑)‑, Relevance (k-‑z‑o-I‑m-c‑y-X‑)‑, Reach (h-fÀ¨‑, t‑]‑m¸‑p-e‑m-c‑n-ä‑n‑) t‑a¸-dª a‑q¶‑v RIÄ B-Z‑y‑w ]-dª a‑q¶‑v C If‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w h‑n`‑n-¶-a‑m-W‑v; {‑I‑n¡-ä‑p‑w‑, k‑n\‑n-a-b‑p‑w‑, s‑s‑{‑Ia‑p‑w Z‑ri‑ya‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑ns‑â I¨-hS t‑^‑mÀa‑p-e-b‑m-W‑v. dh-\‑y‑q-h‑p‑w‑, d‑neh³k‑p‑w‑, d‑o¨‑p‑w Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S \‑ne-\‑n-e‑v]‑ns‑â P‑ohh‑m-b‑p-h‑p‑w. C¶‑v s‑]‑mX‑ps‑h h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ dh-\‑y‑qh‑p‑w d‑o¨‑p‑w Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä b‑mY‑mÀ°‑y-a‑m-¡‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑p.

Unkw_À 2013

(14) Gd‑nb‑p‑w I‑pd-ª‑p‑w. F¶‑m ]e Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w I‑me‑n-I-Xb‑p‑w {‑]‑m[‑m-\‑yh‑p‑w {‑]k-à‑nb‑p‑w F{‑X-t‑¯‑mf‑w s‑]‑mX‑p-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n t‑ht‑c‑m-S‑n-¡g‑n-ª‑p-s‑h-¶X‑v XÀ¡-h‑n-jb-a‑m-W‑v. {‑I‑nt‑b-ä‑oh‑mb a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ¡‑v Iïâ‑v {‑I‑nt‑bäÀa‑mÀ ]I-c-a‑m-I‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, as‑ä‑m-c‑p-X-c-¯‑n ]d-ª‑mÂ‑, kÀ¤‑m-ß-I-Xb‑v¡‑v k‑wL‑m-S\‑w ]I-c-a‑m-I‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ h‑mÀ¯I-f‑ps‑S h‑ni-‑z-k-\‑o-b-X-t‑¡Â¡‑p¶ a§Â‑, s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ ] c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-I-f‑ps‑S K‑pW-\‑n-e-h‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â a‑mä‑p‑w I‑pdb‑v¡‑p‑w. \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\-e‑p-I-f‑n Cµ‑n-c‑m-`-h-\‑p‑w F. s‑I. P‑n. s‑kâd‑p‑w a‑mc‑mÀP‑n `h\‑p‑w s‑k{‑I-«-d‑n-s‑bä‑v \Sb‑p‑w k‑p]-c‑n-N‑n-X-a‑m-W‑v.

Ch‑n-S-§-f‑n F´‑p \S-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h¶‑v k‑wL‑m-S\ s‑s‑h`-ha‑pÅ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«-d‑p‑w‑, Content Creator Ab Ah-X‑m-c-I-\‑p‑w t‑I‑mþ-H‑mÀU‑n-t‑\-äÀ a‑m{‑X-a‑mb \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑n-ä-d‑p‑w AS-§‑p¶ s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j-\‑ns‑e \‑y‑qk‑v S‑o‑w \a‑p¡‑v I‑rX‑y-a‑mb‑n I‑mW‑n-¨‑p-Xc‑p-¶‑p. F¶‑m ]‑mÀ«‑n H‑m^‑o-k‑p-IÄ¡‑p‑w s‑k{‑I-«-d‑n-t‑bä‑v \S¡‑p‑w A¸‑p-d-a‑pÅ t‑e‑mI‑w I‑m-W‑m³ \‑m‑w ]{‑X-§-f‑ps‑S {‑]‑mt‑Z-i‑nI t‑]P‑p-IÄ ]c-t‑Xï Ah-Ø-b‑m-W‑v. \½‑ps‑S k‑ma‑q-l‑y-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑ns‑â k¦‑oÀ®h‑p‑w A]-c‑nN‑n-X-h‑p-a‑mb P‑oh‑nX kµÀ`-§Ä‑, h‑nN‑n-{‑X-a‑mb a\‑p-j‑y-_Ô-§Ä‑, t‑Ic-f-¯‑ns‑â KX‑n a‑mä‑n-a-d‑n-¡‑p¶ \‑ni-_‑vZ-a‑mb k‑ma‑q-l‑y-N-e-\-§Ä Ch-s‑b‑ms‑¡ Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n F{‑X-t‑¯‑mf‑w {‑]X‑n-^-e‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑pï‑v F¶‑v At‑\-‑z-j‑n-t‑¡ï-X‑p-ï‑v.

F¶‑m Ct‑X Ø‑m\¯ t‑i‑z-X‑m-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â {‑]k-h‑w‑, kc‑nX‑m \‑mb-c‑ps‑S {‑]I-S-\‑w‑, i‑me‑p-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â h‑oS‑p-a‑m-ä‑w‑, aR‑vP‑p h‑mc‑y-c‑ps‑S X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-h-ch‑v X‑pS-§‑n-bh Content Creator a‑mc‑ps‑S Ic-h‑n-c‑p-t‑Xä‑v N‑m\-e‑p-I-f‑n X‑nf-§‑ns‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. X‑pS-¡-¯‑n k‑qN‑n-¸‑n¨ a‑q¶‑p k‑nIf‑n cï‑p k‑nIÄ (Crime & Cinema‑) t‑a¸-dª \‑me‑v k‑v{‑X‑oI-f‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y-¯‑ne‑p‑w I‑qS‑p-X X‑nf¡‑w A\‑p-`-h‑n-¸‑n¨‑p.

I‑y‑ma-d¡‑p a‑p¶‑ns‑e t‑i‑z-X‑m-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â {‑]k-h-I‑m-e-L«-¯‑n s‑]t‑{‑S‑m-f‑n\‑v a‑q¶‑p XhW h‑ne I‑qS‑n. Hc‑p I‑nt‑e‑m Ac‑n¡‑v 35 c‑q] hs‑c h‑ne DbÀ¶‑p. ]s‑£ Ac‑nb‑p‑w kh‑mfb‑p‑w s‑]t‑{‑S‑mf‑p‑w \a‑p-¡‑v ]‑p-Ã‑m--W‑v. Hc‑p [‑oc-h-\‑nX \‑qX-\a‑mb‑n {‑]k-h‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑p I‑mW‑p-¶-Xt‑à Iª‑n-h-¨‑p-I‑p-S‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ BË‑m-Z-Ic‑w? F´‑p k‑wib‑w? `À¯‑m-h‑n-t‑\‑mS‑p ]‑nW-§‑nb‑p‑w CW-§‑nb‑p‑w- aR‑vP‑p h‑mc‑yÀ BZ‑y‑w Hc‑p ]c-k‑y-¯‑n A`‑n-\-b‑n-¨‑p. DS³ \‑m‑w B ]c-k‑y-¯‑ns‑â ]c-k‑y-¡‑m-c‑mb‑n X‑oÀ¶‑p. h‑oï‑p‑w A`‑n\-b-s‑a¶‑p t‑I«-t‑X‑ms‑S \½‑ps‑S \‑nb-{‑´W‑w h‑n«‑p. K‑pc‑p-h‑mb‑q-c‑n I®s‑\ s‑X‑mg‑pX‑v {‑]Z-£‑nW‑w hb‑v¡‑p¶ aR‑vP‑p-h‑mc‑ys‑c Iï‑v H‑mW-¡‑m-e¯‑v A´‑w-h‑n-«‑p-\‑n¶ a‑m[‑y-a-§s‑f a‑pg‑p-h³ Hä-¨-h‑n-«‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v AhÀ X‑mc‑m-c‑m-[\ F¶ ]‑mX‑mf-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v X‑mg‑v¯‑n-¡-f-ª‑p. Ct‑X Z‑nhk‑w Fb‑vU‑vk‑v t‑c‑mK‑n-b‑mb Aѳ t‑_‑m[-]‑qÀÆ‑w k‑z´‑w aIÄ¡‑v Fb‑vU‑vk‑v k½‑m-\‑n-¨-X‑ns‑\ X‑pSÀ¶‑v AhÄ P‑oh-·-c-W-t‑]‑mc‑m-«-¯‑n-e-aÀ¶‑p-s‑h¶‑p ]dª Hc‑p d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a§Ä¡‑v A\‑y-a‑m-b‑n.

Ad-Ì‑n\‑p a‑q¶‑p-Z‑n\‑w a‑p³]‑v ae-b‑m-e-¸‑pg t‑Zh‑o-t‑£-{‑X\-S-b‑n ]I‑pX‑n ASª I®‑p-a‑mb‑n \‑n¶ i‑me‑p-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑\ Iï‑v Iïâ‑v {‑I‑nt‑b-äÀa‑mc‑ps‑S I®‑p-X-Å‑n. A¼-e-¸‑p-g-b‑n Cc‑p-]-¯‑n-A-¿‑m-b‑nc‑w c‑q]b‑v¡‑v k‑z´‑w I‑pª‑ns‑\ h‑nä Hc‑p A½ C‑u ka-b¯‑v \a‑p-¡-S‑p-¯‑p-Xs‑¶ Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑ps‑h¶‑v Bc‑p‑w H‑mÀ¯‑n-Ã. _ÀW‑mU‑vj‑m ]c‑n-l-k‑n¨ "s‑s‑k¡‑nÄ -A-]-IS' a‑mX‑rI d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-IÄ Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n \‑nd-b‑p-t‑¼‑mg‑p‑w‑, B at‑\‑m-`‑mh‑w {‑I‑n¡-ä‑v, k‑n\‑n-a‑, s‑s‑{‑I‑w F¶‑n-h-b‑n-e‑qs‑S ]‑qh‑n«‑v N‑m\-e‑p-I-f‑n ]c‑n-af‑w ]c-¯‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.

Unkw_À 2013

U‑nP‑n-ä t‑PWe‑n-k-¯‑ns‑â I‑me¯‑v Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑ps‑S h‑ni-‑z-\‑o-b-X-b‑p‑w‑, ac-h‑n¨‑p X‑pS-§‑nb Ø‑nc‑w ]c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-I-f‑n I‑me‑n-I-a‑mb ]c‑n-j‑vI-c-Wh‑p‑w hc‑p-¯-W‑w.

F¶‑m XÕ-ab k‑wt‑{‑]-j-W‑w‑, ]c-¼-c‑m-KX \‑y‑qk‑v d‑q‑w k¦-e‑v]-¯‑ns‑â DS-¨‑p-h‑mÀ¡Â‑, t‑hK-X‑, k‑pX‑m-c‑yX‑, \‑nÊ‑w-K-c‑mb s‑]‑mX‑p-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n\‑v APï \‑nÝ-b‑n¨‑p \e‑vI X‑pS-§‑nb I‑rX‑y-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S k‑z-I‑mc‑y s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ N‑m\-e‑p-IÄ t‑hd‑n-s‑«‑mc‑p hg‑n h‑mÀ¯‑m k‑z‑o-I-c-W-¯‑ne‑p‑w Ah-X-c-W-¯‑ne‑p‑w X‑pd-¶‑n-S‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.

K‑pW-\‑n-e-h‑mc‑w s‑a¨-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n‑, h‑ni-‑z-k-\‑o-bX \‑ne\‑nÀ¯‑n‑, ]{‑X-§Ä¡‑v ià-a‑mb _Z k‑rj‑vS‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑mW‑p t‑hï-X‑v. s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ ]c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-IÄ c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶ Iïâ‑v {‑I‑nt‑b-äÀa‑mÀ¡‑v (Content Creator‑) t‑{‑]£-I³ s‑hd‑p‑w IW-k‑y‑q-a-d‑m-W‑v. Ø‑m]-\t‑a‑m I¼-\‑nt‑b‑m F´‑p-a‑m-Is‑« AX‑v s‑hd‑p-s‑a‑mc‑p De‑v]¶‑w (Product‑) a‑m{‑X‑w. a¬k‑qS‑qd‑n-k-¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p s‑s‑_t‑{‑]‑m-UI‑v-ä‑v (by product‑) a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v ag F¶-hÀ Ic‑p-X‑p-¶‑p.

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I‑y‑ma-d¡‑p a‑p¶‑ns‑e t‑i‑z-X‑m-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â {‑]k-h-I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n s‑]t‑{‑S‑m-f‑n\‑v a‑q¶‑p XhW h‑ne I‑qS‑n. Hc‑p I‑nt‑e‑m Ac‑n¡‑v 35 c‑q] hs‑c h‑ne DbÀ¶‑p. ]s‑£ Ac‑nb‑p‑w kh‑m-fb‑p‑w s‑]t‑{‑S‑mf‑p‑w \a‑p-¡‑v ]‑p-Ã‑m--W‑v. Hc‑p [‑oc-h-\‑nX \‑qX-\-a‑mb‑n {‑]k-h‑n¡‑p-¶X‑p I‑mW‑p-¶-Xt‑à Iª‑n-h-¨‑p-I‑p-S‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ BË‑m-Z-Ic‑w? F´‑p k‑wib‑w? `À¯‑m-h‑n-t‑\‑mS‑p ]‑nW-§‑nb‑p‑w CW-§‑nb‑p‑w- aR‑vP‑ph‑mc‑yÀ BZ‑y‑w Hc‑p ]c-k‑y-¯‑n A`‑n-\-b‑n-¨‑p. DS³ \‑m‑w B ]c-k‑y-¯‑ns‑â ]c-k‑y-¡‑m-c‑mb‑n X‑oÀ¶‑p. K‑pc‑p-h‑m-b‑qc‑n I®s‑\ s‑X‑mg‑pX‑v {‑]Z-£‑nW‑w hb‑v¡‑p¶ aR‑vP‑p-h‑m-c‑ys‑c Iï‑v H‑mW-¡‑m-e¯‑v A´‑w-h‑n-«‑p-\‑n¶ a‑m[‑y-a-§s‑f a‑pg‑p-h³ Hä-¨-h‑n-«‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v AhÀ X‑mc‑m-c‑m-[\ F¶ ]‑mX‑m-f-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v X‑mg‑v¯‑n-¡-f-ª‑p. Ct‑X Z‑nhk‑w Fb‑vU‑vk‑v t‑c‑mK‑n-b‑mb Aѳ t‑_‑m[-]‑qÀÆ‑w k‑z´‑w aIÄ¡‑v Fb‑vU‑vk‑v k½‑m-\‑n-¨-X‑ns‑\ X‑pSÀ¶‑v AhÄ P‑oh-·-cW-t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-¯‑n-e-aÀ¶‑p-s‑h¶‑p ]dª Hc‑p d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑v A\‑y-a‑m-b‑n.

Ad-Ì‑n\‑p a‑q¶‑p-Z‑n\‑w a‑p³]‑v ae-b‑m-e-¸‑pg t‑Zh‑o-t‑£-{‑X-\-S-b‑n ]I‑pX‑n ASª I®‑p-a‑mb‑n \‑n¶ i‑me‑p-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑\ Iï‑v Iïâ‑v {‑I‑nt‑b-äÀa‑mc‑ps‑S I®‑p-X-Å‑n. A¼e-¸‑p-g-b‑n Cc‑p-]-¯‑n-A-¿‑m-b‑nc‑w c‑q]b‑v¡‑v k‑z´‑w I‑pª‑ns‑\ h‑nä Hc‑p A½ C‑u ka-b¯‑v \a‑p-¡-S‑p-¯‑p-Xs‑¶ Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h¶‑v Bc‑p‑w H‑mÀ¯‑n-Ã.

Unkw_À 2013

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a‑m[‑ya d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«Àa‑mÀ F{‑X-t‑¯‑mf‑w X§-f‑ps‑S s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑ne‑p‑w k‑ma‑q-l‑y-{‑]-X‑n-_-²-X-b‑n-e‑p-a‑pÅ [‑mÀ½‑n-IX \j‑vS-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h¶‑v ]¯‑v hÀj‑w a‑p³]‑v F‑w. S‑n. h‑mk‑p-t‑Z-h³ \‑mbÀ t‑`‑m¸‑m Z‑pc´‑w k‑w_-Ô‑n¨ h‑mÀ¯-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v {‑i² £W‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v h‑nh-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. ""1984-þ s‑`‑m¸‑m Z‑pc´‑w k‑w`-h‑n-¨‑p. 3000 t‑¯‑mf‑w t‑]À ac‑n-¨‑p. 18 Z‑nhk‑w t‑Zi‑ob a‑m[‑y-a§Ä Z‑pc-´s‑¯ h³h‑n-j-b-a‑m-¡‑n. BZ‑y‑w 4000 t‑I‑mS‑n-t‑b‑mf‑w \j‑vS-]-c‑n-l‑mc‑w F¶ Bhi‑y‑w DbÀ¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑o-SX‑v 412 t‑I‑mS‑n-b‑mb‑n N‑pc‑p-§‑n. 1700 \j‑vS-]-c‑n-l‑m-c -A-t‑]-£-IÀ Dï‑m-b‑n. At‑]-£IÄ A]‑qÀ®-s‑a¶‑p Ic‑pX‑n `‑qc‑n-]-£h‑p‑w XÅ‑n.

HS‑p-h‑n I‑pd-¨‑p-t‑]À¡‑v 1500 c‑q] h‑oX‑w \ÂI‑n {‑]i‑v\‑w X‑oÀ¯‑p. BZ‑y‑w Bt‑L‑m-j‑n¨ a‑m[‑y-a§Ä H¯‑p-X‑oÀ¸‑p NX‑n Iï‑n-s‑ö‑p \S‑n-¨‑p.‑'' F‑w. S‑n. C§s‑\ Fg‑p-X‑p-¶‑p. ""a\‑p-j‑y-k‑vt‑\-l¯‑n-e-[‑n-j‑vT‑n-X-a‑mb t‑]‑mk‑n-ä‑oh‑v t‑PÀW-e‑nk‑w C¶‑n-Ã. A§-s‑\-b‑p-Å-hÀ Ds‑ï-¦‑n- AhÀ Hg‑p¡‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c \‑o´‑p-¶-h-c‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.‑'' Consumer Habits, Consumer Values, Consumer Lifestyles

C‑u {‑X‑na‑m-\-h‑n-i-‑z‑m-k-a‑mW‑v s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ h‑mÀ¯-b‑nt‑eb‑p‑w ]c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-b‑n-t‑eb‑p‑w Iïâ‑v {‑I‑nt‑b-äs‑d \b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. t‑{‑]£-I³ F¶ D]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-h‑ns‑â k‑z-`‑m-h‑w‑, h‑ni-‑z‑m-k‑w‑, P‑oh‑n-X-s‑s‑ie‑n F¶‑n-hs‑b ]c‑n-t‑]‑m-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w k‑wc£‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑pI F¶ Z‑uX‑y-¯‑n a‑pg‑p-I‑n-t‑¸‑m-I‑p¶-X‑n-\‑m N‑pä‑p-a‑pÅ t‑e‑mI-h‑p‑w‑, b‑mY‑mÀ°‑yh‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑y-P‑o-h‑n-X-h‑p‑w‑, ]c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑p‑w‑, a®‑p‑w s‑hÅ-h‑p-s‑a‑ms‑¡ ] e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ Ì‑pU‑n-t‑b‑m-b‑n s‑s‑{‑Ia‑n\‑p‑w {‑I‑n¡ä‑n\‑p‑w k‑n\‑n-a-b‑v¡‑p-a‑p-Å{‑X h‑n[‑w ]c‑n-K-W‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑m-d‑n-Ã. h‑mÀ¯‑m k‑z‑o-I-c-W-¯‑ne‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-]‑m-Z-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mb {‑]I-S-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X-§Ä h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c‑ps‑S a‑p¶‑n-e‑mW‑v. P‑nÚ‑m-k‑p-h‑mb h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑n-\‑mb‑n I‑m¯‑nc‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑m-W‑v. I‑qS‑p-X Ad‑n-b‑m³ Ah³ ]{‑X-§Ä¡‑p ]‑n¶‑ms‑e ]‑mb‑p-¶‑p. t‑{‑]£-Is‑â a‑q¶‑m‑wI‑nS A`‑n-c‑p-N‑n¡‑p ]‑n¶‑ms‑eN‑m\-e‑p-IÄ ]‑mb‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e. t‑{‑]£I k‑z-`‑m-h-h‑p‑w t‑{‑]£I a‑qe‑y-h‑p‑w t‑{‑]£I s‑s‑ie‑nb‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w ]c‑n-]‑mS‑nIf‑p‑w N‑m\-e‑p-IÄ c‑q]-I-e‑v]\ s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. Pb‑n-e‑n \‑n¶‑v Hcѳ aIÄ¡‑v F{‑X-X-hW Is‑¯-g‑p-X‑n-b‑me‑p‑w Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑ya-§Ä¡‑v h‑mÀ-¯-b‑m-I‑n-Ã; Pb‑n-e‑n \‑n¶‑v _‑nP‑p-c‑m-[‑m-I‑rj‑vW³ Fg‑p-X‑p¶ I¯‑n\‑p a‑m{‑Xs‑a h‑mÀ¯‑m-a‑q-e‑y-a‑p-Å‑p. kc‑n-X‑m-\‑m-b-c‑ps‑S k‑z-`‑m-hh‑p‑w i‑me‑p-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â a‑qe‑yt‑_‑m-[h‑p‑w t‑i‑zX‑m t‑at‑\‑m-s‑â P‑oh‑n-X-s‑s‑i-e‑nb‑p‑w H¶‑p-t‑Nc‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ F´‑p-ï‑m-I‑pt‑a‑m AX‑mW‑v ]‑pX‑nb I‑mes‑¯ s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S P‑oh³; Aà P‑oh‑n-X‑w. a‑nI-h‑pä d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«Àa‑m-c‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w A\‑p-`-h-k-¼-¯‑pÅ \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑n-äÀa‑m-c‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w X‑nt‑c‑m-[‑m-\-¯‑n\‑v ]‑pX‑nb s‑Se‑nUnkw_À 2013

h‑n-j³ I‑me-L«‑w k‑m£‑y‑w hl‑n-¡‑p‑w. ]Ic‑w Iïâ‑v {‑I‑nt‑b-äÀa‑m-c‑p‑w {‑]kâÀa‑mc‑p‑w t‑hZ‑n I¿-S-¡‑p‑w. a‑m[‑ya d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«Àa‑mÀ F{‑X-t‑¯‑mf‑w X§-f‑ps‑S s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑ne‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑y-{‑]-X‑n-_-²-X-b‑n-e‑p-a‑pÅ [‑mÀ½‑n-IX \j‑vS-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑nc‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h¶‑v ]¯‑v hÀj‑w a‑p³]‑v F‑w. S‑n. h‑mk‑p-t‑Z-h³ \‑mbÀ t‑`‑m¸‑m Z‑pc´‑w k‑w_-Ô‑n¨ h‑mÀ¯-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v {‑i² £W‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v h‑nh-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. ""1984-þ s‑`‑m¸‑m Z‑pc´‑w k‑w`-h‑n-¨‑p. 3000 t‑¯‑mf‑w t‑] À ac‑n-¨‑p. 18 Z‑nhk‑w t‑Zi‑ob a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä Z‑pc-´s‑¯ h³h‑nj-b-a‑m-¡‑n. BZ‑y‑w 4000 t‑I‑mS‑n-t‑b‑mf‑w \j‑vS-]-c‑n-l‑mc‑w F¶ Bhi‑y‑w DbÀ¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑o-SX‑v 412 t‑I‑mS‑n-b‑mb‑n N‑pc‑p-§‑n.

1700 \j‑vS-]-c‑n-l‑m-c -A-t‑]-£-IÀ Dï‑m-b‑n. At‑]-£-IÄ A]‑qÀ®-s‑a¶‑p Ic‑pX‑n `‑qc‑n-]-£h‑p‑w XÅ‑n. HS‑p-h‑n I‑pd¨‑p-t‑]À¡‑v 1500 c‑q] h‑oX‑w \ÂI‑n {‑]i‑v\‑w X‑oÀ¯‑p. BZ‑y‑w Bt‑L‑m-j‑n¨ a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä H¯‑p-X‑oÀ¸‑p NX‑n Iï‑n-s‑ö‑p \S‑n-¨‑p.‑'' F‑w. S‑n. C§s‑\ Fg‑p-X‑p-¶‑p. ""a\‑p-j‑y-k‑vt‑\-l-¯‑n-e-[‑nj‑vT‑n-X-a‑mb t‑]‑mk‑n-ä‑oh‑v t‑PÀW-e‑nk‑w C¶‑n-Ã. A§-s‑\-b‑pÅ-hÀ Ds‑ï-¦‑n- AhÀ Hg‑p-¡‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c \‑o´‑p-¶-h-c‑m-b‑nc‑n-¡‑p‑w.‑'' þ\‑o-´Â ad-¶‑p-t‑]‑mb \-a‑p¡‑v ]c-k‑v]c‑w kl-X-]‑n¡‑m‑w. t‑I‑m«-b¯‑v ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯I b‑qW‑n-b³ k‑wØ‑m-\- k-t‑½-f-\ -t‑¯‑m-S-\‑p-_-Ô‑n¨‑v "kÀK‑m-ß-I-Xb‑p‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\h‑p‑w‑' Fó h‑n-j-b-¯-‑nð \-S-ó skan\mdnð Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n¨ {‑]_Ô‑w.

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Dr. Shoma A. Chatterji

Do Women Lead in the Media?

Shattering the Glass Ceiling The glass ceiling in media companies appears shatter-proof. Not only do women’s pay and promotions continue to lag behind those of men, the gap widens as women log more years on the job and gain experience, a sort of reverse reward system.

T

hough the Indian media has expanded its horizons in terms of publications and formats – from print to television to the internet to digital media to mobile phones, its treatment and approach to women and women’s issues remains more or less the same. The active participation of women in the media – journalists, editors, news-readers, anchors has not really made much dent into the portrayal of the images of women because the media has slowly become an object of control by corporate players, advertising agendas, politics and patriarchy.

This unfortunately, is a global truth that cuts across the economic and developmental status of different countries including the education and empowerument levels of the women in these countries. For example, though the appointments of women editors for the first time in the US in papers such as the Detroit Free Press, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and others had raised hopes that women were finally gaining more newsroom power, other data suggested that the rise was largely an illusion. In 2002, among ISA’s top 30 daily-circulation newspapers, only eight had women editors. Of those 30 papers, 19 changed editors within the following three years, with only four choosing women to fill the vacant posts.

Three -- the New York Daily News, the New York Post, and The Arizona Republic in Phoenix -- chose to replace departing women with men. Sheila Gibbons, a US journalist says, “The glass ceiling in media companies appears shatter-proof. Not only do women’s pay and promotions continue to lag behind those of men, the gap widens as women log more years on the job and gain experience, a sort of reverse reward system.”

Commenting on the Fourth World Conference on Women, Ms. Carolyn Hannan, Director, United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW) said that the area of women and the media was established as one of the twelve critical areas of concern in the Platform for Action.

The Platform noted that advances in information technology have aided in the growth of a global communications network that has impacted public policy, private attitudes and behaviour. Genderbased stereotyping and professional inequality were identified as barriers to the representation and career advancement of women in the media industry.

The potential of the media for contributing to the advancement and empowerment of women was further recognized. In addressing the issue of the mobilization of the media, Governments and other actors were urged to promote an active and visible policy of mainstreaming a gender perspective in policies and programmes.

Way back in March 1997, The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) at its fortieth session in March 1997, examined measures to be used for increasing the participation and access to decision-making in and through the media and new communication technologies. The Commission made recommendations for Governments and relevant UN bodies in five areas: (a) Respect for the human rights of women, including freedom of expression, and the media; (b) Self-regulation, voluntary guidelines and responsiveness to civil society; (c) The important role of media education; (d) Creating an enabling environment; and (e) Women and global communications.

Sixteen years later, the situation has not changed Unkw_À 2013

(18) much though on the surface, it might appear that women are more visible and decisive in media organizations across the board. Women are still not employed in key decision-making positions in sufficient numbers to influence media policy.

Negative images of women and stereotyped portrayals continue to persist, and in some contexts has even increased. Stereotypical attitudes and behaviour in local, national and international media are evident. The field of ICTs was male-centred and language barriers and high costs of equipment and internet access effectively barred most women from full utilization of the internet.

In 2008, the National Commission of Women in India initiated a project on “The Status of Women Journalists in the Print Media” to look into issues affecting the role of women working in the print Media. As part of a broader study on working women in India, it was executed by the Press Institute of India (PII) through empirical data collected from almost all states and Union Territories in the country. Pamela Bhagat prepared an Executive Summary Report on the project.

The objective of the research was (i) to examine the problems and issues confronting women working in the media, (ii) to gauge the extent of direct and indirect discrimination at the workplace and (iii) to identify contemporary issues that need to be addressed. The research was coordinated

by Pamela Bhagat with the support of media representatives from various regions - Linda

Unkw_À 2013

Chhakchhuak from Shillong, Rajashri Dasgupta from Calcutta, Sushmita Malaviya from Bhopal, R. Akhileshwari from Hyderabad and Surekha Sule from Mumbai - who together formed a National Study Group. The National Study Group assisted with the design and implementation of the 20-page questionnaire. Usha Rai, Deputy Director, Press Institute of India, guided and steered the group.

Though the sample size was approximately 3500, the response from the print media stood at 410 women which shows a response rate of 11.5%. English print media women journalists in the national media were the least cooperative in responding to the questionnaire. Most of the data collected was through personal interaction that brought out much more than the questionnaires did because more women talked about things they were hesitant to put on paper.

Major concerns that emerged from the study were job insecurity because journalists were employed like daily wage labour, signing a muster at the end of the month to get a pittance of Rs 1500 to Rs 3000 as wages; contract system of employment; neglect of maternity and child-care provisions and sexual harassment. Other issues raised by respondents were:

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• “More women are employed in the media now since they are available at lower salaries on the contract system. In such circumstances gender fair reporting and practices are more difficult to promote.”

• “After initial resistance, even women journalists start justifying organisational insensitivity. They are instrumental in perpetuating lack of recognition of women’s special needs and functions in society - childbirth, childcare, confinement, security after night duty etc. Many believe the myth that women journalists have limitations within organisations since they cannot do night shifts.”

• “Regular dilemma is childcare vs. profession.

Effect of work on marital relations differ between male journalists and women journalists.”

• “Longer maternity leave is important since confinement and childcare are very demanding on health and emotions. This would usually be required once or twice in all working life so no big deal.”

• “Women’s most productive years are also their reproductive years.”

• “Women journalists are conscientious, diligent and people relate more easily to us. However, male bosses do not give credit for professionalism -instead speak of women exploiting their gender.”

• “As a profession, very satisfying and stimulating but work environment needs to be egalitarian and encouraging. At present enthusiasm often watered down by unresponsive organisations

that are not sensitive to gender specific requirements which are often viewed as liabilities - transport, maternity leave, childcare facilities, rest rooms etc.”

• “There is no transparency in policy matters entitlements, rights and promotion criteria”.

Reports Bhagat: “An astounding 20.5 percent of respondents said that women were discriminated against for promotion. 45.5 felt it was because of their sex, some felt it was because of age and a large proportion refused to comment - 21.2 percent.

In fact 8.4 percent were forced to leave a media organisation due to promotion discrimination.”

Joe Strupp in “Women Editors on the Rise – Has the Glass Ceiling Been Shattered” in In-Depth (September 16, 2002) writes: “Most publishers contend that a major requirement in choosing an editor is finding someone who shares their vision for the paper, their approach to news coverage and daily operations -- be it man or woman. In theory, that approach should put most candidates on an even playing field as they contend for the top editor’s spot. In reality, however, it tends to give a man the advantage if the one doing the hiring is also a man.

The nature and scale of the continued marginalization of women in the media, together with the difficulty of establishing an effective systems of accountability in an increasingly commercial and globalizing media marketplace, mean that no single strategy can accomplish much on its own. Ideally, a variety of approaches which support and sustain each other is called for. Experts in the field need to consider experiences and approaches that have proved to be successful in specific contexts, and to draw from lessons and good practices that will help provide recommendations for policies and actions. The discussions should be forward-looking and identify emerging trends and new challenges in order to more effectively promote the empowerment of women in the media and information fields at the local, regional and global levels, and to ensure that the media can be utilized effectively as a powerful tool for promoting equality between women and men.

US educator Yolanda Moses, President of the City College of New York, quoted in New York Times, September 12, 1993, said, “Institutions of higher education in the United States are products of Western society in which masculine values like an orientation toward achievement and objectivity are valued over cooperation, connectedness and subjectivity.” This would apply more strongly to Third World countries like India.

The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com

Unkw_À 2013

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Itejv Fw.

\h-am-[y-a§ - fpw ssk_À P\m-[n-]X - yhpw hnaÀi\§Ä D¶bn¡msa¦nepw \ham[ya§Ä Ignª Ipd¨v Ime§fmbn cq] s¸Sp¯n hcp¶ \nc´c CSs]SepIfneqsSbpÅ D]cm{ãobhpw kam´c kwhmZ aÞehpw hmkvXh¯n ]mtS \ntj[n¡mhp¶ H¶Ã. Cu L«¯nemWv am[ya amcW \S]SnIfpambn `cWIqSw CSs]Sp¶Xv. `cWIqS¯nsâ C¯cw CSs] SepIÄ kv]jvSam¡p¶Xv \ham[ya§Ä \nÝbambpw Fs´ms¡tbm Xc¯nepÅ Atemkc§Ä X§Ä¡v Dïm¡p¶pïv F¶XmWv.

‘R

epresentative democracy will be dead and the sooner it is replaced by the democracy of the information age the better it is for all of us.’

