June 2013

June 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 2 | Price ` 10

{KmaoW `mcXw dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿pt¼mÄ

tIcf {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ ]pXnb ]pkvXIw Gtgmfw Zn\-¸-{X-§-fnð Im¼n-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c³ tPmen sNbvXp. Xe-Øm\ \K-c-¯nse km[m-cW dnt¸mÀ«À apXð No^v FUn-äÀ ]Zhn hsc \ofpó ssZ\w-Zn\ ]{X-hr-¯n-bpsS Fñm ]S-hp-I-fnepw Ccpó Im¼n-tÈcn A\ym-Zr-iy-amb hen-sbmcp amXr-I-bmWv ae-bmf am[y-a-N-cn-{X-¯nð Fgp-Xn-t¨À¯-Xv. Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS (kn.-]n.-sF) apJ-]-{X-amb P\-bp-K-¯n-emWv Im¼n-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c³ Imð\q-äm-tïmfw tPmen sNbvX-Xv. Hcp cmjv{So-b-¸mÀ«n-bpsS {]Nm-cW Pnlzsb Fñm P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw kzoIm-cy-ambn¯ocm-hpó Xc-¯nð hn`-hkw-hn-[m-\-§-fn-eq-sSbpw sshhn-[y-§-fn-eq-sSbpw Hcp-¡n-sb-Sp¯v hnP-b-I-c-ambn aptóm«p sImïp-t]mb AÛp-X-amWv Im¼n-tÈ-cn-bpsS henb kw`m-h-\.

AXn\p apt¼m ]nóotSm A¯-c-samcp A\p-`hw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nð Cñ.

Im¼ntÈcn IcpWmIcsâ PohNcn{X{KÙw sI.kpµtci³ cNn¨

Im¼ntÈcn, Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À hne ` 75

1013 cq] hnebpÅ 11 ]pkvXI§Ä Ct¸mÄ 450 cq]¡v "Im¼ntÈcn: Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À' AS¡w {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ Fñm ]pkvXI§fpw Hón¨p hm§nbmð 1013 cq] sam¯w hnebpÅ 11 ]pkvXI§fpw IqSn 450 cq]bv¡p e`n¡pw.

X]menemsW¦nð 570 cq]. aäp ]pkvXI§Ä: • kztZim`nam\n: cmPt{Zmlnbmb cmPykvt\ln; Sn. thWptKm]mð; hne 260 cq] • kztZim`nam\nbpsS ]{X{]hÀ¯\w, cmPhmgvNbpsS Zrãnbnð; hnhÀ¯\w: ]pXp¸Ån cmLh³; hne 35 cq] • hr¯m´ ]{X{]hÀ¯\w; kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW]nÅ; hne 40 cq] • aebmf ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ A¼XphÀjw 1947þ1997; hne 90 cq] • ]{X`mj; hne 20 cq] • \m«phntijw; Sn. thWptKm]mð, tXmakv tP¡ºv; 7.50 cq] • hmÀ¯bpsS inev]ime; F³. F³. kXy{hX³; hne 150 cq] • F.sI.]nÅ: BZÀi§fpsS càkm£n; F. cm[mIrjvW³; hne 135 cq] • \¼ymÀ ]nsóbpw apónð \nð¡póp; ]n. {io[c³; hne 60 cq] • s\tòenbpsS I¼n; sI. sI. taml\³; hne 75 cq] tIm¸nIÄ¡v:

sk-{I-«dn; tI-c-f {]-kv A-¡mZ-an; Im-¡-\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682030; t^m¬: 0484 2422275 sN-t¡m Un-Untbm a-Wn-tbmÀ-U-tdm A-b-¡p-I

Pq¬ 2013 $ ]pkvXIw 2 $ e¡w 2 $ hne ` 10

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{KmaoW `mcXw dnt¸mÀ«v- sN¿póXv F§s\? sh¦ntS-jv cm-a-Ir-jv-W³

12 How data journalism could save the media

Craig Wilson

FUntämdnbð Lighthouse

4 20

skˬvv

26

Ashok R Chandran

15

t‑k‑m-j‑yð a‑o-U‑n-b: D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ k‑q-£‑n¡‑pI

_n. Fkv. _n-an-\nXv

_‑m-e-c‑ma³

{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu 29

Pothan Joseph (1892–1972) A Free-Thinking and Fiercely Independent Editor in Modern India

{]XnIcWw ap³t] ]dóhÀ

30 31

Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam

\yq thhvkv tPmk^v BâWn

37

35

Ad-Addicted Children

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Bookshelf

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22

Dr. Shoma A. Chatterji

sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

]n. kpPm-X³

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C.]n.jmPpZo³

A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 48 temIw Iï hc 50

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FUntämdnbð

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Editor N. P. Rajendran Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Chief News Editor, Mangalam, Kozhikode N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan Political Editor, Veekshanam, Kochi T. R. Madhukumar News Editor, Deshabhimani, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Printer & Publisher V. G. Renuka Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 10 Annual Subscription: ` 100 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 20,000 Inside B&W: ` 15,000

Pq¬ 2013

-a‑o-]-I‑m-e-¯‑v k‑w-Ø‑m\-s‑¯ a‑q-¶‑p {‑]-[‑m-\-]-{‑X-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸S‑p-¯‑n s‑]‑m-«‑n-¸‑p-d-s‑¸-« H-c‑p- h‑n-h‑mZ-s‑¯ A-X‑n-t‑h-K‑w s‑h-Å-s‑a‑m-g‑n-¨‑ps‑I-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K-¯‑p-Å-hc‑p‑w c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑obt‑\-X‑r-X‑zh‑p‑w h‑n-P-b‑n-¨-X‑mb‑n a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-I‑p¶‑p. a‑q-¶‑p- {‑][‑m-\ ]-{‑X-§-f‑n-s‑e N‑n-e t‑e-J-I-·‑mÀ X-a‑n-g‑v\‑m-S‑v kÀ-¡‑m-d‑n-s‑â a-e-b‑m-f‑nb‑m-b "N‑mc-\‑v' H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I t‑c-J-IÄ t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑n-s‑¡‑mS‑p-¯‑p-s‑h¶‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v {‑]-X‑n-^-e-a‑m-b‑n X-a‑n-g‑v\‑m-«‑n \‑n-¶‑v k‑u-P-\‑y-§f‑p‑w k-½‑m-\-§f‑p‑w ]-ä‑n-s‑b¶‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v {‑]-X‑n-^-e-a‑m-b‑n t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â X‑m-Â-] c‑y‑w l-\‑n-¡‑p-¶ X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-S‑v A-\‑p-I‑q-e h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑b¶‑p‑w FÃ‑m-a‑m-W‑v A-X‑y‑p-¨-¯‑n D-¶-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-« B-t‑c‑m-]W‑w. h‑y-à‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S-s‑b‑m¶‑p‑w t‑]-c‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ‑, F-¶‑m ]-{‑X-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑w-Ø‑m-\-kÀ-¡‑m-d‑n-s‑â Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑v h‑n-`‑m-K‑w kÀ-¡‑m-d‑n-\‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨X‑m-b‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v D-²-c‑n-¨‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p h‑mÀ-¯. Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑v A§s‑\ H-c‑p d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-S‑v \Â-I‑n-b‑n-«‑n-s‑Ãt‑¶‑m \ÂI‑n-b G-s‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n A-§-s‑\ B-t‑c‑m-]-W-§-s‑f‑m¶‑p‑w Cà Ft‑¶‑m kÀ-¡‑m-À \‑n-t‑j-[‑n-¨‑nÃ. I-\¯ \‑n-È-Ð-X-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p c-ï‑v a‑q-¶‑p-\‑m-f-t‑¯¡‑v. ]‑n-s‑¶ h¶-X‑v B-t‑c‑m]W‑w D-¶-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-« a‑q-¶‑p ]-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-k‑m[IÀ \-S¯‑n-b k‑w-b‑p-à I¯‑m-W‑v. ]-{‑X§-s‑f A-]-I‑oÀ-¯‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-Å \‑o-¡‑w A-t‑\‑z-j‑n-¡-W-s‑a¶‑v a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑v A-`‑yÀ-°‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p I-¯‑v.

B-t‑c‑m-]W-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v a‑p-J‑y-a{‑´‑n A-t‑\‑zj-W‑w \S-¯‑n kX‑y‑w I-s‑ï¯-W-s‑a-¶‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p‑w-a‑p-¼‑v k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w ]-{‑X {‑]-k‑m-[IÀ N‑n-e I‑m-c‑y-§Ä A-t‑\‑z-j‑n-¨‑v D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑mI‑p‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v A-\‑p-a‑m-\‑n-t‑¡ï-X‑v. b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑n F-´‑m-W‑v h‑n-P‑n-e³-k‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n D-Å-X‑v? h-e‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«À i‑r‑w-J-e D-Å-h-c‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-k‑m-[IÀ. A-hÀ-¡‑v C-X‑v I-ï‑p-]‑nS‑n-¡‑m³ {‑]-b‑m-k-a‑p-ï‑m-h‑nÃ. F-´‑m-W‑v B d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n ]-d-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v?

A-X‑n B-c‑p-s‑S-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑]-c‑v ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-t‑ï‑m‑, D-s‑ï-¦‑n AhÀ F-´‑p-s‑N-b‑v-X‑p F-¶‑m-W‑v B-t‑c‑m]-W‑w? B-t‑c‑m]-W‑w i-c‑n-b-s‑ö‑p‑w X-§f‑p-s‑S t‑e-J-IÀ s‑X-ä‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑ns‑Ã-¶‑p‑w ]-{‑X-§Ä D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑pt‑ï‑m?

CÃ‑, ‑vAs‑X‑m¶‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ-¡-d‑n-b‑nÃ. ]-{‑X-h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑n {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v C‑u A-t‑\‑z-j-W-§Ä \-S-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w kX‑y‑w P-\-§Ä-¡‑v a‑p-¼‑m-s‑I s‑h-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h¦‑n ]-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-i‑z‑mk‑y-X h-À-²‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w ]-{‑X-§Ä-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c Bt‑c‑m]-W‑w D-¶-b‑n-¨-hÀ {‑]-X‑n-¡‑q-«‑n-e‑m-h‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-t‑Xs‑\. \‑nÀ-`‑m-K‑y-h-i‑m A-X‑p-ï‑m-b‑nÃ. a‑q-¶‑p-{‑][‑m-\ ]-{‑X-§-f‑n {‑]-k‑m-[-I-c‑p-s‑S k‑w-b‑p-à¡-¯‑v a‑p³-t‑]-P‑n {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-t‑¯‑m-s‑S {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p-s‑h-¦‑ne‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑v C‑u h‑n-j-b-¯‑n I‑q-S‑p-X A-d‑n-h‑v \Â-I‑p-¶ h‑mÀ-¯-I-s‑f‑m¶‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑nÃ.

A-X‑n-\‑m h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ C-c‑p-«‑n-e‑m-W‑v, C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w. a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-t‑j-[‑w A-X‑n-t‑h-K‑w h¶‑p. Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑n \‑n-¶‑v A-¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑v D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p.

