2013 july media file for mail by lakshmi Anandhakrishnan

August 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 4 | Price ` 10

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Bhiyatñ Nne \nb{´W§Ä?

tIcf {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ ]pXnb ]pkvXIw

Im¼ntÈcn IcpWmIcsâ PohNcn{X{KÙw

Gtgmfw Zn\-¸-{X-§-fnð Im¼n-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c³ tPmen sNbvXp. Xe-Øm\ \K-c¯nse km[m-cW dnt¸mÀ«À apXð No^v FUn-äÀ ]Zhn hsc \ofpó ssZ\w-Zn\ ]{X-hr-¯n-bpsS Fñm ]S-hp-I-fnepw Ccpó Im¼n-tÈcn A\ym-Zr-iy-amb hen-sbmcp amXr-I-bmWv ae-bmf am[y-a-N-cn-{X-¯nð Fgp-Xn-t¨À¯-Xv. Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS (kn.-]n.-sF) apJ-]-{X-amb P\-bp-K-¯n-emWv Im¼n-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c³ Imð\q-ämtïmfw tPmen sNbvX-Xv. Hcp cmjv{So-b-¸mÀ«n-bpsS {]Nm-cW Pnlzsb Fñm P\hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw kzoIm-cy-ambn¯ocm-hpó Xc-¯nð hn`-h-kw-hn-[m-\-§-fn-eq-sSbpw sshhn-[y-§-fn-eq-sSbpw Hcp-¡n-sb-Sp¯v hnP-b-I-c-ambn aptóm«p sImïp-t]mb AÛp-XamWv Im¼n-tÈ-cn-bpsS henb kw`m-h-\. AXn\p apt¼m ]nóotSm A¯-c-samcp A\p`hw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nð Cñ.

sI.kpµtci³ cNn¨

Im¼ntÈcn, Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À hne ` 75

BKÌv 2013 $ ]pkvXIw 2 $ e¡w 4 $ hne ` 10

a‑m[‑y-a I‑p-¯-I-IÄ _-l‑p-k‑zc-X-¡‑v s‑hñ‑p-h‑n-f‑nt‑b‑m? ]‑n. _k-´‑v

FUntämdnbð Students’ Corner J. V. Vil’anilam

4 27

{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu 29 sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

Z‑pÀ-_-e-a‑m-I‑pó P-\‑m-[‑n-]-Xyw, {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X D-]-I-c-W-a‑m-I‑p-ó a‑m-[‑ya‑w ]‑n.c‑m-P‑o-h‑v F‑w.]‑n.

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ap³t] ]dóhÀ ]n. kpPm-X³

Lighthouse

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Bookshelf

46 47

Ashok R Chandran

tPmk^v BâWn jmPn tP¡_v

\yqkv s\äv

C.]n.jmPpZo³

A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 48 temIw Iï hc 50

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FUntämdnbð

-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑a-s‑eb‑p‑w t‑h-W‑w H-c‑p I-®‑v...

Editor N. P. Rajendran Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Chief News Editor, Mangalam, Kozhikode N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan Political Editor, Veekshanam, Kochi T. R. Madhukumar News Editor, Deshabhimani, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Printer & Publisher V. R. Ajith Kumar Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 10 Annual Subscription: ` 100 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 20,000 Inside B&W: ` 15,000

BKÌv 2013

[‑y-a‑w F-¶ t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-t‑Ì-ä‑v k‑w-h‑n-[‑m\-s‑¯ k-a‑q-l-h‑p‑w P-\-{‑]-X‑n\‑n-[‑n Ø‑m-]-\-§f‑p‑w t‑\‑m-¡‑n-¡-ï‑n-c‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n¡‑p‑w h‑y-h-Ø-IÄ¡‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v A-[‑m-c-a‑m-b X-¯‑z-§Ä-¡‑v X-s‑¶b‑p‑w A-X‑n-t‑h-K‑w a‑m-ä-§Ä k‑w-`-h‑n¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. C-s‑X‑m-c‑p ]-t‑£ s‑]‑mX‑pk-a‑q-l‑w t‑hï-{‑X a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n¡‑nÃ. FÃ‑m h‑n-h-c-§f‑p‑w P-\§-s‑f A-d‑n-b‑n-t‑¡-ï a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä C-¡‑mc‑y‑w A-d‑n-b‑n-¡‑m³ h-e‑n-b H‑u-Õ‑p-I‑y-s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-d‑nÃ F-¶-X‑p-Xs‑¶ -I‑mc-W‑w. H-S‑p-h‑ne-s‑¯ H-c‑p D-Z‑m-lc-W‑w ]-d-b‑m‑w. C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S k-a‑p-¶-X P-\-{‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑n k-`b‑m-b ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â‑n-s‑â Ì‑mÀ-U‑n-§‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n C-´‑y³ a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v hf-s‑c B-g-¯‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p ]T-\‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. a‑m[‑y-a-c‑oX‑n-IÄ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c c‑q-£-h‑n-aÀi-\‑w DÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å‑p¶ C‑u ]T-\-d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-s‑\ I‑pd‑n¨‑v h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v ]-{‑X-t‑]-P‑p-I-f‑nÂ \‑n-t‑¶‑m N‑m-eÂ NÀ-¨-I-f‑nÂ \‑nt‑¶‑m F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w h‑nh-c‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mt‑b‑m? CÃ F-¶‑p-t‑h-W‑w ]-d-b‑m³. 2009 ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â‑v X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v I‑me-¯‑v {‑]-I-S‑n-Xa‑m-b a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-X‑n-`‑mk-a‑m-Wt‑Ã‑m s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑qk‑v. {‑]-i‑v-\‑w {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y-b‑nÂ NÀ¨-¡‑v h-c‑n-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ \-S-¯‑n-b ]T-\h‑p‑w {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸S‑p-¯‑n-b d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑p‑w ]-X‑n-h‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e G-s‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑a-i-¸‑pd-¯‑v s‑]‑m-S‑n-]‑n-S‑n-¨‑v I‑n-S-¡‑pI-t‑b D-Å‑q F-¶‑m-W‑v I-c‑p-X‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. F-¶‑mÂ A-X‑v A-h‑n-S‑w-s‑I‑mï‑v A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¨‑n-«‑nÃ. ]-X‑n-\-©‑m‑w t‑e‑m-I‑v-k-`-b‑p-s‑S C³-^À-t‑a-j³ Bâ‑v t‑{‑_‑m-U‑v-I‑m-Ì‑n-§‑v a-{‑´‑m-e-b-¯‑n-s‑â C-³-^À-t‑a-j³ s‑S-I‑v-t‑\‑mf-P‑n Ì‑m³-U‑n§‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]T-\‑w \-S-¯‑m³ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n¨-X‑v C-X‑ns‑â X‑p-SÀ-¨ X-s‑¶-b‑mW‑v. t‑e‑m-I‑vk-`‑m s‑k-{‑I-t‑«-d‑nb-ä‑v 2013 s‑a-b‑v a‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀS‑v {‑]-k‑n²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-bX‑v. 2010þ11 t‑e-b‑p‑w 11þ12t‑eb‑p‑w I-½‑n-ä‑n-IÄ A-]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-¡‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑n-t‑b-S-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑m-W‑v 12þ13 s‑e I-½‑n-ä‑n A-t‑\‑zjW‑w G-s‑ä-S‑p-¯X‑p‑w ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑p‑w. d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v I-t‑¼‑m-S‑v I-¼‑v NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. P-\‑m[‑n-]-X‑y-s‑¯ ]‑p-ã‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-t‑¯-ï a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-]-N-b§-s‑f I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v P-\-{‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-IÄ NÀ-¨ s‑N-t‑¿-ï-X‑v, P-\-{‑]-X‑n-\‑n[‑n k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ A-]-Nb-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä NÀ-¨ s‑N-t‑¿-ï-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑eX-s‑¶ \‑nÀ-_-Ôh‑p‑w A-\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-h-‑p-a‑mW‑v. ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v Ì‑m³-U‑n-§‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n B N‑pa-X-e \‑nÀ-h-l‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑mÂ C-X‑v A-h‑n-S‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¨‑p-I‑q-S‑m. 130 t‑]-P‑p-Å k‑m-a‑m\‑y‑w he‑n-b d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑mW‑v Ì‑m³-U‑n-M‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n X-¿‑m-d‑m¡‑n-bX‑v. B-s‑c-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑mt‑W‑m h‑mÀ-¯ F-g‑p-X‑p¶-X‑v A-h-c‑nÂ ¶‑v {‑]-X‑n^-e‑w ]ä‑n h‑mÀ-¯-s‑b-g‑pX‑p-I F¶-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å G-äh‑p‑w he‑n-b A-g‑n-a-X‑n-b‑m-b‑m-W‑v k-a‑n-X‑n I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v. H-¶‑p‑w -A-d‑n-b‑m-¯ k‑m-[‑m-c-W h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-t‑c‑mS‑p‑w I‑m-g‑v-¨-¡‑m-t‑c‑mS‑p‑w I‑m-«‑p-¶ C‑u X-«‑n-¸‑v, P-\‑m-[‑n]-X‑y-k-{‑¼-Z‑m-b-s‑¯ X-IÀ-¡‑p‑w. a‑m-[‑y-a-\-S-¯‑n-¸‑p-I‑mÀ-¡‑v C-X‑v s‑h-d‑p‑w [‑mÀ-a‑nI-X-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-i‑v-\‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-h‑m‑w. ]-t‑£ [\I‑mc‑y‑w‑, d‑n-bÂ F-t‑Ì-ä‑v a‑m-À-¡-ä‑v, t‑Ì‑m-I‑v F-I‑v-k‑v-t‑N-©‑v, h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b \‑n-ch-[‑n t‑a-J-eI-s‑f _‑m-[‑n¡‑p-¶ \‑n-b-a-e‑wL-\‑w I‑q-S‑n DÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑v F-¶‑v k-a‑nX‑n h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. h‑mÀ-¯b‑p‑w ]-c-k‑yh‑p‑w c-ï‑v h‑y-X‑yk‑v-X k‑w-K-X‑n-I-f‑m-s‑W¶‑p‑w Ch h‑yX‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b‑n¯-s‑¶ h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑nÂ F-¯‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑p‑w {‑]-k‑v I‑u-¬-k‑n-Â a‑mÀ-K-t‑c-J-b‑nÂ ]-d-b‑p-¶‑pï‑v. h‑mÀ-¯-b‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v s‑X-ä‑n-²-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n[-¯‑nÂ ]-c-k‑y‑w \Â-I‑n-¡‑qS‑m. s‑]-b‑v-U‑v- \‑y‑q-k‑v C‑u h‑y-h-Ø-b‑p-s‑S \-áa‑mb e‑w-L-\-a‑m-W‑v. CX‑v X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑nt‑e‑m c‑m-j‑v{‑S‑o-b-¯‑nt‑e‑m H-X‑p-§‑n-\‑nÂ¡‑p-¶‑nÃ. c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ G-äh‑p‑w he‑n-b Z‑n-\-]{‑X‑w a‑p-g‑p-h-³ -t‑]-P‑nÂ ]-c-k‑y-‑w B-b‑n {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n-b A-t‑X k‑m[-\‑w a‑p-g‑p-h³-t‑]-P‑v ^‑o-¨-d‑m-b‑n ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶‑p. C-X‑v \‑y‑q-k‑v ^‑o-¨-d‑mt‑W‑m A-XÃ ]-c-k‑y-a‑mt‑W‑m F-¶‑v A-d‑n-b‑m³ h‑m-b-\-¡‑mc-\‑v H-c‑p h-g‑n-b‑p-a‑nÃ. C-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n[‑n-b‑nÂ h-c‑p-¶ \‑n-b-a‑m-\‑p-k‑r-X-k‑w-K-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ ]-ä‑nÃ. {‑]-ik‑v-X ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I\‑m-b ]‑n.k‑m-b‑v-\‑mY‑v‑, {‑]-k‑mÀ `‑m-cX‑n‑, s‑kâÀ

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t‑^‑mÀ a‑oU‑n-b Ì-U‑ok‑v‑, F-U‑n-t‑ä-g‑v-k‑v K‑nÂU‑v H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y X‑pS-§‑n H-t‑«-s‑d h‑y-à‑n-If‑p‑w Ø‑m-]-\-§f‑p‑w I-½‑n-ä‑n a‑p-¼‑m-s‑I A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§f‑p‑w s‑X-f‑n-h‑p-If‑p‑w \Â-I‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K-¯‑pï‑m-b I-S‑p-¯ h‑m-W‑n-P‑y-hÂ-¡-cWh‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯IÀ s‑hd‑p‑w t‑I‑m¬-{‑S‑m-I‑v- ä‑v ]-W‑n-¡‑m-c‑m-b‑n A-[‑x]-X‑n-¨-X‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w C‑u ]-X-\-¯‑n-\‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w C-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑m-t‑fs‑d h‑n-\‑m-i-I-c-a‑mb-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑wK-¯‑v F-U‑n-äÀ F-¶ Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-\‑v Dï‑m-b a‑qe‑y-¯-IÀ-¨-b‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v k-a‑nX‑n. k-a‑n-X‑n-¡‑v a‑p-¼‑m-s‑I h-¶ FÃ‑m s‑a‑m-g‑n-I-f‑ne‑p‑w C-¡‑mc‑y‑w N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. H-«-\h-[‑n Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑n-§‑v G-P-t‑â‑m s‑Ì-t‑\‑m-{‑K‑m-^--t‑d‑m B-b‑m-W‑v I-W-¡‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶X‑v F-¶‑v l‑n-µ‑p d‑q-dÂ A-t‑^-g‑v-k‑v F-U‑n-äÀ ]‑n.k‑m-b‑v-\‑m-Y‑v k-a‑n-X‑n a‑p-¼‑ms‑I N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑n. F-U‑n-t‑ä‑m-d‑nbÂ‑, ]-»‑n-I‑v d‑n-t‑ej-³k‑v‑, A-U‑zÀ-s‑s‑S-k‑n§‑v‑, t‑e‑m-_‑nb-§‑v s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-S‑n-t‑¨-c-e‑m-W‑v C‑u ]-X-\-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑m³ I‑m-c-W-s‑a-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â F-U‑n-t‑ä‑m-d‑n-b-Â/ a‑m-t‑\-P‑oc‑n-bÂ h‑n-`‑m-K-§Ä X-½‑n-e‑p-Å t‑hÀ-X‑n-c‑n-h‑v D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑p¶-X‑v k‑w_-Ô‑n-¨‑v k-a‑n-X‑n C³-^À-t‑a-j³ h-I‑p-¸‑n-s‑â A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w t‑X-S‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑n-e‑n-s‑â s‑]-c‑p-a‑m-ä¨-«‑w k‑w-_Ô‑n-¨ a‑mÀ-K-t‑cJb‑nÂ 37(A‑) J-Þ‑n-I-b‑nÂ F-U‑näÀ‑, ]-{‑X-{‑]-h-À-¯À F-¶ h‑n-`‑m-Kh‑p‑w a‑m-t‑\-PÀ‑, a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑n-§‑v h‑n-`‑m-Kh‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å t‑hÀ-X‑n-c‑n-h‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v a-{‑´‑me-b‑w N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m«‑n. a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑â D-ÅS-¡‑w X‑o-c‑p-a‑m\‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ F-U‑n-ä-d‑m-W‑v kÀ-h‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n; D-S-a-Ø-³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w F-U‑n-ä-d‑p-s‑S N‑p-h-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v. D-S-aØ-s‑â k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-X‑me‑v-]-c‑y-§Ä k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑m³ F-U‑n-äÀ a_‑m-[‑y-Ø-\Ã Xs‑¶ þ t‑c-J h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. c‑m-P‑y-¯‑p-S-\‑o-f‑w \‑n-e-\-‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ Ic‑mÀ \‑n-b-a-\-k-{‑¼-Z‑m-b‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w X‑oÀ-¯‑p‑w CÃ‑m-X‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-s‑ï¶‑p‑w A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑pX-s‑¶ A-hÀ D-S-a-b‑p-s‑S B-Ú‑m-\‑p-hÀ-¯‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n X-c‑w-X‑m-W‑n-«‑p-s‑ï¶‑p‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑v N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑n-. N‑n-e a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä \-S-¸‑m-¡‑n-¡-g‑n-ª k‑z-I‑m-c‑y D-S-¼-S‑n (s‑s‑{‑]h-ä‑v {‑S‑o-ä‑ok‑v‑) k-{‑¼-Z‑m-bh‑p‑w k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S ]-c‑n-KW-\-b‑v-¡‑v h¶‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑mÀ¯-s‑b C‑u D-S-¼-S‑nIÄ _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-XÃ F-¶‑v D-S-a-ØÀ B-W-b‑n-S‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â \-S-¯‑n-¸‑v A-t‑§b-ä‑w c-l-k‑y‑m-ß-I-a‑m-W‑v. s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-§-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v a-d-¨‑p-s‑h-t‑¡-ï I‑m-c‑y-aÃ H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]\-¯‑n-s‑â C¯-c‑w C-S-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ F-¶‑m-W‑v, s‑k_‑n (t‑Ì‑m-I‑v F-I‑v-k‑v-t‑N-©‑v t‑_‑mÀU‑v H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y‑) b‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑v N‑q-ï‑n¡‑m«‑n k-a‑n-X‑n A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-s‑¸-«X‑v. H‑m-l-c‑n-h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑n-s‑e a‑m-[‑y-a-C-S-s‑]-S-e‑m-W‑v CX‑v. C-X‑n-s‑â h‑y-h-Ø-If‑p‑w h‑n-i-Z‑m‑w-i-§f‑p‑w Ø‑m-]-\ D-S-a-IÄ a‑m{‑X‑w A-d‑n-ª‑mÂ t‑]‑m-c-t‑Ã‑m. ]‑m-À-e-s‑aâ-d‑n k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-c‑o-£-W-§-t‑f‑m-f‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« \‑n-c‑o-£-W-§Ä {‑S‑m-b‑n (s‑S-e‑n-I-a‑y‑p-W‑n-t‑¡-j³ d-K‑p-t‑eäd‑n A-t‑X‑m-d‑nä‑n H‑m-^‑v C´‑y‑) a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑v s‑h-¨-X‑p‑w k-a‑m-´-c-a‑m-b‑mW‑v. H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m]-\‑w t‑h-s‑d a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S D-Sa-Ø-X t‑\-S‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å \‑n-b-a-h‑y-h-Ø-IÄ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡ DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S \‑n-ch-[‑n c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. (C-X‑v k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ h‑n-i-Za‑m-b t‑eJ-\‑w "a‑oU‑n-b'b‑ps‑S C‑u e-¡-¯‑nÂ X-s‑¶-b‑p-ï‑v.‑) {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ‑, {‑S‑mb‑n‑, s‑k_‑n‑, ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ-d‑n Ì‑m³-U‑n-§‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n F-¶‑o h‑y-X‑yk‑v-X Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä h‑y-X‑yk‑v-X I‑m-cW-§-f‑m-e‑m-s‑W-¦‑nÂ G-X‑m-ï‑v H-t‑c I‑me-¯‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-\-S-¯‑n-¸‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v h‑n-aÀ-i-\‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b \‑n-c‑o-£-W-§Ä D-¶-b‑n¨-X‑v A-h-K-W‑n-t‑¡-ï I‑m-c‑yaÃ. a‑p-s‑¼‑m¶‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑nÃ C-§s‑\. {‑]-i‑v-\-]-c‑n-l‑m-c-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a§Ä C-t‑¸‑mÄ {‑]-i‑v-\-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n-- F¶X‑mW‑v C‑u a‑m-ä-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-c-W-s‑a-¶‑v h‑y-à-a‑m-W‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å F-´‑p`-c-W \-S-]-S‑nb‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n\‑p‑w A-X‑ph-g‑n ]‑uc-s‑â A-`‑n-{‑]‑mb {‑]I-S-\ k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n\‑p‑w I-S‑n-ª‑m-W‑n-S-e‑m-W‑v F-¶ h‑n-aÀ-i-\-a‑m-W‑v C-{‑Xb‑p‑w I‑m-e‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶-X‑v F-¦‑nÂ C¶‑v‑, ]‑uc-s‑â k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑m³ a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I‑m-c‑y-§Ä \‑o-§‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K¯‑p‑w ]‑p-d¯‑p‑w D-Å N‑n-´‑n-¡‑p-¶ FÃ‑m-h-s‑cb‑p‑w B-i-¦-b‑n-e‑m-g‑v-¯‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-a‑m-W‑v C-X‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-\‑n-b-{‑´-W‑w F-¶‑p‑w h‑n-h‑m-Z-h‑n-j-b-a‑mW‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f I-S‑n-ª‑m-W‑n-S‑m-\‑p-Å `-c-WI‑q-S K‑q-V-]-²-X‑n F-¶‑m-W‑v FÃ‑m-b‑v-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w C-¯-c-t‑a-X‑v \‑o-¡-¯‑n-\‑p-s‑a-X‑n-s‑cb‑p‑w D-b-c‑m-d‑p-Å h‑n-aÀ-i\‑w. s‑kÂ-^‑v d-K‑p-t‑eä-d‑n s‑a-¡‑m-\‑n-k‑w -(k‑z-b‑w \‑n-b-{‑´-W‑w‑) \-S-¸‑m-¡‑n-s‑¡‑mÅ‑m‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-IÄ ]-d-b‑m-d‑p-ÅX‑v. s‑hd‑p‑w I-®‑nÂ s‑]‑m-S‑n-b‑n-SÂ F-¶‑m-W‑v ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â-d‑n k-a‑n-X‑n C-X‑n-s‑\ h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. (k-a‑n-X‑n A‑w-K-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ ]‑n.c‑m-P‑o-h‑v F‑w.]‑n. C-¡‑m-c‑y-h‑p‑w h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n¡‑p-¶ {‑]-`‑m-j-W-t‑eJ-\‑w a‑oU‑n-b A-\‑y-{‑X {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v‑). ]-t‑£‑,t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯-§‑p‑w C‑u \‑n-e a‑m-d‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶‑p. a‑p-s‑¼‑m-c‑p e-¡-¯‑nÂ N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m«‑n-b t‑]‑m-s‑e {‑_‑n-«-\‑n-s‑e P-Ì‑nk‑v s‑e-h‑v-k¬ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v D-bÀ-¯‑n-b-X‑n-\‑v k-a‑m-\a‑mb a‑m-[‑y-a‑m-´-c‑o-£‑w C-´‑y-b‑ne‑p‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-«‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑pï‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-\‑n-b-{‑´-W-¯‑n-\‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ X-¿‑m-d‑m-I-W-s‑a-¶ s‑e-h‑v-k¬ i‑p-]‑mÀ-i k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-¯-X‑n-\‑v P-\-§Ä kÀ-¡‑m-d‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c X‑n-c‑n-ª‑p F¶-X‑v {‑_‑n-«-W‑nÂ a‑m{‑X‑w H-X‑p-§‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n-`‑m-k-a‑mh‑nÃ. k‑z-b‑w \‑n-b-{‑´-W‑w \-S-¸‑m-¡‑n-s‑¡‑mÅ‑m‑w F-¶ ]-g-b ]Ã-h‑n C-\‑n A-[‑n-I-I‑m-e‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑nÃ‑, h‑n-e-t‑¸‑m-h‑nÃ. a‑o-U‑n-bb‑p-s‑S P-\h-c‑n e-¡‑w F-U‑n-t‑ä‑m-d‑n-b-e‑nÂ F-¯‑n-t‑¨À-¶ \‑n-Ka-\‑w H-¶‑p-I‑q-S‑n B-hÀ-¯‑n-¡s‑«. "a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v a‑p-¼‑v I-e‑v-¸‑n-¨ h‑n-et‑b‑m B-Z-ct‑h‑m h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑y-Xt‑b‑m k-a‑q-l‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ IÂ-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑nÃ. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑yt‑e‑m-I-s‑¯-¼‑mS‑p‑w C‑u {‑]h-W-X i-à‑n-{‑]‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w t‑h-ïc‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ D-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-¯-X‑ns‑ât‑b‑m Z‑p-c‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑n-s‑ât‑b‑m ^-e-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. {‑_‑n-«-\‑nÂ a‑m{‑X‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶XÃ‑, C-´‑y-b‑ne‑p‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m-\‑nS-b‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v CX‑v. ....H-c‑p ]‑m-S‑v \Ã I‑m-c‑y-§Ä a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑pï‑v. ]t‑£‑, s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-a‑ql-s‑¯ A-k‑z-Ø-a‑m-¡‑p-¶ A-[‑mÀ-a‑n-I-X-IÄ B-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑mÂ C-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f A-]-I-S-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑n¡‑p‑w F-¶‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v \‑m‑w DÄs‑¡‑m-t‑Å-ï ]‑mT‑w.' BKÌv 2013

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]‑n. _k-´‑v

a‑m[‑y-a I‑p-¯-I-IÄ _-l‑p-k‑zc-X-¡‑v s‑hñ‑p-h‑n-f‑nt‑b‑m? am[yacwKs¯ kw_Ôn¨v NqSp]nSn¨ NÀ¨IfmWv kÀ¡mÀ hr¯§fnð Ct¸mÄ \S¡póXv. hnhn[ kÀ¡mÀ GP³knIÄ am[ya§fpsS sXämb kao]\§sf A¡an«p \nc¯ns¡mïv IÀi\ amb \nb{´W§Ä GÀs¸Sp¯Wsaóp hmZn¡póp. \nb{´W§Ä A`n{]mbkzmX{´yt¯bpw am[yahyhkmb¯nsâ hfÀ¨tbbpw _m[n¡psaó FXnÀhmZw am[ya DSaIfpw DbÀ¯póp.

-h-c‑w t‑X-S‑p-Ib‑p‑w A-X‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-t‑¿ï-X‑v ]‑u-c-s‑â A-h-I‑m-i-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v \‑n-b-a-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S D-d¸‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v \‑m‑w P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. Ad‑n-h‑n-s‑â t‑e‑m-I‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v ]‑pX‑n-b k-a‑q-l-a‑mW‑v. b‑m-s‑X‑mc‑p \‑n-b-{‑´-W-§-f‑pa‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X X-s‑¶ h‑n-hc-§Ä \-½‑ps‑S h‑n-cÂ-X‑p¼‑nÂ F-¯‑p-¶‑p. s‑h-º‑v t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ k‑m-a‑q-l‑y I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-I-Ä NÀ-¨-b‑p-s‑S k‑z-`‑m-h‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w a‑m-ä‑n-a-d‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. G-ä-h‑p‑w s‑a-¨-s‑¸« h‑nh-c‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-I-s‑b¶-X‑v A-hI‑mia‑m-W‑v. ]-£-]-‑mX--a‑nÃ‑ms‑X FÃ‑m h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p‑w e-`‑n¨‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ h‑y-à-a‑m-b X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑m³ \-a‑p¡‑v I-g‑n-b‑nÃ. N-c‑n-{‑X¯‑nÂ H-c‑n-¡e‑p‑w C-Ã‑m-¯ h‑n-[‑w h‑n-h-c¯‑n-\‑v A-s‑Ã¦‑nÂ h‑mÀ¯-¡‑v a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f B-{‑i-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑e‑m-I-a‑m-W‑n-¶‑p-ÅX‑v. h‑mÀ-¯ F-s‑´-¶‑v X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑mW‑v. A-X‑v i-c‑n-b‑mI‑m‑w s‑X-ä‑m-I‑m‑w; a‑n-Y‑y-b‑mI‑m‑w b‑m-Y‑m-À-°‑y-a‑m-I‑m‑w; {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-«-X‑m-I‑m‑w A-{‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-I‑m‑w. h‑mÀ-¯ A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ h‑nhc‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y¯‑nÂ A-X‑y-´‑mt‑]-£‑n-I-a‑m-b I‑m-e-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. B k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑nÂ h‑mÀ-¯-b-‑p-s‑S t‑a-e‑p-Å \‑n-b-{‑´Wh‑p‑w \‑nÀ-®‑m-b-I-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. h‑mÀ-¯-b‑v¡‑v A-s‑Ã¦‑nÂ h‑n-h-c-¯‑n-\‑v t‑aÂ \‑n-b-{‑´-W-a‑p-Å-hÀ k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-\‑v t‑aÂ s‑N-e‑p-¯‑p-¶ k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑w s‑N-d‑p-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑nÃ. C-X‑v X‑n-c‑n¨-d‑n-ª‑n-«‑p-Å `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ A-X‑n-\-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑p-Å \-b-§Ä¡‑p‑w c‑q-]‑w \ÂI‑n-b N-c‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v \-a‑p-¡‑p-Å-X‑v. P-\-i-_‑v-Z-s‑¯ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v h‑n-h-c-§Ä "N‑m-e‑p I‑o-d‑n‑' \Â-I-W-s‑a-¶ \-b‑w ]‑m-Ý‑m-X‑y `-c-W-I‑q-S-§-f‑m-W‑v a‑p³-s‑s‑I-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑v \-S-¸‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«-‑p-Å-X‑v. a-t‑[‑y-j-b‑n-s‑e N‑n-e P-\-{‑]‑n-b h‑mÀ-¯‑m N‑m-\-e‑p-IÄ k‑n.s‑F.F.-b‑p-s‑S k‑r-ã‑nb‑m-s‑W-¶ B-t‑c‑m]-W‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. ]‑m-i‑v-N‑m-X‑y `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-s‑â X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-§Ä {‑]-I‑m-c‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ C¯-c‑w h‑mÀ-¯‑m t‑I-{‑µ-§Ä P-\‑m-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶X‑nÂ s‑N-d‑p-XÃ‑m-¯ ]-¦‑p h-l‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-s‑ï¶‑p‑w N-c‑n-{‑X‑w. C‑u ]-Ý‑m-¯-e¯‑nÂ t‑hW‑w‑, C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p‑w X‑p-S-¡‑w I‑pBKÌv 2013

d‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å N‑n-e \‑o-¡§-s‑f I‑m-W‑m³. _-l‑p-k‑z-c-X Dd-¸‑p h-c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑m-[‑y-a c‑w-K-s‑¯ I‑p-¯-Ih-X‑v-¡-c-W‑w \‑n-b{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v t‑I-{‑µ kÀ¡‑mÀ \‑o-¡‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. ]-{‑X‑w‑, s‑S-e‑n-h‑nj³‑, t‑d-U‑n-t‑b‑m X‑p-S-§‑n _-l‑p-a‑m[‑y-a D-SaIÄ k-a‑q-l-¯‑n\‑p‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑p‑w `‑o-j-W‑n-b‑m-t‑W‑m? B-s‑W-¶‑v ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-ï‑n-s‑â Ø‑n-c‑w k-a‑n-X‑n I‑p-ä-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n«‑p-ï‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a- c‑w-K-s‑¯ I‑p-¯-I-h-X‑v-¡c-W‑w (cross‑ media ownership‑) \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑n-s‑â B-h-i‑y-I-X D‑u-¶‑n ]-d-ª‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ X-s‑¶ \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ H-c‑p ]T-\-¯‑ns‑e I-s‑ï-¯-e‑pIÄ \-S-¸‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑n-b‑m-W‑v ]‑mÀe-s‑a-ï‑v Ø‑n-c‑w k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S I‑p-ä-s‑¸-S‑p-¯Â. h³-I‑n-S I-¼-\‑n-I-f-‑p-s‑S D-S-a-Ø-Xb‑nÂ C-´‑y-b‑ps‑S a‑m[‑y-a c‑wK-¯‑v c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ I‑p-¯-I-h-X‑v-¡-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â ]-Ý‑m-¯-e¯‑nÂ s‑S-e‑n-t‑I‑m‑w s‑d-K‑p-t‑eä-d‑n A-t‑X‑m-d‑n-«‑n H-c‑p NÀ-¨‑m t‑c-J X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n ^‑n-{‑_-h-c‑nb‑nÂ ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v. \‑n-b-a-]-ca‑m-b ]‑n³-_-e-t‑¯‑m-s‑S X-s‑¶ C‑u I‑p-¯-I-hX‑v-¡-c-W-s‑¯ F-X‑nÀ-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v "{‑S‑mb‑v‑' \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v t‑aÂ N‑n-e {‑K‑q-¸‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑aÂ-t‑¡‑mb‑v-a a‑m[‑ya _-l‑p-k‑zcX-¡‑p‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n\‑p‑w `‑o-j-W‑n-b‑m-s‑W-¶ a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑m-W‑v {‑S‑m-b‑nb‑p‑w ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-ï‑v k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ \Â-I‑p-¶X‑v. 2008 s‑a-b‑v a‑m-k-¯‑nÂ t‑I-{‑µ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â h‑mÀ-¯‑m-h‑nX-c-W a-{‑´‑m-e-b-a‑m-W‑v {‑S‑m-b‑v-t‑b‑m-S‑v I‑p-¯-I-h-X‑v¡c-W‑w \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v \‑nÀ-t‑±i-§Ä k-aÀ-¸‑n-¡‑m³ B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-«-X‑v. ]-{‑X {‑]-k‑n-²‑oI-c-W c‑wK-¯‑v a‑m-{‑X-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ N‑ne I-¼-\‑n-IÄ s‑S-e‑n-h‑nj³‑, t‑d-U‑nt‑b‑m t‑a-J-e-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â {‑]h-W-X ]T‑n-¡‑p-I-s‑b-¶ e-£‑y-a‑mW‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-\‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c-‑p-¶-X‑v. 2009 ^‑n-{‑_-h-c‑nb‑nÂ {‑S‑m-b‑v X-§-f‑p-s‑S i‑p-]‑mÀ-i kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-\‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨‑p. {‑]‑nâ‑v‑, S‑n.h‑n.‑, F^‑v.F‑w. t‑d-U‑nt‑b‑m F-¶-‑o t‑a-J-e-I-f‑ps‑S X‑n-c-Ý‑o-\a‑mb G-I‑o-I-c-W-h‑p‑w (horizontal integration) s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ D-SaIÄ X-s‑¶ h‑nX-c-W c‑w-K-t‑¯¡‑p‑w t‑I_‑nÄ s‑\-ä‑v hÀ¡‑v i‑r‑w-J-e \-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w I-S-¡‑p-¶ (U‑n. S‑n. F¨‑v‑,

(7) CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v t‑{‑]‑m-t‑«‑m-t‑I‑mÄ s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ s‑F.]-‑n.S‑n.h‑n F-¶‑n-h-b‑p‑w C-X‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑mW‑v‑) e‑w-_-c‑q-]¯‑n-e-‑p-Å G-I‑o-I-c-Wh‑p‑w (vertical integration) {‑S‑m-b‑v ] T-\ h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m¡‑n. H-c‑p I-¼-\‑n¡‑v h‑n-h‑n-[ a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä\-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p¶ s‑s‑e-k³-k‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v t‑a-e‑p-Å \‑n-b-{‑´-W‑w/D-S-aØ-X‑, a‑m-[‑y-a I-¼-\‑n-¡‑v ]‑p-d-s‑a s‑S-e‑n-I-½‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡-j³-k‑v I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑n-e‑p-a‑p-Å \‑n-b-a-{‑´W‑w/D-S-a-Ø-X F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v {‑S‑m-b‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨-X‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a c‑w-K-s‑¯ I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S e-b-\-¯‑n\‑p‑w G-s‑ä-S‑p-¡-e‑n\‑p‑w a‑m\-Z-Þ-§Ä t‑h-W-s‑a-¶‑v {‑S‑m-b‑v i‑p-]‑mÀ-i s‑N-b‑vX‑p. a‑m[‑y-a I‑p-¯-I-h-X‑v-¡-c-W-¯‑n\‑p‑w C-X‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸«‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I I-t‑¼‑m-f i-à‑n c‑q-]-s‑¸S‑p-¶-X‑v X-S-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w C-X‑v B-hi‑y-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v {‑S‑m-b‑v I-s‑ï-¯‑n. c-ï‑p s‑I‑mÃ-¯‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑n-¡Â h‑nj-b‑w ]‑p-\‑x-¸-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m-s‑W¶‑p‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p¶-X‑m-W‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v. s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑v, s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ N‑m-\-e‑p-I-f‑ps‑S t‑I‑mÀ-¸t‑d-ä‑vþc‑m-{‑ã‑o-b t‑e‑m-_‑n-b‑nM‑v‑, ]-£-]-‑mX-]-ca‑m-b h‑n-i-I-e\§Ä‑, {‑]-h-N-\-§Ä‑, s‑k³-t‑kj-We‑n-k‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶X‑n-\‑pÅ t‑_‑m-[-]‑qÀ-Æa‑m-b d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n‑w-K‑v F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-b-{‑´-W-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ a‑m-[‑ya D-S-a-Ø-X-¡‑v _-Ô-a‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v {‑S‑m-b‑n-b‑p-s‑S NÀ-¨‑m t‑c-Jb‑nÂ a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑p \Â-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.

\-¯‑n-s‑â H-c‑p i-X-a‑m-\‑w a‑o-U‑n-bþFâÀ-s‑S-b‑v³-s‑aâ‑v c‑wK-¯‑v \‑n-¶‑m-s‑W-¶‑v ]T\-§Ä h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p¶‑p. 840 N‑m-\-e‑p-IÄ-¡‑m-W‑v A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-ca‑p-ÅX‑v. CX‑nÂ 300 F-®‑w h‑mÀ-¯‑m N‑m-\-e‑p-I-f‑mW‑v. 14000 Z‑n-\-]-{‑X-§-f‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v D-Sa-Ø-X k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ {‑]-i‑v-\‑w I-S-¶-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. H-c‑p a‑m[‑y-a Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â D-S-a-Ø-\‑m-I‑p-¶X‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v H-c‑m-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑n-e-¡‑m³ C-¶‑v c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v \‑n-e-\‑nÂ¡‑p-¶ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑v I-g‑n-b‑nÃ. F-¶‑mÂ‑, Z‑p-c‑p-t‑±-i-t‑¯‑ms‑S X-s‑¶ C‑u c‑w-K-t‑¯-¡‑v I-S-¶-h-c‑p¶-hÀ G-s‑d-b‑m-W‑v. C-¡‑mc‑y‑w {‑S‑m-b‑v X-s‑¶ N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b ]‑mÀ-«‑nIÄ‑, a-X k‑w-L-S-\-IÄ‑, t‑I-{‑µþk‑wØ‑m-\ a-{‑´‑m-eb§Ä‑, s‑]‑m-X‑p]-W‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑w-L-S\-IÄ F-¶‑n-hs‑¡‑m¶‑p‑w X-s‑¶ a‑m[‑y-a c‑wK-¯‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n¡‑m³ A-\‑pa-X‑n \Â-I-c‑p-s‑X-¶ \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑v t‑\-c-s‑¯ {‑S‑m-b‑v F-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑p¶‑p. Z‑p-c‑q-l-a‑m-b k‑m-l-N-c‑y¯‑nÂ {‑]-h-À-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ I-¼-\‑n-If‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a c‑w-K-¯‑v I-S-¶-h-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mg-s‑¯ {‑]-t‑X‑yIX. {‑I‑n¡-ä‑v h‑m-X‑p-s‑h-¸‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« h‑n-h‑m-Z-¯‑nÂ DÄs‑¸-«-X‑n-s‑\ X‑p-S-À-¶‑v 2006þÂ A-S-¨‑p-]‑q«‑n-b a‑p‑w-s‑s‑_-b‑n-s‑e I‑p-{‑]-k‑n-²a‑m-b Z‑o-]‑m U‑m³k‑v _‑m-d‑n-s‑â D-S-a k‑p-[‑m-IÀ s‑j-«‑n s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ N‑m-\-e‑n-s‑â D-S-a-Ø-\‑m-W‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ. "P-b‑v

B-S‑n-I-f‑n-¡‑p-¶ D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-h‑n-s‑\ ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p-\‑n-À¯‑m³ FÃ‑m t‑a-J-e-If‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-t‑¨ ]-ä‑qs‑h-¶ \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑n-e‑m-W‑v a‑m[‑y-a c‑w-K-s‑¯ I‑p-¯IIÄ. \‑n-b-{‑´W-§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑p h-c‑p-¶-X‑v C‑u c‑w-K-s‑¯ X-IÀ-¡‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w A-hÀ N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p-¶‑p. a‑m[‑y-a t‑a-J-e-b‑ps‑S h-fÀ¨-s‑b _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w A-hÀ N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p¶‑p. a‑m-{‑X-aÃ‑, A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-\‑v t‑a-e‑p-Å s‑s‑I-I-S-¯-e‑m-s‑W-¶ h‑mZh‑p‑w A-hÀ a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p s‑h-¡‑p¶‑p. C-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑nÂ h‑mÀ-¯‑m-h‑n-\‑n-a-b a-{‑´‑me-b‑w s‑s‑l-{‑Z_‑m-Z‑n-s‑e A-U‑v-a‑n-\‑n-k‑v-t‑{‑S-ä‑o-h‑v t‑I‑m-t‑f-P‑n-s‑\ (F.Fk‑v.k‑n.‑) s‑I‑m-ï‑v k-a‑m-´-c-a‑m-b‑n a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p ]T-\h‑p‑w \-S¯‑n. h‑nh‑n-[ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f-‑p-s‑S D-S-aØ-X‑, \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-Å \‑n-b{‑´-W k‑w-h‑n[‑m-\‑w‑, A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã X-e-¯‑n-Â \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ k‑m-l-Nc‑y‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v ]T-\-h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. I‑p-¯-I-h-X‑v-¡c-W‑w {‑]-I-S-a‑m-b‑n X-s‑¶ I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b F.Fk‑v.k‑n-b‑m-Is‑« t‑{‑_‑mU‑v-I‑m-Ì‑n‑wK‑v‑, {‑]‑nâ‑v‑, \‑y‑q a‑o-U‑n-b‑m c‑wK-¯‑v k-¦-c D-S-a-Ø-X \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v N-«-§Ä t‑h-W-s‑a-¶‑v \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¨‑p. D-SaØ-X k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ FÃ‑m h‑n-h-c-§f‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-a-£¯‑nÂ s‑h-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑p‑w i‑p-]‑mÀ-i s‑N-b‑vX‑p. e‑w-_-]-ca‑m-b G-I‑o-Ic-W-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-c‑y¯‑nÂ I-t‑¼‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑e k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§Ä I-W-¡‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¯‑v ]-c‑n-[‑n \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p 200 t‑]-P‑p-Å d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑ns‑e i‑p-]‑mÀ-i. {‑]‑m-t‑Zi‑n-I a‑m[‑y-a t‑a-J-eb‑n-e‑m-W‑v IÀ-i-\-a‑m-b \‑n-b-{‑´-W-‑w t‑h-W-s‑a-¶‑v F.Fk‑v.k‑n. \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¨-X‑v. I‑mc-W‑w {‑]‑m-t‑Zi‑n-I X-e¯‑nÂ t‑Zi‑o-b X-es‑¯ A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v I‑p-¯-I-h-X‑v-¡c-W‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-s‑W-¶‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p I-s‑ï-¯Â. \‑nÀ-®‑m-b-I-a‑m-W‑v C-c‑p-k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w \‑nÀ-t‑±-i§Ä. C-c-‑p-I‑q«c‑p‑w N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑n-b‑n-«‑pÅ-X‑v A-]-I-S-I-ca‑m-b Ø‑n-X‑n-h‑n-t‑i-j-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v. ]-s‑£ ]‑q-¨-¡‑v Bc‑v a-W‑n-s‑I-«‑p-s‑a¶-X‑m-W‑v {‑]-i‑v\‑w. c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â s‑a‑m-¯ B-`‑y-´-c DÂ-¸‑m-Z-

a-l‑m-c‑m-{‑ã‑' F-¶ t‑]-c‑n-e‑p-Å N‑m-\-e‑n-s‑â D-Z‑v-L‑m-S-\-t‑¯‑m-S‑v A-\‑p-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v \-S-¯‑n-b ]‑mÀ-«‑nb‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p¯-X‑v t‑I-{‑µ B-`‑y-´-c a{‑´‑n k‑pi‑oÂ I‑p-a‑mÀ j‑n-s‑Þ‑, I‑r-j‑n a{‑´‑n ic-Z‑v ]-Æ‑mÀ‑, a-l‑m-c‑m-{‑ã a‑p-J‑y-a{‑´‑n {‑]‑n-Y‑v-h‑n-c‑m-P‑v N‑u-l‑m-³‑, _‑n.s‑P.]‑n. a‑p³ t‑Z-i‑o-b-[‑y-£³ \‑nX‑n³ K-U‑vIc‑n X‑p-S§‑n-b {‑]-a‑p-J-c‑mW‑v. C-hÀ-¡‑v ]‑p-ds‑a‑, t‑_‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v X‑m-c-§-f‑p-s‑S h³-\‑n-c-b‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. "kl‑m-\ {‑K‑q-¸‑v' F-¶ d‑n-bÂ Ft‑Ì-ä‑v I-¼-\‑n-b‑p-s‑S D-S-a I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v s‑j«‑n. a-d‑mT‑n N‑m-\-e‑ns‑â h‑n-P-b-s‑¯ X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v l‑n-µ‑n-b‑nÂ H-c‑p h‑mÀ-¯‑m N‑m-\Â X‑p-S-§‑m\‑p‑w s‑j-«‑n B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a‑m[‑y-a D-S-a F¶ \‑n-eb‑nÂ e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b k‑z‑m-[‑o-\h‑p‑w _-Ô-§-f‑p-a‑mW‑v C-¯-c-¡‑m-s‑c C-‑u c‑w-K-t‑¯-¡‑v B-IÀ-j‑n-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v h-‑y-à-a‑mW‑v. s‑j-«‑n B i‑r‑w-J-e-b‑n-s‑e A-h-k‑m-\-t‑¯-X‑v B-I‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v D-d-¸‑m-W‑v. S‑n.h‑n.‑, t‑d-U‑n-t‑b‑m‑, ]{‑X‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑n-s‑e D-Sa-Ø-X-¡‑v A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã X-e-¯‑nÂ N‑n-e \‑n-b-{‑´-W-§-f‑p-ï‑v. a‑q¶‑nÂ H-t‑¶‑m ct‑ï‑m c‑w-K-§f‑nÂ D-S-a-b‑m-I‑m³ N‑n-e c‑m-P‑y-§f‑nÂ A-\‑p-h‑m-Z-a‑p-ï‑v. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑ne‑p‑w {‑_‑n-«-\‑ne‑p‑w B-k‑v-t‑{‑X-e‑n-bb‑ne‑p‑w I‑m-\-U-b‑ne‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a c‑wK-¯‑v I‑p-¯-I-h-X‑v-¡c-W‑w X-S-ª‑p-Å \‑n-b-a-§-f-‑p‑w N-«-§-f‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. \‑n-b-{‑´W-§Ä I‑pd-¡-‑p¶-X‑v k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v NÀ-¨-IÄ \-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-h F-S‑p-¯‑p-I-f-b‑m³ Bc‑p‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-b‑n-«‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v F.Fk‑v.k‑nBKÌv 2013

(8) .b‑p-s‑S d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑nÂ ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. {‑S‑m-b‑n-b‑p-s‑S NÀ-¨‑m t‑c-Jb‑ne‑p‑w C‑u c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-s‑e \‑n-b-{‑´W-§Ä h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑pï‑v. s‑X-e‑p-¦‑v, X-a‑ng‑v‑, a-e-b‑m-f‑w F-¶‑o {‑]‑m-t‑Zi‑n-I `‑m-jb‑nÂ a‑m[‑y-a c‑wK-¯‑v I-S‑p-¯ a-Õ-c-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v F.Fk‑v.k‑n. N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b ]‑mÀ-«‑n-I-f‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¡‑mc‑p‑w t‑\-c‑n-«‑v X-s‑¶ ]-{‑X-§-f‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j-\‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w D-Å-S-¡-s‑¯ k‑z‑m[‑o-\‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v {‑S‑m-b‑v I‑p-ä-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-S‑p¶X‑v k‑m-[‑m-c-W DÂ-¸-¶-§-f-s‑Ã-¶‑v {‑S‑m-b‑v H‑mÀ-½‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. A-h k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑e k‑m‑w-k‑v-¡‑mc‑n-I P‑oh‑n-X-s‑¯ I-c‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¸‑n-¡-‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w X-s‑¶ s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\‑m`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-S-‑p-¯-‑p-¶-X‑ne‑p‑w ]-¦‑p-h-l‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. s‑]‑m-X‑p k‑w-h‑m-Z-§Ä-¡‑v C-S‑w \Â-I-‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v ]‑p-ds‑a‑, B-[‑p\‑n-I k-a‑q-l¯‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑p-Å-X‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I Ø‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v. N‑n-´I-s‑f k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. A-X‑p h-g‑n A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w