- Mikols N. Szilagyi

B[‑p-\‑nI ka‑ql‑w c‑q]-s‑¸-«‑p-h-¶X‑v P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑yk-a-c-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v. P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h-X‑v¡-c-W-{‑]-{‑I‑nb CX‑p-h-s‑cb‑p‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m-I‑m¯ Hc‑p ]²-X‑n-b‑mW‑v F¶‑v H‑mÀ½‑n-¸‑n¡‑p‑w h‑n[‑w ka-c-§Ä C¶‑p‑w ]e-a-«‑n X‑pSÀ¶‑ph-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. GI‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑cb‑p‑w Ak-a-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑\X‑n-s‑cb‑p‑w t‑I‑mÀ¸t‑d-ä‑p-IÄs‑¡-X‑n-s‑cb‑p‑w Ig‑nª GX‑m\‑p‑w hÀj-§-f‑mb‑n t‑e‑mI-s‑a-¼‑mS‑p‑w \S-¶‑p-h-c‑p¶ {‑]t‑£‑m-`§Ä h‑ni‑m-e‑mÀ°-¯‑n P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-{‑I-a-§Ä¡‑v AIt‑¯¡‑v P\-X¡‑v IS-¶‑p-h-c‑m-\‑pÅ Nc‑n-{‑X-]-c-a‑mb bX‑v\a‑mb‑n h‑mb‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑p‑w. C¯c‑w ka-c-§s‑f k‑ma‑q-l‑nI CS-§-f‑n a‑qÀ¯ b‑mY‑mÀ°‑y-a‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑p-¶-X‑n \‑nÀW‑mbI ]¦‑p-h-l‑n-¨X‑v \h-k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑m-W‑v. 2010-þ S‑pW‑o-j‑y-b‑n-e‑m-c‑w-`‑n¨‑v Ad_‑v hk´a‑mb‑p‑w h‑mÄk‑v{‑S‑oä‑v {‑] t‑£‑m-`-a‑mb‑p‑w C‑uP‑n-]‑vX‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w k‑nd‑n-b-b‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w A[‑nI‑mc s‑s‑Ia‑m-ä-§-f‑mb‑p‑w {‑K‑ok‑ns‑e {‑]t‑£‑m-`-a‑mb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w ] SÀ¶‑p ]´-e‑n¨ ka-c-§s‑f t‑]‑mj‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑p‑w {‑]N-c‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þ-e-¯‑n NÀ¨‑m-h‑n-j-b-a‑m-¡‑n-bX‑p‑w \h-a‑m-[‑ya-§-f‑m-s‑W¶‑v \‑nc‑o-£‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑p‑w. C‑u ]c‑n-I-e‑v]-\-b‑n \‑n¶‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑nb s‑s‑k_À P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑ys‑¯ {‑]i‑v\-h-X‑v¡-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑mW‑v {‑]_Ô‑w {‑ia‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑v.

s‑s‑k_À P\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y‑w h‑mk‑vX-h-¯‑n \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä k‑zI‑mc‑y h‑yà‑n-Is‑f (Private Individuals‑) c‑m{‑ã‑ob k‑ma‑ql‑y I‑mc‑y-§-f‑n ]¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v s‑N¿‑p-¶-X‑v. aä‑v a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑n e`‑n¡‑m¯ k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑yh‑p‑w ]¦‑m-f‑n-¯h‑p‑w h‑yà‑n¡‑v \h-a‑m-[‑y-a§Ä \‑nÀ½‑n-¨‑p-\-e‑vI‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. Ch‑ns‑S \‑nÝ-b-a‑mb‑p‑w P‑m[‑n-]X‑y-¯‑ns‑â k‑m[‑y-X-I-f‑mW‑v X‑pd-¶‑n-S‑p-¶-X‑v.

F´‑p‑w X‑pd-¶‑p-]-d-b‑m-\‑pÅ ae-b‑m-f‑n-b‑ps‑S Fg‑p-¯‑nS-a‑mb‑n s‑]‑mX‑p-a‑q-{‑X-¸‑p-c-If‑p‑w s‑{‑Sb‑n-\‑ns‑e a‑q{‑X-¸‑p-c-If‑p‑w a‑md‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. (s‑s‑Z-\‑w-Z‑n\ c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w a‑pX s‑s‑e‑wK‑n-IX hs‑c-b‑pÅ I‑mc‑y-§Ä‑). bY‑mÀ°¯‑n Gs‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑y‑, c‑m{‑ã‑ob k‑w`-h-§Ä¡‑v t‑ae‑pÅ h‑yà‑n-b‑ps‑S {‑] X‑n-I-c-W-§-f‑m-W‑n-h. Ah‑ns‑S h‑yà‑n Ahs‑â FÃ‑m-¯c‑w Unkw_À 2013

t‑c‑mjh‑p‑w AaÀjh‑p‑w ad-t‑b-X‑p-a‑n-Ã‑ms‑X {‑]I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

X\‑n¡‑v ]d-b‑m-\‑p-ÅX‑v X‑pd¶‑v ]¦‑p-s‑h-¡‑m-\‑pÅ CS-§f‑mb‑n h‑yà‑n C¯c‑w Øe-§s‑f I‑mW‑p-¶‑p. k‑z‑m`‑n-{‑]‑mb‑w ks‑s‑[c‑y‑w {‑]I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ h‑yà‑n¡‑v k‑ma‑ql‑y a‑m[‑ya‑w Cà F¶X‑v Xs‑¶-b‑mW‑v C¯c‑w k‑zI‑mc‑y CS-§s‑f X§-f‑ps‑S A`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§Ä / {‑]k‑vX‑m-h-\-IÄ t‑cJ-s‑¸-S‑p-

(21) ¯‑m-\‑pÅ Øe-a‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑p-¶-X‑v. \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S hch‑v k‑ma‑q-l‑y-a‑m-[‑ya‑w (Social Media‑) F¶ k‑whÀ¤s‑¯ Dï‑m-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S h‑yà‑n-b‑ps‑S GX‑v h‑nj-b-¯‑n-e‑pÅ A`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§f‑p‑w h‑mZ-a‑p-J-§f‑p‑w t‑cJ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m\‑p‑w DÅ Øe-s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. k‑ma‑q-l‑nI k‑z‑oI‑m-c‑y-a‑mb `‑mj-b‑ne‑p‑w AÀ°-¯‑ne‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob k‑ma‑q-l‑nI h‑nj-b§Ä¡‑p-t‑a h‑yà‑n¡‑v k‑wh-Z‑n-¡‑m\‑pÅ c‑m{‑ã‑ob aÞe-a‑mb‑n s‑s‑k_À \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä a‑md‑n. Ch‑ns‑S Hc‑p Xc‑w P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y]cX c‑q]‑w s‑I‑mÅ‑p-¶‑pï‑v. c‑m{‑ã-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\s‑¯b‑p‑w s‑s‑Z\‑w-Z‑n\ c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-s‑¯b‑p‑w `c-W-I‑q-S-s‑¯b‑p‑w "]‑uc³' F¶ \‑ne-b‑n Gs‑X‑mc‑p h‑yà‑n¡‑p‑w (k‑m-t‑¦-X‑nI-X-b‑ps‑S h‑y‑mI-c-W-a-d‑n-b‑p¶‑) h‑naÀi‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w FX‑nÀ¸‑pIÄ ]¦‑p-s‑h-¡‑m\‑p‑w DÅ Xc-¯‑n P\‑m-[‑n-X‑y-]-c-a‑mb X‑pd¶ k‑wh‑m-Z-a-Þe‑w s‑s‑k_À a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑ph-b‑v¡‑p¶‑p-ï‑v. s‑s‑k_À t‑e‑mI¯‑v c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p¶ C¯c‑w P\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y A´-c‑o-£-s‑¯-b‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S k‑ma‑m-\‑y-a‑mb‑n "s‑s‑k_À P\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y‑w‑' F¶-X‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v h‑nh-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.

Ad‑n-b‑m-\‑pÅ a\‑p-j‑ys‑â B{‑Kl‑w t‑]‑ms‑e {‑]_-ea‑mW‑v k‑zX-{‑´‑m-`‑n-{‑]‑mb {‑]I-S-\-¯‑n-\‑pÅ CÑ-b‑p‑w. h‑ni‑me‑mÀ°-¯‑n \h-k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S hc-t‑h‑ms‑S k‑wP‑m-X-a‑m-bX‑v k‑zX-{‑´‑m-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-{‑]-I-S-\-§Ä¡‑v DÅ CS-§-f‑m-W‑v. CS-s‑]-S-e‑p-I-f‑ps‑S (Interaction‑) k‑q£‑va-c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-¯‑n-e‑qs‑S X‑oÀ¡‑p¶ k‑wh‑m-Z-`‑q-a‑n-Ib‑mb‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑nI a‑mä-§-s‑fb‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-k‑w-`-h-§-s‑fb‑p‑w kk‑q£‑va‑w \‑nc‑o-£‑n-¡‑p¶ h‑yà‑n-I-f‑ps‑S b‑pà‑n-`-{‑Z-a‑mb A`‑n-{‑]‑m-b§f‑p‑w \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-If‑p‑w h‑naÀi-\‑m-ß-I-a‑mb‑n ]¦‑p-s‑h-¡‑p¶ c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-a-Þ-e-a‑mb‑p‑w \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä a‑md‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑p. C‑u

s‑s‑k_À k‑wh‑mZ aÞ-e-¯‑n\‑v AX‑n-Z‑oÀL-a‑mb Nc‑n{‑Xt‑a‑m ]‑mc-¼-c‑yt‑a‑m CÃ. t‑]c‑v k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p‑w-t‑]‑ms‑e ‑"\h' k‑ma‑q-l‑nI CS-§-f‑mW‑v C¯c‑w a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶-X‑v. s‑s‑k-_À P\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y‑w‑, U‑nP‑n-ä P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w F¶‑n-§s‑\ Ad‑n-b-s‑¸« P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â k‑vt‑]k‑pIs‑f k‑m[‑y-a‑m-¡‑n-bX‑v k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-Xb‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-Xb‑p‑w Xs‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. C¯c‑w P\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y ka-c-§-f‑ps‑S a‑qÀ¯ c‑q]-§-f‑mW‑v Ad_‑v hk-´h‑p‑w h‑mÄk‑v{‑S‑oä‑v ]‑nS‑n-¨-S-¡e‑p‑w S‑pW‑oj‑yb‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w C‑uP‑n-]‑vX‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w A[‑n-I‑m-c-a‑m-ä-§Ä AS-¡-a‑pÅ k‑w`-h-§Ä. C‑u ka-c-§-f‑ps‑S N‑me-I-ià‑n-b‑m-bX‑v t‑k‑mj‑y s‑\ä‑v hÀ¡‑n‑wK‑v s‑s‑kä‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v.

AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑mW‑v H‑mI‑vk‑vt‑^‑mÀU‑v CâÀs‑\ä‑v C³Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑ns‑e t‑k‑mt‑j‑y‑m-f-P‑n-Ì‑m-b h‑ne‑y‑w F¨‑v U«\h-k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§s‑f ‑"P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â ^‑n^‑v¯‑v Ft‑Ìä‑v‑' F¶‑p h‑nt‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑v (The Hindu, 2010, July 23‑). `c-W-I‑q-S-§Ä t‑]‑me‑p‑w C¶‑v P\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑pÅ CSs‑]-S-e‑p-IÄ¡‑v t‑hï‑n-b‑p‑w P\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑pÅ kl-hÀ¯‑nX‑z-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑nb‑p‑w t‑^k‑v_‑p-¡‑v, S‑z‑näÀ t‑]‑me‑p-Å-hs‑b D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ X‑pS-§‑n-bX‑p‑w H‑mÀ½‑n-¡‑p-I. CâÀs‑\-ä‑mW‑v t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑n-b-b‑ps‑S k‑nc‑m-t‑I-{‑µ‑w.

F¶‑m k‑zX-{‑´‑m-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-{‑]-I-S-\-¯‑n-\‑pÅ CS‑w F¶ \‑ne-b‑n C‑u aÞ-e-¯‑n he‑nb KX‑n-a‑mä‑w Dï‑m-¡‑nbX‑v t‑»‑mK‑v BW‑v. \a‑p¡‑v N‑pä‑p-a‑pÅ F´‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w t‑»‑mK‑n Fg‑p-X‑m‑w. k‑ml‑nX‑y‑w k‑n\‑n-a‑, h‑yà‑n A\‑p-`-h§Ä F¶‑n-§-s‑\. F¶‑m s‑s‑Z\‑w-Z‑n\ c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-s‑¯b‑p‑w t‑e‑mI c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-s‑¯b‑p‑w `c-W-I‑q-S-§-f‑ps‑S t‑k‑zÑ‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-

a‑pJ‑y-[‑m-c‑m-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä Xg-ªX‑p‑w I‑mW‑ms‑X t‑]‑mb-X‑p-a‑mb h‑mÀ¯-I-s‑fb‑p‑w k‑w`-h-§-s‑fb‑p‑w b‑ph-k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-s‑s‑k-_À I‑q«‑m-b‑va-IÄ NÀ¨-‑mh‑nj-b-a‑m-¡‑n. ]‑pX‑nb I‑me-¯‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-t‑_‑m-[a‑mb‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob {‑]hÀ¯-\-a‑mb‑p‑w C¯c‑w CSs‑]-S-e‑p-Is‑f h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m-\‑n-¡‑m‑w. C‑u a«‑n CS-s‑]« {‑]t‑£‑m-`-I-s‑c-b‑mW‑v 2011-þ s‑s‑S‑w a‑mK-k‑n³ t‑] Àk¬ H‑m^‑v Z‑n CbÀ Bb‑n s‑Xc-s‑ª-S‑p-¯X‑v F¶X‑p‑w {‑it‑²-b-a‑m-W‑v. C¡‑m-e¯‑v "Protest' F¶ h‑m¡‑v Xs‑¶ Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑n Dï‑m-I‑m¯{‑Xb‑p‑w XhW H‑m¬s‑s‑e-\‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X-¯‑m-f‑p-If‑ne‑p‑w {‑]X‑y-£-s‑¸-«‑p. s‑¯b‑p‑w k‑w_-Ô‑n¨‑v h‑yà‑n-IÄ t‑»‑mK‑n I‑pd‑n-¡‑m³ X‑pS-§‑n-b-t‑X‑m-s‑Sb‑p‑w Ahb‑v¡‑v XX‑v£W‑w h‑mb-\-¡‑mc‑ps‑S ad‑p-]-S‑n-If‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-I-c-W-§f‑p‑w e`‑n-¡‑m³ Bc‑w-`‑n¨-t‑X‑m-s‑Sb‑p‑w C‑u a‑m[‑y-a-¯‑ns‑â k‑z`‑mh‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑o-bh‑p‑w a‑md‑n. ic‑m-ic‑n h‑yà‑n¡‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X-b‑ps‑S h‑y‑mI-cW‑w Ad‑n-b‑m-s‑a-¦‑n H«‑p‑w ]W-s‑¨-e-h‑n-Ã‑ms‑X C‑u a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑ps‑S `‑mK-`‑m-¡‑m-h‑m\‑p‑w Ig‑nb‑p‑w F¶X‑v Chs‑b P\-I‑o-b-h‑p-a‑m¡‑n. AÚ-‑mXc‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑v aä‑mc‑p‑w X‑nc‑n-¨d‑n-b‑ms‑X t‑»‑mK‑nM‑v \S-¯‑m\‑p‑w Ig‑nb‑p‑w F¶X‑v F´‑p‑w s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m\‑p‑w X‑pd¶‑p ]d-b‑p-h‑m\‑p‑w DÅ a‑m[‑y-aa‑m¡‑n t‑»‑mK‑ns‑\. At‑a-c‑n-¡³ kJ‑y-t‑k-\-b‑ps‑S Cd‑mJ‑v A[‑n-\‑n-t‑h-is‑¯ k‑m{‑¼-Z‑m-b‑nI a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä At‑a-c‑n-¡³ ]£-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑v h‑mÀ¯‑m N‑n{‑X-§Ä \e‑vI‑n-b-t‑¸‑m-Ä‑, ke‑m‑w ]‑mI‑vk‑v F¶ t‑»‑mKÀ \S-¯‑nb CS-s‑]-S b‑p²-¯‑ns‑â bY‑mÀ°-a‑pJ‑w ]‑pd-¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶‑p. BÀ¡‑p‑w H¶‑p‑w ad¨‑p s‑h¡-‑m\‑m-h‑m¯ h‑n[‑w P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â k‑qX‑mc‑yX I‑qS‑n a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-s‑h-¡‑m³ t‑»‑mK‑n‑w-K‑n-e‑qs‑S k‑m[‑n¡‑p‑w Unkw_À 2013

(22)

Ad_‑v hk-´w

F¶-X‑n\‑v s‑Xf‑n-h‑mW‑v ke‑m‑w ]‑mI‑vk‑ns‑â CS-s‑]-SÂ.

"CâÀs‑\ä‑v _Ô‑w Ah-k‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-hs‑c _‑mK‑vZ‑mZ‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w {‑]‑m´-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w t‑»‑mK‑n-e‑qs‑S bY‑mÀ° N‑n{‑X-§Ä ]‑pd‑w t‑e‑mI-s‑¯-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

A]-IS‑w a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑nb a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä h‑nh-c-t‑i-J-c-W-¯‑n\‑mb‑n ke‑m‑w ]‑mI‑vk‑ns‑â d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-Is‑f B{‑i-b‑n-¡‑m³ X‑pS-§‑n. F´‑n\‑v h³I‑nS a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä t‑]‑me‑p‑w ke‑m‑w ]‑mI‑vk‑ns‑â t‑»‑mK‑ns‑\ B{‑i-b‑n-¡‑m³ X‑pS§‑n. A{‑X¡‑v ià‑n-b‑pï‑v t‑»‑mK‑v F¶ \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n\‑v' (B-ZÀi‑v h‑n.s‑I.‑, 2007‑). t‑»‑mK‑n‑wK‑v {‑]N‑m-c-¯‑n h¶-t‑X‑ms‑S k‑nä‑n-kt‑PÀW-e‑n-Ì‑p-If‑p‑w c‑q]-s‑¸-«‑p-h-¶‑p. s‑a‑ms‑s‑_ I‑y‑ma-dIf‑p‑w s‑]³I‑y‑m-a-d-If‑p‑w U‑nP‑n-ä I‑y‑ma-dIf‑p‑w aä‑p‑w h‑y‑m]‑n¨-t‑X‑m-s‑S H‑mt‑c‑m h‑yà‑nb‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ Z‑ri‑y-k-l‑nX‑w t‑iJ-c‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w t‑»‑mK‑n-e‑qs‑S ]‑pd-¯‑p-h‑n-S‑m\‑p‑w X‑pS-§‑n.

At‑X‑ms‑S a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑ns‑â Xs‑¶ ka‑m-´-c-h-g‑nIÄ c‑q]-s‑¸-«‑p. CX‑v ]‑n¶‑oS‑v k‑nä‑n-k¬ t‑PÀW-e‑nk‑w F¶ \‑ne-b‑n hfÀ¶‑p (\-½‑ps‑S s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ N‑m\-e‑p-I-f‑n t‑]‑me‑p‑w d‑nb‑m-e‑nä‑n t‑j‑mb‑mb‑p‑w (k‑n-ä‑n-k¬ t‑PÀW-e‑nÌ‑v þ Aa‑rX S‑nh‑n‑) ‑"Fs‑â h‑mÀ¯‑' F¶ \‑ne-b‑ne‑p‑w aä‑p‑w k‑nä‑n-k¬ t‑PÀW-e‑n-k-¯‑ns‑â a‑mX‑r-I-IÄ Dï‑m-b‑n-«‑pï‑v F¶X‑p‑w H‑mÀ½‑n-¡‑p-I‑). 2001 I‑me-a‑mbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w X‑nc‑n-¨d‑n-b‑ms‑X t‑]‑mI‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑ps‑S ià-a‑mb Dd-h‑n-S-a‑mb‑n t‑»‑mK‑p-IÄ a‑md‑p-Ib‑p‑w t‑»‑mK‑p-h‑n-h-c-§Ä k‑m{‑¼-Z‑m-b‑n-I-a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä kP‑oh {‑]‑m[‑m\‑yt‑¯‑ms‑S {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w X‑pS-§‑n. t‑hK-X‑, XÕ-ab {‑]X‑n-I-c-W-§Ä‑, ka-b-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w I‑me-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w ]c‑n-[‑n-IÄ s‑hÃ‑p¶ k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-IX‑, I‑pdª s‑Neh‑v F¶‑nh t‑»‑mK‑n-§‑ns‑\ CâÀs‑\-ä‑ns‑â h‑y‑mI-c-W-a-d‑n-b‑p-¶-hÀ¡‑n-S-b‑n P-\-I‑o-b-a‑m-¡‑n. h‑yà‑n-]-ca‑mb I‑mg‑vN-¸‑m-S‑p-IÄ t‑»‑mK‑p-I-f‑ps‑S \‑y‑q\-X-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑ne‑p‑w P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h‑y-h-Ø-b‑n A`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-{‑]-I-S-\-¯‑n\‑v Dï‑mh‑p¶ h‑ne-¡‑p-I-t‑fX‑p‑w CÃ‑ms‑X Ah X‑pd¶‑p ]¦‑ps‑h¡‑m\‑pÅ P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-]-c-a‑mb Hc‑p k‑wh‑m-Z-a-Þe‑w t‑»‑mK‑pUnkw_À 2013

IÄ X‑pd¶‑p X¶‑p.

\h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w C¶‑p I‑mW‑p¶ h‑n[‑w s‑s‑k_Àk‑m-a‑q-l‑nI I‑q«‑mb‑vab‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob CS-s‑]-S-e‑p-If‑p‑w Dï‑m-¡‑p¶ Xc-¯‑n \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä a‑md‑n-bX‑v t‑»‑mK‑p-I-f‑ps‑S hc-t‑h‑m-s‑S-b‑ms‑W¶‑v k‑ma‑m-\‑y-a‑mb‑n ]d-b‑m‑w. 1980-I-f‑n-e‑mW‑v I¼‑y‑q-«À A\‑p-_-Ô-k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-X-t‑b‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑nb a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä k‑mt‑¦X‑n-I-a‑mb‑n Bc‑w-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. Chs‑b s‑]‑mX‑p-h‑n \h-a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä‑, U‑nP‑n-ä a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä F¶‑n-§s‑\ h‑nf‑n¡‑m‑w (David Croteau & William Hoynes, 2003). ]e-Xc‑w a‑m[‑ya k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X-b‑ps‑S H¯‑n-W¡‑w (Convergence‑) BW‑v \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S k‑m[‑y-a‑m-b-X‑v. F¶‑m C¶‑v \‑m‑w kh‑n-t‑i-j-a‑mb‑n h‑nh-£‑n-¡‑p¶ \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä I¼‑y‑q-«À‑, s‑a‑ms‑s‑_ A\‑p-_-Ô- a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑q-]-§-s‑f-b‑mW‑v. k‑wt‑h-Z-\-¯‑ns‑â GI‑m-ßI k‑z`‑m-h-¯‑n \‑n¶‑p-a‑md‑n t‑IÄ¡‑p¶h\‑p‑w I‑mW‑p-¶-h\‑p‑w XÕ-ab‑w Xs‑¶ Bi-bk‑w-t‑h-Z-\-¯‑ns‑â `‑mK-a‑mb‑n CS-s‑]S‑m‑w F¶-X‑mW‑v \h-a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä Dï‑m-¡‑nb h‑n¹-h‑w.

U‑nP‑n-ä k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X‑, aÄ«‑n-a‑o-U‑nb k‑wh‑n-[‑m\‑w‑, CâÀs‑\ä‑v i‑r‑wJe F¶‑n-h-b‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n¨‑v s‑I‑mï‑v h‑nIk‑n-¸‑n-s‑¨-S‑p¯ Bi-b-h‑n-\‑n-a-b-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m\-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w Bh‑nj‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w c‑oX‑n-I-s‑fb‑p‑w k‑ma‑q-l‑nI {‑]t‑b‑m-K-§-s‑fb‑p‑w DÄs‑¡‑m-Å‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä. I¼‑y‑q-«À k‑mt‑¦-X‑nIX hg‑n a‑m[‑ya DÅS-¡-§-f‑ps‑S \‑nÀ½‑m-W-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w {‑]k‑m[\¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w h‑nXcW¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h-X‑vI-c-W-a‑mW‑v \h-a‑m-[‑ya-§f‑n-e‑qs‑S \S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑mt‑¦-X‑nI h‑n¹-h-¯‑n-s‑\‑m¸‑w a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â bY‑mÀ° P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h-X‑vI-cW‑w \S-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w \h-a‑m-[‑ya-§-f‑n-e‑m-s‑W¶ h‑mZ-a‑p-ï‑v. \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑v I‑p¯I k‑z`‑m-h-a‑n-Ã‑, h‑n]-W‑n-b‑ps‑S \‑oc‑m-f‑n-¸‑n-S‑p-¯-§Ä Gs‑d CÃ‑, A[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â GI-k‑z-c-Xb‑p‑w CÃ. ]Ic‑w ]¦‑mf‑n¯

(23) P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w CS-s‑]-S-e‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb c‑m{‑ã‑ob k‑m[‑y-X-IÄ DÅ DZ‑m-c-P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â kah‑m-I‑y-§s‑f hl‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-b‑mW‑v \h-a‑m[‑ya-§Ä. "]c-¼-c‑mKX a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑p-t‑a \‑nb-{‑´-W-t‑aÀs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶ `cWI‑q-S-§s‑f s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v ]‑uc-t‑I-{‑µ‑n-X-a‑mb P\‑m[‑n]-X‑y-a‑mW‑v \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä \S-¸‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v' F¶ \‑nc‑o£W‑w Ch‑ns‑S {‑it‑²-b-a‑mW‑v (James Curran & David Morley, 2006‑).

A`‑n-{‑]‑mb k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-¯‑ns‑â \‑ne-\‑n-e‑v¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑nIs‑f A«‑n-a-d‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑mW‑v h‑n¡‑n-e‑o-I‑vk‑ns‑â hc-h‑p-ï‑mb-X‑v. \‑mf‑nX‑p-hs‑c `cW-I‑q-S-¯‑n\‑p‑w GI‑m-[‑n-]-X‑n-IÄ¡‑p‑w k‑m{‑a‑m-P‑y-X‑z-¯‑n\‑p‑w N‑n´‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑me‑p-a‑m-I‑m¯ A{‑X I\¯ BL‑m-X-a‑mW‑v h‑n¡‑n-e‑oI‑vk‑v F¶ t‑]c‑n {‑] hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p¶ Hc‑p s‑Nd‑p-k‑wL‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-Ic‑p‑w h‑nhc-k‑m-t‑¦-X‑nI h‑nZ-K‑v[c‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v A[‑nI‑mcc‑q]§Ä¡‑v G¸‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. ‑"P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-{‑I-a-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑N-c‑m¯ Ac‑m-P-I-{‑]-h-W-X-b‑mW‑v CX‑n a‑pg¨‑v \‑n¡‑p-¶-s‑X¶‑v ]d-b‑m-s‑a-¦‑ne‑p‑w Z‑oÀL-I‑m-e‑m-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n ]c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-{‑I-as‑¯ DbÀ¶ Xe-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v hfÀ¯‑m³ kl‑m-b-I-a‑mb {‑it‑²-b-a‑mb CS-s‑]-S-e‑mW‑v h‑o¡‑n-e‑oI‑vk‑v \S-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v‑' F¶ s‑I. t‑hW‑p-h‑ns‑â \‑nc‑o-£W‑w {‑]k-à-a‑mW‑v (2010).

2005  S‑nb‑m-\-s‑a³ I‑q«-s‑¡‑me h‑mÀj‑n-I-s‑¯-¸ä‑n Hc‑p s‑s‑N\‑ok‑v Dt‑Z‑y‑m-K-Øs‑â Cþ-s‑a-b‑n t‑N‑mÀ¯‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑oI-c‑n-¨-X‑n\‑v Hc‑p s‑s‑N\‑ok‑v ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯I³ 10 s‑I‑mÃ‑w XS-h‑n\‑v i‑n£‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. A¯c‑w i‑n£‑m-\-S-]S‑nIÄ BhÀ¯‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v XS-b‑pI F¶ {‑]J‑y‑m-]‑nX e£‑y-

t‑¯‑m-S‑p-I‑qS‑n GX‑m\‑p‑w s‑s‑N\‑ok‑v h‑na-Xc‑p‑w At‑a-c‑n-¡‑, H‑mk‑vt‑{‑S-e‑nb X‑pS-§‑nb GX‑m\‑p‑w c‑mP‑y-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ ] {‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ‑, KW‑nX-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-ÚÀ‑, I¼‑y‑q-«À h‑nZ-K‑v[À X‑pS-§‑n-b-hc‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v c‑q]-h-X‑vI-c‑n¨ I‑q«‑m-b‑va-b‑mW‑v h‑n¡‑o-e‑o-I‑vk‑n\‑v P·‑w \e‑vI‑n-b-X‑v. 2006-þ CX‑m-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. t‑]c‑v s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m¯ h‑mÀ¯‑m Dd-h‑n-S-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ‑, k‑m-[‑m-c-W-K-X‑n-b‑n e`‑y-a-Ã‑m¯ t‑cJ-If‑p‑w aä‑p‑w {‑]k‑n²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶ Hc‑p ]‑pX‑nb a‑m[‑ya‑w F¶ \‑ne-b‑v¡‑mW‑v CX‑v c‑q]‑w s‑I‑mïX‑v. BI‑vS‑nh‑nk¯‑ns‑â BÄc‑q]a‑mb‑n P‑qe‑nb³ Ak‑m³s‑P CX‑ns‑â a‑p³\‑ncb‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w h¶‑p. h‑n¡‑o-e‑o-I‑vk‑v ]‑p-d¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑ph¶‑, At‑a-c‑n-¡³ `c-WI‑q-Sh‑p‑w h‑nh‑n-[ c‑mP‑y-§f‑p‑w X½‑n s‑s‑Ia‑m-d‑n-b‑n-«‑pÅ t‑I_‑nÄ kt‑µ-i-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑v s‑hf‑n-h‑m-I‑p-¶X‑v t‑k‑zÑ‑m-[‑n]-X‑y-`-c-W-I‑q-S-§Ä a‑m{‑X-a-Ã‑, P\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y `c-W-I‑q-S-§f‑p‑w P\-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑v ad-¨‑p-s‑h-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v A\‑y‑m-bh‑p‑w P\-h‑nc‑p-²-h‑p-a‑mb I‑mc‑y-§Ä \‑nc-´c‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p F¶-X‑m-W‑v. Hc‑p `c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n\‑p‑w AhÀ s‑N¿‑p¶ Hc‑p {‑] h‑r-¯‑nb‑p‑w a‑qS‑n-s‑h-¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n-¡‑m¯ Ø‑nX‑n h‑nt‑ij‑w C¶‑v k‑wP‑m-X-a‑mb‑n Ig‑n-ª‑p. k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X-b‑ns‑e a‑pt‑¶ä‑w C{‑X-a‑m{‑X‑w `c-W-I‑q-S-§s‑f k‑z‑m[‑o-\‑n¨ L«‑w Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑n Xs‑¶ Dï‑m-b‑n-«‑n-Ã. FÃ‑m-¯c‑w `c-W-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§f‑p‑w k‑pX‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡W‑w F¶ Xc-¯‑n k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-IX De‑v]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n¨ CS-s‑]-S-e‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w kP‑o-h-a‑m-b‑n-¡-g‑nª‑p. ‑"a‑pø‑q h‑n¹h‑w‑' F¶‑v h‑nt‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸« Ad_‑v hk´-¯‑ns‑â h‑y‑m]-\-¯‑n\‑v ]‑n¶‑ne‑p‑w \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w b‑phP-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. At‑d-_‑y-b‑ns‑e GI‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â

H¡‑ps‑s‑] h‑mÄk‑v{‑S‑oä‑v kac‑w

Unkw_À 2013

(24) A[‑n-I‑m-c-k‑z-c-§Äs‑¡-X‑ns‑c k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-s‑I‑mï‑v h‑n¹h‑w \b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p b‑ph-X‑z‑w. S‑pW‑o-j‑y-b‑n-e‑m-c‑w`‑n¨ ]c‑n-hÀ¯-\-{‑i-a-§Ä¡‑p‑w C‑uP‑n-]‑vX‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w e‑n_‑n-bb‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w k‑nd‑n-b-b‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w s‑ba-\‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w {‑K‑ok‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w h‑mÄk‑v{‑S‑o-ä‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w {‑]t‑£‑m-`-IÀ¡‑p‑w \‑mh‑m-I‑m³ \h-a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑v Ig‑n-ª‑p. k‑pt‑¡‑mÀ«‑n ]‑mÀ¡‑n Bc‑w-`‑n¨ H¡‑ps‑s‑] h‑mÄk‑v{‑S‑oä‑v kac‑w t‑e‑mI-¯‑ns‑e 82 c‑mP‑y-§f‑n-t‑e-¡‑mW‑v I‑m«‑pX‑o t‑]‑ms‑e ]SÀ¶-X‑v. {‑]W-b‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w I‑q«‑p-I‑q-S‑m\‑p‑w Ah-k-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶ CâÀs‑\ä‑v a‑m[‑y-a§s‑f ka-c‑m-b‑p-[-a‑m-¡‑n-bX‑v b‑ph-X‑z-¯‑ns‑â DbÀ¶‑p-h-c‑p¶ \h-c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-t‑_‑m[‑y§-f‑ps‑S k‑qN-\-I-f‑m-W‑v. C‑u ka-c§-f‑n H¶‑p‑w Xs‑¶ kh‑n-t‑ij t‑\X‑r-X‑z-t‑a‑m‑, c‑m{‑ã‑obb -C-S-s‑]-S-e‑p-It‑f‑m {‑]X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-_‑m-[‑y-X-It‑f‑m Cà F¶X‑p‑w k‑p{‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v. ]‑pX‑nb b‑ph-X-e-a‑p-d-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v Dï‑m-I‑p¶ h‑naÀi‑w AhÀ Ac‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-h-X‑vI-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-hc‑mW‑v F¶‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v. F¶‑m CâÀs‑\ä‑v I‑q«‑m-b‑va-I-f‑mb s‑^b‑vk‑v_‑p-¡‑v, S‑z‑näÀ X‑pS-§‑n-bh b‑ph‑m¡s‑f c‑m{‑ã‑ob-h-X‑vI-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n he‑nb ]¦‑p-h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v F¶ Xc-¯‑n ]T-\-§Ä Dï‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. b‑ph‑m¡Ä X§-f‑ps‑S `c-W-I‑q-S-s‑¯b‑p‑w `c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-s‑fb‑p‑w k‑w_-Ô‑n¨‑v k‑q£‑va-\‑n-c‑o-£-W-§Ä \S¯‑n h‑naÀi-\-§Ä ]¦‑p-s‑h¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑n Ah-kc‑w hc‑p-t‑¼‑m-s‑g‑ms‑¡ I‑m«‑p¶‑p F¶‑v ] T-\-¯‑n \‑nc‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a‑pJ‑y-[‑m-c‑m-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä XgªX‑p‑w I‑mW‑ms‑X t‑]‑mb-X‑p-a‑mb h‑mÀ¯-I-s‑fb‑p‑w k‑w`-h§-s‑fb‑p‑w C¯c‑w b‑ph-k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-s‑s‑k-_À I‑q«‑m-b‑va-IÄ NÀ¨-‑mh‑n-j-b-a‑m-¡‑n. ]‑pX‑nb I‑me-¯‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-t‑_‑m-[a‑mb‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob {‑]hÀ¯-\-a‑mb‑p‑w C¯c‑w CS-s‑]-S-e‑p-Is‑f h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m-\‑n-¡‑m‑w. C‑u a«‑n CS-s‑]« {‑]t‑£‑m-`-I-s‑c-b‑mW‑v 2011-þ s‑s‑S‑w a‑mK-k‑n³ t‑]Àk¬ H‑m^‑v Z‑n CbÀ Bb‑n s‑Xc-s‑ª-S‑p-¯X‑v F¶X‑p‑w {‑it‑²-b-a‑m-W‑v. C¡‑m-e¯‑v "Protest' F¶ h‑m¡‑v Xs‑¶ Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑n Dï‑m-I‑m¯{‑Xb‑p‑w XhW H‑m¬s‑s‑e-\‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X-¯‑m-f‑p-I-f‑ne‑p‑w {‑] X‑y-£-s‑¸-«‑p. k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X-b‑mW‑v C¯c‑w {‑]t‑£‑m-`-§-f‑ps‑S a‑mÀ¤-ZÀi‑n-b‑m-bs‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w Cs‑X‑m-c‑n-¡e‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n¹-h-a-Ã‑, k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-IX s‑I‑mï‑v h‑n¹-hs‑¯ kP‑o-h-a‑m-¡‑pI-b‑mW‑v s‑Nb‑vX-X‑v. CâÀs‑\-ä‑ns‑\ ià-a‑mb‑n D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n¨‑v s‑I‑mï‑v `c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c h‑naÀi-\‑m-ß-I-a‑mb‑n {‑] X‑n-t‑j-[‑n-¡‑p¶ CS-s‑]-S-e‑p-I-f‑mW‑v \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä hg‑n \hI‑q-«‑m-b‑vaIÄ \S-¯‑n-b-X‑v. CX‑v ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p Xc‑w BI‑vS‑n-h‑nk-s‑¯-b‑mW‑v {‑]t‑b‑m-K-¯‑n s‑I‑mï‑p-h-¶-X‑v. "CâÀs‑\ä‑v al‑m-h‑n-¹-h-§Ä s‑I‑mï‑p-h-c-W-s‑a-¶‑n-Ã. F¶‑m \½‑ps‑S ka‑q-l-¯‑n Hc‑p ià-a‑mb [‑mc-b‑mb‑n a‑md‑n-b‑n-«‑pÅ D]c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-s‑¯b‑p‑w (Sub politics‑) D] BI‑vS‑nh‑n-k-s‑¯b‑p‑w (Sub activism‑) CâÀs‑\ä‑v kl‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.' (S‑n.-S‑n. {‑i‑oI‑p-a‑mÀ‑, 2012). \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑n k‑w`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v D]c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¯‑ns‑â h‑nk‑vt‑^‑m-S-\-a‑m-W‑v. D]-c‑m-{‑ã‑ob‑w Dï‑mh‑p-¶X‑v At‑\I‑w h‑yà‑n-IÄ s‑Nd‑nb s‑Nd‑nb h‑naÀi-\§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S c‑m{‑ã‑o-bs‑¯ a‑mä‑n-¯‑oÀ¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-W‑v. C¯c‑w h‑yà‑n-IÄ \‑nc-¯‑ns‑e ka-c-§-f‑n a‑p{‑Z‑m-h‑mI‑y‑w h‑nf‑n-¡‑p¶-ht‑c‑m lÀ¯‑m-e‑p-IÄ \S¯‑p-¶-ht‑c‑m Bh-W-s‑a-¶‑n-Ã.