F-¶‑mÂ‑, "]{‑X§s‑f {‑]X‑n¡‑q«‑ne‑m¡‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v Câe‑nP³k‑v t‑a[‑mh‑n S‑n.]‑n. s‑k³I‑pa‑mÀ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v \ÂI‑m\‑nSb‑mb k‑mlNc‑y¯‑n a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑n t‑JZ‑w {‑]IS‑n-¸‑n¨‑p' F-¶‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-h‑mÀ-¯-b‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶X‑v. ""C‑u ] {‑X§f‑ns‑e Gs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑eJIÀ s‑Xä‑mb c‑oX‑nb‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨X‑mt‑b‑m k‑wØ‑m\X‑mX‑v]c‑y¯‑n\‑v h‑nc‑p²a‑mb‑n h‑mÀ¯IÄ {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨X‑mt‑b‑m s‑Xf‑nª‑n«‑ns‑ö‑mW‑v N‑o^‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑n C.s‑I. `cÛ‑qj¬ \ÂI‑nb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑ne‑pÅX‑v. kÀ¡‑mc‑n\‑v Gs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑cJ \ãs‑¸S‑pIt‑b‑m s‑k{‑It‑«d‑nbä‑ns‑e Gs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w Dt‑Z‑y‑mKس {‑I‑na‑n\ I‑pä‑w \S¯‑pIt‑b‑m s‑Nb‑vX‑n«‑ns‑ö‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑ne‑pï‑v. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑pXs‑¶ ]{‑X§Äs‑¡X‑nc‑mb‑n C{‑]I‑mc‑w Câe‑nP³k‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v h¶X‑v \‑nÀ`‑mK‑yIca‑mb‑nt‑¸‑mb‑n. AX‑n R‑m³ t‑JZ‑w {‑]IS‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p''þ C-{‑X-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h-\b‑n DÅX‑v.

C-t‑X‑ms‑S h‑n-h‑m-Z-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-J‑y-a{‑´‑n X‑n-c-È‑o-e-b‑n-«‑p. A-X‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w c‑wK‑w i‑m-´-a‑m-W‑v. A-X‑y‑m-hi‑y‑w N‑n-e t‑e-J-\-§Ä ]-{‑X-§-f‑n h-¶-XÃ‑m-s‑X B-t‑c‑m]-W‑w D-¶-b‑n-¨-hÀ-t‑¡‑m‑, h‑n-P‑n-e³-k‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v ]-c-a-k-X‑y-a‑m-s‑W-¶ a-«‑n D-bÀ-¯‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¨‑v he‑n-b h‑mÀ-¯ N-a-¨hÀt‑¡‑m b‑m-s‑X‑m¶‑p‑w ]-d-b‑m-\‑nÃ. ]-{‑X-§Ä ]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑p-Å ]-eÀ¡‑p‑w F-X‑n-s‑c ]-X‑n-h‑m-b‑n D-¶-b‑n-

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¡‑m-d‑p-Å B-t‑c‑m-]-W-§Ä t‑]‑m-s‑e CX‑p‑w s‑I-«-S§‑n. h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v A-d‑n-b‑nà F-´‑m-W‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¨-s‑X-¶‑v, F-´‑m-W‑v k-X‑y-s‑a-¶‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ kÀh-{‑X \‑n-È-Ð-X-b‑mW‑v. Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯-hc‑p‑w \‑n-È-Ð‑w‑, ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-Ic‑p‑w \‑n-ÈÐ‑w‑, Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑v B-b‑p[-a‑m-¡‑n a‑q-¶‑p-]-{‑X-§-s‑fb‑p‑w A-h-b‑p-s‑S G-X‑m\‑p‑w t‑e-J-I-s‑cb‑p‑w I-S-¶‑m-{‑I-a‑n-¨ ]-{‑X-§f‑p‑w \‑n-È-Ð-a‑m-W‑v.

A§-s‑\ a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S H-c‑p k‑m-´‑z-\-¯‑n X‑r-]‑v-X-c‑m-b‑n h‑n-k‑v-a‑r-X‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v X-t‑Å-ï H-c‑p I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-s‑X-¶‑v t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶‑nÃ. {‑]-X‑n-¡‑q-«‑n-e‑m-¡-s‑¸-«-hÀ-¡‑v H-c‑p ]-t‑£ A-X‑paX‑n F-¶‑p-t‑X‑m-¶‑n-¡‑m-W‑m‑w. ]t‑£‑, s‑]‑m-X‑p k-a‑q-l‑w ]-{‑X§-s‑fb‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-s‑cb‑p‑w k‑w-i-b-Z‑r-ã‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S h‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v C-s‑XÃ‑m‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-s‑N-s‑¶-¯‑n-¨-X‑v F-¶‑p-]d-b‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ h¿. ]-{‑X-{‑]-k‑m-[-Ic‑p‑w a‑p-J‑y-a{‑´‑n X-s‑¶b‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑wK-s‑¯ [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-X-b‑v¡‑p‑w k‑p-X‑m-c‑y-X-b‑v-¡‑paÃ‑, k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-Ia‑m-b H-c‑p s‑h-Å-]‑q-i-e‑n-\‑m-W‑v {‑]‑m-[‑m\‑y‑w \Â-I‑nb-X‑v F-¶‑v h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑p-t‑X‑m-¶‑n-b‑m Ah-s‑c I‑p-ä‑w-]-d-b‑m³-]-ä‑nÃ.

C-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-t‑ad‑n-b a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-{‑]-i‑v-\h‑p‑w C-X‑n H-f‑n-ª‑p-I‑n-S-¸‑pï‑v. a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h-\-b‑ne‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-k‑m-[-I-c‑p-s‑S k‑w-b‑p-à-I-¯‑ne‑p‑w B-hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p k‑w-K-X‑n-b‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑v C-X‑mW‑vþ ]-{‑X-§Ä H¶‑p‑w k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â X‑m-e‑v-]c‑y-§Ä-¡‑v F-X‑n-c‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑n-«‑nÃ.""C‑u ]{‑X§f‑ns‑e Gs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑eJIÀ s‑Xä‑mb c‑oX‑nb‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨X‑mt‑b‑m k‑wØ‑m\X‑mX‑v]c‑y¯‑n\‑v h‑nc‑p²a‑mb‑n h‑mÀ¯IÄ {‑] k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨X‑mt‑b‑m s‑Xf‑nª‑n«‑ns‑ö‑mW‑v N‑o^‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑n C.s‑I. `cÛ‑qj¬ \ÂI‑nb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑ne‑p-Å-X‑v'' F-¶‑m-W‑v a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n h‑mÀ-¯‑m-k-t‑½-f-\-¯‑n ]-d-ª-X‑v. k‑wØ‑m-\ X‑mÂ-]-c‑y-¯‑n-\‑v F-X‑nc‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯‑, A-\‑p-I‑q-ea‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯ F-s‑¶‑m-c‑p t‑hÀX‑n-c‑n-h‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑n D-ï‑v F-¶‑v C‑u c‑wK¯‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑n-¡-hc‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. k-X‑ya‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯-b‑pï‑v‑, A-k-X‑ya‑mb h‑mÀ-¯-b‑pï‑v. k-X‑ya‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯- h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v P-\-§Ä I‑m-i‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑p- ]-{‑X‑w h‑m§‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑v A-\‑p-I‑q-ea‑m-b h‑n-h-c-§Ä a‑m{‑X‑w I‑n-«‑m-\‑m-s‑W-¦‑n ]-»‑n-I‑v d‑n-t‑e-j³-k‑v h-I‑p-¸‑n-s‑â e-L‑p-t‑e-J-IÄ h‑m-b‑n-¨‑mÂaX‑n. t‑I-c-fh‑p‑w X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-S‑p‑w-X-½‑n-e‑p-Å XÀ-¡-h‑n-j-b-§-f‑n c-ï‑p-]-£-s‑¯b‑p‑w k-X‑y‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ-¡-¯‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡e‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-§-f‑ps‑S N‑p-a-X-e. H-t‑c ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-S‑v F-U‑n-j-\‑n X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-S‑n-s‑â X‑m-e‑v-]c‑y‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e F-U‑n-j-\‑n t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â X‑m-e‑v-]c‑y‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑pa‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-]-l‑mk‑y-X D-ï‑v F-¶‑p-t‑]‑me‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m-¯ I‑m-e-a‑m-W‑v C-X‑v. i-c‑n-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w k-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w ]-£-a‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-Ic-s‑â ]-£‑w. k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑v \ÂI‑n-b A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-I-fà \-½‑p-s‑S i-c‑n-s‑X-ä‑p-IÄ \‑nÀ-W-b‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v. k‑w-Ø‑m-\-kÀ-¡‑m-d‑p-IÄ A-bÂ-k‑w-Ø‑m-\-t‑¯¡‑v N‑m-c-·‑m-s‑c A-b-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\‑m-ft‑a‑m \-¡‑m-¸‑n-¨ ]-ä‑n B-s‑c-¦‑ne‑p‑w C-¯-c-¡‑m-s‑c k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑n-t‑\‑m-ft‑a‑m A[-ah‑p‑w A-]-e-]-\‑o-b-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v k‑w-Ø‑m-\-X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å C‑u K‑oÀ-h‑m-W-§Ä F-¶‑p-]-d-b‑m-s‑X h¿. h‑m-k‑v-X-h-h‑n-c‑p-²-a‑m-b‑, A-]-I‑oÀ-¯‑n-I-ca‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K-¯‑pÅhÀ t‑£‑m-`‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w h‑n-I‑m-c‑w s‑I‑m-Å‑p-¶X‑p‑w H¶‑m‑w t‑]-P‑n k‑w-b‑p-à-{‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h-\ s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-s‑b-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v A-t‑\‑zj-W‑w \-S-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-s‑a‑m-¶‑p‑w s‑XäÃ. ] t‑£‑, H-c‑p I‑mc‑y‑w ad¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑]‑m-X‑p-k‑w-L-S-\-IÄ¡‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ¡‑p‑w k‑m-a‑q-l‑yØ‑m-]-\-§Ä¡‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w F-X‑n-s‑c C-X‑p-t‑]‑me-s‑¯ A-k‑wJ‑y‑w h‑mÀ-¯IÄ H‑mt‑c‑m Z‑n-hkh‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. X-§Ä-¡‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ C-t‑X h‑n-I‑m-c‑w A-hÀ¡‑p‑w D-ï‑mI‑p‑w F-¶‑v F-t‑¸‑m-s‑g-¦‑ne‑p‑w H‑mÀ-¡‑m-d‑pt‑ï‑m \‑m‑w? tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan) sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca, {]knUâv, sI.bp.U»yp.sP.) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), F. ^ntdmkv (UbdÎÀ, ]»nIv dntej³kv), sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (kvt]mÀSvkv FUnäÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tImgnt¡mSv), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³ (s]mfnän¡ð FUnäÀ, ho£Ww), t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: hn. BÀ. APnXv IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

G{]nðPqþ sabv 2013 2013

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s‑h¦‑nt‑S-j‑v c‑m-a-I‑r-j‑v-W³

{‑K‑ma‑oW `‑mcX‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v- s‑N¿‑póX‑v F§s‑\?