þ {‑S‑m-b‑v N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p-¶‑p. h‑mÀ-¯-s‑bb‑p‑w h‑o-£-W-s‑¯b‑p‑w k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑nb‑p-¶-‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑m-W‑v t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑p-I-s‑fb‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b ]‑mÀ-«‑nI-s‑fb‑p‑w k‑w-L-S-\-I-s‑fb‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v B-IÀ-j‑n-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v h‑y-à-a‑mW‑v. C-X‑v ]-£-]‑m-X-]-ca‑m-b A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑mÀ \-b-§-s‑f k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w \-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w t‑I‑mÀ-¸t‑d-ä‑v X-e-¯‑ne‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b X-e-¯‑n-e‑p-a‑p-Å t‑e‑m-_‑n-b‑n-§‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w N‑m-\-e‑pI-s‑f \-b‑n-¡‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w {‑S‑m-b‑v a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑v \Â-I‑p¶‑p. _‑n-k‑n-\-Ê‑ne‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¯‑ne‑p‑w X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-a‑p-ÅØ‑m-]-\-§-f‑m-s‑W¦‑nÂ Ø‑n-X‑n K‑p-c‑p-X-c-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. a‑m[‑y-a Ø‑m-]-\h‑p‑w t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¡‑m-c-\‑pa-S-§-‑p-¶ I‑q-«‑p-s‑I-«‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â \-b§-s‑f k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n¡‑p-¶ F-{‑Xt‑b‑m D-Z‑m-l-cW-§Ä \-½‑p-s‑S a‑p-¶‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑v ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w h‑n-h‑m-Z-§Ä-¡‑p‑w h-g‑n-s‑h-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑nBKÌv 2013

If‑p‑w _‑n-k‑n-\-Ê‑p-I‑mc‑p‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]\-§Ä k‑m-¼¯‑n-I c‑w-K-¯‑n-s‑â s‑Xä‑m-b h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S k‑z´‑w X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-§Ä k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w a-ä‑p-Åh-s‑c D-]-{‑Z-h‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p‑w. \‑n-t‑£-]-I-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-§s‑fb‑p‑w A-X‑v {‑]-X‑n-I‑q-e-a‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w. t‑I‑m¬-{‑K-k‑v- F‑w. ]‑n d‑m-h‑p C-µÀ-P‑n-X‑v k‑n‑w-K‑v A-[‑y£\‑m-b h‑n-h-c-k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-ï‑v k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v I‑p-¯-I-h-X‑v-¡-c-W-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c I-S‑p-¯ \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑v \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¨-X‑v. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑v `‑o-j-W‑n-b‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v C‑u h‑n-j-b-¯‑nÂ H-c‑p X‑o-c‑pa‑m-\-s‑a-S‑p-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v k-a‑n-X‑n i‑p-]‑mÀ-i s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. A-´‑m-c‑m{‑ã X-e-¯‑nÂ \-S-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-§Ä-s‑¡‑m¸‑w‑, {‑S‑m-b‑n-b‑p-s‑S i‑p-]‑mÀ-Ä-If‑p‑w I-W-¡‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¯‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ h‑nj-b‑w s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N-¿-W-s‑a-¶‑v k-a‑n-X‑n B-h-i‑y-s‑¸«‑p. F.F-k‑v.k‑n. X-§-f‑p-s‑S d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑nÂ I‑p-¯-I-IÄ a‑m[‑y-a c‑w-K-¯‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ h‑mÀ-¯‑m-h‑n-X-c-W a-{‑´‑m-e-b‑w \-S-]-S‑n-s‑b-S‑p¡‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v k-a‑nX‑n I‑p-ä-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n. t‑I-_‑nÄ s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ-¡‑v t‑`-Z-K-X‑n _‑nÃ‑n-s‑â NÀ-¨-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v k-a‑n-X‑n C‑u h‑n-j-b-§Ä ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨-X‑v. F-¶‑mÂ‑, B-S‑n-I-f‑n-¡‑p-¶ D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-h‑n-s‑\ ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p\‑n-À-¯‑m³ FÃ‑m t‑a-J-e-If‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-t‑¨ ]-ä‑q-s‑h-¶ \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑n-e‑m-W‑v a‑m[‑y-a c‑w-K-s‑¯ I‑p-¯-IIÄ. \‑n-b-{‑´W§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑p h-c‑p-¶-X‑v C‑u c‑w-K-s‑¯ X-IÀ-¡‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w A-hÀ N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p-¶‑p. t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑p-I-s‑f \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v H-S‑ph‑nÂ t‑Ì-ä‑n-s‑â \‑n-b-{‑´-W-¯‑nÂ F¯‑ps‑a-¶‑v A-hÀ `-b-¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m[‑y-a t‑a-J-e-b‑ps‑S h-fÀ¨-s‑b _‑m-[‑n-¡‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w A-hÀ N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p¶‑p. a‑m-{‑X-aÃ‑, `-c-WL-S-\ Dd-¸‑p \Â-I‑p-¶ A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-\‑v t‑a-e‑p-Å s‑s‑I-I-S-¯e‑m-s‑W-¶ h‑m-Zh‑p‑w A-hÀ a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p s‑h-¡‑p¶‑p. C-t‑¸‑mÄ X-s‑¶ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S A-X‑n-{‑]k-c‑w t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ c‑m-P‑y-a‑m-W‑v C´‑y. B k‑m-l-N-c‑y¯‑nÂ I‑p-¯-I-h-X‑v-¡c-W‑w A-k‑m-[‑ya‑m-s‑W¶‑v a‑m[‑y-a Ø‑m-]\-§Ä N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p-¶‑p. s‑S-e‑n-I½‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡-j³-k‑v c‑w-K-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑\-c‑n-«‑v _-Ô-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ ]-{‑X {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w ]-db‑m³ {‑S‑m-b‑n-¡‑v A-[‑n-I‑m-c-a‑n-s‑Ã-¶ \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X {‑]-k‑m[-IÀ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n¨-X‑v. \‑n-b-{‑´-W-§f‑nÃ‑m-s‑Xb‑p‑w I‑r-X‑y-h‑pa‑m-b h‑n-hc-§Ä e-`‑n-¨‑n-s‑Ã¦‑nÂ P-\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y‑w ]-c‑m-P-b-s‑¸-S‑p‑w. h‑y-à-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-i-I-e-\‑w s‑N¿‑m³ ]‑uc-\‑v I-g‑n-ª‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ s‑Xä‑m-b X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w A-X‑v \-b‑n-¡‑p-I. kÀ-¡‑m-c‑ns‑â A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑n-\‑p-Å P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â a-d‑p-]-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑nX‑z‑w D-d-¸‑n¡Â. C-X‑n-\À-°‑w t‑h‑m-«À-a‑mÀ¡‑p‑w ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-hc-§Ä \Â-I‑p-I-s‑b-¶-X‑m-W‑v. _-l‑p-k‑z-c-X Dd-¸‑p h-c‑p¯‑p-I F-¶-X‑n-\-¸‑p-d‑w \‑n-£‑n]‑v-X X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y¡‑mÀ a‑m-[‑y-a c‑w-K-s‑¯ X-«‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p t‑]‑m-I‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v Dd-¸‑p h-c‑p-t‑¯-ïX‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w I-S-a-b‑mW‑v. A-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w‑, X-s‑¶ a‑m[‑y-a h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n-s‑â h-fÀ-¨-b‑p‑w t‑hW‑w. C‑u X-X‑z§s‑f F§-s‑\ k-´‑p-e‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑p-¶‑n-e‑p-Å s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n. teJI³ amXr`qanbpsS sUðln _yqtdmbnð kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâmWv. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: basanth67@gmail.com

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]‑n.c‑m-P‑o-h‑v F‑w.]‑n.

Z‑pÀ-_e - a- m‑ I - p‑ ó P-\m‑ [ - n‑ ] - X - yw, {‑]X - y‑ b - i - m‑ k - {v-‑ X ‑ D-]I - c- W - a- m‑ I - p‑ ó - a‑m[ - y‑ a‑w A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b c‑q-]-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â FÃ‑m X-e-§-s‑fb‑p‑w hÃ‑m-s‑X t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑pÅ-X‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-s‑¯ Z‑pÀ-_-e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p‑w. ¹‑q-c‑m-e‑n-ä‑n-¡‑v FX‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n F-¶‑m-W‑v t‑{‑I‑mk‑v H‑m-WÀ-j‑n-¸‑n-s‑\ ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-s‑â Ì‑m³-U‑n-M‑v I-½‑nä‑n h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. \-½‑p-s‑S s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-a‑m-W‑v CÃ‑m-X‑mh‑p-I. C‑u c‑mP‑y‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p¶-X‑v F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v? h‑n-h‑n-[ B-i-b§Ä‑, `‑m-j‑, k‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑w‑, `-£-W-c‑o-X‑n-IÄ C-s‑XÃ‑m‑w t‑N-c‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-W‑v `‑mc-X‑w A-X‑mI‑p-¶X‑v. C‑u s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-s‑¯ ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑n CÃ‑m-X‑m-¡‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-W‑v t‑{‑I‑m-k‑v H‑m-WÀ-j‑n-¸‑v.

-´‑m-W‑v C-¶‑v C-´‑y³ P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑v k‑w-`-h‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑v? F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯\-s‑¯ k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v? a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-h‑w c‑q-]‑w D-ÅS-¡‑w F-¶‑n-h-I-f‑nÂ k-a‑o-]-I‑me-¯‑v h-¶ a‑m-ä-§Ä F-s‑´‑m-s‑¡-b‑m-W‑v? C-h ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-jb-§-f‑m-W‑v. C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« H-c‑p k-h‑n-t‑i-j-X P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w X‑p-SÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑n \‑n-e-s‑I‑m-Å‑p-¶‑p F-¶X‑m-W‑v F-¶ h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯-e‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v R‑m³ t‑b‑m-P‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. ]‑m-I‑n-Ø‑m-\‑n-s‑e C‑u-b‑n-s‑S \-S-¶ X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n-s‑\-I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑v H-c‑p I‑mc‑y‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-W‑p‑w. A-h‑n-s‑S C-{‑Xb‑p‑w hÀ-j-§-§Ä-¡‑n-S-b‑nÂ B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v H-c‑p K-h-s‑×â‑v I‑m-e‑mh-[‑n ]‑qÀ-¯‑oIc‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ]-«‑m-f-h‑n¹-ht‑a‑m a-s‑ä-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-«‑n-a-d‑n-t‑b‑m `-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v A´‑y‑w I‑p-d‑n-¡‑m-d‑m-W‑v ]-X‑nh‑v. C-´‑y-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w k‑z-X-{‑´a‑m-b c‑m-P‑y-a‑mW‑n-X‑v F-t‑¶‑mÀ-¡W‑w. \-a‑p-¡‑v 1975þ77 I‑me-¯‑v a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v {‑l-k‑z-I‑m-e‑w G-I‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-`-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v h-g-t‑§-ï‑n-h-¶X‑v. FÃ‑m-b‑v-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S‑, I‑m-e‑mh-[‑n ]‑q-À¯‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-t‑ï‑m AÃ‑m-s‑Xt‑b‑m B-W‑v C-´‑y-b‑nÂ `-cW-a‑m-ä‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ÅX‑v. C-t‑¸‑mg-s‑¯ k‑m-l-N-c‑y-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v F³.d‑m‑w F-g‑p-X‑n-b H-c‑p t‑eJ-\‑w h‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. A-t‑±-l‑w C¶-s‑¯ A\‑n-Ý‑n-X‑m-h-Ø-s‑b 1920 IÄ-¡‑v t‑i-j‑w PÀ-a-\‑n-b‑nÂ Dï‑m-b A-h-Ø-t‑b‑m-S‑m-W‑v X‑m-c-Xa‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p¶X‑v. l‑n-ä‑v-eÀ h-c‑p-¶X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑p-Å PÀ-a-\‑n-b‑p-s‑S- Ah-Ø. X‑m-c-X-a‑y‑w F{‑X-

t‑¯‑m-f‑w i-c‑n-b‑m-W‑v F-¶ I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ h‑y-X‑yk‑v-X‑m-`‑n-{‑]‑mb-§Ä I-t‑ï-¡‑m‑w. ]t‑£‑, \-½‑ps‑S P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-`‑m-h-¯‑nÂ F-´‑p-a‑m-ä‑w h-c‑p-¶‑p‑, ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â‑ns‑â C¶s‑¯ L-S-\ F-´‑m-W‑v? B-c‑m-W‑v ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑nÂ F-¯‑p¶X‑v? ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-s‑â A-[‑n-I‑m-c-§-f‑nÂ F-´‑p-a‑m-ä‑w h-c‑p¶‑p? F-¶‑o I‑m-c‑y-§Ä {‑i-²‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. Ce-£-³ h‑m-¨‑n-s‑â H-S‑p-h‑ne-s‑¯ I-W-¡-\‑p-k-c‑n¨‑v C‑u t‑e‑m-I‑v-k-`-b‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑v 306 t‑I‑m-S‑n-]X‑n-If‑m-W‑v.- c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ iXt‑I‑m-S‑n-i‑z-c³-a‑m-c‑p-s‑S F®‑w- A¼¯‑n-\‑m-e‑m-b‑n- hÀ-[‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.-. \‑q-d‑p-t‑I‑mS‑n c‑q-]-b‑p-Å-h-cÃ b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ i-X-t‑I‑m-S‑o-i‑z-c-•‑mÀ. h‑m¡‑p‑w I-W¡‑p‑w hÃ‑m-¯ c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b k‑q-N-\-IÄ D-Å-hb‑mW‑v. h‑m-¡‑p-IÄ s‑I‑m-ï‑v c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b \‑n-K-a-\§-s‑f a‑m-ä‑n-ad‑n-¡‑m‑w. I-W-¡‑p-IÄ s‑I‑mï‑p‑w I-W-¡‑n-s‑â A-h-Xc-W‑w s‑I‑mï‑p‑w \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v \‑n-K-a-\§-s‑f a‑m-ä‑n-a-d‑n-¡‑m‑w. i-X-t‑I‑mS‑o-i‑z-c³þ_‑nÃ‑n-\-bÀþ F¶-X‑v H-c‑p A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã-h‑m-¡‑m-W‑v. k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑mÀ C-X‑v t‑I-Ä-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ I-c‑pX‑p-I C‑u ]‑m-h¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑I-b‑nÂ s‑hd‑p‑w \‑q-d‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n-t‑b D-Å‑q F-¶‑mW‑v. s‑X-ä‑mW‑v. C-t‑¸‑mg-s‑¯ I-W-¡‑nÂ 5600 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-] D-ï‑m-hW‑w. i-X-t‑I‑m-S‑o-i‑zc-s‑\ I-W-¡‑m-¡‑p¶-X‑v t‑U‑m-fÀ A-\‑p]‑m-X-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. . I-g‑n-ª ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑p‑w C‑u ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑p‑w X-½‑nÂ t‑I‑m-S‑n-]X‑n-If‑p-s‑S F-®-¯‑nÂ \‑q-d‑p-i-X-a‑m-\‑w hÀ²-\-b‑m-W‑v D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. H-c‑p i-c‑mi-c‑n F‑w.]‑n.b‑p-s‑S B-k‑v-X‑n 5.8 t‑I‑m-S‑n F-¶‑m-W‑v I-W-¡‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ÅX‑v. CX‑p‑w h³-hÀ-²-\-b‑m-W‑v. BKÌv 2013

(10) a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p k‑p-{‑][‑m-\ h-k‑v-X‑p-X C‑u I-W-¡‑p-I-f‑nÂ Dï‑v. I-g‑n-ª t‑e‑m-I‑v-k-`-‑m X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑nÂ a-Õ-c‑n¨ 5 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑nt‑e-s‑d B-k‑v-X‑n-b‑p-Å-h-c‑nÂ 32 i-X-a‑m-\‑w t‑]c‑p‑w X‑n-c-s‑ªS‑p-¸‑nÂ P-b‑n-¨‑p. 50 e-£-¯‑n\‑p‑w A-©‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n-¡‑p‑w C-S-b‑nÂ B-k‑v-X‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-Y‑n-I-f‑nÂ 18.6 i-X-a‑m-\a‑m-W‑v P-b‑n-¨X‑v. ]-¯‑v e-£-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-I-f‑nÂ D-Å-h-c‑nÂ 2.3 i-X-a‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v k-`-b‑nÂ F-¯‑n-b-X‑v. A-X‑n-\‑v X‑m-s‑g-b‑p-Åht‑c‑m? s‑h-d‑p‑w 0.4 i-X-a‑m-\‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w. C-X‑m-W‑v s‑R-«‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ I-W¡‑v. \‑n-§Ä F-{‑X-a‑m-{‑X‑w k-¼-¶-\‑mt‑W‑m A-{‑Xb‑p‑w \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-P-b-k‑m-[‑y-X hÀ-²‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n-s‑e ]-W-k‑z‑m-[‑o\-s‑¯ h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v ]‑n.k‑m-b‑v-\‑m-Y‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y‑w F-g‑p-X‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v. ]-W‑w X‑n-c-s‑ªS‑p-¸‑n-s‑e P-b‑m-]-Pb-s‑¯ \‑nÀ-W-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v N‑p-c‑p¡‑w. C-t‑¸‑mÄ \-S-¶ IÀ-W‑m-S-I \‑n-b-ak-`‑m X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å A-\‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I I-W-¡‑p-IÄ k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v H-c‑p \‑n-b-a-k-`-a-Þ-e-¯‑nÂ \‑q-d‑p-a‑p-XÂ C-c‑p-\‑q-d‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n hs‑c Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-°‑n-IÄ s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¨‑p-F-¶‑mW‑v. ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-s‑â¶-

X‑v k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v {‑]‑m-]‑y-aÃ F-¶‑m-W‑v X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v I-W-¡‑p-IÄ h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶X‑v. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-s‑¯-I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v A-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶ \-½-s‑fÃ‑m‑w K‑u-c-h-]‑qÀ-h‑w ]-T‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w C-S-s‑]-S‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-t‑¿ï H-c‑p h‑n-j-b-a‑m-W‑v CX‑v. \-½‑p-s‑S t‑I{‑µa-{‑´‑n-a‑m-c‑nÂ A-©‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n-¡-¸‑pd‑w k‑z-¯‑pÅ-h-c‑m-W‑v 23 t‑]-c‑p‑w. ]-¯‑p-e-£-¯‑n-\‑v X‑m-s‑g k‑z-¯‑p-Å H-c‑mÄ a‑m-{‑X-t‑a t‑I-{‑µ-a-{‑´‑n-k-`-b‑nÂ D-Å‑q. C¶-s‑e \-S-¶ I‑m-_‑n-\-ä‑v A-g‑n-¨‑p-]-W‑n-s‑b-I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å h‑mÀ-¯ h‑m-b‑n-¨t‑¸‑mÄ {‑i-²‑n-¨ H-c‑p I‑mc‑y‑w a‑q-¶‑p-t‑]-s‑c‑m-g‑n-s‑I FÃ‑m-hc‑p‑w k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v P-\‑n-¨-h-c‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑mW‑v. k‑z‑m-X{‑´‑y-¯‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w P-\‑n-¨ H-c‑p {‑]-[‑m-\-a{‑´‑n C-X‑p hs‑c \-a‑p-¡‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑nÃ. ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑m-Wt‑Ã‑m P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â I-t‑Ì‑m-U‑n-b³. C‑u ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-s‑â A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑nÂ F-´‑pa‑m-ä‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑p-I‑q-S‑n t‑\‑m-t‑¡-ï-X‑pï‑v. A-X‑m-W‑v G-äh‑p‑w D-X‑v-I-W‑vT D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ k‑w-KX‑n. ]‑m-À-e-s‑a-â‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p‑w aä‑p‑w F-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿-‑p-¶ H-c‑p I‑mc‑y‑w ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v k-t‑½-f‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v F-{‑X k-a-b-a‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑n-s‑\ ]-ä‑n-b‑mW‑v. C-t‑X h-s‑c-b‑p-Å-X‑nÂ G-äh‑p‑w I‑pd-¨‑v k-t‑½-f‑n-¨ ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â‑m-W‑v C-X‑v F¶-X‑v i-c‑n-b‑m-W‑v. t‑e‑m-I‑v-k-`-b‑p‑w c‑m-P‑y-k-`b‑p‑w A§-s‑\ Xs‑¶. c‑m-P‑y-k-` F¶-X‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w K‑u-c-h-t‑ad‑n-b NÀ-¨ \-S-¡‑p-¶ t‑h-Z‑n B-W‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v [‑m-c-W. 65 B-W‑v A-h‑nS-s‑¯ A‑wK-§-f‑p-s‑S i-c‑mhttps: i-c‑n \{‑] ‑mb‑w. c‑m-P‑y-k-` k-t‑½-f‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w \graphicanthropology.wordpress.com BKÌv 2013

(10) hf-s‑c I‑p-d-h‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-I-f‑nÂ I‑m-W‑p-¶‑p. R‑m³ I-c‑p-X‑p¶-X‑v C-X‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p-aÃ ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â-d‑n P-\‑m-[‑n-] X‑y‑w t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n F-¶‑mW‑v. \-b-]ca‑m-b X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-§-f‑nÂ ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â‑n-s‑â ]-¦‑p-I‑p-d-ª‑p-h-c‑p¶‑p F-¶-X‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\‑w. t‑\c-s‑¯ \-½Ä _P-ä‑v h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ {‑i-²‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶-X‑v s‑]t‑{‑S‑m-f‑n-\‑v h‑n-e I‑q-S‑pt‑a‑m ]‑m-N-I-h‑m-X-I-¯‑n-\‑v h‑n-e I‑q-S‑pt‑a‑m t‑h-s‑d F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w \‑n-I‑p-X‑n I‑q-S‑pt‑a‑m F¶‑p‑w a-ä‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. C-t‑¸‑m-g-s‑XÃ‑m‑w a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. C-s‑X‑m¶‑p‑w ]‑mÀ-es‑aâ‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-K-W-\-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h-c‑p-¶-X‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑nÃ. BZ‑y‑w ]-e-X‑p‑w F-I‑v-k‑n-I‑y‑q-«‑o-h‑n-t‑e-¡‑v a‑md‑n‑, ]‑n-s‑¶ I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑nt‑e-¡‑v a‑m-d‑n. s‑d-b‑nÂ-s‑h _P-ä‑v h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ N‑mÀ-P‑v I‑qS‑pt‑a‑m N-c-¡‑p-I‑q-e‑n I‑q-S‑p-t‑a‑m F-s‑¶‑m-s‑¡-b‑p-Å B-i-¦-IÄ D-ï‑m-I‑m-d‑pï‑v. CX‑p‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ ]‑mÀ-s‑e-s‑aâ‑nÂ h-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. FÃ‑m-ä‑n-\‑p‑w d-K‑p-t‑eä-d‑n t‑_‑mÀ-U‑p-I-f‑mb‑n. A-h-c‑m-W‑v FÃ‑m‑w \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. ]‑ns‑ó B-s‑I A-h-t‑i-j‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v \‑n-I‑pX‑n L-S-\-b‑nÂ F-´‑v a‑m-ä-a‑p-ï‑mI‑p‑w F-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¶‑p. P‑n.Fk‑v.S‑n h-c‑p¶‑p‑, A-t‑X‑m-s‑S C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑ne‑p‑w ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-\‑v ]-¦‑nÃ‑m-X‑m-h‑p‑w. A-X‑n-s‑\Ã‑m-a‑m-b‑n A-]-I‑v-k‑v L-S-\ h-c‑p¶‑p. A-h-c‑m-W‑v Nc¡‑p\‑n-I‑p-X‑n F-{‑X‑, t‑kh-\ \‑n-I‑p-X‑n F-{‑X F-s‑¶Ã‑m‑w \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. t‑I-{‑µh‑p‑w k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§f‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å H‑m-l-c‑n-s‑h-¸‑v A-X‑n-\‑p-Å ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ-d‑n k-a‑n-X‑n \‑nÀ-W-b‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â‑n-\‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-s‑e‑m¶‑p‑w H-c‑p ]-¦‑p-a‑nÃ. H-c‑p A-¸-s‑e-ä‑v A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â‑n-\‑v CÃ‑m-X‑m-h‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑m-W‑v K‑u-c-h-t‑ad‑n-b I‑m-c‑y‑w. \-b-]-c-a‑mb k‑p-{‑][‑m-\ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-§Ä ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v A-d‑n-b‑m-s‑X A-X‑n\‑v ]‑pd-¯‑v D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶‑p‑, \-S-¸‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. t‑h-s‑d‑m-c‑p I‑m-c‑y-a‑p-ï‑v. ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑m-W‑v \‑n-b-a-§Ä ]‑mÊ‑m-t‑¡-ï-X‑v, ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v ]‑m-Ê‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ A-X‑v \-S-¸‑m-I‑n-Ã F-¶ k-¦-e‑v-¸h‑p‑w s‑X-ä‑m-I‑p¶‑p. \-½‑p-s‑S-s‑bÃ‑m‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑nÂ H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m-³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯ H-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p B-[‑mÀ. B-[‑m-d‑n-\‑v H-c‑p \‑n-b-a-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w ]‑n³-_-e-a‑nÃ. B-[‑m-d‑n-\‑v ]‑n³-_-e-a‑m-t‑I-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v b‑p.s‑F.U‑n. _‑nÂ B-W‑v. A-X‑v ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑nÂ h-¶‑v Ì‑m³-U‑n-M‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v t‑]‑m-b _‑nÃ‑m-W‑v. C‑u \‑nb-a‑w X-Å‑n-¡-f-t‑b-ï H-¶‑m-W‑v F-¶ \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-a‑m-W‑v Ì‑m³-U‑n-M‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n G-I-I-W‑vT-a‑m-b‑n \ÂI‑n-bX‑v. a‑n-\‑n ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑m-W‑v b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ Ì‑m³U‑n-§‑v I-½‑nä‑n. B Ì‑m³-U‑n-§‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n-b‑p-s‑S d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑m-W‑v b‑p.s‑F.U‑n._‑nÂ X-Å‑n-¡-f-b-W-s‑a-¶‑p-ÅX‑v. G-I-I-W‑vTa‑m-b i‑p-]‑mÀ-i. ]-t‑£ A-X‑v C-X‑p-h-s‑c ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â‑nÂ h-¶‑n-«‑nÃ. B-[‑mÀ B-I-s‑« {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑vX‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. I-g‑n-ª _P-ä‑v NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ C-¡‑m-c‑y‑w R‑m³ ]-c‑n-W‑n-X{‑]-Ú\‑m-b A¶-s‑¯ [-\-a{‑´‑n {‑]W-_‑v a‑p-JÀ-P‑n a‑p-¼‑m-s‑I D-¶-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. G-X‑v P‑q-\‑n-bÀ A‑w-K-s‑¯b‑p‑w K‑u-c-h-¯‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-I‑r-X-a‑m-W‑v A-t‑±l-¯‑n-t‑â-X‑v. C-t‑¸‑m-gs‑¯ a‑n-¡ a-{‑´‑n-a‑mc‑p‑w A-§-s‑\-bÃ. {‑]-X‑n-]-£-t‑\-X‑m-h‑v F-g‑p-t‑ó-ä‑mÂ-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w h-g-§‑nÃ. {‑]W-_‑v a‑p-JÀ-P‑n F-t‑¶‑m-S‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p‑, "\‑n-§-s‑f-´‑n-\‑v B-[‑m-d‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-a‑m{‑X‑w t‑h-h-e‑m-X‑n-s‑¸-S‑p¶‑p. s‑]³-j³ ^-ï‑n-\‑m-b‑n F-{‑X-t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-] \-½Ä k-a‑m-l-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. F-´‑m-W‑v AX‑n-s‑â \‑n-b-a-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W-]-c-a‑m-b ]‑n³_-e‑w?' t‑I-c-f-¯‑ne‑p‑w C-´‑y-s‑b‑m-«‑m-s‑I-b‑p‑w -\-S-¸‑m-¡‑n h-c‑p-¶ ]-¦‑m-f‑n-¯ s‑]³-j³ k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ H-c‑p \‑n-b-ah‑p‑w ]‑mÀ-es‑aâ‑v C-t‑X h-s‑c NÀ-¨ s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-t‑«-b‑nÃ. AX‑p‑w Ì‑m³-U‑nM‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-t‑«‑m-s‑S NÀ-¨-¡‑mb‑n I‑m-¯‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å \-½‑p-s‑S k-¦Â-¸§-s‑f A«‑n-a-d‑n-¡‑p-¶ K‑u-c-h-t‑ad‑n-b Ø‑n-X‑n-h‑n-t‑i-j-a‑m-W‑v D-ï‑m-b‑nc‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. t‑h-s‑d‑m-c‑p {‑]-i‑v-\-h‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. ]‑m-À-e-s‑aâ‑n-s‑â c-ï‑v k-`-IÄ H-c‑p \‑nb-a‑w ]‑m-Ê‑m-¡‑n-b‑mÂ A-X‑v C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e ]‑uc-·‑mÀ-s‑¡Ã‑m‑w _‑m-[-I-a‑m-W‑v, A-X‑v \‑nÀ-_-Ô-a‑mb‑p‑w \-S-¸‑m-

(11) ¡-s‑¸-S‑p‑w F-¶‑m-Wt‑Ã‑m [‑m-c-W. F-¶‑mÂ ‑, ]‑m-Ê‑m¡‑n-b \‑n-ba-s‑¯ A-«‑n-a-d‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑mg‑v-N \-a‑p-¡‑n-¶‑v C-´‑y-b‑nÂ I‑m-W‑m‑w. H-ä D-Z‑m-lc-W‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w ]-d-b‑m‑w. I-g‑n-ª _-P-ä‑nÂ {‑]W-_‑v a‑p-JÀ-P‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶-X‑m-W‑v ]‑qÀ-h-I‑m-e-{‑]‑m-_e‑y-a‑p-Å \‑n-I‑p-X‑n k‑w-h‑n-[‑m\‑w. t‑h‑m-t‑U‑m-t‑^‑m-W‑n-\‑v _‑m-[Ia‑m-b H-c‑p \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n-b‑m-W‑v A-X‑v \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¡-s‑¸«X‑v. c-ï‑p-k-`-If‑p‑w A-X‑v ]‑m-Ê‑m¡‑n. \‑n-b-a-a‑mb‑n. {‑]W-_‑v a‑p-JÀ-P‑n c‑m-{‑ã-]-X‑n-b‑mb‑n. ]‑n.N‑n-Z‑w_-c‑w [\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n.N‑nZ‑w_-c‑w H-c‑p h‑n-Z-K‑v²-s‑\ \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑pþS‑m-I‑v-k‑v F-I‑v-k‑v-t‑] À«‑v ]‑mÀ-°-k‑mc-Y‑n t‑j‑m‑wþ C‑u \‑nb-a‑w ]T‑n-¡‑m³. A-¸‑w N‑p-S‑p-¶ t‑h-K-¯‑nÂ a‑q-¶‑m-g‑v-N s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-t‑±-l‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v \ÂI‑n. d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v N‑n-Z‑w_-c‑w ]T‑n¨‑p. A-X‑v a-{‑´‑n-k-`-b‑nÂ t‑]‑m-b‑n. \‑nb-a‑w a‑q-¶‑p-hÀ-j-t‑¯-¡‑v \‑nÀ-¯‑n-s‑h-¡‑m³ X‑o-c‑pa‑m-\-a‑mb‑n. G-I-I-W‑vT-a‑m-b‑n ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-s‑â C-c‑p-k-`-If‑p‑w ]‑m-Ê‑m-¡‑n-b- \‑n-b-a-s‑¯ H-c‑p h‑n-Z-K‑v²-s‑â d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-s‑â _-e-¯‑nÂ \-S-¸‑m-¡‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶‑p. C‑u k‑w-`-hh‑p‑w \-½‑p-s‑S \‑m-«‑nÂ NÀ-¨‑m-h‑n-j-b-a‑m-b‑nÃ. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â A-´-Ê-¯ Z‑pÀ-º-e-a‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. C‑u I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-s‑e P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿‑p-¼‑mÄ I-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p h‑m-¡‑m-W‑v t‑{‑I‑m-W‑n I‑y‑m-¸‑n-

1991 Â a³-t‑a‑m-l³ k‑n-§‑v [-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n h-c‑p¶-X‑v t‑e‑m-I k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑nÂ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨-X‑n-s‑â A-\‑p-`-h-k-¼-¯‑p-a‑m-b‑mW‑v. ]‑m-I‑n-Ø‑m-\‑nÂ a‑p-j-d-^‑n-s‑â a-{‑´‑n-k-`-b‑nÂ [-\-a-{‑´‑n-h-¶X‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I-_‑m-¦‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑m-W‑v. A-{‑X -h‑n-]‑p-e-a‑mW‑v C‑u N-§‑m-¯-I‑q-«‑p-s‑I«‑v. C-X‑nÂ a‑m-[‑ya-§f‑p‑w h-c‑p-¶‑p. \‑me‑m‑w X‑q-W‑n-s‑â H-c‑p k-h‑n-t‑i-j-X a-ä‑pX‑q-W‑p-I-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b‑n C-X‑v h‑m-W‑n-P‑y‑m-S‑n-Ø‑m\-¯‑nÂ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑mW‑v. C-X‑v K-h-s‑×â‑n-s‑â X‑qWÃ‑, N‑n-e k‑u-P-\‑y-§Ä A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-h‑m‑w. ]-t‑£ K-h-s‑×-â‑n-s‑â s‑N-e-h‑n-t‑e‑m \‑n-b-{‑´-W-¯‑nt‑e‑m AÃ C-X‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. C‑u I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑â c‑q-]‑w‑, D-Å-S¡‑w‑, k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y‑, Z‑uX‑y‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b FÃ‑mä‑ne‑p‑w a‑m-ä‑w h-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. {‑]‑nâ‑v a‑o-U‑n-b‑, h‑n-j‑zÂ a‑oU‑n-b F-¶‑p-Å-X‑n-s‑â h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-§Ä a‑m-d‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e G-äh‑p‑w he‑n-b a‑m-[‑y-a‑w C-t‑¸‑m-Ä G-X‑mW‑v? s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â t‑^‑m¬ B-W‑v F-¶-X‑m-W‑v D-¯-c‑w. t‑d‑m-_‑n³ P-^‑vd‑n Fg‑p-X‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å s‑kÂ-t‑^‑m¬ \‑m-j³ F-¶ ]‑p-k‑vX-I‑w h‑mb‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑mW‑v. s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â t‑^‑m-W‑n-Â FÃ‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑pa‑p-ï‑v. ]{‑X‑w h‑m-b‑n¡‑m‑w‑, s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ I‑mW‑m‑w‑, t‑d-U‑nt‑b‑m t‑IÄ¡‑m‑w‑, t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑nÂ C-S-s‑]-S‑m‑w‑, k‑n-\‑n-ab‑p‑w

ä-e‑n-k‑w F-¶X‑v. N-§‑m-¯ a‑p-X-e‑m-f‑n-¯‑w F-¶‑p a-e-b‑m-f¯‑nÂ -]-d-b‑m‑w. N-§‑m-¯ a‑p-X-e‑m-f‑n-¯‑w F¶-X‑v c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b t‑\-X‑r-X‑zh‑p‑w _‑y‑q-t‑d‑m-{‑I-k‑nb‑p‑w t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑p-If‑p‑w t‑N-c‑p-¶ A-h‑n-i‑p-² I‑q-«‑p-s‑I-«‑mW‑v. C-X‑m-W‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\§-s‑f {‑]-[‑m\-a‑mb‑p‑w k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S k-h‑n-t‑ij-X C‑u N-§‑m-X‑n-a‑mÀ-¡‑n-S-b‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a‑w I‑q-S‑n D-ï‑v F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. ¢‑mÊ‑n-¡Â t‑{‑I‑m-W‑n I‑y‑m-¸‑n-ä-e‑n-k-¯‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-s‑a‑m-g‑n-¨‑p-Å a-ä‑v a‑q-¶‑v ]-¦‑m-f‑nI-t‑f DÅ‑q. C-´‑y³ k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑mW‑v t‑a‑m-t‑U¬ t‑{‑I‑m-W‑n I‑y‑m-]‑n-ä-e‑n-k-¯‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä I‑qS‑n I-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶X‑v. t‑{‑I‑m-W‑n I‑y‑m-]‑n-ä-e‑n-k-¯‑n-s‑â H-c‑p {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X C-X‑n-s‑e ]-¦‑m-f‑n-IÄ A-h-c‑p-s‑S k‑z-´‑w k‑z-´‑w t‑d‑m-f‑p-I-f‑nÂ- a-‑m{‑X‑w \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑nÃ F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. H‑m-t‑c‑m-c‑p¯c‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S ]-c‑n-[‑n I-S-¡‑p¶‑p. c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¡‑mÀ t‑I‑mÀ¸-t‑d-ä‑m-h‑p¶‑p‑, a‑m-[‑y-a‑w \-S-¯‑p¶‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-¡‑mÀ c‑m-{‑ã‑ob-¡‑m-c‑m-I‑p-¶‑p.t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑p-IÄ c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¡‑m-c‑p-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. _‑y‑q-t‑d‑m-{‑I-k‑nb‑p‑w C-X‑n-s‑eÃ‑m‑w I-S-¶‑p-I-b-d‑p¶‑p. c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b]‑mÀ-«‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« Ø‑m-\-§-f‑nÂ H-¶‑p-I‑nÂ t‑I‑mÀ¸-t‑d-ä‑p-IÄ A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ _‑y‑q-t‑d‑m-{‑I‑m-ä‑p-IÄ I-S-¶‑p-I-b-d‑p¶‑p. t‑d‑m-f‑p-IÄ A-t‑§‑m-«‑p-a‑n-t‑§‑m«‑p‑w a‑m-d‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.

I‑m-W‑m‑w. H-ä D-]-I-c-W-¯‑nÂ FÃ‑m‑w k-t‑½-f‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-¨S‑n-¡‑m-s‑X-X-s‑¶ A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-a‑w s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â t‑^‑m-W‑nÂ h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-s‑a¶-X‑v he‑n-b h‑n¹-h‑w X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. {‑S‑m-b‑n-b‑p-s‑S IW-¡‑v {‑]-I‑m-c‑w C-´‑y-b‑nÂ 90 t‑I‑m-S‑n s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â t‑^‑mW‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v D-ÅX‑v. t‑^‑m¬ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ FÃ‑m-hc‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p {‑S‑m-b‑n-b‑n-s‑S I-W-¡‑p-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w. C-X‑nÂ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-¯X‑p‑w C-c-«-¡-W-£-\‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w s‑]S‑p‑w. F-´‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w A-d‑p-]-X‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑nÂ I‑p-d-b‑nÃ t‑^‑m¬ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S F®‑w. C‑u 60 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑nÂ 40 t‑I‑mS‑n CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v I-W-£³ D-Å-h-b‑mW‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e s‑a‑m-¯‑w ]-{‑X-§-Ä F-¯‑p-¶-X‑v 37 t‑I‑m-S‑n B-f‑p-I-f‑nÂ a‑m-{‑X-a‑mW‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑ns‑â C‑u k‑z-`‑m-h-a‑m-ä‑w h‑n-i‑m-ea‑m-b k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \-b‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑mW‑v. ]-t‑£ C-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-cW-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑_³-KU‑n- F¨‑v- I‑y‑m³- c-N‑n-¨ a‑oU‑n-b t‑a‑m-t‑W‑m]-f‑n F-¶ ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑pX‑n-b ]-X‑n-¸‑n-d-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. 1983 e‑m-W‑v B-Z‑y ]-X‑n-¸‑n-d-§‑p-¶-X‑v. A-X‑nÂ ]-d-b‑p¶-X‑v A-t‑a-c‑n¡-b‑ns‑e a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑wK-s‑¯ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v 50 t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑dä‑p-IÄ B-W‑v F-¶‑mW‑v. 2003s‑e I-W-¡‑m-W‑v H-S‑p-h‑ne-s‑¯ BKÌv 2013

(12) ]-X‑n-¸‑nÂ k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. A-X-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v A-©‑p-I‑p-¯-I-I-f‑m-W‑v. 50 Â \-‑n-¶‑v D-S-a-I-f‑p-s‑S F-®‑w 20 hÀ-j‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v A©‑nt‑e-¡‑v a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. hÃ‑m-¯ t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c-W-a‑m-W‑nX‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n-e‑pa‑p-ï‑v C-X‑v. 86000 ]-{‑X-§f‑p‑w \‑q-d‑p-I-W-¡‑n-\‑v N‑m-\-e‑p-If‑p‑w t‑d-U‑n-t‑b‑m-t‑Ì-j-\‑p-I-f‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w D-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w C-X‑n-s‑â-s‑bÃ‑m‑w D-S-a-Ø-c‑p-s‑S F-®‑w \‑q-d‑nÂ X‑m-s‑g-b‑m-W‑v. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y¯‑nÂ A-]-I-S-I-c-a‑m-b H-¶‑mb‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p‑w. t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c-W-¯‑nÂ a‑q-¶‑p-a‑m-\-§-f‑pï‑v. t‑l‑m-d‑n-t‑k‑m-ïÂ‑, s‑hÀ-«‑n-¡Â‑, U-b-K-WÂ F-¶‑n-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-I‑p-¯-II-f‑p-s‑S c‑q]‑w. A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-a‑w A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑N-c‑p-¶X‑m-W‑v t‑l‑m-d‑n-t‑k‑mïÂ. H-t‑c t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-S‑n-t‑¨cÂ. s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ c‑w-K-¯‑p-Å Ø‑m]-\‑w k‑n-\‑na‑m‑,- k‑o-c‑n-bÂ- \‑nÀ-a‑m-W c‑w-Kt‑¯¡‑p‑w- U‑n-P‑n-äÂ- h‑n-XcW c‑w-Kt‑¯¡‑p‑w- IS¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ- AX‑v- s‑hÀ-«‑n-¡e‑m-W‑v.- -- \‑n-§Ä F-´‑p-I‑mW-W‑w‑, F-´‑p-h‑m-b‑n¡-W‑w‑, F-´‑p-t‑IÄ¡-W‑w F-s‑¶Ã‑m‑w H-ä I¼-\‑n X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑S-e‑n-t‑I‑m‑w I¼\‑n H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-a-I-¼-\‑n-b‑p-a‑mb‑n t‑N-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-X‑v U-b-KWÂ B-I‑p¶‑p. k‑vt‑ä‑m-I‑v F-I‑v-k‑v-t‑N-©‑v _‑y‑qt‑d‑m H‑m-^‑v C´‑y (s‑k_‑n‑) CX‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v S‑n.h‑n.18 Â d‑n-e-b³k‑v H‑ml-c‑n

s‑s‑{‑]h-ä‑v {‑S‑o-ä‑n F¶-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑p‑w k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-I¼-\‑n-I-f‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å k‑z-I‑m-c‑y D-S-¼-S‑n-I-f‑mW‑v. C-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S {‑_‑m³-U‑v s‑{‑]‑m-t‑a‑m-j-\‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a‑w \‑nÀ-h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. s‑s‑S‑wk‑v H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y-¡‑v 220Â A-[‑n-I‑w I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑nÂ H‑m-l-c‑n-b‑pï‑v. A-h-s‑b-¡‑pd‑n-s‑¨‑m-¶‑p‑w s‑\-K-ä‑o-h‑v h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ B ]-{‑X-¯‑nÂ h-c‑nÃ. ]-W-s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m-s‑X a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-\‑v k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-I-¼-\‑n-b‑nÂ H‑ml-c‑n I‑n-«‑p¶‑p. s‑s‑I-b-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑mW‑v. \-a‑p-¡‑v DS-s‑\ a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-I‑p-¶‑p‑, C‑u\‑m-S‑v S‑n.h‑n. d‑n-e-b³-k‑n-t‑â-X‑mW‑v‑, C t‑I‑m-t‑a-g‑v-k‑v d‑n-eb³-k‑n-t‑â-X‑mW‑v‑, C³dÀ-s‑\ä‑v t‑a-J-e d‑n-e-b³-k‑n-s‑â s‑s‑Ib‑n-e‑m-W‑v, s‑S-e‑n-t‑I‑m‑w t‑a-J-e-b‑nÂ CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v Dï‑v. C-X‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-s‑¯ k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v he‑n-b s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-b‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v s‑k-_‑n {‑S‑m-b‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑v ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. h‑n-I-k‑n-X P-\‑m[‑n-]-X‑y-c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑nÂ t‑]‑me‑p‑w C§-s‑\ A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑nÃ. C‑u t‑{‑I‑mk‑v H‑m-WÀ-j‑n-¸‑v F-¶‑pÅ-X‑v a‑q-¶‑p-X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c-W-a‑mW‑v. A-X‑nÂ t‑l‑m-d‑n-t‑k‑m-ïÂ s‑]‑m-X‑p-s‑h A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v. ]t‑£‑, s‑hÀ-«‑n-¡Â‑, U-b-K‑v-W-Â Fó‑nh G-s‑d \‑n-b-{‑´-W-t‑¯‑m-S‑v I‑q-S‑n a‑m-{‑X-t‑a h‑n-Ik‑n-X c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑nÂ A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑pÅ‑q. A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b c‑q-]-hÂ-¡-cW-¯‑n-s‑â FÃ‑m X-e-§-s‑fb‑p‑w hÃ‑m-s‑X t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑pÅ-X‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-s‑¯ Z‑pÀ-_-e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p‑w. ¹‑q-c‑m-e‑n-ä‑n¡‑v F-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n F-¶‑m-W‑v t‑{‑I‑mk‑v H‑m-WÀ-j‑n¸‑n-s‑\ ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-s‑â Ì‑m³-U‑n-M‑v I-½‑nä‑n h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v. \-½‑p-s‑S s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-a‑m-W‑v CÃ‑m-X‑m-h‑p-I. C‑u c‑mP‑y‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p¶-X‑v F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v? h‑n-h‑n-[ B-i-b§Ä‑, `‑m-j‑, k‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑w‑, `-£-W-c‑o-X‑n-IÄ C-s‑XÃ‑m‑w t‑N-c‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑mW‑v `‑mc-X‑w A-X‑m-I‑p-¶X‑v. C‑u s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-s‑¯ ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑n CÃ‑m-X‑m-¡‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-W‑v t‑{‑I‑m-k‑v H‑m-WÀ-j‑n-¸‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑wK-s‑¯ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p K‑u-c-h-t‑ad‑n-b A-]N-b‑w BW‑v s‑s‑{‑]h-ä‑v {‑S‑o-ä‑n-IÄ þ k‑z-I‑m-c‑y D-S¼S‑nIÄ. C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S H-¶‑ma-s‑¯ a‑m-[‑y-aa‑mb s‑s‑S‑wk‑v H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S s‑h-_‑vs‑s‑k-ä‑v t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑mÂ A-X‑nÂ s‑s‑{‑]-h-ä‑v {‑S‑o-ä‑n F-s‑¶‑m-c‑p h‑n`‑m-K‑w I‑m-W‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. s‑s‑{‑]h-ä‑v {‑S‑o-ä‑n F¶-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑p‑w k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å k‑z-I‑m-c‑y D-S-¼-S‑n-I-f‑mW‑v. C-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S {‑_‑m³-U‑v s‑{‑]‑m-t‑a‑m-j-\‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a‑w \‑nÀ-h-l‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v. s‑s‑S‑wk‑v H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y-¡‑v 220Â A-[‑n-I‑w I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑nÂ BKÌv 2013