F¶‑m Ah-c‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑o-bs‑¯ \a‑p¡‑v k‑m{‑¼-Z‑mb‑nI AÀ°-¯‑n \h-k‑m-a‑q-l‑nI {‑]Ø‑m-\-§-f‑mb‑n I‑mW‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑n-Ã. \h-k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-Xb‑v¡‑v t‑ij-a‑pÅ k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I‑mh-Ø-s‑b-b‑mW‑v D]-c‑m-{‑ã‑ob‑w {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m\‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶-X‑v.

D]-c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¯‑n\‑v ]e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w {‑]X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-I‑m-c-·‑mt‑c‑m h‑n¹-h-t‑\-X‑r-X‑zt‑a‑m H¶‑p‑w Dï‑m-h‑n-Ã. \‑nc-´-c-a‑mb CSs‑]-S-e‑p-I-f‑n-e‑qs‑S ka‑m-\-h‑naÀi\§-f‑ps‑S Hc‑p i‑r‑wJe t‑^k‑v_‑p-¡‑ne‑p‑w S‑z‑nä-d‑ne‑p‑w aä‑p‑w c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p-Ib‑p‑w CX‑v iàa‑mb Hc‑p c‑m{‑ã‑ob CS-s‑]-S-e‑n-t‑e¡‑v k‑z‑m`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑mb‑n \b‑n¡‑p-I-b‑p-a‑mW‑v s‑N¿‑p-¶X‑v (Ibid).

Unkw_À 2013

(25) NÀ¨-IÄ s‑]‑mX‑p-Ø-e-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑p-a‑md‑n s‑s‑k_À k‑vt‑]k‑n a‑qÀ¯-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. s‑]‑mX‑p-Ø-e-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑v c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w k‑zI‑m-c‑y-Ø-e-t‑¯¡‑v a‑md‑p¶‑p F¶‑v S‑n.-S‑n. {‑i‑oI‑p-a‑mÀ \‑nc‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. bY‑mÀ°-¯‑n CXà k‑w`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑zI‑mc‑y h‑yà‑n¡‑v Xs‑â k‑z‑m`‑n-{‑]‑mb‑w ]¦‑p-s‑h-¡‑m³ CâÀs‑\ä‑v a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä \‑nÀ½‑n¨‑p \e‑vI‑p¶ s‑s‑k_À s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þe‑w c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑mW‑v s‑N¿‑p-¶-X‑v.

B s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þe‑w h‑nh‑n-[-§-f‑mb A`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑mZ-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑naÀi-\-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w `‑qa‑n-I-b‑mb‑n X‑oc‑p¶‑p. ]‑pX‑n-b-Xc‑w c‑m{‑ã‑o-b‑m-h-t‑_‑m[‑w t‑\S‑nb ]‑uc-ka‑ql‑w Ch‑ns‑S c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p-Ib‑p‑w AhÀ k‑z´-a‑mb \‑ne-b‑n c‑m{‑ã‑ob CS-s‑]-S-e‑p-IÄ \S-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i§Ä¡‑p‑w P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n\‑p‑w t‑hï‑n `c-W-I‑q-S-§Äs‑¡X‑ns‑c h‑mZ‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p.

\ha‑m[‑yaP\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑n\‑v ad‑ph‑mZ‑w \ha‑m[‑ya§f‑ne‑qs‑S {‑]Nc‑n¨ {‑]t‑£‑m`§Ä¡‑v \‑nch[‑n ad‑ph‑mZ§f‑p‑w Dï‑mb‑n«‑pï‑v. h‑yà‑n]ca‑mb kac§Ä‑, P\‑mhe‑nb‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w‑, k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑n¹h‑w F¶‑o \‑neIf‑n C‑u kac§s‑f h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m\‑n¡s‑¸«‑n«‑pï‑v.

Ae‑nb AÃ\ F¶ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I Xs‑â \‑nc‑o£W‑w AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v {‑it‑²ba‑mW‑v. "Ad_‑v hk´‑w Fs‑¶‑m¶‑v CÃ‑, Ch‑ns‑S A[‑nI‑mc¯‑n a‑ue‑nIa‑mb b‑ms‑X‑mc‑ph‑n[ a‑mä§f‑pa‑pï‑mb‑n«‑nÃ. P\§f‑ps‑S ià‑n¡‑v ]gb k‑wh‑n[‑m\s‑¯ ad‑nIS¡‑m\‑p‑w Ig‑nª‑nÃ. ] eb‑nS¯‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w H¶‑p‑w Xs‑¶ c‑q] s‑¸«‑n«‑pa‑nÃ' (The Hindu, 2012 July, 24‑). s‑^b‑vk‑v_‑p¡‑v CÃ‑m¯ t‑e‑mI‑w DS³ Dï‑mI‑ps‑a¶‑mW‑v Fd‑nI‑v P‑mI‑vk¬ ]db‑p¶X‑v. At‑±l‑w s‑^b‑vk‑v _‑p¡‑n\‑v {‑]hN‑n¡‑p¶ Bb‑pÊ‑v 8 hÀja‑mW‑v. t‑^k‑v _‑p¡‑v H‑mlc‑n h‑n]W‑nb‑n h‑nPb‑w t‑\S‑m¯X‑p‑w‑, C´‑ybS¡a‑pÅ c‑mP‑y§f‑n C¯c‑w a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v \‑nb{‑´W‑w GÀs‑¸S‑p¯Ws‑a¶ iàa‑mb h‑mZ§f‑p‑w Hcä¯‑pï‑v. \‑nt‑£]IÀ¡‑p‑w ]ck‑yh‑n]W‑n¡‑p‑w h‑ni‑z‑mka‑nÃ‑m¯ a‑m[‑yaa‑mb‑n t‑^b‑vk‑v _‑p¡‑v a‑md‑nbX‑p‑w C‑u a‑m[‑ya¯‑n\‑v C¶‑p s‑hÃ‑ph‑nf‑n DbÀ¯‑p¶‑p. H¸‑w k‑zX{‑´a‑mb Bibh‑n\‑nab¯‑n\‑v Bc‑w`‑n¨ a‑m[‑ya‑w h‑n]W‑n¡‑v hg§‑n s‑s‑iY‑ne‑y¯‑ns‑â h¡‑ns‑e¯‑nb‑nc‑n¡b‑ms‑W¶ \‑nc‑o£W§f‑p‑w Dï‑mb‑n«‑pï‑v (Ach‑nµ‑v t‑K‑m]‑n\‑mY‑v‑, 2012‑, P‑q¬ 22‑). t‑Ihe k‑ul‑rZ I‑q«‑mb‑vab‑v¡‑pÅX‑p‑w k‑w`‑mjW§Ä¡‑pÅX‑pa‑mb aÞea‑mb‑n a‑m{‑Xt‑a t‑Icf‑ob ]c‑nkc¯‑n t‑k‑mj‑y s‑\ä‑vhÀ¡‑n‑wK‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ a‑md‑nb‑n«‑pÅ‑p. AX‑ne¸‑pd‑w he‑nb t‑X‑mX‑n s‑]‑mX‑pP\‑m`‑n{‑]‑mb c‑q]‑oIcW¯‑n\‑pÅ a‑m[‑yaa‑mb‑n hfÀ¶‑n«‑nà F¶ h‑mZ§f‑p‑w \‑neh‑ne‑pï‑v. `cWI‑qS‑w t‑\c‑n«‑v CSs‑]«‑v \hk‑ma‑ql‑ya‑m[‑ya§f‑ns‑e DÅS¡ \‑nb{‑´W‑w \S¯‑m\‑p‑w a‑mcWX{‑´§Ä {‑] t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w X‑pS§‑nbX‑v \ha‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S P\‑m[‑n] X‑y]cXs‑b Xs‑¶ s‑hÃ‑ph‑nf‑n¡‑p¶X‑mW‑v. CX‑v k‑zX{‑´‑m`‑n{‑]‑mb{‑]IS\s‑¯ \‑nb{‑´‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w k‑wh‑mZaÞes‑¯ _el‑o\a‑m¡‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w ]¦‑mf‑n¯ P\‑m[‑n]X‑ys‑¯ A{‑]kàa‑m¡‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w DÅ `cWI‑qSX{‑´a‑mW‑v. aä‑v a‑m[‑ya§t‑f¡‑mÄ ]¦‑mf‑n¯ P\‑m[‑n]X‑ys‑¯ t‑{‑]‑mÕ‑ml‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ CâÀs‑\ä‑v a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v \‑nb{‑´W¯‑n\‑v D¯ch‑n« I]‑n k‑n_e‑ns‑\ ‑"Sibal is an idiot‑'‑, ‑"Sibal is an idiot with power' F¶‑n§s‑\b‑mW‑v \hk‑ma‑ql‑nI a‑m[‑yaI‑q«‑mb‑va \ha‑m[‑ya§f‑ne‑qs‑S Xs‑¶ h‑nt‑ij‑n¸‑n¨X‑v. C´‑y³ `cWI‑qS‑w 2011 P\‑phc‑n¡‑p‑w P‑qW‑n\‑pa‑nSb‑n 68 DÅS¡§Ä FS‑p¯‑pIfb‑m³ \‑nÀt‑±i‑w \e‑vI‑n;. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v

358 FX‑nÀ A`‑n{‑]‑mb§s‑f a‑mä‑m³ Bhi‑ys‑¸«‑p. CX‑n 255D‑w `cWI‑qS h‑naÀi\a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p F¶X‑v {‑it‑²ba‑mW‑v. `cWLS\ h‑mK‑vZ‑m\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ BÀ«‑n¡‑nÄ 19 A\‑pi‑mk‑n¡‑p¶ Freedom of Speech and expression F¶ a‑ue‑nI‑mhI‑mi e‑wL\a‑mb‑n Xs‑¶ C¯c‑w \‑nb{‑´W§s‑f t‑k‑mj‑y s‑s‑kä‑pIf‑n h‑naÀi‑n¡s‑¸«‑p. h‑naÀi\§Ä D¶b‑n¡‑ms‑a¦‑ne‑p‑w \ha‑m[‑ya§Ä Ig‑nª I‑pd¨‑v I‑me§f‑mb‑n c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑n hc‑p¶ \‑nc´c CSs‑]Se‑pIf‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑pÅ D]c‑m{‑ã‑obh‑p‑w ka‑m´c k‑wh‑mZ aÞeh‑p‑w h‑mk‑vXh¯‑n ]‑mt‑S \‑nt‑j[‑n¡‑mh‑p¶ H¶Ã. h‑yà‑nb‑ps‑S N‑n´b‑ps‑S Xs‑¶ X‑pSÀ¨b‑mb‑n s‑s‑k_À aÞe¯‑n I‑pd‑n¡s‑¸« A£c§f‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑mW‑v {‑]t‑£‑m`§Ä ià‑ns‑¸«X‑v.

CX‑n\‑v a‑m[‑yaa‑mbX‑mIs‑« k‑mt‑¦X‑nIX De‑v]‑mZ‑n¸‑n¨ \ ha‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w. a‑m[‑ya‑w Xs‑¶ kt‑µia‑mI‑p¶ \‑neb‑n CX‑v F¯‑n \‑ne‑v¡‑p¶‑p. C‑u L«¯‑ne‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya a‑mcW \S]S‑nIf‑pa‑mb‑n `cWI‑qS‑w CSs‑]S‑p¶X‑v. `cWI‑qS¯‑ns‑â C¯c‑w CSs‑]Se‑pIÄ k‑v]j‑vSa‑m¡‑p¶X‑v \ ha‑m[‑ya§Ä \‑nÝba‑mb‑p‑w Fs‑´‑ms‑¡t‑b‑m Xc¯‑ne‑pÅ At‑e‑mkc§Ä X§Ä¡‑v Dï‑m¡‑p¶‑pï‑v F¶X‑mW‑v.

P\‑m[‑n]X‑y‑mhØb‑v¡I¯‑p‑w s‑s‑hc‑p²‑y§Ä Ds‑ï¶‑p‑w k¼‑qÀ® P\‑m[‑n]X‑y‑w F¶X‑v Hc‑p k¦e‑v]\‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑y `cWI‑qS§f‑ps‑S C¯c‑w \S]S‑nIÄ H‑mÀ½‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p. s‑l‑mh‑mÀU‑v s‑db‑v³t‑K‑mÄU‑v ]db‑p¶X‑v {‑i²‑n¡‑pI : “The Significance of the computer - mediated communication that was emerging in online communities lay in its capacity to challenge the existing political hierarchy’s monopoly on powerful communication media, and perhaps thus revitalize citizen based democracy.” ]‑uct‑I{‑µ‑nX

P\‑m[‑n]X‑ys‑¯ ]‑p\Ài‑mà‑o Ic‑n¡¯¡ k‑ma‑ql‑y]‑n³_e‑w \ha‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v I‑n«‑nt‑b¡‑m‑w F¶ `cWI‑qS `‑oX‑nb‑p‑w C¶‑v kP‑oha‑mW‑v.

ImeSn {ioi¦cmNmcy kwkvIrX kÀÆIem-im-e aebmfhn-`m-K-¯nð Kth-j-I-\m-Wv te-JI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: kaleshmaniyadan@gmail.com t‑eJ\þ{‑KÙk‑qN‑n: 1. Ach‑nµ‑v t‑K‑m]‑n\‑mY‑v‑, 2012‑, s‑^b‑vk‑v_‑p¡‑n\‑v C\‑n F{‑X\‑mÄ?‑, kaI‑me‑nIaeb‑mf‑w‑, P‑q¬ 22.

2. BZÀi‑v h‑n.s‑I.‑, 2007‑, t‑»‑mK‑n‑wK‑v : a‑m[‑yat‑e‑mIs‑¯ h‑n¹hhg‑nIÄ‑, a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n Bg‑vN¸X‑n¸‑v‑, HI‑vt‑S‑m_À 7.

3. _‑na\‑nX‑v‑, 2011‑, s‑]‑mf‑nä‑nI‑vk‑v 2.0: Ad_‑v c‑mP‑y§f‑n k‑w`h‑n¨X‑v‑, a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n Z‑n\]{‑X‑w‑, a‑mÀ¨‑v 10.

4. t‑hW‑p s‑I.‑, 2010‑, h‑nhck‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑yb‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑yh‑p‑w‑, a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n Z‑n\]{‑X‑w‑, U‑nk‑w_À 18.

5. {‑i‑oI‑pa‑mÀ S‑n.S‑n.‑, 2012‑, a‑mÀI‑vk‑nk¯‑ns‑â {‑]X‑nkÔ‑nIÄ‑, a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n h‑mÀj‑nI]X‑n¸‑v 6. j‑mP‑n t‑P¡_‑v‑, 2012‑, h‑n]c‑oX§Ä‑, ]c‑n[‑n‑, X‑nc‑ph\´]‑pc‑w 7. Allana Alia, 2012, Arab Spring? The Season has turned, The Hindu, July 24.

8. Croteau, David & William Hoynes (Eds.), 2003, Media Society, Pine Forge Press, London.

9. Curran James & David Morley (Eds.), 2006, Media & Cultural Theory, Routledge, London.

10. Marris Paul & Sue Thornham (Eds.), 2005, Media Studies, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

11. Time Magazine, Dec.26, 2011 - Jan-2, 2012.

Unkw_À 2013

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{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu

sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

‑Fs‑â h‑mÀ¯þ Ft‑âX‑p a‑m{‑X‑w am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

Cu

b‑ns‑S C´‑yb‑ns‑e Hc‑p t‑I‑mS‑n a‑p¸¯©‑p e£‑w Zc‑n{‑Zc‑mb s‑s‑{‑]ad‑nk‑v¡‑qÄ I‑p«‑nIÄ AhÀ¡‑n¶‑p hs‑c e`‑n¡‑mX‑nc‑p¶ D¨`£W‑w Ct‑¸‑mÄ hbd‑p \‑nds‑b Ig‑n¨‑v k´‑pj‑vSc‑mb‑n s‑s‑IIg‑pI‑p¶‑p F¶ t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nb‑m t‑]‑mÌ‑pIÄ h‑mb‑n¨t‑¸‑mÄ s‑]s‑«¶‑p a\Ê‑n h¶X‑v Hc‑p IYb‑mW‑v. cï‑p k‑vt‑\l‑nXIÄ B^‑ok‑n Xt‑eZ‑nhks‑¯ h‑o«‑p h‑nt‑ij‑w ]¦‑nS‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

H¶‑m‑w ]‑mÀ«‑n ]dª‑p.

F\‑n¡‑n¶s‑e \Ã cka‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ic‑n¡‑p‑w F³t‑P‑mb‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p. \‑ns‑â C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v F§‑ns‑\ Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p?

Ad‑p t‑_‑md‑v.

As‑X´‑m? t‑N«³ h‑o«‑ns‑e¯‑n‑, t‑\s‑c s‑s‑U\‑n‑wK‑v t‑S_‑nf‑nt‑e‑ms‑«‑mc‑p t‑\‑m«‑w.

Hc‑p a‑mX‑nc‑n hÃ‑m¯ BÀ¯‑nt‑b‑ms‑S t‑¹ä‑ne‑nc‑p¶ N¸‑m¯‑nb‑p‑w I‑q«‑m\‑p‑w a‑q¶‑p a‑n\‑n«‑n\I‑w DÅ‑ne‑m¡‑n. s‑s‑I Ig‑pI‑n t‑\s‑c Hs‑c‑mät‑¸‑m¡‑v. s‑_U‑v d‑qa‑nt‑e¡‑v. cï‑p a‑n\‑n«‑v. R‑m³ ]‑m{‑X‑w Ig‑pI‑n AS‑p¡f HX‑p¡‑n s‑N¶t‑¸‑m t‑g¡‑v Bf‑v I‑qÀ¡‑w he‑n¨‑v \à Dd¡‑w. C§‑ns‑\s‑b‑mc‑p C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v‑! \‑n\t‑¡‑m?

F\‑n¡‑v hïÀ^‑pÄ A\‑p`ha‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p. Fs‑â Bf‑v h‑o«‑n h¶b‑pS³ ]dª‑p. h‑m‑, \a‑p¡‑v Cs‑¶‑mc‑p s‑d‑ma‑mâ‑n¡‑v H‑u«‑n‑wK‑v B¡‑m‑w. F¶‑n«‑v I‑ps‑d t‑\c‑w R§Ä ]‑mÀ¡‑n Id§‑n. ]‑ns‑¶ Hc‑p ic‑n¡‑pa‑pÅ t‑Icf‑m `£W‑w. \‑mS³ h‑n`h§f‑ps‑S c‑pN‑n A\‑p`h‑n¨‑v Ie¡³ U‑n¶À.

Unkw_À 2013

]‑ns‑¶ C¶s‑e \à \‑ne‑mh‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. hbd‑p \‑ndªt‑¸‑mÄ A¯‑mga‑pï‑m Ac¡‑mX‑w \S¡Ws‑a¶Ã‑nt‑b‑m ]g s‑©‑mÃ‑v. R§Ä B \‑ne‑mh‑p‑w Bk‑z Z‑n¨‑v Hc‑p aW‑n¡‑qÀ N‑pä‑n¡d§‑n \S ¶‑p. ]¯‑p aW‑nb‑mb‑n h‑o«‑ns‑e¯‑nb t‑¸‑mÄ. ]‑ns‑¶ ic‑n¡‑p‑w s‑s‑¢a‑mI‑vk‑v. s‑s‑eä‑n«‑nÃ. ]‑pÅ‑n¡‑mc³ a‑pd‑nb‑ns‑e Ã‑m‑w s‑ag‑pI‑pX‑nc‑n I¯‑n¨‑p h¨‑p. Hc‑p s‑^bd‑n s‑Sb‑n C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v.

Ct‑X kab‑w Ahc‑ps‑S `À¯‑m¡ ·‑mÀ X§f‑ps‑S Xt‑e Z‑nhks‑¯ k‑m b‑mÓs‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑v ]db‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

H¶‑m‑w ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S `À¯‑mh‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p.

Xs‑â C¶s‑e F§‑ns‑\ Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p?

H‑m‑, t‑{‑Kä‑v. R‑m³ B^‑ok‑n \‑n¶‑v h¶‑p. \à h‑ni¸‑v. t‑\‑m¡‑nbt‑¸‑mÄ s‑s‑U\‑n‑wK‑v t‑S_‑nf‑n At‑¶c‑w H‑mh \‑n \‑ns‑¶S‑p¯‑p h¨ N‑qS‑p N¸‑m¯‑n b‑p‑w D{‑K³ Dc‑pf¡‑ng§‑p Id‑nb‑p‑w. Id‑n C¶et‑¯X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]s‑£ s‑S‑zâ‑n t‑^‑mÀ H‑ut‑hg‑vk‑v {‑^‑nU‑vP‑ne‑p‑w ]‑ns‑¶ H‑mh\‑ne‑p‑w Cc‑p¶t‑¸‑mÄ F´‑m t‑SÌ‑v?

AX‑p t‑]‑ms‑e N¸‑m¯‑nb‑p‑w. dU‑nt‑aU‑v ]‑m¡ä‑nÂ. d‑nbe‑n C‑u ^‑pU‑v s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑nb‑ns‑e h‑n¹h‑w. k½X‑n¡ W‑w. R‑m³ Cc‑p¶‑v N¸‑m¯‑nb‑p‑w Id‑n b‑p‑w HäbS‑n¡‑p X‑oÀ¯‑v H¶‑p I®S ¨‑p. s‑s‑I Ig‑pI‑n t‑\s‑c I‑nS¡b‑nt‑e ¡‑v. I‑nS¶ ]‑mS‑v Ad‑nª‑nÃ. Häb‑pd ¡‑w. k‑vt‑\l‑w X‑pf‑p¼‑n \‑n¶ h‑o«‑ns‑e A´c‑o£‑w. a\Ê‑n\‑v kt‑´‑mj‑w \ I‑nb c‑pN‑nIca‑mb `£W‑w. FÃ‑m XfÀ¨b‑p‑w CÃ‑mX‑m¡‑nb k‑pJIc a‑mb Dd¡‑w. d‑nbe‑n‑, Bs‑I Hc‑p k‑zÀ

¤‑ob A\‑p`‑qX‑n. C\‑n‑, X\‑nt‑¡‑m ?

H¶‑m‑w ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S `À¯‑mh‑v Z‑p‑xJ‑w adb‑v¡‑ms‑X ]dª‑p. t‑l‑md‑n_‑nÄ. Ad‑p t‑_‑md‑v. R‑m³ h‑o«‑n h¶t‑¸‑mÄ `£Wa‑nÃ. It‑S ¶‑p t‑aS‑n¨ I‑pd¨‑p N¸‑m¯‑nb‑p‑w C¶es‑¯ Hc‑p X‑obe‑p‑w {‑^‑nU‑vP‑ne‑p ï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]s‑£ Idâ‑nÃ‑m¯X‑p I‑mcW‑w {‑^‑nU‑vP‑v hÀ¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑p ¶‑nÃ. cï‑p‑w h‑mb‑n hb‑v¡‑m³ s‑I‑mÅ‑m¯ ]c‑pha‑mb‑n. I‑pä‑w Ft‑â X‑m. CeI‑v{‑S‑nk‑nä‑n _‑nÃSb‑v¡‑m¯X‑n\‑v C¶‑p c‑mh‑ns‑e IWI‑v j³ I«‑p s‑N¿‑ps‑a¶‑v t‑_‑mÀU‑pI‑mc‑v ]dªX‑m.

R‑m³ _‑nÃSb‑v¡‑m³ ad¶‑pt‑]‑mb‑n. ]‑ns‑¶ F´‑m \‑nhÀ¯‑n? h‑o«‑ne‑nc‑n ¡‑m³ ]ä‑pt‑a‑m? s‑I‑mX‑pI‑p‑w‑, s‑I‑mÃ‑p¶ Dj‑vWh‑p‑w. ]‑ns‑¶ Ahs‑fb‑p‑w I‑q«‑n ]‑mÀ¡‑nâX‑nt‑e t‑]‑mb‑n. I‑ps‑d Id§‑n. ]‑mÀ¡‑ns‑e‑ms‑¡ F´‑m X‑nc¡‑v‑!

H‑mt‑c‑mc‑p¯\‑p‑w h¶‑v CS‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑m \S¸‑v. ]‑nt‑Ås‑cs‑¡‑mï‑pÅ _lfa‑m s‑W¦‑n ]db‑m\‑p‑w h¿. CX‑p§Ä s‑¡‑ms‑¡ s‑s‑hI‑n«‑v h‑o«‑ne‑nc‑p¶‑m t‑]‑mt‑c‑! aS‑p¯‑p. s‑s‑hI‑n«‑p hÃX‑p‑w Ig‑nt‑¡t‑ï? he‑nb t‑l‑m«e‑n Ibd‑nb‑m Ah·‑mc‑v a‑pS‑n¸‑n¡‑p‑w. X«‑p It‑S¶‑v t‑Z‑mt‑i‑w ISt‑e‑w ]‑ns‑¶ H‑m‑weä‑p‑w Ig‑n¨‑p. Ct‑¸‑mÄ X«‑pIt‑Se‑p‑w s‑I‑mÃ‑p¶ h‑neb‑m. t‑Z‑mt‑is‑S he‑n¸ h‑p‑w I‑pd¨‑p. s‑s‑]k s‑I‑mS‑p¯‑p Ig‑nªt‑¸‑mÄ t‑]‑m¡ä‑p I‑me‑n. H‑mt‑«‑m b‑v¡‑p I‑mi‑nÃ. ]‑ns‑¶ \S¶‑p. cï‑p I‑nt‑e‑ma‑oäÀ. hg‑oe‑v ^‑pS‑v]‑m¯‑n ] t‑eS¯‑p‑w I‑pg‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. s‑hf‑n¨a‑nÃ. k‑ze‑v]‑w \‑ne‑mh‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑p I‑mcW‑w k‑q£‑n¨‑p t‑\‑m¡‑n Hc‑p a‑mX‑nc‑n A]ISa‑nÃ‑ms‑X h‑o«‑ns‑e¯‑n. s‑S³j³ Xs‑¶. h‑o«‑n `‑mK‑y¯‑n\‑v cï‑p s‑ag‑pI‑pX‑nc‑n¡jW‑w _‑m¡‑n Cc‑n¸‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. AX‑v I¯‑n¨‑p h¨‑v s‑I‑mX‑pI‑ns‑\b‑p‑w AS‑n¨‑v

(27) F§‑ns‑\s‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w c‑m{‑X‑n Ig‑n¨‑p I‑q«‑n. C{‑X t‑_‑md‑v Hc‑p C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v P‑oh‑nX¯‑ne‑pï‑mb‑n«‑nÃ.

CX‑v IYb‑mW‑v. ]s‑£ h‑mk‑vXh h‑pa‑mW‑v. b‑mY‑mÀ°‑y‑w F´‑mb‑me‑p‑w AX‑n s‑â AhXcWa‑mW‑v {‑][‑m\‑w.

CX‑v A¨S‑n a‑m²‑ya¯‑ne‑mI‑pt‑¼‑m Ä k‑p{‑][‑m\a‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p.

Z‑yi‑y a‑m²‑ya¯‑n Gs‑d ]W‑n s‑¸SW‑w AhXcW¯‑ne‑qs‑S b‑mY‑mÀ °‑y¯‑n\‑v X§f‑pt‑SX‑mb a‑mä‑w hc‑p¯‑m³.

C¶‑v ic‑n¡‑p‑w s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑nb‑ps‑S B{‑IaW‑w k‑z´‑w Ak‑vX‑nX‑zs‑¯ t‑¸‑me‑p‑w _‑m[‑n¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑nb‑n F¯‑nt‑¨À¶‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v A¨S‑n a‑m²‑ya¯‑ne‑mW‑v. ISe‑mk‑p‑w A¨S‑n aj‑nb‑p‑w CÃ‑mX‑mb‑me‑p‑w k‑mca‑nÃ.

H‑m¬ s‑s‑e\‑pï‑v. ]s‑£ A£c‑w t‑hï‑ms‑X h¶‑mt‑e‑m?

H¶c hbÊ‑pI‑mc³ I‑pª‑n\‑v ]‑q¨s‑b a\Ê‑ne‑mI‑m³ CAT F¶ X‑nI¨‑p‑w ]‑q¨b‑pa‑mb‑n b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p _ Ôh‑pa‑nÃ‑m¯ hcIf‑p‑w hcIf‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôa‑nÃ‑m¯ D¨‑mcWh‑p‑w Ah t‑Nc‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Cs‑X‑m¶‑paÃ‑m¯ I‑y‑mä‑v F¶ i_‑vZh‑p‑w Bhi‑ya‑nÃ. ]s‑£ Ah\X‑v ]T‑nt‑¨ X‑oc‑q. _‑n t‑Kä‑vk‑v ]db‑p¶X‑v s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑n Hc‑p ]‑pX‑nb k‑wt‑hZ\`‑mjb‑ne‑qs‑S ]‑q¨s‑b I‑pª‑n\‑p a‑p¶‑n s‑I‑mï‑phc‑p‑w.

I‑pª‑ns‑â Xet‑¨‑md‑ns‑e Zit‑I‑mS‑n s‑kÃ‑pIÄ Ø‑nca‑mb‑n P‑oh‑nXI‑me‑w a‑pg‑ph³ C‑u hcIf‑p‑w D¨‑mcWh‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â AÀ°h‑p‑w X½‑ne‑pÅ I¬s‑hÀj³ t‑{‑]‑mkÊ‑n\‑mb‑n ]Sb‑mf‑nIf‑m¡‑n h¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ C¶s‑¯ Ø‑nX‑n a‑md‑p‑w. ]s‑£ AX‑v F§‑ns‑\ Bb‑nc‑n¡‑ps‑a¶‑v k‑z]‑v\‑w I‑mW‑m³ l‑mc‑n t‑]‑m«d‑ps‑S

a‑mP‑n¡‑p t‑e‑mI¯‑n\‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w C¶‑v h‑njaa‑mW‑v. F¦‑ne‑p‑w H¶‑v X‑oÀ¨b‑mb‑p‑w {‑]hN‑n¡‑m‑w. cï‑p Xea‑pdb‑v¡¸‑pd‑w A¨S‑n a‑m²‑ya§f‑p‑w k‑wt‑hZ\¯‑n\‑v A£c§f‑ps‑S A\‑nh‑mc‑yXb‑p‑w CÃ‑mX‑mb‑m \‑m‑w AZ‑v`‑pXs‑¸t‑SïX‑nÃ.