Pq¬ 2013

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{Km

a‑oW `‑mcX‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v- s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v F§s‑\ F¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w Hc‑p A[‑yb\ {‑Ia¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑n D¶b‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ BZ‑y‑w DbÀ¶‑p hc‑nI as‑ä‑mc‑p t‑N‑mZ‑ya‑mW‑v. F-{‑X a‑m-[‑y-a]T-\ Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑P-We‑nk‑w k‑n-e-_-Ê‑n d‑qd d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑v DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v? a‑n-¡-h‑md‑p‑w k‑n-e-_Ê‑pI-f‑n {‑K‑ma‑o-W t‑a-Je-s‑b I‑p-d‑n¨‑v H¶‑p‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶‑nÃ. F-¶‑mÂ‑, h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-Xa‑mb h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk Ø‑m]\§f‑p‑w b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑nIf‑p‑w C´‑yb‑ne‑p‑w t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â ]e `‑mK§f‑ne‑pa‑pï‑v. CX‑v \½‑ps‑S ]{‑X-{‑] hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p \‑nZÀi-\t‑a‑m s‑]‑mX‑pk‑z`‑mh¯‑ns‑â {‑]X‑n^e\t‑a‑m Hs‑¡b‑mW‑v. ]{‑X-§f‑n hc‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯IÄ‑, h‑niIe-\-§-Ä‑, ]c-k‑y-§Ä F-¶‑n-h-b‑ps‑Ss‑b‑ms‑¡ k‑z`‑mh‑w ]c‑nt‑i‑m-[‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n GX‑mï‑v 75 iXa‑m\‑w P\§Ä {‑K‑ma‑oWt‑aJ-eb‑n \‑n¶‑v hc‑p¶ht‑c‑m {‑K‑ma‑oWt‑aJeb‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«‑p \‑n¡‑p¶ht‑c‑m BW‑v. AX‑n\‑v t‑\Àh‑n]c‑oXa‑mW‑v \½‑ps‑S ]{‑X§f‑ne‑p‑w aä‑v a‑m[‑ya§f‑n-e‑p‑w {‑K‑m-a‑o-W-X-b‑p-s‑S {‑]‑m-X‑n\‑n[‑y‑w. 75 iXa‑m\‑w P\§Ä¡‑v 25 iXa‑m-\‑w {‑]‑m-X‑n-\‑n[‑y‑w a‑m{‑Xt‑a e`‑n¡‑p¶‑pÅ‑p. AX‑v Xs‑¶ e`‑n¡‑p¶‑pt‑ï‑m F¶‑pÅ I‑mc‑y‑w k‑wiba‑mW‑v. ]-{‑X-§-f‑ns‑e 70 iXa‑m\‑w k‑v-t‑]-k‑ne‑p‑w \Kch‑pa‑mb‑n _Ô-s‑¸-« h‑m-À-¯-I-f‑p‑w {‑]-X‑oI-§f‑p‑w B-W‑p-Å-X‑v.

CX‑ps‑I‑mï‑pXs‑¶ C´‑y³ ]Ý‑m¯e-¯‑nÂ‑, {‑K‑ma‑oW d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n§‑v A-{‑X B-IÀ-j-IaÃ. 20 hÀja‑mb‑n a‑m[‑ya Ø‑m]\-§f‑n Dï‑mb‑ns‑¡‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ t‑P‑me‑nbhk-c§-f‑p-s‑S IW¡‑p-I-Ä t‑\‑m-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a-\-Ê‑n-e‑mh‑p¶ Hc‑p I‑m-c‑y-a‑pï‑v. {‑K‑ma‑oWt‑aJeb‑ns‑e ]{‑X-{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n\‑v t‑hï‑n kaÀ¸‑nXa‑mb h‑n`‑mKa‑pÅ Hc‑p ]{‑X‑w a‑m-{‑Xt‑ab‑pÅ‑q. a‑m[‑ya-§f‑n k‑vs‑]j‑ys‑s‑ek‑vU‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n§‑n\‑v hfs‑c {‑][‑m\‑ya‑pÅ k-a-b-a‑m-W‑v C-s‑X-¶‑v H‑mÀ-¡-W‑w. _‑n._‑n.k‑n.b‑ps‑S 90 hÀj‑w ]g¡a‑pÅ t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m H‑m^‑o k‑n R‑m³ ]W‑ns‑bS‑p¡‑pIb‑pï‑mb‑n. kX‑y¯‑n AX‑p hs‑c ]c‑nNb‑n¨ ]{‑X-{‑]hÀ¯-\¯‑n \‑ns‑¶‑ms‑¡ hfs‑c hX‑yk‑v-X-a‑mb‑, A¼c¸‑n¡‑p¶ A\‑p`ha‑mW‑v _‑n._‑n.k‑n.

F\‑n¡‑v \ÂI‑nbX‑v. _‑n._‑n.k‑n.b‑ps‑S k‑u¯‑v Gj‑y d‑oP W b‑qW‑nä‑ns‑â I‑og‑ne‑mW‑v R‑m³ {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨-X‑v. A-X‑n s‑â I‑og‑n Bd‑p`‑mj‑m t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m k‑vt‑äj-\‑pIÄ Dï‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p. l‑nµ‑n‑, Dd‑pZ‑p‑, _‑m‑w¥‑, k‑n‑wlf‑, Xa‑ng‑v‑, ]j‑v-X‑q¬ þ C‑u Bd‑v `‑mj‑mh‑n`‑mK§f‑n-e‑p‑w AXX‑p c‑mP‑ys‑¯ \‑m-e‑p {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI h‑n`‑mK§f‑mb‑n X‑nc‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v. H‑mt‑c‑m `‑mj-b‑p-s‑S b‑p‑w I‑o-g‑n hc‑p¶ c‑mP‑y§f‑n-s‑e c‑m{‑ã‑ob {‑]i‑v\§Ä Aht‑e‑mI\‑w s‑N-¿‑m³ {‑]-t‑X‑yI h‑n`‑m-K‑w D-ï‑v. Xa‑ng‑vþ k‑n‑wlf t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m k‑vt‑äj\‑pIf‑ps‑S I‑og‑n {‑i‑oe¦³ {‑] i‑v\‑w a‑m{‑X‑w s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ Hc‑p k‑vs‑]js‑s‑ek‑vU‑v Pq¬ 2013

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BßlXy sNbvX IÀjI³ {io[À D¯w `q«bpsS Nn{Xhpambn IpSpw_mwK§Ä / t^mt«m: `cXv tUm{K (sF]nFkv)

Uk‑vI‑v Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. C§s‑\ {‑i² s‑I‑mS‑p-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ \½‑ps‑S ]{‑X-{‑]hÀ¯-\¯‑n k‑q£‑vaX s‑s‑Ihc‑p¶‑p.

AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑mW‑v _‑n._‑n.k‑n.b‑p-s‑S d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-IÄ¡‑v he‑nb Hc‑p ]c‑n[‑n hs‑c I‑rX‑yXb‑ps‑S Hc‑p Xe‑w Dï‑mh‑p¶X‑v.

C§s‑\ s‑{‑]‑m^jWe‑mb k‑q£‑vaX I‑q-S‑pX s‑s‑Ihc‑p¶ HchØ I‑qS‑nb‑p-ï‑v. H‑mt‑c‑m h‑n-j-bh‑p‑w {‑]-t‑X‑yI {‑i²t‑b‑ms‑S ]T‑n-¡‑m-³ a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑n h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-h‑n-`‑m-K§Ä Dï‑mt‑IïX‑ns‑â Bhi‑yIX hfs‑c he‑pX‑mW‑v. ]-t‑£ \-½‑p-s‑S k-a‑o-]-\h‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§t‑f‑mS‑pÅ \½‑ps‑S H‑md‑nb-t‑â-j\‑p‑w \½fX‑ns‑\ k‑z‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w hfs‑c hX‑yk‑vXa‑mW‑v.

CX‑nt‑e¡‑v {‑i²t‑]‑mt‑IïX‑pï‑v‑, CX‑v a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯IÀ-¡‑v a‑m{‑X‑w s‑N-¿‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑yaÃ. AX‑v a‑m[‑ya Ø‑m]\‑w \S¯‑p¶hc‑ps‑S I‑qS‑n D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-a‑mW‑v. {‑K‑ma‑o-W `‑m-c-X-¯‑n F´‑mW‑v k‑w`h‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑nc‑n ¡‑p¶X‑v F¶X‑ns‑â \JN‑n{‑X‑w C´‑y‑m Khs‑×â‑ns‑â IW¡‑pIÄ a‑m{‑X‑w t‑\‑m-¡‑n a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m-\‑mh‑p‑w. CX\‑pÊc‑n¨‑v 2000 a‑pX 2008 hs‑c \S¯‑n-b Z‑oÀL I‑me ]T-\-¯‑n Is‑ï¯‑nb IW¡‑p {‑]I‑mc‑w H‑mt‑c‑m Z‑nhkh‑p‑w ic‑mic‑n 48 IÀjIc‑mW‑v C´‑yb‑n BßlX‑y s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. AX‑n-\‑p-]‑p-d-s‑a-b‑m-W‑v G-s‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w Xc¯‑ne‑pÅ i‑mc‑oc‑nI ] c‑m[‑o-\XIÄ h¶‑v s‑s‑hZ‑y kl‑mb‑w t‑XS‑m³ \‑nÀ_Ô‑nX-c‑m-I‑p-¶-hÀ. H‑mt‑c‑m a‑q-¶‑p-a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑ne‑p‑w 125 e[‑nI‑w IÀjIÀ I‑mÀj‑nI h‑r¯‑n Fs‑¶t‑¶¡‑pa‑mb‑n Ahk‑m\‑n¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï¶‑p‑w ]T-\‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p.

Pq¬ 2013

C‑u Hc‑p h‑ni‑mea‑mb ]c‑nt‑{‑]£‑y¯‑n\I¯‑p \‑n¶‑ps‑I‑mï‑p t‑h-W‑w d‑qd d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑m³. Cs‑X§s‑\ \S¯‑p‑w? CX‑ns‑â {‑]‑mt‑b‑mK‑nI a‑m\-ZÞ§Ä‑, As‑æ‑n C-X‑n {‑]X‑n^e‑n¡‑p¶ c‑o-X‑nIÄ F§s‑\b‑mb‑nc‑n-¡‑p‑w? P\§f‑nt‑e¡‑v Cd§‑n s‑NÃ‑pI‑, {‑K‑ma {‑]t‑Zi¯‑v s‑N¶‑ps‑I‑mï‑v Ah‑nS‑ps‑¯ I‑mc‑y§Ä ]T‑n¡‑pI‑, AX‑v P\§f‑nt‑e¡‑v F¯‑n¡‑ph‑m\‑pÅ {‑ia‑w \S-¯‑p-I þ C-X‑m-W‑v d‑q-d d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑v F-¶ k‑wKX‑n.

C-X‑n-s‑â Bib]c-a‑mb {‑]i‑v-\‑w ]-db‑m‑w. FÃ‑m ] T\§f‑ne‑p‑w GX‑mï‑v Fg‑p]X‑v a‑pX Fg‑p]¯©‑v iXa‑m\‑w hs‑cb‑pÅ Iht‑d-P‑v \Kct‑I{‑µ‑oI‑rXa‑mW‑v.