H‑m-l-c‑n-b‑pï‑v. A-h-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-s‑¨‑m-¶‑p‑w s‑\-K-ä‑o-h‑v h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ B ]-{‑X-¯‑nÂ h-c‑nÃ. ]-W-s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m-s‑X a‑m-[‑ya-¯‑n-\‑v k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-I-¼-\‑n-b‑nÂ H‑ml-c‑n I‑n-«‑p¶‑p. C-´‑y-b‑nÂ G-ä-h‑p-a-[‑n-I‑w Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑nÂ H‑m-l-c‑n-b‑p-Å a‑m-[‑y-a‑w C-¶‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑v H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y-b‑mW‑v. hÃ‑m-¯ A-]-I-S-a‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v s‑s‑{‑]-h-ä‑v {‑S‑o-ä‑n. ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâd‑n Ì‑m³-U‑n-§‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n t‑\cs‑¯ s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑v F-´‑v F-¶‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. A-X‑n-s‑â d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v ]‑mÀ-es‑aâ‑v s‑s‑k-ä‑nÂ e-`‑y-a‑mW‑v. t‑{‑I‑m-k‑v a‑o-U‑n-b H‑m-WÀ-j‑n¸‑v‑, s‑s‑{‑]h-ä‑v {‑S‑o-ä‑n‑, s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑qk‑v C‑u a‑q-¶‑ns‑\b‑p‑w B-g-¯‑nÂ ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑v. N‑n-e Ø‑m-]-\§-s‑f ]{‑X‑w hÃ‑m-s‑X ]À-h-X‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. A-t‑X‑ms‑S A-X‑ns‑â H‑ml-c‑n h‑n-e D-b-c‑p¶‑p. B-f‑p-IÄ A-t‑§‑m-«‑v N‑m-S‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑n-s‑â e‑m-`‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-\‑v I‑n-«‑p¶‑p. C§-s‑\ F-X‑n-I‑v-k‑v CÃ‑m-¯‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-i‑z‑mk‑y-X X-IÀ¡‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-W‑v s‑s‑{‑]h-ä‑v {‑S‑o-ä‑n-IÄ F-¶‑v h‑y-à‑w. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-Â G-ä-h‑p-t‑a-s‑d A-]-I-S-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑m-W‑v s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑qk‑v. {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ A-X‑n-s‑â d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑nÂ N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p¶-X‑v C-X‑v cï‑p‑w _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑mW‑v. {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑n-e‑n-s‑â hf-s‑c k-a-{‑K-a‑mb d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v A-X‑n-s‑â s‑h-_‑v-s‑s‑k-ä‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. s‑s‑{‑]-h-ä‑v {‑S‑o-ä‑n h‑m-W‑n-P‑y-h‑y-hk‑m-b a-Þe-s‑¯ _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p‑, s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑v c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b a-Þ-e-s‑¯-b‑p‑w. l-c‑n-b‑m-W‑, a-l-c‑m-{‑ã X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑p-I-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑v G-äh‑p‑w h‑y‑m-]I-a‑m-b‑n NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«X‑v. H-c‑p Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-°‑n a-Õ-c‑n-¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e G-äh‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« N‑m-\-Â DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S X‑m-c‑n-^‑v I‑mÀ-U‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. \‑n-§Ä t‑\‑m-a‑n-t‑\-j³ s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ h‑mÀ-¯ h-c-Wt‑a‑m‑, A-X‑n-\‑v C-{‑X c‑q-] XcW‑w. H-¸‑w N‑n-{‑X‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡-Wt‑a‑m X‑p-I D-b-c‑p‑w. t‑d-U‑nt‑b‑m-h‑ne‑p‑w N‑m-\-e‑ne‑p‑w ]-{‑X-¯‑ne‑p‑w H-¶‑n-¨‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡Wt‑a‑m C-{‑X X‑p-I‑, I‑pd-¨‑v d‑n-U-£-\‑p-ï‑v. \‑n-§-Ä a-l‑m\‑m-b Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-°‑n-b‑m-W‑v, P-b‑n-t‑¡-ï B-f‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v Ø‑m-]‑n-¡Wt‑a‑m C-{‑X- c‑q-]. \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S F-X‑n-c‑m-f‑n h‑r-¯‑n-s‑I-«h\‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡t‑W‑m C-{‑X c‑q-]. s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑v k‑w-_Ô‑n¨ {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑n-e‑n-s‑â {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-¯ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑p‑w {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ s‑s‑k-ä‑nÂ e-`‑y-a‑mW‑v. G-s‑X‑ms‑¡ N‑m-\-e‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v C§-s‑\ X‑m-c‑n-^‑v \Â-I‑n-b-s‑X¶‑v C‑u d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑nÂ ]-d-b‑p-¶‑pï‑v. C‑u k-¼-Z‑m-b‑w hÃ‑m-¯ A-] I-S‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v R‑m³ ]-d-t‑b-ï-X‑nÃ-t‑Ã‑m. \‑n-§Ä ]-W‑w \Â-I‑p-¶‑nÃ F-¦‑nÂ C§-s‑\ H-c‑mÄ a-Õc‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v t‑h‑m-«À-a‑mÀ A-d‑n-b-W-s‑a-¶‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑nÃ. t‑I-c-f-aÃ a-ä‑v {‑]-t‑Z-i§Ä. C-h‑n-s‑S-t‑¸‑m-e‑p‑w Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-°‑nIs‑f I‑p-d‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m³ B-f‑p-IÄ-¡‑v a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f B-{‑i-b‑n-t‑¡ï‑n h-c‑p-¶‑pï‑v. G-ä-h‑p‑w H-S‑p-h‑nÂ \-S-¶ \‑n-b-a-k-`‑m-X‑n-cs‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑mW‑v. ]-c‑m-X‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S-A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑nÂ {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑w ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C-c‑p-\‑q-d‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w s‑]-b‑v-U‑v-\‑y‑qk‑v k‑w-`-h-§-f‑m-W‑v I‑u¬-k‑n-e‑n-s‑â k‑wØ‑m-\ h‑n-`‑m-K‑w I-s‑ï-¯‑n-bX‑v. P‑nÃ‑m-X-e-¯‑nÂ A-ª‑q-d‑n-t‑e-s‑d t‑h-s‑d-b‑p‑w. A-©‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n-c‑q-]-b‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w B-k‑v-X‑n-b‑p-Å-h-c‑p-s‑S h‑n-P-bk‑m-[‑y-X-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ hÀ-²-\-b‑p-a‑mb‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n t‑h-W‑w C-X‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w I‑m-W‑m³. C-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-`‑mhs‑¯ a‑m-{‑X-aÃ‑, P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-`‑mh-s‑¯ X-s‑¶ A«‑n-a-d‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-]-I-S-I-ca‑m-b {‑]-hWXb‑mW‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯-‑nÂ C-X‑n-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w A-{‑X-a‑m-{‑X‑w {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¨‑p-I-ï‑n-«‑nÃ. ]-X‑p-s‑¡ ]-X‑p-s‑¡ t‑I-c-f-¯‑ne‑p‑w h-c‑m³ C-S-b‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v I-c‑p-X-W‑w. F-§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v C‑u {‑]-i‑v\-s‑¯ a-d‑n-I-S-t‑¡ï-X‑v F-¶X‑v k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ-d‑n I-½‑n-ä‑n i‑p-]‑mÀ-i-IÄ k-aÀ-¸‑n¨‑n-«‑pï‑v. {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑n-e‑n-s‑â A-[‑n-I‑m-c-a-s‑a‑m-¶‑p-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ A-hØ-s‑b I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶‑pï‑v. s‑kÂ-^‑v d-K‑p-t‑eä-d‑n

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s‑a-¡‑m-\‑n-k‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v Z‑r-i‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑n-b-{‑´-Wk‑w-h‑n-[‑m\-s‑¯ h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. Ì‑m³-U‑n-§‑v I-½‑n-ä‑n C-X‑n-s‑\ h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v s‑F h‑m-j‑v F-¶‑mW‑v. I-®‑nÂ s‑]‑m-S‑n-b‑n-SÂ‑! P-\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y‑w Z‑pÀ-_-e-a‑m-I‑p¶‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑ns‑â Z‑u-X‑y-¯‑nÂ h-c‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-a‑m-W‑v G-äh‑p‑w {‑i-²‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑v. {‑_‑m³-U‑v s‑{‑]‑m-t‑a‑m-«‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑m-W‑v a‑n-¡-h‑md‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a§Ä t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. {‑]-ik‑v-X k‑m-¼¯‑n-I i‑m-k‑v-{‑XÚ-\‑m-b‑n s‑P.s‑I.K‑mÂ-s‑{‑_-b‑v-¯‑n-s‑â hf-s‑c {‑]-k‑n²a‑m-b H-c‑p {‑]-t‑b‑m-K-a‑p-ï‑v, the new mission of the business is to create the needs it seeks to satisfy. B-h-i‑y-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-¯‑v Nc-¡‑v DÂ-¸‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p a‑p³-I‑m-e-§-f‑n-s‑e c‑o-X‑n. A-X‑v a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. B-hi‑y‑w BZ‑y‑w D-e‑v-¸‑m-Z‑n¸‑n¡‑p-I ]‑n-s‑¶ A-X‑n-s‑\‑m-¯‑v N-c¡‑v DÂ-¸‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I. Bh-i‑y-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W-a‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\‑w. a‑m-\‑p-^‑m-I‑v-N-d‑n-§‑v \‑o-U‑v-k‑v. "\‑n-§Ä hÃ‑m-s‑X h‑n-bÀ-¡‑p-¶ B-f-t‑Ã. h‑n-bÀ-¸‑n-\‑v hÃ‑m-¯ H-c‑p Z‑pÀ-K-Ô-a‑p-ï‑v. h‑n-j-a‑n-t‑¡-ï. A-X‑n-\‑p-Å U‑n-t‑b‑mUdâ‑v R-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-h-i-a‑pï‑v‑'. A§-s‑\ B-h-i‑y-a‑pï‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p‑, Nc-¡‑v h‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p. hf-s‑c {‑]-i-k‑v-Xa‑m-b H-c‑p {‑_‑m³-U‑v A-X‑n-s‑â a‑p-g‑p-h³ P‑o-h-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v H-c‑p hÀ-j‑w Bs‑I \Â-I‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n-^-e-t‑¯-¡‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-W‑v Ø‑m]-\‑w A-X‑n-s‑â {‑_‑m³-U‑v A-¼‑m-Ê-UÀ-¡‑v \Â-I‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n^-e‑w F¶‑v {‑]-i-k‑v-X- a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-Ib‑p‑w B-I‑v-ä‑n-h‑n-Ì‑p-a‑mb \t‑h‑m-a‑n ¢‑o³ s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. {‑_‑m³-U‑v s‑a-b‑v¡‑n-§‑nÂ {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« Z‑uX‑y‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-{‑]‑mb-s‑¯ a-d-¨‑p-s‑h-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑]-t‑b‑mK-§Ä a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶‑pï‑v. ka‑o-] I‑m-e-¯‑v G-äh‑p‑w s‑X-ä‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ c-ï‑v {‑]-t‑b‑m-K-§-f‑m-W‑v t‑{‑K‑m-¯‑v, U-h-e-¸‑v-s‑a-â‑v F-¶‑n-h. h-fÀ-¨b‑p‑w h‑n-I-k-\-h‑p‑w. t‑{‑K‑m-¯v-‑, U-h-e-]‑v-s‑a-âÃ b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ F-¶‑v A-[‑n-I‑w

]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑nÃ. 1992 s‑e a-¯‑m-b‑n a‑m-ª‑q-c‑m³ {‑]-`‑m-jW-¯‑nÂ C.F‑w.F-k‑v C‑u {‑]-i‑v-\‑w D-¶-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑pï‑v. F-´‑m-W‑v b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ h‑n-I-k-\‑w? a‑m-[‑y-a-§-Ä FÃ‑mb‑v-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w P‑n.U‑n.]‑n.s‑b I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]-d-b‑p‑w. \-½‑p-s‑S-s‑bÃ‑m‑w {‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n-e‑p‑w P‑n.U‑n.]‑n. I-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p‑w. a‑n-k‑v-s‑a-j-d‑n-§‑v H‑uÀ s‑s‑e-h‑v-k‑v F-s‑¶‑m-c‑p ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-a‑p-ï‑v. t‑P‑mk^‑v Ì‑nK‑v-k‑n-ä‑vk‑p‑w A-aÀ-X‑y‑m-s‑k-¶‑p‑w P‑o³ t‑]‑mÄ ^‑n-t‑ä‑m-Ê‑nb‑p‑w t‑NÀ-s‑¶-g‑p-X‑n-b-X‑m-W‑v. {‑^‑m-³-k‑v {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ H-c‑p I-½‑oj-s‑â d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v B-W‑n-X‑v b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ. F-´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v P‑n.U‑n.]‑n H-c‑p k‑q-N-I-aÃ Fó hk‑vX‑pX s‑hf‑nh‑m¡‑póX‑mWX‑v. \-½‑p-s‑S \‑m--«‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä h-fÀ¨‑, h‑n-Ik-\‑w Fó‑o h‑m¡‑pIÄ H-t‑c AÀ-°-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. h‑m-¡‑p-IÄ-¡‑v I‑r-X‑ya‑m-b c‑m-j‑v{‑S‑o-ba‑pï‑v. F-s‑â h‑y-à‑n-]-ca‑m-b H-c-\‑p`-h‑w ]-d-b‑m‑w. R‑m³ t‑Zi‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-Ø‑m-\‑w G-s‑ä-S‑p-¯ B-Z‑y-I‑m-e-¯‑mW‑v. A-[‑n-I‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-]-c‑n-N-b-a-‑nÃ. A-¶‑m-W‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡ Cd‑mJ‑v s‑s‑I-¿-S-¡‑n-bX‑v. C-X‑v F§-s‑\ A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n¡-W‑w F-¶‑v ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑nÂ NÀ-¨-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. b‑p-²‑w F-¶‑v A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n¡-W‑w‑, A-X‑n-\‑m-W‑v i-à‑n F-¶ A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w D-bÀ-¶‑p-h¶‑p. C-X‑n-\‑v a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h-i-a‑p-ï‑v. K‑mÀ-U‑n-b³ D-]t‑b‑m-K‑n¨-X‑v h‑mÀ F-¶Ã C³-t‑h-j³ F-¶‑mW‑v. A-[‑n-\‑nt‑h-i‑w‑, I-S-¶‑m-{‑I-aW‑w. c-ï‑v c‑m-P‑y-§Ä s‑s‑k-\‑y-§-t‑f‑m-s‑S G-ä‑p-a‑p-«‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v b‑p²‑w. C-h‑n-s‑S A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑p‑w C-d‑mJ‑p‑w H-t‑c t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑m-I‑p¶‑p. A-X‑mt‑W‑m k-X‑y‑w? A-[‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i‑w F-¶ ]-Z‑w I‑r-X‑ya‑m-b H-c‑p Bi-b‑w \Â-I‑p-¶‑pï‑v. A-X‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-¶‑v G-s‑d NÀ-¨-IÄ-¡‑v t‑i-j‑w R-§Ä X‑n-cs‑ª-S‑p¯-X‑v A-[‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i‑w‑, I-S-¶‑m-{‑IaW‑w X-s‑¶-b‑mW‑v. a-s‑äÃ‑m ]-{‑X-§f‑p‑w b‑p-²‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨X‑v. h-fÀ-¨‑, h‑n-Ik-\‑w {‑]-t‑b‑m-K-§-f‑ne‑p‑w C‑u {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑pï‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä BKÌv 2013

(14) s‑X-ä‑m-b c‑q-]-¯‑nÂ A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ c-ï‑v h‑m-¡‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v Ch. _P-ä‑v {‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ R‑m³ I-ï H-c‑p I-W-¡-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v C-´‑y-b‑nÂ 52 i-X-a‑m\‑w k‑z¯‑p‑w I-¿-S-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v k-¼-¶-c‑m-b ]-¯‑v i-X-a‑m-\‑w t‑]-c‑mW‑v. Z-c‑n-{‑Z ]-¯‑v i-X-a‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑Ib‑n-e‑pÅ-X‑v 0.2 i-X-a‑m-\-a‑mW‑v. C-X‑m-W‑v A-k-a-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â `‑o-I-ca‑m-b N‑n-{‑X‑w. C-X‑n-s‑\ h-fÀ-¨ F-¶‑v t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑nÂ ]-d-b‑m‑w‑, ]-t‑£ h‑n-Ik-\‑w F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡‑m³ ]-ä‑n-Ã. AaÀ-X‑y s‑k³‑, P‑n³ {‑U‑ok‑v-F¶‑o {‑]-i-k‑v-Xc‑m-b c-ï‑v k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú-·‑mÀ \-S¯‑n-b ]T-\-¯‑nÂ 92 s‑e C-´‑y þ 2011 s‑e C-´‑y‑, 92 s‑e a-ä‑v c‑m-P‑y-§Ä þ 2011 s‑e a-ä‑p-c‑m-P‑y-§Ä Fó H-c‑p -X‑m-c-Xa‑y‑w \-S-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v. A-X‑nÂ H-c‑p IW-¡‑v a‑m{‑X‑w R‑m³ \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑i-²-b‑nÂ s‑]-S‑p-¯‑m‑w. 91Â- Hc‑p- C´‑y-¡‑m-c³- Hc‑p- ic‑m-ic‑n- _‑w-¥‑mt‑Zi‑n-t‑b¡‑m-f‑p‑w- ic‑m-ic‑n- a‑q-¶‑p- hbk‑v- I‑q-S‑p-XÂ- P‑o-h‑n-¡‑pa‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.- 2011Â- Hc‑p- C´‑y-¡‑m-c³- _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Zi‑n-t‑b¡‑m-f‑p‑wic‑m-ic‑n- \‑m-e‑p- hbk‑v- I‑p-dh‑m-W‑v- P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v.- \-½‑p-s‑S B-b‑pÀ-s‑s‑ZÀL‑y‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑n-«‑n-s‑Ã¶Ã. I‑q-S‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v. ]-t‑£ _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-t‑b-¡‑mÄ I‑p-d-h‑m-W‑v B hÀ-²-\. i-c‑n-b‑m-b Ah-ØI-s‑f F-§-s‑\ s‑X-ä‑m-b h‑m-¡‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S a-d-¨‑p-s‑h-¡‑p¶‑p F-¶‑v I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v C‑u N‑n-{‑X‑w. a‑m-[‑y-a‑w F-¶-X‑pX-s‑¶ H-c‑p t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v Fâ‑n-ä‑n-b‑mW‑v. AÃ‑m-¯ a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä C-s‑Ã-¶Ã. ]-t‑£ A-h s‑N-d‑p-X‑mW‑v. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â \‑me‑m‑w X‑q¬ F-¶-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ As‑X‑m-c‑p t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v Fâ‑n-ä‑n-b‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m\‑w. C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e `‑q-c‑n]-£‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w Ø‑n-X‑n C-X‑m-W‑v. A-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑m‑w‑, C‑u a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä X-s‑¶b-t‑Ã i-àa‑m-b‑n ]-e {‑]-i‑v-\-§f‑p‑w D-¶-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v F-¶‑v . l-k‑m-s‑c ka-c‑w D-bÀ-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-h-¶-X‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑v H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S N‑m-\-e‑mW‑v. C-h-s‑bÃ‑m‑w t‑k-^‑v-ä‑n h‑mÄ-h‑p-I-f‑mW‑v. D-bÀ¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-§-s‑f‑, k-½À-±§-s‑f X‑p-d-¶‑p-h‑n-«‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑v s‑]‑m-«‑n-s‑¯-d‑n H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-Å t‑k-^‑v-ä‑n h‑mÄ-h-‑pIf‑m-b‑n C¯-c‑w {‑]-t‑£‑m-`-§s‑f a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p F-¶X‑p‑w N-c‑n{‑X‑w H-c‑p ]-t‑£ a‑m-d‑n h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m³ C-S-b‑p-Å H-c‑p \‑n-K-a-\-a‑mW‑v. a‑p-J‑y-[‑m-c-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v a‑m-d‑n-\‑nÂ-¡‑m³ B{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä t‑Z-i‑o-b-X-e-¯‑ne‑p‑w k‑w-Ø‑m-\-X-e¯‑ne‑p‑w Dï‑v. \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n-t‑Ã F-¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y-h‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. C‑u a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑ne‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w ic‑n F-¶ [-c‑n-t‑¡-ï. h‑mÄ-k‑v{‑S‑oä‑v H‑m-¡‑p-t‑¸j-s‑â h‑n-h-c-§Ä a‑p-g‑p-h³ F-´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v X‑n-c-bÂ b-{‑´-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S I‑n-«‑p-¶‑nÃ F-¶‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ Ft‑´‑m k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑mW‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v b‑m-l‑p h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¨X‑v. a‑pÃ-¸‑q-h‑n¹-h‑w I-g‑n-ª-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n-s‑â {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« H‑ml-c‑n h‑m-§‑n-b-X‑v k‑u-Z‑n c‑m-P-I‑p-a‑m-c-\‑m-W‑v. \‑y‑q a‑oU‑n-b k‑z-X-{‑´ a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â B-[‑p\‑n-I c‑q-]-a‑m-I‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â b-Y‑mÀ-° c‑q-]-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-hÀ¯-\-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-s‑a-¶‑v {‑]-X‑o-£ D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F¦‑ne‑p‑w B {‑]-X‑o-£b‑p‑w h‑y‑m-t‑a‑m-l-a‑mI‑m‑w F-¶-X‑n-s‑â A-\‑p-`-h-k‑q-N-\IÄ \-a‑p-¡‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑pï‑v. k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I h‑n-Z‑yb‑p‑w C-\‑nb‑p‑w ]‑pX‑n-b k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ X‑p-d-¶‑n-«‑p F-¶‑p-h-c‑m‑w. R‑m³ A-X‑ns‑\ ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑n A-S-¨‑p-I-f-b‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ]‑pX‑n-b k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ A-t‑\‑z-j‑n-t‑¡ïX‑v C‑u I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-s‑â B-h-i‑y-a‑mW‑v. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-Â h-¶ a‑m-ä-¯‑n-\‑v A-\‑p-k‑r-X-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p¶ H-c‑p D-]-I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-[‑y-a‑w a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. e‑q-b‑n BÄ-¯‑q-kÀ `-c-W I‑q-S D-]-I-c-W§-s‑f c-ï‑m-b‑n Xc‑w X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. H-¶‑v H.F-k‑v.F. (H‑m-{‑]-Ê‑o-h‑v t‑Ì-ä‑v A-¸-c-ä-k‑v) c-ï‑v s‑F.F-k‑v.F. (s‑F-U‑n-t‑b‑m-f-P‑n-¡Â t‑Ìd‑v A-¸-c-äk‑v‑). AÄ-¯‑q-kÀ a‑m-[‑ya-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X `-c-W-I‑q-S D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-«‑n-I-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v s‑]-S‑p-¯‑n-bX‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a‑w \-½Ä A-d‑n-b‑m-s‑X \-½‑p-s‑S k½-X‑n \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶ BKÌv 2013

H-c‑p D-]-I-c-W-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v -AÂ-¯‑q-kÀ ]-d-s‑ª-¦‑nÂ C-¶-s‑¯ P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â k-h‑n-t‑i-ja‑m-b L-«-¯‑nÂ A-s‑X‑m-c‑p t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v Fâ‑n-ä‑n B-b‑n a‑m-d‑p¶‑p‑, H-c‑p {‑]-X‑yb-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X D-]-I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p. -C‑u X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b-e‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v H-c‑p _-ZÂ a‑m[‑y-a k‑m[‑y-X F-´‑m-W‑v F-¶ A-t‑\‑zj-W-a‑m-W‑v C‑u I‑m-eL-«‑w B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑n-a-Ài\-§f‑p-ï‑m-I‑m-s‑a-¦‑ne‑p‑w C-´‑y³ ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ-d‑n k-{‑¼-Z‑m-b-¯‑n-\‑v G-s‑d ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-a-\-]-ca‑m-b h-i-§-f‑pï‑v. C-X‑n-s‑\ a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« k‑w-`‑mh-\-IÄ \Â-I‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v. ]-ga-s‑b h‑o-s‑ï-S‑p-¡‑p¶-X‑v N‑n-e k-µÀ-`-§-f‑n-s‑e-¦‑ne‑p‑w ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-a-\-]-c-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v I‑q-S‑n k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡s‑«. t‑I-c-f {‑]-k‑v A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n-b‑nÂ \-S¯‑nb a-¯‑m-b‑n a‑m-ª‑qc‑m³ k‑v-a‑m-c-I {‑]-`‑m-j-W-¯‑n-s‑â k‑w-£‑n-]‑v-X-c‑q]‑w. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: prajeevcpm@gmail.com

PII - ICRC AwARds 2013

Attention! Print & Photo Journalists The Press Institute of India (PII), Chennai and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), New Delhi are organising a competition for the best article and photograph on a humanitarian subject on the theme:

VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTH CARE SERVICES AND PERSONNEL Operating in the Face of Danger

1st Prize - INR Rs 50,000 2nd Prize - INR Rs 30,000 3rd Prize - INR Rs 20,000 Have you published an article that addresses the humanitarian challenges faced by health workers in the delivery of health care during armed violence? Have you published a photograph that captures incidents of attacks on ambulances, hospitals, medical personnel and facilities, obstruction of services or other similar situations? If your work reflects this theme then share it with us.

Rules for sending in entries

Entries should be sent before 15th September 2013 and the results will be announced in late November 2013. The article should have been published in an Indian national or regional newspaper or magazine between April 2012 and March 2013 in any Indian language or in English. The participating candidate will have to produce the proof of his or her article published in the respective newspaper or magazine. The exact English translation of an article in Indian language should be provided otherwise the entry will be rejected. The decision of the Jury will be final. Relatives of members of the Jury are not allowed to participate. Only one entry per journalist is permitted. Entries with complete details can be emailed to editorpiirind@gmail.com or sent to the Press Institute of India, RIND Premises, Second Main Road, Taramani CPT Campus, Chennai - 600113 For Enquries call +91-9042231343, 9871798386

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Issues Related to Paid News Observations/Recommendations of the Parliament Standing Committee on Information Technology

ntroductory

Media plays a significant role in a democracy not only because it voices concern of the people but also it reflects the true picture of the country’s social, cultural, economic and political set up. It is therefore, considered as the fourth pillar of democracy which not only acts as a repository of public trust but also plays a significant role in influencing the human mind. The Committee, therefore, feel that it is of paramount importance that various news/informative programmes delivered by the media through various modes like newspaper, radio, television, internet, mobile phone etc. are factual, neutral, fair and objective. The Committee are, however, deeply concerned to note that certain sections of the media have started receiving monetary or other benefits for publishing or broadcasting in favour of individuals/ organisations/ corporate entities, what is commonly being referred to as ‘Paid News’ and it has spread at remarkable pace in some sections of the media. The phenomenon has the effect of unduly influencing the financial/stock/real estate market, health, industry and influencing public opinion in election process. The Committee find it disturbing that Paid News’ is not limited to corruption of individual journalists instead has become complex and ‘organized’ involving multiple players like journalists, managers/owners of media companies, corporations, public relations firms/advertising agencies and some sections of the political class. Feeling extremely concerned over the way the media has become compromised and the urgency required to curb the menace the Committee took up this subject for detailed examination. During the course of examination of the subject the Committee came across startling revelations that ‘Paid News’ is not only an election time phenomenon but happens everyday and is prolific as launching/marketing of products/ organisations/individuals happens around the year and advertisement for these are disguised and presented as full pages of ‘news’/’advertorials’. Even though the Committee note that the entire gamut of organisations/authorities like the

Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Press Council of India, Election Commission of India, News Broadcasters Association, Editors Guild of India, Prasar Bharati as well as various eminent personalities have acknowledged the menace of ‘Paid News’ and have impressed upon the need to take remedial measures, yet, the Committee find it astonishing that a large section of media is completely silent on this malpractice. As detailed in succeeding paragraphs, the Government has not taken effective and conclusive action to deal with the menace.

Role of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting

The Committee note that it is the mandate of the Ministry to create enabling environment and set up policy framework for healthy development of various mass media like radio, television, films, press and print publications, advertising and traditional modes of communication. Therefore, the Ministry has an important role to play in ensuring that news/information made available to the public is factual, neutral, fair and objective. Even though the menace of ‘Paid News’ has been in practice and visible for long, the Committee find it disconcerting that the Ministry has not done anything substantial to check the menace as has been witnessed by the Committee during examination of this subject including interactions with the stakeholders across a wide spectrum. Inspite of upsurge of numerous instances of ‘Paid News’ since last decade, a suitable, concrete and enforceable mechanism is yet to be put in place by the Government. The Committee are of the view that the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting with all policy framework/statutory resources at its disposal has failed to discharge its responsibility. The Committee, therefore, strongly recommend the Ministry to act swiftly on the issue of paid news on priority basis and come out with viable and enforceable mechanism so that this menace is curbed at the earliest. The Committee would await specific action taken by the Government in this regard within 6 months of presentation of this Report. BKÌv 2013

(16) Genesis and man ifestation of ‘Paid N ews

The Committee note that in post-independence era, the media developed in a healthy manner and continued the same way for a couple of decades and then started deteriorating after it became much powerful. Everybody realised that the press is the important source of reaching to the people because its credibility was very high. This is the background in which the candidates who were contesting the elections realised that influencing media by one way or the other would be more productive than paying for other sources like advertisements and other means of publicity, thereby paving way for this malpractice. The Committee note that although the Election Commission had started noticing the menace as early as 2004 General Elections itself, the malpractice of ‘Paid News’ surfaced prominently during General Elections of 2009 and thereafter. The Committee also note during the last 2 decades apart from print media, television which is commonly known as electronic media has emerged strongly and has become increasingly corporatized and greater emphasis is on the business and other commercial aspects. Moreover, the traditional practice of having completely insulated offices of the Editor and the Publisher to preserve the autonomy and independence of the media also appears to have been compromised. As informed by the Press Council of India (PCI), the Committee note that over last six decades ‘Paid News’ have changed its form ranging from accepting gifts on various occasions, going on a sponsored foreign and domestic tour, to other benefits and direct payment of money. The Committee are highly perturbed to learn about another form of paid news i.e. that award ceremonies being sponsored by some media houses wherein industrialists/ professionals/personalities who are the sponsors/ regular advertisers for their media houses, are awarded. Sometimes, a kind of indirect blackmailing is resorted to by some sections of the media by not giving any kind of publicity to a contesting candidate until he pays or on some occasions giving more favourable publicity to someone on account of personal relationships. Other damaging manifestation of ‘Paid News’ that has emerged during the course of examination is the nexus between media and other corporate in the form of ‘Private Treaties’. While feeling seriously concerned over the ways the menace has manifested, the Committee apprehend that if it is not curtailed at this juncture it would assume gigantic proportions. The Committee, therefore, recommend that the Ministry should meticulously formulate a mechanism to tackle paid news after taking into consideration all its forms, facets and dimensions.

Distinction between ‘News’ and ‘Advertisements’

The Committee note that primarily there is no

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difference between an advertisement and ‘Paid News’ except that in the case of latter it does not appear as if it is an advertisement. Therefore, it becomes very difficult to understand whether a particular programme/review/ talk show/advertorial is a legitimate one or paid by someone to unduly influence public opinion. The Committee also note that even if paid content has been labelled as advertisements it is done in a very small font and that too with the abbreviation ‘Advt.’ in some corner of the paper/screen. In print media most of the times the type face and the font size are the same in print and in electronic media the scroll/ticker is too small to be noticed. In case of radio it is disguised by not announcing about the programme being sponsored. In this regard, the Committee note that for electronic media there is Rule 7(10) under Advertisement Code of Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Rules, 1994 formulated under the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 according to which all advertisements should be clearly distinguishable

Taking a holistic view of the scenario, the Committee feel perturbed at the pathetic working conditions of the significant part of the media personnel while strongly disapproving the tendency of the media houses to hire and fire. The Committee strongly feel that contract employment should not be used as a tool for attraction/ allurement. from the programme and should not in any manner interfere with the programmes. In addition, there is also Rule 6(1)(d) under Programme Code which states that ‘No programme should be carried in the cable service which contains anything obscene, defamatory, deliberate, false and suggestive innuendos and half truth’. The Committee, however, find that these guidelines are not being strictly enforced and the Ministry has also acknowledged that Advertising and Programme Code is not being strictly followed by various publications/channels. The Committee, therefore, feel that there is an imperative need for evolving a mechanism which would ensure a clear demarcation as to what is an advertisement and what is not an advertisement. The Committee, therefore, recommend the Ministry to take necessary steps for strict enforcement of the existing provisions for demarcating between ‘advertisements’ and ‘news’ by the media houses. The Committee would like the Government to ensure that in case of Print Media, the word ‘ADVERTISEMENT’ should be in different letter and highlighted in such a way that it catches the eye of the reader instantly. Besides, there should be a disclaimer in this regard. In case of Electronic Media, the word ‘Advertorial’ must remain superimposed during entire transmission

(17) of such advertorial. Besides, there should be announcement of the sponsorship before and after each break of the programme, particularly for visually challenged audience. The Committee also endorse the suggestion from a stakeholder that the text ‘This show is an advertisement’ along with the name of the sponsor should remain superimposed for the entire duration of the show at the top centre of the screen in a font size that is the same as the font size of the name of the News channel. In case of Radio, there should be an announcement that ‘this show is sponsored by so and so’ at a regular interval/ break. The Committee are of strong opinion that an enforceable guideline/code to demarcate between ‘advertisements’ and ‘news’ would not only save the common public from being cheated/misguided but would also act as the stepping stone in the direction of curbing the malpractice of ‘Paid News’. The Committee recommend that these suggestions which do not require any policy decision or amendment in any legislation should be implemented in letter and spirit, without any further loss of time.

Further, as the visual media coverage is transitory in nature, malpractice indulged may escape detection. The Committee also find that in case of Electronic media the main problem lies in retrieving the information/footage of the stored programme as currently there is no mechanism to classify/catalogue the programme which are stored thereby hindering the verification of the violation because it is difficult to prove the menace. According to PCI’s sub-Committee Report (2010) on ‘Paid News’, though the phenomena of widespread practice of ‘Paid News’ has been verbally confirmed and vindicated by politicians and campaign managers of political parties, there is no recorded documentation that could finally establish that there has been an exchange of money between media houses/advertisement agents/journalists and politicians/political parties. The Committee also note that as per the existing mechanism, on receipt of a complaint of ‘Paid News’ it would be looked into by the respective agency i.e. PCI in respect

Need for defining ‘Paid News’

Taking note of the increasing trend of presenting advertisements in the garb of news, the Committee firmly believe that there is an urgent need for having a comprehensive definition for ‘Paid News’ so that ‘News’ and ‘Advertisement’ can be clearly demarcated. However, with the complexities of ‘Paid News’ syndrome and its changing forms and manifestations, the challenge continues to be in defining and determining what constitutes or qualifies as ‘Paid News’. The Committee, therefore, recommend that the Ministry, instead of blindly endorsing the definition provided by Press Council of India, should in consultation with various stakeholders formulate a comprehensive definition covering all its forms and manifestations which clearly segregate ‘news’ from ‘advertisement’ and giving the same a legal formulation so that it can be distinctly identified for appropriate action. The Committee may be apprised of the action taken in this regard accordingly.

Complexities involved in establishing ‘Paid News’ acts

The Committee note that because of the clandestine financial transactions involved in ‘Paid News’ it becomes extremely difficult to establish the violation per se, and therefore it becomes difficult to prove the menace particularly in case of visual media. The Committee also note that because of the complexities involved, ‘circumstantial evidence’ forms the basis of consideration for proving this malpractice. For instance, during elections a channel may simply ignore a contesting candidate if he has not ‘paid’ and this is more difficult to pin down as a malpractice by the authorities namely, Press Council of India (PCI) or Election Commission of India (ECI).

of complaints relating to Print Media and interMinisterial Committee (IMC) in respect of content on satellite TV channels. Considering the fact that there is no straight jacket methodology for establishing this malpractice, the Committee urge the Ministry to brainstorm on this issue and put forward innovative solutions to consider and establish ‘circumstantial evidence’ in proving the menace. The Committee also desire the Ministry to consider the suggestion that there should be a team of experts specifically for analyzing the coverage pattern and if any unusualness is noticed in the coverage pattern, the concerned regulatory body should immediately swing into action. On the issue of retrieving the data/programme in electronic media for proving the case, the Committee recommend that the Ministry, in coordination with Prasar Bharati and other experts in the field, should evolve a mechanism for taking appropriate action on the available circumstantial evidence to establish the act of ‘Paid News’ in electronic media. BKÌv 2013

(18) Causes of ‘Paid News’

Working conditions of Media personnel – contractual employment; wage scenario and Editorial Section v/s Management/Owners of Media Houses The Committee note that ‘Paid News’ is not only the outcome of the convergence of the editorial, advertising, public relations (PR), lobbying group and the ‘industry’ but is also due to the decline in independence of the journalists/reporters. In this regard, the Committee feel that the emergence of contract system of employment is the primary cause for erosion of the independence of journalists/ reporters as the system has the affect of reducing their status to mere marketing agents. According to PCI, the journalists are often under pressure to show ‘results’ till the renewal of contract which is often uncertain and they are under fear of an ‘abrupt transfer’ without having choice of freedom and there are numerous instances of exploitation of journalists under the contractual system of employment. The Committee also note that the decisive role of Editors of the Media have been dampened by the interference of the marketing departments and owners of the media houses. The Committee note from the Report of PCI’s SubCommittee on ‘Election, Coverage, Monitoring in Gujarat’, according to which, several Editors and Journalists have accepted that Paid News contract deals are signed at the top level and they get time to time ‘instructions’ to carry a particular news item or photograph which is contrary to the provision of Para 37 (A) of Norms of Journalistic Conduct by PCI relating to Management-Editor Relationship which in essence provides that the editor under no circumstance can be asked by the proprietor to serve his private interests. Another related issue that has plagued the working conditions of Journalists/Reporters, is that of wage/salary of the media personnel. The Committee find that journalists on contractual system, may be except in big cities, are paid very meagre wages which could be less than even the minimum wages prescribed by the Government, or sometimes paid commission on given fixed targets for business/ advertisements. In addition, some of the media houses even use stringers who are given the I-cards of the media house and are expected to earn for themselves and for that particular media house by way of collecting advertisements. Taking a holistic view of the scenario, the Committee feel perturbed at the pathetic working conditions of the significant part of the media personnel while strongly disapproving the tendency of the media houses to hire and fire. The Committee strongly feel that contract employment should not be used as a tool for attraction/allurement. Sharing the concerns about the mounting pressure on the Editorial/Journalists/Reporters compelling them to indulge in ‘Paid News’ phenomenon, the

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Committee are inclined to conclude that inspite of having several guidelines for segregating Editor and Management/Owners, the same are not being enforced efficiently. The Committee, therefore, recommend that the Government/concerned regulatory bodies should take all necessary steps for improving the working conditions of the journalists/ media personnel and also ensure that the autonomy of the editorial staff is upheld forth with. More importantly, the media houses will have to rise to the occasion and act. The Committee desire that all the employees of media houses should be covered under the Working Journalists Act and be given the protection under the various provisions of the Act. The Committee also feel that there is a need for constitution of Media Commission to review the working conditions for media personnel i.e. covering print and electronic media. The Committee, therefore, recommend that the Ministry while taking into consideration all these factors should formulate the regulatory mechanism and make provisions for periodic review of the working scenario/wage conditions of media personnel. The Committee would like the Government to apprise them about the specific action taken in the matter. Private Treaties The Committee note that ‘Private Treaties’ between the media companies and corporate

(19) thereby curbing paid news to a great extent. Shortcomings identified in the existing guidelines/ legislations should be taken up for revision.

entities is one of the most dangerous manifestation/ precursor of ‘Paid News’. ‘Private Treaties’ is referred to as an agreement between the media company and another non-media company in which the latter transfers certain shares of the company to the former in lieu of Advertisements, space and favourable coverage. The Committee note that the phenomenon blatantly violates the journalistic ethics and gives rise to the menace/malpractice of ‘Paid News’/’Advertorials’. Today, this phenomenon which was initially devised for marketing, has reached the level of giving favourable coverage/ editorial and adverse comments against the opponents. The Committee note that the gravity of the problem has been realised by all who have made their submissions to this Committee and everybody including self regulatory bodies and SEBI have advocated that every media house must mandatorily disclose to the public on its website about any shareholding, investment equity participation or financial interest/conflict of interest of any nature whatsoever including specifically ‘Private Treaties’. Considering the adverse impact of ‘Private Treatise’ in independence of journalists/editors/media professionals and giving rise to the menace of ‘Paid News’, directly and indirectly, the Committee strongly recommend the Ministry/regulatory bodies to strictly enforce all the existing guidelines/codes for bringing transparency in ‘Private Treaties’,

Cross Media Holdings Another factor giving rise to ‘Paid News’ which was brought before the Committee is that of ‘Cross Media Holding/ownership’ having the effect of promoting monopolies in media and coming in the way of free flow of information. The Committee note that so far as Cross Media Holdings/Ownerships across print, television and radio sectors of the media is concerned, there are no restrictions as of now and this has led to the problem of ‘surrogate entities’. The Committee note that the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in the year 2008 made a reference to TRAI on this issue seeking their recommendations for bringing out a policy for the restriction in ownership of companies seeking licenses/permissions/registrations under various policy guidelines. After following a exhaustive consultation process TRAI gave their recommendations in February, 2009 covering vertical and horizontal integration in media inter-alia recommending that for the time being necessary safeguard should be put in place to ensure that plurality and diversity are maintained across the 3 media segment viz. Print, Television and Radio and this issue could be reviewed after 2 years. In this regard, the TRAI also recommended the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to carry out an analysis based on detailed market study. In pursuance of this, the Ministry sponsored a study though Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad of India. Subsequently, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in May 2012 again requested the TRAI to re-examine the whole issue and to suggest measures with respect to cross media (holdings) ownership with an objective to ensure plurality of news and views to the consumers. The Committee have been apprised that TRAI has released a Consultation Paper on 15th February, 2013 taking into consideration the Administrative Staff College of India’s Report and has sought views from various stakeholders on the need, nature and level of restriction and safeguards with respect to vertical integration in the broadcasting and distribution sectors and cross holdings across various media sectors. In this regard, the Committee, in their Thirty-second Report on Demands for Grants (201213) and Fortieth Action Taken Report on Demands for Grants (2012-13) had expressed an urgency to frame rules for cross media ownership to regulate both the vertical and horizontal integration so as to prevent monopolistic practice. Since it is already over 5 years when the matter was first referred to TRAI in 2008 and during this period the cross holdings could have multiplied, the Committee strongly recommend that the Ministry and the TRAI to consider this important issue BKÌv 2013

(20) having national ramifications on priority basis. Needless to emphasise that TRAI should come out with its recommendations and the Ministry should promptly take conclusive action on it and apprise the Committee within six months from the presentation of this Report.

Paid News and its implications on Electoral Process

The Committee note that the increasing trend of presenting paid content as news/editorial/talkshow/ review is not only a serious fraud on the innocent audiences/readers/viewers/public but is also a threat to the democratic process. The Committee find it very disturbing that the malpractice of ‘Paid News’, which surfaced prominently during 2009 General Elections, is on the rise and has affected the entire country. The PCI’s Sub-Committee Report on 2009 General Elections contains some shocking revelations indicating that media, which is considered as the fourth pillar of democracy, has its nose dipped in various clandestine operations including ‘Paid News’. The Committee are startled with the revelation of PCI’s fact finding team on Gujarat Election (2012) wherein they have cited 126 confirmed cases of Paid News with 61 candidates in the poll fray admitting to have paid for such news. The situation becomes more alarming in light of the District Level Media Certification and Monitoring Committee’s observation that during Gujarat election 414 cases of paid news were confirmed. The Committee are alarmed to note that sections of media are deeply involved in the business of ‘Paid News’ and have started distributing rate cards/packages for not merely praising a particular candidate but also for criticizing their political opponents. Worse is the situation that if the candidates do not go along with such blackmailing/ extortionist practice of the media they are denied coverage. The Committee note that there could be cases where there is no payment as such but still it may lead to negative/vindictive action for non-payment. The Committee, therefore, feel that this phenomenon has not only threatened our democratic set up but also added to the money power in politics in the Country. As regards the remedial measures to curb the menace, the Committee note that there has been suggestions from various quarters to amend the Representation of the People Act, 1951 so as to make ‘Paid News’ a cognisable, punishable and electoral offence. The Committee find that the Election Commission of India has also favoured necessary changes in the law for strict prevention of this malpractice and has made reference to the Law Ministry in the year 2011 to include ‘Paid News’ in the category of corrupt practices under the Representation of the People Act, 1951. The Commission has also recommended to include publishing and abetting of publishing of ‘Paid

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News’ for furthering the prospects of election of any candidate as an electoral offence under Chapter III of Part VII of the 1951 Act, with exemplary punishment of a minimum of two years imprisonment. The Committee are, however, concerned to note that the proposal is still pending with the Ministry of Law and Justice. Other suggestions from various stakeholders to curb this malaise include -imposing ban on print media too for carrying election campaign 48 hours before polling is scheduled as is applicable for television channels and radio stations; increasing the ceiling/limit on electoral expense of candidates; having different ceilings for national parties and for State/ regional parties; Setting up a special cell by EC with nomination from media to receive complaints about ‘paid news’ in the run-up to elections with a time limit of action, reviewing the possibility that a candidate can be trapped by other candidate by issuing notices and remedial provisions to take care

of such mala-fide intention, etc. The Committee also note that PCI in its Sub- Committee Report on 2009 General Elections had suggested for a mandatory disclosure, by all candidates/political parties, of equity stakes and/or financial interests in newspapers/television channels on which news about their candidates/parties as well as interviews with candidates and/or representatives of the political parties are published or broadcasted. Taking holistic view of the entire scenario the Committee note that the proposal made by the Election Commission is good one and merit urgent consideration of the Government for bringing appropriate amendment in the Representation of the People Act, 1951. The Committee are of the firm view that there is an urgent need to review the election code of conduct and the Representation of the People Act, 1951 as well as guidelines/rules framed thereunder so as to give more power to Election

(21) Commission to firmly deal with this menace. While considering the serious damage of ‘Paid News’ on electoral/democratic process, the Committee impress upon the Government to consider all their recommendations so as to put in place a comprehensive mechanism to tackle the menace of ‘Paid News’ by making necessary provisions in the set Rules/Guidelines framed thereunder and making necessary changes in model Code of Conduct for elections. The Committee also urge the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to coordinate with the Ministry of Law and Justice for taking an early action on the proposals made by the Election Commission of India.

Existing Regulatory Mechanism

The Committee note that to deal with the Paid News malpractice, directly or indirectly, there are host of regulatory bodies/organisations/professional bodies viz. Press Council of India (PCI), News Broadcasters Association (NBA), Indian Broadcasters Federation (IBF), Advertising Standards Council of India, Electronic Media Monitoring Centre (EMMC – established by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting), Editors Guild of India (EGI) and several other self formed unions, associations, civil society, etc. With respect to guidelines/norms/codes/ Acts, there are Working Journalists Act, NBA Code, IBF Guidelines, Advertising Standards Council of India guidelines, PCI Act, DD Code for commercial advertising, the Press and Registration of Books and Publications Act, 1867, the Cable Television Network (Regulation) Act, 1995, the Representation of Peoples Act, 1951, Income Tax Act, 1961, the Companies Act, 1956, etc. However, the Committee’s findings reveal that none of these have proved effective enough to curb the menace of Paid News. The Press Council of India and Editors Guild of India have been candid in their admission that with their existing powers and mandate they can only exert moral pressure and cannot penalize media/ are not authorised to do so. They have repeatedly expressed their helplessness of being a body/organisation without teeth. Similarly, the Ministry themselves were frank enough to accept that the existing Advertising and Programme Code is not being followed strictly and there is no mechanism to enforce the Code to private channels/newspapers even during the election time. The Committee are unhappy to note that the Electronic Media Monitoring Centre created by the Ministry to tackle violations of the Advertisement and Programme Code is only recommendatory in nature and has no power to take action. The Committee also note that District Level and State Level Monitoring Committee set up by the Election Commission, existing in 276 Districts and 16 States, handle the ‘Paid News’ instances during election periods only and do not have power to take action against the media. Not only this, media themselves have come up with a body of their own viz. NBA

for news and current affairs channels, IBF for nonnews and general entertainment channels, ASCI for advertising. While agreeing to the basic principle that Media should be free from State control, the Committee at the same time strongly feel that self regulatory bodies have proved merely an eye wash. This feeling of the Committee gets firmed/strengthened in light of NBA’s submission that out of 198 complaints they have received since 2008, there are no complaints reported against ‘Paid News’. The specious plea of self regulatory bodies and the contention of the Ministry that the Self regulatory mechanisms alone can curb the menace is elusive and totally untenable. The Committee strongly feel that inspite of so many provisions to deal with the violations, the existing self regulatory bodies have abysmally failed to invoke the provisions and take appropriate deterrent action. The Committee, therefore, recommend that there is an urgent need to review

The Committee feel that the advertisement policy of the Government is a matter of great public concern. In a democratic set up like India there is a need for having transparency in providing advertisements by Government body like DAVP. the efficacy of the existing self regulatory bodies/ code/Act etc. governing the media. The Committee also urge upon the Ministry to urgently chalk out a comprehensive action plan on this crucial matter and also recommend the Ministry to ensure that till such time a structured mechanism is put in place, all the existing relevant provisions/ guidelines/ Acts/ Rules/ Codes are strictly enforced and followed by the concerned authorities.