Ct‑¸‑mįs‑¶ C‑u a‑mä¯‑n\‑v \‑mad‑nb‑ms‑X X‑pS¡‑w C«‑p Ig‑nª‑p. t‑dU‑nt‑b‑mb‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ XÕab‑w \ÂI‑m\‑pÅ Ig‑nh‑v t‑\S‑nbt‑¸‑mÄ A¨S‑n a‑m²‑ya ¯‑n\‑v ]g¡a‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯It‑f \ I‑m³ ]ä‑p¶‑pÅ‑p. C‑u Gb‑vPU‑v \‑y‑qk‑p‑w \‑nd¨‑p hc‑p¶ ISe‑mk‑p ]{‑X¯‑nt‑\‑m H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ ]{‑X¯‑n t‑\‑m a‑q¶‑p hbÊ‑p a‑pX a‑pX s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑p‑w CâÀ s‑\ä‑ne‑q s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯ Iï‑v hfc‑p¶ I‑pª‑p§s‑f ]‑nS‑n¨‑nc‑p¯‑n h‑mb‑n¸‑n ¡‑m\‑mb‑n ]‑pX‑pX‑mb‑n H¶‑p‑w \ÂI‑m³ Ig‑nh‑pï‑mI‑pIb‑nÃ.

At‑¸‑ms‑g´‑p s‑N¿‑p‑w?

I‑pc‑pt‑£{‑Xb‑p²‑w Bc‑w`‑n¨‑p Ig‑nª‑p. s‑Pb‑n‑wk‑v t‑P‑mb‑vk‑p‑w ]‑n¡‑mt‑k‑mb‑p‑w s‑_¬ÌW‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vXt‑]‑ms‑e s‑s‑l t‑{‑_‑m Bb‑n«Ã. ]s‑£ F§‑ns‑\ s‑N¿Ws‑a¶‑p‑w Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑p I‑rX‑ya‑mb‑n c‑q]a‑nÃ.

Gäh‑p‑w k¦SIc‑w C‑u A¨S‑n a‑m²‑yac‑wK¯‑n\‑pt‑]‑me‑p‑w ]‑pd¯‑p \‑n¡‑p¶ Hc‑p he‑nb I‑q«‑w P\‑w Ds‑ï¶X‑mW‑v.

C¶‑v t‑e‑mIs‑a‑m«‑ms‑I GIt‑Zi‑w 78 t‑I‑mS‑n P\‑w \‑nc£cc‑mW‑v. AX‑mbX‑v Gg‑p hbÊ‑n\‑pt‑a {‑]‑mba‑pÅhc‑n A©‑ns‑e‑mc‑mÄ¡‑v Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w h‑mb\ A\‑ya‑mW‑v. Ahc‑n a‑q¶‑n cï‑p‑w k‑v{‑X‑oIf‑mW‑v. A½b‑ps‑S aS‑nb‑ne‑nc‑p¶‑mW‑v t‑e‑mIs‑¯h‑ns‑Sb‑p‑w I‑pª‑p§Ä ic‑ns‑Xä‑pIf‑ps‑S

BZ‑y]‑mT‑w ]T‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. Ad‑nh‑ns‑â BZ‑yJ\‑n X‑pd¶‑p I‑mW‑p¶X‑v. B A½a‑mÀ I‑qS‑pX \‑nc£cc‑mW‑v F¶X‑v B[‑p\‑nIka‑ql¯‑ns‑â a‑m\k‑nIh‑p‑w s‑s‑hÚ‑m\‑nIh‑p‑w s‑s‑hI‑mc‑nIh‑pa‑mb ]‑pt‑c‑mKX‑ns‑b ]‑n¶‑nt‑e¡‑v ]‑nS‑n¨‑p \‑nÀ¯‑p¶‑pï‑v. k‑m£cXb‑p‑w Z‑mc‑n{‑Z‑yh‑p‑w X½‑ne‑p‑w k‑m£cXb‑p‑w Bt‑c‑mK‑yh‑p‑w X½‑ne‑p‑w k‑m£cXb‑p‑w k‑v{‑X‑oIt‑f‑mS‑p I‑m«‑p¶ a‑p³h‑n[‑nt‑b‑ms‑Sb‑pÅ AkaX‑z at‑\‑m`‑mhh‑p‑w X½‑ne‑p‑w DÅ _Ô‑w B[‑p\‑nI ka‑ql¯‑ns‑â k‑z`‑mhh‑nt‑ija‑mW‑v.

C´‑yb‑ps‑S k‑m£cX 1881  3.2 iXa‑m\‑w Bb‑nc‑p¶X‑v 1931  7.2 iXa‑m\h‑p‑w 1947  12.2 iXa‑m\ h‑p‑w Bb‑n hÀ²‑n¨‑p. C¶‑v 2011 s‑e s‑k³kk‑v {‑]I‑mc‑w AX‑v 74.04 iXa‑m\a‑mW‑v. k‑zX{‑´ `‑mcX¯‑n k‑m£cXb‑ps‑S hÀ²\h‑v Bd‑nc«‑n Bs‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑e‑mI\‑neh‑mca‑mb 84 iXa‑m\¯‑n\‑v hfs‑c X‑ms‑gb‑mW‑v \‑m‑w C¶‑p‑w. t‑e‑mIc‑mj‑v{‑S§f‑n Gäh‑pa[‑nI‑w \‑nc£cc‑pÅ c‑mP‑y‑w \½‑pt‑SX‑ms‑W¶‑v IW¡‑pIÄ I‑m«‑p¶‑p. kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑âb‑p‑w A\h[‑n k‑ma‑ql‑yk‑wLS\If‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w Bß‑mÀ°a‑mb {‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n\‑p t‑ijh‑p‑w \½‑ps‑S k‑m£cXb‑ne‑pÅ ]‑pt‑c‑mKX‑n hfs‑c aµKX‑nb‑ne‑mW‑v.

1990 s‑e Hc‑p ]T\{‑]I‑mc‑w A¶s‑¯ \‑neb‑ne‑pÅ {‑]hÀ¯\s‑s‑ie‑nb‑n Bt‑K‑mfehe‑n \‑m‑w F¯‑m³ 2060‑, C\‑nb‑p‑w A¼t‑X‑mf‑w hÀj‑w F¦‑ne‑p‑w BI‑ps‑a¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p {‑]hN\‑w. CX‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w Ak‑m²‑ya‑mt‑b¡‑ps‑a¶ a«‑ne‑mW‑v 2001þ2011 s‑e ]‑pt‑c‑mKX‑n.

C¡‑me¯‑v k‑m£cXb‑ne‑pï‑mb DbÀ¨b‑mb 9.2 iXa‑m\‑w AX‑n\‑p a‑p¼‑pÅ ZiI¯‑ns‑\¡‑mÄ I‑pdh‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

1944  {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ C´‑yb‑ps‑S h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mkt‑aJes‑b DS¨‑ph‑mÀ¡‑pI F¶ e£‑yt‑¯‑ms‑S kÀPâ‑v k‑v¡‑o‑w Fs‑¶‑mc‑p ¹‑m³ s‑I‑mï‑ph¶‑p. AX‑v {‑]I‑mc‑w 1984 BI‑pt‑¼‑mt‑g¡‑v C´‑y 100 iXa‑m\‑w k‑m£cX t‑\S‑p‑w F¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p IW¡‑pI‑q«Â.

Fh‑ns‑Sb‑mW‑v {‑]i‑v\‑w?

Zc‑n{‑Zc‑mb P\¯‑n\‑v Bl‑mca‑mW‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mks‑¯¡‑mÄ a‑p³KW\ F¶X‑mb‑nc‑n¡W‑w. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com Unkw_À 2013

(28)

ap³t] ]dóhÀ

]n. kpPm-X³

-X‑ Xz-Nn-´-I-\mb ]{Xm-[n-]À

]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ XqenIbv¡v, Iymad¡®n\v temIs¯ amän adn¡m\pÅ Ignhpïv. hmÀ¯bpsS temI¯v AÛpX§Ä krãn¨ temIam[yacwKs¯ A¯cw AXpeycmb {]Xn`Isf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pó ]wàn.

b

i-È-c‑o-c-\‑mb s‑I.-F‑w. a‑mX‑y‑ph‑ns‑â k‑w`‑m-h-\-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑p¶ t‑hf-b‑n {‑]ik‑vX ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³ S‑n.-s‑P.-F-k‑v.-t‑P‑mÀP‑v C´‑y³ C‑w¥‑oj‑v ]{‑X-t‑e‑m-Is‑¯ {‑X‑na‑qÀ¯‑n-Is‑f H‑mÀ¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. t‑]‑m¯³ t‑P‑mk-^‑v, {‑^‑m¦‑v s‑a‑md-b‑vk‑v, F‑w. Ne-]-X‑n-d‑m-h‑p. Ch-c‑ps‑S a‑q¶‑p-t‑]c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w cN-\‑m-k-a‑mÀ°‑y‑w‑, a‑qe‑y-t‑a· F¶‑nh ka‑m-\-X-I-f‑n-Ã‑ms‑X \‑ne\‑n¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W¶‑v t‑P‑mÀP‑v A\‑p-k‑vac‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

B[‑p-\‑nI C´‑y³ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob P‑oh‑n-X-¯‑n s‑\l‑vd‑p-b‑pK‑w Fs‑¶‑m¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n AX‑ns‑â kaÀ°-\‑mb {‑]N‑m-c-I-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p aW‑n-s‑I‑mï Ne-]-X‑n-d‑m-h‑p. b‑pà‑n-N‑n-´‑, i‑mk‑v{‑X‑m`‑n-a‑p-J‑y‑w‑, ka-X‑z-t‑_‑m[‑w F¶‑n-h-b‑m ]Þ‑nä‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p C´‑y³ b‑ph-X‑zs‑¯ {‑Xk‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ I‑me¯‑v A`‑n-`‑mjIh‑r¯‑n Dt‑]-£‑n¨‑v B{‑Ô-b‑n \‑n¶‑v UÂl‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑nb Ne-]-X‑nd‑mh‑p ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w Cj‑vS-s‑¸« s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑mb‑n X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p-¯‑p. a{‑Z‑mk‑ns‑e D]-c‑n-]-T-\-I‑m-e¯‑v t‑Zi‑ob k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y {‑]Ø‑m-\-t‑¯‑mS‑v B`‑n-a‑pJ‑y-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑ne‑p‑w kl-]‑m-T‑nb‑mb FS-¯« \‑mc‑m-b-W-s‑\-t‑¸‑ms‑e {‑]t‑£‑m-`-k-a-c-¯‑n FS‑p-¯‑p-N‑mS‑n ] T\‑w s‑hS‑n-b‑m³ Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p X‑p\‑nª‑n-Ã. Ih‑n-X-s‑b-g‑p¯‑p‑w {‑]_-Ô-c-N\b‑p‑w t‑I‑mt‑fP‑v a‑mK-k‑ns‑â {‑]hÀ¯-

Unkw_À 2013

\h‑p‑w Hg‑n-s‑I-b‑pÅ ]T-t‑\-Xc {‑] hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡‑p a‑p¶‑n I‑mg‑vN-¡‑mc-\‑mb‑n \‑n¶‑p. FS-¯-«b‑p‑w aä‑p-I‑q-«‑pI‑mc‑p‑w t‑I‑mt‑fP‑v Ih‑m-S-¯‑n t‑Zi‑ob ]X‑mI s‑I«‑n {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v s‑]‑me‑o-k‑ns‑â ]‑nS‑n-b‑n-e‑m-b‑n. N‑neÀ a‑ms‑¸-g‑p-X‑n-s‑¡‑mS‑p¯‑v I‑vf‑mk‑n X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-I-b-d‑n. FS¯« AX‑n\‑p I‑q«‑m-¡‑ms‑X _‑n.-F. ] T\‑w Dt‑]-£‑n¨‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v t‑k‑mj‑ye‑n-Ì‑m-b‑n. F‑w. Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p \‑me‑phc‑n C‑w¥‑oj‑v Ih‑n-X-b‑n-e‑qs‑S Xs‑â {‑]‑nb k‑vt‑\l‑n-X\‑v Bi‑w-k-IÄ t‑\ À¶‑p.

C‑w¥‑oj‑v `‑mj-b‑n _‑nc‑p-Z‑m-\-´c _‑nc‑p-Zh‑p‑w \‑nb-a-_‑n-c‑p-Zh‑p‑w t‑\S‑n Ne]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p B{‑Ô-b‑ns‑e {‑K‑ma-¯‑n X‑nc‑n-s‑¨-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ]e hg‑n-IÄ At‑±l-¯‑ns‑â a‑p¶‑n s‑Xf‑n-ª‑p-I‑n-S-¶‑p. s‑s‑lZ-c‑m-_‑m-Z‑n-s‑e¯‑n Gs‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑I‑mt‑f-P‑n A[‑y‑m-]-I-\‑mI‑m‑w. A`‑n`‑m-j-I-\‑mb‑n {‑]‑mI‑vS‑ok‑v X‑pS-§‑m‑w. k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-k-ac {‑]Ø‑m-\-¯‑n ]¦‑mf‑n-b‑m-I‑m‑w. K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n‑, s‑\l‑vd‑p‑, Pb-{‑]I‑mi‑v \‑mc‑m-b-W³‑, t‑K‑mh‑nµ _Ã` ]´‑v X‑pS-§‑nb Cj‑vS-t‑\-X‑m-¡Ä ] ec‑p‑w Pb‑n-e‑ne‑p‑w s‑hf‑n-b‑n-e‑p-a‑mb‑n {‑] t‑£‑m` ]‑mX-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v. A`‑n-`‑m-j-Is‑â t‑I‑m«-W‑n-s‑ª-¦‑ne‑p‑w Ne-]-X‑n-d‑m-h‑ph‑n\‑v \‑nb-a-¯‑ns‑â \‑qe‑m-a‑m-e-IÄ Cg-]‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶ h‑r¯‑n-t‑b‑mS‑v CW-§‑nt‑¸‑m-I‑m³ Ig‑n-ª‑n-Ã. UÂl‑n-b‑n ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-s‑\¶ \‑ne-b‑n t‑]

s‑c-S‑p¯ s‑I. c‑ma-d‑mh‑p F¶ \‑m«‑p-I‑mcs‑\ ka‑o-]‑n¨ Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p Xs‑â s‑X‑mg‑nÂ]-c-a‑mb a‑m\-k‑nI {‑]X‑n-kÔ‑n-s‑b-¸ä‑n NÀ¨ s‑Nb‑vX‑p. ]Þ‑nä‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p Hc‑p Z‑n\-¸{‑X‑w X‑pS-§‑p-¶-X‑n\‑pÅ NÀ¨-b‑n-e‑m-s‑W¶‑p‑w C´‑y³ \‑mj-W t‑I‑m¬{‑K-k‑ns‑â H‑ut‑Z‑y‑mK‑nI a‑pJ-]-{‑X-a‑mb‑n AX‑v Bc‑w-`‑n-¡‑m\‑mW‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p B{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-s‑X¶‑p‑w c‑ma-d‑mh‑p Ad‑n-b‑n-¨‑p. t‑a‑mt‑«‑mÀI‑m-d‑p-If‑ps‑S C´‑y-b‑ns‑e U‑oe-d‑mb [\‑mV‑y³ cL‑p-\-µ³ kc³ ]{‑X-¯‑n-\‑pt‑hï‑n F{‑X ]W‑w s‑Ne-h‑m-¡‑m\‑p‑w k¶-²-\‑m-s‑W¶‑p‑w eI‑vt‑\‑m-b‑n \‑n¶‑m-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p‑w ]{‑X‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¡‑p-¶-s‑X¶‑p‑w Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p a\-Ê‑ne‑m-¡‑n. F¶‑m t‑I‑m¬{‑K-k‑ns‑â a‑pJ-]-{‑Xs‑a¶ \‑ne-b‑n ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w C‑w¥‑o-j‑n Bc‑w-`‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v s‑Nd‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p XSÊ‑w Dï‑v.

AX‑v \‑o¡‑m-\‑pÅ NÀ¨-I-f‑n-e‑mW‑v Ph-lÀe‑m s‑\l‑vd‑p. UÂl‑n-b‑ns‑e l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑K-k‑n\‑v ]‑n´‑pW \ÂI‑n-t‑¸‑m-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. h‑yh-k‑mb‑n-b‑mb P‑n.-U‑n. _‑nÀf-b‑mW‑v AX‑ns‑â DS-a. K‑mÔ‑n-P‑nb‑p‑w _‑nÀfb‑p‑w X½‑n \à AS‑p-¸-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. al‑m-ß-P‑n-b‑ps‑S aI³ t‑Zh-Z‑mk‑v K‑mÔ‑n l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â FU‑n-ä-d‑p-a‑m-W‑v. At‑¸‑mÄ "\‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑v‑' F¶ t‑] c‑n as‑ä‑mc‑p C‑w¥‑oj‑v ]{‑X‑w X‑pS-§‑nb‑m F¨‑v.-S‑n.s‑b _‑m[‑n-¡‑p‑w. AX‑n\‑m ]‑pX‑nb ]{‑X‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑K-k‑ns‑â H‑ut‑Z‑y‑m-K‑nI P‑nl‑z-b‑m-I‑m³ K‑mÔ‑nP‑n k½-X‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. s‑\l‑vd‑p ]e XhW k‑wk‑m-c‑n¨‑p Ig‑n-ª-X‑mW‑v. t‑Zh-Z‑mk‑v K‑mÔ‑n-b‑mt‑W‑m P‑n.-U‑n. _‑nÀf-b‑mt‑W‑m

(29) al‑m-ß-P‑n-b‑ps‑S {‑]i‑v\-s‑a¶‑v \‑nÝ-ba‑n-Ã. GI-]-£‑ob kX‑y‑m-{‑Kl kac‑w DÄs‑¸s‑S A¡‑m-es‑¯ K‑mÔ‑n-P‑nb‑ps‑S ]e \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-I-t‑f‑mS‑p‑w ]Þ‑nä‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p h‑nt‑b‑m-P‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. UÂl‑nb‑n \‑n¶‑v \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑â {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W‑m-c‑w`‑w eI‑vt‑\‑m-b‑nt‑e¡‑v a‑mt‑ä-ï‑n-h-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑me‑p‑w Hc‑p-] t‑£ K‑mÔ‑n-P‑ns‑b ka‑m-[‑m-\‑n-¸‑n¨‑v k½-X‑n-h‑m-§‑m³ t‑hï‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nc‑n-¡-W‑w. GX‑m-b‑me‑p‑w 1938 s‑k]‑vä‑w_À H¼X‑m‑w X‑obX‑n "\‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑v‑' {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w Bc‑w`‑n-¨‑p. N‑o^‑v FU‑n-äÀ s‑I. c‑ma-d‑mh‑p. Ak‑n-Ìâ‑v FU‑n-äÀ Bb‑n F‑w.

Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p t‑NÀ¶‑p. Ph-lÀe‑m s‑\l‑vd‑p s‑NbÀa‑m-\‑mb Ub-d-I‑vSÀ t‑_‑mÀU‑n-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â DS-a-Ø‑m-h-I‑m-i‑w. £‑n{‑]-t‑I‑m-]‑nb‑p‑w AcI‑n-d‑p-¡\‑p‑w A\‑p-k-c-W-s‑I-«-h\‑p‑w XÀ¡‑p-¯c‑w ]d-b‑p-¶-h\‑p‑w k‑vt‑\lk-¼-¶-\‑p-a‑mb c‑ma-d‑m-h‑p-h‑ns‑\ ad‑nNe-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p

I-S¶‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p AS‑p¸‑w Ø‑m]‑n-¨X‑v Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑nt‑\‑m-S‑m-W‑v. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v `c-W-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑n-c‑mb‑n \‑ni‑n-X-a‑mb `‑mjb‑n a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K-§s‑fÃ‑m‑w Fg‑p-X‑p¶ t‑P‑me‑n-b‑mW‑v c‑ma-d‑mh‑ph‑p‑w a‑pJ‑ya‑mb‑n s‑Nb‑vX-X‑v. ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑e CXc {‑]hÀ¯-\-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p \‑nb-{‑´‑n-¨‑p. F.-]‑n. kI‑vt‑k-\‑, Zb‑m-\µ-k‑n‑wK‑v F¶‑o k_‑v FU‑n-äÀa‑m-c‑p-a‑pï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑n i¦-c-¸‑n-Å-t‑b‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w Hc‑p-hÀj‑w ] c‑n-i‑o-e\‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m¡‑n I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑v i¦-c³I‑p«‑n (I‑p«‑n‑) eI‑vt‑\‑mb‑n-s‑e¯‑n \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑n t‑NÀ¶‑p. Aa‑n-\‑m-_‑mZ‑v kÀ¡‑n-f‑ns‑e s‑ld‑mÄU‑v H‑m^‑ok‑v s‑I«‑n-S-¯‑n ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-·‑mÀ¡‑v X‑mak k‑uIc‑yh‑p‑w `£-W-¯‑n\‑v a‑pg‑p-h³ kab I‑mâ‑o\‑p‑w Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]t‑£ Z£‑nt‑W-´‑y-¡‑m-c‑mb Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑n\‑p‑w I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑v I‑p«‑n¡‑p‑w s‑X‑m«-S‑p-¯‑pÅ I‑mi‑va‑oÀ t‑l‑m«-e‑n Cj‑vS-`-£W‑w

a‑mt‑\-P‑vs‑aâ‑ns‑â s‑Ne-h‑n GÀs‑¸-S‑p¯‑n. FÃ‑m-hÀ¡‑p‑w i¼f‑w \‑nÝ-b‑n¨‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑ne‑p‑w I‑rX‑y-a‑mb‑n \ÂI‑n-b‑nc‑p-¶‑n-Ã. t‑I‑m¬{‑K-k‑ns‑â ka‑p-¶X t‑\X‑m-¡Ä ]X‑n-h‑mb‑n s‑ld‑mÄU‑n F¯‑p‑w. c‑ma-d‑mh‑p Ah-c‑p-a‑m-s‑bÃ‑m‑w XÀ¡‑n-¡‑p¶ ]X‑n-h‑p-ï‑v. Ne-]-X‑nd‑mh‑p \‑nÈ-_‑vZ-\‑mb‑n t‑P‑me‑n s‑N¿‑p‑w. k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-k-ac {‑]hÀ¯-\-¯‑n ]¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-I‑p¶‑p F¶ `‑mh-¯‑n-e‑mW‑v \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑e FÃ‑m P‑oh\-¡‑mc‑p‑w s‑]c‑p-a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. `£W‑w‑, ]‑mÀ¸‑n-S‑w‑, CXc s‑Ne-h‑p-IÄ \ S¶‑p t‑]‑mI‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑n-\‑m I‑rX‑y-a‑mb‑n i¼f‑w e`‑n-¡‑m-¯-X‑n BÀ¡‑p‑w ] c‑m-X‑n-b‑n-Ã. h‑n.s‑I. I‑rj‑vW-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ eï-\‑n \‑n¶‑v s‑ld‑mÄU‑n-t‑e¡‑v ]X‑n-h‑mb‑n h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w t‑eJ-\h‑p‑w Ab-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p Ah-s‑bÃ‑m‑w k{‑i²‑w FU‑nä‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. h‑n³Ì¬ NÀ¨‑n F´‑p-]-d-ª‑me‑p‑w I‑p«‑ns‑b h‑nf‑n¨‑v Hc‑p I‑mÀ«‑q¬ hc-¸‑n¨‑v H¸‑w t‑NÀ¯‑p-I-f‑n-b‑m¡‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]Þ‑nä‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p ]e t‑]c‑p-I-f‑n t‑eJ\‑w Fg‑p-X‑n-t‑¸‑m-¶‑p.

Hc‑n-¡Â {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v t‑k‑zO‑m-`-c-Ws‑¯ ]c‑n-l-k‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ C´‑y-b‑ns‑e t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v t‑\X‑mh‑v Ph-lÀe‑m s‑\l‑vd‑p `c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶¦‑n Hc‑n-¡e‑p‑w At‑±l‑w GI‑m-[‑n]-X‑n-b‑m-I‑n-s‑ö‑v as‑ä‑m-c‑p-t‑]-c‑n {‑] k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨ t‑eJ-\-¯‑n s‑\l‑vd‑p Xs‑¶ Fg‑p-X‑n-bX‑p h‑mb‑n¨‑v Ne-]-X‑nd‑mh‑p s‑]‑m«‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¨‑p. ^‑nt‑d‑mk‑v K‑mÔ‑n H‑m^‑o-k‑n h¶-t‑¸‑mÄ B h‑mNI‑w Ne-]X‑n At‑±-l-¯‑n\‑v I‑m«‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p¯‑p. ]Þ‑nä‑vP‑n Fg‑p-X‑n-b-X‑mW‑v B h‑mN-I-s‑a¶‑v h‑ni‑z-k‑n-¡‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p¶‑n-s‑ö‑v ^‑nt‑d‑mk‑v K‑mÔ‑n ]d-ª‑p. ^‑nt‑d‑mk‑v K‑mÔ‑n t‑]‑mb‑n Ig‑n-ªt‑¸‑mÄ i¦-c³I‑p«‑n i_‑vZ‑w X‑mg‑v¯‑n Ne-]-X‑n-d‑m-h‑p-h‑n-t‑\‑mS‑v cl-k‑y-a‑mb‑n t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p: ""B t‑]‑mb h‑yà‑n al‑mß‑m-K‑m-Ô‑n-b‑ps‑S _Ô‑p-h‑mt‑W‑m?'' ""AÃ‑, At‑±l‑w AS‑p¯‑p Xs‑¶ s‑\l‑vd‑ph‑ns‑â _Ô‑p-h‑m-I‑p‑w.''þ Ne-]X‑n-d‑m-h‑p- ]d-ª‑p. ""As‑X-§s‑\?‑''þ I‑p«‑n-b‑ps‑S P‑nÚ‑m-k. ""Cµ‑p-h‑ns‑â {‑]X‑n-{‑i‑p-X-h-c-\‑mW‑v ^‑nt‑d‑m-k‑v.‑''þ Ne-]-X‑n-d‑m-h‑p- s‑hf‑n-s‑¸S‑p-¯‑n.

At‑¸‑mÄ Hc‑p I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑ns‑â Bib‑w a\-Ê‑n c‑q]-s‑¸-s‑«-¦‑ne‑p‑w \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑n AX‑v {‑] k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ãt‑Ã‑m F¶ X‑nc‑n¨-d‑n-h‑n I‑p«‑n k‑zb‑w i‑mk‑n¨‑v i‑m´\‑m-b‑n. F¦‑ne‑p‑w Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑nt‑\‑mS‑v B Bib‑w ]¦‑p-h-¨‑p. At‑±-l-¯‑n\‑v Unkw_À 2013

(30) N‑nc‑n h¶‑n-Ã. ]Ic‑w hÀ¤‑o-bX DbÀ¯‑p¶ s‑I‑mS‑nb `‑oj-W‑ns‑b ] c‑n-l-k‑n¨‑v hc-b‑v¡‑m³ D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p.

A§s‑\ a‑pl-½-Z‑me‑n P‑n¶ a‑pÉ‑n‑w e‑oK‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w i‑y‑ma-{‑]-k‑mZ‑v a‑pJÀP‑n BÀ.-F-k‑v.-F-Ê‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w t‑X‑mf‑n-t‑eä‑n Hc‑p XS‑n-¸‑m-e-¯‑n-e‑qs‑S ]‑pg IS-¡‑m³ \S‑p-¡‑p-h¶‑v A`‑n-a‑p-J-a‑mb‑n \‑n¶‑p XÀ¡‑n-¡‑p¶ l‑mk‑y-N‑n{‑X‑w I‑p«‑n-h-c¨‑p. cï‑m‑w t‑e‑mI-a-l‑m-b‑p²‑w P¸‑ms‑â a‑pt‑¶-ä-t‑¯‑ms‑S ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p hg‑n¯‑n-c‑n-h‑n-s‑e-¯‑n. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v ]«‑m-f-¯‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w AÃ‑m-s‑Xb‑p‑w C´‑y-b‑ns‑e s‑Nd‑p-¸-¡‑mÀ¡‑v [‑mc‑mf‑w s‑X‑mg‑n-eh-k-c-§Ä X‑pd-¶‑p-I‑n-«‑n. h‑nZ‑y‑m-k¼-¶À¡‑v AÀl-a‑mb t‑hX-\h‑p‑w ]Z-h‑nb‑p‑w t‑e‑m]-a‑n-Ã‑ms‑X e`‑n-¨‑p. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v `c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-f‑ps‑S X‑m¡‑m-e‑nI k‑uP-\‑y-§Ä _l‑nj‑vI-c‑n-¡‑m³ t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v Bl‑z‑m\‑w s‑Nb‑vs‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w _l‑p-`‑q-c‑n-]£‑w b‑ph‑m-¡-s‑fb‑p‑w XS-b‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ã. ]©‑m_‑ns‑e {‑]a‑p-J-\‑mb Hc‑p t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v t‑\X‑mh‑p‑w t‑U‑mI‑vS-d‑p‑w Bb h‑yà‑n {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v BÀa‑n-b‑n t‑NÀ¶X‑v he‑nb h‑mÀ¯-b‑m-b‑n. i¼-f-¯‑p-I-b‑ps‑S I\‑w Iï‑mW‑v t‑Zi-k‑vt‑\l‑w Dt‑]-£‑n¨‑v t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ I‑qd‑p-a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑v. b‑p²‑w At‑ac‑n-¡s‑b Hc‑p k¼¶ c‑mj‑v{‑S-a‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑n. C´‑y-b‑ns‑e k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑ms‑c he-b‑n h‑og‑v¯‑m-\‑pÅ {‑]t‑e‑m-`\ X{‑´-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v `c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑mc‑n-IÄ ]b-ä‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. \‑mjW s‑ld‑mÄU‑v b‑p²s‑¯ A]-e]‑n¨‑p‑w {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v X‑me‑v]-c‑y-¯‑n-\‑mb‑n C´‑ys‑b N‑qjW‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶-X‑ns‑\ FX‑nÀ¯‑p‑w t‑eJ-\-§Ä {‑]k‑n-²‑o-Ic‑n-¨‑p. k‑m{‑a‑m-P‑y-X‑z-h‑mZ‑w D‑u«‑n Dd-¸‑n¡‑p¶ b‑p²-\-S-]-S‑n-Is‑f c‑mP‑ys‑¯ _‑u²‑nI ka‑ql‑w h‑naÀi‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑nc‑p-¶‑p. ]t‑£‑, s‑X‑mg‑n-e-t‑\‑z-j-Ic‑p‑w Ac-¸-«‑n-W‑n-¡‑m-c‑p-a‑mb k‑m[‑m-c-W¡‑ms‑c k‑z‑m[‑o-\‑n-¡‑m³ BZÀi-h‑m-Z§Ä kl‑m-b‑n-¨‑n-Ã. HS‑p-h‑n K‑mÔ‑nP‑n {‑_‑n«‑o-j‑p-I‑mÀ C´‑y-h‑n«‑p t‑]‑mI-Ws‑a¶ A´‑na kac‑w {‑]J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p.

1942 BKÌ‑v H¼X‑m‑w X‑obX‑n Bc‑w`‑n¨ "I‑z‑nä‑v C´‑y‑' kac‑w \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑n FÃ‑m-h-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w Dd¡‑w s‑IS‑p-¯‑n. t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v {‑]hÀ¯I ka‑nX‑n A‑wK-§f‑p‑w K‑mÔ‑n-P‑nb‑p‑w Pb‑n-e‑n-e‑m-b‑n. s‑ld‑mÄU‑v Hc‑p k‑vs‑] j‑y FU‑n-j³ Cd¡‑n t‑Zi‑ob {‑]X‑n-t‑j-[-¯‑n ]¦‑p-t‑NÀ¶‑p. ]‑nt‑ä-Z‑n-hk‑w ]{‑X-§Äs‑¡Ã‑m‑w s‑k³kÀj‑n¸‑v _‑m[-I-a‑m-¡‑n. \‑mjW s‑ld‑mÄU‑v {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w \‑nd‑p-¯‑n. F¶‑n«‑p‑w s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑â H‑m^‑ok‑v s‑db‑vU‑v s‑N¿‑m³ kÀ¡‑mÀ Unkw_À 2013

\‑mj-WÂ s‑ld‑mÄU‑v s‑s‑Z\‑w-Z‑n\‑w ]‑pt‑c‑m-K-X‑n-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v I‑pX‑n-¨‑p.

Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑ns‑â t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â DÅ-S-¡s‑¯ t‑a· b‑päX‑m-¡‑n. 1968  ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â UÂl‑n FU‑n-j³ Bc‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. _l-Z‑qÀj k^Àa‑mÀ¤‑n s‑ld‑mÄU‑v l‑uk‑v Dï‑m-b‑n. "\hP‑o-h³‑' F¶ l‑nµ‑n-]-X‑n¸‑p‑w "J‑z‑ma‑n Bh‑mk‑v‑' F¶ Dd‑p-Z‑p-]-X‑n¸‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑n-d-§‑n.

D¯-c-h‑n-«‑p. ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-·‑m-c‑ps‑S ]‑mÀ¸‑nSh‑p‑w ]{‑X‑w H‑m^‑ok‑p‑w s‑]‑me‑ok‑v Nh‑n-«‑n-t‑¯-¨‑p. FU‑n-äÀ c‑ma-d‑mh‑p Ak‑z-Ø-\‑mb‑n At‑§‑m-«‑p-a‑n-t‑§‑m«‑p‑w De‑m-¯‑p-¶X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n ]c‑n-t‑i‑m-[\b‑v¡‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w \ÂI‑p¶ s‑]‑me‑ok‑v t‑a[‑m-h‑n-t‑b‑mS‑v IbÀ¯‑p. ""h‑n¹h t‑cJ-IÄ hÃX‑p‑w Is‑ï-¯‑nt‑b‑m?‑'' F¶‑v ]c‑n-l‑m-k-t‑¯‑ms‑S At‑±l‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n-¨‑p. ""Gäh‑p‑w h‑n¹-h‑m-ß-Ia‑mb I‑mc‑y-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w CX‑m‑, CX‑n-\‑pÅ‑n-e‑m-W‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. AX‑n Hc‑p Xc‑n-¼‑p-t‑]‑me‑p‑w X‑m¦Ä¡‑v FS‑p-¯‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ã.'' F¶‑v ] d-ª‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v c‑ma-d‑m-h‑p‑, Xs‑â Xe Nc‑n¨‑v s‑]‑me‑ok‑v H‑m^‑o-kÀ¡‑v s‑X‑m«‑pI‑m-W‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑p. ]{‑X-t‑a‑m-^‑o-k‑n \‑n¶‑v H¶‑p‑w Is‑ï-¯‑m-\‑m-I‑ms‑X s‑]‑me‑ok‑v k‑wL‑w Øe‑w h‑n«‑p.

Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p kl-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-t‑c‑mS‑v Ah-c-h-c‑ps‑S h‑o«‑n-t‑e¡‑p aS-§‑m³ ] d-ª‑p. A\‑n-Ý‑n-XX‑z‑w Ah-k‑m-\‑n¡‑p‑w hs‑c UÂl‑n-b‑n X§‑m-s‑a¶ Dt‑±i‑y-t‑¯‑ms‑S At‑±-lh‑p‑w eI‑vt‑\‑m h‑n«‑p. l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑n t‑NÀ¶‑v s‑k³kÀj‑n-¸‑n\‑v h‑nt‑[-b-\‑mb‑n {‑] hÀ¯‑n¨ Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p Kl-\-a‑mb h‑mb-\-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v aS-§‑n. t‑e‑mI-b‑p²h‑p‑w I‑z‑nä‑v C´‑y‑m ka-ch‑p‑w kX‑y-kÔ-a‑mb‑n d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿‑m³ a‑mÀ¤a‑n-Ã. B{‑Ô-b‑ns‑e "{‑X‑nt‑hW‑n‑'b‑ne‑p‑w ]‑o¸‑nÄk‑v t‑h‑mb‑vk‑ne‑p‑w e`‑n¨ ]{‑X-{‑]hÀ¯\ ]c‑n-i‑o-e\‑w s‑Nd‑p-a‑m-k‑nI‑m {‑]hÀ¯-\-¯‑n\‑v D]-I-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a¶ Dd-

¸‑n k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y-k-ac t‑k\‑m-\‑n-I-f‑ps‑S cl-k‑y-{‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§-f‑p-a‑mb‑n d‑mh‑p kl-I-c‑n-¨‑p. eL‑p-t‑e-J-IÄ \‑nÀ½‑n¨‑p {‑]N-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑e t‑P‑me‑n CX‑n-s‑\Ã‑m‑w \à ad-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. s‑]‑me‑o-k‑n-\‑m ]‑nS‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑ms‑X k‑zb‑w c£‑n-¡‑m³ Ig‑n-ªX‑v A§s‑\-b‑m-W‑v. b‑p²‑w Ig‑n-ª‑p. 1945  \‑mjW s‑ld‑mÄU‑v {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w ]‑p\-c‑m-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p eI‑vt‑\‑mb‑n-t‑e¡‑p aS-§‑n. ^‑nt‑d‑mk‑v K‑mÔ‑n a‑mt‑\-P‑n‑wK‑v Ub-d-I‑vSÀ ]Z-h‑n-b‑n a‑pg‑p-h³ ka-bh‑p‑w s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑â H‑m^‑o-k‑n h¶‑p I‑mc‑y-§Ä \‑nb-{‑´‑n¨‑p. Hc‑p-hÀj‑w Ig‑n-ª-t‑¸‑mÄ Ne]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p FU‑n-äÀ Bb‑n DbÀ¯s‑¸-«‑p. "{‑^‑oU‑w C‑uk‑v C³ s‑]c‑nÄ.

U‑ns‑^³U‑v Cä‑v h‑n¯‑v BÄ b‑phÀ s‑s‑aä‑v.‑' F¶‑v s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑â a‑mÌ‑v s‑lÍ‑n A¨-S‑n-¡‑m³ Cµ‑n-c‑m-K‑mÔ‑n \‑nÀt‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p. ^‑nt‑d‑m-k‑p-a‑m-b‑pÅ Cµ‑nc-b‑ps‑S h‑nh‑ml‑w CX‑n-\I‑w \S¶‑p Ig‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C´‑yb‑v¡‑v k‑zb‑w `cW‑m-h-I‑mi‑w s‑s‑Ia‑m-d‑m-\‑pÅ \S-]-S‑nIÄ ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑ns‑â t‑\X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n CS-¡‑me kÀ¡‑mÀ s‑s‑hI‑ms‑X A[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑n h¶‑p. eI‑vt‑\‑m kÀh-I-e‑m-i‑me ae-b‑mf‑n h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-IÄ¡‑v A¡‑m-e¯‑v D]-c‑n]-T-\-¯‑n\‑v Hc‑p I‑pd‑p¡‑p hg‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ‑, s‑I‑m¨‑n c‑mP‑y-§f‑n \‑n¶‑v b‑ph‑m-¡Ä eI‑vt‑\‑mb‑n ]T‑n-¡‑m³ F¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

(31) cï‑p-hÀj‑w s‑I‑mï‑v _‑n.F U‑n{‑K‑nb‑p‑w FÂ-FÂ_‑n U‑n{‑K‑n-b‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p-a‑n-s‑¨-S‑p¡‑m-h‑p¶ ]T-\-]-²X‑n eI‑vt‑\‑m kÀhI-e‑m-i‑me Hc‑p-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. GX‑m\‑p‑w ae-b‑mf‑n A[‑y‑m-]-Ic‑p‑w A¶‑o kÀhI-e‑m-i‑m-e-b‑n t‑P‑me‑n s‑Nb‑vX‑n-c‑p¶‑p. A§s‑\ ]T‑n-¡‑m-s‑\-¯‑nb ]‑n. _‑me³ F¶ b‑ph‑mh‑v \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑n Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w Ib-d‑n-s‑¨¶‑p. kÀÆ-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-b‑ns‑e ^‑ok‑v hÀ²-\-b‑vs‑¡-X‑ns‑c Hc‑p h‑mÀ¯-s‑I‑m-S‑p¡-W‑w. X‑nc‑p-s‑¡‑m-¨‑n-t‑]‑ms‑e A\‑yc‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-It‑f‑mS‑v A[‑n-I‑r-XÀ I‑m«‑p¶ h‑nt‑h-N\‑w s‑]‑mX‑p-{‑i-²-b‑n s‑I‑mï‑p-h-c-W‑w. s‑ae‑nª‑p \‑oï B s‑Nd‑p-¸-¡‑m-cs‑â `‑mjb‑p‑w t‑hjh‑p‑w s‑]c‑p-a‑mä c‑oX‑nIf‑p‑w Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑n\‑v Cj‑vS-s‑¸-«‑p. h‑mÀ¯ {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨-X‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v ^‑ok‑v \‑nc¡‑v I‑pd-b‑p-s‑a¶‑v t‑X‑m¶‑p-¶‑ns‑ö‑v d‑mh‑p ]d-ª‑p. I‑mcW‑w C‑w¥‑oj‑p-I‑m-c‑mW‑v kÀh-I-e‑m-i‑me `cW‑w \‑nb-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A[‑y‑m-]-I-c‑n Gs‑d-t‑¸c‑p‑w h‑nt‑Z-i‑n-IÄ. AX‑n-\‑m ]T-\-s‑¨-eh‑v X‑m§‑m³ aä‑p a‑mÀ¤-§Ä h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-IÄ Xs‑¶ Is‑ï-¯-W‑w. ]‑mÀ«‑vs‑s‑S‑w t‑P‑me‑n-IÄ s‑Nb‑vX‑p hc‑p-a‑m\-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m‑w. a‑nÌÀ _‑me\‑v X‑me‑v]c‑y-a‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n Hg‑nh‑p ka-b-§-f‑n s‑ld‑mÄU‑n h¶‑v t‑P‑me‑n s‑N¿‑m‑w.

Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑ns‑â \‑nÀt‑±i‑w B b‑ph‑mh‑v kt‑´‑m-j-t‑¯‑ms‑S k‑z‑oI-c‑n¨‑p. ]T\‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑n-b-t‑ij‑w ]‑n. _‑me³ \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑n d‑mh‑p-h‑ns‑â i‑n£-W-¯‑n k_‑v FU‑n-ä-d‑mb‑n X‑pSÀ¶‑p. s‑]‑mS‑p-¶s‑\ Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w _‑mes‑\ I‑mW‑m-X‑m-b‑n. Bt‑c‑mS‑p‑w ]d-b‑ms‑X Ab‑mÄ s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑e X‑ma-k-Øeh‑p‑w Hg‑n-ª‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n. \s‑Ã‑mc‑p ] {‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-\‑m-I‑m³ ]ä‑p¶ Xc¯‑n t‑P‑me‑n-b‑n k‑maÀ°‑y‑w {‑] I-S‑n-¸‑n¨‑p hc‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p X‑nt‑c‑m[‑m-\‑w. Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p Fg‑p-X‑p¶‑p: ""1947  I¯‑n-s‑b-c‑n-b‑p¶ Hc‑p t‑h\Â] IÂt‑\-c¯‑v UÂl‑n-b‑ns‑e s‑Xc‑ph‑n-e‑qs‑S a‑pj‑nª t‑hj-¯‑n B b‑ph‑mh‑v \S¶‑p \‑o§‑p-¶X‑p R‑m³ Iï‑p. a‑nÌÀ _‑me³ F¶‑v R‑m³ D¨¯‑n h‑nf‑n-¨‑p. Ab‑mÄ \‑n¶‑p. i_‑vZ‑w h¶ `‑mK-t‑¯¡‑v t‑\‑m¡‑n. Fs‑¶ a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-b-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e t‑X‑m¶‑n. R‑m³ AS‑p¯‑p s‑N¶‑p. Ab‑mÄ I‑qS‑p-X t‑i‑mj‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I®‑p-I-f‑ps‑S X‑nf¡‑w a‑m{‑X‑w a§‑n-b‑n-«‑n-Ã. Ah I‑qS‑p-X h‑nSÀ¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e. F´‑p-]-ä‑n‑, X‑m¦f‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ Fh‑n-s‑S-b‑m-s‑W¶ Fs‑â At‑\‑z-j-W-§Ä¡‑v a‑nX-a‑mb h‑m¡‑p-If‑n ad‑p-]-S‑n. eI‑vt‑\‑m-b‑n \‑n¶‑v h‑n«t‑ij‑w UÂl‑n-b‑n-s‑e¯‑n as‑ä‑mc‑p ]

{‑X-¯‑n _‑me³ I‑pd-¨‑p-\‑mÄ t‑P‑me‑n s‑Nb‑vX‑p. Ah‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑v Hc‑p-\‑mÄ Ej‑nt‑I-i‑n-t‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mb‑n. k‑wk‑vI‑rX‑w ] T‑n-¨‑p. t‑hZh‑p‑w D]-\‑n-j¯‑p‑w {‑Kl‑n¨‑p. U‑ns‑s‑h³ s‑s‑e^‑v s‑k‑ms‑s‑k-ä‑nb‑n A‑wK-a‑mb Ab‑mÄ Xs‑â ]gb h‑nt‑\‑mZ i‑oe-§Ä s‑hS‑n-ª‑p. k‑z‑ma‑n i‑nh‑m-\-µ-\-b‑ps‑S i‑nj‑yX‑z‑w k‑z‑oI-c‑n¨‑p.‑'' I‑pÀ¯b‑p‑w s‑s‑]P‑m-ab‑p‑w a‑mä‑n ]‑qÀ®-I‑mj-‑m-b t‑h-j-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v aS§‑nb _‑me\‑v Xs‑â K‑pc‑p-k-¶‑y‑mk Z‑o£ \ÂI‑n. k‑z‑ma‑n- N‑n-·-b‑m-\-µ³ F¶ t‑]c‑v k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¨‑p. t‑e‑mI‑w a‑pg‑ph³ i‑mJ-I-t‑f‑ms‑S N‑n·-b‑m-a‑n-j³ Ø‑m]‑n-¨X‑v Xs‑â ]gb kl-{‑]hÀ¯-I³ _‑me-\‑m-s‑W¶‑v A`‑n-a‑m-\-

t‑¯‑ms‑S d‑mh‑p Ad‑n-ª‑p. I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v I‑p«‑n-b‑ps‑S Dä-k‑p-l‑r-¯‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p _‑me³. k¶‑y‑mk ]c‑n-hÀ¯\ h‑mÀ¯-t‑I-«-t‑¸‑mÄ I‑p«‑n-b‑ps‑S {‑]X‑nI-cW‑w C§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ""R‑m³ h‑ni‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. _‑mes‑\ F\‑n¡‑p \¶‑m-b-d‑n-b‑m‑w. Ah³ ]e t‑hjh‑p‑w A`‑n-\-b‑n-¡‑p‑w.‑'' I‑p«‑n-b‑ps‑S \‑nc‑o£W‑w _‑me³ k‑pZ‑oÀL-a‑mb Xs‑â P‑oh‑nX Z‑uX‑y-¯‑n-e‑qs‑S s‑Xä‑m-s‑W¶‑v s‑Xf‑n-b‑n¨‑p F¶‑v Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p Fg‑pX‑n. \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑v s‑s‑Z\‑w-Z‑n\‑w ]‑pt‑c‑m-K-X‑n-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v I‑pX‑n-¨‑p. Ne-]X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑ns‑â t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â DÅ-S-¡s‑¯ t‑a·b‑päX‑m-¡‑n. 1968  ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â UÂl‑n FU‑n-j³

‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑ns‑â Fg‑p-]X‑m‑w ]‑nd-¶‑mÄ Z‑n\-¯‑n Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p Fg‑pX‑n: ""Ph-lÀe‑m s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑n\‑v Fg‑p-]X‑p X‑nI-ª‑p. At‑±l-¯‑ns‑â {‑]‑mb‑w Af-t‑¡-ïX‑v Ie-ïÀ hÀj-§Ä s‑I‑mï-Ã. s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑n P‑ze‑n-¡‑p¶ s‑s‑NX-\‑y-¯‑n\‑v {‑]‑mb-a‑n-Ã. At‑±-ls‑¯ Ne‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ N‑n´-IÄ F´‑mW‑v? K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n-s‑b-t‑¸‑ms‑e cl-k‑y-§f‑ps‑S Bh-c-W-a‑n« k‑z`‑m-h-aà At‑±-l‑n-t‑â-X‑v. P\-§Ä¡‑p a‑p¶‑n s‑\l‑vd‑p Xs‑â l‑rZb‑w X‑pd-¶‑n-«‑p. Hc‑p P‑oh-N-c‑n-{‑X-I‑m-c\‑p‑w ]‑pX‑pX‑mb‑n Iï‑p-]‑n-S‑n¨‑p s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑n H¶‑p-a‑n-Ã.

A{‑Xb‑v¡‑v k‑pX‑m-c‑y-a‑mW‑v B h‑yà‑n-X‑z‑w...''

NÀ-¡-bn \qÂ-\qÂ-¡p¶ s‑\l‑vd‑p-

Unkw_À 2013

(32) Bc‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. _l-Z‑qÀj k^Àa‑mÀ¤‑n s‑ld‑mÄU‑v l‑uk‑v Dï‑m-b‑n. "\hP‑o-h³‑' F¶ l‑nµ‑n-]-X‑n¸‑p‑w "J‑z‑ma‑n Bh‑mk‑v‑' F¶ Dd‑p-Z‑p-]-X‑n¸‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑n-d-§‑n. c‑ma-d‑m-h‑p-h‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ s‑\ l‑vd‑p-h‑n\‑v Cj‑vS‑w Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑ns‑\ Bb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. kÀ¡‑mÀ ka‑n-X‑n-I-f‑ne‑p‑w h‑nt‑Z-i-{‑]-X‑n-\‑n[‑n k‑wL-§-f‑ne‑p‑w Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p A‑wK-a‑m-b‑n. 1952  s‑s‑N\-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑pÅ K‑pU‑vh‑n a‑nj³ A‑wK-s‑a¶ \‑ne-b‑n ]©-i‑o-e-X-X‑z§Ä c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n Ne-]-X‑nd‑mh‑ph‑n\‑v ]¦‑m-f‑n-¯-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. {‑][‑m-\-a{‑´‑n s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑X {‑] k‑n-²-a‑mb h‑nt‑Z-i-b‑m{‑X 1955  hfs‑c NÀ¨ s‑N¿-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. b‑p.-F-k‑v.-Fk‑v.-BÀ‑, t‑]‑mf-ï‑v, b‑pt‑K‑m-t‑É-h‑nb F¶‑o c‑mP‑y-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑pÅ B ] c‑y-S\‑w C´‑y-b‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob \b-c‑q]‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n k‑p{‑]-[‑m\ k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w s‑Ne‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. B b‑m{‑X-b‑n {‑][‑m-\-a-{‑´‑ns‑b A\‑p-K-a‑n¨ {‑]Ê‑v s‑Ue‑n-t‑K-js‑â t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w Ne-]-X‑nd‑mh‑ph‑n\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1958  b‑p.-F³.

P\-d Ak‑w-»‑n-b‑n C´‑ys‑b {‑] X‑n-\‑n-[‑o-I-c‑n¨ At‑±l‑w b‑qW-k‑vt‑I‑mb‑ps‑S {‑]k‑v FI‑vk-t‑]À«‑v I½‑nä‑n A‑wK-a‑mb‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.

C´‑y-b‑ns‑e ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-c‑ps‑S s‑X‑mg‑n k‑wL-S\ 1950  c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑mï-t‑¸‑mÄ {‑]k‑n-Uâ‑mb‑n Ne-]-X‑nd‑mh‑p hc‑p-Ib‑p‑w A©‑p-s‑I‑m-Ã-¡‑me‑w k‑wL-S-\s‑b \b‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. s‑I. c‑ma-d‑mh‑p {‑Sb‑n-\‑n \‑n¶‑v h‑oW‑v AI‑m-e-¯‑n ac-W-a-S-ª‑p. s‑\l‑vd‑ph‑n\‑v Cj‑vS-t‑¡-S‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑â a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K-§-Ä ] X‑n-h‑mb‑n A-t‑±-l-a‑mW‑v Fg‑p-X‑n-t‑¸‑m¶‑n-c‑p¶X‑v. c‑ma-d‑m-h‑p-h‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑pÅ Nc-a-¡‑p-d‑n¸‑v Fg‑p-X‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑v a‑pJ-{‑]k‑wK‑w AS¡‑w {‑][‑m\ t‑P‑me‑n-I-f‑ps‑S t‑aÂt‑\‑m«‑w a‑pg‑p-h³ Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p Gs‑ä-S‑p-¯‑p. 1978  h‑nc-a‑n¡‑p‑w hs‑c \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑v F¶‑m Ne]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p F¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AÀ°‑w. {‑][‑m-\-a{‑´‑n s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑ns‑â Fg‑p-] X‑m‑w ]‑nd-¶‑mÄ Z‑n\-¯‑n (1958 \h‑w-_À 14‑) Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p Fg‑pX‑n: ""Ph-lÀe‑m s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑n\‑v Fg‑p-] X‑p X‑nI-ª‑p. At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â {‑]‑mb‑w Af-t‑¡-ïX‑v Ie-ïÀ hÀj-§Ä s‑I‑mï-Ã. s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑n P‑ze‑n-¡‑p¶ s‑s‑NX-\‑y-¯‑n\‑v {‑]‑mb-a‑n-Ã. At‑±ls‑¯ Ne‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ N‑n´-IÄ F´‑mW‑v? K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n-s‑b-t‑¸‑ms‑e clk‑y-§-f‑ps‑S Bh-c-W-a‑n« k‑z`‑m-h-aà At‑±-l‑n-t‑â-X‑v. P\-§Ä¡‑p a‑p¶‑n s‑\l‑vd‑p Xs‑â l‑rZb‑w X‑pd-¶‑n-«‑p. Hc‑p P‑oh-N-c‑n-{‑X-I‑m-c\‑p‑w ]‑pX‑p-X‑mb‑n Iï‑p]‑n-S‑n¨‑p s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑n Unkw_À 2013

s‑I. c‑ma-d‑mh‑p

H¶‑p-a‑n-Ã. A{‑Xb‑v¡‑v k‑pX‑m-c‑y-a‑mW‑v B h‑yà‑n-X‑z‑w...''

"S‑p_‑n H‑mÀ t‑\‑m«‑v S‑p_‑n‑' F¶ Xe-s‑¡-«‑n Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p Fg‑p-X‑nb as‑ä‑mc‑p a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑wK‑w X‑p-S-§‑p-¶X‑v C§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v. ""t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z-¯‑n\‑p a‑p¶‑n-e‑pÅ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w CX‑mW‑v; Hc‑p-a‑n¨‑p \‑n¡t‑W‑m `‑n¶‑n¨‑p \‑n¡t‑W‑m? t‑\X‑m-¡-f‑ps‑S h‑yà‑n]-c-a‑mb ]c‑n-K-W-\-I-f-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶‑p CX‑n-\‑pÅ D¯-c‑w. I‑mcW‑w ] eÀ¡‑p‑w Cs‑X‑mc‑p A[‑n-I‑m-c-b‑p-²-a‑m-Wt‑Ã‑m.‑'' 1969 s‑e ]‑nfÀ¸‑n-s‑\-¯‑p-SÀ¶‑v "t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v B³U‑v Z t‑I‑m¡k‑v‑' Fs‑¶‑mc‑p a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K-s‑a-g‑pX‑n k‑wLS\‑m t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v F¶ \‑nP-e‑n‑w-K¸‑m h‑n`‑m-Ks‑¯ d‑mh‑p Ii-¡‑n-s‑b-d‑n-ª‑p. ""t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v ]‑mÀe-s‑aâd‑n ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑n k‑w`-h‑n¨ I‑mc‑y-§Ä DS³ Xs‑¶ ]‑mÀe-s‑aâ‑n\‑p ]‑pd¯‑p‑w k‑wØ‑m\ \‑nb-a-k-`-I-f‑ne‑p‑w BhÀ¯‑n¨‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v cï‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n-I-f‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶-X‑m-W‑v. H¶‑v C´‑y³ \‑mj-W t‑I‑m¬{‑K-k‑v. as‑ä‑m¶‑v C´‑y³ \‑mjW t‑I‑m¡-k‑v.‑'' s‑a‑md‑mÀP‑n t‑Zi‑mb‑nb‑p‑w I‑q«c‑p‑w A¶‑v Cµ‑n-c‑m-K‑m-Ô‑n-b‑pa‑mb‑n s‑Xä‑n-¸‑n-c‑nª k‑ml-Nc‑y‑w {‑] h-N-\‑m-ß-Ih‑p‑w {‑]X‑o-I‑m-ß-I-h‑p-a‑mb‑n Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n¨‑v ]c‑n-l‑mk‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n¡‑p¶ \‑nc-h[‑n cN-\-IÄ \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑n Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p Fg‑p-X‑nb‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. F§s‑\ \Ã-a‑pJ {‑]k‑wK‑w Fg‑p-X‑m-s‑a-¶-X‑ns‑â a‑nI¨ a‑mX‑r-I-If‑mW‑v Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑ns‑â cN-\-IÄ. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ¡‑n-S-b‑ns‑e XX‑zN‑n-´-I-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p F¶‑v B{‑K‑, B{‑Ô kÀh-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-IÄ _l‑p-aX‑n _‑nc‑p-Z-§Ä \ÂI‑nb t‑hfb‑n h‑nt‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n«‑pï‑v. s‑h¦‑n-t‑Si‑zc kÀh-I-e‑m-i‑me `c-W-L-S-\-b‑ne‑pÅ At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â {‑]‑mh‑oW‑y‑w ]

c‑n-K-W‑n¨‑v \‑nb-a-¯‑n t‑U‑mI‑vS-t‑dä‑v \ ÂI‑n _l‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. "K‑mÔ‑n B³U‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p‑' F¶ Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑ns‑â {‑KÙ‑w B[‑p-\‑nI C´‑y-b‑ps‑S \‑nÀ½‑mW cl-k‑y-§-f‑ps‑S B´-c‑nI Nc‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. Ft‑Êk‑v H‑m¬ C´‑y³ t‑{‑]‑m_‑vf‑w-k‑v, t‑PÀW-e‑nk‑w B³U‑v s‑]‑mf‑n-ä‑n-I‑vk‑v, Ph-lÀe‑m s‑\l‑vd‑p‑, t‑K‑mh‑nµ _Ã` ]´‑vþ I‑meh‑p‑w P‑oh‑n-Xh‑p‑w F¶‑o I‑rX‑n-If‑p‑w d‑mh‑p Fg‑p-X‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. "a‑mák‑v B³U‑v a‑y‑qs‑kk‑v‑' F¶ t‑]c‑n Ne-]-X‑nd‑mh‑ph‑ns‑\-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v lc‑o{‑µ {‑i‑oh‑mk‑vXh FU‑nä‑v s‑Nb‑vX ]‑pd-¯‑n-d-¡‑nb {‑KÙ‑w B al-\‑ob h‑yà‑n-X‑z-¯‑ns‑â \‑m\‑m-h-i-§Ä ka-{‑K-a‑mb‑n k‑v] Ài‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. "a‑mK‑v\k‑v‑' F¶ X‑qe‑nI‑m-\‑ma‑w k‑z´‑w t‑]c‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ {‑] i-k‑vX-a‑m-¡‑n-b-t‑i-j-a‑mW‑v aW‑n-s‑I‑mï Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w Dt‑]£‑n-¨-X‑v. At‑±l‑w Hg‑n-ª-t‑ij‑w \‑mj-W s‑ld‑mÄU‑n\‑v Ij‑vS-I‑me‑w Bb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1998 eI‑vt‑\‑m H‑m^‑ok‑p‑w Øeh‑p‑w P]‑vX‑n s‑Nb‑vX‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n. 2008  ]{‑X-c‑w-Ks‑¯ k‑mt‑¦-X‑nI a‑mä§Ä DÄs‑¡‑m-Å‑m-\‑m-I‑ms‑X UÂl‑n FU‑n-j\‑p‑w \‑ne-¨‑p. S‑n.-h‑n. s‑h¦‑n-S‑mN-e-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p HS‑p-h‑n-es‑¯ FU‑näÀ. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-c‑ps‑S I‑q«‑m-b‑va-b‑ne‑qs‑S s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑\ DbÀ¯‑m-\‑pÅ {‑iah‑p‑w h‑nP-b‑n-¨‑n-Ã. k‑pa³ Z‑p‑ws‑_‑, k‑m‑w ]‑nt‑{‑X‑mU F¶‑n-hÀ t‑NÀ¶‑v UÂl‑n s‑ld‑mÄU‑v l‑uk‑n {‑] hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p¶ b‑wK‑v C´‑y I¼-\‑nb‑ps‑S t‑aÂt‑\‑m-«-¯‑n ]{‑X‑w ]‑p\ {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ 2011  Hc‑p h‑n^e-{‑ia‑w \S-¯‑n. I¼\‑n Ub-d-I‑vSÀa‑mc‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑m-f‑mb c‑ml‑pÂK‑mÔ‑n Ahs‑c XSª‑p F¶‑mW‑v t‑I«-X‑v.

Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑ph‑ns‑\-t‑¸‑ms‑e AÀ¸W-t‑_‑m-[-a‑pÅ Hc‑p kaÀ°-\‑mb Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c-s‑\b‑p‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯I-s‑\b‑p‑w Is‑ï-¯‑m³ C¶s‑¯ I‑me¯‑v {‑]b‑m-k-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. s‑\l‑vd‑ph‑ns‑â N‑n´-I-f‑ps‑S s‑s‑NX-\‑y-¯‑n X‑nf§‑n hfÀ¶‑p-h¶ Ne-]-X‑nd‑mh‑ph‑n\‑v ka‑m-\-\‑mb Hc‑mÄ Dï‑mI‑m-¯X‑v \½‑ps‑S s‑]‑mX‑p-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑n-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-e‑m-c‑mÄ Ct‑¸‑mÄ CÃ‑m¯X‑pt‑]‑ms‑e Xs‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. Cµ‑nc‑m-K‑m-Ô‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v Nc-a-¡‑p-d‑n-s‑¸-g‑pX‑m³ I‑m¯‑p-\‑n¡‑ms‑X 1983 a‑mÀ¨‑v 25-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n Ne-]-X‑n-d‑mh‑p s‑]‑mS‑p¶s‑\ P‑oh³ s‑hS‑nª‑v Ft‑§‑m ]d-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n. teJI³ ho£Ww ]{X¯nse s]mfnän¡ð FUnädmWv. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: sujaathan@gmail.com

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\yq thhvkv

tPmk^v BâWn

'B¸p-'IÄ hmgpw Imew

Cóv temI¯v Gsd hmÀ¯IÄ {]Xy£s¸SpóXpw ]e Ne\§fpw krãn¡póXpw \yqaoUob Fópw tkmjyð aoUnb Fópsams¡ Adnbs¸Spó sskäpIfnse P\§fpsS t\cn«pÅ CSs]SepIfneqsSbmWv. Cu cwKs¯ ]pXnb kw`hhnImk§sf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS

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§f‑ps‑S Gäh‑p‑w AS‑p¯ ]»‑nI‑v t‑S‑mb‑veä‑v 5141 I‑nt‑e‑ma‑oäÀ AIs‑eb‑m-W‑v!‑' e-ï-\‑ns‑e ]-»‑n-I‑v t‑S‑m-b‑v-e-ä‑v I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ B-¸‑nÂ‑, s‑Fh-d‑n t‑I‑m-k‑v-ä‑n-s‑e A-_‑n-P‑m-\‑nÂ-s‑h¨‑v X-s‑â k‑p-l‑r-¯‑v S‑m-¸‑v s‑N-b‑v-t‑¸‑mÄ I‑n-«‑n-b D-¯-c-a‑m-W‑n-s‑X¶‑v ‑"A-¸‑n¡‑p‑w H-c‑p B¸‑v‑' F-¶ t‑e-J-\-¯‑n a‑pc-f‑n X‑p-½-‑mc‑p-I‑p-S‑n F-g‑p-X‑p-¶‑p. s‑F-I‑y-c‑m-{‑ã k-`-b‑p-s‑S Z‑p-c-´-\‑nh‑m-c-W h‑n-`‑m-K‑w t‑a-[‑m-h‑n-b‑m-b X‑p-½‑mc‑p-I‑p-S‑n "a‑m-X‑r-`‑qa‑n H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-\‑n‑' F-g‑pX‑nb B t‑e-J-\-¯‑n hf-s‑c K‑u-c-h-a‑mÀ¶ H-c‑p k‑w-K-X‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑m-W‑v NÀ-¨-s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e ]-»‑n-I‑v t‑S‑m-b‑v-e-ä‑p-IÄ F-h‑n-s‑S-b‑ms‑W¶‑v H-c‑p h‑n-cÂ-k‑v-]À-i-¯‑n A-d‑nb‑m-³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p¶ H-c‑p B-¸‑v B-hi‑y-a‑n-t‑à F¶X‑mW‑v NÀ-¨‑m-h‑n-j-b‑w. k‑va‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m¬‑, h‑n¡‑n a‑m¸‑nb‑, {‑I‑uU‑v t‑k‑mg‑vk‑n‑wK‑v F¶‑n§s‑\b‑pÅ

]‑pX‑nb kt‑¦X§Ä D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v t‑Icf¯‑n At‑§‑mfa‑nt‑§‑mfa‑pÅ s‑]‑mX‑pI¡‑qk‑pIÄ Is‑ï¯‑n D] t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m³ ]‑mI¯‑n\‑v Hc‑p aeb‑mf‑w "A¸‑n B¸‑v‑' Dï‑m¡‑p¶hÀ¡‑v Hc‑p

e£‑w c‑q-] ]‑mc‑nt‑X‑mj‑nI‑w \-e‑v-I‑m-³ X‑m³ X-¿‑m-d‑m-s‑W¶‑p‑w X‑p-½‑m-c‑p-I‑p-S‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n¡‑p¶‑p. X‑me‑v-]-c‑ya‑p-ÅhÀ thummarukudy@gmail.com F¶ h‑ne‑mk¯‑n _Ô-s‑¸-S‑m\‑p‑w \‑nÀ-t‑Zi-a‑p-ï‑v.

X‑p-½‑m-c‑p-I‑p-S‑n-b‑p-s‑S a-\-k‑n C¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p N‑n-´ t‑\c-s‑¯ D-ï‑m-b‑nc‑ps‑¶¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p k‑v-a‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑mB-¸‑v c‑w-K-s‑¯¯‑n-b h‑nh-c‑w A-d‑n-ªt‑¸‑m-g‑mW‑v "A-¸‑n B-¸‑n‑'\‑v a-Õ-ct‑aÀs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ A-t‑±-l‑w X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨-Xt‑{‑X. X‑p-½‑m-c‑p-I‑p-S‑n¡‑v {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-\t‑a‑m {‑]-t‑I‑m]-\t‑a‑m B-bX‑v A-S‑p-¯-b‑n-s‑S h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑n \‑nd-ª ‑"I‑p-¸‑n B¸‑v‑' BW‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n "I‑p-¸‑n-t‑X-S‑p-¶-hÀs‑¡‑m-c‑p h-g‑n-I‑m-«‑n‑'b‑m-W‑v I‑p-¸‑n B¸‑v. _‑n-h-t‑dP-k‑v t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑dj-s‑â N‑nÃ-dh‑nÂ-¸-\-i‑m-e-IÄ F-h‑ns‑S‑, G-s‑X‑ms‑¡ {‑_‑m³-U‑pIÄ‑, h‑n-e-\‑n-e-h‑mc‑w‑, I‑p-S‑n k‑w-_-Ô‑n¨ ]-g-s‑©‑mÃ‑pIÄ‑, s‑s‑I-b‑nÃ‑p-Å I‑m-i‑n-\‑v I‑n-«‑p-¶ k‑m[\‑w þ C§-s‑\ I‑p-¸‑n t‑X-S‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑p-¶ FÃ‑m k‑w-K-X‑n-I-f‑p-a-S§‑n-b B-¸‑m-WX‑v‑! ‑"I‑p-¸‑n'¡‑p‑w "A-¸‑n‑'¡‑p‑w B-I‑m-s‑a¦‑n ]‑n-s‑¶ F-´‑n-\‑v B-¸‑v B-b‑n¡‑q-S‑m F-¶‑v H-c‑mÄ- A-Û‑p-X-s‑¸-«‑m³ A-X‑n-i-b‑n-¡‑m-\‑nÃ. "s‑s‑Z-h‑w kÀ-h-h‑y‑mUnkw_À 2013

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‑"I‑p-¸‑n B¸‑v‑' Kq-KnÄ ]v-tf tÌm-dnÂ

]‑n's‑b-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p‑w-t‑]‑ms‑e‑, "kÀ-h-I‑mc‑y-¯‑n\‑p‑w B]‑v' F-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶ H-c‑p I‑m-e-¯‑m-W‑v \½Ä P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v. e-£-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v B-¸‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v k‑va‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m¬/S‑m-_‑ve-ä‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-t‑b‑mà‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-cÂ-k‑v-]À-i-¯-\-c‑n-s‑I D-¯c-h‑v I‑m-¯‑v ]-©-]‑p-Ñ-aS¡‑n I‑m¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ]-{‑X-§Ä h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w‑, k‑n-\‑n-aS‑n¡-ä‑v _‑p-¡‑v s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p‑w‑, H‑m-l-c‑n-\‑ne-h‑m-c‑w k‑q-£‑v-a‑m-b‑n ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑m-\‑p‑w‑, h‑mÀ-¯-I-f-d‑n-b‑m-\‑p‑w‑, ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-h‑mb-\-b‑v-¡‑p‑w‑, `-£-W-¯‑n-s‑e I-t‑e‑md‑n- Af¡‑m-\‑p‑w‑, l‑r-Z-b-a‑n-S‑n-¸‑n-s‑â X‑m-f-a-d‑n-b‑m-\‑p‑w‑, s‑Kb‑n‑w I-g‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w F-¶‑p-t‑h-ï‑, k‑q-c‑y-\‑p-X‑m-s‑gb‑p-Å F-´‑n\‑p‑w B-¸‑v F-¶-X‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mg-s‑¯ Ø‑n-X‑n‑!