Cc‑p]¯‑nb©‑v iXa‑m\‑w Iht‑dP‑v a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI I‑m-c‑y§Ä¡‑pÅ-X‑v. A-s‑X-´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v F-¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y-¯‑ns‑â D¯-c‑w B-s‑cb‑p‑w A-Û‑p-X-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶XÃ. AX‑ns‑â {‑][‑m\s‑¸« I‑mcW‑w C´‑yb‑ns‑e a‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑pÅ DSaØ‑mhI‑mi‑w Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v. C´‑yb‑ns‑e a‑m[‑ya§Ä t‑e‑mI¯‑pÅ as‑äÃ‑m a‑m[‑ya§s‑fb‑p‑wt‑]‑ms‑e hÀ[‑nXa‑mb t‑I‑mÀ¸-t‑d-ä‑vhX‑v¡cW‑w‑, h‑y‑mhk‑mb‑nI h‑mW‑nP‑y X‑mX‑v]c‑y§Ä F¶‑nhb‑v¡‑v I‑og‑vs‑¸« AhØb‑ne‑mW‑pÅX‑v. d‑p-d- d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑n\‑v a‑mX‑yIb‑mb‑n«‑p-ff Z l‑nµ‑ph‑ns‑â d‑q-d F-s‑^-b‑v-g‑vk‑v s‑lÍ‑mb‑n«‑pÅ ]‑n. k‑mb‑n\‑mY‑p‑w I‑pd¨‑v k‑pl‑r¯‑p¡f‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v C´‑yb‑ns‑e a‑m[‑yaØ‑m]\§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑v \S¯‑nb ] T-\¯‑n (s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑nÃ‑m¯ kab¯‑v‑) s‑X‑m®‑qä‑nb©‑v

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{‑K‑ma‑o-W `‑m-c-X-¯‑n F´‑mW‑v k‑w`h‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v F¶X‑ns‑â \JN‑n{‑X‑w C´‑y‑m Khs‑×â‑ns‑â IW-¡‑pIÄ a‑m{‑X‑w t‑\‑m-¡‑n a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m-\‑mh‑p‑w. CX\‑pkc‑n¨‑v 2000 a‑pX 2008 hs‑c \S¯‑n-b Z‑oÀL I‑me ]T-\-¯‑n Is‑ï¯‑nb IW¡‑p {‑]I‑mc‑w H‑mt‑c‑m Z‑nhkh‑p‑w ic‑mic‑n 48 IÀjIc‑mW‑v C´‑yb‑n BßlX‑y s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. A-X‑n-\‑p]‑p-d-s‑a-b‑m-W‑v G-s‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w Xc¯‑ne‑pÅ i‑mc‑oc‑nI ]c‑m[‑o-\XIÄ h¶‑v s‑s‑hZ‑y kl‑mb‑w t‑XS‑m³ \‑nÀ_Ô‑n-X-c‑m-I‑p-¶-hÀ. H‑mt‑c‑m a‑q-¶‑pa-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑ne‑p‑w 125 e[‑nI‑w IÀjIÀ I‑mÀj‑nI h‑r¯‑n Fs‑¶t‑¶¡‑pa‑mb‑n Ahk‑m\‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑ps‑ï¶‑p‑w ]T-\‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p.

C‑u Hc‑p h‑ni‑mea‑mb ]c‑nt‑{‑]£‑y¯‑n\I¯‑p \‑n¶‑ps‑I‑mï‑p t‑h-W‑w d‑qd d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑m³. Cs‑X§s‑\ \S¯‑p‑w?

CX‑ns‑â {‑]‑mt‑b‑m-K‑nI a‑m\-ZÞ§Ä‑, As‑æ‑n C-X‑n {‑]X‑n^e‑n¡‑p¶ c‑o-X‑nIÄ F§s‑\ b‑mb‑nc‑n-¡‑p‑w? P\§f‑nt‑e¡‑v Cd§‑n s‑NÃ‑pI‑, {‑K‑ma {‑]t‑Zi¯‑v s‑N¶‑ps‑I‑mï‑v Ah‑nS‑ps‑¯ I‑m-c‑y§Ä ]T‑n¡‑pI‑, AX‑v P\§f‑nt‑e¡‑v F¯‑n¡‑ph‑m\‑pÅ {‑ia‑w \S-¯‑p-I þ C-X‑m-W‑v d‑q-d d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑v F-¶ k‑w-KX‑n. iXa‑m\‑w a‑m[‑yaØ‑m]\§f‑p‑w `-c‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v at‑äs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑aJe-I-f‑n h‑yhk‑mb h‑mW‑nP‑y X‑mX‑v] c‑ya‑pÅ Hc‑p Ø‑m]\t‑a‑m‑, I‑pS‑p‑w_t‑a‑m Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p F¶‑v Is‑ï¯‑pIb‑pï‑mb‑n. 1980 If‑n C´‑yb‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w {‑]_ea‑mb C‑w¥‑oj‑v ]{‑Xa‑mb s‑s‑S‑wk‑v H‑m^‑v C´‑y‑m I‑pS‑p‑w_‑w \S¯‑p¶ s‑_¶-ä‑v Bâ‑v t‑I‑mÄ-a‑m³ I¼\‑n DSa-Øc‑m-b s‑P-b‑n³ I‑pS‑p‑w_¯‑n\‑v j‑n¸‑n‑wK‑v‑, NW‑w‑, d‑nb Fk‑vt‑ää‑v‑, Dc‑p¡‑v X‑pS§‑nb‑n«‑pÅ he‑nb h‑yhk‑mb h‑mW‑nP‑y t‑aJ-eb‑n X‑mX‑v]c‑y§f‑pÅ Ø‑m]‑nX I¼\‑nb‑m-W‑v. C´‑y³ FI‑vk‑v{‑]Ê‑v \S¯‑p¶ t‑K‑m-b¦ I‑pS‑p‑w_¯‑ns‑â Ø‑nX‑nb‑p‑w h‑y-X‑yk‑vXaÃ. F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å h‑y-hk‑m-b t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v X‑mÂ-]-c‑y-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ h³I‑n-S ]-{‑X-§-f‑nà F-¶-X‑m-W‑v `‑m-j‑m-]-{‑X- c‑w-K-s‑¯b‑p‑w Ø‑n-X‑n. IÀ-j-I-s‑c-I‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w I‑mÀ-j‑nIh‑r¯‑n-b‑n \‑n¶‑p a‑md‑nt‑¸‑mb‑vs‑¡‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ I‑mÀj‑nI P\k‑ma‑m\‑ys‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w Hs‑¡b‑pÅ Iht‑dP‑n\‑v D‑u¶Â s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑m³ C‑u Ø‑m]-\-§Ä¡‑v ]-ä‑nà F-¶‑v R‑m³ ]db‑p-¶‑nÃ. ]-t‑£ A-h‑n-s‑S A-X‑n-s‑â k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p-s‑S t‑X‑m-X‑v \-s‑¶ I‑p-d-h‑mW‑v.

A-hÀ-¡‑v X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y-a‑p-Å t‑h-s‑d F-s‑´Ã‑m‑w h‑n-j-b-§Ä I‑nS-¡‑p¶‑p.

95% a‑m[‑ya Ø‑m]\§f‑p‑w h‑mW‑nP‑y h‑yhk‑mb X-X‑z§Ä¡\‑pk‑rXa‑mb‑mW‑v {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â hch‑n\‑v t‑ij‑w h‑mW‑nP‑y h‑yhk‑mb X‑mX‑v]c‑y§Äs‑¡‑m¸‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob a‑qe[\¯‑ns‑â IS¶‑phch‑p‑w \½‑ps‑S a‑m[‑ya t‑aJ-eb‑n hfs‑c iàa‑mb‑n«‑pï‑v. H‑m-

t‑c‑m ]‑mÀ«‑n¡‑p‑w H‑mt‑c‑m N‑m\ F¶ AhØ C´‑yb‑n At‑§‑mfa‑nt‑§‑mfa‑pÅ c‑o-X‑nb‑mW‑v. I£‑n c‑m{‑ã‑ob¯‑ns‑â Ø‑m]‑nX X‑mX‑v]c‑y§f‑p‑w Cs‑XÃ‑m‑w {‑]X‑n^e‑n¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑nb- 90If‑n \‑m‑w Iï‑p. a‑m[‑ya c‑wK‑w a‑md‑nb‑nÃ. ]t‑£ CX‑ns‑â C-Sb‑n \‑n¶‑ps‑I‑mï‑v Häs‑¸« iÐ§Ä hfs‑c k‑q£‑vaa‑mb {‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ne‑q-s‑S {‑K‑ma‑oW t‑aJeb‑nt‑e¡‑v Cd§‑n-s‑¨¶‑p. H‑mt‑c‑m h‑njbs‑¯b‑p‑w k‑q£‑vaa‑mb‑p‑w hk‑vX‑p\‑nj‑vTa‑mb‑p‑w ]T‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v C¯c¯‑ne‑p-Å h‑mÀ¯ h‑niIe\h‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑mhXcWh‑p‑w Ø‑m]\¯‑ns‑â h‑mW‑nP‑y X‑mX‑v]-c‑y§Ä¡‑v K‑pWIca‑mh‑p‑w F-¶‑p N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m«‑n. C§s‑\ Ø‑m]\¯‑ns‑â s‑]‑mX‑p c‑m{‑ã‑ob {‑Ib h‑n{‑Ib t‑ij‑n hÀ²‑n¸‑n¡‑p‑w F¶‑v t‑_‑m[‑ys‑¸S‑p¯‑n s‑I‑mï‑pÅ Häs‑¸« CSs‑]S-e‑pIÄ Dï‑mb‑n«‑pï‑v. CX‑mW‑v Hc‑p t‑PÀWe‑nÌ‑v F¶ \‑n-eb‑n \‑m‑w Dï‑m¡‑n FS‑pt‑¡ï Bß_Ô‑w As‑æ‑n ià‑n. CX‑v i‑q\‑y-X-b‑n \‑n¶‑v Dï‑m¡‑n F-S‑p-¡‑m-h‑p¶ I‑mc‑y-aÃ. cï‑pa‑q¶‑v I‑m-c‑y-§Ä A-X‑n-\‑v B-h-i‑y-a‑mW‑v. GX‑v h‑njbs‑¯ I‑pd‑n¨‑mt‑W‑m \‑n§Ä h‑mÀ¯‑mh‑niIe\‑w \-S¯‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p¶X‑v AX‑ns‑\ I‑pd‑n¨‑v hfs‑c K‑mVa‑mb X‑nc‑n¨d‑nh‑v \‑n§Ä-¡‑p-ï‑m-IW‑w. h‑n-jb-s‑¯ I‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ hk‑vX‑p\‑nj‑vTa‑mb Ad‑nh‑v Dï‑m¡‑ns‑bS‑p¡-W‑w. {‑K‑m-a‑o-WP-\-X-b‑p-s‑S P‑o-h‑nX-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w A-h‑nS-s‑¯ k‑m-a‑q-l‑y‑mh-Ø-s‑b-I‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w \à A-d‑n-h‑p-ï‑m-I‑m-s‑X d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑v k‑m-[‑y-aÃ.