The case of M/s Jindal Steel Power Limited and M/s Zee Ltd – highlighting loophole in the existing guidelines/code/ mechanism

The Committee came across the live case of M/s Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) v/s M/s Zee News wherein M/s JSPL had alleged that M/s Zee News has aired considerable number of programmes containing wrong, manipulated, untrue and per-se defamatory contents against JSPL in violation of the provisions of Code of Ethics and Broadcasting Standards of the News Broadcasters Association and Rules framed under the Cable Television Networks (regulation) Act, 1995. During the course of evidence, M/s JSPL submitted before the Committee that no action has been taken by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting despite repeated complaints presumably on the pretext that the matter is sub-judice. M/s JSPL had also stated that since the license is granted by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, it can be revoked only by the Ministry of Information and BKÌv 2013

(22) Broadcasting and not by any other authority. The Committee have been apprised by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting that the matter has been referred to the Inter Ministerial Committee (IMC) to look into the violations of Programme and Advertising codes by private satellite TV networks which has already heard both the parties and has sought further clarifications from them so as to ensure that any decision taken by IMC withstands the legal scrutiny. The Committee note that the instant case is not only a reflection of severity of malpractices that take place in media for earning revenue but also highlights the helplessness of regulatory bodies in proceeding ahead/taking action in the absence of any statutory/legal powers conferred upon them. The Committee deplore the indecisiveness on the part of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting which is highlighted by the fact that the Ministry lacks clarity as to how to proceed when the matter being sub-judice and in deciding whether a dispute between two entities is a matter of public interest or national security. Even the self-regulatory body like NBSA has pleaded its helplessness in taking cognizance of the matter on the plea that the matter is sub-judice. The Committee, therefore, strongly recommend the Ministry to complete examination of the case at the earliest and take appropriate action on the InterMinisterial Committee’s recommendations which is presently seized of the matter. The Ministry should also ensure that henceforth such cases are decided in shortest possible time frame. The Committee are of the view that administrative machinery should not come to halt if any of the parties approach the Court unless there is specific stay orders granted by the judiciary. The Committee may be apprised of the follow-up action taken in this regard.

International practices

To have a better understanding of the international practice with regard to ‘Paid News’, effectiveness of self regulation and the oversight mechanism, the Committee asked the Ministry about the international position. The Committee have been informed by the Ministry that India’s Self regulatory initiative is in line with the international best practices seen in developed countries such as USA, UK and Germany where they are known as SROs (Self Regulatory Organisations). The Committee are however, concerned to note that neither the Ministry nor any Self regulatory body viz. PCI/NBA, etc, has conducted any study to evaluate the mechanism adopted by other countries to tackle the menace of ‘Paid News’. Even with regard to the existing mechanism to regulate media, they did not provide any information. However, the Committee note that the issue of culture, ethics malpractice in media has engaged serious attention worldwide. Very recently, an enquiry Commission under Lord Justice Leveson was set up by the UK

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Government. Hon’ble Justice Leveson conducted an enquiry into the culture, practices and ethics of the press and submitted his Report in November, 2012. In this Report various issues viz. regulatory models for future, protecting journalists, access to information, media employment, press and politics, plurality and media ownership, etc. have been dealt with. The Committee note from the implementation status of the Justice Leveson Report that after the publication of the Report there were mixed reactions and there were cross-party discussions on how to implement the proposals of the Report. Reportedly the Government of UK will go ahead with the establishment of a body which will approve press regulators and the Leveson proposals will be put before the privy council which would meet on 8th May, 2013 for approval and then move on to the Queen for the final seal. Considering the post presentation developments of Leveson Report and in view of the ills, including ‘Paid News’, afflicting the Indian media, the Committee expect the Ministry to consider the recommendations and the developments associated with Leveson Report while dealing with the issue.

Role of Press Council of India (PCI) in tackling Paid News

While assessing the PCI’s role in handling ‘Paid News’ cases, since 2009-10 upto 2012-13, the Committee find that of the 40 complaints received more than a quarter of them were closed due to non pursuance and in only 17 cases the papers were warned/censured for having indulged in ‘Paid News’ cases. The Committee are given to understand by the Ministry that Press Council of India has been fulfilling its objective of preserving the freedom of press and maintaining and improving the standards of the newspapers in the

(23) country and safeguarding the interest of public at large. However, the Committee are extremely unhappy to note from the Press Council of India’s submission that the Council is vested only with authority of oral observations which carry ethical and moral force and in the absence of an express authority it is difficult to enforce compliance of its directions. PCI has, therefore, sought amendment in the Press Council Act seeking more powers. To the utter surprise of the Committee, almost all the submissions made to them on the subject have insisted that the composition of PCI need to be re-examined and its mandate be expanded to give it more powers. The Committee are also startled at the Ministry’s silence on this issue thus giving an impression that the Ministry is apathetic about the empowerment/revamp of PCI. The Committee are shocked to learn about the underlying pressure within PCI because of its composition, as revealed by one of the former PCI member, who was also the head of the two member Sub-Committee constituted by PCI on Paid News during 2009 General Elections, wherein he had stated that due to the pressure from media owners who were part of PCI, the original report of the Sub-Committee on ‘Paid News’ could not be annexed with the final Report of PCI. Worse is the revelation that the Report of the Sub-Committee was voted out by a very thin majority with show of hands and even the dissenting notes by the SubCommittee Members were not allowed. In the light of disturbing revelation the Committee are sceptical about the Secretary, PCI’s submission that though the composition of PCI needs revaluation but it is not on the count that the Members tend to protect each other, which has not happened in PCI during the last 40 years. The Committee, therefore, note that in its existing composition there could be tendency of members coming together to protect their interest

within the PCI. The Committee note that about 35 years back when the PCI was set up under the provisions of the PCI Act, 1978, the media was basically dominated by the print section and the presence of electronic media was the Governmental one. At that time the PCI was mandated with the task of governing only Print media. The Committee are unhappy to note that though over last two decades the electronic media has emerged very strongly yet neither the mandate of the PCI has been expanded to include electronic media nor any specific statutory regulatory body has been put in place for regulating it and ensuring compliance of provisions of the Cable TV Network Regulation Act, 1995 and various rules/guidelines framed thereunder.

PC I’s Sub-Committee Report on paid news during 2009 General Election titled ‘Paid News: How corruption in the Indian media und ermines democracy’

Realising the dangers of ‘Paid News’ to democracy as well as the right to freedom of expression enshrined in Article 19 of the Constitution of India, Press Council of India (PCI) appointed a Committee to examine the menace of paid news observed during the General Elections, 2009 and after deliberating on the issue it released the final Report on Paid News on 30th July, 2010 and submitted to the Ministry. However, to the dismay of the Committee the Ministry is still considering the Report. When asked to spell out the status of the Report, the Committee have been informed that a GoM was constituted by the Government to examine the Report, to give views on a comprehensive policy and institutional mechanism to address the phenomenon of paid news. The Committee express their strong displeasure that though the issues were deliberated upon by the GoM, yet the recommendations of the GoM could not be finalized. Not only this, it was also decided that the GoM on Paid News would not be re-constituted and the issue as and when considered necessary may be placed before appropriate Cabinet Committee/Cabinet. The Committee are also given to understand that since the issue is sensitive and requires Inter-Ministerial consultations, the Ministry has requested the Cabinet Secretariat to re-constitute the GoM on Paid News. In the considered opinion of the Committee, the Government is dithering on this important policy initiative on one pretext or the other as the same is revealed by the failure of the Government in taking a decision on the recommendations of the PCI appointed Committee made in July, 2010 on the shortcomings noticed in 2009 General Elections. The Committee, therefore, strongly recommend the Ministry to take expeditious action on the Report of PCI and apprise the Committee of the Government’ stand. BKÌv 2013

(24) Regulation of Advertisements by DAVP

The Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP) is the nodal multimedia advertising central agency of the Government under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to execute publicity campaigns through advertisements etc., on behalf of various Ministries/ Departments of Government of India, autonomous Bodies and Public Sector Undertakings. However, it has been brought to the notice of the Committee by various stakeholders that advertisements are used by the Government to arm-twist media companies to have favourable coverage and even stopping advertisements to the media houses who are critical about the Government. In view of the serious irregularities advanced by numerous editors/ media personnel/media houses, the Committee are not satisfied with the Ministry’s contention that there is an established advertisement policy of the Government and the advertisement spending of the Government is always in accordance with this established Advertisement policy. The Committee feel that the advertisement policy of the Government is a matter of great public concern. In a democratic set up like India there is a need for having transparency in providing advertisements by Government body like DAVP. The Committee, therefore, strongly recommend for a more transparent and unbiased policy for allocation of advertisements by the Central Government/ State Government Departments which is open to scrutiny. Besides, there should be disclosure about disbursement of advertisements expenditure from DAVP for advertisements on its website. Similarly, it should be made mandatory for all media houses to disclose details of all forms of concessions granted to them and about the advertising revenue from Government and private parties, on their websites. In view of allegations by many stakeholders/experts that the issue of circulation of paper/viewership of channels is being manipulated to get more TRP’s/ benefits from the Government to influence the public in believing wrong information, it is imperative that the Ministry examine and take appropriate action in the matter in consultation with concerned organisations and Government bodies and inform the Committee in detail about the action taken in this regard.

Penalty

So far as the penalty for ‘Paid News’ menace is concerned, the Committee note that under the existing set up, for print media the penalty can be administered only in the form of warning/ admonishing/censuring the erring newspaper under the PCI Act and for the electronic media there is a provision for cancelling the licence for offences or inconsistencies in the programme under section 8 of the Policy Guidelines for Uplinking of Television Channels from India.

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Examination of the subject by the Committee has revealed that existing penal provisions have not been proved effective at all. Various stakeholder have advocated for a strict law to penalise all the guilty parties involved in the menace. Going by the submissions of stakeholders, the Committee agree that there is a need for imposing strict penalty provisions for all the parties involved in ‘Paid News’. In the opinion of the Committee, the penalty may range from warning, censure, fine and even cancellation/revocation of licence of the media house, imprisonment, depending upon the gravity of the violation as well as the repetition of violations. The Committee also feel that the decision of imposition of penalty should be prompt and swift if it has to serve as a strong deterrent. Another aspect related to penalty is that of the designated authority to take action/impose penalty. The Committee note that with existence of multiple bodies like Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, PCI, Election Commission of India, various self regulatory bodies, etc., there is lack of clarity in regard to specific authority who would be final authority in deciding a case of irregularity in this regard. The Committee are of the opinion that in the envisaged oversight regulatory mechanism there should also be a cell for complaint redressal with the authority/legal backing to implement its verdict for penalty and the decision of that cell should be binding on all parties involved including the media. The Committee find that, based on PCI’s findings on ‘Paid News’ in a case relating to the 2009 UP Assembly Elections, the Election Commission of India disqualified a candidate using its power under Section 10(A) of the Representation of People Act, 1951, whereas, in another similar case relating to the 2009 Election of Maharashtra Assembly where a candidate was alleged to have indulge in ‘Paid News’ the Election Commission was prevented to exercise the same power on ground of its jurisdiction to exercise such power under the Representation of People Act, 1951 and the issue is pending in the Supreme Court. The Committee, therefore, feel that the ambiguity on such issues needs to be done away with and the power of imposing penalties of the nature of disqualification of contesting candidates/ sitting MPs/MLAs on account of paid news should remain with the Election Commission of India. Further, looking at the poor disposal status of ‘Paid News’ complaints by PCI wherein 11 cases out of 40 have been closed because of lack of pursuance, the Committee feel that PCI in its existing form is not fulfilling the role expected to be performed by it. The Committee, therefore, stress upon the need for revamping the PCI so that it functions like a Regulatory authority and strengthening PCI so that it can adjudicate the paid news cases and award penalties to the guilty individuals and organisations. The Committee would like to be apprised about the action taken in this regard.

(25) Transparency regarding Revenue/Assets of Media Houses and Right to Information Act,

etc. Further, disagreeing with the media’s plea that seeking accountability and transparency with regard to source of revenue tantamount to infringement of Right to Freedom of Press, the Committee strongly feel that media is accountable to the public and disclosure of source of revenue is not only their duty under the Companies Act, 1956, the Income Tax Act, 1961, etc. Nevertheless, taking cognizance of Prasar Bharati’s submission that there might be a danger of over regulation by audit of each and every account of media, the Committee opine that there should be some provision to hold media accountable to the public and their accounts should be subject to examination. Media should not hide the revenue source/detail for the suspected article/ programme/review/talk show. Here, the Committee would also like to reemphasize and reiterate their

dead end. The Committee can not but express their displeasure to note that despite SEBI’s guideline for disclosure of shares/stakes held by media companies there are media houses/group who avoid/evade the guideline. In this regard, the Committee take note of the suggestions in many submissions that media should be subjected to Right to Information Act, 2005 and brought under the ambit of Lok Pal Bill particularly the media’s source of income/revenue. Considering the fact that people’s right to unbiased information weighs more than the individual’s/ companies right, the Committee are of considered view that there is an urgent need to protect public from misguided and camouflaged paid content. The Committee also opine that the media houses should be open and transparent about the sources of their revenue, shares, stakes and more importantly about the sponsored programme/review/editorial,

recommendation made in their Forty Second Report on ‘The Press and Registration of Books and Publication Bill, 2011’ wherein it was recommended to incorporate a suitable provision in the Bill for disclosure of annual income from advertisements so as to check the menace of paid news. The Ministry may apprise the Committee about the action taken in this regard.

The Committee note that due to clandestine nature of financial transactions involved in ‘Paid News’ there is no transparency with regard to accounts of media houses as well as on the part of the parties providing favour/money. The Committee are concerned to note that when the media is asked for disclosure of the source of income or details of revenue generated through advertisements, some section of them take the plea that it is against freedom of the Press. The most worrisome piece of evidence is submission of a former Chief Election Commissioner that the Election Commission faces difficulty in knowing the source of income for the suspected case of ‘Paid News/advertorial/ advertisement’ and they find themselves at the

Need for Awareness/Education/ Training programmes

The Committee note that due to the ‘camouflage’ nature and subtle way in which paid content is presented as advertorial/news, it becomes difficult not only for common man but also for the experts in the field to distinguish between genuine and paid content. The Committee, therefore, feel that there is a definite need for creating awareness amongst BKÌv 2013

(26) the masses about this malaise of ‘Paid News’ by educating the people on this aspect. Though the Ministry has suggested that the adjudication of paid news case by PCI/Ministry/self regulatory bodies may be published in prominent newspapers or telecast in electronic media for public awareness, the Committee are concerned to note that no concrete action has yet been taken in this regard. The Committee, therefore, recommend for a coordinated effort from the Ministry, PCI, Self Regulatory Bodies, Election Commission, etc. for organizing awareness campaigns on the issue and educate common masses/voters to distinguish between ‘paid reporting’ and ‘balanced/unbiased reporting’. The Committee also recommend for taking the civil society/research groups in the loop while conducting awareness campaigns. The Committee also feel that enhancement of training in media ethics for media personnel will also add to this measure. On this aspect, the Committee would also recommend the Ministry to plan a National Help Line number for addressing the citizen’s concerns in this regard. The Committee also observe that the Sectoral Innovation Council of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, constituted under the Chairpersonship of Smt. Asha Swarup has submitted its Report. The Report contains 64 recommendations in seven key areas concerning the media and entertainment sector such as Broadcasting, Films, Print Media, Advertising, Media Education, Animation, Gaming and VFX. The Committee are of the firm view that some of the recommendations viz. availability of reliable single source data on all medium of advertising, comprehensive media policy integrating all existing media segments, comprehensive National Media Policy, regulating media education to ensure orderly growth of the discipline, making DAVP’s functioning online so as to bring greater transparency, etc, if implemented, in true spirit would go a long way in curbing the menace of paid news. The Committee, therefore, recommend that while taking policy decisions in regard to control the menace of paid news the Ministry should consider the recommendations of the Council, especially those relating to Broadcasting, Print Media, Advertising and Media Education and apprise them about the action taken accordingly.

SUMMING Up

While taking note of the fact that the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Press Council of India, Election Commission of India, Editors Guild of India, Securities and Exchange Board of India, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, self regulatory bodies, research bodies, other stakeholders, etc. have acknowledged the gravity of the menace and the fact that the Election Commission of India has also taken several initiatives, the Committee find that the Ministry has

BKÌv 2013

miserably failed to match up its efforts in taking the required measures and therefore recommend as under: (i) There should be statutory body viz. Media Council having eminent persons as its members to look into all media contents both from print media and electronic media (TV as well as radio) with powers to take strong action against the defaulters. Under this process PCI shall be wound up. OR (ii) PCI should be re-vamped/re-cast with powers to take care of print media and a similar statutory body is set up for electronic media. In both the situation, as expressed in (i) and (ii) the Committee recommend that the media owners/ interested parties should not be a part of the proposed Media Council/body including revamped PCI. (iii) Election laws/rules should be reviewed and strengthened to curb the ‘Paid News’ menace in election process. While reviewing the Election laws/rules, the Election Commission should be empowered with not only dealing with the cases relating to suppression of expenditure in the election on account of ‘Paid News’ but for also taking action against the defaulting candidate as also the concerned Media entity found indulged in ‘Paid News’. Incidentally in a judgement by the Delhi High Court delivered as recent as 9th April, 2013 while considering the contents of a TV programme have brought out that existing self-regulatory mechanism has not proved effective enough. The High Court in the Judgement has brought out that ‘as we find pertaining to cinema and print media, there is no reason why the legislature does not put in place a statutory, regulatory body, and taking cue from The Cinematograph Act 1952 and The Press Council Act 1978 legislate to have a statutory Board comprising men and women of eminence in the field of Law, Science, Art and Culture, Literature, History and Social Sciences.’ (iv) Considering that it is more than five years since the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting had referred the issue of Cross Media Holdings/ Ownership to TRAI in 2008 and again in May 2012 the Ministry has requested TRAI to examine the matter, the Committee strongly recommend the Ministry and TRAI to consider this issue on priority basis and act promptly upon it so as to prevent monopolistic trend in the media. The Committee expect a concerted, comprehensive and swift action from the Ministry on this crucial matter without any further delay, in any case before the onset of next General Elections to prevent resurfacing of the hydra head of ‘Paid News’. Relevant excerpts from the report.

(27) Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

Communication and Mass Communication

New Column - The idea of sharing is fundamental to the act of communication.

ome students of journalism and mass communication fail to recognise the basic differences between “communication” and “mass communication”; they use the two terms interchangeably. This article is a humble attempt to make all students of journalism and mass communication understand the fundamental differences between communication (C) and mass communication (MC). Later on, we shall dwell at length on “mass” in MC. Communication is at the base of all social intercourse. It is the very basis of society. The word has been derived from the root, “communis,” which means sharing, commonality, etc. Another closely-related root is “communicare.” The idea of sharing is fundamental to the act of communication—whether it be sharing of meaning, or exchange of ideas and feelings. The act of sharing is fundamental to harmony in personal life, and hence fundamental to society’s harmonious existence and continuance.

The words “commune,” “communism,” and “community” are related to communication because of the ideas of sharing and exchange of ideas, feelings, and facilities for the common good. We in India and Kerala cannot forget that “community” is used with a wrong meaning, as in Christian community, Latin community, Ezhava community, and Brahmin, Islamic or Nair communities, because in a democratic polity, community can only mean a group of people living in a given area, without appending any caste or religious colour to the community. In fact, a community is just a group of men and women in a given area following a common set of rules and regulations, for the common good of society or group of human beings. This sense of civil society has not taken strong roots in our country. Well, that is another matter. Let us continue with our main task of understanding communication and mass communication. The idea of sharing is so fundamental to society that

members of that society will suffer much if they do not subscribe to the ideas of not only their own basic interests but the interests of the other members in the same society. All are living in a particular area under the same panchayat or municipal government. Sharing is fundamental to collective life in the larger society too because all of us live in the same geographic entity, subject to the same conditions of living bestowed on us by Nature. Isolation by chance, or in a deliberate and wilful manner is antithetical to communal living. Communication is a natural condition of life and those who avoid it are likely to create problems for themselves and for others. Without communication, there is no society. How will we define communication? The dictionary definition is: “transmission,” “the act of exchanging thoughts, feelings, messages and the like through speech, writing, telephone, e-mail and other means.” One very important distinction between “communication” and “communications” should BKÌv 2013

(28) be noted by all students of communication. In singular form, it signifies the act of communicating whereas in plural form, “communications” stands for the media or the means of communication: a system or method of communication; or the various branches of the media. Mail, telephone, television, and radio are media of communication and they are indicated by the word “communications.” Communications can also signify messages. Sometimes a person succeeds in sharing her messages with more than one or a small group of persons, or sharing an idea with a group of fellowbeings. Life moves on words, phrases, sentences, statements, and

actions that result from ideas presented on a particular occasion or repeated several times. Occasionally, actions proceed involuntarily from activities in Nature. But all voluntary actions of human beings and involuntary actions of Nature get wide currency through communication. Media help in the circulation of information about events issues, and personalities. Communication can clear misunderstandings and strengthen ties between human beings, groups, and even states and nations. It can help us in seeing all aspects of a problem or all sides of a personality. It can persuade us to appreciate all BKÌv 2013

points of view so that we do not become obdurate or obstinate. It is communication that distinguishes humans from animals. Animals too may communicate but we have not yet succeeded in unlocking the mysteries of their communication. We try to teach them our system of communication! But there is no doubt that animals express the basic instincts of fear, hunger, sex, and love.

Non-Verbal Communication

A child’s first cry means something important to its mother or relatives surrounding it at the time of its birth. It means: I EXIST. If the child fails to cry or make noises, we become anxious about its health. As the child grows, its

cries on different occasions may indicate its special needs on each occasion. Little by little, the child learns to imitate the elders who spend time with it, and in a few months its cries or sounds acquire specific meanings, especially to its mother. Without words, that is, non-verbally, the child succeeds in communicating its needs. Grown-ups also communicate non-verbally; they also express themselves involuntarily in a nonverbal fashion. Non-verbal communication (NVC) is, in fact, the first form of communication: drawings and alphabets led to writing, but ideas were first expressed in sounds. Sounds acquired meanings.

Different sounds were produced by human beings to indicate their needs, fears, and instincts, and later on these sounds were standardised in particular cultures. When the art of writing developed, these expressions acquired more permanency in words and graphics. But they were accompanied by signs, gestures, and sounds. NVC has other names like “body language” and “silent language.” Meanings are conveyed to listeners not only through words but also through signs, gestures, gesticulations, and drawings. However, body language in one culture may not mean the same thing in another culture. Therefore, body language or silent language, or even signs and symbols, are not always trustworthy. Words are essential to convey the full meaning and avoid misunderstanding. Words have to be used with caution, and with awareness about the history of their evolution and contextual propriety. We should not say “hearty condolences” instead of “heartfelt condolences,” although both feelings proceed from the heart! Use “hearty congratulations” and “heartfelt condolences.” More about this on another occasion. Suffice it to say here that Communication is a complex subject and that we have to exercise the utmost caution when we communicate so that we use the right word in the right context, and pronounce it in a manner that is intelligible to the listener, reader, or viewer. See you later, Communicator! J. V. Vil’anilam, former ViceChancellor (1992–1996) of the University of Kerala, is a media educator. He headed the Department of Communication & Journalism (1982–1992) in the same university. A UGC Professor Emeritus in Communication, he has lectured in many universities in India and the United States. Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

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h‑mb‑n¡‑p¶‑p. t‑{‑i‑mX‑m¡Ä H‑mt‑c‑m h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w t‑I«‑v Ahchc‑ps‑S AÚXb‑ps‑S ^‑nÃd‑mb‑n h‑mZ{‑] X‑nh‑mZ‑w \S¯‑p¶‑p. Hc‑p Xa‑mib‑v¡‑mb‑n R‑m³ C‑ub‑ns‑S ]{‑X‑w I-ï‑mÂ h‑mb‑n¡‑p s‑a¶‑v \‑m‑w {‑]X‑o£‑n¡‑p¶ I‑ps‑d D¶X _‑nc‑pZ[‑mc‑nIf‑mb s‑Nd‑p¸¡‑m c‑pa‑mb‑n k‑whZ‑n¨‑p. A£c‑m`‑y‑mk‑w I‑mc‑ya‑mb‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n-t‑¡-ï‑m¯ t‑aJ eIf‑nÂ he‑nb h‑nPb‑nIf‑mb‑nc‑p¶h c‑mb‑nc‑p-¶‑p Ahs‑cÃ‑m‑w. AhÀ ]{‑X ¯‑nÂ F-´‑mW‑v h‑mb‑n¡‑p¶X‑v? FÃ‑mhc‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ I‑mW‑p¶h c‑mW‑v. a‑n¡-hc‑p‑w I¼‑y‑q«ÀþH‑m¬ s‑s‑e³þs‑a‑ms‑s‑_Â k‑wh‑n[‑m\§Ä D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶hc‑mW‑v. Chc‑nÂ FÃ‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w Ad‑nb‑mh‑p ¶ t‑]c‑pIf‑p‑w IWI‑vSU‑v h‑mÀ¯-I f‑p‑w {‑I‑n¡ä‑vþk‑n\‑na‑m k‑q¸À X‑mc§f‑p s‑Sb‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob t‑\X‑m¡f‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb k‑pµc‑nIf‑pt‑SX‑p‑w Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p. AhÀ¡‑v c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¡‑ms‑c ]‑pÑa‑mW‑v. c‑mj‑v-{‑S‑ob t‑\X‑m¡s‑f t‑b‑m Ahc‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob \‑ne]‑mS‑pI t‑f‑m t‑]‑mb‑n«‑v Ahc‑ps‑S ]‑mÀ«‑n-b‑ps‑S t‑]c‑pt‑]‑me‑p‑w a‑n¡hc‑p‑w ic‑n¡‑v s‑FUâ‑ns‑s‑^ s‑Nb‑vX‑nÃ. s‑Se‑nh‑n j-\‑ns‑e k‑oc‑nbe‑pIÄ¡‑p‑w k‑n\‑naI Ä¡‑p‑w XÕab ^‑pS‑vt‑_‑mÄ {‑I‑n¡ä‑v aÕc§Ä¡‑p‑w d‑nb‑me‑nä‑n t‑j‑mIÄ ¡‑p‑w CSb‑v¡‑v ]ck‑y‑w hc‑pt‑¼‑mÄ d‑nt‑a‑m«‑v s‑Ns‑¶¯‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯‑m N‑m\e‑pIf‑ns‑e _‑nä‑pIÄ a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v Chc‑nÂ _l‑p`‑qc‑n]£¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w BKÌv 2013

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t‑Icf¯‑n\‑v ]‑pd¯‑v {‑K‑ma‑oW t‑aJeIf‑ns‑e BßlX‑yIf‑p s‑S-t‑b‑m‑, I‑päI‑rX‑y§f‑ps‑St‑b‑m‑, k‑v{‑X‑o]‑oU\¯‑ns‑ât‑b‑m‑, h‑o«‑nÂ DX‑v]‑mZ‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ aZ‑y¯‑ns‑â D]t‑`‑mK¯‑ns‑ât‑b‑m ]¯‑p iXa‑m\‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w ]‑pd¯‑p hc‑p¶‑nÃ. \-½‑ps‑S s‑Nd‑p\Kc§f‑nÂt‑¸‑me‑p‑w t‑P‑me‑nIÄs‑¡¯‑p¶ Hd‑nÊ‑, _‑wK‑mÄ‑, Bk‑m‑w \‑nh‑mk‑nI f‑ps‑S F®‑w t‑P‑y‑ma{‑S‑n¡Â t‑{‑]‑m{‑Kj\‑nÂ hÀ²‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï-‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ C¡‑me¯‑v Ch‑nS‑ps‑¯ \‑m«‑pI‑mc‑mb s‑Nd‑p¸¡‑mc‑ps‑S s‑X‑mg‑ne‑nÃ‑mb‑va I‑m«‑p¶ A¡§f‑nÂ Ft‑´‑m B´c‑nIa‑mb s‑s‑hc‑p²‑ya‑nt‑Ã ? P\dÂ Idâ‑v A^t‑bg‑vk‑v Ad‑nh‑ns‑â t‑k‑mg‑vk‑v. ]s‑£ Chs‑cÃ‑mhc‑p‑w Hc‑p I‑mc‑y¯‑nÂ X‑n-I¨‑p‑w GI‑m`‑n{‑]‑mb¡‑mc‑mW‑v. t‑Icf¯‑ns‑â I‑mc‑y‑w t‑]‑m¡‑mW‑v. Ch‑ns‑S H¶‑p‑w ic‑nbÃ. R‑m³ k‑zb‑w I‑mcW‑w t‑XS‑n. \a‑p¡‑v IW¡‑pIf‑ne‑qs‑S hc‑p¶ kX‑y‑w F¶‑p \‑m‑w h‑ni‑zk‑n¡‑p¶ s‑\ Kä‑oh‑v \‑yk‑v BW‑v I‑qS‑pXÂ {‑]‑nb‑w. X‑nI¨‑p‑w h‑nIea‑mb‑, ]s‑£ s‑Xs‑ä ¶‑v ]db‑m³ h¿‑m¯ Hc‑p \‑nK-a\‑w. A¡¡W¡‑pIf‑p‑w ic‑mic‑nb‑p‑w B[‑p\‑nI h‑nÚ‑m\¯‑n\‑v \ÂI‑p¶ X‑ns‑\ s‑N-d‑p¯‑v kX‑y‑w ]‑pd¯‑p I‑m«‑m³ C¶‑v ]{‑Xa‑m²‑ya§Ä¡‑p Ig‑nb‑p¶‑nÃ. . kb³k‑v H‑m^‑v t‑k‑mj‑yÂ Ct‑¡‑mt‑W‑ma‑nI‑vk‑v BW‑v CX‑ns‑â Z‑pt‑c‑y‑mK‑w A\‑p`h‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. ka‑ql ¯‑ns‑â h‑ni‑z‑mkh‑p‑w h‑nI‑mch‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸S‑m¯ A¡¡W¡‑pIÄ AS‑nØ‑m\a‑m¡‑n Hc‑p ic‑mic‑nb‑ne‑qs‑S {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ C¶s‑¯ h‑mÀ¯‑m s‑s‑ie‑n k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑v t‑]‑mk‑nä‑nh‑v \‑y‑qk‑v \ÂI‑m³ A{‑]‑m]‑vXa‑mI‑p¶‑p. t‑Icf¯‑ns‑â I‑mc‑y‑w H¶‑p t‑\‑m¡‑p I. k‑m£cXb‑ne‑p‑w Bt‑c‑mK‑y¯‑ne‑p‑w Bb‑pÀs‑s‑ZÀL‑y¯‑ne‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯\ £aXb‑ne‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob Aht‑_‑m[ ¯‑ne‑p‑w ]‑mhs‑¸«hc‑ps‑S P‑oh‑nX\‑ne h‑mc¯‑ne‑p‑w \‑m‑w C´‑yb‑nÂ a‑p¶‑n BKÌv 2013

e‑ms‑W¶‑v IW-¡‑pIÄ h‑mb‑n¡‑ms‑X Xs‑¶ Ch‑ns‑S hc‑p¶ BÀ¡‑p‑w a\Ê‑ne‑mI‑p‑w. \‑m‑w s‑]‑m-X‑ps‑h kX‑y kÔc‑mW‑v. \‑nba‑w ]‑me‑n¡‑p¶‑p. AbÂ]¡s‑¯ s‑s‑{‑I‑w I‑rX‑ya‑mb‑n d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p s‑N¿‑p‑w. \½‑ps‑S X‑o{‑hh‑mZ‑n IÄ t‑]‑me‑p‑w t‑Icfa®‑nÂ ka‑m[‑m\ {‑]‑nbc‑mW‑v. ]s‑£ C‑u kX‑ykÔX A¡§ f‑ns‑e¯‑nbt‑¸‑mÄ Ø‑nX‑n Bs‑I a‑md‑n. A¡¡W¡‑p {‑]I‑mc‑w C´‑yb‑nÂ \‑m‑w ]eX‑ne‑p‑w H¶‑mac‑mW‑v. BßlX‑y: . h‑mÀj‑nIic‑mic‑n 9000 BßlX‑yb‑p‑w 80000 BßlX‑y‑m{‑ia§f‑p‑w BW‑v. C´‑y³ ic‑mic‑nb‑ps‑S Cc«‑n. I‑päI‑y-X‑y§Ä: hÀj‑w t‑X‑md‑p‑w 1000 BÄ¡‑v 306 I‑pä‑w. t‑Zi‑ob ic‑mic‑n 177 BW‑v. s‑X‑mg‑ne‑nÃ‑mb‑va: 15hbÊ‑n\‑p‑w 29 hbÊ‑n\‑p‑w CSb‑v¡‑pÅ b‑phX‑ob‑ph‑m¡Ä ic‑mic‑n 35 iXa‑m\‑w s‑X‑mg‑n e‑nÃ‑m¯hc‑mW‑v. k‑v{‑X‑o]‑oU\‑w: Ig‑nª Gg‑p hÀj¯‑nÂ k‑v{‑X‑o]‑oU\k‑z`‑m-ha‑p Å I‑päI‑rX‑y§Ä \‑me‑nc‑n«‑nb‑mb‑n. Ct‑¸‑mÄ aeb‑mf‑n h\‑nXIf‑nÂ 23 iXa‑m-\h‑p‑w hÀj¯‑ns‑e‑mc‑n¡s‑e ¦‑ne‑p‑w Gs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w Xc¯‑ne‑pÅ ]‑oU\¯‑n\‑v Ccb‑mI‑p-¶‑pï-‑v. aZ‑y]‑m\‑w: ic‑mic‑n 10 e‑näÀ aZ‑y‑w aeb‑mf‑n hÀj‑w t‑X‑md‑p‑w I‑pS‑n¡‑p¶‑p. t‑Zi‑ob ic‑mic‑nb‑ps‑S a‑q¶‑nc«‑n.

h‑mk‑vXh¯‑nÂ Chs‑bÃ‑m‑w \‑ma‑p‑w \½‑ps‑S t‑]‑me‑ok‑p‑w t‑b‑m-P‑n¨‑v kX‑ykÔa‑mb‑n A¡§Ä Fg‑pX‑n I‑q«‑n K‑pW‑n¨‑v lc‑n¨‑v hb‑v¡‑p¶X‑ps‑I‑m-ï-t‑Ã? t‑Icf¯‑n\‑v ]‑pd¯‑v {‑K‑ma‑oW t‑aJeIf‑ns‑e BßlX‑yIf‑ps‑St‑b‑m‑, I‑päI‑rX‑y§f‑ps‑St‑b‑m‑, k‑v{‑X‑o]‑oU\¯‑ns‑ât‑b‑m‑, h‑o«‑nÂ DX‑v]‑mZ‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ aZ‑y-¯‑ns‑â D] t‑`‑mK¯‑ns‑ât‑b‑m ]¯‑p iXa‑m\‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w ]‑pd¯‑p hc‑p¶‑nÃ. \-½‑ps‑S s‑Nd‑p\Kc§f‑nÂt‑¸‑me‑p‑w t‑P‑me‑nIÄs‑¡¯‑p¶ Hd‑nÊ‑, _‑wK‑mÄ‑, Bk‑m‑w \‑nh‑mk‑nIf‑ps‑S F®‑w t‑P‑y‑ma{‑S‑n¡Â t‑{‑]‑m{‑Kj\‑nÂ hÀ²‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï-‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ C¡‑me¯‑v Ch‑nS‑ps‑¯ \‑m«‑pI‑mc‑mb s‑Nd‑p¸¡‑mc‑ps‑S s‑X‑mg‑ne‑nÃ‑mb‑va I‑m«‑p¶ A¡§f‑nÂ Ft‑´‑m B´c‑nIa‑mb s‑s‑hc‑p²‑ya‑nt‑Ã ? \a‑ps‑¡‑ms‑¡ IW¡‑v Cj‑vSa‑mW‑v. ]s‑£ I‑od‑ma‑p«‑nb‑pa‑mW‑v. At‑X k-ab‑w IW¡‑ns‑\ \‑m‑w h‑ni‑zk‑n¡‑p¶‑p. A£c§s‑f¡‑mÄ Gs‑d \s‑½ \b‑n¡‑p¶X‑v A¡§f‑m-W‑v. \½‑ps‑S a‑m²‑ya§s‑fb‑p‑w. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com

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ap³t] ]dóhÀ ]n. kpPm-X³

-I‑ ‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-I-f‑ps‑S I‑pe-]X‑n

]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ XqenIbv¡v, Iymad¡®n\v temIs¯ amän adn¡m\pÅ Ignhpïv. hmÀ¯bpsS temI¯v AÛpX§Ä krãn¨ temIam[yacwKs¯ A¯cw AXpeycmb {]Xn`Isf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pó ]wàn.

¥-ï‑nÂ ]©‑v. At‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n Â a‑mU‑v. dj‑y-b‑nÂ t‑{‑I‑m¡s‑s‑UÂ.‑ C´‑y-b‑nÂ it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ne‑n. ê‑nX {‑][‑m-\-a‑mb B\‑p-I‑m-e‑nI {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p Ch. I‑mÀ«‑q¬‑, s‑Nd‑p-t‑e-J-\-§Ä‑, aä‑p Bt‑£]l‑mk‑y cN-\-IÄ F¶‑n-hs‑I‑mï‑v k¼-¶-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ C‑u {‑] k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§Ä H‑mt‑c‑m-¶‑p‑w H‑mt‑c‑m I‑me¯‑v \‑n¶‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n. ê‑nX‑w Bk‑z-Z‑n-¡‑m³ h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ CÃ‑m-¯X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï-Ã. Hc‑p Xe-a‑p-db‑v¡‑p t‑ij‑w C‑u al-\‑ob {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§Ä X‑pSÀ¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ s‑IÂ¸‑pÅ-hÀ Dï‑m-b‑n-s‑Ã-¶-X‑mW‑v I‑mc‑y‑w. a‑md‑nb c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob I‑me‑m-h-Øb‑p‑w A`‑n-c‑p-N‑nb‑p‑w t‑e‑mI-s‑a§‑p‑w ê‑nX {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§-f‑ps‑S \‑ne-\‑nÂ¸‑v Ah-X‑m-f-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ne‑n C´‑y-b‑nÂ s‑\l‑vd‑p b‑pK-¯‑ns‑â \·-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1948 t‑ab‑v a‑mk‑w a‑pXÂ 1975 BKÌ‑v hs‑c \‑y‑qUÂl‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v a‑pS-§‑ms‑X Bg‑vN-t‑X‑md‑p‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑oI-c‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m¶ it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ne‑n "Parting - Not without sorrow'F¶ a‑pJ-¡‑p-d‑n-t‑¸‑ms‑S h‑nS-]-d-ª‑p. FU‑näÀ h‑nJ‑y‑m-X-\‑mb I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v i¦À Ah-k‑m\ e¡-¯‑nÂ Xs‑â Bg‑vN¸-X‑n¸‑v {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w \‑nd‑p-¯‑p-¶X‑n\‑v I‑mc-Wa‑mb‑n C§s‑\ Fg‑pX‑n: "kÀh‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑nÂ P\-§Ä¡‑v N‑nc‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ã. Fs‑´-¶‑mÂ kÀh‑m[‑n-]-X‑ns‑b t‑\‑m¡‑n If‑n-b‑m-t‑¡ï‑n

hc‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ N‑nc‑n X‑ms‑\ a‑mª‑p-t‑]‑mI‑p‑w. l‑nä‑ve-d‑ps‑S h‑mg‑v¨-¡‑m-e¯‑v Hc‑p \Ã l‑mk‑y-I‑m-c³ t‑]‑mb‑n«‑v Hc‑p I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nt‑Ì‑m ]‑mcU‑n Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑mct‑\‑m t‑I‑ma‑mf‑nt‑b‑m t‑]‑me‑p‑w PÀ½\‑n-b‑nÂ Dï‑m-b‑n-s‑Ã¶‑v H‑mÀ¡‑p-I...' C´‑y-b‑ns‑e B`‑y-´c AS‑n-b-´-c‑mhØ \Ã ^e‑n-X-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑m³ ]ä‑nb I‑me-a-s‑Ã¶‑v [‑z\‑n-¸‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑v Cµ‑nc‑m-K‑m-Ô‑ns‑b t‑]s‑c-S‑p¯‑p ]dª‑v I‑päs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑ms‑X i¦À Xs‑â Bß‑m-h‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v Bg‑vN-]-X‑n-¸‑ns‑\ Ft‑¶-¡‑pa‑mb‑n ASÀ¯‑n-a‑m-ä‑n. B h‑nS-]-d-¨‑nÂ i¦À

C´‑y³ ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\ Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑ns‑e t‑\‑mh‑p¶ h‑ne‑m-]-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑\l‑vd‑p Ú‑m\-k‑v\‑m\‑w s‑Nb‑vX h‑mc‑n-Ib‑v¡‑v aIÄ Cµ‑n-c-b‑ps‑S I‑me¯‑v t‑i‑mI-a‑qI-a‑mb A´‑y‑w. AÑ³ D¨‑n-¡‑p-h-¨‑p‑, aIÄ DZ-b-{‑I‑nb s‑Nb‑vX‑p F¶‑v aeb‑m-f‑nb‑mb i¦À¡‑v t‑X‑m¶‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob l‑mk‑y-N‑n{‑X cN\ Ft‑¶¡‑p-a‑mb‑n Dt‑]-£‑n¨‑v I‑p«‑n-IÄ¡‑p t‑hï‑n-b‑pÅ {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§-f‑nt‑e¡‑v X‑nc‑nª i¦À Cµ‑n-c‑m-K‑mÔ‑n \‑nÀ_-Ô‑n-¨‑n«‑p‑w it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ne‑n ]‑p\-c‑m-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑n-Ã. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v AX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e‑mc‑p l‑mk‑y-h‑m-c‑nI C´‑y-b‑nÂ CX‑phs‑c Dï‑m-b‑n-«‑n-Ã. t‑N‑mc‑m-a-k‑z‑m-a‑n-b‑ps‑S "]‑nI‑v h‑n¡‑v‑' Bc‑p I‑mW‑p¶‑p? i¦d‑p‑w At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â h‑mc‑n-Ib‑p‑w Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑nÂ a‑mª‑p. k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y‑m-\´c‑w (1949‑) i¦À Xs‑â h‑mc‑n-I-b‑nÂ hc¨ Hc‑p I‑mÀ«‑q¬ Ig‑n-ª-hÀj‑w C´‑y³ ]‑mÀe-s‑aâ‑ne‑p‑w ]‑pd¯‑p‑w he‑nb H¨-¸‑m-S‑p-bÀ¯‑n. `c-W-L-S\ Dï‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p t‑hKX t‑]‑ms‑c¶ Bi-bs‑¯ D]-P‑o-h‑n-¨‑v l‑mk‑y‑m-ßI-a‑mb‑n i¦À hc¨ N‑n{‑X‑w F³.k‑n.-C.-BÀ.S‑n ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑vX-I-¯‑nÂ t‑NÀ¯‑p. t‑U‑m.-_‑n.-BÀ.-A‑w-t‑_-Z‑vIÀ Hc‑p H¨‑ns‑â t‑aÂ b‑m{‑X s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. ]W‑vU‑nä‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p N‑m«-h‑mÀ N‑pgä‑n H¨‑ns‑\ {‑]l-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. H¨‑ns‑â t‑aÂ "t‑I‑m¬Ì‑n-S‑y‑q-j³' F¶‑v Fg‑p-X‑nb‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. `c-W-L-S-\-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v ] T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ ]‑pk‑vX-I-¯‑nÂ C‑u ]gb I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n\‑v F´‑p {‑]k-à‑n-s‑b¶‑v F³.-k‑n.-C.-BÀ.-S‑n¡‑p a‑m{‑Xt‑a Ad‑nb‑q. d‑n¸-»‑n-¡³ ]‑mt‑´g‑vk‑v F¶ {‑] Ø‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â {‑]hÀ¯-IÀ {‑]t‑£‑m`-h‑p-a‑mb‑n s‑Xc‑p-h‑n-e‑n-d-§‑n. ]‑q\ kÀÆI-e‑m-i‑me‑m H‑m^‑ok‑v {‑]t‑£‑m-`-I‑m-c‑nIÄ AS‑n¨‑p XIÀ¯‑p. ]‑mÀe-s‑aâ‑nÂ BKÌv 2013

(32) _l-f-a‑m-b‑n. a{‑´‑n I_‑nÂ k‑n_‑mÂ N‑n{‑X‑w ]‑mT-`‑m-K-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑v \‑o¡‑m³ D¯-c-h‑n-«‑p. ]‑pk‑vX-I-¯‑nÂ I‑mÀ«‑q¬ t‑NÀ¡‑m³ \‑nÀt‑±-i‑n¨ Dt‑Z‑y‑m-K-Øt‑\‑mS‑v c‑mP‑n-h-b‑v¡‑m\‑p‑w Bh-i‑y-s‑¸-«‑p. Ad‑p-]-¯‑n-\‑me‑v hÀj‑w a‑p¼‑v it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑n-e‑n-b‑nÂ {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ C´‑y b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p {‑]t‑I‑m-]-\-h‑p-a‑n-Ã‑ms‑X i‑m´-a‑mb‑n Bk‑z-Z‑n¨ Hc‑p l‑mk‑y-N‑n{‑X-¯‑n\‑v a‑md‑n-b-I‑m-e¯‑p h¶ AÀ°h‑y-X‑n-b‑m\‑w H‑mÀ¯‑v \‑ma-c‑q-]-§f‑p‑w {‑I‑nb‑m-]-Z-§-f‑p-a‑n-Ã‑m¯ t‑e‑mI-¯‑n-c‑p¶‑v i¦À N‑nc‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-I‑m‑w. Hc‑p t‑\c‑w t‑]‑m¡‑n\‑v I‑me-{‑I-a-¯‑nÂ C´‑y-b‑nÂ k‑w`-h‑n¨ Z‑pÀKX‑n‑! Hc‑p-]t‑£ \Ã ^e‑nX {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§Ä Dï‑m-I‑m¯-X‑ns‑â I‑mc-Wh‑p‑w CX‑p Xs‑¶-b‑mI‑m‑w. A[‑n-I‑m-c-]-Z-h‑n-I-f‑n-e‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-hs‑c

it¦gvkv ho¡nen

]c‑n-l-k‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v I‑mW‑m³ P\§Ä¡‑v Cj‑vS-a‑m-W‑v. a‑na‑n{‑I‑n Ie‑mI‑m-c-·‑mÀ¡‑v e`‑n-¡‑p¶ P\-{‑]‑o-X‑nb‑p‑w A‑wK‑o-I‑m-ch‑p‑w AX‑n\‑v s‑Xf‑n-h‑m-W‑v. ]c‑n-l‑mk]‑m{‑X-a‑m-I‑p¶ h‑yà‑n¡‑p‑w ck‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡W‑w Xa‑m-i-IÄ Fs‑¶‑mc‑p ]d-¨‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. Hc‑p I‑mÀ«‑qW‑n\‑v A{‑X-t‑¯‑mf‑w DZ‑m-c-a‑m-I‑m³ Ig‑n-s‑ª¶‑p hc‑n-Ã. I‑mÀ«‑q¬ ] e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w JW‑vU-\-h‑n-aÀi-\-a‑m-W‑v. a‑nI¨ I‑mÀ«‑q¬ N‑n´b‑p‑w N‑nc‑nb‑p‑w Cg-t‑NÀ¶ Hc‑p Ie‑m-c‑q-]-a‑m-W‑v. Hc‑p h‑mÀ¯ t‑]‑ms‑e -AX‑v AÂ¸‑m-b‑pk‑v AÃ. Bi-b-`‑w-K‑n-s‑I‑mï‑p‑w ^e‑nX‑w s‑I‑mï‑p‑w cN-\‑m-K‑pW‑w s‑I‑mï‑p‑w BKÌv 2013