H-c‑p-]t‑£‑, C-{‑X-t‑h-K‑w h‑y‑m-]Ia‑m-b A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-c‑w t‑\-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w‑, \‑n-X‑y-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n A-\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-L-SI-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑Nb‑v-X k‑wK-X‑nIÄ k‑v-a‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m¬ B-¸‑v t‑]‑m-s‑e t‑hs‑d A-[‑n-I‑w D-ï‑m-h‑nÃ. F-{‑X-t‑h-K-a‑m-W‑v B-¸‑pIÄ kÀ-Æ-h‑y‑m-]‑n-b‑m-b-s‑X-¶‑v a-\-k‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ 2007  B-¸‑n-f‑ns‑â s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n c‑w-K-s‑¯-¯‑nb-t‑¸‑mg-s‑¯ I‑mc‑y‑w ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¨‑m aX‑n. s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ‑, ]‑p-d-¯‑p-Å s‑U-h-e-¸À-a‑m-c‑ps‑S ]-¡Â-\‑n-¶‑v h‑n-e-b‑v-¡‑v I‑n-«‑p-¶ H-ä k‑v-a‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m¬ B-¸‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p-a‑p-ï‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. C-¶‑v B-¸‑n-f‑n-s‑â B-¸‑v t‑Ì‑m-d‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w ]-¯‑p-e-£-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d B-¸‑p-IÄ e-`‑y-a‑m-W‑v. 2013 H-t‑Î‑m-_À h-s‑c-b‑p-Å IW-¡‑p {‑]-I‑m-c‑w 6000 t‑I‑m-S‑n U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑m-W‑v B-¸‑v t‑Ì‑md‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v a‑m{‑X‑w \-S¶X‑v‑! K‑q-K‑nÄ t‑¹ Unkw_À 2013

t‑Ì‑m-d‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑v ]-¯‑p-e-£-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d B³-t‑{‑U‑m-b‑v-U‑v B-¸‑p-IÄ. t‑e‑mI-s‑¯ G-äh‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« cï‑v k‑v-a‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m¬ ¹‑mä‑v-t‑^‑m-a‑p-IÄ¡‑m-b‑n 20 e-£‑w B-¸‑p-IÄ s‑d-U‑n-s‑b¶‑v k‑m-c‑w‑! A-X‑n he‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p ]-¦‑p‑w k‑u-P-\‑y-a‑m-b‑n U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿‑m‑w.

AÃ‑m-¯-h-b‑v-¡‑v I‑m-i‑v \Â-I-W‑w.

‑"B¸‑v‑' F¶X‑v a-e-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ¡‑v a‑p-t‑¼ ]-c‑n-N-b-a‑p-Å h‑m-¡‑mW‑v‑!

C-t‑¸‑mg-s‑¯ AÀ-Y-¯‑n C‑w-¥‑o-j‑v`‑m-j-b‑n ‑"B¸‑v‑' F-¶ ]-Z‑w A‑w-K‑oI-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n«‑v ]t‑£‑, A-[‑n-I-I‑m-e-a‑mb‑n-«‑nÃ. ‑"t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-t‑hÀ B-¹‑n-t‑¡j³‑' F-¶-X‑n-s‑â N‑p-c‑p-¡-t‑¸-c‑m-W‑v ‑"B-¸‑v'.

2010 Â B hÀj-s‑¯ h‑m-¡‑m-b‑n ‑"A-

s‑Ft‑^‑m¬ BZ‑ya‑mb‑n AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ t‑hfb‑nÂ‑, A¶s‑¯ B¸‑nÄ t‑a[‑mh‑n Ì‑oh‑v t‑P‑m_‑v-k‑v A-h-I‑m-i-s‑¸«-X‑v C-§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v: ‑"H¶Ã a‑q¶‑v D]IcW§f‑mW‑v C¶‑v R‑m\‑nh‑ns‑S AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v- þ Hc‑p CâÀs‑\ä‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡äÀ‑, Hc‑p s‑a‑ms‑s‑_ t‑^‑m¬‑, Hc‑p s‑Ft‑]‑mU‑v (a‑y‑qk‑nI‑v s‑¹bÀ‑)‑'. Ì‑o-h‑v ]dª B a‑q-¶‑v D-]-Ic-W§Ä s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n-s‑e s‑hd‑p‑w a‑q-¶‑v B-¸‑p-IÄ a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ \-a‑p-¡-d‑n-b‑m‑w. a‑q-¶Ã a‑q-h‑m-b‑n-c‑w D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑m-b‑n k‑va‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m-W‑ns‑\ a‑m-ä‑m³ C-t‑¸‑mÄ B-¸‑p-IÄ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p‑! Ì‑oh‑v t‑P‑m_‑v-k‑v s‑Ft‑^‑m¬ BZ‑ya‑mb‑n AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p

(35) t‑a-c‑n-¡³ U-b-s‑e-Î‑v s‑k‑m-s‑s‑kä‑n' X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p¯-X‑v ‑"App‑' F-¶ h‑m-¡‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑v-a‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m-W‑p-If‑p‑w S‑m-_‑ve-ä‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑p-If‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑v H-c‑p h‑ncÂ-k‑v-]À-i‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v X-§-f‑ps‑S G-X‑m-h-i‑yh‑p‑w \‑nÀ-Æ-l‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v B-¸‑p-IÄ A-hk-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.

A-t‑X-ka-b‑w B-¸‑v \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w Hc‑p ]‑p¯³ s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ-t‑a-J-e-b‑pa‑m-W‑v. s‑Ft‑^‑m¬ H‑m-¸-t‑d-ä‑n-M‑v k‑n-Ì-¯‑n-\‑p‑w (s‑F-H-Fk‑v‑) B³-t‑{‑U‑m-b‑v-U‑n\‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n 20 e-£‑w B-¸‑p-IÄ e-`‑y-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v ]-dª‑mÂ‑, A-k‑wJ‑y‑w U-h-e-¸À-a‑m-c‑p-s‑S

\Â-I‑p-¶-X‑v.

2007 P\hc‑n 9 \‑v k‑m³ {‑^‑m³k‑n k‑v-t‑I‑m-b‑n s‑Ft‑^‑m¬ BZ‑ya‑mb‑n AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ t‑hfb‑nÂ‑, A¶s‑¯ B¸‑nÄ t‑a[‑mh‑n Ì‑oh‑v t‑P‑m_‑v-k‑v A-h-I‑m-i-s‑¸«-X‑v C-§-s‑\b‑mW‑v: ‑"H¶Ã a‑q¶‑v D]IcW§f‑mW‑v C¶‑v R‑m\‑nh‑ns‑S AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p-¶X‑vþ Hc‑p CâÀs‑\ä‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡äÀ‑, Hc‑p s‑a‑ms‑s‑_ t‑^‑m¬‑, Hc‑p s‑Ft‑]‑mU‑v (a‑y‑qk‑nI‑v s‑¹bÀ‑)‑'. Ì‑o-h‑v ]dª B a‑q-¶‑v D-]-I-c-W§Ä s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n-s‑e s‑hd‑p‑w a‑q-¶‑v B-¸‑p-IÄ a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ \-a‑p-¡-d‑n-b‑m‑w. a‑q-¶Ã a‑q-h‑m-

t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-b‑n-s‑e¯‑n-b B-Z‑y s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â t‑^‑m¬ (I‑m-W‑p-I: "s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â A-[‑n-\‑n-t‑hi‑w'‑, a‑o-U‑n-b‑, 2012 B-K-k‑v-X‑v e-¡‑w‑). A-X‑n-\‑m-s‑I H-c‑p D-]-t‑b‑mK-t‑a D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-Å‑q; t‑^‑m¬ h‑n-f‑n¡‑p-I F¶-X‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w. s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â t‑^‑m-W‑n-s‑â k‑m-[‑y-X s‑N-d‑n-b-t‑X‑m-X‑n-e‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑mà‑m-¡Ä a-\-k‑n-e‑m-¡‑n X‑p-S-§‑nb-X‑v s‑K-b‑n-a‑p-IÄ F-¯‑n-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v.

1970 I-f‑n-s‑e h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m s‑K-b‑na‑m-b "k‑v-t‑\¡‑n‑' (Snake) s‑\ s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ t‑^‑m-W‑n I‑p-S‑n-b‑n-c‑p¯‑nb t‑\‑m¡‑n-b B-W‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n a‑p-t‑¼ \-S-¶

2013 H-t‑Î‑m-_À h-s‑c-b‑p-Å IW-¡‑p {‑]-I‑m-c‑w 6000 t‑I‑m-S‑n U‑u¬t‑e‑m-U‑m-W‑v B-¸‑v t‑Ì‑m-d‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v a‑m{‑X‑w \-S¶X‑v‑! K‑q-K‑nÄ t‑¹ t‑Ì‑md‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑v ]-¯‑p-e-£-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d B³-t‑{‑U‑m-b‑v-U‑v B-¸‑p-IÄ.

I-g‑nh‑p‑w kÀ-K‑m-ß-I-X-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v A-X‑n {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. e-£-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v s‑X‑m-g‑n-e-hk-c‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-¶‑mb‑n B-¸‑v \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p.

B-¸f‑n-s‑â B-¸‑v t‑Ì‑m-d‑p‑w‑, K‑q-K‑nÄ t‑¹ t‑Ì‑md‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ B-¸‑v h‑n-ä‑p-I‑n-«‑p-¶ h-c‑pa‑m-\-¯‑n G-X‑m-ï‑v 70 i-X-a‑m-\h‑p‑w B-¸‑v s‑U-he-¸‑v s‑N-b‑v-X-hÀ-¡‑m-W‑v

b‑n-c‑w D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑m-b‑n k‑v-a‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑mW‑ns‑\ a‑m-ä‑m³ C-t‑¸‑mÄ B-¸‑p-IÄ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p‑! s‑a‑ms‑s‑_ t‑^‑m¬ BZ‑ya‑mb‑n (At‑ac‑n¡³‑) h‑n]W‑nb‑n-s‑e-¯‑nbX‑v 1983 e‑mW‑v. ‑"t‑a‑m«t‑d‑mf s‑s‑U\ S‑n.F.k‑n 8000FI‑v-k‑v' (Motorola Dyna TAC 8000x) Bb‑nc‑p-¶‑p D-]-

I-¼\‑n. Pong, Tetris, Tic-Tac-Toe X‑pS§‑n-b s‑K-b‑n-a‑p-If‑p‑w X‑m-a-k‑n-b‑m-s‑X s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ t‑^‑m-W‑p-I-f‑n C-S‑w-]‑n-S‑n¨‑p. h‑n-f‑n-¡‑m³ a‑m-{‑X-a‑p-Å-Xà s‑a‑ms‑s‑_-s‑e-¶ I‑mc‑y‑w A-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v t‑_‑m-[‑y-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v. {‑It‑a-W l‑m³-U‑v-s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑neb‑p‑w h-e‑n-¸h‑p‑w I‑p-dª‑p‑, B-b‑p-Ê‑v Unkw_À 2013

(36)

I‑qS‑nb _‑m-ä-d‑n-I-s‑f-¯‑n... I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-f‑pI-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-I-f‑n s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_-s‑e-¯‑n.

1990 I-f‑p-s‑S A-h-k‑m-\-a‑m-b-t‑¸‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S B-t‑e‑mN-\-b‑n H-c‑p k‑w-K-X‑n-I‑q-S‑n Ø‑m\‑w ]‑n-S‑n¨‑p. t‑hÄ-U‑v s‑s‑h-U‑v s‑hº‑n (WWW) s‑âb‑p‑w CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_-e‑n F´‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-I‑q-S‑m F-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p B N‑n-´. ]s‑£‑, I‑p-d-ª s‑d-ke‑y‑q-j-\‑pÅ‑, s‑Nd‑nb s‑a‑m-t‑W‑m-t‑{‑I‑m‑w k‑v-{‑I‑o-\‑p-I-f‑pÅ s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_-e‑p-I-f‑n AX-{‑X F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. P‑m-h‑m k‑v-{‑I‑n-]‑v-ä‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w ^‑vf‑m-j‑n-s‑âb‑p-s‑a‑ms‑¡ A-I-¼-S‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S c‑w-K-s‑¯¯‑n-b hÀ-W‑m-`a‑m-b s‑hº‑v-s‑s‑k-ä‑pI-s‑f s‑a‑ms‑s‑_-e‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I‑p-S‑n-b‑n-c‑p¯‑p-I A-k‑m[‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n i-c‑n¡‑p-s‑a‑m-c‑p a‑pt‑¶-ä‑w h-c‑p¶X‑v ‑"h-bÀ-s‑e-Ê‑v B-¹‑nt‑¡-j³ t‑{‑]‑m-t‑«‑m-t‑¡‑mf‑n‑' (h‑m-]‑v þ WAP‑) s‑â c‑w-K-{‑]-t‑h-i-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑mW‑v. s‑h-º‑n-s‑â \‑n-b-a‑m-h-e‑nb‑mb "s‑s‑l-¸Às‑S-I‑v-Ì‑v {‑S‑m³-k‑v-^À t‑{‑]‑m-t‑«‑m-t‑¡‑mf‑n‑' (HTTP)s‑â s‑N¯‑n-s‑b‑m-X‑p¡‑n-b c‑q-]a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p ‑"h‑m]‑v‑'. A-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑, s‑h-º‑v {‑_‑u-k-d‑p-IÄ t‑]‑ms‑e‑, h‑m-]‑v {‑_‑uk-d‑p-If‑p‑w c‑w-K-s‑¯¯‑n. s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ t‑^‑m-W‑n-s‑â s‑a-½-d‑n-b‑v-¡‑p‑w‑, _‑m³-U‑vh‑n-U‑v-X‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w A-\‑p-k‑r-X-a‑m-b‑n c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-X‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p h‑m-]‑v {‑_‑u-k-d‑p-IÄ. h‑m-]‑v k‑v-ä‑m³-t‑UÀ-U‑n-s‑â k‑m-[‑y-XI-f‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v N‑n-e s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ ¹‑mä‑vt‑^‑m-a‑p-IÄ C‑u \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-hÀj-§-f‑n c‑w-K-s‑¯¯‑n. ‑"]‑m‑w H-Fk‑v‑' (Palm OS‑)‑, k¬ s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-k‑n-k‑v-ä‑wk‑ns‑â ‑"P‑mh s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m F-U‑nj³' (Java ME)‑, s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑n-s‑â h‑n³-t‑U‑m-k‑v s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â‑, t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑, t‑k‑m-W‑n F-d‑n-I‑vk¬‑, t‑a‑m-«-t‑d‑m-f‑, k‑m‑wk-M‑v F¶‑n-h t‑NÀ-¶‑v c‑q-]‑w-\ Unkw_À 2013

ÂI‑n-b ‑"k‑n-¼‑n-b³ HFk‑v‑' (Symbian OS)‑, »‑m-¡‑v_-d‑n H-F-k‑v þ C-s‑X‑m-s‑¡ A-X‑n s‑]-S‑p‑w.

A-X‑n »‑m-¡‑v-_-d‑nb‑m-W‑v C‑us‑a-b‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å B-¹‑n-t‑¡-j-\‑p-If‑p-s‑S k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S _‑n-k‑n\-k‑v ¢‑m-k‑n-s‑â a-\‑w-I-hÀ-¶-X‑v. F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, s‑s‑ZÀ-L‑y-t‑ad‑n-b b‑pBÀFÃ‑p-IÄ s‑a‑ms‑s‑_-e‑n \Â-I‑p-I F¶-X‑v he‑n-b s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n- X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. A-X‑n-\‑v a‑m-ä‑w h-¶-X‑v 2007 e‑m-W‑v, k‑v-ä‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m_‑vk‑v s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨-t‑X‑ms‑S. s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ {‑_‑ukÀ s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑nc‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, H-c‑m-

f‑p-s‑S k‑m-[‑m-c-W D-]-t‑b‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑p-Å k‑w-K-X‑n-I-s‑fÃ‑m‑w h‑y-X‑yk‑v-X B-¸‑p-If‑mb‑n s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n Dï‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

D-Z‑m-l-c-W-¯‑n\‑v ‑"K‑q-K‑nÄ a‑m-]‑v-k‑n'â I‑mc‑y‑w ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑p-I. s‑h-º‑v-{‑_‑u-kd‑n K‑q-K‑nÄ s‑s‑k-ä‑n t‑]‑m-b‑n a‑m-]‑v-k‑ns‑e-t‑¯-ï I‑m-c‑y‑w s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n-e‑nÃ. ]-Ic‑w‑, A-X‑n-e‑p-Å K‑q-K‑nÄ a‑m-]‑v-k‑n-s‑â

B-¸‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑pX‑nb t‑e‑m-I‑w he‑n-b h-c‑pa‑m-\ k‑m-[‑y-XI-f‑m-W‑v s‑U-h-e-¸À-a‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w I-¼-\‑n-IÄ¡‑p‑w \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑v. B-¸‑v _‑n-k‑n-\k‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑pÅ B-t‑K‑m-f-h-c‑p-a‑m\‑w C‑u-hÀ-j‑w 2600 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-fÀ (1.6 e-£‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]‑) B-I‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w I-W-¡‑p-IÄ ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. 2012  C-X‑v 1800 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-fÀ (1.1 e-£‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]‑) B-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p.

F-¶‑p-s‑h-¨‑mÂ‑, t‑]‑m-b hÀj-s‑¯ A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v 44.4 i-X-a‑m-\‑w hc‑p-a‑m-\-hÀ-[-\-b‑m-W‑v 2013 Â D-ï‑m-h‑pI. i-c‑n¡‑p-s‑a‑m-c‑p k‑zÀ-®-t‑h-« X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v B-¸‑v c‑w-K‑w X‑p-d-¶‑n-S‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v k‑mc‑w.

"B-¸p'IÄ Kq-KnÄ ]v-tf tÌm-dn-Â

(37) B¸‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑v S‑m-¸‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑m a-X‑n‑, K‑q-K‑nÄ a‑m-]‑v-k‑n-t‑e-¡‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-à‑m-h‑v t‑\-c‑n-s‑«-¯‑p‑w. AX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e‑, _‑n-_‑n-k‑n \‑y‑q-k‑v h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m³‑, {‑_‑u-kÀ X‑pd-¶‑v A-{‑U-Ê‑v _‑m-d‑n _‑n-_‑n-k‑n-b‑p-s‑S b‑pBÀ-F \Â-t‑I-ï B-h-i‑y-t‑a-b‑nÃ; _‑n-_‑n-k‑n \‑y‑q-k‑n-s‑â B-¸‑n s‑h-d‑ps‑X H-¶‑v S‑m-¸‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑m k‑w`-h‑w a‑p¶‑n-s‑e-¯‑p‑w. A-t‑§b-ä‑w A-\‑m-b‑m-ka‑m-b‑n I‑m-c‑y-§Ä \‑nÀ-Æ-l‑n-¡‑m³ h-g‑n X‑p-d-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v B-¸‑p-IÄ s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v.

FÃ‑m k‑w-K-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w IÀ-¡-i \‑n-b{‑´-W-¯‑n t‑h-W-s‑a-¶ h‑m-i‑n-b‑p-Å h‑y-à‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p Ì‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑vk‑v.

A-X‑n-\‑m 2007  s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ A-hX-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, A-X‑n t‑XÀ-U‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n B-¹‑n-t‑¡-j-\‑p-IÄ A-\‑p-h-Z‑nt‑¡-ï-X‑nà F-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w h‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p.

B-¸‑nÄ I-¼-\‑n-b‑n-s‑e X-s‑¶ t‑_‑mÀU‑v A‑w-K-§-f‑p-s‑S k-½À-±‑w H-S‑p-h‑n k‑v-ä‑o-h‑n-s‑â \‑n-e]‑m-S‑n a‑m-ä-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑nb-X‑mb‑n‑, Ì‑o-h‑n-s‑â P‑o-h-N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n h‑mÄ-«À C-k‑m-I‑v-k¬ ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. 2008 P‑q-e‑m-b‑n B-¸‑nÄ s‑F-S‑y‑q¬-k‑n B-¸‑v t‑Ì‑mÀ B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. 2010 G-{‑]‑n- B-b-t‑¸‑m-t‑g¡‑p‑w B-¸‑v t‑Ì‑m-d‑n 1.85 e£‑w s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ B-¸‑p-IÄ e-`‑ya‑mb‑n. C-t‑¸‑mg-X‑v ]-¯‑pe-£‑w I-h‑n-b‑p¶‑p‑! s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n-\‑v ]‑n-¶‑m-s‑e 2008  B-Z‑y B³-t‑{‑U‑m-b‑v-U‑v t‑^‑m-(F¨‑v.S‑n.k‑n.{‑U‑o‑w-‑) c‑w-K-s‑¯¯‑n. \‑n-eh‑n t‑e‑mI-¯‑v G-äh‑p‑w {‑]-N‑m-c-a‑pÅ s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ ¹‑mä‑v-t‑^‑m-a‑m-W‑v K‑q-K‑n-f‑n-s‑â B³-t‑{‑U‑m-b‑vU‑v. B³-t‑{‑U‑m-b‑v-U‑v t‑^‑mW‑p-IÄ¡‑p‑w S‑m-_‑v-e-ä‑p-IÄ-¡‑p-a‑mb‑n‑,

s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n-\‑pÅ-{‑X B-¸‑p-IÄ e-`‑ya‑mW‑v. s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑ns‑â h‑n³t‑U‑m-k‑v t‑^‑m¬ BW‑v C‑u c‑wK-¯‑v ]-b-ä‑m-s‑\-¯‑n-b a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p ¹‑mä‑v-t‑^‑m‑w. s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑n-s‑â h‑n³-t‑U‑mk‑v t‑^‑m¬ k‑v-t‑ä‑m-d‑n 1.75 e-£‑w B-¸‑p-IÄ C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p-ï‑v. s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ ¹‑mä‑v-t‑^‑m‑w k‑z-´-a‑m-b‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, s‑a‑ms‑s‑_ B-¸‑p-IÄ h‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ a-ä‑n-S-§f‑p-a‑pï‑v. D-Z‑m-lc-W‑w B³-t‑{‑U‑m-b‑v-U‑v t‑^‑m-W‑p-IÄ-¡‑m-b‑p-Å B-a-t‑k‑mB-¸‑v t‑Ì‑mÀ.

B-¸‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑pX‑nb t‑e‑m-I‑w he‑nb h-c‑pa‑m-\ k‑m-[‑y-XI-f‑m-W‑v s‑U-h-e¸À-a‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w I-¼-\‑n-IÄ¡‑p‑w \Â-I‑p-¶X‑v. ‑"K‑mÀ-«‑v-\À‑' F-¶ a‑mÀ¡-ä‑v d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v {‑K‑q-¸‑v A-S‑p-¯-b‑n-s‑S ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-« I-W-¡‑p-IÄ I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v A-X‑mW‑v.

C‑u hÀ-j‑w 103 _‑n-e‑y¬ s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â B-¸‑p-IÄ U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑ps‑a-¶‑m-W‑v K‑mÀ-«-\-d‑p-s‑S {‑]-h-N-\‑w. 2012 s‑\ A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v G-X‑m-ï‑v 60 i-X-a‑m\‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-W‑n-X‑v.

B-¸‑v _‑n-k‑n-\-k‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑pÅ Bt‑K‑m-f-h-c‑p-a‑m\‑w C‑u-hÀ-j‑w 2600 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-fÀ (1.6 e-£‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]‑) B-I‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w KÀ-«‑v-\-d‑p-s‑S d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v ]-d-b‑p¶‑p. 2012 Â C-X‑v 1800 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-fÀ (1.1 e-£‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]‑) B-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p.

F-¶‑p-s‑h-¨‑mÂ‑, t‑]‑m-b hÀj-s‑¯ A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v 44.4 i-X-a‑m-\‑w h-c‑p-a‑m-\hÀ-[-\-b‑m-W‑v 2013 Â D-ï‑m-h‑pI. ic‑n¡‑p-s‑a‑m-c‑p k‑zÀ-®-t‑h-« X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v B-¸‑v c‑w-K‑w X‑p-d-¶‑n-S‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v k‑mc‑w.

B-¸‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑z‑o-I‑m-c‑y-Xb‑p‑w {‑]-N‑m-ch‑p‑w hÀ-[‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p

A-]I-S‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-à‑m¡-s‑f t‑h-«-b‑m-S‑p¶‑p-ï‑v. Z‑pã-t‑{‑]‑m-{‑K‑m-a‑p-I-f‑p‑w (a‑mÄ-s‑hb-d‑p-IÄ‑) s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-I-f‑p‑w ]-S-¨‑p-h‑n-«‑v X-«‑n-¸‑v \-S-¯‑p¶ s‑s‑k-_À {‑I‑n-a‑n-\-e‑pI-f‑p-s‑S {‑i-² B-¸‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v X‑n-c‑n-b‑p¶‑p F-¶-X‑m-W-X‑v. k‑p-c-£‑n-X-aÃ‑m-¯ C-S-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N¿‑p-¶ B-¸‑p-I-f‑n a‑m-{‑XaÃ‑, K‑q-K‑nÄ t‑¹ t‑Ì‑mÀ t‑]‑m-s‑e B-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ C-S-§-f‑n-s‑e B-¸‑p-If‑n t‑]‑me‑p‑w s‑I-W‑n-I-f‑p-s‑ï-¶‑m-W‑v ]‑pX‑n-b ]T-\-d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-IÄ k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑v.

I-®‑nÂ-I-ï FÃ‑m B¸‑p‑w U‑u¬t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I. \‑n-e-h‑m-ca‑pÅ‑, h‑n-i‑z-k-\‑o-ba‑m-b I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S B-¸‑p-IÄ a‑m-{‑X‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶‑n-§-s‑\-b‑p-Å a‑p³-I-c‑p-X-e‑p-I-f‑mW‑v I‑p-_‑p-²‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑n-S‑n-b‑nÂ-s‑]-S‑ms‑X I-g‑n-b‑m-\‑pÅ t‑]‑m‑w-hg‑n. amXr`qan Hm¬sse\nð No^v k_v FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: jamboori@gmail.com

I-S-¸m-Sv: 1. Steve Jobs (2011), by Walter Isaacson; 2. Mobile apps revenues tipped to reach $26bn in 2013, by Stuart Dredge - The Guardian, Sept 19, 2013; 3. A-¸‑n¡‑p‑w H-c‑p B-¸‑v, by a‑pc-f‑n X‑p-½‑m-c‑pI‑p-S‑n þ a‑m-X‑r-`‑qa‑n H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³‑, H-t‑Î‑m-_À 22‑, 2013; 4. Wikipedia

"aoUnb' X]mðamÀKw C´ybnsehnsSbpw e`n¡póp hmÀjnI hcnkwJy þ 100cq]

November 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 7 | Price ` 10

October 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 6 | Price ` 10

Learning from India’s experience with paid news, we need a regulating body with punitive powers, and independent of the government and the media.

]qÀ®amb taðhnemkw klnXw ]Ww sN¡mtbm Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À Btbm ASbv¡mw Kerala Press Academy SB Account No.57025499757 State Bank of Travancore, Civil Station Branch, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 IFSC SBTR0000339

Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À sN¿póhÀ ]qÀ® hnemkw t^m¬ \¼À klnXw mail@pressacademy.org -ð Adnbn¡pI. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682 030; t^m¬ \w. 0484 2422275 Unkw_À 2013

(38) Lighthouse

Ashok R Chandran

Forewarned is Forearmed

A column that throws light on studies about Kerala media, and explores the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala media

T

he work I am referring to is a pSince 1956, when Kerala was formed, journalism has grown in the state by almost every yardstick. Today, we have more print periodicals, radio stations, and television channels than in the past. To ensure the rising supply of content via these news streams, we have more journalists and other technical staff. And to meet the industry’s demand for such trained personnel, we have more journalism schools than ever.

Such all-round growth, however, has not been matched by rich supply of information on the journalism industry of Kerala. We have had books and memoirs that narrate the history of journalism—which newspaper was started in what year—but due their impressionistic nature, they do not serve as a good foundation for research today. In some cases, this is also because of the lack of depth and rigour with regard to facts.

In this column, I argue why and how the media industry itself should address the problem of scarce information and support efforts to chart its own future.

The Need for Information

Why have we failed to produce an impressive corpus of

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studies on an industry that has thrived?

My guess is that until now, none of the major stakeholders— news producers, news consumers, or journalism educators—were under serious pressure to generate information, knowledge, or insights about the working of the media industry in Kerala.

Take the case of news producers. Until the advent of TV in the 1980s, the press reporters did compete for “scoops”, but such competition was largely driven by the reporter’s desire for professional prestige than by any projected impact on the publication’s bottom line. After all, this was a region where subscribers had cultivated newspaper-reading as a daily habit and were loyal to their newspaper brands; population and literacy were growing; and big family units were breaking up into nuclear families. In such an era, newspaper subscriptions were not really under any threat of falling or fluctuating heavily.

The media environment did not urgently demand news producers to identify changing consumer tastes, and rapidly respond to them. Because the Malayala Manorama bucked the trend to some extent, it was singled out and viewed as a “commercial”

newspaper by other news producers.

What about news consumers?

They were loyal to their brands, and rarely felt the need to be critical of the news served to them every morning. If a particular news item had not made it to today’s edition, it would make it to tomorrow’s edition, and that was acceptable, considering the underdeveloped means of communication.

As for the third category— journalism teachers—be they practitioners (who had been professional journalists) or observers (who had studied mass communication and become educators), research on Kerala journalism was not a priority. Neither type was under pressure from recruiters, students, or university authorities to undertake any meaningful research programme.

Times have changed.

Society and economy no longer guarantee a comfortable cushion for news producers. The journalism scene in the United States suggests that the growth of print medium does not go on forever. Among Indian states, Kerala—closest to the West in development indicators as well as the spread of print culture—will be the first to encounter such limits to growth. International comparative research on the growth of media can help Kerala media prepare itself for the future.

(39) Waiting for the crisis to strike and fire-fighting through it sound heroic, but equally foolhardy; the pain and inefficiencies that such a response generates will help neither capital nor labour.

One hiccup has already surfaced. Readers and viewers no longer unquestioningly consume the news that they are fed; if a paper misses an important news item, discerning readers who come to know of it via a TV channel suspect deliberate denial by the newspaper. Even among loyal consumers, the credibility of media houses appears to be on the wane.

Adding to the changing socioeconomic environment, and the threat to one’s credibility, are the perennial questions that news producers have been grappling

player in a democracy—news producers need to be more informed about their own sector.

As news junkies themselves, journalists latch on to gossip about fellow journalists and firms; changing market conditions and professionalism demand going beyond such titillating news. At least industry leaders of every hue—be they owners, reporters, subeditors, designers, or other personnel—need to be abreast of developments in their line of work, and come up with creative solutions continually.

with continuously. Can loyalty among subscribers be expected to last beyond the next decade?

If not, who will replace the old, loyal readers of today? What are the tastes and needs of succeeding generations? So far, questions like these have been largely answered by anecdotes in the daily editorial conference; unless such entertaining sessions give way to systematic surveys and other tools, news producers will find themselves on a slippery slope.

Therefore, if journalism has to continue to thrive in Kerala—as a healthy, commercial enterprise as well as a credible, political

market heats up, the natural, first reaction of news producers will be to safeguard information that they are privy to. For example, a newspaper that has commissioned research on readers’ interests would be in no hurry to share the findings with rival firms. That is understandable.

At the same time, news producers should realise that collaboration too is required on some occasions.

Take a look at the book publishing industry which publishes research books. Faced with cuts in university library spending on the one hand, and

The Need for Collaboration

There is another reason why news producers must promote research and share information to preserve their healthy future.

As competition in the news

an increasing number of rival publishers on the other, the initial response of publishers has been to compete and push books into libraries somehow, even by unethical means if necessary. This is a race headed in the wrong direction. Sustainable growth of publishers cannot be ensured by swinging librarians; it can be ensured only by encouraging students and teachers to use more books. On his own, no publisher takes up the challenge of widening the readership base because initial costs are high, the returns would get divided among rivals (including those who did nothing to promote reading), and so on. At this juncture, the market situation calls for collaboration among publishers to increase the readership base.

One can see and foresee similar situations in the journalism industry too. There are advantages to living on islands.

But life would be safer and richer if we have information bridges connecting the islands.

For starters, the news industry can experimentally support a website for education and research on Kerala journalism, and generously share as much information as possible about their own work practices.

By making the media itself a reporter’s “beat,” we can incrementally build a corpus of useful information on Kerala’s news industry, which can serve as a foundation for research and insights. In due course, it can also become as successful as Poynter (www.poynter.org) in building professionalism among news producers themselves, by offering online courses (see www.newsu. org), getting news producers to discuss best practices, and fostering deeper thinking about their own work habits. Journalism in a region is only as good as the journalists who practise it.

Ashok R. Chandran is an independent researcher in Palakkad, Kerala. He can be reached at studykeralamedia@gmail.com Unkw_À 2013

(40) Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

Major and Minor Functions of the Media

The primary aim of mass communication is to influence the users either economically or politically.

H

arold Lasswell, Harvard Professor of Politics and Charles Wright, Professor of Communication at the University of Pennsylvania stressed four functions of the media.

Lasswell spoke of three and Wright, one; Denis McQuail, Professor of Sociology at the University of Southampton, England, and later Professor and Head, Department of Mass Communication, University of Amsterdam, added two more functions. Let us examine all these six functions, one by one.

All of us want a map of our routine day-to-day life and events in our near or far environment.

This mapping is done for us to a great extent by the mass media.