1985 B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n D-¯-t‑c-´‑y-b‑n t‑]‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ A-h‑nSs‑¯ k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n P‑m-X‑n s‑N-e‑p-¯‑p-¶ k‑z‑m-[‑o\s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v F-\‑n-¡‑v t‑_‑m-[‑y-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. R‑m-³ ]T‑n¨ I-®‑q-c‑n P‑mX‑nt‑N‑mZ‑n¡‑p¶X‑p‑w ]db‑p¶X‑p‑w XÕab‑w AS‑nI‑n-«‑p-h‑m³ DXI‑p¶ s‑Xä‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. UÂl‑n-b‑n s‑N¶X‑ns‑â cï‑m‑w Z‑nhk‑w Hc‑p CSX‑p]£ k‑ml‑nX‑yI‑mc³ Ft‑¶‑mS‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¨X‑v P‑mX‑n F´‑mW‑v F¶‑mW‑v. Hc‑p CSX‑p]£k‑ml‑nX‑y-I‑mc³ P‑mX‑nt‑N‑mZ‑n-¨X‑n F-\‑n-¡‑v h‑nj-a‑w t‑X‑m¶‑n. C-t‑¸‑mÄ 28 s‑I‑mÃa‑mb‑n D¯t‑c´‑yb‑nÂ.

Bt‑c‑mS‑p‑w P‑mX‑n t‑N‑mZ‑n-¡‑m-³ F-\‑n¡‑v Hc‑paS‑nb‑p‑w CÃ. Ah‑ns‑S BÄ¡‑ms‑c Af¡‑p¶X‑ns‑â a‑m\Z-Þ‑w P‑mX‑n Ad‑nª‑ps‑I‑mï‑mW‑v. X‑nI¨‑p‑w AS‑n¨aÀ¯‑p¶ c‑oX‑nb‑ne‑pÅ P‑mX‑n{‑Iaa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p a‑p¼‑v Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑v.

A-¶‑v P‑mX‑n t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v khÀW t‑a[h‑nX‑z¯‑ns‑â k‑qNIa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. D¯t‑c´‑yb‑ns‑e c‑m{‑ã‑obh‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«‑pI‑nS¡‑p¶ I‑mc‑ya‑mW‑nX‑v. At‑Xt‑]‑ms‑e d‑qd d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑n§‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«‑pI‑nS¡‑p¶X‑pa‑mW‑v.

UÂl‑nb‑ns‑e¯‑n cï‑v hÀj‑w Ig‑nª-t‑¸‑mÄ UÂl‑nb‑n \‑n¶‑v 100 I‑nt‑e‑m-a‑o-äÀ I‑pd-h‑v A-I-s‑e-b‑pÅ {‑K‑m-a¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑]‑mb‑n. t‑k‑mj‑ye‑nÌ‑v ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S ]gbI‑me t‑\X‑mh‑mb lc‑ne‑me‑v k‑nM‑v X‑y‑mK‑ns‑b I‑m-W‑m-³ ck‑v\ F¶ {‑K‑ma¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v. {‑K‑ma‑w \‑nds‑b t‑K‑mX¼‑p‑w Ic‑n¼‑p‑w aä‑p‑w. R‑m³ X‑y‑mK‑nt‑b‑mS‑v ]-dª‑pþ C‑u {‑K‑ma‑w I‑mW‑m³ F{‑X at‑\‑mlc-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v. At‑±l‑w ]-dª‑p‑, {‑K‑ma‑w I‑mW‑ms‑\‑ms‑¡ s‑I‑mÅ‑m‑w ]t‑£ CX‑ns‑â DÅ‑n P‑pK‑p]‑vk‑mhla‑mb Hc‑p]‑mS‑v I‑mc‑y§f‑pï‑v. {‑K‑ma¯‑ns‑e P\k‑wJ‑yb‑n 30 i-X-a‑m\‑w P‑m«‑v F¶‑v ]db‑p¶ [\‑n-I IÀjIc‑mW‑v. 30 i-X-a‑m\‑w Fs‑¶t‑¸‑ms‑e X‑y‑mK‑nIf‑mW‑v. ]‑ut‑c‑ml‑nX‑y‑w X‑yP‑n¨ ‑v e‑uI‑nI P‑oh‑nX¯‑n\‑v h¶hc‑mW‑v X‑y‑m-K‑nIÄ. 30% Z-f‑nXÀ. I‑pd¨‑v a‑p-É‑n§Ä. C‑u t‑K‑mX¼‑p‑w Ic‑n¼‑p‑w Dï‑m¡‑p¶X‑v Zf‑nXc‑mW‑v. C‑u I‑mW‑p¶ H¶‑ne‑p‑w Z-f‑nXÀ¡‑v Ah-I‑mia‑nÃ. Zf‑nX‑v b‑ph‑mh‑p‑w Zf‑nX‑v b‑phX‑nb‑p‑w h‑nh‑ml‑nXc‑mb‑m Zf‑nX‑v b‑phX‑n¡‑v Hc‑p P‑m«‑ns‑ât‑b‑m X‑y‑mK‑nb‑ps‑St‑b‑m h‑o-«‑n c‑m{‑X‑n Ig‑nªX‑n\‑v t‑ij‑w a‑m{‑Xt‑a Zf‑nX‑v b‑ph‑mh‑ns‑â I‑q-s‑S t‑]‑mI‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑q.

85 Â \‑n¶‑v 2001 Â F-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑m-t‑g¡‑v ]ïs‑¯ A-hPq¬ 2013

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Ø a‑m-d‑n. C‑u {‑K‑m-a-¯‑n-s‑â N-c‑n-{‑X‑w R‑m³ ]T‑n-¨‑n-«‑pï‑v‑, F-g‑p-X‑n-b‑n-«‑pa‑pï‑v. C‑u {‑K‑mah‑pa‑mb‑n \‑nc´c‑w k-¼À¡‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑pIb‑p‑w Ch‑nSs‑¯ P\§f‑p-a‑m-b‑n F-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w _Ôs‑¸S‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX t‑ija‑mW‑v C¯c¯‑ne‑pÅ Iht‑d-P‑v k‑m-[‑ya‑mb-X‑v. ]¯‑phÀja‑mb‑n d‑qd d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n§‑n ]‑pX‑nb k‑m[‑y-XIÄ X‑p-d-¶‑pX¶‑n«‑pÅ k‑ma‑ql‑nI {‑]X‑n`‑mka‑m-W‑v IÀ-j-I I‑p-S‑n-t‑bä‑w. _‑nh-t‑dPk‑n I‑y‑q \‑n¡‑ph‑m\‑p‑w {‑I‑n¡ä‑v If‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑w s‑h-b‑ne‑ps‑I‑mÅ‑ph‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-h-c‑mb‑n aeb‑m-f‑nIÄ a‑md‑nbX‑v Hd‑ok-b‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w _‑wK‑mf‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑w Bb‑nc¡W¡‑n\‑v B-f‑pIÄ Ch‑ns‑S h-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑mï‑mW‑v.

Ig‑nª 75 hÀj¯‑ne‑nSb‑ne‑pÅ Gäh‑p‑w he‑n-b I‑p-S‑n-t‑bä-a‑mW‑v Ig‑nª 10 hÀj¯‑n\‑n-Sb‑n C´‑yb‑n \S¶‑n«‑pÅX‑v.

IÀjIc‑ps‑S BßlX‑y k‑qN‑n¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v K‑p-c‑pXca‑mb I‑mÀj‑nI¯-I-À¨-s‑b B-W‑v F¶‑v k‑mb‑n\‑mY‑v Xs‑â t‑eJ\¯‑ne‑q-s‑S h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. A-t‑¸‑mÄ d‑qd d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n§‑n\‑v C§s‑\b‑p-Å h-i-a‑p-ï‑v F-¶À°‑w. {‑^ï‑v s‑s‑e\‑n Fs‑â kl-{‑]hÀ¯I\‑mb‑nc‑p-¶ I‑rj‑vWI‑pa‑mÀ I‑pS‑n-t‑b-ä‑w F§s‑\ s‑]c‑p¼‑mh‑q-c‑ns‑â k‑z`‑m-h‑wX-s‑¶ a‑m-ä‑n F-¶‑v h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶ t‑eJ-\‑w F-g‑p-X‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. h‑mc‑m´‑y-§f‑n X‑nt‑bäd‑pI-f‑n _‑wK‑mf‑n k‑n\‑n-a-b‑m-W‑v {‑]-ZÀ-i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v, _Ê‑pI-f‑n _‑wK‑mf‑nb‑ne‑p‑w HU‑nbb‑ne‑p‑w t‑_‑mÀ-U‑pIÄ Fg‑pXs‑¸-S‑p¶‑p þ Cs‑X‑ms‑¡ F§s‑\b‑m-W‑v {‑K‑ma‑oW d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑n§‑n-s‑â ]‑pX‑nb a‑m-\§Ä‑v Is‑ï¯‑m³ ]ä‑pI F¶‑v k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. al‑mc‑m{‑ãb‑ns‑e H‑ud‑wK_‑mZ‑ns‑e t‑N‑w_À H‑m^‑v s‑I‑mt‑ag‑vk‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v {‑i-t‑²-b-a‑mW‑v. Ah‑ns‑S 2011  \‑q-ä‑n-b¼X‑v t‑ag‑vk‑nU‑vk‑v s‑_³k‑v I‑m-d‑pIÄ Pq¬ 2013

k‑mb‑n\‑mY‑v

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H¶‑n¨‑v h‑m§‑m³ k‑wLS\ X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨‑p. \‑mÂ]¯‑ns‑b‑m³]X‑v t‑I‑mS‑n c‑q]b‑mW‑v CX‑n\‑mb‑n s‑Neh‑m-¡‑m³ AhÀ X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨X‑v. ]t‑£‑, k‑q£‑vaa‑mb ]c‑nt‑i‑m[\b‑n a\Ê‑ne‑mbX‑v C‑u X‑p-I-b‑n \‑m-e‑pt‑I‑mS‑n c‑q] a‑m{‑Xa‑m-W‑v t‑N-¼À F-S‑p¯X‑v. _‑m¡‑n \‑mÂ]¯‑nb©‑v t‑I‑mS‑n c‑q] k‑vt‑ää‑v _‑m¦‑v H‑m^‑v C´‑y t‑e‑mW‑mb‑n s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑pIb‑mW‑v s‑Nb‑vXX‑v‑, AX‑p‑w Gg‑v iXa‑m\‑w ] e‑ni¡‑v. Ct‑X kab¯‑mW‑v k‑vt‑ää‑v _‑m¦‑v H‑m^‑v C´‑y H‑ud‑wK_‑mZ‑ns‑e IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑v H¼X‑v‑, ]X‑ns‑\‑m¶‑v iXa‑m\-¯‑n\‑v h‑mb‑v] t‑N‑mZ‑n¨-t‑¸‑mÄ s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑mX‑nc‑p¶X‑v.