I‑mÀ«‑q¬ A\-i‑z-cX s‑s‑Ih-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑nI¨ I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-e‑qs‑S AX‑nÂ ]c‑n-lk‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ h‑yà‑nb‑p‑w \‑ne-\‑nÂ¡‑p¶‑p. k‑uµ-c‑y‑m-c‑m-[-I-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ ] W‑vU‑nä‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑n\‑v AX-d‑n-b‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. it‑¦-g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑n-e‑n-b‑ps‑S {‑]k‑n-²‑oI-c-t‑W‑m-Z‑vL‑m-S\‑w \‑nÀh-l‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v i¦-d‑n\‑p \ ÂI‑nb \‑nÀt‑±i‑w {‑]k‑n-²-a‑m-W-t‑Ã‑mþ ""Fs‑¶ Hg‑n-h‑m-¡-c‑p-X‑v.'' it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑n-e‑ps‑S FÃ‑m e¡h‑p‑w ]‑pd-¯‑ph-¶X‑v {‑][‑m-\-a{‑´‑n s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑ns‑\ ] c‑n-l-k‑n-¡‑p¶ \‑nc-h[‑n I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑p-It‑f‑mS‑p I‑qS‑n-b‑m-W‑v. s‑\l‑vd‑ph‑p‑w i¦d‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ k‑ul‑r-Z-¯‑n\‑v B Xa‑m-i-IÄ Hc‑p t‑]‑md-e‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n-b‑nÃ. ]W‑vU‑nä‑vP‑ns‑b-t‑¸‑ms‑e D¶-X-c‑mb kl‑r-Z-bÀ `c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ¡‑n-Sb‑nÂ h‑nc-f-a‑m-W‑v. s‑Nd‑p-h‑n-aÀi-\-§Ä t‑]‑me‑p‑w kl‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑ms‑X I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑ns‑\ \‑n{‑K-l‑n-¡‑m³ Hc‑p-§‑nb `c-W‑m[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-f‑ps‑S \‑mS‑m-Wt‑Ã‑m t‑Ic-f‑w. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v s‑s‑hk-t‑d‑m-b‑n-a‑mÀ t‑]‑me‑p‑w i¦-d‑ns‑â l‑mk‑y N‑n{‑X-§-f‑nÂ ]c‑nl‑mk]‑m{‑X-a‑m-I‑m³ B{‑K-l‑n-¨‑p. Hc‑p k‑w`h‑w {‑i²‑n-¡‑p-I. l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑nÂ i¦À hc-b‑v¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ At‑±-l-¯‑n\‑v ]‑qÀ® k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w e`‑n¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. FU‑n-äÀ t‑]‑me‑p‑w ]{‑X-¯‑nÂ A¨-S‑n¨‑p h¶ t‑ij-a‑mW‑v I‑mÀ«‑q¬ Iï‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v. t‑Zi‑ob k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-ka-cs‑¯ ]‑n´‑p-W-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v i¦À cN‑n¨ H‑mt‑c‑m I‑mÀ«‑qW‑p‑w {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v `c-W‑m-[‑n-]-·‑ms‑c {‑]t‑I‑m-]‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑s‑hk-t‑d‑m-b‑n-b‑ps‑S FI‑vk‑n-I‑y‑q-«‑oh‑v I‑u¬k‑n-e‑nÂ A‑wKa‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ a‑pÉ‑o‑w {‑]X‑n-\‑n[‑n i¦-d‑ns‑\ AdÌ‑v s‑N¿‑m³ i‑p]‑mÀi s‑Nb‑vX‑p. l‑nµ‑p al‑m-k-`-b‑ps‑S {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-b‑ps‑S \‑nÀt‑±i‑w I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑ns‑\ X‑q¡‑n-s‑¡‑mÃ-W-s‑a-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F¶‑mÂ s‑hÃ‑n‑wK‑vS¬ {‑]`‑ph‑p‑w e‑n³e‑n¯‑vt‑K‑mh‑p‑w I‑mÀ«‑q¬ Bk‑z-Z‑n-¨‑p. i¦-d‑ns‑\ s‑I‑m«‑m-c-¯‑nÂ £W‑n¨‑v hc‑p¯‑n A`‑n-\-µ‑n-¨‑p. t‑hhÂ {‑]`‑p N‑pS‑p-I‑m«‑nÂ \‑r¯-a‑m-S‑p¶ `{‑Z-I‑m-f‑n-b‑mb‑n N‑n{‑X‑o-I-c‑n¨ I‑mÀ«‑q¬ A¨-S‑n¨‑p h¶t‑¸‑mÄ i¦-d‑n\‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w I‑pä-t‑_‑m[‑w t‑X‑m¶‑n. AX‑p-t‑h-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã¶‑v k‑pl‑r-¯‑p-¡-t‑f‑mS‑v At‑±l‑w ]d-ª‑p. s‑s‑hk-t‑d‑m-b‑n-b‑ps‑S a‑ne‑n-«d‑n s‑k{‑I-«d‑n l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑n-t‑e¡‑v Z‑qXs‑\ h‑n«‑p. i¦s‑d s‑s‑hk-t‑d‑m-b‑n¡‑v t‑\c‑n«‑v I‑mW-W‑w. F´‑mW‑v k‑w`-h‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p-¶-s‑X¶‑v Ad‑n-b‑ms‑X DÄ`-bt‑¯‑ms‑S i¦À t‑hhÂ {‑]`‑p-h‑ns‑\ Iï‑p. l‑rZ‑y-a‑mb k‑z‑oI-c-W‑w. ""Fs‑â {‑]‑nb-s‑¸« i¦À‑, X‑m¦Ä Hc‑p ck‑nI³ I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v BW‑v. C¶s‑¯ B N‑n{‑X-¯‑ns‑â Hd‑n-P‑n-\Â F\‑n¡‑p

Xc‑pt‑a‑m?'' A¶‑v s‑s‑hk‑vt‑d‑mb‑n s‑I‑mS‑p¯ ]‑mc‑n-t‑X‑m-j‑nI‑w AS-§‑nb I‑y‑mj‑v s‑N¡‑v _‑m¦‑nÂ s‑I‑mS‑p¯‑p a‑md‑ms‑X i¦À Gs‑d-¡‑me‑w \‑n[‑nt‑]‑ms‑e k‑q£‑n-¨‑p. ]X‑n-\‑me‑v a‑mk-¡‑me‑w eï-\‑nÂ N‑n{‑X-I-e-b‑nÂ D]-c‑n-]-T\‑w \S-¯‑m³ i¦-d‑n\‑v Ah-kc‑w e`‑n-¨X‑v C‑u I‑me-¯‑m-W‑v. I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑ns‑â t‑e‑mIa‑pJ‑w h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F¶‑mÂ `‑mh-Xe‑w X‑p©-s‑âb‑p‑w I‑p©-s‑âb‑p‑w \‑m«‑ns‑e t‑\c‑w t‑]‑m¡‑n-t‑\‑mf‑w ck‑n-IX‑z-a‑p-Å-X-s‑Ã¶‑v i¦À X‑nc‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑p. Ah-\-h-s‑\-¯s‑¶ ]c‑n-l-k‑n-¡‑m\‑pÅ ae-b‑m-f‑n-b‑ps‑S s‑s‑\kÀ¤‑n-I-h‑mk\b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v Db-c‑p¶ D¶-X-a‑mb ^e‑n-X-t‑_‑m[‑w N‑mI‑y‑mÀI‑q-¯‑ns‑â \‑m«‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v F¯‑nb i¦s‑d Bc‑p ]T‑n-¸‑n¡‑p‑w? I‑q¯‑p‑w I‑qS‑n-b‑m-«h‑p‑w H‑m«³X‑p-Åe‑p‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n¨ ]‑mc-¼-c‑y¯‑ns‑â al‑n-a-b‑n-e‑mW‑v i¦-d‑ns‑â \ À½-t‑_‑m[‑w t‑hc‑p-]-SÀ¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v. eï³‑, ]‑mc‑o-k‑v, t‑d‑m‑w‑, h‑nb-¶‑, P\‑oh‑, _Àe‑n³ X‑pS-§‑nb al‑m-\-K-c-§f‑ns‑e a‑nI¨ BÀ«‑v k‑vI‑qf‑p-IÄ Iï‑v hc-b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w I‑pd‑n-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w t‑e‑mI-\‑n-eh‑mc‑w {‑Kl‑n¨‑v i¦À \‑y‑qUÂl‑n-b‑nÂ X‑nc‑n-s‑¨-¯‑n. l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑e Ì‑m^‑v I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v F¶ t‑P‑me‑n-b‑nt‑e¡‑v X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ i¦À aS‑n-¨‑p. k‑z´-a‑mb‑n Fs‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑N¿‑m³ At‑±l‑w B{‑K-l‑n-¨‑p. k‑pl‑r-¯‑p-¡f‑mb Ne-]-X‑n-d‑m-h‑p‑, FS-¯« \‑mc‑m-bW³ F¶‑n-h-c‑p-a‑mb‑n NÀ¨ \S-¯‑n. s‑s‑hk-t‑d‑m-b‑n-b‑ps‑S ]‑n´‑p-Wb‑p‑w Dï‑m-b‑n. C´‑y³ \‑y‑qk‑v t‑{‑I‑mW‑n¡‑nÄ F¶ ]‑pX‑nb ]{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AX‑ns‑â ^e‑w. k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y kac‑w s‑I‑mS‑p-¼‑n-c‑n-s‑¡‑mï kµÀ`-¯‑nÂ {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v `c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-b‑ps‑S ]‑n³_e-t‑¯‑ms‑S Hc‑p Z‑n\-¸{‑X‑w Bc‑w-`‑n-¨X‑v _‑p²‑n-]-c-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. t‑Zi‑ob t‑\X‑m¡-s‑fÃ‑m‑w k‑wi-b-t‑¯‑ms‑S h‑o£‑n-¨‑p. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v c‑mP‑ns‑\ X‑pd-s‑¶-X‑nÀ¡‑m³ h‑mb-\-¡‑ms‑c I‑n«‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑md‑nb c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob I‑me‑m-h-Ø-b‑ps‑S k½À±-¯‑nÂs‑¸«‑v B ]{‑X‑w ac‑n-¨‑p. t‑Zi‑ob k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-¯‑ns‑â s‑hÅ‑nt‑c-J-IÄ h‑oi‑n. k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-¯‑ns‑â s‑hf‑n¨‑w \‑mS‑p-\‑os‑f {‑]k-c‑n-¨‑p. s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑ns‑â CS-¡‑me Kh¬s‑aâ‑v A[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑nÂ h¶‑p. ]{‑X-§-f‑ps‑S k‑zch‑p‑w \bh‑p‑w a‑md‑p-¶‑p. c‑mP‑y‑w ]‑pX‑nb s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n-IÄ Gs‑ä-S‑p-¡‑m³ Hc‑p-§‑p-¶‑p. ]c-a‑m-[‑n-I‑mc P\‑m-[‑n-] X‑y d‑n¸-»‑n¡‑v BI‑m-\‑pÅ H‑u]-N‑m-c‑nI-a‑mb \S-]-S‑n-IÄ AW‑n-b-d-b‑nÂ Hc‑p§‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ N‑nc‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w ck‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w c‑mP‑y¯‑v Hc‑p-]‑mS‑v h‑nj-b-§-f‑p-s‑ï¶‑v i¦À Iï‑p. AÂ¸‑m-b‑pk‑v Bb-

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i¦À ImÀ«q¬ cN\bnð

t‑¸‑mÄ t‑{‑I‑mW‑n-¡‑nÄ F¶ k‑mlk-¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v ]‑mT‑w {‑Kl‑n¨‑v i¦À 1948 t‑ab‑v a‑mk‑w it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ve‑n F¶ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob k‑ma‑q-l‑nI Bt‑£-]l‑mk‑y h‑mc‑nI Bc‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. ]W‑vU‑nä‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p BZ‑y-e¡‑w ]‑pd-¯‑n-d-¡‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v i¦-d‑ns‑â k‑wc‑w-`-§Ä¡‑v h‑nPb‑w Bi‑w-k‑n-¨‑p. ""Don’t spare me Sankar'' F¶ s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑ns‑â D]t‑Zi‑w I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v i¦À Hc‑n-¡e‑p‑w ad-¶‑n-Ã. \‑oï Cc‑p-]-t‑¯g‑p hÀj‑w \‑y‑qUÂl‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑p¶ _‑p²‑n-P‑o-h‑n-If‑ps‑S kt‑¦-Xh‑p‑w s‑s‑[j-W‑nI k‑m¶‑n[‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ve‑n. _l-Z‑qÀ j‑m k^À a‑mÀK‑ns‑e s‑\l‑vd‑p l‑uk‑nÂ h‑o¡‑ve‑n¡‑p ]‑pds‑a I‑p«‑n-IÄ¡‑mb‑n i¦À N‑nÂ{‑U³k‑v _‑p¡‑v {‑SÌ‑v Ø‑m]‑n-¨‑p. 1965 Â A´‑mc‑mj‑v{‑S \‑ne-h‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑pÅ t‑U‑mÄ a‑y‑qk‑n-bh‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S X‑pd-¶‑p. _‑n.k‑n t‑d‑mb‑n k‑va‑mcI {‑KÙ-i‑m-eb‑p‑w h‑mb-\a‑p-d‑nb‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S I‑p«‑n-I-f‑ps‑S {‑][‑m\ BIÀjW t‑I{‑µ-a‑mb‑n hfÀ¶‑p. ]‑mh \‑nÀ½‑mW-t‑I-{‑µh‑p‑w AX‑nÂ {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p-¶‑p. A´‑m-c‑mj‑v{‑S Xe-¯‑nÂ I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑p t‑hï‑n i¦À k‑wL-S‑n-¸‑n¨ N‑n{‑X-c-N\‑m aÕc‑w t‑e‑mI-{‑i-²-b‑mIÀj‑n-¨‑p. I‑mÀ«‑q¬ Ig‑n-ª‑mÂ i¦À Gäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑p-XÂ {‑i² AÀ¸‑n-¨X‑v I‑pª‑p-§-f‑ps‑S a‑m\-k‑n-Ih‑p‑w _‑u²‑nI-h‑p-a‑mb DÃ‑m-k-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n-b‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p. it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ve‑n \‑nd‑p-¯‑n-bt‑ij‑w N‑nÂ{‑U³k‑v _‑p¡‑v {‑SÌ‑ns‑â {‑]hÀ¯-\-¯‑nÂ At‑±l‑w ]‑qÀ®a‑mb‑n a‑pg‑p-I‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. I‑mb‑w-I‑p-f¯‑v CÃ‑n-¡‑p-f¯‑p h‑o«‑nÂ i¦-c³ F¶ s‑I.-i-¦-c-¸‑nÅ I‑mÀ«‑q¬ Ie-b‑n-e‑qs‑S A´‑m-c‑mj‑v{‑S {‑]i-k‑vX-\‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w

]‑pX‑nb I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ¡‑v t‑hZ‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p-¡‑nb al‑m-\‑p-`‑m-h³ F¶ \‑ne-b‑ne‑mW‑v C´‑y³ I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-I-f‑ps‑S I‑pe-]-X‑n-b‑m-b-X‑v. it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ve‑n \h‑m-K-XÀ¡‑mb‑n Hc‑p t‑e‑m]-h‑p-a‑nÃ‑ms‑X At‑±l‑w X‑pd-¶‑n-«‑p. Fg‑pX‑m\‑p‑w hc-b‑v¡‑m\‑p‑w ]T‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w b‑ph‑m-¡Ä¡‑v A\‑n-b-{‑´‑n-X-a‑mb Ah-kc‑w e`‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ i¦-d‑n-s‑\-¡‑mÄ a‑nI¨ I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ B If-c‑nb‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v DbÀ¶‑p h¶‑p. Ah-c‑nÂ ]ec‑p‑w A´‑m-c‑mj‑v{‑S {‑]i-k‑vX-c‑m-b‑n. ]‑n.-s‑I.-Fk‑v I‑p«‑n‑, A_‑p F{‑_-l‑m‑w‑, H.-h‑n.-h‑n-P-b³‑, S‑n.-k‑m-a‑p-hÂ‑, c‑wK‑, t‑bi‑p-Z‑m-k³‑, t‑Ic-f-hÀ½‑, _‑n.-F‑w.-K^‑qÀ X‑pS-§‑nb I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ i¦d‑ps‑S i‑nj‑y-s‑c¶ A`‑n-a‑m\‑w ]‑peÀ¯‑nb‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. Hc‑p k‑ma‑q-l‑nI c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob {‑] t‑a-b-s‑a¶ \‑ne-b‑nÂ I‑mÀ«‑q¬ Ies‑b h‑nI-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ Xs‑¶ kl‑m-b‑n-¨X‑v i¦À Bs‑W¶‑v h‑nP-b³ t‑cJ-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑p-¶‑p. F¶‑mÂ i¦À I‑mÀ«‑q¬ Ieb‑ps‑S Ah-k‑m\ h‑m¡-Ã. A¡‑mc‑y‑w aä‑m-t‑c-¡‑mf‑p‑w \¶‑mb‑n i¦À¡‑v Ad‑nb‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑o¡‑ve‑n-b‑ps‑S h‑mX‑nÂ At‑±l‑w b‑ph I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ¡‑mb‑n X‑pd-¶‑n-«-t‑¸‑mÄ FÃ‑m-hÀ¡‑p‑w i¦-d‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v Hc‑p-]‑mS‑v ]T‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. h‑yà‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w k‑w`-h-s‑¯b‑p‑w \‑nc‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v F§s‑\? Hc‑p c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob k‑w`-h-¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v a‑nI¨ \À½ `‑mh\ c‑q]‑w s‑I‑mÅ‑p¶ h‑n[‑w. Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑ns‑â ]c‑n-t‑{‑]-j‑y-¯‑nÂ Hc‑p l‑mk‑y-N‑n{‑X‑w A\-i‑z-cX s‑s‑Ih-c‑n¡‑p¶ Ak‑p-e` \‑na‑n-j-§Ä. k‑vt‑\ l‑w‑, A\‑p-I-¼‑, I‑mc‑pW‑y‑w X‑pS-§‑nb s‑s‑hI‑m-c‑n-I-`‑m-h-§-t‑f‑ms‑S hk‑vX‑p-XIs‑f I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v ka‑o-]‑n-¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑n. C§s‑\ i¦-d‑ns‑â If-c‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v

e`‑n¨ he‑nb ]‑mT-§Ä F{‑X IÃ‑pIs‑f ]‑q¡-f‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v i¦À ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯I-\‑mb t‑]‑m¯³ t‑P‑mk-^‑ns‑â Is‑ï-¯-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p F¶‑v ]d-b‑m-d‑pï‑v. a‑mt‑h-e‑n-¡c k‑vI‑qf‑ns‑e Dd¡‑w X‑q§‑n-b‑mb A[‑y‑m-]-Is‑â I‑mc‑nt‑¡-¨À hc¨‑v s‑lU‑va‑m-Ì-d‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v i‑n£ h‑m§‑nb I‑p«‑n i¦-c³ P·\‑m Ie‑m-I‑m-c-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑vI‑qÄ ] T\‑w Ig‑nª‑v a‑mt‑h-e‑n-¡c ch‑n-hÀ½ k‑vI‑qÄ H‑m^‑v BÀ«‑nÂ N‑n{‑X-Ie ] T‑n-¨-t‑i-j-a‑mW‑v i¦-c-¸‑nÅ X‑nc‑p-h\-´-]‑pc‑w al‑m-c‑m-P‑mk‑v t‑I‑mt‑f-P‑nÂ (b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑vk‑nä‑n t‑I‑mt‑f-P‑v) _‑nc‑pZ ¢‑mk‑nÂ t‑NÀ¶-X‑v. _‑n.-F-k‑v.k‑n _‑nc‑p-Z-h‑p-a‑mb‑n A¶s‑¯ a‑n¡ aeb‑mf‑n b‑ph‑m-¡-s‑fb‑p‑w t‑]‑ms‑e i¦-c¸‑nÅ t‑_‑m‑ws‑_-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v hï‑n-I-bd‑n. \‑nb-a-¯‑nÂ D]-c‑n-]-T\‑w \S-¯W‑w. AX‑n\‑p a‑p¼‑v Fs‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑X‑mg‑nÂ Iï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡-W‑w. {‑^‑o {‑]k‑v t‑PÀWÂ‑, t‑_‑m‑ws‑_ t‑{‑I‑mW‑n-¡‑nÄ F¶‑o ]{‑X-§-f‑nÂ I‑mÀ«‑q¬ hc-¨‑p. Hc‑p I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n\‑v Hc‑p c‑q] {‑]X‑n-^-e‑w. AX‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v P‑oh‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑n-s‑Ã¶‑v t‑_‑m[‑y-a‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ k‑nÔ‑y‑m Ì‑o‑w \‑mh‑n-t‑K-j³ I¼-\‑n-b‑nÂ t‑P‑me‑n t‑\ S‑n. Ah‑ns‑S a‑mt‑\-P‑n‑wK‑v Ub-d-I‑vS-d‑ps‑S s‑s‑{‑]hä‑v s‑k{‑I-«-d‑n-b‑mb‑n i¦À t‑hK‑w Dt‑Z‑y‑m-K-¡-b-äh‑p‑w t‑\S‑n. Bb‑ns‑S t‑{‑I‑mW‑n-¡‑n-f‑nÂ {‑]X‑y-£-s‑¸« Hc‑p I‑mÀ«‑q¬ t‑]‑m¯³ t‑P‑mk-^‑ns‑\ BIÀj‑n-¨‑p. t‑]‑m¯³ _Ê‑nÂ b‑m{‑X s‑N¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ i¦À t‑d‑mU-c‑pI‑n-e‑qs‑S \S-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶X‑p Iï‑p. DS³ _k‑v \‑nd‑p-¯‑n¨‑v t‑]‑m¯³ N‑mS‑n-b‑n-d§‑n h¶‑v i¦s‑d s‑I«‑n-¸‑n-S‑n¨‑p. A¶s‑¯ I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑ns‑â t‑]c‑nÂ t‑\c‑n-«‑pÅ {‑]i‑w-k. cï‑m‑w h«-t‑ai kt‑½-f-\s‑¯¡‑pd‑n-¨‑pÅ l‑mk‑y-`‑m-h\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AX‑v. K‑mÔ‑nP‑n \b‑n¡‑p¶ Hc‑p BÄ¡‑q-«‑w. kÀ k‑ma‑p-hÂ t‑\‑ms‑d Hc‑p s‑]‑me‑o-k‑p-I‑m-c³. NÀ¨‑nÂ s‑]‑me‑ok‑v k‑q{‑]-ï‑ns‑â t‑hj-¯‑nÂ. i¦-d‑ns‑â Iaâ‑v: "s‑]‑me‑ok‑v U‑nk‑vt‑] g‑vk‑vU‑v Z {‑I‑uU‑v h‑n¯‑v a‑n\‑na‑w t‑^‑mg‑vk‑v.' X‑nc‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-cs‑¯ ]T-\-I‑m-e¯‑v ]c‑n-N-b-s‑¸« X¦-s‑¯-b‑mW‑v i¦À P‑oh‑n-X-k-J‑n-b‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. N‑u¸‑m-¯‑nb‑ns‑e cï‑p-a‑pd‑n h‑o«‑nÂ X¦-h‑p-s‑a‑m¯‑v X‑mak‑w X‑pS-§‑n-b‑nt‑« DÅ‑q. t‑]‑m¯³ t‑P‑mk-^‑ns‑\ h‑o«‑n-t‑e¡‑p £W‑n-¨‑p. l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑nÂ t‑P‑me‑n k‑z‑oIc‑n¨‑v UÂl‑n¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑m³ X‑oc‑p-a‑m\‑n¨ h‑nhc‑w t‑]‑m¯³ ]d-ª‑p. i¦s‑db‑p‑w UÂl‑n¡‑p £W‑n-¨‑p. 1932 Â Ì‑m^‑v I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v F¶ Xk‑vX‑nI k‑z‑oI-c‑n¨‑v i¦À UÂl‑n-b‑ns‑e l‑nµ‑pBKÌv 2013

(34) Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑nÂ F¯‑n. ]X‑n-\‑m-e‑phÀj‑w B t‑P‑me‑n-b‑nÂ X‑pS-c‑p¶X‑n\‑nS-b‑nÂ I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v F¶ \‑ne-b‑nÂ i¦À UÂl‑n-b‑nÂ {‑]i-k‑vX-\‑m-b‑n¡-g‑n-ª‑p. 1946 Â h‑nt‑Z-i-]-T\ ]c‑yS\‑w X‑pS-§‑p-¶-X‑p-hs‑c l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑nÂ X‑pSÀ¶‑p. C‑w¥-ï‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v i¦À X‑nc‑n-s‑¨-¯‑nbX‑v k‑zX{‑´ C´‑yb‑n-e‑m-W‑v. s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑e t‑P‑me‑n-b‑nÂ X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-I-b-d‑n-b‑n-Ã. k‑z´‑w I‑me‑nÂ \‑nÂ¡‑m³ X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. ]‑n¶‑o-S‑pÅ 27 hÀjs‑¯ Nc‑n{‑X‑w it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ve‑n-b‑ps‑S IY-b‑m-W‑v. 1937 Â _Ì‑v H‑m^‑v i¦À F¶ \‑ne-b‑nÂ 101 I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑p-I-f‑ps‑S ka‑m-l‑mc‑w Cd§‑n; s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑ns‑â Ah-X‑m-c‑n-I-t‑b‑m-s‑S. 1965 Â I‑p«‑n-IÄ¡‑mb‑n s‑s‑e^‑v h‑n¯‑v {‑K‑m³U‑v ^‑mZÀ F¶ Bß-I-Y {‑]k‑n²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. 1983 Â it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ve‑nb‑nÂ hc¨ 400 N‑n{‑X-§Ä t‑NÀ¯‑v "t‑U‑m¬S‑v k‑vs‑]bÀ a‑n i¦À þ PhlÀe‑mÂ s‑\l‑vd‑p' F¶ I‑rX‑nb‑p‑w ]‑pd-¯‑p-h-¶‑p. 1955 Â I‑p«‑n-IÄ¡‑mb‑n Ie‑m-{‑]-ZÀi\‑w X‑pS-§‑n. It‑\-U‑nb³ s‑s‑l¡-½‑o-j‑vWÀ FI‑vk‑n-_‑nj³ DZ‑vL‑m-S\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p s‑I‑mï‑v \‑y‑qUÂl‑n-b‑ps‑S t‑]c‑v "i¦À\KÀ' F¶‑v a‑mä-W-s‑a¶‑v ]d-ªX‑v s‑hd‑p‑w Xa‑m-i-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. i¦-t‑d-¡‑mÄ {‑] i-k‑vX-c‑m-b-hÀ At‑¸‑mÄ C´‑y³ XeØ‑m\ \K-c‑n-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]t‑£ _l-Z‑qÀ j‑m k^À a‑mÀ¤‑ns‑e s‑\ l‑vd‑p l‑uk‑nÂ I‑p«‑n-IÄ¡‑mb‑n i¦À Hc‑p-¡‑nb h‑nk‑vab t‑e‑mI‑w as‑ä‑mc‑p C´‑y-¡‑m-c\‑p‑w k‑m[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑n-Ã. C´‑y-b‑ps‑S U‑nk‑v\‑ne‑m³U‑v Bb‑n AX‑p h‑nI-k‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p. s‑\l‑vd‑p k½‑m-\‑n¨ "12 H‑u«‑v Ì‑mâ‑n‑wK‑v‑' F¶ hk-X‑nb‑p‑w s‑\l‑vd‑p l‑uk‑v F¶ h‑nk‑vab t‑e‑mI-h‑p-a‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p 1989 U‑nk‑w-_À 26 \‑v A´-c‑n¡‑p-¶X‑p hs‑c i¦-d‑ns‑â CS‑w. I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v F¶ \‑ne-b‑nÂ i¦d‑ns‑â Gä-h‑p-a-S‑p¯ i‑nj‑y³ I‑p«‑n-b‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Hä-¸‑m-e¯‑pI‑m-c³ i¦-c³ I‑p-«‑n-s‑b¶ I‑p«‑ns‑b {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v C´‑y-b‑n Â D¶-X-]-Zh‑n hl‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ h‑n.-]‑n.-t‑at‑\‑m³ UÂl‑n-b‑nÂ hc‑p¯‑n i¦À¡‑p ]c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. UÂl‑n ae-b‑mf‑n ¢ º‑ns‑â {‑]k‑n-Uâ‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p t‑at‑\‑m³. I‑p«‑n¡‑v GX‑m\‑p‑w I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑p-IÄ {‑] k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨ A\‑p-`h‑w a‑m{‑X‑w. 18 hb k‑v {‑]‑mb‑w. 1941 Â UÂl‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑pt‑¼‑mÄ i¦À D¯-a-\‑mb hg‑n-I‑m-«‑n-b‑mb‑n. t‑at‑\‑ms‑â i‑p]‑mÀi-b‑ps‑S A\‑p{‑K-l-s‑a¶‑v I‑p«‑n Ic‑p-X‑n. l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑nÂ i¦-d‑ps‑S H‑m^‑ok‑v a‑pd‑nb‑ps‑S t‑I‑mW‑nÂ I‑p«‑n¡‑v Hc‑p It‑kcb‑p‑w t‑aib‑p‑w Xc-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p¯‑p. eI‑vt‑\‑m k‑zt‑Z-i‑n-b‑mb t‑a‑mt‑«‑mÀ BKÌv 2013

I‑mÀ U‑oeÀ cL‑p-\-µ³ kc³ ] W‑vU‑nä‑v s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n Hc‑p ] {‑X‑w X‑pS-§‑m³ B{‑K-l‑n-¨‑p. AX‑nÂ I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑ns‑\ t‑hW‑w. I‑p«‑ns‑b ]c‑ni‑o-e‑n-¸‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑m³ i¦À \‑nÝ-b‑n-¨‑p. cL‑p-\-µ³ kc³ ]c‑n-i‑o-e-\-I‑me¯‑p Xs‑¶ I‑p«‑n¡‑v {‑]X‑n-a‑mk‑w 40 c‑q] A\‑p-h-Z‑n-¨‑p. A¶X‑p k‑ma‑m\‑y‑w \Ã X‑pI-b‑m-W‑v. i¦-d‑ps‑S H‑m^‑ok‑p‑w {‑_j‑p‑w t‑]¸d‑p‑w aj‑n-b‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w I‑p«‑n¡‑v D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m‑w. N‑n{‑X-§Ä hc¨‑v i¦s‑d I‑mW‑n-¡-W‑w. t‑hï‑n X‑nc‑p-¯-e‑p-IÄ \‑nÀt‑±-i‑n-¡‑p‑w. Hc‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w s‑I‑mï‑v I‑p«‑n a‑nI¨ Hc‑p I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑mb‑n F¶‑v t‑_‑m[‑y‑w h¶-t‑¸‑mÄ eI‑vt‑\‑m-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v Ab-¨‑p. A¡‑m-e-s‑¯-¸ä‑n "N‑nc‑n-b‑ps‑S hÀj§Ä' F¶ Xs‑â Bß-I-Y-b‑nÂ I‑p«‑n Fg‑p-X‑p¶‑p: "R‑m³ i¦-d‑ps‑S P‑oh‑n-X-¯‑ns‑â `‑mK-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. ]X‑nh‑mb‑n At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â h‑o«‑nÂ t‑]‑mI‑p‑w. `£W‑w Ig‑n-¡‑p‑w. i¦-d‑ns‑â I‑p«‑nI-s‑fÃ‑m‑w Fs‑â If‑n-¡‑q-«‑p-I‑m-c‑m-b‑n. K‑pc‑p-I‑pe k{‑¼-Z‑m-b-¯‑n-e‑pÅ Hc‑p ] T-\-c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p R§Ä X½‑nÂ. i¦À t‑]‑mI‑p-¶‑n-S-s‑¯Ã‑m‑w Fs‑¶b‑p‑w I‑q«‑n. D¶X h‑yà‑n-Is‑f ]c‑n-N-b-s‑¸S‑p-¯‑n. Hc‑p \‑ngÂt‑]‑ms‑e At‑±-ls‑¯ R‑m³ ]‑n´‑p-SÀ¶‑p. F\‑n-¡-t‑±l‑w UÂl‑n-b‑ns‑e hfÀ¯-Ñ-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.' H.-h‑n.-h‑n-P-b-t‑\‑mS‑v i¦À C{‑X-t‑¯‑mf‑w AS‑p¸‑w I‑m«‑n-b‑n-Ã. F¶‑mÂ h‑nP-bs‑â {‑]X‑n-`-b‑ps‑S Bgh‑p‑w he‑n-¸h‑p‑w i¦À Iï-d‑n-ª‑p. it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑ve‑nb‑ps‑S h‑nS-h‑m-§Â e¡‑w c‑q]-IÂ¸\ s‑N¿‑m\‑p‑w FU‑nä‑v s‑N¿‑m\‑p‑w i¦À h‑ni‑z‑m-k-]‑qÀÆ‑w B{‑i-b‑n-¨X‑v h‑nP-bs‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ac‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v \‑me‑p-hÀj‑w a‑p¼‑v UÂl‑n-b‑ns‑e t‑la-´-I‑m-e¯‑v i¦d‑p‑w I‑pS‑p‑w-_h‑p‑w Ah-k‑m-\-a‑mb‑n t‑Ic-f¯‑nÂ h¶‑p. t‑I‑m«-b‑v¡Â Bi‑p-]-{‑X‑nb‑nÂ N‑nI‑nÕ \S-¯‑n. I‑mÀ«‑q¬ F¶ Ie‑m-c‑q-]-s‑¯-¸ä‑n t‑IÄ¡‑m³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w Ah-k‑m-\-I‑m-e¯‑v i¦À Cj‑vS-s‑¸«‑n-Ã. Xs‑¶-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑pÅ Fg‑p¯‑p‑w {‑] i‑w-k-If‑p‑w At‑±l‑w s‑hd‑p-¯‑p. I‑p«‑nIs‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w ]‑mh-I-s‑f-¸-ä‑nb‑p‑w _‑mek‑m-l‑n-X‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w t‑IÄ¡‑m\‑p‑w ]d-b‑m-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p Ah-k‑m-\-I‑me¯‑v i¦À¡‑p Gs‑d X‑mÂ¸-c‑y‑w. Hc‑p k‑w`‑mjW-t‑h-f-b‑nÂ i¦À ]dª‑p: "Fs‑â FÃ‑m k‑z]‑v\-§f‑p‑w ]‑qh-W‑nª‑p. s‑s‑Ib‑nÂ \‑qd‑p-c‑q-]-b‑p-a‑mb‑n `‑mc-X-]-c‑y-S-\-¯‑n-\‑n-d-§‑n. a{‑Z‑m-k‑nÂ F¯‑p‑w a‑p¼‑v \‑qd‑p-c‑q-]b‑p‑w X‑oÀ¶‑p. b‑m{‑X \‑nd‑p-¯‑ms‑X X‑pSÀ¶‑p. ] W‑vU‑nä‑v P‑n Fs‑¶ Cj‑vS-s‑¸-«‑p. »‑nä‑vk‑v ]{‑X‑w \‑me‑p-t‑]-P‑nÂ Fs‑â ]‑pk‑vXI‑w d‑nh‑y‑q s‑Nb‑vX‑p. h‑nÃ‑n‑w-K‑vS¬ {‑]`‑z‑n

Ft‑¶‑mS‑v ]c‑n-`-h‑n-¨‑p. Ah-c‑ps‑S `À¯‑m-h‑ns‑â a‑q¡‑v A{‑X he‑p-X‑mb‑n hc-b‑v¡‑p-¶X‑v F´‑p-s‑I‑m-s‑ï¶‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n-¨‑p. R‑m³ {‑]`‑p-h‑ns‑â a‑q¡‑p a‑m{‑X‑w hc-¨‑me‑p‑w AX‑v {‑]`‑p-h‑m-s‑W¶‑v I‑mW‑p-¶-hÀ¡‑p t‑X‑m¶-W‑w. A{‑X Xs‑¶. C¶‑v R‑m³ I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v AÃ. I‑mÀ«‑q¬ F\‑n¡‑v X‑os‑c Cj‑vS-a-Ã. {‑_j‑v he‑n-s‑¨-d‑n-ª‑n«‑v ]¯‑p-s‑I‑m-Ã-a‑mb‑n. R‑m\‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ I‑p«‑n-I-f‑ps‑S t‑e‑mI¯‑m-W‑v. t‑e‑mI-s‑a-§‑p-a‑pÅ I‑p«‑n-I-f‑ps‑S A½‑m-h-\‑mW‑v R‑m³.' I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v I‑p«‑n \‑mj-WÂ s‑l d‑mÄU‑nÂ t‑P‑me‑n k‑z‑oI-c‑n¨‑v eI‑vt‑\‑mb‑n-t‑e¡‑v ]‑pd-s‑¸-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ i¦À D]-t‑Zi‑n¨‑p: ""\‑o Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w s‑hd‑p‑w I‑p«‑n-b‑mW‑v. t‑]‑mc‑, hf-c-W‑w. h‑yà‑n-Is‑f ] c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S-W‑w. Ah-c‑ps‑S t‑Nã-IÄ \‑nc‑o-£‑n-¡-W‑w. h‑m¡‑p‑w {‑]h‑r-¯‑nb‑p‑w {‑i²‑n¨‑v A´-c-§Ä a\-Ê‑n-e‑m¡‑n I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÂ Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑pI. C‑u \‑mS‑v N‑ne-t‑¸‑mÄ \¶‑m-s‑b¶‑v hc‑m‑w.'' c‑mP‑y‑w i¦À¡‑v `‑mcX cX‑v\‑w Hg‑ns‑I FÃ‑m ]ß Ah‑mÀU‑p-If‑p‑w h‑nh‑n[ hÀj-§-f‑nÂ k½‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. 1955 Â ]ß-{‑i‑o‑, 1966 Â ]ß-`‑qj³‑, 1979 Â ]ß-h‑n-`‑q-j³. t‑]‑mf‑nj‑v Kh¬s‑aâ‑v 1977 Â i¦À¡‑v "H‑mÀUÀ H‑m^‑v Z k‑vs‑s‑aÂ' _l‑p-aX‑n k½‑m\‑n-¨‑p. s‑FI‑y-c‑mj‑v{‑S k‑wL-S-\-b‑ps‑S l‑ma‑nÂS¬ {‑_‑m©‑v k½‑m-\‑w‑, C³t‑U‑m þ s‑N¡‑v t‑K‑mÄU³ s‑aUÂ X‑pS§‑n t‑Zi‑o-b-X-e-¯‑ne‑p‑w c‑mP‑y‑m´cXe-¯‑ne‑p‑w i¦À¡‑p e`‑n¨ A‑wK‑o-I‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â \‑nc hfs‑c \‑oï‑p t‑]‑mI‑p-¶‑p. UÂl‑n kÀÆ-I-e‑m-i‑me-b‑ps‑S U‑ne‑nä‑v _‑nc‑pZ‑w k‑z‑oI-c‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑v i¦À ]d-ª‑p ""s‑hd‑p-s‑a‑mc‑p \‑nc-£-c-\‑mb Fs‑â Xe-b‑nÂ kÀhI-e‑m-i‑me F´‑n\‑o `‑mc-a‑pÅ I‑nc‑oS‑w FS‑p-¯‑p-h¨‑p?'' I‑p©³ \¼‑y‑mÀ¡‑p-t‑ij‑w P‑oh‑n -Xs‑¯ C{‑X \À½ a[‑p-c-a‑mb‑n ka‑o]‑n¨ as‑ä‑mc‑p ae-b‑mf‑n Bc‑v? h‑n.-s‑I.F³? Fg‑p-¯‑nÂ h‑n.-s‑I.-F³. hc-b‑n Â i¦À a‑m{‑X‑w. Ft‑¸‑mÄ hc-b‑v¡-Ws‑a¶‑p‑w Ft‑¸‑mÄ hc \‑nd‑p-¯-W-s‑a ¶‑p‑w \‑nÝ-b-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ Ht‑c-s‑b‑m-c‑m Ä. I‑p©³ \¼‑y‑m-c‑ps‑S cï‑m‑w P·‑w t‑]‑ms‑e I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v i¦À 1902 P‑qe‑m b‑v 31\‑p‑w 1989 U‑nk‑w-_À 26\‑p‑w CS-b‑n Â C´‑y‑m D]-`‑q-JW‑vU‑w kµÀi‑n¨‑p aS§‑n. C\‑nb‑p‑w Gt‑X‑m Øe c‑mi‑nb‑nÂ as‑ä‑mc‑p t‑]c‑nÂ At‑±l‑w hc‑p-a‑mb‑n-c‑n¡‑p‑w; hc‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑n-Ã. teJI³ ho£Ww ]{X¯nse s]mfnän¡ð FUnädmWv. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: sujaathan@gmail.com

(35) Lighthouse

Ashok R Chandran

Mavens in the Museum A column that throws light on studies about Kerala media, and explores the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala media

he Kerala Press Academy is planning to set up a Media Museum in Kochi. Media magazine (July 2013, p. 49) reported that it would be the first media museum in the country. The people behind the pioneering initiative deserve our applause and encouragement. The Media Museum should have a broad and inclusive vision if it aims to nourish media literacy and strengthen democracy in the state. This would mean envisaging mass participation, and providing the widest access to all classes of people, including the disabled and the marginalised. That responsibility must be fulfilled by those in charge of civil works and those who provide content. What else is the role of media research in the proposed venture? Specifically, how can it contribute to the Media Museum? In turn, what is expected of the Museum?

Planning the Galleries

Last year, when the Indian Business Museum opened its doors, I got a chance to review it for a business newspaper. The stylish museum is located at the Indian Institute of Management in Kozhikode. The initial galleries of the museum offer a journey through five periods—ancient, medieval, colonial, pre-Independence, and post-Independence India. We readily embrace these categories because we are familiar with

such a classification, from our school history textbooks. But is a museum intended to be a nostalgic trip through our school lessons? No. On the contrary, it should be a vehicle for discovery, and ideally, lend us a new lens to see the world. In what other way could the business history of India be mounted? To a history researcher in her twenties, skilled in interpretation, the answer came easily. She suggested that instead of a political classification, the story of the evolution of Indian business could be unveiled by showing the economic evolution—like mercantilism, free trade, and finance capitalism. If the galleries had been arranged thus, visitors would have left the museum enriched by a fresh view of their past. What is the takeaway for the Media Museum? The trick here is in recognising that the narration of history is not just about facts, but also about interpretation. Media research is a fertile ground to scout for different interpretations and ways of organising knowledge; in the Museum, it can aid in planning what galleries to be set up, for example, to tell the story of media in Kerala. Beyond the simple political chronology (ancient, medieval, colonial, post-Independence) recommended by a political historian, or a media-based storytelling (print, radio, TV) that might strike an industry

insider, there are other ways of organising knowledge that media mavens can draw attention to. For example, as discussed recently in these columns, Robin Jeffrey attempted to narrate the story of Kerala print history in terms of rare–scarce–mass medium and showed the changing relations between the government and the media. Another way to organise would be broadly in terms of media production and media consumption; in the Museum, this could translate into a participantoriented experience for the visitor. Similar insights from media research can help to ensure an attractive Museum.

Communicating the Content

Preparing content has been the researcher’s traditional domain. Typically, the researcher is asked to select topics to be presented to the visitor, draft text and gather pictures for panels, write captions for exhibits, and so on. In most Indian museums, however, researchers have failed to deliver, due to external and internal reasons. By external, I mean problems like dearth of funds (inadequate resources for gathering information) and our poor sense of recordkeeping and history (unavailability of materials to be showcased). Such external reasons can be tackled to a considerable extent by the Museum authorities, if they allocate sufficient funds and undertake archiving projects. But most Indian museums have failed on content due to an internal reason of researchers: the inability to think beyond bookish academic training. If asked to BKÌv 2013

(36) contribute to a media museum, for example, a postgraduate in mass communication is likely to regurgitate the theory and history of communication as found in university-level textbooks, all the jargon intact. Different narratives or interpretations might emerge if the researcher is good, but they would still be presented as chunks of text after text after text—as if the visitor has only one of the five senses (the eye), and one skill (literacy). When associating with a museum, a good researcher has to possess conceptual clarity as

or hear themselves on radio. Tapping such desires and innate curiosity of visitors, the Media Museum can be entertaining and educative. Content can be creatively deployed through quizzes, puzzles, interactive brain games, self-directed audio tours, multilingual facilities, practical demonstrations, handson models, and other interactive tools. In the creative presentation of content, researchers can learn much from museums in the West, be it on journalism (like the Newseum in Washington, DC) or

Newseum in Washington, DC

well as communication skills. Only then can he select topics to be conveyed via multisensory methods. He should also be able to visualise the presentation of content in ways that compel people to think, rather than read passively and move on. The Media Museum has ample potential to offer visitors an unforgettable experience. For one, journalism is an exciting field with several practical aspects. Also, most people desire to see themselves in print or on screen, BKÌv 2013

medieval history (like Hampton Court Palace, UK).

Re-presenting and Researching

Based on our record since 1947, it has been said of Indians that we are good at establishing superb institutions, but incapable of maintaining them with distinction. Special attention, therefore, is required to ensure the long-run success of the Media Museum. Visitors’ expectations change

over time and the Museum can remain youthful and vibrant to successive generations only if it periodically re-presents content and refreshes the fare it offers. No longer is a museum seen merely as a place where relics and artefacts are kept on display for people to appreciate heritage. Today, visitors expect a museum to enthral them even as it nourishes their understanding of the past, present, and future. It would be appropriate, therefore, to envision the Museum as a dynamic knowledge centre. Viewed thus, the future of the Media Museum will partly depend on the size and quality of knowledge available in future about the media, including Kerala media. Investing in fresh media studies is important for the Museum’s growth, and hence cannot be an afterthought; it has to be a priority for the Museum. The initial plan for the Media Museum has put documentation and research, along with library and archives, on the agenda. This is heartening news. It would be wiser and pioneering to focus on building an excellent archive than fritter away lakhs of rupees by buying books which are already available in other libraries, offline or online. By preserving publications and documents, and making them accessible for primary research, the Media Museum can stand tall in the research landscape of India. The Nehru Memorial Museum and Library in New Delhi has shown how a museum with a strong research foundation can become a vibrant institution, hosting talks and other events throughout the year. One hopes that the Media Museum will become a similar temple for scholars studying media, especially Kerala journalism. Ashok R. Chandran is an independent researcher in Palakkad, Kerala. He can be reached at studykeralamedia@gmail.com

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Dr. Shoma A. Chatterji

Women in Television Commercials vis-à-vis Women in Soaps and Serials With the growing concept of women’s liberation and the recognition of individualism and identity, the advertising industry has finally come to terms with its social responsibility.

omen have been exploited first by advertising agencies, and then by the television channels who air these commercials before, between, and after every serial, feature, news, game, and discussion programme. A commercial is louder, more glamorous, and colourful than the serial or programme since it has to get its message across within the brief slices of time it has. Women are projected as a visual prop to enhance the appeal of an advertisement, which does not really need women models. There is some light at the end of this dark tunnel. With the growing concept of women’s liberation and the recognition of individualism and identity, the advertising industry has finally come to terms with its social responsibility in portraying a more realistic and egalitarian image of the Indian woman. The number and frequency of demeaning and exploitative commercials in the television media is on the decline. The obsession to be fair has now been recognised as a gender-neutral obsession and not confined to girls and women. Taking a cue from men’s desire to be fair and handsome, Kolkata-based Emami introduced “Fair and Handsome,” a fairness cream for men. The fairness-cosmetics market has grown two-thirds in the past five years to an annual turnover of $250 million. Hair creams, colouring creams, and gels are also widely advertised targeting the men. Commercials for male deodorants present men as sex symbols in the same way products present women. The same does extend to the presentation of men and women featuring as characters in daily soaps and serials. Fashion house Satya Paul, piggybacking on Jassi’s (Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahin) popularity, launched a JJKN working women’s collection available across the country. Satya Paul’s Managing Director Sanjay Kapoor said, “Fashion is very inspirational nowadays and working women want to look good.