Johann Galtung, Norwegian scholar, once said that “there is nothing regular, all-pervasive and ubiquitous as the media of mass communication.”

The six major functions are: Surveillance of the environment; Correlation of parts of society and Interpretation of events and issues; Socialization and transmission of the cultural heritage; Entertainment; Mobilization; and Democratic Participation. Minor functions

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such as publicity and public relations; advertisement; etc., are also discussed in this section.

Let us start with the first major function, namely, scanning and surveillance of the environment in which we live. All of us want to know what is happening around us, in order to reduce the uncertainties that envelop us.

Life will be better if we succeed in getting information about personalities that matter to us, and issues that are of importance to us --- as much as we can. Let us deal with the first major media function in this article.

Surveillance of the environment:

Everyday, a set of professionals scan the news sources, the global as well as national news services and the reports from the newspapers’ own reporters and dispatches from national and international news agencies. In earlier decades, local newspaper agents dispatched reports to the editor at the headquarters.

Local agents were promoters of circulation and they were the sources of reports about incidents and events that promoted some local celebrities. This was one

sure way of increasing the circulation of the newspaper concerned.

The media select certain items for constructing the ‘map of the world’ for us. This process is universal, regular, all-pervasive and limitless. What the selectors consider as important and worthy of users’ attention, are presented in the media. This process of selection is important because we find an apparent consensus among selectors most of the time. Do newspapers thus set an agenda of things that readers ought to know? Perhaps, yes.

Thus every morning we get a constructed reality through newspapers, radio and TV at fixed times. Selected events, issues, and personalities are brought to us in a rapid and regular manner every morning, noon and evening. Nowadays we get updated pictures of the world or nation/region every hour of the day, every day on certain TV/ Radio channels. We construct our reality, our environment, our world on the basis of media content. Or, do we? This is a matter that can be discussed by citizens who are media users..

The fact remains that the media have the technical capability of constructing the world for us on a 24 x 7 basis.

(41) As media users we have to become more media-educated so that the reality constructed for us is interpreted correctly to the extent possible through extra-media sources. That’s media users’ new task. But the media normally report events and issues, supposedly for the benefit of society. Some media claim that they give the public what they want. But in this process of media selection, an agenda-setting is involved. We shall discuss this on another occasion, but let us assume that the information we gather from the media is useful to society.

Dangers lurking in our environment –even water shortage, dangers from endosulfan, air pollutants, chemical effluents reaching our rivers and ponds, terrorist strikes – reach us through the media. Political actions taken against these dangers or the need for political actions is indicated by the media. It is essential for most of us to get the full significance of the events or political developments taking place in our environment. The media, therefore, have to keep a close watch over the environment in which we live. Lasswell called this the “surveillance” function of the media.

Wikileaks’ Julian Assange ,and

the U.S. government security agent, Edward Snowden have raised important questions about the term “surveillance” which is now considered equal to spying. But in the 1940s when this term was used for the first time by Harold Lasswell, it did not have the stigma attached to it now. Coming to think of it, all governments in the world have secret agents working to gather sensitive information from other countries and there is no surprise about it. But surveillance here means only scanning the surroundings to warn media users (newspaper readers, television viewers and radio listeners), citizens’ groups, Panchaayat, State and National governments about likely dangers in the environment besides telling them about matters of general interest to them. The media are expected to do honest reporting of events and issues. If the media take the selfish interests and motives of the media proprietors as the aim of their reporting, and ignore public service, reporters they become dangerous to society.

The whistle-blowers have to examine if their actions have wide national or international ramifications for their action. They should have a clear conscience and a love of humanity. Otherwise, surveillance turns dangerous to individuals, the immediate environment, international peace and generate global insecurity.

More about this on another occasion. Let us now turn to the second major function of the media.

See you later, communicator!

Professor Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (19821992) at the University of Kerala.

As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards.

Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

| er 2013

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Csabnð: mail@pressacademy.org.

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a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p h‑nÚ‑m-\-t‑I‑mi‑w Xs‑¶-b‑mW‑v C‑u _‑rl-Z‑vk-a‑m-l‑mc‑w

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¨S‑n‑, Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-s‑f-¡‑pd‑n¨‑v Ig‑nª \‑qä‑m-ï‑n-e‑pï‑mb A¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I-þ-s‑s‑k-²‑m-´‑n-I]-T-\-§-f‑n Gäh‑p‑w {‑it‑²-b-a‑mb Ad‑p-]-¯©‑v cN-\-I-f‑ps‑S ka‑m-l‑mc-a‑mW‑v t‑]‑mÄa‑m-c‑n-k‑v, k‑q t‑X‑mW‑m‑w F¶‑n-hÀ t‑NÀ¶‑v FU‑nä‑ps‑Nb‑vX ‑"Media Studies: A Reader‑' F¶ C‑u {‑KÙ‑w. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v I‑mg‑vN-¸‑m-S‑n \‑n¶‑mW‑v C‑u ka‑m-l‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â ]‑ndh‑n-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w b‑qt‑d‑m-þ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ a‑m[‑ya-]-T-\-§-f‑ps‑S {‑]‑mX‑n-\‑n[‑y‑w GX‑mï‑v ]‑qÀ®-a‑m-b‑n-¯s‑¶ CX‑n-e‑pï‑v þ \‑nÝb-a‑mb‑p‑w C‑w¥‑o-j‑n-e‑qs‑S A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI A‑wK‑o-I‑mc‑w t‑\S‑pI F¶X‑v C¯c‑w {‑KÙ-§-f‑ps‑S Hc‑p a‑p³-D-]‑m-[‑n-X-s‑¶b‑m-W‑p-X‑m-\‑p‑w. k‑n²‑m-´‑w‑, {‑]t‑b‑mK‑w F¶ cï‑pJ-Þ-§-f‑n-e‑mb‑n \‑me‑p-`‑m-K-§Ä h‑oX-a‑p-ff F«‑v i‑oÀj-I-§Ä¡‑p I‑og‑ne‑mW‑v C‑u ka‑m-l‑m-c-¯‑ns‑e ]T-\-t‑eJ-\-§Ä {‑Ia‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-f-f-X‑v. H‑mt‑c‑m `‑mK-¯‑n\‑p‑w h‑n]‑p-e-a‑mb Ba‑pJ‑w‑, A[‑n-I-h‑m-b-\-¡‑p-ff h‑ni-Z-a‑mb k‑qN‑nI F¶‑nh Gs‑d {‑it‑²-b-a‑m-W‑v.

H¶‑m‑w-J-Þ-¯‑n a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-k‑n²‑m-´-§Ä Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ \‑mÂ]¯‑n-\‑me‑v {‑]_-Ô-§Ä \‑me‑p-`‑m-K§-f‑n-e‑mb‑n \ÂI‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C‑u `‑mK-§Ä ]e-X‑n\‑p‑w D]-h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑pa‑p-ï‑v. a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w k‑ma‑q-l‑y‑m-[‑n-I‑m-ch‑p‑w (Media and Social Power)‑, De‑v]‑mZ\‑w (Production)‑, ]‑mT‑w (Text‑)‑, k‑z‑oI-cW‑w (Reception) F¶‑n-hb‑mW‑v BZ‑y-J-Þ-¯‑ns‑e \‑me‑p-`‑m-K§Ä. CX‑n a‑q¶‑m‑w-`‑m-K-a‑mb ‑"]‑mT-‑'

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¯‑n\‑v ]‑mT-L-S-\-IÄ (Textual Structures‑)‑, {‑]X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑Xh‑p‑w h‑yhl‑m-ch‑p‑w (Ideology and Discourse)‑, k‑v{‑X‑oh‑mZ h‑mb-\-IÄ (Feminist Readings)‑, B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´c a‑m[‑ya-§Ä (Post modern Media‑) F¶‑o \‑me‑v D]-h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑p-ï‑v. \‑me‑m‑w-`‑m-Ka‑mb ‑"k‑z‑oI-c-W-'¯‑n-\‑m-I-s‑«‑, ‑"{‑]X‑oX‑n-IÄs‑X‑m«‑v {‑]t‑b‑m-P-\-§Ähs‑c-‑' (-From Effects to Uses‑)‑, h‑mb-\-b‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w (The Politics of Reading‑)‑, A[‑o-i-X‑z-¯‑n-\-¸‑pd‑w (Beyond Hegemony‑) F¶‑n-§s‑\ a‑q¶‑v D]Media Studies: A Reader Eds. Paul Marris, Sue Thornham Edinburgh Uty. Press

h‑n-`‑m-K-§f‑p‑w. Ch-b‑n-s‑e‑m-¶-S¦‑w h‑y‑m]‑n¨‑p \‑n¡‑p-¶ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-XX‑z-§Ä‑, A¨-S‑n‑, Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K¯‑v Ig‑nª \‑qä‑m-ï‑n-e‑p-S-\‑o-f-a‑p-ï‑mb k‑n²‑m-´-§-f‑ps‑S a‑nI¨ Hc‑p ]c‑n-t‑O-Za‑mb‑n a‑md‑p-¶‑p. cï‑m‑w-JÞ‑w LS-\-b‑n Ae‑v]‑w h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-a‑m-W‑v. ]c-¼-c-IÄ (Soap Opera‑)‑, h‑mÀ¯ (News‑)‑, ]ck‑y‑w (Advertising‑)‑, \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä (New Media) F¶ \‑me‑p-`‑m-K-§-f‑n-e‑mb‑n Gäh‑p‑w {‑]N‑m-c-a‑p-ff \‑me‑p- a‑m-[‑y-aa-Þ-e-§-f‑ps‑S A]-{‑K-Y-\-a‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S-b‑p-f-f-X‑v. H«‑ms‑I Cc‑p-]-s‑¯‑m¶‑p {‑]_-Ô-§Ä. a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-c‑w-Ks‑¯ ‑"¢‑mk‑n-¡‑p-IÄ'- F¶‑p h‑nf‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶h-b‑mW‑v H¶‑m‑w -J-Þ-¯‑ns‑e BZ‑y`‑m-Ks‑¯ a‑n¡ cN-\-I-f‑p‑w. 1940 If‑n At‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑ne‑p‑w b‑qt‑d‑m-¸‑ne‑p‑w h‑nI-k‑n¨‑p-h-¶‑, X½‑n `‑n¶§f‑mb s‑s‑k²‑m´‑nIþc‑oX‑ni‑mk‑v{‑X ]²-X‑n-IÄ ]‑n´‑pSÀ¶ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§Ä a‑pX 1960 If‑n aI‑ve‑ql\‑p‑w h‑ne‑y‑wk‑p‑w (At‑X`‑n-¶-X-I-t‑f‑ms‑S Xs‑¶‑) t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w \ ÂI‑nb a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§Ähs‑c CX‑ne‑pÄs‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p.

1923  PÀa-\‑n-b‑ns‑e {‑^‑m¦‑v^À«‑n Ø‑m]‑n-X-a‑m-I‑p-Ib‑p‑w ^‑mj‑n-k-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w \‑mk‑n-k-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w \‑nb-{‑´W‑w `b¶‑v At‑ac‑n-¡-b‑n t‑Nt‑¡-d‑nb ]Þ‑n-XÀ Ah‑n-t‑S¡‑p ]d‑n-¨‑p-\-S‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX {‑^‑m¦‑v^À«‑v k‑vI‑qf‑ns‑â N‑n´-If‑mW‑v a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-¯‑n Gäh‑p‑w Z‑qc-h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑mb ^e-a‑p-f-h‑m-¡‑nb BZ‑y k‑wL-S‑nX CS-s‑]-SÂ. \‑me‑v]X‑p-I-f‑ne‑p‑w A³]-X‑p-I-f‑ne‑pa‑pï‑mb a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§-f‑n Gäh‑p‑w {‑]J‑y‑mX‑w a‑mI‑vk‑vs‑l‑mJ‑va‑od‑p‑w X‑ns‑b‑m-s‑U‑mÀ

(43) At‑U‑m-t‑W‑mh‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑m-h‑n-j‑v¡c‑n¨ k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-h‑y-h-k‑mb (-Culture Industry-‑)- k¦-e‑v]-\-a‑mW‑v. (CX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e-Xs‑¶ {‑]k‑n-²-a‑mb h‑mÄ«À_³ba‑ns‑â ]T\‑w ]s‑£ C‑u ka‑m-l‑m-c¯‑n-e‑nÃ‑). a‑mÀI‑vk‑n-b³ I‑mg‑vN-¸‑m-S‑n t‑e‑mI-a‑m-[‑y-a-]-T-\-c‑w-K-¯‑p-ï‑mb Gäh‑p‑w k‑z‑oI‑m-c‑y-a‑mb \‑ne-]‑mS‑p‑w c‑oX‑n-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-h‑p-a‑mb‑n C¶‑p‑w \‑ne\‑n¡‑p¶ H¶‑mW‑v k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-h‑y-hk‑m-b-k-¦-e‑v]‑w. 1964  ]‑pd-¯‑p-h¶ "a‑m[‑y-a-§s‑f a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡Â'- F¶ {‑KÙt‑¯‑ms‑S a‑mÀj aI‑ve‑ql³ b‑qt‑d‑mþAt‑ac‑n¡³ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-c‑wKs‑¯ X‑mc-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S DffS¡‑w-t‑]‑m-s‑et‑b‑m AX‑n-e-[‑n-

s‑¸«‑p-ï‑mb a‑m[‑y-a-k‑n-²‑m-´-§f‑p‑w ka‑o-]-\-§-f‑p-a‑mW‑v as‑ä‑mc‑p t‑aJ-e. s‑db‑vaï‑v h‑ne‑y‑w-k‑v, Ì‑phÀ«‑v l‑mÄ F¶‑n-h-c‑mW‑v C¡‑q-«-¯‑n Gäh‑p‑w {‑]k‑n-²À. ka‑m-´-c-a‑mb‑n {‑^‑m¦‑v^À«‑v k‑vI‑qf‑n At‑U‑m-t‑W‑m-h‑ns‑â ]‑n³K‑ma‑n-b‑m-s‑b-¯‑nb t‑l_Àa‑mk‑p‑w. k‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑, Nc‑n-{‑X-h‑m-Z-§-f‑ps‑S aÞ-e-¯‑n h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v \S-¯‑nb CS-s‑]-S-e‑n\‑p ka‑m-\-a‑mW‑v LS-\‑m-h‑mZ‑, N‑nÓ-h‑n-Ú‑m-\‑o-b-§-f‑ps‑S aÞ-e¯‑n l‑mÄ \S-¯‑nb CS-s‑]-S-e‑p-IÄ. ‑"s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þ-e‑' (Public Sphere‑) s‑a¶ ]c‑n-I-e‑v]\b‑mW‑v t‑l_Àa‑mk‑ns‑â k‑n²‑m-´-`‑q-a‑n-I-s‑b‑m-c‑p-¡‑n-b-X‑v. a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑yh‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-

a‑m[‑y-a-k‑n-²‑m-´-§Ä Ah-X-c‑n¸‑n-¡‑p¶ BZ‑y-J-Þ-¯‑ns‑e H¶‑m‑w`‑m-K¯‑v C‑u ka‑m-l‑mc‑w DÄs‑¸-S‑p¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ff cN-\-IÄ t‑ae‑v]-dª \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ ]e-X-e-§-f‑n Bh‑nj‑v¡c‑n¡‑p¶h-b‑m-W‑v. _l‑p-P-\-a‑m[‑y-a-§-s‑fb‑p‑w Ah \‑nÀh-l‑n-¡‑p¶ k‑ma‑q-l‑y-[Àa-§-s‑fb‑p‑w I‑pd‑n-¨‑pff BZ‑y-t‑e-J\‑w C‑u `‑mK-¯‑n\‑v Hc‑m-a‑pJ‑w t‑]‑ms‑e hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

At‑U‑mt‑W‑m (‑"k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-h‑y-h-k‑m-b¯‑ns‑â ]‑p\Àh‑n-N‑n-´\‑w‑'‑)‑, aI‑ve‑ql³ (‑"a‑m[‑y-a-a‑m-W‑v k-t‑µi‑w‑'‑)‑, h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v (‑"_l‑p-P-\-k‑w-t‑h-Z-\h‑p‑w \‑y‑q\-]£ k‑wk‑vI‑m-ch‑p‑w'‑)‑, Ì‑phÀ«‑v l‑mÄ (‑"kt‑¦-X-\‑w-þ-h‑nkt‑¦X\‑w‑'‑)‑, l‑m³k‑v

a‑mI‑vk‑vs‑l‑mJ‑va‑od‑p‑w X‑ns‑b‑m-s‑U‑mÀ At‑U‑m-t‑W‑mh‑p‑w; ]pdInð t‑l_Àa‑mknt\bpw ImWmw

It‑a‑m {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w a‑m[‑y-a- k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I-X-¡‑p-s‑ï¶ \‑nc‑o-£-W-a‑mW‑v aI‑ve‑qls‑â a‑ue‑nI k‑w`‑m-h-\. h‑yh-k‑m-b‑m\´c-X‑, DZ‑m-¯-þ-P-\{‑]‑nb k‑wk‑vI‑mc s‑s‑hc‑p-[‑y-¯‑ns‑â X‑nt‑c‑m-`‑m-h‑w‑, t‑cJ‑o-b-b‑p-à‑n-b‑ps‑S h‑nI‑m-k‑w‑, h‑nh-c-k‑m-t‑¦-X‑nI h‑n¹-h‑w‑, Øe-I‑m-e-§-f‑ps‑S N‑pc‑p-§Â F¶‑nh-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-s‑¨‑m-s‑¡-b‑p-ff aI‑ve‑qls‑â \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ t‑_‑mZ‑n-e‑mZ‑v DÄs‑¸-s‑Sb‑p-ff B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´c a‑m[‑y-a-]-T‑n-X‑m¡Ä¡‑p {‑]t‑N‑m-Z-I-a‑m-b‑n. {‑_‑n«-\‑n 1960 If‑n c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑mï k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-]-T-\-§-t‑f‑m-S‑p- _Ô

ff _Ôs‑¯ Nc‑n-{‑X-h-X‑vI-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑ne‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑yh¡-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑ne‑p‑w "s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þ-e‑'-s‑¯¡‑mÄ {‑i-²-b‑mIÀj‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ff as‑ä‑mc‑p ]T-\-k-t‑¦Xt‑a‑m c‑oX‑n-i‑m-k‑v{‑Xt‑a‑m CÃ. t‑ae‑v]-dª a‑pg‑p-h³ ‑"k‑vI‑qf‑p-‑'If‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w `‑n¶-\‑mW‑v g‑mM‑v t‑_‑mZ‑ne‑m-Z‑v. {‑]X‑o-X‑n-b‑m-Y‑mÀY‑y‑w‑, h‑y‑mP-N‑nÓ-§Ä X‑pS-§‑nb k¦-e‑v]-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-]-T-\-c‑w-K¯‑v t‑_‑mZ‑n-e‑mZ‑v k‑rã‑n¨ h‑n¹-h-I-c-a‑mb I‑pX‑n-¸‑p-IÄ {‑]k‑n-²-a‑m-W‑v. ‑"D]-t‑`‑m-K-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c‑'-h‑ni-I-e\‑w a‑pX KÄ^‑v b‑p²-¯‑ns‑â s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ h‑yh-l‑m-c‑w-hs‑c.

a‑mák‑v F³s‑k³ _ÀKÀ (‑"Hc‑p a‑m[‑y-a-k‑n-²‑m-´-¯‑ns‑â LS-I-§Ä'‑)‑, t‑l_Àa‑mk‑v (‑"s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þe‑w')‑, t‑_‑mZ‑n-e‑mZ‑v (‑"a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑n-t‑e¡‑p s‑]‑m«‑n-¨‑p-c‑p-§‑p¶ ka‑ql‑w‑'‑) F¶‑n-hc‑ps‑S {‑]J‑y‑m-X-§-f‑mb a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\§Ä X‑pSÀ¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p.

C‑u JÞ-¯‑ns‑e cï‑m‑w-`‑mK‑w "De‑v]‑m-Z-\‑'s‑a-¶-X‑m-W‑v. a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]\‑w‑, c‑q]‑w‑, KW‑w X‑pS-§‑nb LS-I-§Ä \‑nÝ-b‑n-¡‑p¶ De‑v]‑m-Z-\-h‑y-h-Ø-b‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w H‑mt‑c‑m a‑m[‑y-a-s‑¯b‑p‑w \‑nÀ®-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑ns‑â A]-{‑K-Y-\-§f‑mW‑v C‑u `‑mKs‑¯ t‑eJ-\-§Ä.- k‑wUnkw_À 2013

(44) k‑vI‑mc h‑yh-k‑m-b-§s‑f t‑I{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p-ff a‑mÀI‑vk‑n-b³ ka‑o-]-\-§-f‑mW‑v Ch-b‑n ]e-X‑p‑w. s‑]‑mX‑p-þ-k‑z-I‑mc‑y t‑aJ-e-IÄ; Bt‑K‑m-f-a‑m-[‑ya I‑p¯I-IÄ; a‑m[‑y-a-k‑m-{‑a‑m-P‑y¯‑w; k‑mt‑¦X‑n-IX a‑pX k¼-Z‑vL-S-\-h-s‑c-b‑pff LS-I-§Ä F¶‑n-h-s‑bÃ‑m‑w C‑u `‑mK¯‑p NÀ¨-s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. ]‑mU‑nk‑vI‑m-\Â‑, \‑ns‑¡‑m-f‑mk‑v KÀ\‑m‑w‑, {‑Kl‑m‑w aÀt‑Z‑m-I‑vk‑v, s‑Pd-a‑n- S¬ Ì‑mÄ X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-c‑ps‑S cN-\-IÄ. a‑q¶‑m‑w-`‑mK‑w ‑"a‑m[‑y-a-]‑m-T-‑'§-s‑f-¡‑pd‑n-¨‑m-W‑v. \‑me‑v D]-h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑n-e‑mb‑n ]X‑n-t‑\g‑v t‑eJ-\-§-f‑p-ï‑v Ch‑n-s‑S. AYh‑m a‑m[‑y-a-k‑n-²‑m-´-§Ä Gäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑p-X CS-s‑]-S‑p¶ t‑aJ-e-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m¶‑mb‑n C‑u a‑m[‑y-a-]‑m-T-§s‑f a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p hb‑v¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v {‑KÙ‑w. t‑P‑m¬

e-§-f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p `‑n¶-a‑mb‑n a‑m[‑y-a-]-T\-§-f‑n t‑{‑i‑mX‑m-¡Ä‑, h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ‑, t‑{‑]£-IÀ‑, ]¦‑m-f‑n-IÄ F¶‑o \‑neI-f‑n a‑m[‑ya D]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡Ä¡‑p s‑s‑Ih-c‑p¶ {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w Ah-c‑ps‑S IÀX‑rX‑z \‑nÀa‑n-X‑n-b‑p-a‑mb‑n _Ô-s‑¸«‑p a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä k‑rã‑n-¡‑p¶ {‑]X‑o-X‑nIs‑f t‑I{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. k¦-e‑v]-\-]c-a‑mb a‑p³h‑n-[‑n-It‑f‑m ]‑qÀh-[‑m-c-WIt‑f‑m I‑qS‑ms‑X D]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡-f‑ps‑S a‑m[‑y-a‑m-\‑p-`-hs‑¯ t‑I{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶ C¯c‑w ]T-\-§Ä "P\-{‑]‑nb' a‑m[‑ya-]-T-\-¯‑ns‑â Gäh‑p‑w a‑nI¨ a‑mX‑r-II-f‑m-W‑v. {‑K-Ù¯‑ns‑â cï‑m‑w-J-Þ‑w‑, a‑p³]‑p k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e ]c-¼c-IÄ‑, h‑mÀ¯‑, ]ck‑y‑w F¶ a‑q¶‑v h‑nJ‑y‑m-X- a‑m-[‑yac‑q]-§-s‑fb‑p‑w \h-a‑m-

\‑nÝ-b-a‑mb‑p‑w aä‑p `‑qJ-Þ-§-f‑ne‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-k‑n-²‑m-´-§f‑p‑w a‑mX‑r-I-If‑p‑w [‑mc‑m-f-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. e‑mä‑n-\-t‑a-c‑n-¡³‑, Gj‑y³ c‑mP‑y-§-f‑n c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑m-f-f‑p¶ _ZÂ‑, {‑]X‑n-t‑c‑m[ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§f‑pÄs‑¸-s‑S. ]s‑£ Ah-b‑p-s‑S-t‑]‑me‑p‑w {‑]X‑y-b-i‑mk‑v{‑X ]‑n³_e‑w \h-a‑mÀI‑vk‑nÌ‑v‑, t‑I‑mf-\‑n-b-\-´-c‑, k‑v{‑X‑oh‑mZ c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-§-f‑m-W‑v. b‑qt‑d‑m-þ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ a‑m[‑y-a-k‑n-²‑m-´-§Ä¡‑p‑w {‑]t‑b‑m-K-§Ä¡‑p‑w A]-c‑n-N‑n-X-aà Ch-s‑b‑m-¶‑p‑w-X-s‑¶. ^‑nk‑vs‑I-b‑ps‑S ‑"s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ t‑I‑mU‑pIÄ'‑, s‑db‑vaï‑v h‑ne‑y‑w-k‑ns‑â ‑"^‑vt‑f‑m XX‑zh‑p‑w s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j\‑p‑w'‑, t‑P‑m¬ FÃ‑nk‑ns‑â "t‑{‑_‑mU‑vI‑mÌ‑v s‑Se‑n-h‑n-js‑â BJ‑y‑m-\‑w‑', Ì‑phÀ«‑v l‑mf‑ns‑â ‑"a‑m[‑y-a§f‑p‑w h‑wi‑ob {‑]X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-h‑p‑w‑'‑, t‑\‑mÀa³ s‑^bÀt‑¢‑m-hs‑â ‑"a‑m[‑ya-h‑y-h-l‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â h‑naÀi\‑m-ßI h‑ni-I-e-\‑w‑'‑, P‑m\‑nk‑v h‑n³j‑n-¸‑ns‑â "h\‑n-X‑m-a‑m-k‑nI‑m]T-\‑w‑'‑, t‑I‑md‑n³ k‑vI‑zb-d‑ns‑â "H‑m]‑v-d‑m h‑n³-{‑^‑n- t‑j‑m]-T-\‑w'‑, P‑n‑wt‑I‑m-f‑n³k‑ns‑â ‑"s‑Se‑nh‑n-j\‑p‑w B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-X-b‑p‑w‑'‑, G©t‑e‑m aI‑vt‑d‑m-_‑n-b‑ps‑S "B[‑p-\‑nI‑m-\-´-c-Xb‑p‑w P\-{‑]‑n-b-k‑w-k‑vI‑mch‑p‑w' X‑pS-§‑nb cN-\-IÄ a‑m[‑y-a]-T-\-c‑wK¯‑v Gs‑d {‑]k‑n-²-§-f‑mb k‑wc‑w-`-§-f‑m-W‑v. a‑m[‑y-a-]‑m-T-§Ä De‑v]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡‑pIb‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m\‑w s‑N¿‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ {‑]X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-§-f‑ps‑S (h‑wi‑o-b‑, e‑n‑w-K-h‑m-Z-]-c‑, k‑ma‑q-l‑y‑, k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I...‑) A]-{‑K-Y-\a‑mW‑v Ch \S-¯‑p-¶-X‑v. D‑u¶Â a‑m[‑y-a-]‑m-T-§-f‑ne‑mW‑v F¶‑p-a‑m-{‑X‑w. \‑me‑m‑w-`‑m-K¯‑v D‑u¶Â D]-t‑`‑mà‑m-¡-f‑n-t‑e¡‑p a‑md‑p-¶‑p. s‑U\‑nk‑v aI‑z-b‑ve‑ns‑â {‑]k‑n-²-a‑mb t‑{‑]£I-]-T\‑w a‑pX t‑Uh‑n-U‑vt‑a‑mÀe‑n‑, Cb‑m³ B‑wK‑v‑, P‑m\‑nk‑v d‑mU‑vt‑h‑, t‑P‑m¬^‑nk‑vs‑I X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-c‑ps‑S ¢‑mk‑n-¡‑p-I-f‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ¶ t‑{‑]£-I-]-T\-§Ähs‑c C‑u `‑mK-¯‑p-ï‑v. a‑p³I‑mUnkw_À 2013

[‑y-a-§-s‑fb‑p‑w I‑pd‑n-¨‑p-ff ]T-\-§Ä DÄs‑¡‑m-ff‑p-¶‑p. CX‑n ]c-k‑y-]-T-\§Ä a‑m{‑X-a‑mW‑v A¨S‑na‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑p he‑nb {‑]‑mX‑n-\‑n[‑y‑w \ÂI‑p-¶-X‑v. ] c-¼c ]‑qÀW-a‑mb‑p‑w s‑Se‑n-h‑n-js‑\ t‑I{‑µ‑oI-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p; h‑mÀ¯ `‑mK‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w.

S‑m\‑n-b-t‑a‑m-U‑vs‑e-k‑vI‑n‑, Cb‑m³ B‑wK‑v‑, j‑mÀeä‑v {‑_³U‑vk¬ F¶‑n§s‑\ s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ ]c-¼-cIf‑ps‑S ] T-\-¯‑n t‑e‑mI-¯‑p-Xs‑¶ Gäh‑p‑w a‑nI¨ a‑mX‑r-I-I-f-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨-h-c‑mW‑v H¶‑m‑w-`‑m-K-¯‑p-f-f-X‑v. ]e-\‑n-e-I-f‑nÂ‑, ]e-X-e-§-f‑n ka‑q-l-¯‑n ] c-¼-c-IÄ k‑rã‑n-¡‑p¶ {‑]`‑m-h-§f‑p‑w {‑]‑mX‑n-\‑n-[‑y-§f‑p‑w Ch h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. Ì‑phÀ«‑v l‑mf‑p‑w t‑P‑ml‑mÄ«‑ve‑n-b‑p-a‑pÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-f-f-h-c‑mW‑v h‑mÀ¯ F¶ c‑q]s‑¯ ]T‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑ns‑â h‑mÀ¯‑m‑, \‑nÀa‑mW X‑mÂ]-c‑y-§Ä a‑pX h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S ka‑q-l‑n-I-Xb‑p‑w k¼Z‑vL-S-\b‑p‑w e‑n‑wK-]-Z-h‑o]c-Xb‑p‑w t‑{‑]£-I-t‑I-{‑µ‑n-X-X‑zh‑p‑w Bt‑K‑m-fh¡-c-W-I‑m-es‑¯ kh‑n-t‑i-jL-S-\-If‑p‑w hs‑c C‑u ]T-\-§Ä NÀ¨-s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. {‑]ik‑vX-§f‑p‑w B[‑nI‑m-c‑n-I-§-f‑p-a‑mb a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-k‑n²‑m-´-§-f‑ps‑S {‑]t‑b‑mK‑w ]c-¼-c-I-s‑f¡‑p-d‑n-s‑¨-¶-t‑]‑ms‑e h‑mÀ¯-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p-a‑p-ff ]T-\-¯‑n I‑mW‑m‑w. ]c-k‑y-]-T-\‑w‑, A¨-S‑n‑, Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a§s‑f Hc‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e t‑I{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p.

]c-k‑y-]-T-\-¯‑ns‑â ‑"De‑v]-¯‑n-]‑pk‑vX-I‑'-a‑mb s‑db‑vaï‑v h‑ne‑y‑w-k‑ns‑â t‑eJ\‑w (Advertising : The Magic system‑) a‑pX s‑Pb‑n‑wk‑v I‑pd‑m³‑, P‑m\‑nk‑v h‑n³j‑n¸‑v X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-c‑p-s‑S ] T-\-§Ähs‑c. a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S k‑m¼¯‑nI hc‑p-a‑m\‑w \‑nÀW-b‑n-¡‑p¶ s‑hd‑p-s‑a‑mc‑p ]‑mT-c‑q]‑w a‑m{‑X-aà ] c-k‑y-§Ä. Ah Hc‑p ka‑q-l-¯‑n \‑ne-\‑n¡‑p¶ a‑pg‑p-h³ A[‑n-I‑m-c-_Ô-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w t‑aÂt‑¡‑m-b‑va‑m-h‑y-hØ-I-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w a‑qÀ¯-a‑mb Bh‑n-j‑vI‑mc-§Ä Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v. h‑wi‑w‑, P‑mX‑n‑, aX‑w‑, e‑n‑wK‑w‑, hÀK‑w X‑pS-§‑nb a‑pg‑ph³ k‑ma‑q-l‑y‑m-[‑n-I‑mc b‑pà‑n-If‑p‑w Gäh‑p‑w kaÀY-a‑mb‑n k¶‑n-t‑h-i‑n-¸‑n-¡s‑¸-S‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya Df-f-S-¡‑w. \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ff ] T-\-§Ä I‑ps‑d-¡‑qS‑n k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-_Ôh‑p‑w ka-I‑m-e‑n-I-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v. {‑_b‑m³ h‑n³Ì¬‑, ]‑oäÀt‑K‑mÄU‑n‑wK‑v X‑pS-§‑nb-hÀ Bt‑K‑m-f-a‑m-[‑ya Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑ns‑â ]c‑n-W‑m-a-Z-i-b‑n H¶‑v F¶- \‑n-e-b‑n \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§s‑f Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Fd‑n-I‑vs‑lÀj‑v‑, t‑kU‑o-¹‑mâ‑v F¶‑n-hÀ \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑q-]-§Ä k‑rã‑n-¡‑p¶ {‑] X‑o-X‑n-I-f‑ps‑S h‑ni-I-e\‑w \S-¯‑p-¶‑p.