CX‑v h‑mÀ¯-b‑mb‑n‑, ]t‑£ Gg‑v iXa‑m\‑w ]e‑ni¡‑v t‑N‑w_À H‑m^‑v s‑I‑mt‑ag‑vk‑n\‑v \‑me‑v]¯‑nb©‑v t‑I‑mS‑n c‑q] s‑I‑mS‑p¯X‑v he‑nb h‑mÀ¯b‑mb‑nÃ. C-X‑v {‑K‑ma‑oW d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n§‑ns‑â ]‑pX‑nb Xea‑mW‑v. as‑ä‑mc‑p Xe‑w k‑mb‑n\‑mY‑v Xs‑¶ ]‑pd-¯-‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑phc‑nIb‑pï‑m-b‑n. i-X-t‑I‑m-S‑o-i‑zc-·c‑mb h‑nPb‑v ae‑y‑, a‑pt‑Ij‑v A‑w_‑m\‑n‑, P‑n.F‑w.B-À. d‑mh‑p‑, s‑I.P‑n k‑n‑w-K‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b-hÀ-¡‑v {‑K‑ma‑oW t‑aJ-eb‑n ]‑mS§f‑pï‑v. ]‑mS§s‑fS‑p¯‑n«‑v AhÀ Ch‑ns‑S ]c‑ni‑oe\ I‑y‑m-¼‑pIÄ \S¯‑p¶‑p. C‑u I‑y‑m¼‑pIf‑p-s‑S \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w I‑mÀj‑nIh‑r¯‑nb‑ps‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-s‑W¶‑v I‑mW‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v C‑u I¼-\‑nIÄs‑¡Ã‑m‑w _‑m-¦‑pIÄ I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-h‑mb‑v-] \ÂI‑pIb‑pï‑mb‑n. {‑K‑m-a‑o-W d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n§‑p‑w ka‑ql¯‑ns‑â a‑mä¯‑n-\‑pk‑rXa‑mb‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p F-¶À-°‑w. t‑Icf-¯‑n-s‑e {‑K‑ma‑oW d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑n-s‑e h‑yà‑n] ca‑mb CSs‑]Se‑pIs‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑mt‑e‑mN‑n¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a\-Ê‑n- BZ‑y‑w hc‑p¶ t‑]-c‑v s‑I.PbN{‑µt‑âX‑mW‑v. hb\‑m«‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v \½‑ps‑Ss‑bÃ‑m‑w I®‑v X‑pd¸‑n¡‑p¶ Hc‑p]‑mS‑v {‑K‑ma‑m[‑nj‑vT‑nX h‑mÀ-¯IÄ s‑I‑mï‑p-h¶X‑v Pb-N-{‑µ-\‑mW‑v. B c‑oX‑n-b‑n a‑pt‑¶ ‑m«‑p-t\\‑] ‑m-b t‑h-s‑db‑p‑w Hc‑p]‑mS‑v ]{‑X-{‑] https: graphicanthropology.wordpress.com

hÀ¯IÀ \a‑p¡‑pï‑v. ka‑o]I‑me¯‑v C´‑y‑mh‑nj\‑ne‑p‑w Aa‑rX‑m S‑nh‑nb‑ne‑p‑w {‑K‑o³ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑v F¶ ]‑w-à‑n-b‑ne‑qs‑S {‑K‑ma‑oW d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n§‑ns‑â ]‑pX‑nb a‑m\§Ä ]ec‑p‑w AhXc‑n¸‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v. {‑K‑m-a‑o-W-{‑]-i‑v-\§-s‑f I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑n\‑v Hc‑p]‑m-S‑v h‑m-W‑nP‑y{‑]i‑v\§f‑pï‑v. C¡‑mes‑¯ a‑m[‑ya§Ä B{‑ib‑n¡‑p¶ h‑mW‑nP‑y‑m[‑nj‑vT‑nX k‑w-k‑v¡‑mc‑w {‑K‑ma‑oW d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑ns‑\ t‑{‑]‑mÕ‑ml‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ H-¶Ã. ka‑qlt‑¯‑mS‑v {‑]X‑n_²Xb‑pÅ ]{‑X-{‑]hÀ¯IÀ F¶ \‑neb‑ne‑p‑w ka‑q-l-¯‑n-\‑v Fs‑´¦‑ne‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mS‑p¡‑m-³ k‑m[‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑m{‑Kl‑n¡‑p¶ h‑yà‑n F¶ \‑neb‑n-e‑p‑w b‑ph ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ \-½‑p-s‑S {‑K‑m-a-§-f‑n-s‑e a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑p-s‑S P‑o-h‑nX-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m³ X-¿‑m-d‑mIW‑w. `‑m-h‑n-b‑n {‑]hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya Ø‑m]\§f‑ne‑ps‑aÃ‑m‑w C‑u Bib‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m«‑ps‑I‑mï‑pt‑]‑m-I‑m³ {‑ia‑w \S¯W‑w. \‑n§Ä t‑P‑me‑n s‑N¿‑p¶ {‑]t‑Zi‑w‑, k‑wØ‑m\‑w‑, As‑æ‑n c‑mP‑y‑w GIX‑m\a‑mb Häs‑¸« Hc‑p k‑ma‑ql‑y k‑m‑wk‑v¡‑mc‑nI [‑mcb‑neà \‑n-e\‑n¡‑p¶X‑v F¶‑v X‑nc‑n-¨-d‑n-bW‑w. AX‑ns‑â s‑s‑hh‑n-²‑y-‑w DÄs‑¡‑m-Å‑m\‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑v¡‑mc‑nI [‑mcIs‑f k‑q£‑vaX-e¯‑n a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑m-\‑pa‑pÅ {‑ia‑w \ S¯W‑w. C‑u t‑aJes‑b I‑q-S‑pX k¼‑pãa‑m¡‑m\‑pÅ {‑ia‑w F-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w D-ï‑m-IW‑w. t‑I-c-f {‑]-k‑v A-¡‑mZ-a‑n t‑I‑m-g‑n-t‑¡‑m-«‑v \-S¯‑n-b a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ-°‑n- ]T\-I‑y‑m-¼‑nð s‑Nb‑v-X {‑]-k‑w-K-s‑¯ B-[‑m-c-a‑m¡‑n X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-bX‑v. {^ïv sse³ sU]yq«n FUnädmb sh¦ntSjv cmaIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: venkitesh.ramakrishnan@gmail.com.

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Craig Wilson

How data journalism could save the media: An African Experience Knight International journalism fellow and open-data advocate Justin Arenstein says the rise of digital platforms holds big surprises in store for media.

J

ustin Arenstein, 42, is an award-winning journalist, digital media strategist and media rights activist who believes the media’s role may become less one of reportage and more one of analysis as digital media grows and traditional media is forced to adapt or close shop.

Key to the shift that Arenstein believes is already underway is “data journalism”, which requires data of all kinds to be made available to the public.

An avid cook and science-fiction fanatic, Kenyabased Arenstein spends about a week a month in SA and the rest of the time travelling around Africa working for Google and the Washington-based International Center for Journalists.

He visits the US once every couple of months for work and to catch up with friends and peers having recently spent time there on a fellowship to Stanford University.

Despite attending one of the most prestigious universities in the US, Arenstein says his early academic career was anything but illustrious.

He dropped out of a journalism course at a Pretoria technikon in the early 1990s and moved to Mpumalanga to get involved in political and investigative reporting.

“I cut my teeth at a small outfit where I basically ran the whole show,” he says. “We were doing some good pieces that the Mail & Guardian started picking up on. [Parent] Caxton didn’t really like the route we were going, and when we started asking for equal pay for black and white staff they fired me and forced me to go off with the guys being dismissed.”

Arenstein then started African Eye News Service (AENS) and worked for the Sunday Times and the Mail & Guardian. Sharon Hammond, another former Caxton employee and now Arenstein’s life partner, Pq¬ 2013

resigned in protest at Arenstein’s dismissal. The two sued, won, and used the money to grow the news agency.

“I was forced to be entrepreneurial. AENS didn’t have much money, so we had to find more effective and cost-efficient means to produce stories.

If it wasn’t for e-mail, I probably wouldn’t have a career,” Arenstein explains. “That appreciation early on opened my eyes to the potential benefits of digital media.”

Within a year of its founding, a number of UK and US publications were running AENS content.

Soon the company was also supplying content to Chinese, Indian and Australian media outlets.

“We established ourselves as a staff-owned, journalist collective,” says Arenstein. “Then we started signing up members in 16 countries all over sub-Saharan Africa, as far north as Kenya.” It wasn’t long before big news agencies such as the SA Press Association and Agence France-Presse were picking up AENS content.

“What no one else had done was consistently apply investigative standards from the national press to rural areas,” says Arenstein. “Because we were embedded in these areas we had a better sense of context and a deeper understanding of them.”

A number of political figures were dismissed or disciplined as a result of AENS stories, but Arenstein was nevertheless becoming disillusioned.

“Eventually, after doing political muck-raking for going on 12 years and, realising that, substantively, nothing much was changing, I was facing burnout.”

Media activism

Arenstein shifted his focus to media activism and to creating networks and organisations to improve the quality and sustainability of investigative

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journalism.

This led to him cofounding the Forum for African Investigative Reporters, the Association for Independent Publishers — a township association of media owners seeking equal access to premium rates — and Safrea, the SA Freelancers Association, which seeks to set minimum rates for freelancers and set up guidelines for issues like copyright.

Arenstein and Hammond also partnered with an Mpumalanga-based entrepreneur, Louis van der Merwe, to start regional magazines designed to showcase and talk to “sophisticated rural lifestyles” in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal.

Arenstein was also part of a consortium that secured the only commercial license granted to an Mpumalanga radio station and helped to start MPowerFM, which is still operating today.

“Initially the titles did very well and we got a number of buy-out offers, but then the recession hit and advertising dried up.” Arenstein says both the radio station and the magazines faced the same problem: access to national advertising through conglomerate-owned or controlled procurement agencies, and in the case of the magazines, access to conglomerate-controlled distribution companies.

“It’s not just publishers or broadcasters that control the public’s access to information,” Arenstein says. “Behind each media vehicle are advertising procurement agencies, distribution companies, or even printers that are owned or beholden to large media companies. If you’re a small player and you’re not in one of the big cities it’s a struggle to get any face time with these gatekeepers.”

Stanford sojourn

In 2009, Arenstein was offered a fellowship by the prestigious Knight Foundation that took him to Stanford University in Palo Alto, the heart of Silicon Valley in California. He spent a year there, working in the computer science, business and engineering faculties, and looking into subjects such as augmented reality and mobile-based news development.

“The fellowship offered a journalism programme at a university without a journalism school,” says Arenstein. “The idea is to embed midcareer journos into what is a technology-focused university and allow us to rethink our approach to the profession or craft.”

The programme had traditionally involved studying politics or literature, but in Arenstein’s year the university decided that fellows would have to work on “tangible projects”.

Arenstein used his time at Stanford to create partnerships and networks that he used to kick-start data journalism and innovation projects when he returned to Africa.

He now works as a consulting strategist for Google and for the International Center for Journalists in Washington where he is embedded in Pq¬ 2013

(14) its African Media Initiative (AMI).

The AMI is Africa’s largest umbrella association of media owners and includes 800 of the largest media companies on the continent. Heading up AMI’s digital programme, Arenstein says the ultimate goal is not simply to create a handful of projects, but to create an “ecosystem of crosspollinating and interdependent initiatives that will build a robust and self-sustaining system that doesn’t need external support”.

The future of media

Arenstein explains that what happened to “legacy” media in Europe and the US is they didn’t understand that the shifting of audiences meant their business models needed to change, too.

When eyeballs moved online, advertising followed. Listings, property, tenders and other advertisements had been the backbone of the traditional media. Arenstein says even established titles with healthy followings and content inventories, couldn’t “repurpose” quickly enough.

Africa, meanwhile, was spared much of the trauma because the shift didn’t happen at the same time and wasn’t as rapid. But advertising has shifted to other companies, especially mobile operators.

“Even in SA, the largest advertising platforms are no longer legacy media but now mobile companies.

Operators are now larger platforms than the likes of Avusa and Naspers.”