The line is very affordable with complete ensembles starting at only Rs 1,595.” So Jassi—an earnest middle-class secretary—was enlisted to support various elite concerns, in real life as on the screen. Sometimes, there is an interesting interface between a serial and a commercial. Some commercials for household products use actors from popular serials not in their personal capacity as ‘models’ but drawn directly from the serials in the same costume, hairstyle, and make-up. They are playing out the characters in their serials. The serial character extends into the larger area of media and society by plugging this product or that service to his/her massive fan following. It is an ingenuous extension of representation from the narrow framework of the serial to the larger periphery of social and commercial communication. In one commercial, Tulsi and her mother-in-law appear together. It is an example of ad agencies cashing in on the popularity of serials and the characters therein. The opposite is also true. Like famous film stars plugging shampoo or toilet soap, television stars are often given modelling assignments independent of their serial characters. This opens up another channel for the viewers to watch them in a different format. During some commercial breaks in any given serial, advertisements portray women more or less in keeping with the women characters in the serial, thereby reinforcing the ‘wife-mother-daughter-inlaw’ stereotype that the serial is representing. These serials show the New Indian Woman within the context of the old family structure. She is the mother who can cook and drive. She is the daughter who works along with her brother in the family business. She is the daughter-in-law, the mainstay in the family, who will not take bullying from the males in the family. These multiple roles, however, have an underlying emphasis on her traditional femininity.1 BKÌv 2013

(38) The advertisements follow the same cues. In an HDFC Standard Life commercial, a middle-aged woman rejects her husband’s helping hand to show how independent she is. In a Cholamandalam commercial for financial services, a young girl who cares for stray dogs, dreams of becoming a vet.

A commercial that drew flak from some feminist groups showed a married woman brushing against a young man wearing AXE deodorant. She at once begins to fantasise being in bed with him. This ad shows that at last advertisers, corporate production houses, and television channels are acknowledging the sexual desires of women and are also articulating this reality. In the same advertisement, one sees a housewife looking into the mirror dreaming about a vacation with the family. In a Tanishq commercial, one is introduced to a traditionally attired bahu applying sindoor in her hair, affectionately talking to her child, touching the feet of her parents-in-law, then BKÌv 2013

driving a car, and waving at her husband to join her as they drive away. A commercial that drew flak from some feminist groups showed a married woman brushing against a young man wearing AXE deodorant. She at once begins to fantasise being in bed with him. This ad shows that at last advertisers, corporate production houses, and television channels are acknowledging the sexual desires of women and are also articulating this reality. A beautiful commercial from FEMINA, shown only a few times, says it all with a few brief shots. A slightly elderly woman, decked up as a bride, is seen in front of the mirror. A few seconds later, she is escorted to a wedding ritual by a young girl. Without dialogue, the message comes across— the daughter is giving her mother away in marriage! Many mother–daughter ads in recent times bear out female bonding, in effect, subtly marginalising the role of men by cutting them out completely from such ads. Extending the same logic, women do not appear in ads for ‘solid’ products such as steel and cement and, even if they do, they are sidetracked within the script. Kishore Chakraborti, Associate Vice-President and Director, Consumer Insight, McCann Erickson India, says: “There is a shift in the status of the woman in the family—from the position of being ruled to that of ruler. Her expression has changed from a voice of protest to a tone of command. She has a critical job to manage those who, till yesterday, managed her in the family. This is a complex game being played at different layers. Things are not always what they seem. What she ‘projects’ is not necessarily what she ‘is’. In many ways, her actions and intentions are at cross purposes with each other. On the surface she is a busy housewife, a friendly mother, a charming woman casting her spell on her inexperienced husband. In reality, she is a hardcore diplomat, measuring her steps and carefully calculating her moves, trying to run the system on her own terms without disturbing and upsetting the traditional norms of the patriarchal society” (quoted in Sujata Patnaik 1995). This change is nowhere more pronounced than in the television serials with their ‘ideologically’ conformist commercial breaks. Portrayal of gender roles in television commercials is a reflection of the unequal relationship of dominance and subservience between the two sexes that sustains in the real world. The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com 1. Sujata Patnaik. 1995. “The I, Indian Woman: Entering New Domains in Advertising,” Journal of Comparative Family Studies, XXVI (3), p. 105.

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\yq thhvkv tPmk^v BâWn

I-¼‑y‑q«À a‑u-k‑v h-ó hg‑n; t‑]‑m-I‑p-óX‑p‑w Cóv temI¯v Gsd hmÀ¯IÄ {]Xy£s¸SpóXpw ]e Ne\§fpw krãn¡póXpw \yqaoUob Fópw tkmjyð aoUnb Fópsams¡ Adnbs¸Spó sskäpIfnse P\§fpsS t\cn«pÅ CSs]SepIfneqsSbmWv. Cu cwKs¯ ]pXnb kw`hhnImk§sf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS

-e-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-t‑¼ ]‑n-d-¡‑p-¶ N‑n-e I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¯-§-f‑pï‑v. X‑p-S-¡-¯‑nÂ B-i-b-¡‑p-g-¸-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑ms‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w `‑m-h‑n-s‑b \‑nÀ-W-b‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ A¯c‑w a‑p-t‑¶-ä-§-f‑mh‑p‑w. t‑e-k-d‑n-s‑â I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¯-‑w A-§-s‑\b‑p-Å H-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. 1960 s‑a-b‑v 16 \‑m-W‑v t‑e-kÀ I-ï‑p]‑n-S‑n-¡-s‑¸-«X‑v. b‑p.F-k‑nÂ l‑y‑q-k‑v d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v e-t‑_‑m-d-«-d‑n-b‑n-s‑e X‑n-t‑b‑m-UÀ s‑a-b‑v-a³ H-c‑p d‑q-_‑nZ-Þ‑n-s‑\ D-t‑¯-P‑n¸‑n-¨‑v A-X‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v A-k‑m-[‑m-c-W-a‑m‑wh‑n-[‑w t‑\À-¯ {‑]-I‑m-i-[‑m-c k‑r-ã‑n-¨t‑¸‑mÄ‑, BÀ¡‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ‑, `‑m-h‑n-s‑b G-s‑X‑ms‑¡ X-c-¯‑nÂ B ]‑pX‑n-b {‑]-I‑mi‑w k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n¡‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v. hÀ-j-§Ä I-g‑n-ª‑n«‑p‑w t‑e-k-d‑n\‑v H-c‑p {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I D-]-t‑b‑m-K-h‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑nÃ. s‑a-b‑va-s‑\ I‑m-W‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ N-§‑m-X‑n-a‑mÀ I-f‑n-b‑m-¡‑m³-t‑]‑me‑p‑w H-c‑ps‑¼«‑p: ‑"B‑, \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑e-k-s‑d‑m-s‑¡ k‑p-J-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶t‑Ã‑m A-t‑Ã‑!' I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n¨‑v 14 hÀj‑w I-g‑n-ªt‑¸‑mÄ t‑e-k-d‑n-\‑v B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n H-c‑p D-]t‑b‑m-K-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n þ _‑mÀ-t‑I‑m-U‑v d‑o-UÀ F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑nÂ. 1974 Â b‑p.F-k‑n-Â Hl‑m-t‑b‑m-h‑n-s‑e H-c‑p k‑q-¸À-a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑v I‑u-ï-d‑nÂ t‑e-kÀ d‑o-U-d‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n¨‑v ‑"d‑n-¤‑o-k‑v N‑y‑q-b‑n-M‑vK‑w‑' ]‑m-¡-ä‑n-\‑v a‑p-If‑n-s‑e _‑mÀ-t‑I‑m-U‑v h‑m-b‑n-¨‑p. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v X‑n-c‑n-ª‑p t‑\‑m-t‑¡-ï‑n- h-¶‑n-«‑nÃ; t‑ek-d‑n-\‑v a‑m-{‑XaÃ‑, _‑mÀ-t‑I‑m-U‑n-\‑p‑w. B-[‑p\‑n-I P‑o-h‑nX-s‑¯ t‑e-kÀ Gs‑X‑m-s‑¡ X-c-¯‑nÂ ]‑p-\À-\‑nÀ-W-b‑n-¡‑p¶‑p-s‑h¶‑v h‑n-h-c‑n¡‑p-I A-k‑m-[‑y‑w. kÀÆ-h‑y‑m-]‑n- F-¶ h‑n-t‑ij-W‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v a-X‑n-b‑m-I‑nÃ. k‑n-U‑nb‑p‑w U‑n-h‑n-U‑nb‑p‑w H‑m-]‑v-S‑n-¡Â a‑uk‑p‑w s‑s‑hZ‑y-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X D-]-I-c-W-§f‑p‑w d‑n-t‑a‑m-«‑v I¬-t‑{‑S‑mf‑p‑w `‑q-a‑n-s‑b N‑p-ä‑p-¶ H‑m-]‑v-S‑n¡Â s‑s‑^-_-d‑p‑w‑, A-§-s‑\ F-®‑nb‑ms‑e‑m-S‑p-§‑m-¯ c‑w-K-§-f‑nÂ t‑e-kÀ a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑\ t‑kh‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑n\-I‑w H-c‑p U-k-W‑n-t‑e-s‑d s‑\‑mt‑_Â ]‑p-c-k‑v-¡‑m-c-§Ä t‑e-k-d‑p-a‑m-b‑n

_-Ô-s‑¸-« ]T-\§Ä-¡‑v \Â-I-s‑¸-«‑ps‑h¶‑v A-d‑nb‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, A-X‑v s‑a-b‑v-a³ F-¶ K-t‑h-j-I³ ]-X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑p-IÄ-¡‑pa‑p¼‑v t‑\-c‑n« ]-c‑n-l‑m-k-¯‑n-\‑p-Å a-d‑p-]-S‑nb‑m-I‑p¶‑p. t‑e-k-d‑n-t‑â-X‑n\‑v k-a‑m-\-a-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, AX‑n-t‑\‑mS‑v k‑m-Z‑r-i‑y-a‑p-Å I-Y-b‑m-W‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«À a‑u-k‑n-t‑â-X‑p‑w. 1964 Â U¥k‑v k‑n. F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v c‑q-]‑w-\Â-I‑nb B D-]-I-c-W‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-¡-s‑e-¯‑m³ 20 hÀ-j-s‑a-S‑p-¯‑p. 1984 Â B-¸‑nÄ I-¼‑y‑q-t‑«-g‑v-k‑n-s‑â a-I‑nt‑â‑m-j‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v a‑u-k‑n-s‑â {‑]-t‑b‑mP-\‑w B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑mÀ A-d‑nªX‑v (B-¸‑n-f‑n-s‑â X-s‑¶ ‑"e‑n-k‑' I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑nÂ A-X‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-s‑¨-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, B I-¼‑y‑q-«À P-\-{‑]‑n-b-a‑m-b‑nÃ‑). t‑e‑m-I¯‑v t‑I‑m-S‑n-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-`‑m-P‑y-L-S-I-a‑m-b‑n ]‑n-¶‑oS‑v a‑u-k‑v a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑p‑w‑, t‑e‑m-K‑n-s‑S-I‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S h-fÀ-¨-b‑p-s‑S a‑p-J‑y-LS-I-a‑m-b‑n a‑u-k‑v \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w ]-c‑n-W-a‑n¨X‑p‑w N-c‑n-{‑X‑w. a-I‑n-t‑â‑m-j‑v c‑w-K-s‑¯-¯‑n 30 hÀj-a‑m-I‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, k‑v-a‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m-W‑p-If‑p‑w S‑m-_‑v-e-ä‑p-I-f‑p‑w t‑]‑m-e‑pÅ aÄ-«‑nS-¨‑v D-]I-c-W-§-f‑p-s‑S h³-{‑]-f-b-¯‑nÂ a‑u-k‑ns‑â {‑]-[‑m\‑y‑w A-k‑v-X-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-I-a‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ k‑m£‑y‑w h-l‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v. H-cÀ-Y-¯‑nÂ a‑u-k‑v h‑n-S-h‑m§‑ms‑\‑m-c‑p-§‑p-¶‑p. I-¼‑y‑q-«À a‑uk‑ns‑â k‑r-ã‑m-h‑v F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v 2013 P‑q-e‑m-b‑v c-ï‑n-\‑v h‑n-S-h‑m-§‑n-b-X‑v, a‑u-k‑n-\‑v a-cWa-W‑n a‑p-g-§‑p¶-X‑v I-ï‑n-«‑mW‑v. C-X‑n-s‑e I‑u-X‑p-I-P-\-I-a‑m-b k‑wKX‑n‑, I-¼‑y‑q«À a‑u-k‑ns‑\ P-\-{‑]‑n-b-a‑m¡‑n-b-X‑n-\‑v I‑mÀ-a‑n-IX‑z‑w h-l‑n-¨ A-t‑X h‑y-à‑n X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v, t‑]-g‑v-k-WÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑v t‑a-J-e-b‑nÂ A-X‑n-\‑v ]‑p-dt‑¯-¡‑p-Å h-g‑n I‑m-«‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p-¯X‑p‑w F-¶-X‑mW‑v. B-¸‑nÄ Ø-‑m]-Ic‑n-s‑e‑mc‑mf‑m-b Ì‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑v-k‑v B-W‑v B h‑yà‑n. a-I‑n-t‑â‑m-j‑v ]‑n-k‑n h-g‑n B-Z‑y-a‑mb‑n a‑u-k‑n-\‑v \-½‑p-s‑S t‑a-i-¸‑pd-¯‑v B-`‑nP‑m-X‑ya‑m-b C-c‑n-¸‑n-S‑w k‑v-ä‑oh‑v H-c‑p-¡‑n-.

23 hÀ-j-§Ä¡‑v t‑i-j‑w‑, 2007 Â t‑]g‑v-kWÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑nÂ aÄ-«‑n-S-¨‑vb‑p-K‑w D-X‑v-L‑mS-\‑w s‑N-b‑vX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v s‑Ft‑^‑m¬ A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, k‑v-ä‑o-h‑v b-Y‑mÀ-Y-¯‑nÂ s‑N-b‑vX-X‑v a‑u-k‑n-s‑â A-h-k‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â B-c‑w-`‑w I‑p-d‑n-¡e‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p (e‑m]‑v-t‑S‑m-¸‑p-I-f‑nÂ a‑p-¼‑v X-s‑¶ a‑u-k‑n-\‑v ]I-c‑w S-¨‑v-]‑m-U‑p-If‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, a‑u-k‑n-s‑â {‑]-[‑m\‑y‑w I‑p-d-b‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑nbX‑v aÄ-«‑nS-¨‑v D-]-I-c-W-§Ä P-\-{‑]‑n-b-a‑m-bt‑X‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v).

H-c‑p s‑h-f‑n-]‑m-S‑n-s‑â IY I-¼‑y‑q-«À a‑u-k‑n-s‑â hc-h‑v I‑me-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-t‑¼ B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p-h-t‑Ã‑m. b-Y‑mÀ-Y-¯‑nÂ A-X‑v b‑m-Z‑r-Ý‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n k‑w-`-h‑n-¨XÃ. F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v F-¶ K-t‑h-jIs‑â Z‑oÀ-L-h‑o-£-Wh‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-h‑o-£-Wh‑p-a‑m-W‑v a‑u-k‑n-s‑â k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑v hg‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p-¡‑n-bX‑v. i-c‑n¡‑p‑w H-c‑p ‑"s‑h-f‑n-]‑m-S‑nÂ‑' \‑n-¶‑mW‑v X‑p-S-t‑§-ïX‑v; a‑u-k‑n-s‑â IY a‑m-{‑XaÃ‑, CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w B[‑p\‑n-I t‑]-g‑v-k-WÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑n-s‑âb‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡‑! h‑n-h‑m-l‑w \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¨‑p-I-g‑n-ª‑mÂ ]‑n-s‑¶ I‑p-d-¡‑m-e‑w BÀ¡‑p‑w a-[‑p-c-k‑z]‑v-\-§-f‑p-t‑S-X‑v B-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v s‑]‑m-X‑p-s‑h I-c‑p-X‑md‑v. F-¶‑mÂ‑, 1950 Â h‑n-h‑m-l-\‑nÝ-b‑w I-g‑n-ª F³s‑KÂ-_À-«‑n-s‑â A-\‑p`-h‑w a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑mb‑n-c‑p¶‑p. a-[‑p-c-k‑z-]‑v-\-§Ä-¡‑v ]I-c‑w H-c‑p s‑h-f‑n-]‑m-S‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l-¯‑n\‑p-ï‑mbX‑v‑! a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â _‑u-²‑n-I-t‑i-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S A-\‑p-_-Ô-a‑m-b‑n k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-s‑b h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-t‑b-ï-X‑n-s‑â {‑]-[‑m-\‑y-a‑m-W‑v AX‑n-e‑q-s‑S B C-c‑p-]¯‑n-b-©‑p-I‑mc-\‑v t‑_‑m[‑ys‑¸-«-X‑v! A-X‑v B b‑p-h‑m-h‑n-s‑â P‑o-h‑n-X-e-£‑y-a‑mh‑p-I a‑m-{‑XaÃ‑, s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ-¡‑nM‑v‑, t‑]-g‑v-k-WÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑v X‑p-S§‑n-b H-t‑«-s‑d t‑a-J-e-If‑p-s‑S h‑n-I‑m-k-¯‑n-\‑v {‑]‑m-c‑w-`‑w I‑p-d‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑n-t‑e-¡‑v F-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. I‑mÄ F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w ¥‑mU‑n-k‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w a‑q-¶‑p-a-¡-f‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑m-f‑m-b‑n A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-Â H-d‑n-K-W‑ns‑e t‑]‑mÀ-«‑ve³-U‑nÂ 1925 P-\-h-c‑n 25 \‑m-W‑v F³s‑KÂ-_À-«‑n-s‑â P-\-\‑w. ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v I‑mÄ H-c‑p t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m s‑a-¡‑m-\‑n-¡‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. c-ï‑m‑w-t‑e‑m-I-a-l‑m-b‑p-²-I‑me-¯‑v BKÌv 2013

(40) b‑p.F-k‑v.\‑m-h‑n-I-t‑k-\-b‑nÂ c-ï‑p-hÀj‑w d-U‑mÀ s‑S-I‑v-\‑o-j‑y-\‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑n-s‑S‑, H-c‑p s‑N-d‑p-Z‑z‑o-]‑n-s‑e s‑s‑e-{‑_-d‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v s‑h-\-hÀ _‑p-j‑v c-N‑n-¨ ‑"As We May Think‑' F-¶ t‑eJ-\‑w F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-\‑nS-b‑m-b‑n. B-[‑p\‑n-I h‑n-h-c-k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-Ih‑n-Z‑y-b‑ps‑S B-[‑m-c-t‑c-J-s‑b-¶‑v N-c‑n{‑X-I‑m-c³-a‑mÀ h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ B t‑e-J-\-¯‑nÂ‑, ‑"s‑a-s‑a-I‑vk‑v' (‑"Memex‑'‑) F-¶ ‑"b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v-kÂ C³-^À-t‑a-j³ d‑n-{‑S‑o-hÂ k‑n-Ì‑'s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-W‑v _‑pj‑v h‑n-h-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v. B B-i-b-a‑m-W‑v F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑n-s‑\ ]‑n-¶‑oS‑v Xs‑â ‑"s‑hf‑n-]‑m-S‑n‑'t‑e-¡‑v \-b‑n-¨X‑v. \‑m-h‑n-I-t‑k-\-b‑n-s‑e c-ï‑p-hÀjs‑¯ t‑kh-\‑w ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m¡‑n-b F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v, H-d‑n-K¬ k‑v-t‑ä-ä‑v kÀh-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-b‑nÂ-\‑n¶‑v C-e-{‑Î‑n-¡Â F³-P‑n-\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑nÂ _‑n-c‑p-Z‑w t‑\-S‑n. ‑"\‑mk‑'b‑p-s‑S a‑p³-K‑m-a‑nb‑m-b ‑"\‑m-j-WÂ A-s‑s‑U‑zk-d‑n I½ä‑n H‑m¬ Fb‑v-t‑d‑mt‑\‑m-«‑n-I‑v-k‑n‑'\‑v (F³.F.k‑n.F‑) I‑og‑nÂ I‑me‑n-t‑^‑mÀ-W‑n-b-b‑nÂ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n¡‑p-¶ B-s‑a-k‑v d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v s‑kâ-d‑n-e‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l‑w BZ‑y‑w t‑P‑m-e‑n-¡‑v t‑NÀ-¶-X‑v. I‑p-d-¨‑p-I‑m-e‑w A-h‑n-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨ t‑ij‑w s‑_À-¡‑v-e‑n-b‑nÂ I‑me‑n-t‑^‑mÀW‑n-b kÀ-h-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-b‑nÂ ]‑n.F-¨‑v.U‑n.¡‑v t‑NÀ¶‑p. I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑n-s‑â _‑m-e‑y-I‑m-e-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AX‑v. he‑n-b a‑p-d‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S h-e‑n-¸a‑p-Å I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑p-IÄ. h-e‑n-¸‑w A-{‑X-b‑pU¥-k‑v F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v þ1968 s‑e N‑n-{‑X‑w

BKÌv 2013

a‑p-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w H-c‑p k-ab‑w H-c‑mÄ-t‑¡ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ Ig-b‑q F-¶-X‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p Ø‑nX‑n. ]-©‑v-I‑mÀ-U‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑pÅ s‑I-«‑n-a-d‑n-¨‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑h-W‑w I-¼‑y‑q«-d‑n-\‑v h‑n-h-c-§Ä \Â-I‑m³. F-¶‑n«‑v‑, {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑p-s‑S D-¯-c‑w {‑]‑nâ‑v H‑u-«‑m-b‑n I‑n-«‑m³ a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑m-¯‑n-c‑n¸‑p‑w‑! a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑\-c‑n-«‑v C-S-s‑]-SÂ k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-I‑p-¶s‑X‑m-s‑¡ A-¶‑v k-b³-k‑v ^‑n£-s‑â X-e-¯‑ne‑p-Å k‑w-K-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-{‑X {‑]-X‑o-£‑m-c-l‑n-X-a‑m-b Hc‑p I‑m-e-¯‑mW‑v‑, I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S h-e‑n-¸‑w I‑p-d-b‑p-¶-X‑p‑w‑, I-¼‑y‑q-«-À i‑r‑w-J-e-I-f‑ne‑qs‑S h‑n-h-c-§Ä ]-c-k‑v]-c‑w s‑s‑I-a‑m-ä‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸S‑p¶-X‑p‑w‑, t‑\-c‑n-«‑v C-S-]-g-I‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ h‑n-[-¯‑nÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«À k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â _‑u-²‑n-I-t‑i-j‑nb‑p-s‑S h‑n-]‑p-e‑o-I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-W-a‑n-¡‑p¶X‑p-s‑a‑ms‑¡ F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v F-¶ K-t‑h-j-I-s‑â k-¦Â-¸-¯‑nÂ \‑n-d-b‑p¶X‑v. A-k‑m-[‑m-c-Wa‑m-b DÄ-¡‑m-g‑v-¨-b‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑v. H-c‑p ]-X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑v I-g‑n-ª‑v X-s‑â k-¦Â¸§Ä-¡‑v b‑m-Y‑mÀ-Y‑y-¯‑n-s‑â \‑n-d‑w-]-I-c‑m³ B K-t‑h-jI-\‑v A-hkc‑w s‑s‑I-h-¶‑p. ]‑nÂ-¡‑me-¯‑v ‑"F-k‑v. BÀ.s‑F. CâÀ-\‑m-jWÂ‑' (SRI International‑) F-¶‑v ]‑p-\À-\‑m-a-IcW‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸« Ì‑m³^-U‑v d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v C³-Ì‑n-«‑y‑q-«‑n-\‑v I‑o-g‑nÂ F³-s‑KÂ-_À«‑n\‑v H-c‑p ]-c‑o-£-W K-t‑h-j-W-t‑I{‑µ‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-ª-t‑¸‑m-g‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p

AX‑v. ‑"H‑m-s‑Ü-t‑â-j³ d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v s‑kâÀ‑' AY-h‑m F.BÀ.k‑n. F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p B t‑I-{‑µ-¯‑n-s‑â t‑]c‑v. b‑p.F-k‑v.{‑]X‑nt‑c‑m-[ h-I‑p-¸‑n-s‑â k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-k-l‑m-bt‑¯‑m-s‑S B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w. CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑n-s‑â a‑p³-K‑m-a‑nb‑m-b AÀ-]‑m-s‑\ä‑v (ARPAnet‑) b‑m-Y‑mÀ-Y‑ya‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑nÂ ]-¦‑p-h-l‑n-¨ K-t‑h-j-Wt‑I-{‑µ-§f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑v F.BÀ.k‑n.B-b‑nc‑p¶‑p.

‑"A-h-X-c-W-§-f‑p-s‑S a‑m-X‑mh‑v‑" `‑m-h‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n a‑p-J‑m-a‑p-J‑w \‑nÂt‑¡-ï A-h-Ø N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ D-ï‑mI‑md‑p-ï‑v. 1968 U‑n-k‑w-_-d‑nÂ k‑m³ {‑^‑m³-k‑nk‑v-t‑I‑m-b‑nÂ t‑NÀ-¶ ‑"^‑mÄ t‑P‑mbâ‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«À t‑I‑m¬-^-d³-k‑n‑"Â t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑â h‑nh‑n-[ `‑m-K-§-f‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑v ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯ B-b‑n-c-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d I-¼‑y‑q-«À h‑n-Z-K‑v-[À-¡‑v A¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p Ø‑nX‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. A-h‑ns‑S F³-s‑KÂ_À-«‑v \-S¯‑n-b H-c‑p A-h-X-cW‑w‑, I-¼‑y‑q-«À c‑w-K-s‑¯-b‑m-s‑I {‑]-I¼-\‑w s‑I‑m-Å‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ‑"A-h-X-c-W-§-f‑p-s‑S a‑m-X‑mh‑v‑' ("the mother of all demos'‑) F-¶‑v N-c‑n{‑X-¯‑nÂ C-S‑w-t‑\-S‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ B A-h-X-c-W-‑w hg‑n‑, t‑]-g‑v-k-WÂ I-¼‑y‑q«‑n-M‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ-¡‑n-M‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w `‑m-h‑n-s‑b-´‑m-s‑W-¶‑v B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n t‑e‑m-I‑w A-d‑n-ª‑p. H-c‑p a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑n-t‑e-s‑d \‑oï B A-h-X-c-W-¯‑nÂ h‑n-h-c-k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-s‑S ]-X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑p-IÄ-¡-¸‑pI-¼‑y‑q-«À a‑u-k‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-a‑mX‑rI

(41)

F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v þa‑u-k‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑p-a‑mb‑n

d-¯‑pÅ a‑m-k‑v-a-c-t‑e‑m-I‑w N‑p-c‑pÄ-\‑nhÀ¶‑p‑! t‑Ì-P‑nÂ H-c‑p a‑u-k‑n\‑p‑w I‑o-t‑_‑mÀU‑n\‑p‑w a-ä‑v \‑n-b{‑´-W k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\§Ä¡‑p‑w a‑p-¶‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶ F³-s‑KÂ_À«‑v‑, X-\‑n-¡‑v ]‑n-¶‑n-s‑e 22 A-S‑n s‑]‑m-¡-¯‑n-e‑p-Å h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m k‑v-{‑I‑o\‑nÂ `‑m-h‑n-s‑b-§-s‑\-b‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑v k-ZÊ‑n-\‑v I‑m-«‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. C-S-]-g-I‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ X-c-¯‑nÂ s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ-¡‑n-M‑v \-S-¯‑p-¶ I-¼‑y‑q-«À k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S h‑n-h-c-§Ä AX‑n-t‑h-K‑w ]-¦‑n-S‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â k‑m-[‑y-X-If‑p‑w‑, \‑m-e‑p-hÀ-j‑w a‑p-¼‑v F³-s‑KÂ-_À«‑v c‑q-]‑w-\ÂI‑n-b I-¼‑y‑q«À a‑u-k‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑n-s‑\ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-§-s‑\-s‑b¶‑p‑w‑, s‑SI‑v-Ì‑v F-U‑n-ä‑n-M‑v, h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m t‑I‑m¬-^d³-k‑nM‑v‑, s‑s‑l-¸À-s‑S-I‑v-Ì‑v, h‑n³-t‑U‑m k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-b‑p-s‑S c‑o-X‑n-If‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w H-ä-b-S‑n-¡‑v A-h‑ns‑S A-h-X-c‑n¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p‑! ‑"H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ k‑n-k‑vä‑w‑' (OnLine System) AY-h‑m F³.FÂ.Fk‑v (NLS‑) F-¶‑m-W‑v X‑m³ B-h‑n-j‑v-¡-c‑n-¨ B I-¼‑y‑q-«À k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑v F³s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v t‑]-c‑n-«-X‑v. B t‑I‑m¬-^-d³-k‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p¯-hÀ X‑n-c‑n¨‑p-t‑]‑m-b-X‑v `‑m-h‑n-s‑b k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ ]‑pX‑n-b I‑m-g‑v-¨-¸‑m-S‑p-a‑mb‑mW‑v. F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v A-¶-h‑n-s‑S A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨ B-i-b§Ä A-S‑p-¯ ]-X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑nÂ ‑"k‑n-t‑d‑m-I‑v-k‑n‑' (Xerox) s‑â ‑"]‑mt‑e‑m H‑mÄt‑«‑m d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v s‑kâd‑ne‑p‑w‑' (k‑n-t‑d‑m-I‑v-k‑v ]‑mÀ-¡‑v þ Xerox PARC‑)‑, ‑"k‑v-ä‑m³^-U‑v BÀ-«‑n-^‑n-j‑yÂ Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑v e-t‑_‑m-d-«-d‑n-‑'b‑n-e‑p‑w k‑v^‑p-S‑w- s‑N-¿-s‑¸«‑p. 1980 I-f‑nÂ B-¸‑nÄ‑, s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v X‑p-S§‑n-b I-¼-\‑nIÄ B B-i-b§-s‑f h‑m-W‑n-P‑y-h-X‑v-¡c‑n¨‑p. t‑]-g‑v-k-WÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w B-[‑p-\‑n-I-b‑p-K‑w A§-s‑\ B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. 1968 s‑e B {‑]-k‑n-²a‑m-b A-hX-c-W-¯‑nÂ F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v X-s‑â B-h-\‑m-g‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v ]‑p-d-s‑¯-S‑p-¯

1984 s‑e a-I‑n-t‑â‑m-j‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«À

B-b‑p-[-§-f‑nÂ G-äh‑p‑w I‑u-X‑p-I-a‑pWÀ-¯‑nb-X‑v ‑"a‑uk‑v' F-¶‑v h‑n-N‑n-{‑X-\‑ma-a‑pÅ B s‑N-d‑p-D-]-I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. s‑Nd‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p X-S‑n-s‑¸-«‑nb‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑pÅ‑nÂ N‑n-e N-{‑I-§-f‑p‑w. A-X‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n¨‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«À k‑v-{‑I‑o-\‑n-s‑e t‑IÀ-k-d‑n-s‑\ h-c-¨-h-c-b‑nÂ \‑nÀ-¯‑m‑w‑! F-¶‑p-s‑h¨‑mÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯\-s‑¯ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑m‑w. 1964 Â H-c‑p I-¼‑y‑q-«À {‑K‑m-^‑n-I‑v-k‑v t‑I‑m¬-^-d³-k‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑mW‑v a‑u-k‑v F-¶ B-ib‑w F³-s‑KÂ_À-«‑n-s‑â a-\-k‑nÂ c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. X‑n-c‑n-s‑I-s‑b¯‑n-b A-t‑±-l‑w A-X‑n-s‑â H-c‑p k‑v-s‑I-¨‑v F-k‑v.BÀ.s‑F.b‑n-s‑e F³-P‑n-\‑n-bd‑m-b h‑nÃ‑y‑w C‑w-¥‑o-j‑n-s‑\ GÂ-¸‑n¨‑p. H-c‑p s‑s‑]³ X-S‑n-s‑¸-«‑n-¡‑pÅ‑nÂ N-{‑I-§Ä ]‑n-S‑n-¸‑n-¨ X-c-¯‑n-e‑pÅ-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p a‑u-k‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-c‑q-]‑w. a‑u-k‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-a‑m-X‑r-I-I-f‑nÂ a‑q¶‑v _-«-W‑p-I-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ^-e-{‑]Z-a‑m-b‑n a‑uk‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ ]-¯‑v _-«-W‑p-IÄ t‑h-W-s‑a¶‑v F³-s‑KÂ_À-«‑v I-c‑pX‑n. F-¶‑mÂ‑, c-ï‑p ]-X‑nä‑m-ï‑v I-g‑n-ª‑v X-s‑â a-I‑n-t‑â‑m-j‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑nÂ {‑K‑m-^‑n-¡Â b‑q-kÀ CâÀt‑^-k‑n (GUI‑)s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n a‑u-k‑v DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, k‑v-ä‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑vk‑v A-X‑n-s‑\ H-ä _-«-\‑p-Å-X‑m-¡‑n a‑mä‑n‑! e‑m-f‑n-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶t‑Ã‑m k‑v-ä‑o-h‑n-s‑â B]‑vX-h‑m-I‑y‑w. H-ä _«-t‑\ D-Å‑q-s‑h¦‑nÂ‑, s‑Xä‑m-b _-«-\‑nÂ A-aÀ-¯‑m-³ C-S-h-c‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v Ì‑o-h‑v h‑m-Z‑n¨‑p. F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«À a‑u-k‑n-\‑v B t‑]-c‑v e-`‑n¨X‑v? N-c‑n-{‑X-I‑m-c³-a‑mÀ-¡‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w C-¡‑m-c‑y¯‑nÂ h‑y-à-X-b‑nÃ. l‑mÀ-U‑v-t‑hÀ F³-P‑n-\‑n-bd‑mb t‑d‑mPÀ t‑_-ä‑v-k‑n-s‑\ D-²-c‑n-¨‑v ‑"\‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑w-k‑n‑'s‑e t‑P‑m¬ a‑mÀ-t‑¡‑m-^‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X- k‑wK-X‑n {‑i-t‑²-ba‑mW‑v. F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑n-s‑â k‑m-¶‑n-[‑y¯‑nÂ X-s‑¶-b‑m-W-t‑{‑X ‑"a‑uk‑v‑' F-¶ t‑]-c‑pï‑mbX‑v. I-¼‑y‑q-«À k‑v-{‑I‑o-\‑n-s‑e t‑IÀ-kÀ (cursor‑) h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸«‑n-c‑p¶-X‑v ‑"I‑y‑mä‑v‑' (CAT‑) F-¶‑mW‑v. k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â a-d‑pX-e

‑"Fe‑n‑' AY-h‑m ‑"a‑uk‑v‑' F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡s‑¸«‑p. ]t‑£‑, CAT s‑â ]‑qÀ-W-c‑q-]‑w t‑_-ä‑v-k‑n\‑p‑w H‑mÀ-a-b‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v Ø‑m-]‑n-¨ K-t‑hj-W-t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m-b F.BÀ.k‑n. 1970 I-f‑nÂ {‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n¨‑p. F³.FÂ.F-k‑v.k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w 1977 Â ‑"s‑s‑S‑w-s‑jbÀ' (Tymshare‑) F-¶ I-¼-\‑n-¡‑v h‑nä‑p. H-c‑p ]-X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑n-t‑es‑d-¡‑m-e‑w B-c‑me‑p‑w A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑ms‑X F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v s‑s‑S‑w-s‑j-b-d‑nÂ {‑]-hÀ¯‑n¨‑p. X‑m³ a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-s‑h-¨ B-i-b§Ä h‑n-h-c-h‑n-\‑n-a-b h‑n-¹-h-¯‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-¯-d-b‑m-I‑p¶-X‑v A-t‑±-l‑w I-‑m-W‑p¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v \ÂI‑n-b k‑w-`‑mh-\I-s‑f a‑p³-\‑nÀ-¯‑n b‑p.F-k‑v.\‑mj-WÂ s‑aUÂ H‑m-^‑v s‑SI‑v-t‑\‑mf-P‑n A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑v k-½‑m-\‑n¡s‑¸«‑p. I‑qS‑m-s‑X s‑e-s‑aÂ-k¬þF‑w.s‑F.S‑n.]‑pc-k‑v-I‑m-c-h‑p‑w‑, S‑q-d‑n-M‑v A-h‑mÀU‑p‑w A-t‑±l-s‑¯ t‑X-S‑n-s‑b-¯‑n.

H-c‑p a-\‑p-j‑y³‑, c-ï‑v b‑p-K-§Ä ‑"k‑n-t‑d‑m-I‑v-k‑v ]‑mÀ-¡‑n‑'s‑e K-t‑hj-I-c‑m-W‑v 1970 I-f‑p-s‑S A-h-k‑m\‑w {‑K‑m-^‑n-¡Â b‑q-kÀ CâÀ-t‑^-k‑v h‑n-Ik‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑v. a‑uk‑p‑w I‑o-t‑_‑mÀU‑p‑w D-]t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑p-a‑m-b‑n C-S-]-g-I‑m³ A-hk-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-¹-h-I-ca‑m-b a‑p-t‑¶-ä-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p AX‑v. ]-t‑£‑, B B-ib‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v F-´‑p-s‑N-¿-W-s‑a-¶‑v k‑n-t‑d‑m-I‑v-k‑n-\‑v c‑q-]-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. 1979 Â k‑v-ä‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑v-k‑n-s‑â t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑nÂ H-c‑p B-¸‑nÄ k‑w-L‑w k‑n-t‑d‑m-I‑v-k‑v ]‑mÀ-¡‑nÂ k-µÀi-\‑w \-S-¯‑n. A-h‑ns‑S h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ ]-e \‑q-X-\- k‑w-K-X‑n-If‑p‑w B-¸‑nÄk‑wL‑w I-ï-X‑nÂ‑, Ì‑o-h‑n-s‑\ k‑v-X‑w-`‑n-X-\‑m¡‑nb-X‑v {‑K‑m-^‑n-¡Â b‑q-kÀ CâÀ-t‑^k‑v B-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. ‑"F-s‑â I-®‑pI-s‑f a-d-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p a‑q-S‑p]-S‑w a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑pt‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑v', P‑o-h-N-c‑n{‑X-I‑m-c\‑m-b h‑mÀ-«À C-k‑m-I‑v-k-t‑\‑m-S‑v ]‑nÂ-¡‑me-¯‑v Ì‑o-h‑v ]-dª‑p. ‑"I-¼‑y‑qBKÌv 2013

(42) «‑n-M‑n-s‑â `‑m-h‑n F-§-s‑\-b‑m-I‑m³ h‑n-[‑n¡-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v R‑m³ Iï‑p'. h‑y-h-k‑mb‑n-I N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e G-äh‑p‑w he‑n-b ‑"s‑I‑m-Å‑'b‑v-¡‑m-W‑v B-¸‑nÄk‑w-L-¯‑n-s‑â B k-µÀi\‑w h-g‑n-s‑X-f‑n-¨-s‑X-¶‑v C-k‑m-I‑v-k¬ ]-d-b‑p¶‑p. a-I‑n-t‑â‑m-j‑n-t‑e-¡‑v k‑v-ä‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑v-k‑v F-¯‑n-b-X‑p‑w‑, t‑]-g‑v-k-WÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑n-s‑â a‑p-J-a‑p-{‑Z-b‑mb‑n {‑K‑m-^‑n¡Â b‑q-kÀ CâÀ-t‑^-k‑v a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑p‑w‑, I-¼‑y‑q-«À a‑u-k‑v kÀ-h-h‑y‑m-]‑n-b‑m-bX‑p‑w ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n. B ‑"s‑I‑m-Å‑'s‑b Ì‑o-h‑v ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v \‑y‑m-b‑oI-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶X‑v C‑u h‑mN-I‑w h-g‑n-b‑mW‑v : ‑"]‑n¡‑ms‑k‑m ]-d-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p þ ‑"\Ã I-e‑m-I‑m-c³-a‑mÀ A-\‑p-I-c‑n¡‑p‑w‑, a-l¯‑m-b I-e‑m-I‑m-c³-a‑mÀ I-h-c‑p‑w‑' F¶‑v. a-l¯‑m-b B-i-b-§Ä I-hc‑p-¶-X‑nÂ R-§-s‑f-¶‑p‑w \‑nÀ-e-Öc‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p‑!‑' (C-t‑X B-¸‑nf‑p‑w Ì‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑v-k‑p-a‑m-W‑v, s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n-s‑e ^‑o-¨-d‑p-IÄ a-ä‑p-Å-hÀ t‑a‑m-ã‑n-¨‑p-s‑h-¶ B-t‑£-]-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n ]‑nÂ-¡‑me¯‑v t‑] äâ‑v b‑p-²-‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¨-s‑X-¶ I‑mc‑y‑w {‑i-t‑²-b-a‑m-W‑v). A§s‑\‑, t‑]-g‑v-k-WÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑pI-f‑p-s‑S A-\‑n-h‑m-c‑yL-S-I-a‑m-b‑n a‑u-k‑v a‑m-d‑n. 1970 e‑mW‑v F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑v a‑u-k‑n-s‑â t‑]-äâ‑v k‑z-´-a‑m-¡‑p-¶X‑v. B t‑]-äâ‑n-\‑v 17 hÀj-t‑a I‑m-e‑m-h-[‑nb‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-Å‑q. 1987 B-b-t‑¸‑m-t‑g¡‑p‑w a‑u-k‑v BÀ-¡‑p-t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑m-s‑a-¶‑m-b‑n. I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑vc‑wK-¯‑v A-X‑v kÀ-Æ-h‑y‑m-]‑n-b‑m-I‑p¶-X‑v A-t‑X‑ms‑S-b‑mW‑v. AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Xs‑¶‑, B I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n¯‑w F³-s‑KÂ-_À-«‑n-\‑v k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w K‑p-W‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑nÃ. a‑u-k‑n-\‑v ]I-c‑w S-¨‑v-]‑m-U‑p-Å e‑m]‑vt‑S‑m-¸‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑p-IÄ¡‑v 1990 I-f‑nÂ {‑]-N‑m-c‑w e-`‑n¨‑p X‑p-S§‑n (B-Z‑y e‑m]‑vt‑S‑m-¸‑v c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-bX‑p‑w ‑"k‑n-t‑d‑m-I‑v-k‑v ]‑mÀ-¡‑n‑"e‑m-W‑v, 1976 Â. ‑"k‑n-t‑d‑m-I‑v-k‑v t‑\‑m-«‑v t‑S¡À‑' (Xerox NoteTaker‑) F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑v). F-¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑u-k‑n-s‑â K-c‑n-a-b‑v-¡‑v he‑nb t‑I‑m-«-s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w X-«‑n-b‑nÃ. F-¶‑mÂ‑, ]‑pX‑n-b \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑nÂ Ø‑n-X‑n- a‑md‑n. Ì‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑v-k‑n-s‑â t‑aÂ-t‑\‑m-«-¯‑nÂ B-¸‑nÄ A-W‑n-b‑ns‑¨‑m-c‑p¡‑n- 2007 Â c‑w-K-s‑¯-¯‑n¨ s‑Ft‑^‑m¬‑, k‑v-a‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m-W‑n-s‑â a‑m-{‑X-aÃ t‑]-g‑v-k¬ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w i‑n-t‑c‑me‑n-J‑n-X‑w a‑m-ä‑n-h-c-b‑v-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-¶ D-]I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. G-äh‑p‑w {‑i-t‑²b‑w‑, `‑u-X‑n-Ia‑m-b H-c‑p I‑o-]‑m-U‑v A-X‑n-e‑nÃ F-¶-X‑mW‑v. ]I-c‑w aÄ-¨‑nS-¨‑v F-¶ k-t‑¦-X-a‑m-W‑v A-X‑n-e‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶-X‑v. S-¨‑v k-t‑¦-X‑w a‑p-¼‑v X-s‑¶ ]-ec‑p‑w BKÌv 2013

s‑F-t‑^‑mW‑p‑w k‑v-ä‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-º‑vk‑p‑w þ aÄ-«‑n-S-¨‑n-s‑â hc-h‑v

]-c‑o-£‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, A-X‑n-s‑â k‑m[‑y-X F-{‑X-t‑¯‑m-f-a‑p-s‑ï¶‑v s‑Ft‑^‑m-W‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑v I‑m-«‑n-s‑¡‑mS‑p-¯X‑v. At‑X k-t‑¦-X‑w D-]-t‑b‑mK‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑F-]‑m-U‑v F-¶ S‑m-_‑ve-ä‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«À 2010 Â B-¸‑nÄ A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n¨-t‑X‑ms‑S‑, H-c‑p-I‑m-c‑y‑w t‑_‑m-[‑y-a‑m-b‑n. ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p b‑p-K-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑]-g‑v-kWÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑nM‑v I-S-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p; aÄ-«‑nS-¨‑v D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑p-s‑S b‑p-K-¯‑nt‑e¡‑v. F-¶‑p-s‑h-¨‑mÂ‑, a‑u-k‑n-s‑â Bh-i‑y-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ I‑m-e-a‑m-W‑v h-c‑p¶X‑v‑! I-g‑n-ª ]-X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-]I‑p-X‑n-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p ]‑n-d-¶‑mÄ ]‑mÀ-«‑nb‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑m-W‑v B-¸‑nÄ aÄ-«‑n-S-¨‑nt‑e-s‑¡¯‑n-b I-Y X‑p-S-t‑§-ï-s‑X-¶‑v C-k‑m-I‑v-k¬ h‑n-h-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑mt‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v Hc‑p S‑m-_‑ve-ä‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«À h‑n-Ik‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ k-ab‑w. A-X‑n-s‑â N‑p-a-X-eb‑p-Å F³-P‑n-\‑n-bÀ h‑n-h‑m-l‑w I-g‑n¨-X‑v Ì‑o-h‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w `‑m-c‑y t‑e‑m-d³-k‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w Hc‑p k‑p-l‑r-¯‑n-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. B F³-P‑n-\‑n-bÀ X-s‑â A-¼X‑m‑w ]‑n-d¶‑m-Ä ]‑mÀ-«‑n-¡‑v Ì‑o-h‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w I‑p-S‑p‑w_-s‑¯b‑p‑w £-W‑n¨‑p. _‑nÂ t‑K-ä‑v-k‑p‑w `‑m-c‑y s‑a-e‑n³-Ub‑p‑w ]‑mÀ-«‑n-¡‑v F-¯‑nb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. X-s‑â t‑aÂ-t‑\‑m-«-¯‑nÂ s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑mt‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶ S‑m-_‑v-e-ä‑n-s‑\-¡‑pd‑n-¨‑v, ]‑mÀ-«‑n ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-a‑n-¡-s‑h B F³P‑n-\‑n-bÀ h‑o-¼‑n-f-¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑nb-X‑v k‑v-ä‑o-h‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w _‑nÂ t‑K-ä‑v-k‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w H-t‑c-t‑]‑ms‑e A-k‑z-Ø-c‑m-¡‑n. I-¼-\‑nb‑p-s‑S _‑u²‑nIc-l-k‑y-§-Ä A-b‑mÄ s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑ne‑mb‑n-c‑p¶‑p _‑nÂ t‑K-ä‑v-k‑n-s‑â t‑h-h-e‑mX‑n; AX‑p‑w Ì‑o-h‑ns‑â a‑p-¶‑nÂ-s‑h-¨‑v! s‑s‑Ìe-k‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n¸‑n¡‑mh‑p¶ B S‑m-_‑ve-ä‑v h-t‑¶‑ms‑«‑, B-¸‑n-f‑ns‑â e‑m]‑v-t‑S‑m-¸‑v _‑n-k‑n-\-s‑k‑m-s‑¡ ]‑q-«‑ns‑¡«‑ps‑a-¶‑v A-b‑mÄ B-hÀ-¯‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ‑"A-hc-X‑v s‑Xä‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑ne‑m-W‑v h‑n-`‑mh-\‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶-s‑X¶‑v F-\‑n-¡‑v a-\-k‑n-e‑m-b‑n. B S‑m-_‑v-eä‑ns‑\‑m-c‑p ssÌe-k‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑p-s‑h-¨‑mÂ‑, \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S I-Y I-g‑n-ª-‑p-s‑h-¶ÀY‑w‑' þ