A©‑p-`‑q-J-Þ-§-f‑ne‑p‑w A¡‑m-Za‑nI Xe-¯‑n \S-¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\§s‑f h³t‑X‑m-X‑n k‑z‑m[‑o-\‑n-¡‑p¶ b‑qt‑d‑m-þ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ a‑m[‑y-a-k‑n-²‑m´-§f‑p‑w Ahs‑b c‑oX‑n-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-a‑m¡‑p¶ h‑nJ‑y‑m-X-a‑mb a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§f‑p-a‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ-¯‑ns‑â Df-f-S-¡‑w. \‑nÝ-b-a‑mb‑p‑w aä‑p `‑qJ-Þ-§-f‑ne‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-k‑n-²‑m-´-§f‑p‑w a‑mX‑r-IIf‑p‑w [‑mc‑m-f-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. e‑mä‑n\-t‑a-c‑n-¡³‑, Gj‑y³ c‑mP‑y-§-f‑n c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑m-f-f‑p¶ _ZÂ‑, {‑]X‑n-t‑c‑m[ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§-f‑pÄs‑¸-s‑S. ]s‑£ Ah-b‑p-s‑S-t‑]‑me‑p‑w {‑]X‑y-b-i‑mk‑v{‑X ]‑n³_e‑w \h-a‑mÀI‑vk‑nÌ‑v‑, t‑I‑mf-\‑nb-\-´-c‑, k‑v{‑X‑oh‑mZ c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-§-f‑m-W‑v. b‑qt‑d‑m-þ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ a‑m[‑y-a-k‑n-²‑m-´§Ä¡‑p‑w {‑]t‑b‑m-K-§Ä¡‑p‑w A]-c‑nN‑n-X-aà Ch-s‑b‑m-¶‑p‑w-X-s‑¶. e‑mä‑n-\-t‑ac‑n-¡³-þ-G-j‑y³ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-c‑w-K¯‑v X\-X‑mb‑n c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑m-f-f‑p¶ b‑qt‑d‑m-þA-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-§-t‑f‑mS‑p-ff h‑naÀi-\-¯‑nÂt‑]‑me‑p‑w t‑ae‑v]dª k‑n²‑m-´-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w {‑] I-S-a‑m-W‑v. F¶‑p-h-¨‑m \‑ne-h‑n-e‑p-ff t‑e‑mI-a‑m-[‑y-a-]-T-\-a-Þ-e-¯‑ns‑â Xs‑¶ he‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p ]c‑n-t‑Ñ-Z-a‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ‑w F¶ÀY‑w. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com

(45) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

The Scribe Remembered: N. Gopinathan Nair, His Life and Times Edited and Published by K. Saradamoni 482 Pages; Price Rs. 450.00

The biography or autobiography of a journalist is a window on history. It offers a view of society during the lifetime of that individual and the culture and the context in which his life and career unfolded. The bilingual book Janayugom Gopiye Orkkumbol (The Scribe Remembered: N. Gopinathan Nair—His Life and Times), a festschrift, is one such account.

It sketches the life of a political journalist—from his upbringing in the coastal town of Kollam and then his career in Kerala and later in Delhi—through his own memoirs, published and unpublished articles, and the narratives of close friends, family members, colleagues and mentees. According to his wife, K. Saradamoni, who edited the book, it is “an attempt to record the life and times of a person who believed that journalism was politics and lived accordingly”.

The book has three parts: biographical sketches; from the scribe’s pen; and obituaries.

hnhcmhImi\nbaw

Indian Polity

AUz. Un. _n. _n\p \nba kao£ 522 t]Pv; 550 cq]

M. Laxmikanth Tata McGraw - Hill Education 644 Pages; Price: Rs. 495.00

hnhcmhImi\nbas¯¡pdn¨v aebmf¯nð e`yamb Gähpw ka{Kamb ]pkvXIamWv AUz. Un. _n. _n\p cNn¨ "hnhcmhImi \nbaw' Fó {KÙw. hnhcmhImi \nbaw \nehnð hót¸mÄ apXð Cu \nba¯nsâ ià\mb {]tbm àmhmb {KÙIÀ¯mhnsâ hn]pe amb {]mtbmKnI A\p`h k¼¯v Cu ]pkvXIs¯ AXpeyam¡póp.

2006 G{]nenð Hómw ]Xn¸mbn {]kn²oIcn¨ ]pkvXI¯nsâ hn]p eoIcn¨ Aômw ]Xn¸mWv Ct¸mÄ ]pd¯nd§nbn«pÅXv. A\p`h¡pdn ¸pIfpw hyXykvX Xe§fnse {]tbmKamXrIIfpw Gähpw ]pXnb t`ZKXnIfpw {]kàamb hn[n\ym b§fpw tkh\mhImi\nbahpw tNÀ¯v ka{Kambn ]cnjvIcn¨ ]Xn¸mWnXv. hnhcmhImi\nbas¯¡pdn¨v Adnbm\pw Cu \nbaw hgn hnhc §Ä tXSm\pw B{Kln¡póhsc kw_Ôn¨v AXymhiyamb Hcp d^d³kv {KÙamWnXv. \nba]pkvX I§fpsS hcï AhXcWssien Hgnhm¡n efnXamb `mjbnepw hy àamb DZmlcW§Ä klnXhpw Imcy§Ä hniZoIcn¨ncn¡póXv km[mcW¡mÀ¡phsc {]tbmP\ s¸S¯¡ coXnbnemWv.

Indian Polity For Civil Services Examinations has been designed to meet the requirements of students preparing for civil service examinations. This book covers the entire syllabus, which civil service aspirants need to understand.

This book has been divided into 11 parts, which include Constitutional Framework, Central Government, System of Government, State Government, Constitutional Bodies, Union Territories And Special Areas, Local Government, NonConstitutional Bodies, Other Constitutional Dimensions, Political Dynamics, and Working of the Constitution. n this third edition, the author also provides 7 appendices at the end of the book. The appendices cover topics such as table of precedence, definitions under the constitution, constitutional amendments at a glance, subjects of union, state, and concurrent lists, articles of the constitution, and ministries/departments of the central government.

Unkw_À 2013

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C.]n.jmPpZo³

\yqkv s\äv

BtKmf am[yacwKs¯ ]pXnb {]hWXIfpw hmÀ¯Ifpw a\Ênem¡m\pXIpó anI¨ aoUnb sh_vsskäpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wàn. am[yacwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ¡pw am[yahnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse {]tbmP\{]Zambncn¡pw Cu sskäpIfnð \nópw e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä.

\‑y‑qk‑v e‑m_‑v FÃ‑m t‑aJeb‑ne‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v D]I‑mc {‑]Za‑mb [‑mc‑mf‑w h‑nhc§Ä DÄs‑¡‑mÅ‑p¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑mW‑vhttp://www.newslab.org. aÄ«‑na‑oU‑nbb‑ps‑S {‑]`‑mh‑w FÃ‑m t‑aJeb‑ne‑p‑w \‑ndª‑p \‑ne‑v¡‑p¶ C¡‑me¯‑v a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v C¯c‑w I‑mc‑y§t‑f¡‑pd‑ns‑¨Ã‑m‑w Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc§Ä I‑nt‑«ï X‑pï‑v. AX‑mW‑v- C‑u s‑s‑kä‑v k½‑m\‑n ¡‑p¶X‑v. CX‑phg‑n a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯I c‑ps‑S Ad‑nh‑p‑w Ig‑nh‑p‑w hÀ[‑n¸‑n¡‑pI s‑b¶X‑p‑w X§f‑ps‑S e£‑ya‑ms‑W¶‑v s‑s‑kä‑v ]db‑p¶‑p. Cj‑y‑qk‑v‑, d‑nt‑k‑mg‑v-

kk‑v‑, k‑v{‑S‑mäP‑ok‑v‑, S‑qÄk‑v‑, h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m F¶‑o h‑n`‑mK§f‑ne‑mb‑mW‑v- CX‑ns‑e DÅS¡‑w {‑Ia‑oIc‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v.

Cj‑y‑qk‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑n h‑nh‑n[ t‑aJeIf‑ns‑e a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ t‑\c‑nS‑p¶ [‑mc‑mf‑w {‑]i‑v\§s‑f AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p. t‑{‑_¡‑n‑wK‑v \‑y‑qk‑n s‑e s‑Xä‑pIÄ‑, \‑y‑qk‑v d‑qa‑pIf‑ns‑e {‑]X‑n^e‑w I‑pdb‑p¶X‑v‑, CcIs‑f A`‑n a‑pJ‑oIc‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ t‑\c‑nS‑p¶ {‑]i‑v\ §Ä X‑pS§‑nb I‑mc‑y§Ä CX‑n \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vkk‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑ne‑mIs‑« s‑X‑mg‑n t‑aJe s‑b kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶ ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc§ f‑mW‑pÅX‑v. t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nbb‑n X‑nc‑p¯e‑pIÄ hc‑p¯‑p¶ h‑n[‑w‑, t‑PWe‑nÌ‑pIÄ¡‑v s‑dÍ‑nä‑v‑, Z‑pc´ §Ä d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿‑p¶X‑n\‑pÅ \‑nÀt‑Zi§Ä F¶‑n§s‑\ t‑]‑mI‑p¶‑p Ah. CX‑ns‑â Xs‑¶ as‑ä‑mc‑p c‑q] a‑mW‑v- k‑v{‑S‑mäP‑ok‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑nÂ. t‑»‑mK‑n‑wK‑n\‑pÅ \‑nÀt‑Zi§Ä‑, S‑nh‑n t‑eJIÀ BÀP‑nt‑¡ï K‑pW§Ä‑, Unkw_À 2013

CâÀh‑y‑qh‑n\‑p t‑]‑mI‑pt‑¼‑mÄ {‑i²‑nt‑¡ï I‑mc‑y§Ä X‑pS§‑nb KW¯‑ne‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä CX‑n \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. H‑mt‑c‑m t‑]P‑ne‑p‑w 20 t‑eJ\§Ä h‑oXa‑pï‑v. s‑s‑kä‑n \ÂI‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ S‑mK‑p If‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v D]I‑mc {‑]Za‑mb h‑nhc§Ä t‑hK¯‑n Is‑ï¯‑m³ kl‑mb‑n¡‑p‑w. 1998- \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑ns‑e ]‑mÀ¡‑v ^‑ut‑ïj s‑â kl‑mbt‑¯‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v- C‑u s‑s‑kä‑v X‑pS§‑nbX‑v. ]‑mÀ¡‑v ^‑ut‑ï j³ \ãs‑¯ X‑pSÀ¶‑v ]‑n·‑md‑nb t‑ij‑w 2003 a‑pX k‑zX{‑´ k‑wLS\ b‑mb‑mW‑v- {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶X‑v.

_‑mÀS‑vs‑e_‑n

t‑eJ\§f‑p‑w aä‑p‑w Xb‑md‑m¡‑m³ DN‑nXa‑mb D²cW‑nIÄ Bhi‑ya‑mb‑n hc‑pt‑¼‑mÄ kl‑mbIa‑mI‑p¶ s‑h_‑v s‑s‑kä‑mW‑v- http://www. bartleby.com/quotations.120‑,000 D²cW‑nIf‑nt‑e¡‑v C‑u s‑s‑kä‑n \‑n¶‑v F¯‑nt‑¨c‑m‑w. ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑ps‑S s‑s‑kä‑pIf‑nt‑e¡‑pÅ e‑n¦‑pIÄ hg‑nb‑mW‑v- CX‑n D²cW‑nIÄ DÄs‑¡‑mÅ‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. h‑n]‑pea‑mb ]c‑y‑mb\‑nLï‑p (Xt‑k‑mdk‑v‑)‑, s‑s‑ie‑n‑, C‑w¥‑oj‑v {‑]t‑b‑mK§Ä F¶‑nh C‑u s‑s‑kä‑n \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w.

s‑I‑z‑mt‑«j³k‑v t‑]P‑v D²cW‑nIÄ Is‑ï¯‑m³ kl‑mb‑n ¡‑p¶ as‑ä‑mc‑p {‑][‑m\ s‑s‑kä‑mW‑v-

http://www.quotationspage.com.

1994- \‑neh‑n h¶ C‑u s‑s‑kä‑n a‑p¸X‑n\‑mb‑nc¯‑nt‑es‑d D²cW‑nIÄ Dï‑v. Z‑nht‑k\ I‑q«‑nt‑¨À¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. Gäh‑p‑w Ff‑p¸¯‑n D²cW‑nIÄ Is‑ï¯‑m³ kl‑mb‑n ¡‑p¶‑p F¶X‑mW‑v- C‑u s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â {‑]t‑X‑yIX. t‑jI‑vk‑v]‑nbd‑n X‑pS§‑n 3436 {‑]a‑pJ Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑ps‑S [‑mc‑mf‑w D²cW‑nIÄ¡‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI e‑n¦‑pï‑v.

H¸‑w h‑njb‑w X‑nc‑n¨‑pÅ D²cW‑nI f‑p‑w I‑n«‑p‑w. 283 h‑njb§f‑mW‑v- CX‑n DÄs‑]S‑p¯‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. CX‑ns‑e s‑kÀ¨‑v k‑wh‑n[‑m\‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v D²cW‑nIÄ s‑Xcª‑p Is‑ï¯‑pI b‑p‑w s‑N¿‑m‑w. H‑mt‑c‑m Z‑nhkh‑p‑w s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¯ D²cW‑nIÄ

{‑]t‑X‑yI‑w \ÂI‑p¶‑pï‑v. {‑]t‑N‑mZ\‑m ßIa‑mb D²cW‑nIf‑ps‑S t‑iJch‑p‑w C‑u s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â {‑]t‑X‑yIXb‑mW‑v-.

CX‑ns‑e t‑hU‑v H‑m^‑v Z‑v t‑U F¶ h‑n`‑mK‑w Gs‑d {‑]t‑b‑mP\{‑]Za‑mW‑v-.

H‑mt‑c‑m Z‑nhkh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb h‑m¡‑pIÄ ]c‑nNbs‑¸S‑p¯‑pIb‑mW‑v- CX‑ne‑qs‑S. k‑m[‑mcW D]t‑b‑mK¯‑ne‑nÃ‑m¯ h‑m¡‑pIf‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w a‑n¡h‑md‑p‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑pI. h‑m¡‑v AX‑ns‑â D¨‑mcW‑w‑, ka‑m\]Z§Ä‑, {‑]t‑b‑mK‑w X‑pS§‑nbh CX‑n \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. s‑ab‑v-e‑n‑wK‑v e‑nÌ‑n cP‑nÌÀ s‑Nb‑vX‑m D²cW‑nIÄ C s‑ab‑n s‑Nb‑vX‑pXc‑p‑w. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

‑a‑m[‑ya§Ä h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX ]‑peÀ¯W‑w: a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑n

`cWIÀ¯‑m¡f‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑p{‑]hÀ¯I c‑p‑w kl‑nj‑vW‑pX {‑]IS‑n¸‑n¡Ws‑a ¶‑p‑w Cãs‑¸«X‑v a‑m{‑Xt‑a t‑IÄ¡‑mh‑q F¶‑v \‑nÀ_Ô‑w]‑nS‑n¡c‑ps‑X¶‑p‑w a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑n D½³ N‑mï‑n ]dª‑p. a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ h‑ni‑zk\‑obX ]‑peÀ¯W‑w. k‑z´a‑mb h‑o£W§ f‑p‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mb§f‑p‑w h¨‑p]‑peÀ¯‑p t‑¼‑mg‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ t‑aJeb‑n h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX {‑]X‑n^e‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nb W‑w. b‑ph‑m¡s‑f h‑nIk\{‑]{‑I‑nbb‑n t‑e¡‑v \b‑n¡‑p¶X‑n a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v I‑mc‑ya‑mb ]¦‑phl‑n¡‑m\‑ps‑ï¶‑v At‑±l‑w a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Is‑c H‑mÀ½ s‑¸S‑p¯‑n. 2012-s‑e a‑nI¨ a‑m[‑ya{‑]h À¯IÀ¡‑pÅ t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n Ah‑mÀU‑pIÄ h‑nXcW‑w s‑N¿‑pIb‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑n. Ah‑mÀU‑n\À lc‑mb a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Is‑c a‑pJ‑y a{‑´‑n A`‑n\µ‑n¨‑p. a‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑v he‑nb a‑mä§Ä \S¡‑p¶ I‑meLS¯‑n a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ ¯IÀ¡‑v H‑mt‑c‑m t‑aJeb‑ne‑p‑w h‑yà a‑mb {‑K‑ml‑ya‑pï‑mIWs‑a¶‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦ X‑nI h‑nZ‑yb‑ps‑S a‑mä§Ä¡\‑pkc‑n¨‑v

a‑m[‑ya ]T\c‑wK¯‑v Bhi‑ya‑mb k‑uIc‑y§Ä GÀs‑¸S‑pt‑¯ïX‑ps‑ï ¶‑p‑w NS§‑n A[‑y£X hl‑n¨ k‑m‑wk‑v-I‑mc‑nI, -{‑K‑mah‑nIk\-, ]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³k‑v hI‑p¸‑p a{‑´‑n s‑I.k‑n. t‑P‑mk^‑v ]dª‑p. Kl\a‑mb ]T\ ¯‑ns‑â AS‑nØ‑m\¯‑ne‑mW‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ «‑pIÄ s‑Xcs‑ªS‑pt‑¡ïX‑p‑w {‑]k‑n ²‑oIc‑nt‑¡ïs‑X¶‑p‑w a{‑´‑n H‑mÀ½s‑¸ S‑p¯‑n. a‑nI¨ FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nbe‑n\‑pÅ h‑n.

Ic‑pW‑mIc³ \¼‑y‑mÀ k‑va‑mcI]‑pck‑vI‑mc‑w Z‑o]‑nIb‑ns‑e N‑o^‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À kÀP‑n BâW‑nb‑p‑w a‑nI¨ At‑\‑zj W‑mßI d‑nt‑¸‑m«‑n\‑v t‑Icf-I‑ua‑pZ‑nb‑n s‑e h‑n.PbI‑pa‑md‑p‑w a‑nI¨ {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI t‑eJI\‑pÅ t‑U‑m.a‑qÀ¡¶‑qÀ \‑mc‑m bW³ Ah‑mÀU‑n\‑v a‑mX‑r`‑q-a‑nb‑n-s‑e ]‑n.]‑n.e‑n_‑oj‑v I‑pa‑md‑p‑w a‑nI¨ l‑y‑qa³ CâdÌ‑v k‑vt‑ä‑md‑n¡‑pÅ F³.F³.kX‑y{‑hX³ Ah‑mÀU‑v aeb‑mf at‑\‑mcab‑ns‑e S‑n.AP‑oj‑p‑w a‑nI¨ \‑y‑qk‑v t‑^t‑«‑m{‑K‑m^À¡‑pÅ {‑]Ya {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n ]‑pck‑v-I‑mc‑w a‑wKf¯‑ns‑e cR‑vP‑n¯‑v _‑me\‑p‑w

a‑nI¨ S‑nh‑n d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À¡‑pÅ {‑]Ya {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n ]‑pck‑v-I‑mc‑w C´‑y‑mh‑nj\‑ns‑e {‑K‑o³ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v‑ F¶ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nb‑ps‑S AhX‑mcI h‑n.F‑w.Z‑o]b‑p‑w a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑nb‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w Gä‑ph‑m§‑n. t‑U‑m.BâW‑n k‑n t‑Uh‑nk‑v Fg‑pX‑nb h‑mÀ¯- IY- h‑yhl‑mc‑w F¶ ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑ns‑â {‑]I‑mi\‑w A¡‑mZa‑n a‑p³ s‑NbÀa‑m\‑p‑w k‑zt‑Zi‑m`‑na‑m\‑n t‑Ikc‑n ]‑pck‑v-I‑mc t‑PX‑mh‑pa‑mb h‑n.]‑n.c‑maN{‑µ\‑v BZ‑y {‑]X‑n \ÂI‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑n \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑p. X‑r¡‑m¡c \Kck`‑m s‑NbÀa‑m³ ]‑n.s‑F.a‑pl½Z‑me‑n‑, P‑nÃ‑m IfÎÀ t‑jb‑vI‑v ]c‑oX‑v‑, A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n.c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑m F¶‑nhÀ Bi‑wkIfÀ¸‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ NS§‑n\‑v k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ. AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p. a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯I c‑p‑w h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑paS¡‑w \‑nch[‑n t‑]À k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑p.

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

a‑m[‑ya§Ä Bß]c‑nt‑i‑m[\b‑v¡‑v X¿‑md‑mI-W‑w

ad¨‑phb‑v¡s‑¸S‑p¶ hk‑vX‑pXIÄ ]‑pd¯‑ps‑I‑mï‑ph¶‑v kX‑y‑w P\§ s‑f Ad‑nb‑n¡‑pIs‑b¶ k‑ma‑ql‑nI {‑]X‑n_²Xb‑mW‑v P\§Ä a‑m[‑ya §f‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w {‑]X‑o£‑n¡‑p¶s‑X¶‑v h‑n.U‑n.kX‑oi³ F‑w.FÂ.F ]dª‑p. ]Ý‑naL«k‑wc£W‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ a‑m[h‑v K‑mU‑vK‑n - Ik‑vX‑qc‑nc‑wK³ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIf‑ps‑S bY‑mÀ° hk‑vX‑pX a‑m[‑ya§Ä P\§s‑f t‑_‑m[‑ys‑¸S‑p¯Ws‑a¶‑p‑w A-t‑±l‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸ «‑p. t‑Zi‑oba‑m[‑yaZ‑n\t‑¯‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n ¨‑v C³^Àt‑aj³-]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³k‑v hI‑p¸‑p‑w t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑p‑w k‑wb‑pàa‑mb‑n k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨ a‑m[‑ya s‑ka‑n\‑md‑n k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p F‑w.FÂ.F. s‑k³t‑kjW h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑pt‑hï‑n hk‑vX‑pXIÄ Z‑pc‑p]t‑b‑mK‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ c‑oX‑n C¶‑v a‑pJ‑y[‑mc a‑m[‑ya§Ät‑]‑me‑p‑w Ahe‑w_‑n¡‑p¶ k‑mlNc‑y¯‑n a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v \‑nb{‑´W‑w t‑hWt‑a‑m F¶ h‑njb¯‑n Bß]c‑nt‑i‑m[\ b‑v¡‑p a‑m[‑ya§Ä X¿‑md‑mIWs‑a¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. a‑m[‑ya§Ä P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑ns‑â I‑mhÂ\‑mb‑v¡Ä F¶ h‑nt‑ijW¯‑n \‑v t‑i‑mjW‑w k‑w`h‑n¨X‑mb‑p‑w I‑mh \‑mb‑v¡s‑f \‑nc‑o£‑n¡‑m³ ]‑pX‑nb

\‑mb‑v¡s‑f h¡Ws‑a¶ Ø‑nX‑nb‑m s‑W¶‑p‑w NÀ¨b‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¯ a‑pX‑nÀ¶ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I³ A¸‑p¡‑p «³ hÅ‑n¡‑p¶‑v A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p.

P\§Ä¡‑v Ad‑nb‑m\‑pÅ AhI‑mi‑w DbÀ¯‑n¸‑nS‑n¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya§Ä X¿‑md‑mIWs‑a¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. \ha‑m[‑ya§f‑n DÄs‑¸s‑S Z‑pk‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w I‑qS‑pXe‑mb‑n hc‑nIb‑m s‑W¶‑p‑w a‑m[‑yak‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w Fh‑ns‑S hs‑c BI‑m-s‑a¶‑v a‑m[‑ya§Ä Xs‑¶ ]c‑nt‑i‑m[‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑p‑w NÀ¨b‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¯ {‑]a‑pJ a‑m[‑ya \‑nc‑o£I ³ s‑Nd‑nb‑m³ ^‑ne‑n¸‑v ]dª‑p. t‑I‑mÀ¸t‑dä‑pIf‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob I£‑nIf‑p‑w P‑mX‑naXià‑nIf‑p‑w kÀ¡‑mc‑pa‑mW‑v a‑m[‑yac‑wK‑w \‑nb{‑´‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. Ct‑¸‑mÄ Iůc‑w ]db‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑â a‑pJs‑a¶‑p ]db‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya§f‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w s‑Nd‑nb‑m³ ^‑ne‑n¸‑v A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. h‑mÀ¯IÄ k‑zX{‑´a‑mb‑n Ad‑nb‑n¡‑m³ t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nbIÄ he‑nb ]¦‑mW‑v hl‑n¡‑p ¶s‑X¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p.

C´‑yb‑n a‑m{‑Xaà N‑ne h‑nIk‑nX c‑mP‑y§f‑ne‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y¯‑n\‑v \‑nb{‑´W‑w t‑hW t‑a‑m F¶ I‑mc‑y‑w NÀ¨b‑mb‑ns‑¡‑mï‑n c‑n¡‑pIb‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w aÕc‑w X‑oj‑vW

a‑mb a‑m[‑yac‑wK‑w a‑m[‑ya k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y ¯‑ns‑â A´:k¯ e‑wL‑n¡‑p¶ Xc¯‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶X‑v h‑naÀi\ h‑nt‑[ba‑mI‑p¶‑ps‑ï¶‑p‑w h‑njb‑w AhXc‑n¸‑n¨ {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ ]dª‑p. aÀt‑U‑m¡‑ns‑â DSaØX b‑ne‑pÅ ]{‑X§f‑ns‑e d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v {‑_‑n«\‑ne‑pï‑mb k‑w`h §Ä a‑qe‑w h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX XIÀ¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v \‑nb{‑´ W‑w t‑hWs‑a¶ N‑n´b‑mW‑v Ah‑nS‑p s‑¯ P\§f‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w Dï‑mbs‑X ¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n P\dÂI‑uk‑n A‑wK‑w ]‑n.k‑pP‑mX³ A²‑y £X hl‑n¨‑p‑, t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w P‑nÃ‑m C³^Àt‑aj³ H‑m^‑okÀ N{‑µl‑mk³ hS‑pXe \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p. t‑Zi‑oba‑m[‑yaZ‑n\ t‑¯‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n¨‑v a‑m[‑ya\‑nb{‑´W‑w A\‑nh‑mc‑yt‑a‑m F¶ h‑njb¯‑n \S¯‑nb t‑eJ\ aÕc¯‑n h‑nPb‑nIf‑mb P‑nX‑oj‑v ]‑n.F‑w‑, AR‑vPe‑n k‑md‑m t‑__‑n‑, A`‑nP‑nX‑v h‑n.F‑w‑, s‑^a‑n t‑]‑mÄ F¶‑nhÀ¡‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ kÀ«‑n^‑n¡ä‑p‑w I‑mj‑v Ah‑mÀU‑p‑w h‑nXcW‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p.

t‑Zi‑ob ]‑p\cÀ¸WZ‑n\‑w {‑][‑m\a{‑´‑nbmbncpó Cµ‑nc‑mK‑mÔ‑n b‑ps‑S Nca h‑mÀj‑nI Z‑n\‑w t‑Zi‑ob ]‑p\cÀ¸WZ‑n\a‑mb‑n BNc‑n¡‑p¶X‑n s‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑n t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n t‑PÀWe‑nk‑w‑, ]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³k‑v h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑p‑w P‑oh\¡‑mc‑p‑w t‑Zi‑ot‑b‑mX‑v{‑KY\ {‑]X‑nÚs‑bS‑p¯‑p.

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{‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n : U‑nP‑ns‑s‑ät‑kj³ Hó‑m‑wL«‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑nb‑mb‑n

]gb ]{‑X§f‑p‑w {‑]k‑n²‑oIcW‑w \‑ne¨ B\‑pI‑me‑nI§f‑p‑w U‑nP‑nä  c‑q]¯‑ne‑m¡‑n `‑mh‑n Xea‑pdb‑v¡‑v e`‑ya‑m¡‑p¶X‑n\‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZ a‑n Bc‑w`‑n¨ {‑]hÀ¯\§f‑ps‑S BZ‑y L«‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑nb‑mb‑n.

A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑e{‑_d‑nb‑n k‑q£‑n ¨‑n«‑pÅ 1980 a‑pXe‑pÅ ]{‑X§f‑n Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb {‑][‑m\ k‑w` h§Ä {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨ Z‑nhk§f‑ns‑e h‑nh‑n[ ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S 31‑,000 t‑]P‑pIf‑m W‑v BZ‑yL«¯‑n U‑nP‑nä c‑q]¯‑n e‑m¡‑nbX‑v. A¡‑mZa‑n¡‑v ]‑pX‑p¸Å‑n c‑mLh³ k‑w`‑mh\ \ÂI‑nb B\‑p I‑me‑nI t‑iJc§f‑pt‑Sb‑p‑w {‑]a‑pJ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I\‑mb‑nc‑p¶ s‑I.]‑n.h‑nP

b³ cN‑n¨ ]{‑X§Ä h‑nN‑n{‑X§Ä F¶ ]‑pk‑v-XIh‑pa‑mW‑v U‑nP‑näs‑s‑e t‑kj³ ]‑qÀ¯‑nb‑mb aä‑p {‑]k‑n²‑o IcW§Ä. a‑m[‑ya]T\‑w \S¯‑p¶ hÀ¡‑v U‑nP‑näs‑s‑ek‑v s‑Nb‑vX {‑]k‑n ²‑oIcW§f‑ps‑S d^d³k‑n\‑v A¡‑m Za‑n s‑s‑e{‑_d‑nb‑n k‑uIc‑yt‑aÀs‑¸S‑p ¯‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v.

A¡‑mZa‑nb‑n Ø‑m]‑n¡‑p¶ s‑kÀ hd‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w e‑ok‑v s‑s‑e\‑ne‑qs‑S BZ‑yL«¯‑n h‑nh‑n[ a‑m[‑ya C³ Ì‑näyq«‑pIÄ¡‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑oS‑v CâÀs‑\ä‑n e‑qs‑S s‑]‑mX‑pP\§Ä¡‑p‑w e`‑ya‑m¡‑p ¶ h‑n[¯‑ne‑pÅ ]²X‑nb‑mW‑v {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n Bh‑nj‑v-¡c‑n¨‑n«‑pÅX‑v.

U‑nP‑näs‑s‑ek‑v s‑Nb‑vX Ct‑aP‑pI

Ä s‑]‑mX‑ph‑nhct‑iJc¯‑n DÄs‑¸ S‑p¯‑p¶X‑ns‑â k‑z‑n¨‑v H‑m¬ IÀ½‑w {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑e{‑_d‑nb‑n C³ ^Àt‑aj³ B³U‑v ]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³ k‑v hI‑p¸‑p a{‑´‑n s‑I.k‑n.t‑P‑mk^‑v \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀ a‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³‑, s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n.c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, \‑nÀh‑mlI ka‑nX‑n A‑wK‑w F³.c‑mt‑P j‑v‑, X‑r¡‑m¡c \Kck`‑m s‑NbÀa‑m³ ]‑n.s‑F.a‑pl½Z‑me‑n‑, A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I «d‑n h‑n.BÀ.AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ‑, U‑nP‑ns‑s‑ät‑kj³ {‑]hÀ¯\§Ä Gs‑äS‑p¯ s‑I.Fk‑v.s‑F.C {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑n {‑i‑oI‑pa‑m d‑p‑w Fk‑v_‑nF {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑nIf‑p‑w ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑p.

`‑mjIÄ¡‑v he‑p¸s‑¨d‑p¸a‑nñ: - t‑U‑m. F‑w. e‑oe‑mhX‑n `‑mjIÄ¡‑v- he‑p¸s‑¨d‑p¸a‑ns‑ö‑p‑w FÃ‑m `‑mjIf‑p‑w t‑{‑ij‑vTa‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w t‑U‑m: F‑w. e‑oe‑mhX‑n A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸ «‑p. "I‑v-f‑mÊ‑nI‑v‑' F¶ h‑m¡‑ns‑\ hf s‑c {‑i²t‑b‑ms‑S D]t‑b‑mK‑nt‑¡ïX‑p s‑ï¶‑p‑w AhÀ ]dª‑p.

GX‑v `‑mj k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑p¶b‑mÄ ¡‑p‑w k‑z´‑w a‑mX‑r `‑mj t‑{‑ij‑vT‑w X s‑¶b‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w t‑U‑m: F‑w. e‑oe‑mhX‑n ]dª‑p. `‑mj‑mS‑nØ‑m\¯‑n t‑Icf‑w c‑q]‑oIc‑n¡s‑¸« \h‑w_À H¶‑v Xs‑¶ aeb‑mf Z‑n\a‑mb‑n BNc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v DN‑nXa‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w AhÀ ]dª‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n I‑m¡\‑mS‑v-

k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨ aeb‑mf Z‑n\‑mNcW‑w DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pIb‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p AhÀ. ‑"]{‑X`‑mjb‑p‑w aeb‑m fh‑p‑w‑' F¶ h‑njb¯‑n t‑U‑m. cX‑n t‑at‑\‑m³ {‑]`‑mjW‑w \S¯‑n. A¡‑m Za‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n. BÀ.AP‑nX‑vI‑pa‑mÀ A[‑y£X hl‑n¨ t‑b‑mK¯‑n C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ UbdÎÀ c‑mP‑p d‑mt‑^ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w eI‑vNdÀ t‑laeX t‑at‑\‑m³ \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p. X‑pSÀ¶‑v h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑ps‑S Ih‑nbc§‑v‑, IYbc§‑v‑, I‑z‑nk‑v F¶‑nh b‑p‑w k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨‑p.

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

tamsâ thmÄshÀ«15 hÀj¯ntesd¡meambn kPoh ImÀ«q¬ cwK¯pÅ tamsâ thmÄshÀ«¬ A´À tZiob ]cnØnXn{]iv\§sf B[mcam¡n hc¨ ImÀ«qWmWnXv. h³ hymhkmbnI cm{ã§Ä krãn¡pó ImemhØmhyXnbm\w t]mepÅ ]mcnØnXnI Zpc´§Ä Gä hpw IqSpXð A\p`hnt¡ïnhcpóXv hnIknXambns¡mïncn¡pó sNdpcm{ã§fm sWópw AXv AhbpsS ]ptcmKXnsb XSbpópshópw ImÀ«qWnÌv {]kvXmhn¡póp.

Gähpw hym]Iambn knïnt¡äv sN¿pó tamsâ thmÄshÀ«¬sâ ImÀ«qWpIÄ {]Xnhmcw 850 Hmfw {]kn²oIcW§fnð {]Xy£s¸Spóp. temkv Bôekv sUbven \yqknð ]Xnhmbn {]kn²oIcn¡pó Ct±l¯nsâ ImÀ«qWpIÄ knïnt¡äv sN¿póXv tIKnÄ ImÀ«q¬kmWv. sFXnlmknI ImÀ«qWnÌmb t_knð thmÄshÀ«¬sâ aI\mb Ct±lw {Km^nIv Unssk\dmbmWv PohnXamcw`n¨Xv. t^mt«m{Km^nbnepw ]cnioe\w t\Snb Ct±lw ]ckyþ{]kn²oIcW cwK¯v ZoÀLImew {]hÀ¯n¨p. FUntämdnbð ImÀ«q WpIfpsS temI¯v kPohamIm³ sshInb Ct±lw Ct¸mÄ ss^\mÀSvkv cwK¯pw {i² tI{µoIcn¡pópïv. t]mÀ«veânð P\n¨ tamsâ thmÄshÀ«¬ Ct¸mÄ hmjn§vSWnemWv Xmakn¡póXv. tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Unkw_À 2013Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

Media Monthly | December 2013 | ` 10/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676

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