Arenstein believes Africa has the opportunity to leapfrog some of the disruption seen elsewhere by learning where it happens and the remedial measures that have paid dividends. African media houses can try to replicate the best solutions here, tailored to local market conditions. “This is what my digital programme is trying to create.”

One of the AMI’s projects, Code4Kenya, is putting developers in newsrooms to start turning editorial inventory into structured data. Arenstein likens the process to reprocessing the mine dumps around Johannesburg.

By digitising content, adding geo-tags and other metadata and opening the archives of data to third parties for development, Arenstein says traditional media outlets can engage in revenue share models where their existing data can be “repurposed”.

Arenstein says some African publications now opt for a “digital-first” rather than a “print-first” approach to their content, but they should instead adopt a “data-first” approach.

Contemporary media revenue models can’t rely only on advertising. “There’s a need for new revenue streams – from syndicating original content to creating robust data services that disaggregate and atomise content into raw data so that it is platform agnostic.”

SA resisting change

Despite success in East Africa, Arenstein

Pq¬ 2013

says SA media outlets are resistant to the idea of data-led journalism, largely due to what he calls “complacency and arrogance”.

“There’s the problem of SA believing it doesn’t have much to learn from Africa, when in fact many other African markets outpace SA, at least when it comes to innovation, and there’s the complacency, especially from the big, entrenched players, that they’re too big to fail. That’s simply not true.”

Arenstein says SA is seeing the same downward spiral and fragmentation of advertising revenue that happened in developed markets, with margins being squeezed dramatically.

“Traditional media is often threatened by citizen reporting,” Arenstein says. “But if we can outsource the day-to-day reportage and focus on the ‘why’, we can fulfil a valuable niche.”

SA tends to report issues like service delivery protests as if they were traffic accidents, with only information about the details of time and place and demands, but without analysis of the causes, triggers, or consideration of other data like census information or studies of living conditions, he says.

“Can we predict where these things will happen?

We have the data, we just need to use it analytically.

The SA media is failing the public because it’s not telling those stories in a meaningful way.”

Even a simple data scraper could take information automatically from stories and pin it to digital maps and timelines. Arenstein says the same is true of issues like corruption, government budgets, procurement and business.

“Even the blue-chip media outlets … are not looking at the more important underlying trends.

They report the corruption but don’t dig down to see what’s causing it. A media that fails to do that, well, should it even have a future?”

Open data

Arenstein says all data of public interest should be made available, from school results to municipalities’ performances to local projects and spending.

“Opening up school data could impact the property industry.”

Arenstein says he’s starting to see these unexpected effects of making this data available in places like Kenya. “Access to this information builds more civic engagement with government,” he says.

“But it also promotes political discourse, which is where the media play. They stop being reporters and become analysts and arbitrators. It forces the media to evolve up the food chain.”

Perhaps the role of the media is to become what Arenstein calls “sense makers” –the people who make sense of the overwhelming flood of information we’re forced to contend with daily.

Courtesy: NewsCentral Media

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t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n-s‑â a‑m-{‑Xaà a‑p-g‑p-h³ b‑p.]‑n.F.b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w k-a‑m-c‑m-[‑y t‑\-X‑mh‑mb t‑k‑mW‑n-b K‑m-Ô‑n Ff‑n-a {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ UÂ-l‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v a‑p‑w-s‑s‑_-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h‑na‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑e C-t‑¡‑mW-a‑n ¢‑m-Ê‑n k-©-c‑n-¨ Z‑nhk‑w X-s‑¶b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p Hc‑p t‑]‑m-k‑vä‑v. "\‑m-«‑n-s‑e h‑n-i‑p-² ]-i‑p-¡-t‑f‑mS‑v s‑F-I‑y-Z‑mÀV‑y‑w {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n I-¶‑pI‑m-e‑n ¢‑m-Ê‑n k-©-c‑n-¡‑m³ R‑m³ X-¿‑m-d‑mW‑v' F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p B-t‑£-]-l‑m-k‑y-¯‑ns‑â Ih‑n-X X‑p-f‑p-¼‑p-¶ h‑m-¡‑p-If‑n X-c‑qÀ S‑z‑o-ä‑v s‑N-b‑v-XX‑v. {‑]t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v F-I‑v-k‑v-¢‑q-k‑nh‑p-Is‑f‑m-¶‑p-a‑nÃ‑m-s‑X h‑n-j-a‑n¡‑p-¶ a‑m[‑y-a {‑]hÀ-¯IÀ A-X‑v t‑h-ï h‑n-[-¯‑n s‑k³-t‑k-j-\‑m-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑vX‑p.

S‑z‑n-ä-d‑n H-c‑p e-£-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d ^‑m³-k‑p-Å {‑]-a‑p-J\‑m-b A-t‑±-l‑w I-g‑n-ª hÀ-j‑w h‑oï‑p‑w a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p S‑z‑o-ä‑n-e‑q-s‑S a‑m[‑y-{‑i-² ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p ]ä‑n: _-e‑m-Õ‑w-K-¯‑n-\‑n-cb‑m-b k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑ps‑S t‑]-c‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-S‑p¶-X‑v I‑p-ä-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v ]‑o-\ t‑I‑m-U‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶ \‑m-«‑n UÂ-l‑n I‑q-« _-e‑m-Õ‑w-K-¯‑n-\‑n-c-b‑m-b b‑p-h-X‑n-b‑ps‑S s‑F-Uâ‑n-ä‑n s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-W‑w -F-¶‑m-h-i‑ys‑¸«‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å S‑z‑o-ä‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-¯-h-W h‑n-jb‑w.

S‑z‑n-äd‑nt‑e‑m k-a‑m-\a‑mb t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑\-ä‑vhÀ-¡‑n-§‑v s‑s‑k-ä‑p-If‑nt‑e‑m t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑p-I-s‑f-g‑p-X‑n {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ FÃ‑m-hc‑p‑w X-c‑q-c‑n-s‑\ t‑]‑m-s‑e `‑m-K‑y-i‑m-e‑n-IfÃ. a‑q-¶‑v hÀj‑w a‑p-¼‑v k‑n.F³.F³. F-U‑n-äd‑m-b H-t‑Îh‑n-b \‑m-k-d‑n-\‑v Pq¬ 2013

(16) t‑P‑m-e‑n X-s‑¶ \-ã-s‑¸«-X‑v C-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ \‑n-c‑p-]-{‑Z-h-s‑a-¶‑v t‑X‑m-¶‑m-h‑p-¶ H-c‑p S‑z‑o-ä‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑n-e‑mW‑v. s‑l-k‑v-_‑pÅ X‑o{‑h-h‑m-Z‑n {‑]-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑v {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-\-t‑aI‑n-b B-b-¯‑p-Å a‑p-l½-Z‑v l‑p-s‑Ê-b‑v³ ^-Z‑v-^à A-´-c‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ A-t‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â \‑n-c‑y‑m-W-¯‑n X-\‑n-¡‑v Z‑p-J-a‑p-s‑ï¶‑p‑w A-t‑±-l‑w H-c‑p A-X‑n-I‑m-b-\‑m-s‑W¶‑p‑w S‑z‑o-ä‑v s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑n\‑v k‑n.F³.F³.

Ah-s‑c t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w ]‑n-c‑n-¨‑p h‑n«‑p. {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v c‑m{‑ã‑o-b t‑\-X‑mh‑m-b Ì‑p-hÀ-«‑v a-I‑vs‑e¶-s‑\ t‑e-_À ]‑mÀ-«‑n ]‑p-d-¯‑m-¡‑nb-X‑v X-s‑â c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b {‑]X‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑nI-s‑f S‑z‑n-äd‑n A-k`‑y‑w ]-d-ª-X‑n-\‑mW‑v. a-I‑vs‑e-¶-t‑\b‑p‑w \‑m-kd‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e {‑]-a‑p-J-cÃ‑m-¯-hc‑p‑w S‑z‑o-ä‑v s‑N-b‑vX-X‑n-\‑v t‑P‑m-e‑n \-ã-s‑¸-«-h-c‑mb‑pï‑v. k‑nk‑vt‑I‑m F-¶ _-l‑p-c‑m-{‑ã I-¼-\‑n-b‑n t‑P‑m-e‑n I‑n«‑n-b D-S³ k-t‑´‑m-j‑w k-l‑n-¡ h-¿‑ms‑X S‑z‑o-ä‑v s‑Nb‑vX t‑I‑m-WÀ s‑d-b‑v-e‑n F¶ 22þI‑m-c‑n X-s‑¶ D-Z‑m-l-cW‑w. he‑n-b i¼-f‑w s‑s‑I-¸-ä‑m-\‑m-b‑n s‑h-d‑p-¸‑v t‑X‑m¶‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ t‑P‑m-e‑n s‑N-t‑¿-ï‑n h-c‑p-s‑a-¶ H-ä {‑]-i‑v-\-t‑a-b‑p-

{‑_‑u¬ b‑q-\‑n-t‑h-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n-b‑n-s‑e ^‑n-t‑e‑mk-^‑n h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑nb‑mb k‑p-\‑n {‑X‑n-]‑mT‑n-b‑p-t‑SX‑v. a‑mÀ-¨‑v 16þ\‑v Z‑p-c‑q-l-a‑mb‑n A-{‑]X‑y-£\‑m-b k‑p-\‑n-e‑n-s‑\ h‑o-«‑p-I‑m-c‑p-s‑S ]-c‑m-X‑n-b-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v F-^‑v._‑n.s‑F. A-t‑\‑z-j‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n A-b‑m-f‑p-s‑S kt‑l‑mZ-c‑n k‑wK‑o-X t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n A-\‑nbs‑â N‑n-{‑X-§-t‑f‑ms‑S H-c‑p kl‑m-b A-`‑yÀ-°-\b‑p‑w t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. ]‑n-s‑¶b‑p‑w Z‑n-h-k-§Ä I-g‑n-ª‑m-W‑v A-t‑a-c‑n¡-s‑b \-S‑p¡‑nb t‑_‑m-k‑v-ä¬ t‑_‑m‑w-_‑n-§‑v \-S-¶X‑v. I‑p-ä-h‑m-s‑f-Is‑f-¶‑v I-c‑p-X‑p-¶ c-ï‑v s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m Z‑r-i‑y§Ä I-ï N‑n-e t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v A‑w-K-§-Ä¡‑v A-h\Ãt‑b‑m C-h³ F-¶‑v i-¦-b‑mb‑n‑, A-hÀ D-S³ X-s‑¶ S‑z‑n-ä-d‑ne‑p‑w s‑d-Í‑nä‑n-e‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w C-X‑v {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. A-X‑n-t‑h-K‑w I‑m-c‑y-§Ä s‑s‑h-d-e‑mb‑n. N‑n-e A-a-N‑zÀ I‑p-ä‑m-t‑\‑z-j-IÀ t‑_‑mk‑v-ä¬ t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑n-s‑â t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m k‑p-\‑n-e‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑v cï‑m‑w {‑]-X‑n-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p¶-X‑v t‑I-s‑«-¶‑v X-«‑n-h‑n«‑p. B H-ä Iaâ‑v X-s‑¶ 3000 X-h-W d‑o-S‑z‑o-ä‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸«‑p. k‑p-\‑n-e‑n-s‑\

iin Xcqcnsâ SznäÀ t]Pv

Å‑p F-¶‑m-W‑v t‑I‑m-WÀ F-g‑p-X‑n-bX‑v. I-ã-I‑m-e-¯‑n-\‑v C-X‑v k‑nk‑vt‑I‑m t‑a-e-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-If‑p-s‑S I-®‑n s‑]-«-‑p-. t‑I‑m-W-d‑n-\‑v t‑P‑m-e‑n-¡‑v t‑N-t‑c-ï‑n h-¶‑nà F-¶‑v N‑p-c‑p¡‑w. t‑P‑mÀ-P‑n-b-b‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å H-c‑p A-[‑y‑m]‑n-I h‑n-t‑\‑m-Z-k-©‑m-c-¯‑n-\‑n-s‑S a-Z‑y-]‑n¡‑p-¶ N‑n{‑X‑w k‑z´‑w t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v t‑]-P‑n {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨X‑n-\‑mW‑v t‑P‑m-e‑n t‑]‑m-bX‑v. t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b h-g‑n s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n-IÄ k‑z-´‑w s‑X‑mg‑nÂ-Z‑m-X‑m-¡Ä-¡‑v D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä C-X‑v a‑m-{‑XaÃ.