Ì‑o-h‑v ]‑nÂ-¡‑me-¯‑v ]-dª‑p. A-k‑zØa‑m-b a-\-t‑k‑m-s‑S ]‑mÀ-«‑n I-g‑n-ª‑v h‑o-«‑n-s‑e¯‑n-b Ì‑o-h‑v k‑z-b‑w ]d-ª‑p: ‑"X‑p-eª‑p-t‑]‑ms‑«‑, H-c‑p S‑m-_‑ve-ä‑v F-´‑ms‑W-¶‑v R-§-f-b‑mÄ¡‑v I‑m-«‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-h‑p-I-b‑mW‑v‑'. ]‑n-t‑ä-Z‑nhk‑w H‑m-^‑o-k‑n-s‑e¯‑n-b Ì‑o-h‑v X-s‑â S‑o-a‑n-s‑â t‑b‑m-K‑w h‑n-f‑n-¨‑v C§s‑\ A-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑p : ‑"F-\‑n-s‑¡‑m-c‑p S‑m-_‑v-e-ä‑p-ï‑m-¡W‑w. A-X‑n-\‑v I‑o-t‑_‑mÀt‑U‑m‑, k‑v-s‑s‑ä-e-t‑k‑m D-ï‑m-I-c‑pX‑v‑'. C-s‑X-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v Ì‑o-h‑v ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v ]-d-ªX‑v‑, ‑"s‑s‑Z-h‑w \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v (h‑n-c-e‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S c‑q-]-¯‑nÂ‑) ]-¯‑v s‑s‑Ì-e-k‑p-IÄ X-¶‑n«‑p-Å-t‑¸‑mÄ ]X‑n-s‑\‑m-¶‑ma-s‑X‑mc‑p k‑vs‑s‑ä-e-k‑n-s‑â B-h-i‑y-s‑a-´‑v' F-¶‑m-W‑v! B-d‑p-a‑m-k‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v B-¸‑nÄ S‑o‑w H-c‑p {‑]‑m-Ya‑n-I hÀ-¡‑n-M‑v a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n. B t‑{‑]‑m-P-Î‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v aÄ-¨‑nS¨‑p‑w C-S‑w-t‑\-S‑p-¶X‑v. s‑UÂ-t‑h-d‑nÂ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ ‑"^‑n-¦À hÀ-¡‑vk‑v' F-¶ s‑N-d‑p-I¼-\‑n A-X‑n\-I‑w aÄ-«‑nS-¨‑v {‑S‑m-¡‑v-]‑m-U‑p-I-f‑pï‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑nÂ s‑s‑h-Z-K‑v[‑y‑w s‑X-f‑n-b‑n¨‑n-c‑p¶‑p. C-c‑p-s‑N-h‑n-b-d‑n-b‑m-s‑X 2005 Â B I-¼-\‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â t‑]-äâ‑pIf‑p‑w B-¸‑nÄ k‑z-´-a‑m-¡‑n. B hÀ-j‑w X-s‑¶- ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p k‑va‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m³ B-¸‑nÄ X‑o-c‑pa‑m-\‑n¨‑p. S‑m-_‑v-e-ä‑v ]²X‑n X-X‑v-¡‑m-e‑w \‑nÀ-¯‑n-s‑h-¨‑n«‑v s‑F-t‑^‑m-¬ c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑p-¶-X‑nÂ A-S‑nb-´-c {‑i-² \ÂI‑n. S‑m-_‑v-e-ä‑n-\‑m-b‑n h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¨ aÄ-«‑nS-¨‑v k-t‑¦X‑w s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n-t‑e-¡‑v s‑Nt‑¡d‑n. A-§-s‑\ 2007 Â s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ c‑w-K-s‑¯¯‑n. s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n-\‑p a‑p-¼‑v B-¸‑nÄ B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ S‑m-_‑ve-ä‑v t‑{‑]‑m-P-Î‑v 2010 Â s‑F-]‑m-U‑n-s‑â c‑q-]-¯‑nÂ ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m-b‑n. t‑]-g‑v-k-WÂ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑ns‑\ aÄ-«‑nS¨‑v b‑p-K-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v s‑s‑I-]‑n-S‑n-¨‑v \-S-¯‑pI-b‑mW‑v s‑F-t‑^‑mW‑p‑w s‑F-]‑mU‑p‑w s‑N-b‑vXX‑v. aÄ-¨‑nS-¨‑v D-]-I-c-W-§Ä kÀ-Æ-h‑y‑m-]‑n-b‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v IïX‑v. a‑u-k‑n-\‑v h‑n-S-h‑m-§‑m³ k-a-b-a‑mI‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑n-s‑â k‑q-N-\-b‑m-b‑n C-X‑v ]-ec‑p‑w h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑p¶‑p. amXr`qan Hm¬sse\nð No^v k_v FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: jamboori@gmail.com A-h-e‑w_‑w‑, I-S-¸‑m-S‑v :

1. www.computerhistory.org; 2. Comupter Visionar Who Invented the Mouse, by John Markoff, NewYork Times, July3, 2013; 3. Steve Jobs (2011), by Walter Isaacson

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hmb-\ jmPn tP¡_v

h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑yh‑p‑w “News is like government itself; endlessly subject to criticism and with few defenders’’ -Alex S. Jones

1970

If‑nÂ ]{‑X§f‑ne‑qs‑S ]‑pd¯‑ph¶ s‑]âK¬‑, h‑m«Àt‑Kä‑v h‑nh‑mZ§Ä At‑ac‑n¡³ B`‑y´c c‑mj‑v{‑S‑obs‑¯b‑mW‑v Xe I‑og‑v ad‑n¨s‑X¦‑nÂ t‑e‑mIh‑y‑m]Ia‑m b‑n At‑ac‑n¡³ `cWI‑qSs‑¯ {‑]X‑n I‑q«‑ne‑m¡‑p¶hb‑mW‑v cï‑phÀj‑w a‑p³]‑v P‑qe‑nb³ Ak‑ms‑© X‑pd‑p¶‑p h‑n« h‑n¡‑ne‑oI‑vk‑v t‑cJIf‑p‑w Ct‑¸‑mÄ Ft‑U‑zÀU‑v k‑vt‑\‑mU³ ]‑pd¯‑ps‑I‑m ï‑ph¶ h‑mÀ¯If‑p‑w. "a\‑pj‑yNc‑n{‑X ¯‑ns‑e Xs‑¶ Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb clk‑y \‑nc‑o£W]²X‑n' X‑pd¶‑p I‑mW‑n¡‑p ¶hs‑b¶‑v k‑vt‑\‑mU³ h‑nf‑n¡‑p¶ Xs‑â h‑mÀ¯IÄ‑, K‑qK‑nÄ a‑pXÂ t‑^k‑v_‑p¡‑v hs‑cb‑pÅ a‑pg‑ph³ CâÀs‑\ä‑v Ø‑m]\§f‑ne‑p‑w \‑n¶‑v t‑e‑mI¯‑v Bc‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w h‑nhc§Ä At‑ac‑n¡³ clk‑y‑mt‑\‑zjW‑, k‑pc £‑m GP³k‑nIÄ t‑N‑mÀ¯‑ns‑¡‑mt‑ï b‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑ps‑h¶ hk‑vX‑pXb‑mW‑v ]‑pd ¯‑v h‑n«X‑v. At‑ac‑n¡³ `cWI‑qS‑w t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â N‑mc\‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶ AX‑y´‑w l‑o\a‑mb C‑u h‑nhc‑w t‑e‑mIs‑¯bd‑nb‑n¨ k‑vt‑\‑mUs‑\ At‑ac‑n¡ c‑mP‑yk‑pc£b‑p‑w P\ X‑me‑v]c‑yh‑p‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n c‑mP‑yi{‑Xp h‑p‑w P\h‑nc‑p²\‑pa‑mb‑n {‑]J‑y‑m]‑n¨‑p Ig‑nª‑p. A§s‑\ Ak‑ms‑©¡‑p ]‑n¶‑ms‑e k‑vt‑\‑mU\‑p‑w s‑s‑k_À t‑e‑mIs‑¯¶t‑]‑ms‑e bY‑mÀYt‑e‑mI ¯‑p‑w A`b‑mÀY‑nb‑p‑w ]e‑mb‑nb‑pa‑mb‑n a‑md‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Ak‑ms‑© þ k‑vt‑\‑mU³ L«‑w ] c‑maÀi‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶‑ns‑Ã¦‑ne‑p‑w At‑ac‑n ¡³ a‑m[‑ya t‑e‑mI‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑n s‑â \‑ne\‑nÂ¸‑n\‑mb‑n h‑mÀ¯If‑ne‑q s‑S \S¯‑nb CSs‑]Se‑pIf‑ps‑S k‑wL Àj‑mßIa‑mb k‑zX‑z]c‑nW‑ma Nc‑n {‑X‑w h‑nhc‑n¡‑p¶ {‑it‑²ba‑mb Hc‑p {‑KÙa‑mW‑v {‑]ik‑vX a‑m[‑y {‑]hÀ¯ I\‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya]T‑nXa‑mh‑pa‑mb AeI‑vk‑v Fk‑v t‑P‑m¬k‑v Fg‑pX‑nb ‑"Losing the

News‑' ]‑pe‑nä‑vkÀ k½‑m\t‑PX‑mh‑p‑w

At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e Hc‑p s‑Nd‑pI‑nS ]{‑X ¯‑ns‑â DSab‑p‑w \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑v DÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pÅ \‑nch[‑n ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S a‑p³t‑eJI\‑p‑w a‑m{‑XaÃ AeI‑vk‑v. a‑n¡h‑md‑p‑w FÃ‑m¯c‑w a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ ¯\§f‑ne‑p‑w At‑±l‑w CSs‑]«‑n«‑pï‑v. t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m‑, s‑Se‑nh‑nj³‑, {‑KÙcN\‑, B\‑pI‑me‑nIc‑wK‑w‑, s‑h_‑v t‑PWe‑n k‑w‑, kÀhIe‑mi‑me‑m Xe¯‑ns‑e a‑m[‑ya]T\‑w F¶‑n§s‑\. h‑mÀ¯‑, At‑ac‑n¡³ P\Xb‑ps‑S P‑oh‑nXs‑¯ k‑z‑m[‑o\‑n¨X‑pt‑]‑ms‑e as‑ä‑mc‑p P\Xs‑bb‑p‑w _‑m[‑n¨‑n«‑nÃ F¶‑p s‑]‑mX‑ps‑h ]db‑md‑pï‑v. At‑ac‑n ¡³ `cWLS\s‑b¡‑mÄ h‑nJ‑y‑mX a‑mb AX‑ns‑â H¶‑m‑w t‑`ZKX‑n a‑pXÂ‑, \‑mf‑nX‑phs‑cb‑pÅ At‑ac‑n¡³ P\X Losing the news Alex S. Jones Oxford Uty Press

b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w `cWI‑qS¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w Nc‑n {‑X‑w h‑mÀ¯‑mc‑mj‑v{‑S‑obt‑¯‑ms‑S¶X‑p t‑]‑ms‑e as‑ä‑m¶‑nt‑\‑mS‑p‑w C{‑Xt‑aÂ s‑I«‑p]‑nWª‑n«‑nÃ; K‑pW]ca‑mb‑me‑p‑w EW]ca‑mb‑me‑p‑w. At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑ns‑â \‑ne\‑nÂ¸‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑obh‑p‑w X½‑ne‑p ï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ _Ô¯‑nÂ k‑w`h‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ a‑mä§f‑ps‑S h‑niIe \a‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ‑w. B AÀY¯‑nÂ t‑e‑mIs‑¯h‑ns‑Sb‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑ma‑m[‑ya §f‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑y {‑]{‑I‑nbb‑p‑w X½‑n e‑pÅ _Ô¯‑ns‑â k‑wLÀj‑mßI a‑mb kaI‑me k‑z`‑mh§f‑ps‑S h‑niI e\¯‑n\‑pÅ Hc‑p {‑]t‑hiIa‑mb‑n CX‑v a‑md‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. h‑n¡‑ne‑oI‑vk‑v a‑pXÂ k‑vt‑\‑mU³ k‑w`h‑w hs‑cb‑pÅ h‑njb§f‑nÂ At‑ac‑n¡³ `cWI‑qS‑w t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â a‑p¶‑nÂ {‑]X‑n¡‑q«‑nÂ \‑nÂ¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ‑, h‑nt‑ij‑n¨‑p‑w. H³]X‑v A[‑y‑mb§f‑mb‑mW‑v {‑KÙ ¯‑ns‑â k‑wh‑n[‑m\‑w. Cc‑p]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑m ï‑ns‑â BZ‑y]I‑pX‑nb‑nÂ At‑ac‑n¡³ ]{‑X§Ä ]‑peÀ¯‑nb h‑mÀ¯‑mka‑o ]\¯‑nÂ cï‑m‑w ]I‑pX‑nb‑ne‑p‑w Ah k‑m\ ZiI§f‑ne‑pa‑mb‑n k‑w`h‑n¨ h³h‑og‑vNIf‑ps‑S k‑qN\b‑mW‑v H¶‑m a[‑y¯‑ne‑pÅX‑v. K‑ucha‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯ IÄ A´Ê‑mci‑q\‑ya‑mb h‑mÀ¯IÄ ¡‑phg‑na‑md‑n. Ad‑nh‑ns‑\¡‑mÄ‑, h‑nt‑\‑mZ a‑mb‑n‑, h‑mÀ¯If‑ps‑S a‑mÀKh‑p‑w e£‑y h‑p‑w. ]ck‑yh‑n]W‑nb‑mb‑n Gäh‑p‑w \‑nÀ W‑mbIa‑mb LSI‑w. a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯ \‑w Xs‑¶b‑p‑w h‑n]W‑nt‑kh\a‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑ns‑â AI¯f§ f‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v h‑mÀ¯‑ma‑m[‑ya§Ä h‑n] W‑nb‑ps‑S \S‑p¯f¯‑nt‑e¡‑p N‑phS‑p a‑mä‑n¯‑pS§‑n. D¯ch‑mZ‑n¯a‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯ (Acountability News‑) F¶ h‑m¡‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S AeI‑vk‑v D]t‑b‑m K‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. a‑p³]‑v At‑ac‑n¡³ a‑m[‑ya §Ä¡‑v `cWI‑qSt‑¯‑mS‑p‑w h‑n]W‑n t‑b‑mS‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ‑, P\§t‑f‑mS‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p D¯ch‑mZ‑n¯a‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑v. AX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p P\‑m[‑n]X‑yh‑yhØ b‑ps‑S AS‑n¯db‑p‑w. `cWI‑qSs‑¯b‑p‑w A[‑nI‑mc Ø‑m]\§s‑fb‑p‑w P\§ t‑f‑mS‑v D¯ch‑mZ‑n¯a‑pÅh‑cmb‑nc‑n¡‑m BKÌv 2013

(44) ³ \‑nc´c‑w H‑mÀ½‑n¸‑n¨‑p ]{‑X§s‑f¦‑n Â s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑p‑w CâÀs‑\ä‑p‑w C‑u h‑mÀ¯‑m k‑wk‑vI‑mcs‑¯ A«‑nad‑n¨‑p. ¢‑mk‑ns‑s‑^U‑v ]ck‑yt‑aJe CâÀs‑\ ä‑v I¿S¡‑nbX‑v 2006 a‑pXÂ ]{‑X§f‑p s‑S \‑ne\‑nÂ¸‑ns‑\Xs‑¶ {‑]X‑nkÔ‑n b‑ne‑m¡‑n. ]gbI‑me {‑]X‑m]‑w FÃ‑m AÀY¯‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X§Ä¡‑v \j‑vSa‑mb‑n. 2006 Â‑, At‑ac‑n¡³ ]{‑X‑m[‑n]·‑mc‑p s‑S t‑Zi‑ob ka‑nX‑nb‑ps‑S kt‑½f\¯‑n Â t‑e‑mk‑v G©ek‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑v ]{‑X‑m [‑n]À t‑P‑m¬ It‑c‑mÄ Xs‑â {‑]k‑wKa hk‑m\‑n¸‑n¨X‑v C§s‑\b‑mW‑v. "Our

newspapers are shrinking and so is our confidence'

h‑m«Àt‑Kä‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v DÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑p Åh N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¨‑v‑, ]{‑X§Ä ]‑peÀ ¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶ K‑uchh‑p‑w D¯ch‑mZ‑n¯ h‑p‑w kaÀ¸W_‑p²‑nb‑pa‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯‑m a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â c‑oX‑nIÄ AeI‑vk‑v h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. t‑e‑mk‑v G©ek‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â 1881 a‑pXe‑pÅ LS\‑m]ca‑mb ]c‑nW‑ma§f‑p‑w h‑mÀ ¯‑mka‑o]\§f‑p‑w h‑nhc‑n¨‑v Xs‑â \‑ne]‑mS‑v kaÀY‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w AeI‑vk‑n\‑p

{‑]k‑nUâ‑v d‑n¨‑mÀU‑v \‑nI‑vks‑\ Ae«‑n b‑nÃ. ]t‑£ I‑mc‑y§Ä s‑]s‑«¶‑p XI‑nS‑w ad‑nª‑p. kÀ¡‑mÀ ]{‑X¯‑n s‑\X‑ns‑c \‑nbab‑p²‑w {‑]J‑y‑m]‑n¨‑p. h‑ne¡‑pIÄ GÀs‑¸S‑p¯‑n. s‑]âK¬ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑v h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mÌ‑v ]{‑X‑w Gs‑äS‑p¯‑p. X‑pSÀ¶‑v aä‑p ]{‑X §f‑p‑w. HS‑ph‑nÂ t‑I‑mSX‑n h‑n[‑n s‑s‑S‑wk‑n\\‑pI‑qea‑mb‑n. `cWI‑qS‑w a‑p«‑pI‑p¯‑n. ]{‑X‑w a‑pg‑ph³ s‑]âK¬ t‑cJIf‑p‑w {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨‑p. h‑m«Àt‑Kä‑v h‑nh‑mZ¯‑nt‑e¡‑p hg‑nX‑pd¶X‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w s‑]âK¬ t‑cJIf‑ms‑W¶‑v AeI‑vk‑v N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶‑p. \‑nI‑vk¬ Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â Nhä‑pI‑p« b‑ne‑mb‑n. ]{‑X§Ä P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑n s‑â s‑\d‑pIb‑ne‑p‑w. b‑p²§Ä‑, \‑nba\‑nÀa‑mW§Ä‑, `cWI‑qSh‑naÀi\‑w‑, h‑yhk‑mbt‑e‑m _‑nIt‑f‑mS‑pÅ ka‑o]\‑w X‑pS§‑nbh ]c‑ma‑mÀi‑n¡‑p¶ AeI‑vk‑v k‑zhÀK cX‑n \‑nbah‑nt‑[ba‑m¡‑p¶X‑ns‑\ s‑¨‑mÃ‑n At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ \S¶ Z‑oÀL a‑mb a‑m[‑yak‑wh‑mZ§f‑ps‑S IY h‑nh c‑n¡‑p¶‑p. S‑mt‑»‑mb‑vU‑v ]{‑X§s‑f¡‑p

a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯IÀ h‑yà‑n]ca‑mb‑n hc‑p¯‑p¶ s‑Xä‑pIÄ a‑pXÂ a‑m[‑yaØ‑m]¯‑ns‑â Bk‑q{‑X‑nX \‑o¡§Ähs‑cb‑pÅh k‑rj‑vS‑n¡‑p¶ [‑mÀ½‑nIX‑m \j‑vS¯‑ns‑â he‑ns‑b‑mc‑p Nc‑n{‑X‑w Xs‑¶b‑pï‑v At‑ac‑n¡³ h‑mÀ¯‑m a‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑v. Cc‑p]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑phs‑c ]W‑w h‑m§‑n F´‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑p¶ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ k‑pe`a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑phs‑{‑X. Cc‑p]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑ns‑â X‑pS¡‑w s‑X‑m«‑mW‑v C‑u c‑oX‑n¡‑pa‑mä‑w h¶X‑v. 1909 e‑pï‑mb a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S k‑wLS\b‑mW‑v C‑u a‑mä¯‑n\‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w \ÂI‑nbX‑v. Hc‑p [‑mÀ½‑nI k‑wl‑nX c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑n a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯ \¯‑n\‑v ChÀ ]‑pX‑ns‑b‑mc‑p Z‑ni‑mt‑_‑m[a‑pï‑m¡‑ns‑¡‑mS‑p¯‑p. Ig‑nb‑p¶‑p. cï‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w ‑"a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w P\‑m [‑n]X‑yh‑p‑w‑" F¶X‑mW‑v. C‑u {‑KÙ ¯‑ns‑â D‑u¶Â Xs‑¶b‑p‑w ‑"P\‑m[‑n] X‑ys‑¯ \‑ne\‑nÀ¯‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S `‑mh‑n‑" F¶X‑ne‑mW‑v. H¶‑m‑w A[‑y‑mb ¯‑nÂ k‑qN‑nXa‑mb D¯ch‑mZ‑n¯a‑p Å h‑mÀ¯ Ch‑ns‑S C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ns‑â Xs‑¶ X‑mt‑¡‑mÂh‑m¡‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p. \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑v s‑]âK¬ t‑]¸d‑pIÄ {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨ kµÀ`‑w N‑qï‑n¡‑m«‑n At‑ac‑n¡³ ]{‑X§Ä h‑nt‑[bX‑z¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v s‑Nd‑p¯‑p\‑nÂ ¸‑nt‑e¡‑p a‑md‑nbX‑ns‑â IY AeI‑vk‑v h‑nhc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. h‑nbä‑v\‑m‑w b‑p²¯‑nÂ At‑ac‑n¡³ `cWI‑qS‑w ]‑peÀ¯‑nb s‑I‑mS‑p‑w h‑y‑mP§Ä X‑pd¶‑pI‑m«‑n‑, \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑v. 1971 P‑q¬ 13\‑v ]{‑X‑w s‑]âK¬ t‑cJIÄ {‑]k‑n²‑oI c‑n¨‑p X‑pS§‑n. a‑p³{‑]k‑nUâ‑v e‑n³U³ t‑P‑m¬ks‑â \S]S‑nIf‑ps‑S h‑naÀi\ ¯‑nÂ X‑pS§‑nb t‑cJIÄ XÂ¡‑me‑w BKÌv 2013

d‑n¨‑pÅ h‑niIe\a‑mW‑v as‑ä‑mc‑p h‑nj b‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob t‑_‑m[a‑nÃ‑m¯ s‑Se‑nh‑n j³ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«Àa‑mÀ‑, h‑nt‑\‑mZ]cX t‑aÂs‑s‑¡ t‑\S‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯‑m d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ «‑n‑wK‑v‑, ]e \‑neIf‑nÂ k‑n\‑na‑mä‑nI‑v BI‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯IÄ F¶‑n§s‑\ Ht‑c‑m t‑aJeb‑p‑w AeI‑vk‑v h‑niIe \‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. I‑rX‑yX‑, k´‑pe\‑w‑, D¯ch‑mZ‑n¯‑w‑, k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w‑, e‑m` s‑¡‑mX‑nb‑ps‑S \‑nb{‑´W‑w F¶‑o A©‑p LSI§f‑mW‑v h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S a‑qe‑y‑w \‑ne\‑nÀ¯‑p¶hb‑mb‑n AeI‑vk‑v N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. At‑ac‑n¡³ `cWLS\b‑ps‑S {‑]k‑n²a‑mb H¶‑m‑w t‑`ZKX‑ns‑b¡‑p d‑n¨‑pÅ NÀ¨b‑mW‑v a‑q¶‑ma[‑yb‑m‑w. 1791þ a‑pXÂ At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ \‑ne\‑nÂ ¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑yaþ Bh‑nj‑vI‑mc k‑z‑mX {‑´‑y¯‑ns‑â t‑hZh‑mI‑ya‑mW‑v t‑ae‑v] dª H¶‑m‑w t‑`ZKX‑ns‑b¶‑mW‑v s‑]m X‑ph‑nÂ Ic‑pXs‑¸S‑p¶X‑v. F¶‑mÂ 1931 þs‑e k‑p{‑]‑o‑wt‑I‑mSX‑nh‑n[‑n

s‑X‑m«‑mW‑v At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ {‑^‑o{‑]k‑v b‑mY‑mÀ°‑ya‑mbs‑X¶‑p N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n ¡‑p¶‑p AeI‑vk‑v. X‑pSÀ¶‑v At‑ac‑n¡ b‑ns‑e ]{‑X k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y¯‑n\‑v 1734 a‑pXÂ X‑pS§‑p¶ `cWI‑qS þ a‑m[‑ya k‑wLÀj§f‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X‑w h‑nhc‑n¡‑p ¶‑p At‑±l‑w. \‑nch[‑n kµÀ`§f‑nÂ \‑nch[‑n ]{‑X§f‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m[‑n]·‑mc‑p‑w ]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w `cWI‑qS \‑nb{‑´ W¯‑ns‑\X‑ns‑c t‑I‑mSX‑n Ibd‑nb Nc‑n {‑X‑w. b‑p²§f‑nÂ At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ t‑Zi‑m`‑na‑m\‑w X‑ot‑]‑ms‑e ]SÀ¶‑p]‑nS‑n ¡‑p‑w. At‑¸‑mÄ a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑pt‑aÂ `cWI‑qS‑w P\]‑n´‑pWt‑b‑ms‑S I‑q¨‑p h‑ne§‑nS‑p‑w. H¶‑m‑w t‑e‑mI b‑p²¯‑n \‑p a‑p³]‑p‑w ]‑n³]‑p‑w c‑mP‑yk‑pc£ s‑b¶h‑m¡‑n\‑p t‑aÂ At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ a‑m[‑yaþ Bh‑nj‑vI‑mc k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w t‑h«b‑mSs‑¸« \‑nch[‑n DZ‑mlcW§ f‑pï‑v. 9/11 \‑p t‑ija‑pï‑mb ‑"`‑oIcX s‑¡X‑nc‑mb b‑p²‑' k¶‑ml§f‑ps‑S a‑m[‑yac‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob‑w hs‑cb‑pÅh NÀ¨ s‑N¿‑p¶‑p‑, Ch‑ns‑S. \‑me‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w ‑"hk‑vX‑p\‑nj‑vTX‑" s‑b¶ h‑mÀ¯‑ma‑qe‑ys‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑mW‑v \‑nj‑v]£X‑, I‑rX‑yX‑, hk‑vX‑p\‑nj‑vTX X‑pS§‑nbhb‑ps‑S k‑m[‑yXIÄ N‑qï‑n ¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶ AeI‑vk‑v, N‑n¡‑mt‑K‑m {‑S‑n_‑y‑qW‑ns‑â ]{‑X‑m[‑n]c‑mb‑nc‑p¶ s‑P^‑v P‑mÀU‑nk‑ns‑\ D²c‑n¡‑p¶‑p. ‑"‑"kX‑y‑w ]‑pd¯‑ps‑I‑mï‑phceÃ \½‑p s‑S ]W‑n. kX‑ys‑as‑´¶‑p X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n ¡‑m³ P\§s‑f kl‑mb‑n¡e‑mW‑v‑''. hk‑vX‑p\‑nj‑vTXb‑ps‑S l‑n‑wk \S¶ a‑m[‑y {‑]hÀ¯\ X{‑´§f‑ps‑S Gä h‑p‑w I‑p{‑]k‑n²a‑mb DZ‑mlcWa‑mb‑n 1950 If‑nÂ \S¸‑mb a¡‑mÀ¯‑nb‑nk s‑¯ AeI‑vk‑v AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p. A©‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w a‑m[‑ya [‑mÀ½‑nI Xs‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑mW‑v. a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯I À h‑yà‑n]ca‑mb‑n hc‑p¯‑p¶ s‑Xä‑pI Ä a‑pXÂ a‑m[‑yaØ‑m]¯‑ns‑â Bk‑q{‑X‑nX \‑o¡§Ähs‑cb‑pÅh k‑rj‑vS‑n¡‑p¶ [‑mÀ½‑nIX‑m \j‑vS ¯‑ns‑â he‑ns‑b‑mc‑p Nc‑n{‑X‑w Xs‑¶b‑p ï‑v At‑ac‑n¡³ h‑mÀ¯‑m a‑m[‑yac‑wK ¯‑v. Cc‑p]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑phs‑c ]W‑w h‑m§‑n F´‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑p¶ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ ¯IÀ At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ k‑pe`a‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑phs‑{‑X. Cc‑p]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑ns‑â X‑pS¡‑w s‑X‑m«‑mW‑v C‑u c‑oX‑n¡‑pa‑mä‑w h¶X‑v. 1909 e‑pï‑mb a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ ¯Ic‑ps‑S k‑wLS\b‑mW‑v C‑u a‑mä ¯‑n\‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w \ÂI‑nbX‑v. Hc‑p [‑mÀ ½‑nI k‑wl‑nX c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑n a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n\‑v ChÀ ]‑pX‑ns‑b‑mc‑p Z‑ni‑mt‑_‑m[a‑pï‑m¡‑ns‑¡‑mS‑p¯‑p. h‑nhc§f‑ps‑S I‑rX‑yXb‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m t‑{‑k‑mXÊ‑ns‑â h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yXb‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ «‑n‑wK‑p‑w ]£‑w ]‑nS‑n¡e‑p‑w X½‑ne‑pÅ

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AeI‑vk‑v Fk‑v t‑P‑m¬k‑v

h‑yX‑y‑mkh‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ [‑mÀ½IXb‑psS `‑mKa‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. Gäh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\s‑¸« a‑q¶‑p [‑mÀ½‑nI ac‑y‑mZIÄ AeI‑vk‑v N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶X‑v Chb‑mW‑v. kX‑yt‑¯‑mS‑pÅ {‑]X‑n_²X‑, P\§ t‑f‑mS‑pff I‑qd‑v‑, \ÂI‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯IÄ ic‑nb‑ms‑W¶‑pd¸‑phc‑p¯Â. h‑m«Àt‑Kä‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑nÂ‑, a‑p¸X‑p hÀj¯‑ne[‑nI‑w X§f‑ps‑S t‑{‑k‑mXÊ‑v clk‑ya‑mb‑n k‑q£‑n¨ I‑mÄt‑_¬ Ì‑o³, t‑_‑m_‑v h‑pU‑vh‑mÀU‑v F¶‑nh s‑c AeI‑vk‑v DZ‑mlc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. P‑oh‑nX ¯‑nÂ Hc‑n¡Â t‑]‑me‑p‑w AhÀ X§ f‑ps‑S h‑mÀ¯‑mt‑{‑k‑mXÊ‑v s‑hf‑ns‑¸S‑p ¯‑nb‑n«‑nÃ. ‑"‑"t‑I‑mSX‑n AX‑mhi‑ys‑¸«‑m e‑p‑w R§Ä s‑N¿‑nÃ. ]Ic‑w Pb‑ne‑n Â t‑]‑mI‑p‑w‑, A{‑X Xs‑¶'', AhÀ AeI‑vk‑nt‑\‑mS‑p ]dª‑p. t‑a‑mW‑n¡‑m s‑eh‑n³k‑vI‑n h‑njb¯‑nÂ a‑mä‑v {‑UU‑vP‑v X‑pd¶‑ph‑n« `‑qX‑w \‑y‑qk‑vh‑o¡‑n s‑\ a‑p«‑pI‑p¯‑n¨ IYb‑p‑w aä‑p \‑nch[‑n k‑w`h§f‑p‑w AeI‑vk‑v h‑nhc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Bd‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S Xs‑¶ IYb‑mW‑v. \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑\‑m¸‑w At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ h‑mÀ¯‑m k‑wk‑vI‑mc¯‑n\‑pï‑mb ]c‑n W‑ma§f‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S t‑I{‑µh‑njb‑w. K‑p«³_ÀK‑ns‑â I‑me‑w a‑pXÂ A¨S‑n ¡‑pï‑mb h‑n¹hIca‑mb a‑pt‑¶ä§Ä a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n AeI‑vk‑v h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X‑w h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. a‑pJ‑ya‑m b‑p‑w‑, s‑s‑a¡Ä j‑pU‑vk¬ Fg‑pX‑nb A¨S‑nb‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑nb‑m W‑v AeI‑vk‑v Xs‑â h‑mÀ¯‑m a‑m[‑ya Nc‑n{‑X‑mhXcW‑w \S¯‑p¶X‑v. ]X‑n s‑\«‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑ne‑mc‑w`‑n¨‑v ]s‑¯‑m³] X‑p‑w Cc‑p]X‑p‑w \‑qä‑mï‑pIf‑nÂ h³ hfÀ¨ t‑\S‑nb At‑ac‑n¡³ ]{‑X§f‑p s‑Sb‑p‑w Cc‑p]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑ns‑â H¶‑m‑w ZiI¯‑nÂ Xs‑¶ {‑]N‑mc‑w t‑\S‑nb t‑dU‑nt‑b‑mb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w \‑qä‑mï‑ns‑â

cï‑m‑w ]I‑pX‑nb‑nÂ P\{‑]‑nba‑mb s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑âb‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m k‑z`‑mh§ Ä Ch‑ns‑S h‑nhc‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶‑p. Hc‑p ] t‑£ C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ns‑â BZ‑y A[‑y‑m ba‑mb‑n \ÂI‑ma‑mb‑nc‑p¶ ]T\‑w. Gg‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S ‑"acW‑' s‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑mW‑v At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ t‑I_‑nÄ s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑p‑w (1980IÄ‑) CâÀs‑\ä‑n\‑p‑w (1990 a‑pXÂ‑) a‑p¶‑nÂ ]{‑X§Ä t‑\c‑nS‑p¶ {‑]X‑nkÔ‑n c‑q£ a‑mW‑v. 2008s‑e k‑m¼¯‑nI a‑mµ‑y‑w C‑u {‑]X‑nkÔ‑n Cc«‑nb‑m¡‑n. h‑mj‑n‑w K‑vS³ t‑]‑mÌ‑ns‑â t‑Ì‑m¡‑v a‑qe‑y‑w Ad‑p ]¯‑na‑q¶‑piXa‑m\‑w \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑nt‑âX‑v A³]s‑¯«‑p iXa‑m\ h‑p‑w CS‑nª‑p. ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S t‑I‑m¸‑nI f‑p‑w ]ck‑yhc‑pa‑m\h‑p‑w h³t‑X‑mX‑nÂ I‑pdª‑p. s‑Nd‑pI‑nS ]{‑X§Ä ]eX‑p‑w ]‑q«‑n. 1960IÄ s‑X‑m«‑pXs‑¶ Hc‑p \Kc ¯‑n\‑v Hc‑p ]{‑X‑w F¶ c‑oX‑n At‑ac‑n ¡b‑nÂ h‑y‑m]Ia‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. 1990IÄ s‑X‑m«‑v ]{‑X{‑]N‑mc‑w I‑p¯s‑\X‑mW‑p. 1990Â 62 a‑ne‑y¬ Bb‑nc‑p¶ ]{‑X {‑]N‑mc‑w 2000Â 56 a‑ne‑yW‑mb‑n. (C´‑y b‑ne‑p‑w t‑Icf¯‑ne‑p‑w t‑\s‑c X‑nc‑n¨‑mW t‑Ã‑m Ø‑nX‑n‑). h‑mÀ¯‑mNc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e \‑me‑m‑w b‑pKa‑mb CâÀs‑\ä‑ns‑â k‑m[‑yXIf‑m W‑v. G«‑ma[‑y‑mb¯‑ns‑e h‑njb‑w. \h a‑m[‑ya§Ä k‑zb‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n¨ h‑mÀ ¯‑mk‑wk‑vI‑mc‑w Hc‑p hi¯‑v. ]c¼c‑m KX a‑m[‑ya§Ä (]{‑X‑w a‑pXÂ S‑nh‑n hs‑c‑) \ha‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S kl‑mb t‑¯‑ms‑S k‑rj‑vS‑n¨ h‑mÀ¯‑mk‑wk‑vI‑m c‑w as‑ä‑mc‑phi¯‑v. ]{‑X§Ä ]‑peÀ ¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶ K‑ucha‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯‑mka‑o ]\‑w P\{‑]‑nb‑, s‑k³t‑kjW³‑, \‑mSI‑ob h‑mÀ¯‑m ka‑o]\§Ä¡‑p hg‑na‑md‑n F¶‑v ]ec‑p‑w \‑nc‑o£‑n¨‑p. 1970If‑nÂ s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑ns‑e c‑m{‑X‑n h‑mÀ¯IÄ At‑ac‑n¡³ P\Xs‑b

I‑ogS¡‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑ps‑h¦‑nÂ 1980If‑nÂ k‑n F³ F³ DÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pÅ t‑I_‑n Ä \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\e‑pIÄ Cc‑p]¯‑n\‑me‑p aW‑n¡‑qd‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ \ÂI‑n¯‑pS §‑nbt‑X‑ms‑S c‑m{‑X‑n h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑v t‑{‑]£IÀ ]I‑pX‑n Iï‑p I‑pdª‑p. CâÀs‑\ä‑ns‑â hct‑h‑ms‑S ]{‑X¯‑n\‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑pa‑pï‑mb a‑mäh‑p‑w ka‑m\ a‑mW‑v. k‑m¼¯‑nI i‑mk‑v{‑XÚ\‑mb t‑P‑mk^‑v j‑p‑w]‑oäÀ C‑u a‑mäs‑¯ h‑nf‑n¡‑p¶X‑v kÀK‑mßIk‑wl‑mc‑w (creative destruction) F¶‑mW‑v. ]{‑X§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w N‑m\e‑pIf‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ Gs‑d P\{‑]‑oX‑nb‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯‑ma‑m[‑ya§f‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. (k‑n. F³.F³.‑, \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑v F¶‑nhb‑ps‑S s‑s‑kä‑pIf‑mW‑v C¡‑mc‑y ¯‑nÂ a‑p¶‑nÂ‑) H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ h‑mÀ¯‑m a‑m[‑ya§Ä k‑uP\‑ya‑mbt‑X‑ms‑S ] {‑X§Ä¡‑p {‑]N‑mc‑w h‑oï‑p‑w I‑pdª‑p. k‑nä‑nk¬ t‑PWe‑nka‑pÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pÅ \ha‑m[‑ya h‑mÀ¯‑m k‑m[‑yXIÄ AeI‑vk‑v NÀ¨ s‑N¿‑p¶‑pï‑v. ‑"h‑mÀ¯s‑b c£‑n¡‑m³‑" F¶ Ahk‑m\ A[‑y‑mb‑w a‑m[‑ya‑w GX‑m b‑me‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑ns‑â \‑ne\‑nÂ ¸‑n\‑pt‑hïX‑v D¯ch‑mZ‑n¯a‑pÅ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑mW‑v F¶ Bib‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑phb‑v¡‑p¶‑p. s‑{‑]‑m^WÂ c‑wKs‑¯ k‑mt‑¦X‑nI \h‑o\XIÄ‑, aÕc§Ä‑, s‑hÃ‑ph‑nf‑nIÄ‑, h‑n]W‑n X‑mÂ]c‑y§Ä‑, A\‑nÝ‑nXa‑mb `‑mh‑n s‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ Bi¦IÄþ ]{‑X§ f‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w t‑\c‑nS‑p¶ {‑]X‑nkÔ‑n IÄ AeI‑vk‑v N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶‑p. At‑ac‑n¡³ P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑ns‑â ]‑mc ¼c‑y‑w I‑m¯‑pk‑q£‑nt‑¡ï he‑nb D¯ch‑mZ‑n¯‑w h‑mÀ¯‑ma‑m[‑ya§Ä ¡‑pï‑v F¶‑v AeI‑vk‑v Fg‑pX‑p¶‑p. At‑ac‑n¡³ h‑mÀ¯‑ma‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S Ø‑nX‑nbÃ C´‑yb‑nÂ F¶‑v \a‑p¡ d‑nb‑m‑w. F¦‑ne‑p‑w C´‑y³ ]Ý‑m¯e ¯‑nÂ t‑]‑me‑p‑w Gs‑d {‑]kàh‑p‑w {‑]‑m t‑b‑mK‑nIh‑pa‑mb \‑nc‑o£W§f‑mW‑v AeI‑vk‑v t‑P‑mW‑nt‑âX‑v. P\‑m[‑n]X‑y c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob {‑Ia¯‑ne‑p‑w `cWk‑wh‑n[‑m \¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑ma‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑pÅ Ø‑m\‑w a‑m{‑XaÃ h‑mÀ¯s‑b¶ h‑yh l‑mc¯‑n\‑pÅ {‑]‑m[‑m\‑yh‑pa‑mW‑v AeI‑vk‑v N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. AX‑ns‑â \‑m\‑mXc‑w XIÀ¨IÄ P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑n\‑p k‑rj‑vS‑n¡‑mh‑p¶ \j‑vSs‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ At‑±l¯‑ns‑â a‑p¶d‑nb‑n¸‑pIÄ At‑ac‑n¡s‑¡¶ t‑]‑ms‑e C´‑yb‑v¡‑p‑w _‑m[Ia‑mW‑v. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com BKÌv 2013

(46) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

Textbook of Media Management

The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism

Media, Culture and Communication

Textbook of Media Management As The Media Converges With The Telecommunication Industry Leveraging Content Becomes Key For Both Formerly Separate Industries. The emergence of giant media corporations has created a new era of mass communications. This new age of media giants, with an obsession for the bottom line to satisfy shareholders dominated by institutional investors, has made awareness of business and financial issues more critical than ever for both new and continuing employees of such enterprises. Textbook of Media Management is a fresh, insightful, practical media management textbook that examines the current media industry in an age when all the rules seem to be changing because of the new phenomena of digital technology, publicly-traded media conglomerates, and changing media habits and values among consumers.

The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism presents an authoritative, comprehensive assessment of diverse forms of news media reporting â&#x20AC;&#x201C; past, present and future. Including 60 chapters, written by an outstanding team of internationally respected authors, the Companion provides scholars and students with a reliable, historically informed guide to news media and journalism studies. The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism provides an essential guide to key ideas, issues, concepts and debates, while also stressing the value of reinvigorating scholarship with a critical eye to developments in the professional realm. The paperback edition of this Companion includes four new chapters, focusing on news framing, newsmagazines, digital radio news, and social media.

What is the relationship between the meanings found in popular art and in forms such as science, religion and ordinary speech? The task before the media is to turn recent advances in the science of culture towards the characteristic products of contemporary life: news stories bureaucratic language, love songs, political rhetoric daytime serials, television drama, talk shows and the wider world of contemporary leisure, ritual and information. It is not the study of the masses or the mass media, but to relate the industrial production of culture and conventions through which it is produced to the wider world of meaning significance and interpretation to an entire way of life. By connecting major streams of theory to the latest trends in the global cultural mix, the book provides a fresh and unsurpassed introduction to media, communication and cultural studies.

Arun Pattanaik Astha Publishers & Distributors 264 Pages; Price: Rs. 950

BKĂ&#x152;v 2013

Editor: Stuart Allan Routledge 688 pages; Price: Rs. 2666

Dilip Singh Chordia A B D Publishers 256 Pages; Price: Rs. 995

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H‑mÄ t‑S‑m]‑v/t‑PWe‑nk‑w

h‑nh‑n[ h‑njb§Ä k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc‑w I‑n«‑m³ hfs‑c kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑mW‑vhttp://alltop.com. CX‑ns‑e A£ca‑me‑m{‑Ia¯‑ne‑pÅ e‑n¦‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v [‑mc‑mf‑w h‑njb§Ä s‑Xs‑cs‑ªS‑p¯‑v AX‑p k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑nhc§Ä a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m‑w. H‑mÄt‑S‑m¸‑ns‑â t‑PWe‑nk‑w h‑n`‑mK‑w C‑u c‑wK‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v [‑mc‑mf‑w h‑nhc§Ä \e‑vI‑p‑w. h‑ne‑mk‑w: http://

bY‑mÀY t‑]P‑nt‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑m\‑mh‑p‑w. H‑mt‑c‑maW‑n¡‑qd‑ne‑p‑w ^‑oU‑pIÄ A]‑vt‑Uä‑v s‑N¿‑p‑w Gäh‑p‑w h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yXb‑pÅ s‑s‑kä‑pIf‑mW‑v- CX‑ns‑â a‑pIÄ `‑mK¯‑v e‑nÌ‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. s‑I‑mf‑w_‑nb t‑PWe‑nk‑w d‑nh‑y‑qh‑nÂ \‑n¶‑pÅ ^‑oU‑pIÄ k‑m[‑mcW Gäh‑p‑w a‑pIf‑nÂ I‑mW‑m‑w. s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â X‑pS¡¯‑nÂ Xs‑¶ Gäh‑p‑w h‑mb‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ k‑vt‑ä‑md‑nIÄ s‑I‑mS‑p¯‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

\‑y‑q t‑a‑mUð t‑PWe‑nk‑w

journalism.alltop.com.

\‑qd‑pIW¡‑n\‑v- Ddh‑nS§f‑nÂ \‑n¶‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ s‑s‑kä‑v "s‑h_‑ns‑e H‑mWe‑n³ a‑mKk‑n³ d‑m¡' F¶‑mW‑v- k‑zb‑w h‑nt‑ij‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIÄ‑, t‑»‑mK‑pIÄ F¶‑nhb‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb DÅS¡‑w FS‑p¯‑v {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v- s‑s‑kä‑v s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. hfs‑c {‑]ik‑vX§f‑mb t‑PWe‑nk‑w s‑s‑kä‑pIf‑ps‑S e‑n¦‑pIÄs‑¡‑m¸‑w H«‑p‑w {‑]ik‑vX‑ aÃ‑m¯ s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ‑, t‑»‑mK‑pIÄ F¶‑nhb‑ns‑e h‑nhc§f‑p‑w CX‑nÂ I‑mW‑m\‑mI‑p‑w. s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â {‑] ik‑vX‑n¡Ã‑, DÅS¡¯‑ns‑â t‑a·b‑v¡‑mW‑v- X§Ä a‑p³X‑q¡‑w \e‑vI‑p¶s‑X¶‑mW‑v- ChÀ AhI‑mis‑¸S‑p¶X‑v. CX‑nÂ t‑NÀ¯‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ H‑mt‑c‑m s‑s‑kä‑ns‑eb‑p‑w t‑»‑mK‑ns‑eb‑p‑w Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb A©‑p h‑mÀ¯IÄ t‑]P‑nÂ {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n¡‑p‑w. H‑mt‑c‑m Xes‑¡«‑n\‑p a‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w IÀkÀ F¯‑pt‑¼‑mÄ AX‑p k‑w_Ô‑n¨ Hc‑p JÞ‑nI s‑Xf‑nª‑phc‑p‑w. h‑mb‑n¨‑v X‑me‑v]c‑y‑w t‑X‑m¶‑nb‑mÂ a‑m{‑X‑w ¢‑n¡‑v s‑Nb‑vXÂ aX‑n. At‑X‑ms‑S DÅS¡‑w AS§‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶

At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ ]c¼c‑mKX ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\ c‑wK‑w XIÀ¨s‑b t‑\c‑nS‑p¶ ]Ý‑m¯e¯‑nÂ Xb‑md‑m¡s‑¸« s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑mW‑v- http://newmodel journalism.com. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n s‑â h‑nh‑n[ t‑aJeIf‑nÂ {‑]‑mhÀ¯‑nI a‑m¡‑m³ ]ä‑p¶ ]‑pX‑nb _‑nk‑n\k‑v t‑a‑mUe‑pIÄ NÀ¨s‑N¿‑pIb‑mW‑vCh‑ns‑S. At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e \‑mjWÂ b‑qW‑nb³ H‑m^‑v t‑PWe‑nÌ‑vk‑v 2010Â \S¯‑nb Hc‑p t‑b‑mK¯‑ns‑â X‑oc‑pa‑m\ {‑]I‑mc‑w S‑n‑w t‑U‑mh‑vk¬‑, AeI‑vk‑v t‑¢‑mt‑j‑ms‑^À F¶‑o a‑pX‑nÀ¶ ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯Ic‑mW‑v- s‑s‑kä‑v Xb‑md‑m¡‑nbX‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ t‑aJe k‑w_Ô‑n ¨‑v Cc‑p]t‑X‑mf‑w h‑njb§f‑nÂ Gä h‑p‑w ]‑pX‑pX‑mb‑pï‑mI‑p¶ k‑w`hh‑nI‑m k§Ä‑, Ad‑nh‑pIÄ‑, _‑nk‑n\k‑v k‑m[‑yXIÄ F¶‑nh k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v C‑u s‑s‑kä‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m‑w.

t‑l‑mÄU‑v Z‑v {‑^ï‑v t‑]P‑v {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ t‑aJes‑b a‑m{‑X‑w ]c‑maÀi‑n¡‑p¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑mW‑v- http://www.hold thefrontpage.co.uk. ]t‑£‑,

{‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nIa‑mb‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ t‑aJes‑b k‑w_Ô‑n¨ ka{‑K h‑nhc§Ä DÄs‑I‑mÅ‑n¨‑v Hc‑p s‑h_‑v s‑s‑kä‑v F§s‑\ Xb‑md‑m¡‑m‑w F¶X‑n\‑v- a‑nI¨ DZ‑mlcWa‑mW‑nX‑v. CX‑ns‑â t‑l‑m‑w t‑]P‑v ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\ t‑aJe k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑mÀ¯If‑mÂ ka‑r²a‑mW‑v-. ] {‑X§s‑f k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑nhc§Ä‑, ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S acW‑w‑, Ah‑mÀU‑pIÄ‑, t‑P‑me‑nk‑m[‑yXIÄ‑, t‑»‑mK‑pIf‑nÂ \‑n¶‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä F¶‑n§s‑\ h‑n]‑pea‑mb h‑nhct‑iJc‑w CX‑ne‑pï‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v h‑mÀ¯‑m s‑FU‑nb \e‑vI‑p¶ h‑n`‑mK‑w {‑it‑²baW‑v-. {‑^‑oe‑m³k‑v ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v X§f‑ps‑S t‑]c‑p t‑NÀ¯‑v k‑m¶‑n[‑y‑w CX‑ne‑qs‑S Ad‑nb‑n¡‑m‑w. {‑^‑oe‑m³k‑pI‑ms‑c s‑Xcb‑p¶ a‑m[‑yaØ‑m]\§Ä¡‑p‑w C‑u t‑kh\‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m‑w. {‑_‑n«\‑nÂ t‑PWe‑nk‑w ]T‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ FÃ‑m C³Ì‑nS‑y‑q«‑pIs‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w CX‑nÂ h‑nhca‑pï‑v. CX‑v {‑_‑n«\‑ne‑pÅhÀ¡‑p a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, h‑nt‑Zi‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w {‑] t‑b‑mP\{‑]Za‑mW‑v-. s‑{‑Sb‑v\‑n‑wK‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑nÂ t‑NÀ¯‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ t‑eJ\§f‑nÂ \Ã ]¦‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w K‑uch¯‑nÂ I‑mW‑p¶hÀ¡‑v D]I‑mc{‑]Za‑mW‑v-. ]{‑Xt‑aJes‑b k‑w_Ô‑n¨ 2003 a‑pXe‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯If‑ps‑S BÀs‑s‑¡h‑vk‑p‑w s‑s‑kä‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p I‑n«‑p‑w. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

BKÌv 2013

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

NÀ¨‑mt‑hZ‑n s‑X§a‑w _‑meI‑rj‑vW³ A\‑pk‑vacW‑w

Hc‑p a‑nI¨ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I³ F¶X‑ne‑p]c‑n Hc‑p \Ã a\‑pj‑yk‑v-t‑\l‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p s‑X§a‑w _‑meI‑rj‑vWs‑\¶‑v a‑pX‑nÀ¶ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I³ F‑w.]‑n.{‑]I‑mi‑w ]dª‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨ s‑X§a‑w A\‑pk‑vacW NS§‑nÂ k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w‑, Ie‑mk‑m‑wk‑v-I‑mc‑nI‑w‑, h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w X‑pS§‑nb \‑m\‑m X‑pdIf‑nÂ {‑]‑mKÛ‑y‑w s‑Xf‑nb‑n¨ A]‑qÀh h‑yà‑nX‑za‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑X§a‑w F¶‑v At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I\‑mb ]‑n.c‑mP\‑p‑w NS§‑nÂ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. F.s‑I.h‑n\‑oj‑v k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w t‑{‑]‑wI‑pa‑mÀ \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

_‑meN{‑µ³ N‑pÅ‑n¡‑mS‑pa‑mb‑n k‑w`‑mjW‑w

t‑Icf {‑]Ê‑v A¡‑mZa‑n NÀ¨‑mt‑hZ‑nb‑ps‑S t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑nÂ P‑qs‑s‑e \‑me‑n\‑v s‑s‑hI‑n«‑v \‑me‑paW‑n¡‑v {‑]ik‑vX Ih‑n _‑meN{‑µ³ N‑pÅ‑n¡‑mS‑pa‑mb‑n k‑ml‑nX‑yk‑wh‑mZ‑w \S¶‑p. k‑ml‑nX‑yc‑wKs‑¯ ]‑p¯³ {‑]hWXIs‑fI‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w Fg‑p¯‑nsâ hg‑nIs‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w NÀ¨ \S¶‑p.

\Kch‑nIk\h‑p‑w AS‑nØ‑m\ k‑uIc‑y§f‑p‑w t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n NÀ¨‑mt‑hZ‑nb‑nÂ h‑ni‑mes‑I‑m¨‑n h‑nIk\ At‑X‑md‑nä‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.t‑hW‑pt‑K‑m]‑mÂ P‑qs‑s‑e 25\‑v s‑s‑hI‑n«‑v \‑me‑v aW‑n¡‑v \ Kch‑nIk\h‑p‑w AS‑nØ‑m\ k‑uIc‑y§f‑p‑w F¶ h‑njb¯‑nÂ {‑]`‑mjW‑w \ S¯‑n. BKÌv 2013

F³.F³.kX‑y{‑hX³ Ah‑mÀU‑v S‑n.AP‑oj‑n\‑v 2012Â t‑Icf¯‑ns‑e Z‑n\]{‑X§f‑nÂ {‑] k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨ a‑nI¨ l‑y‑qa³ CâdÌ‑v k‑vt‑ä‑md‑n¡‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n GÀs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb F³.F³.kX‑y {‑hX³ Ah‑mÀU‑n\‑v aeb‑mf at‑\‑mca k‑o\‑nbÀ k_‑v FU‑näÀ S‑n.AP‑oj‑v AÀl\‑mb‑n. 25‑,000 c‑q]b‑p‑w {‑] ik‑vX‑n]{‑Xh‑pa‑mW‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v. 2012 s‑^{‑_‑phc‑n 26-\‑v aeb‑mf at‑\‑mca k¬t‑U k¹‑ns‑aâ‑nÂ {‑] k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨ ‑"¹‑ok‑v‑, H¶‑v I¿S‑n¡‑q....‑' F¶ ^‑o¨d‑n\‑mW‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v. t‑XP k‑v Z‑n\]{‑X‑w At‑k‑mk‑nt‑bä‑v FU‑n äÀ Pa‑mÂ s‑I‑m¨§‑mS‑n‑, t‑Icf kÀ hIe‑mi‑me t‑PÀWe‑nk‑w hI‑p¸‑v Ak‑n.s‑{‑]‑m^kÀ t‑U‑m.F‑w.Fk‑v. lc‑nI‑pa‑mÀ‑, a‑pX‑nÀ¶ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯ I³ s‑I._‑meI‑rj‑vW³ F¶‑nhÀ A‑wK§f‑mb PU‑vP‑n‑wK‑v I½‑nä‑nb‑mW‑v Ah‑mÀU‑n\‑pÅ F³{‑S‑nIÄ ]c‑nt‑i‑m [‑n¨X‑v. s‑kd‑n{‑_Â ]‑mÄk‑n _‑m[‑n¨ X§f‑ps‑S aIs‑\‑, aä‑p a¡t‑f‑ms‑S‑m¸‑w b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p h‑nt‑hN\h‑pa‑nÃ‑ms‑X hfÀ ¯‑n Dbc§f‑nÂ F¯‑n¨ a‑mX‑m]‑n X‑m¡Ä ka‑ql¯‑n\‑v \ÂI‑p¶ al ¯‑mb kt‑µi‑w h‑mb\¡‑mc‑nÂ F¯‑n¡‑p¶X‑nÂ t‑eJI³ h‑nPb‑n¨ X‑mb‑n PU‑vP‑n‑wK‑v I½‑nä‑n h‑neb‑nc‑p ¯‑n. s‑kd‑n{‑_Â ]‑mÄk‑n _‑m[‑n¨‑v b‑mX\t‑\c‑nS‑p¶ \‑nch[‑n I‑p«‑nIÄ \½‑ps‑S ka‑ql¯‑ne‑pï‑v. AhÀ¡‑v X‑m§‑p‑w XWe‑p‑w {‑]t‑N‑mZ\h‑pa‑mt‑I ï a‑mX‑m]‑nX‑m¡Ä \‑nÊl‑mbc‑mb‑n \‑nÂ¡‑p¶ I‑mg‑vN¡‑nSb‑ne‑mW‑v ka‑q l¯‑n\‑ms‑I {‑]t‑N‑mZ\a‑mI‑p‑wh‑n[‑w _‑u²‑oIh‑p‑w h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk]ch‑pa‑mb h‑nk‑vabt‑\«‑w s‑s‑Ihc‑n¨ Hc‑mf‑ps‑S P‑oh‑nXIY aä‑pÅhÀ¡‑pI‑qS‑n s‑hf‑n ¨‑w]Ic‑p‑wh‑n[‑w BIÀjIa‑mb `‑mj b‑nÂ AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ t‑eJI\‑v Ig‑nª‑n«‑pÅs‑X¶‑v PU‑vP‑n‑wK‑v I½‑nä‑n A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«p. aeb‑mf at‑\‑mca I®‑qÀ b‑qW‑nä‑n Â k‑o\‑nbÀ k_‑v FU‑näd‑mb S‑n. AP‑oj‑v ae¸‑pd‑w P‑nÃb‑ns‑e t‑Nt‑e{‑¼ ]‑pÃ‑n¸d¼‑v t‑Xt‑\c‑n t‑K‑m]‑me³ X¦‑w Z¼X‑nIf‑ps‑S aI\‑mW‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯ \¯‑n\‑v {‑]k‑v C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v C ´‑yb‑ps‑S t‑Zi‑ob ]‑pck‑v-I‑mc‑w‑, k‑m´‑z \‑w ]‑pck‑v-I‑mc‑w F¶‑nh e`‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v.

(49)

{‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑mb‑n t‑I‑m«b¯v a‑m[‑ya]T\I‑y‑m¼‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n‑, {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI ] {‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑mb‑n k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨ Z‑z‑nZ‑n\ a‑m[‑yaI‑y‑m¼‑v k‑p{‑]‑n‑w t‑I‑mSX‑n a‑p³ PU‑vP‑v PÌ‑nk‑v s‑I.S‑n.t‑X‑mak‑v DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. a‑pÃs‑¸c‑nb‑mÀ {‑]i‑v-\¯‑nÂ hk‑vX‑pX‑ IÄ ad¨‑ps‑h¨‑v U‑m‑w s‑]‑m«‑ps‑a¶‑v `‑oX‑n ]c¯‑pIb‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya§Ä s‑Nb‑vXs‑X¶‑v PÌ‑nk‑v ]dª‑p. t‑I{‑µkÀ¡‑mÀ c‑q]hÂ¡c‑n¨ I½‑oj\‑nÂ A‑wKa‑mb‑nc‑p¶ X‑m³ X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w kX‑ykÔa‑mb‑p‑w h‑nZK‑v² ]T\§s‑f B[‑mca‑m¡‑nb‑p‑w k‑z‑oIc‑n¨ \‑ne]‑mS‑ns‑â t‑]c‑nÂ Xs‑¶ a‑n¡ a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w t‑Icf‑w Xs‑¶b‑p‑w Häs‑¸S‑p¯‑pIb‑mW‑v s‑Nb‑vXs‑X¶‑v PÌ‑nk‑v ]dª‑p. a‑m[‑ya]T\I‑y‑m¼‑ns‑â ka‑m]\ kt‑½f‑w B`‑y´ca{‑´‑n X‑nc‑ph©‑qÀ c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³ DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. a‑m[‑ya§s‑f¸ä‑nb‑pÅ ka‑ql¯‑ns‑â h‑naÀi§Ä Iï‑ns‑Ã¶‑p \S‑n¡‑m\‑mI‑ns‑Ã¶‑v At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. ]{‑X§f‑ns‑e s‑Xä‑v AS‑p¯Z‑nhk‑w X‑nc‑p¯‑m\‑mI‑p‑w. F¶‑mÂ Z‑ri‑ya‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S Ø‑nX‑n AXÃ. a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S s‑s‑Ib‑ne‑pÅ a‑qÀ¨b‑pÅ Bb‑p[‑w k‑q£‑n¨‑v D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡W‑w. h‑mÀ¯ s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑zt‑_‑m[‑w {‑]IS‑n¸‑n¡W‑w. kX‑ykÔa‑mb h‑mÀ¯ \ÂI‑m³‑, h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX I‑m¯‑pk‑q£‑n¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya{‑] hÀ¯IÀ X¿‑md‑mIWs‑a¶‑p‑w a{‑´‑n ]dª‑p. cï‑pZ‑nhks‑¯ I‑y‑m¼‑nÂ ]s‑¦S‑p¯hÀ¡‑v B`‑y´ca{‑´‑n kÀ«‑n^‑n¡ä‑v h‑nXcW‑ws‑Nb‑vX‑p. t‑I‑m«b‑w k‑n.Fk‑v.s‑F. d‑n{‑S‑oä‑v

s‑kâd‑nÂ \S¶ ]T\I‑y‑m¼‑nÂ t‑I‑m«b‑w‑,CS‑p¡‑n‑, ]¯\‑wX‑n« P‑nÃIf‑nÂ \‑n¶‑pÅ ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯Ic‑mW‑v ]s‑¦S‑p¯X‑v. DZ‑vL‑mS\¨S§‑nÂ {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A[‑y£\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. aeb‑mf at‑\‑mca FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nbÂ UbdÎÀ t‑X‑mak‑v t‑P¡_‑v a‑pJ‑y{‑]`‑mjW‑w \ S¯‑n. A¡‑mZa‑n FI‑v-k‑n.t‑_‑mÀU‑v A‑wK‑w F³.c‑mt‑Pj‑v‑, `cW‑ ka‑nX‑n A‑wK§f‑mb s‑Nd‑pIc k®‑ne‑qt‑¡‑mk‑v‑, Fk‑v._‑nP‑p‑, C.]‑n.j‑mP‑p±‑o³‑, Ak‑nÌâ‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³.]‑n.kt‑´‑mj‑v‑, F¶‑nhÀ {‑] k‑wK‑n¨‑p. a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑näÀ S‑n.s‑I.c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ ‑, a‑wKf‑w At‑k‑mk‑nt‑bä‑v FU‑näÀ F.kP‑oh³ F¶‑nhÀ BZ‑yZ‑nhks‑¯ ¢‑mÊ‑pIÄ \b‑n¨‑p. ka‑m]\

kt‑½f\¯‑nÂ {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ.AP‑nX‑vI‑pa‑mÀ A[‑y£X hl‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v-¢_‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑n j‑me‑p a‑mX‑y‑p‑, AU‑z. U‑n._‑n._‑n\‑p‑, I‑y‑m¼‑v t‑I‑mH‑mÀU‑nt‑\ äÀ s‑Nd‑pIc k®‑n e‑qt‑¡‑mk‑v‑, F³.]‑n.kt‑´‑mj‑v F¶‑nhÀ {‑] k‑wK‑n¨‑p. at‑\‑mca At‑k‑mk‑nt‑bä‑v FU‑näÀ t‑P‑mk‑v ]\¨‑n¸‑pd‑w‑, a‑mSh\ _‑meI‑rj‑vW]‑nÅ‑, AU‑z. U‑n._‑n._‑n\‑p F¶‑nhÀ cï‑m‑w Z‑nhks‑¯ ¢‑mÊ‑pIÄ \b‑n¨‑p. a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n s‑U]‑y‑q«‑n FU‑näÀ s‑h¨‑q¨‑nd a[‑p‑, a‑wKf‑w \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑näÀ P‑n.t‑hW‑pt‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, Z‑o]‑nI N‑o^‑v \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑näÀ s‑kÀP‑n BâW‑n‑, t‑Icf I‑ua‑pZ‑n k‑v-s‑] jÂ Idk‑v-t‑]‑mïâ‑v h‑n.PbI‑pa‑mÀ F¶‑nhc‑pa‑mb‑n a‑pJ‑ma‑pJh‑p‑w Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

h‑n.Ic‑pW‑mIc³ \¼‑y‑mÀ Ah‑mÀU‑v Z‑o]‑nIb‑v¡‑vkm£ctIcfØns‚ BZym£cw

k®n≥ _n thymatk}

Pqsse 2013

_p[≥ 1188 I¿°SIw 1

13˛mw t]Pn¬ T H E

F I R S T

M A L A Y A L A M

tIm´bw, Xriq¿, IÆq¿, sIm®n, Xncph\¥]pcw, tImgnt°mSv

dh. tUm. tPmk^v sIm√w]dºn¬ PKZ¬]p¿ _nj]v kz¥w te-J-I-≥sIm-®n: O-Øo-kv-KVnse kotdm ae_m¿ cq]Xbmb PKZ¬-]p-cnse ]p-Xnb sa-{Xm-}mbn knFw-sF k`mKw d-h. tUm. tPm-k^v sIm-√w-]dºn¬ }n-b-an-X}mbn. ]mem cq-]Xbnse tN-¿-∏p¶¬ C-ShImwKhpw ap-tØmen kz-tZ-in-bp-amb ^m. tPm-k^v sIm√w-]d-ºn¬ t`m-∏m-ense ka}zb ssZ-him-kv{X ]T-}tI-{μw sd-Iv-SdmWv. sa{Xm `ntjIw ]n-∂o-Sv-.]p-Xnb sa-{Xms} }n-b-an-®p-sIm-|v C-∂-se hØn-°m-}n¬ C-¥y≥ kabw D-®-I-gn™p 3.3-0˛}p {^m-≥-knkv am-¿-]m∏ {]-Jym-]}w }SØn. C-tXkabw kotdm ae_m¿ k`m B-ÿm-}amb Im°-}mSv au-|v sk-‚ v tXm-aknse ta-P¿ B-¿-°n F-∏n-kv-tIm-∏¬ Iq-cn-b-bnepw PKZ¬]p¿ _n-j]vkv lu-knepw }n-b-a}w kw-_‘n® {]-Jym]}ap-|mbn. _n-j-]v am¿ ssk-a¨ tÃm°v ]mem-{X-bpsS ]n-≥-Km-an-bm-bmWp }n-b-a}w. ap-tØm-en- sIm√w-]d-ºn¬ sXm-Ω≥ tPm-k^ns‚bpw G-en-°p´nbpsSbpw }mep a°-fn¬ aq-∂ma}mbn 1958 G-{]n¬ 18}p }n-bp‡ sa-{Xm≥ P}n®p. sslkv-Iqƒ hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-}p-tijw kn-Fw-sF k`-bpsS ap-tØm-en-bn-ep≈ tacn Iyq≥-kv ssa}¿ sk-an-}m-cn-bn¬ tN-¿∂p. tk-{IUv lm-¿-´v s}mhn-tjy‰v lu-kv, _mw-Kfq¿ [-¿-amcmw hn-Zym-t£{Xw, ]q} ⁄m-}Zo] hn-Zym-]oTw F-∂n-hn-Sß-fn¬ XØz-im-kv-{X, ssZ-him-kv{X ]T-}ßƒ ]q-¿-Ønbm°n. 1979 Pq¨ aq-∂n}p {]-Ya {hXkzo-I-cWhpw 1984 am-¿-®v 19}p }n-Xy-{hX kzo-I-cWhpw }SØn. 1985 tabv B-dn}p ]u-tcm-lnXyw kzo-I-cn®p. Xp-S¿-∂p [-¿-am-cm-an¬}n∂p am-Ã¿ Hm^v Xntbm-f-Pn ]T-}w ]q-¿-Øn-bm°n. tdm-anse sk-‚ v tXm-akv A-Izn-}mkv k¿-hI-em-im-ebn¬(B-©en-°w)}n∂p ssZ-him-kv-{X-Øn¬ tUm-Iv-Std‰v t}Sn. 1996 ap-X¬ _kv-X¿ ta-J-ebnse PKZ¬-]p-cnemWp ip-{iqj-I-ƒ. kn-Fw-sF k`-bpsS t}-XrXz-Øn-ep≈ kv-Iq-fn-s‚ am-t}-P¿, Zp-tKmfn-bnse ssa-}¿ sk-an-}mcn sd-Œ-¿, kp-a≥ B-{i-aØn¬ {]-^-k¿, sd-Œ-¿, kn-Fw-sF }n-¿-a¬ t{]m-hn-≥-kns‚ ^n-}m-≥-kv sk-{I-´-dn, ka}zb ssZ-him-kv{X ]T-}tI-{μ-Øn¬ {]-^-k¿ F-∂o }n-eI-fn¬ tk-

h}w sN-bv-Xn-´p|v. PKZ¬-]p¿ cq-]XbpsS Nm-≥kedpw aXt_m-[-}tI-{μw I-¨-ho-}dp-am-bn-cp∂p. 2008 ap-X¬ 2011 hsc kn-Fw-sF }n-¿-a¬ s{]m-hn≥-kn-s‚ s{]m-hn-≥-jy¬ kp-∏o-cn-b-dmbn tk-h}w sN-bv-Xp. Xp-S¿-∂p t`m-∏m-ense ka}zb ssZ-himkv-{X-]T-}tI-{μ-Øn-s‚ sd-Œ-dmbn tk-h}w sN-bvXphcp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. 1977¬ ÿm-]n-Xamb PKZ¬-]p¿ cq-]XbpsS aq∂m-asØ sa-{Xm-}mWp d-h. tUm. tPm-k^v sIm√w-]d-ºn¬. _n-j-]v am¿ ]u-fn-t}mkv Po-cI-Øv B-bn-cp∂p {]-Y-a sa-{Xm-≥. 20 h¿-j-sØ C-Sbip-{iq-j-bv°p ti-j-amWp _n-j-]v am¿ ssk-a¨ tÃmIv ]m-em{X hncan°p∂Xv.

F√m Pn√Ifnepw }oc DXv]mZ}w Xn-cp-h}¥-]p-cw: kw-ÿm-}sØ F-√m Pn-√I-fnepw ]co-£-Wm-Snÿm-}Øn¬ }oc D-Xv-]m-Zn-∏n°m≥ Xo-cp-am-}n-®-Xmbn a{¥n sI. _m_p A- d n- b n®p. sXßn¬}n∂p }oc D-Xv]m-Zn-∏n-°m}p≈ ]≤-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´p sNØpsXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]cmXn-Iƒ ]cn-lcn-°m≥ bq-Wn-b≥ {]-Xn-}n-[n-I-fp-ambn }SØnb N¿®-bn-emWp kw-ÿm-}Øp }oc D-Xv-]m-Z}w B-cw-`n-°m≥ Xo-cpam-}n-®Xv. B-Zy-L-´-sa∂ }n-ebn¬ ]co£-Wm-Sn-ÿm-}Øn-emWp }oc D-Xv-]m-Z}w }SØpI. Hmtcm Pn√bnepw 1500 sX-ßp-I-fp≈ Hmtcm bq-Wn-‰n¬ hoXw }oc D-Xv-]m-Z}w }SØpw. I-≈p-jm-∏p-Iƒ te-eØn¬ t]mImØ Xn-cp-h}¥-]p-cw, sIm√w, ]Ø-}w-Xn´ Pn-√I-fn¬ c|p bq-Wn-‰p-I-fn¬ }oc ]≤-Xn }S∏nem°pw. }m-fn-tIc hn-I-k} t_m¿-Up-ambn s^-Utd‰v sN-bvX s^Utd- j - } p- I - ƒ °pw I- º - } n- I ƒ°pw am-{X-am-bn-cn°pw }oc DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m-}p≈ A-}p-aXn }¬-

{In-°-‰v C-Xn-lmkw k®n≥ sX-|p-¬-°-sd thym-atk-}bpsS {_m-≥-Uv A-w_m-kU¿ kv-Ym-}Øp}n∂p am‰n. k®n≥ c|p h¿-jw ap-ºmWv {_m-≥-Uv A-w_m-kUdm-bXv.

tIm´bw

2012-Â aeb‑mfZ‑n\]{‑X§f‑nÂ {‑]k‑n ²‑oIc‑n¨ a‑nI¨ FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nbe‑n\‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n GÀs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb h‑n.Ic‑pW‑mIc³ \¼‑y‑mÀ Ah‑mÀU‑n\‑v Z‑o]‑nI Z‑n\]{‑X‑w AÀla‑mb‑n. 25000 c‑q]b‑p‑w {‑]ik‑vX‑n]{‑Xh‑pa‑mW‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v. 2012 \h‑w_À H³]X‑n\‑v Z‑o]‑nI Z‑n\]{‑X¯‑nÂ {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨ "CX‑p‑w AS‑nat‑hebt‑Ã?' F¶ a‑pJ ¡‑pd‑n¸‑n\‑mW‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v. a‑p³ N‑o^‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑n k‑n.]‑n.\‑mbÀ‑, a‑pX‑nÀ¶ ] {‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑mb s‑I.F‑w.t‑d‑mb‑v‑, k‑n. D¯a¡‑pd‑p¸‑v F¶‑nhÀ A‑wK§f‑mb PU‑vP‑n‑wK‑v I½‑nä‑nb‑mW‑v FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb Â Ah‑mÀU‑n\‑pÅ F³{‑S‑nIÄ ]c‑n

IpI. sNØpsXm-gn-em-fn-I-ƒ-°p }oc sN-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ap-≥-KW} }¬Ipw. }oc sS-Iv-}o-jy-≥-am-¿°p I-≈p-sNØp t£-a}n[n t_m¿-Un¬ A-wKXzw }¬Ipw. }o-c˛tSmUn t_m-¿-Uv cq-]hXvI-cn-°p-∂-Xp kw-_‘n®p ]Tn®p in-]m-¿-i-Iƒ ka¿-∏n-°p-∂-Xn}p }n-IpXn sk-{I-´-dnsb Np-aXes∏SpØn. kw-ÿm-}Øp }oc D-Xv]mZ}Øn}m-hiy-amb t`-ZKXn-Iƒ A-_v-Imcn N´-ß-fn¬ D-ƒ-s∏-SpØpw. hn-hn[ bq-Wn-b-}p-I-sf {]-Xn}n-[o-I-cn®v ap≥ a{¥n sI.]n. cmtP-{μ-≥, F≥. A-g-tI-i-≥, sI.Fw.- kp-[m-I-c≥, ]n.-Ir-jv-W-≥, Sn-.F≥. cta-i-≥, A-PnXvIp-am-¿, Fw.sI. D-Æn-Ir-jv-W-≥, tIc I¿-jI {]-Xn-}n[n _m_p tPm-k^v, }n-IpXn sk-{I-´-dn F.- A-Pn-Xv-Ipam-¿, F-Iv-sskkv I-Ωo-j-W¿ A}n¬ tk-hy-¿, }m-fn-tIc hn-I-k} t_m-¿-Uv Ub-d-Iv-S¿ tUm. ap-cfo[-c≥, tUm. hn.-sI. cmPp (Im-¿jnI k¿-hI-em-im-e), Irjn Ubd-Iv-S¿ B¿.- A-PnXv Ip-am¿ F-∂nh¿ N¿-®-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.-

D®`£WØn¬ hnj_m[

_nlmdn¬ 11 kvIqƒ IpńIƒ acn®p O{]: _n-lm-dnse kc¨ Pn√bn¬ kv-Iq-fnse D-®-`-£-WØn¬}n-∂p≈ hn-j-_m-[-sb-ØpS¿-∂p 11 Ip-ń-Iƒ acn®p. 48 IpńIsf B-ip-]{Xn-bn¬ {]-thin-∏n®p. O-{]-bn¬}n∂v 25 Intem- a o- ‰ ¿ A- I - s e ajv - d mJv tªm°n-¬-s∏´ [-¿-akXn K≥Uhm≥ {Km-aØnse ss{]-adn kvIq-fn-emWp Zp-c¥-ap-|mbXv. tNm-dn¬ ]bdpw tkmbm-_o}pw tN-¿-ØmWp Ip-ń-I-ƒ-°v `-£Ww }¬-Ip-∂Xv. C-∂-se C-Xp I-gn®p ssh-ImsXXs∂ Ip-ń-Iƒ-°v A-kzm-ÿyw A-}p-`-hs∏´p. D-S≥Xs∂ kv-Iq-f-[n-Ir-Xcpw }m´p-Imcpw tN-¿-∂p Om-{]-bnse k¿Zm¿ B-ip-]{Xn-bn¬ {]-th-in-∏n°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. 11 t]¿ hgnat[y acW-aS™p. kw-`-hsØ-°p-dn®v D-∂-XXe A-t}z-j-W-Øn}p apJy-a{¥n }n-XojvIp-am¿ D-Øc - hn´p. t^m-d-≥-knIv hn-ZKv-[¿ kv-Iq-fnseØn `-£Wkm-ºn-fp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®p. acW-aS™ Ip-ń-I-fpsS Ip-Spw-_Øn}p c|p-e£w cq] hoXw klmbw A-}p-hZn®p.

kzImcy _kv kacw am‰nh®p Xncp-h}¥-]p-cw: kw-ÿm-}sØ kz-Imcy _kp-SaIƒ 18 }v }SØm}n-cp∂ kq-N}m kachpw 24 ap-X¬ }SØm-}n-cp∂ A-}n-›n-XIme kachpw ]n-≥h - en®p. KXm-KX a{¥nbp-ambn }SØnb N¿-®-sb Øp-S¿∂mWp kacw ]n-≥-hen-°m≥ tIm˛Hm-¿-Un-t}-j≥ I-Ωn‰n Xo-cp-am-}n®Xv. I-gn™ XhW Sn-°-‰v }n-c°p h¿-[} }S∏m-°n-b-tijw _kpI-fpsS {]-h¿-Ø}s®-ehv }n-¿-Wbn-°m-}mbn PÃokv cm-aN{μ-≥-}mb¿ I-Ωo-j-s} Np-aXes∏-Sp-Øm≥ KXm-KXa{¥n B-cym-S≥ ap-lΩ-Zv Xo-cp-am-}sa-Sp-ØXns}Øp-S¿∂mWp kacw ]n-≥-hen-°m≥ Xocp-am-}n-®-sX∂p tIm-¨-s^-Utdj≥ IΩn‰n I-¨-ho-}¿ tem-d-≥-kv _m_p ]d™p. an-}naw Nm-¿-Pv F-´p cq-]bm-°pI, In-tem-ao-‰¿ }n-c°v 65 ss]-kbmbn h¿-[n-∏n-°pI, _kp-I-ƒ-°p≈ Uoken}p sk-bn¬kv Sm-Ivkv H-gnhm°pI, tdmUv Sm-Ivkv Ip-d-bv-°pI Xp-Sßnb B-hiy-ßƒ D-∂-bn®mWp kacw {]-Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂Xv. hn-Zym-¿-Yn-Iƒ D-ƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈-h¿°p }¬-In-hcp∂ I-¨-kj≥ }n¿-Øe - m-°p-It- bm, A-s√-¶n¬ _kpSaI-ƒ-°p-|mIp∂ }„w ]cn-lcn°m≥ k_v-knUn }¬-Ip-Itbm sN-øpI, kv-]oUv KthW¿ kw-hn[m}w ]p-}x]cn-tim-[n-°pI, sjb¿ Sm-Ivkn kw-hn-[m}w }S∏m-°m}p≈ Xo-cp-am}w D-t]£n-°pI F∂o B-hiy-ßƒ s^-Utd-j≥ k¿-°m-cn}p ap-∂n¬ ka¿∏n®n´p|v.

D A I L Y

E S T D 1 8 8 7

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t]Pv 14 hne `5.00

sSentIman¬ 100 iXam}w, C≥jzd≥kn¬ 49 iXam}w

hntZ-i-}n-t£] ]cn[n Iq-´n}yq-U¬-ln:km-ºØ - n-Ih - f-¿® Iq´p-Ibpw cq-]sb _es∏-Sp-ØpIbpw sN-øm≥ {]-Xy£ hn-tZi }n-t£-]]cn[n (F-^v-Un-sF) Db-¿-Øm≥ tI-{μw Xo-cp-am-}n®p. sS-entImw ta-J-ebn¬ 100 iXam}w hn-tZ-i-aq-e[}}n-t£]w A-}p-hZn°pw. C-≥-jz-d-≥-kn¬ hntZ-i-}n-t£] ]cn-[n 49 i-Xam}am°n-.{]-Xn-tcm[ D-Xv-]m-Z}ta-Jebn¬ 26 i-Xam}w F-^v-Un-sF {]-tXyI A-}p-aXn th-|mØ Hmt´m-am-‰nIv dq-´n¬ A-}p-hZn°pw. 26 i-Xam-}Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ thW-sa-¶n¬ kp-c£m-Im-cy-ß-ƒ°p≈ Im-_n-}‰v I-Ωn‰n (kn-knF-kv) A-wKo-I-cn-°Ww. 49 iXam-}w-hsc F-^v-Un-sF B-Wp

{]-Xn-tcm[ D-Xv-]m-Z}Øn¬ A}p-hZn-°p-I.{]-[m-}a{¥n-bpsS A-[y-£Xbn¬ tN-¿∂ {]-tXyI tbmKamWv Cu Xo-cp-am-}ß-sf-SpØXv. h¿-j-ß-fmbn Xo-cp-am-}amIm-sX- In-S∂ hn-j-b-ß-fmWp ]eXpw. samØw 13 ta-J-eI-fn¬ hn-tZ-i-}n-t£] ]cn[n h¿-[n-∏n®p.}jv - S Øn¬ I- g n- b p∂ sSentImw I-º-}n-I-ƒ-°v 100 iXam}w hn-tZ-i-}n-t£]w A-}phZn- ° p- ∂ - X p henb B- i zmkamIpw. Nne I-º-}n-I-ƒ-°p hns‰mgn-bm-}mIpw. Iq-Sp-X¬ ]W-ap≈-hbv°p sN-dp-I-º-}n-I-sf hmßm}pw I-gn-bpw-.{]-Xn-tcm[ D-Xv-]m-Z}ta-J-

ebn¬ hn-tZ-i-}n-t£]w A-}phZn-°p-∂-Xn}p {]-Xn-tcm[ a{¥mebw F-Xn-cm-bn-cp∂p. A-Xp ]cnKWn-®mWp Im-_n-}‰v I-Ωn-‰n°v Iq-Sp-X¬ A-[n-Imcw }¬-In-bp≈ tkm-]m-[nI A-}p-aXn-. C-≥-jz-d-≥-kv I-º-}n-I-fn¬ 26 i-Xam-}am-bn-cp∂ ]cn[nIq-´e - ns} an° cm-jv-{Sob-]m-¿-´n-Ifpw F-Xn¿-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. C-t∏mƒ 49 iXam-}w-hsc hn-tZ-i-}n-t£]w Hmt´m-am-‰nIv kw-hn-[m-}Øn-em°n. s]-t{Sm-fnbw ip-≤o-I-cW-ta-Jebn¬ 49 i-Xam}w hn-tZ-i-}nt£]w hn-tZ-i-}n-t£] t{]m-’ml}t_m-¿-Uv (F-^v-sF-]n-_n) hgn F-∂-Xv Hm-t´mam-‰nIv hgn-bnem-°n.Du-¿-P, Hm-lcn, D-Xv-]∂ F-Iv-

kv-tN-©p-I-fnepw 49 i-Xam-}whsc hn-tZ-i-}n-t£]w Hm-t´m-am‰nIv hgn-bn-em°n. s{I-Un‰v C-≥^-¿-ta-j≥ I-º-}n-I-fnse }n-t£]]cn[n 49¬}n∂v 74 i-Xam-}am°n.sS-en-hn-j-}S°-ap≈ am-[y-ataJ-ebnse hn-tZ-i-}n-t£] ]cn[n am-‰n-bn-´n√. cq-]bpsS hne D-b¿ -Ø - m≥ ]camh[n hn-tZ-i-}m-W-bw cm-Py-tØ°v B-I-¿-jn-°m-}p≈ }S]Sn-I-fpsS `m-KamWv Cu Xo-cp-am-}ß-ƒ. cq]bnse Du-l°-®-hSw }n-b-{¥n°m≥ ]en-i-}n-c°p Iq-´n-b-Xn-s‚ ^-eambn C-∂-se cq-]m-hne H-cpi-Xam-}tØmfw I-bdn. Hm-lcn, kz-¿-W-hn-eIƒ C-∂-se Xm-gpIbpw sNbvXp.

am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sS {IqcX: A-©p-h-b-kp-Im-c≥ AXoh Kp-cp-X-cm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ipafn: am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ]cn-°p-I-fmWv Ip-ń{Iq-cXbv°n-cbmb A-©pbpsS }ne hj-fmhb-kp-Im-c≥ sj-ô-Jn°n-b-sX-∂mWp {]ms‚ }ne A- X o- h Kp- c pY-anI }n-Ka}w. IpXcambn Xp-Scp∂p. Xet®mń-bpsS Ip-Spw_w Adn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-}w 90 iSp-Ø-}m-fn-emWp IpXam}w kv-Xw-`n®p. I-´-∏afn-bnse hmSI-ho}bnse kz-Imcy B-ipń¬ Xm- a kam- ° n]{Xn-bn¬ sh-‚ n-te-‰-dn-s‚ bXv. ao-≥-I-®-hShpw klm-b-tØm-sS-bmWp hmg- ° pe hym- ] mIpń Po-h≥ }n-e}n-¿-Øpchpw }SØn-bn-cp∂ ∂-Xv.sj-co-^n-s‚ B-Zykw- ` - h hp- a mbn _‘`mcy acn-®p-t]m-b s∏´p Ip-ń-bpsS ]n-Xmhv Ip- t]meokv IÃUbnseSpØ sj-co^pw A}ojbpw. XmsW∂pw A-X√ afn°p kao]w sN-¶c kzC-bmƒ _‘w D-t]tZin ]p-Ø-≥-]p-cbv°¬ £n- ® - X m- s W∂pw Xebnepw s}-‰n-bnepw ]cn- ]d-bp-∂p-|v.sj-co-^v-(27), C-bm-fpsS c|mw `mcy A-}o-j-(25) F-∂n-hsc Ip- °p|v. heXp-Im¬ ap-ń}p Xmsg t]m-eokv tNm-Zyw-sN-øen¬ afn F-kv-sF ]b-kv tXm-akv H-Sn-™n-´p|v. i-co-cØp Xo-s∏m- H-t´sd Im-cy-ßƒ ]p-d-Øp-h∂p. I-Ã-Un-bn-se-SpØp. i-co-cam- ≈-te-‰-Xn-s‚ ap-dn-hp-I-fp-ap|v. ho-ń-}p-≈n¬ aeaq{X hn-k¿kI-ew ]cn-°p-I-tfmsS Xn-¶-fm- I-Øn® kn-Kc‰p-t]m-ep≈ hkv- P}w sN-bv-XXn}p hn-d-Ip-sIm-≈ngv-NbmWp Ip-ńsb B-ip-]{Xn- Xp-°-ƒ-s°m-|p s]m≈-te-¬- sIm-|v A-Sn-s®∂p ]n-Xmhv sjbn-se-Øn-®Xv. hoWp ]cn-t°-‰- ∏n-®-sX∂p kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂ }n- co^v Ip-‰-kΩ-Xw }SØn. Xm-sW-∂mWp am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ ch[n I-dpØ ]m-Sp-Iƒ i-cohn-k¿Pyw i-co-cØm-I-am}w B-ip-]{Xn-bn¬ ]d-™Xv. Ip-ń- cØp|v. }p-≈n-b-Xp-sIm-|mWp ]p-cń-b-Xn-}mWv Cu in£ }¬bpsS ]cn-°p-Iƒ {i-≤n® tUm- ]m-Sp-Iƒ D-|mb-sX-∂mWp am- In-b-sX∂p sj-co^v t]m-eo-knŒ-¿-am¿ }¬-Inb hn-hcsØ-Øp- Xm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS hn-i-Zo-I-cWw. t}mSp ]d-s™-¶nepw t]m-eokv S¿-∂v B-ip-]{Xn A-[n-Ir-X¿ Im-en-s‚ A-ÿn H-Sn-™-Xv C- C-Xp hn-i-z-kn-°p-∂n√. Ip-ń-bpsS ssN-¬-Uv sh-¬-s^-b¿ I-Ωn- cp-ºp-I-ºntbm hn-d-IpI-j-Wtam i-co-ctØ‰ £-Xßfpw ap-dn-hp‰nsb hn-hcw A-dn-bn-°p-Ibpw C- D-tbm-Kn®v A-Sn-®-Xn-}m-em-sW- Ifpw hn-d-Ip-sIm-≈n-sIm-|p amh¿ t]m-eo-kn¬ ]cmXn }¬-Ip- ∂mWp tUm-Œ-¿-am-cpsS hn-ebn- {X-ap-|mb-Xs√∂ }n-e]m-Sncp-Ø-¬. Xebv-t°‰ i-‡-amb emWp t]meokv. I-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-

cm-aI-Ym]m-cm-b-Ww `-hZp-x-J-lcw... I-¿-°-SIw hchmbn, cm-am-bW am-km-NcWw C-∂p- XpSßp∂p. ˛k}¬ thfq¿

U¬ln kn°vhncp≤ Iem]w: k÷≥Ipamdns‚ l¿Pn X≈n kz¥w te-J-I≥ }yqU¬-ln: kn°v hn-cp≤ I-em]hp-ambn _‘-s∏´p X}n-s°Xn-tc-bp≈ Ip-‰-]{Xw d-±m-°-Wsa∂ tIm-¨-{Kkv t}-Xmhv k÷≥Ip-am-dn-s‚ l¿-Pn U¬ln sslt°m-SXn X≈n. kp-¬-Øm-≥-]pcn ta-J-ebn¬

B-dp t]¿ sIm-√s∏-´-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ Ip-‰-]{Xw d-±m-°W-sa∂m-hiy-s∏-´mWp k÷ ≥Ip-am¿ ssl-t°m-SXnsb kao]n-®Xv. k÷≥ Ip-am-dn}pw a‰p }mep t]-¿°pw F-Xn-cmb tI-kn¬ hnNm-cW Xp-Scm≥ U¬-ln sslt°m-SXn D-Ø-chn-´p.

t‑i‑m[‑n¨X‑v. t‑Icf¯‑nÂ ]W‑ns‑bS‑p¡‑p¶ A\‑yk‑wØ‑m\¡‑mÀ¡‑v aX‑nb‑mb P‑oh‑nXk‑uIc‑y§Ä \ÂI‑ms‑X Iã s‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶ AhØs‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w t‑P‑me‑ns‑N¿‑m³ aS‑n¡‑p¶ aeb‑mf‑nb‑p s‑S ka‑o]\§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w hfs‑c X‑o j‑vWa‑mb `‑mjb‑nÂ {‑]X‑nIc‑n¡‑p¶ FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nbe‑mW‑ns‑X¶‑v ka‑nX‑n h‑neb‑nc‑p¯‑n. AS‑nat‑hes‑N¿‑p¶ A\‑yt‑Zi¡‑mc‑ps‑S {‑]i‑v-\§f‑nt‑e¡‑v kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑â {‑i² t‑hï{‑X ]X‑nb‑m \‑p‑w FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nbÂ I‑mcWa‑mb‑n«‑p s‑ï¶‑v ka‑nX‑n A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p.

_Z¬ k¿°m¿ A`yqlØn}p hncmaw

apJya{¥nbmIm}n√: sI.Fw. amWn k¿-°m¿ cq-]hXvI-cW }o-°-tØmSp kn-]n-F-Ωn}p tbm-Pn-∏n-√ kn-]n-Fw, kn-]n-sF, B-¿-F-kv]n t}-Xr-tbm-Kßƒ C-∂v Xn-cp-h}¥-]p-cw: ap-Jya-{¥n-bmIm≥ B-{K-ln-°p-∂n-s√∂pw hf™hgn-bn-eqsS ap-Jy-a{¥n-bmIm≥ Xs∂ H-cn-°epw In-´n-s√∂pw tI-cf tIm-¨-{K-kv-˛Fw t}-Xmhv sI.Fw. amWn hy-‡-am°n. bpUn-F-^v k¿-°m-cns} Xm-sg-bn-d-

I-cn-°m≥ }o°w }S°p∂p F∂ XcØn-emWp hm¿-Ø-Iƒ {]-Ncn®Xv. am-Wnsb ap-Jy-a{¥n-bm-°m≥ C-SXp-ap-∂-Wn {i-an-°p∂p F-∂Xp am-[yakr-„n-bm-sW∂p kn]nFw kw-ÿm} sk-{I-´-dn ]nW-dmbn hn-Pb≥ Xn-¶-fm-gvNXs∂

am-¿-KØn-eqsS k¿-°m-cns} Xmsg-bn-d-°m≥ C-SXp-ap-∂-Wn {i-an°n-s√∂p ]∂-y≥ am-[y-aß-tfmSp {]-Xn-I-cn®p. C-tXmsS _Z¬ k¿°m¿ F∂ B-i-bw kw-_‘n® A-`yq-lß-ƒ°pw hn-cm-aam-Ip-Ibm-bn-cp∂p.

C-SXp-ap-∂-Wn-bnse {]-[m} I-£n-I-fp-sS-sb√mw t}-Xr-tbmKßƒ C-∂p tN-cp-∂p|v. kn]nFw kw-ÿm} sk-{I-t´-dn-b‰v {]-[m-}ambpw tkm-fm¿ kacw i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s}-°p-dn®mWp N¿® sN-øp-∂Xv. Ip-´-}m-

BKÌv 2013

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

t_m_v tKmdð Atacn¡ temIsa¼mSpw \nóv A\[nIrXambn CâÀs\äv clkyw tNmÀ ¯póp Fó hnhcw ]pd¯phn« bp.Fkv. clkymt\zjW DtZymKØ\mb kvt\mUs\ {]tabam¡nb Cu ImÀ«q¬ cNn¨ncn¡póXv {]ikvX ImÀ«q WnÌmb t_m_v tKmdð BWv. hnhcw ]pd¯phn«Xns\¯pSÀóv kvt\m Us\ Ipähmfnbm¡n Xpdp¦neS¡m³ Atacn¡ ]²Xnbns«¦nepw At±lw cmPy¯p\nóv ]memb\w sNbvXp. hnhn[ cm{ã§fnð A`bw tXSnb kvt\m Us\ ]nSnIqSm³ Atacn¡bpsS t]cptI« At\zjW GP³knIÄs¡mópw Ignªnñ. AhcpsS IgnhptISnt\mSpÅ ]cnlmkw IqSn Cu ImÀ«qWnð ImWmw. Aävemâ tPWð, Zn t]mÀ«vemâv HdntKmWnb³, Zn s{]mhnU³kv tPWð, bp.Fkv.F. SptU, Zn \yqtbmÀ¡v t]mÌv, Zn hmjn§vS¬ ssSwkv, hmÄkv{Soäv tPWð, \yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkv XpS§n \nch[n ]{X§fnepw B\pImenI§ fnepw tKmsdensâ ImÀ«qWpIÄ knïnt¡än§v hgn {]kn²oIcn¡pópïv. 1997se \mjWð {]kv ^utïjsâ FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWn\pÅ s_dnam³ AhmÀUv t\Snb tKmsdens\t¯Sn ^nsjän AhmÀUv, HmhÀkokv {]kv ¢_v Hm^v Atacn¡ AhmÀUv, sa³I³ AhmÀUv, {UmK¬tÉbÀ AhmÀUv, hnÀPo\nb {]kv Atkmkntbj³ AhmÀUv XpS§n \nch[n AwKoImc§Ä hsó¯nbn«pïv. tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com BKÌv 2013

tIcf {]kv A¡mZanbnð \nópw ]pXnb ]pkvXIw

aebmf ]{X`mjbpsS Ncn{Xw Printed and Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

Media Monthly |August 2013 | ` 10/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676

1170 cq] hnebpÅ 10 ]pkvXI§Ä Ct¸mÄ 570 cq]¡v {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ 1170 cq] sam¯w hnebpÅ 10 ]pkvXI§fpw 570 cq]¡p e`n¡pw. X]menemsW¦nð 690 cq].

Im¼ntÈcn, Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À, sI.kpµtci³, hne 75 cq] kztZim`nam\n: cmPt{Zmlnbmb cmPykvt\ln, Sn.thWptKm]mð, hne 260 cq] hr¯m´ ]{X{]hÀ¯\w; kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW]nÅ; hne 40 cq] aebmf ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ A¼XphÀjw 1947 þ 1997, hne 90 cq] ]{X`mj; hne 20 cq] hmÀ¯bpsS inð]ime; (cïmw ]Xn¸v) F³.F³.kXy{hX³, hne 150 cq] F.sI.]nÅ: BZÀi§fpsS càkm£n; F.cm[mIrjvW³; hne 135 cq] \¼ymÀ ]nsóbpw apónð \nð¡póp; ]n.{io[c³; hne 60 cq] s\tòenbpsS I¼n; sI.sI.taml\³; hne 75 cq] aebmf ]{X`mj þ hnImk ]cnWma§Ä; hne 200cq]

tIm¸nIÄ¡v: sk{I«dn, tIcf {]kv A¡mZan; Im¡\mSv, sIm¨nþ682 030; t^m¬: 0484 2422275 sNt¡m UnUntbm aWntbmÀUtdm Ab¡pI