N‑n-eÀ k‑z-´‑w Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑e s‑X‑m-g‑n k‑m-l-N-c‑y§-s‑f ]-ä‑n-b‑p-Å ]-c‑m-X‑n-IÄ t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑v s‑N-¿‑p¶‑p‑, a-ä‑p N‑n-eÀ X-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑a-e-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-h-ct‑¡-S‑pI-s‑f ]-ä‑n-b‑p‑w. N‑n-e t‑]‑mÌ‑p-IÄ-¡‑v A-t‑X Ø‑m-]-\¯‑n-s‑e a-ä‑v s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n-IÄ I-aâ‑p-I-s‑f-g‑p-X‑p¶‑p. N‑ne t‑]‑mk‑v-ä‑p-IÄ s‑s‑h-d-e‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n \‑m-S‑p a‑p-g‑p-h³ ]-c-¡‑p¶‑p. t‑aÂ-]-d-ª a‑n-¡ I-Y-If‑p‑w A-e-£‑ya‑mb t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑nb t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑p-IÄ F-g‑p-X‑n-b-hÀ-¡‑v X-s‑¶ {‑]-i‑v-\a‑m-b X-a‑m-i-I-f‑m-s‑W-¦‑n t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b I‑p-ä‑m-t‑\‑z-j-IÀ H-c‑p I‑p-S‑p‑w_-s‑¯ X-s‑¶ Z‑p-c‑n-X-¯‑n-e‑m-g‑v¯‑n-b I-Y-b‑m-W‑v Pq¬ 2013

]-ä‑n h‑r-¯‑n-s‑I-« I-aâ‑p-IÄ s‑I‑m-ï‑v ]e t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑kä‑p-If‑p‑w \‑n-dª‑p. k‑p-\‑n-e‑n-s‑\ I-s‑ï-¯‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n¡W‑w F-¶-`‑yÀ-°‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v t‑]-P‑v X-s‑¶ k‑wK‑oX {‑^‑o-k‑v s‑N-b‑vX‑p. HS‑p-h‑nÂ‑, G{‑]‑n 21þ\‑v k‑p-\‑n-e‑n-s‑â a‑r-X-t‑Z-l‑w t‑d‑mU‑v s‑F-e³-U‑n-s‑e H-c‑p X‑p-d-a‑pJ-¯‑v \‑n-¶‑v t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v I-s‑ï-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v s‑X‑m-«‑p-a‑p-¼‑m-W‑v S‑z‑n-ä-d‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w s‑d-Í‑n-ä‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w t‑a-e‑m-f-·‑mÀ £-a‑m-]W-§-t‑f‑m-s‑S A-b‑m-f‑ps‑S I‑p-S‑p‑w_-s‑¯ k-a‑o-]‑n-¨X‑v. *** X-§Ä-¡‑v ]-d-b‑m-\‑pÅ-X‑v _-l‑p-P-\§-s‑f t‑IÄ-¸‑n-¡‑m³ `-c-W-I‑q-S-§Ä¡‑p‑w he‑n-b k‑w-L-S-\-IÄ¡‑p‑w a‑oU‑n-b I-¼-\‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑w k‑m-[‑ya‑m-b GÀ-¸‑m-S‑m-W‑v a‑m-Ê‑v Ia‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡-j³ F-¶- Ø‑n-X‑n 20þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â A-´‑y-Z-iI-t‑¯‑m-s‑S A-h-k‑m-\‑n¨‑p. C-¶‑v t‑e‑m-I-t‑¯‑m-S‑v F-s‑´-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ]-d-b‑m-\‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑v t‑aÂ-¸-d-ª a‑m[‑y-a I-h‑m-S‑w k‑q-£‑n-¸‑pI‑m-c‑p-s‑S A-\‑p-h‑m-Z-a‑mh-i‑y-a‑nÃ. CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑n-s‑â t‑h-Z‑n-I-f‑n A-hÀ¡-X‑v s‑N-¿‑m³ ]‑qÀ-W-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-a‑p-ï‑v. "k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-

(17) X-§Ä-¡‑v ]-d-b‑m-\‑pÅ-X‑v _-l‑p-P-\§-s‑f t‑IÄ-¸‑n-¡‑m³ `-c-W-I‑q-S-§Ä¡‑p‑w he‑n-b k‑w-L-S-\-IÄ¡‑p‑w a‑oU‑n-b I-¼-\‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑w k‑m-[‑ya‑m-b GÀ-¸‑mS‑m-W‑v a‑m-Ê‑v I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡-j³ F-¶- Ø‑n-X‑n 20þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â A-´‑y-Z-i-It‑¯‑m-s‑S A-h-k‑m-\‑n¨‑p. C-¶‑v t‑e‑m-I-t‑¯‑m-S‑v F-s‑´-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ]-d-b‑m-\‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑v t‑aÂ-¸-d-ª a‑m[‑y-a I-h‑m-S‑w k‑q-£‑n-¸‑p-I‑m-c‑p-s‑S A-\‑p-h‑m-Z-a‑mh-i‑y-a‑nÃ. CâÀs‑\-ä‑n-s‑â t‑h-Z‑n-I-f‑n A-hÀ¡-X‑v s‑N-¿‑m³ ]‑qÀ-W-k‑z‑m-X-´‑y-a‑p-ï‑v. "k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I-h‑nZ‑y ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w {‑]-k‑m-[-I-c‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w h‑y-h-Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w \‑o-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ P-\-§-f‑m-W‑v \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.' a‑m[‑y-a h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n-s‑e a-l‑m-c‑m-P‑m-h‑m-b‑n I-W-¡‑m-t‑¡-ï d‑p-¸À-«‑v aÀ-t‑U‑m¡‑v B-W‑nX‑v ]-d-ªX‑v. ]-ï‑v s‑Nd‑n-b k‑w-L‑w t‑{‑i‑m-X‑m-¡-f‑n h‑m-s‑a‑m-g‑n s‑Nb‑vX t‑P‑m-e‑n C-¶‑v t‑I‑m-S‑n-IÄ h-c‑p-¶ t‑{‑]-£-I-c‑n t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯-¼‑m-S‑p-a‑p-Å a-\‑p-j‑yÀ t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n N‑n-e-h‑n-S‑p-¶ ka-b‑w I‑q-«‑n-b‑m A-X‑v \‑n-X‑y-h‑p‑w 9500 hÀ-j-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d h-c‑p‑w‑! D-t‑¯-P-I‑uj[‑w A-S‑n-¨ h‑m-s‑a‑m-g‑n-b‑m-W‑v t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑p-IÄ F-¶‑m-W‑v Bt‑c‑m ]-d-ª-X‑v. h‑nZ‑y ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w {‑]-k‑m-[-I-c‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w h‑y-hØ‑n-X‑n-b‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w \‑o-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ P-\-§-f‑m-W‑v \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.' a‑m[‑y-a h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n-s‑e al‑m-c‑m-P‑m-h‑m-b‑n I-W-¡‑m-t‑¡-ï d‑p-¸À-«‑v aÀ-t‑U‑m-¡‑v B-W‑nX‑v ]-d-ªX‑v. ]-ï‑v s‑Nd‑n-b k‑w-L‑w t‑{‑i‑m-X‑m-¡-f‑n h‑m-s‑a‑m-g‑n s‑Nb‑vX t‑P‑m-e‑n C-¶‑v t‑I‑m-S‑n-IÄ h-c‑p-¶ t‑{‑]-£-I-c‑n t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑n-b s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯-¼‑m-S‑p-a‑p-Å a-\‑pj‑yÀ t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n N‑n-e-h‑n-S‑p-¶ ka-b‑w I‑q-«‑n-b‑m A-X‑v \‑n-X‑y-h‑p‑w 9500 hÀ-j-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d h-c‑p‑w‑! D-t‑¯-P-I‑uj-[‑w A-S‑n-¨ h‑m-s‑a‑m-g‑n-b‑m-W‑v t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑pIÄ F-¶‑m-W‑v Bt‑c‑m ]-d-ª-X‑v.

C‑u k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y‑w ]t‑£‑, h-c‑p‑w-h-c‑m-b‑vI-s‑f ]-ä‑n B-t‑e‑mN‑n-¡‑m-¯ ]-e-s‑cb‑p‑w A-]-I-S-§-f‑n N‑m-S‑n-¡‑p-¶ D-Z‑m-l-cW-§-f‑m-W‑v BZ‑y‑w ]-d-ªX‑v. ]c‑n-N-b-¡‑mÀ a‑m-{‑X-a‑p-Å H-c‑nS-¯‑p-s‑h-¨‑v F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w h‑n-jb-s‑¯ ]-ä‑n A-e-£‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w A-\‑u-]-N‑m-c‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶ ]-c‑m-aÀ-i-§Ä A-t‑X h‑n-jb-s‑¯ ]-ä‑n s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n \-S-¯‑m³ ]‑m-S‑nà F-¶‑v a‑n-¡-hÀ¡‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑m‑w. ]-t‑£ C-t‑X B-f‑p-IÄ X-s‑¶ k‑z-´‑w h‑o-«‑ns‑et‑b‑m H‑m-^‑o-k‑v a‑p-d‑n-b‑nt‑et‑b‑m I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-d‑ns‑e CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v I-W-£³ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v B-ß‑m-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c‑w \-S-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ k‑z-´‑w t‑»‑m-K‑p-If‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑pIf‑p‑w A-{‑X k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-aà F¶‑v H‑mÀ-¡‑p-¶‑nà F-¶-X‑m-W‑v {‑]-i‑v\‑w. *** U‑n-P‑n-ä b-‑phX-ea‑p-db‑m-W‑v t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b C{‑Xb‑p‑w h-e‑p-X‑m-¡‑n-bX‑v. FÃ‑m‑w ]‑n-t‑Å-c‑ps‑S H‑mt‑c‑m Xa‑m-i F-¶ a-«‑n I-ï a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶ X-e-a‑pd-b‑v-¡‑v t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b A-{‑X \‑n-Ê‑m-c-aà F-¶‑v ]-X‑p-s‑¡ a‑m-{‑X-t‑a a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-b‑pÅ‑p. t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n t‑P‑m-e‑n-¡‑mÀ ka-b‑w I-f-b‑p-¶X‑p‑w A-h‑n-s‑S A-X‑p-a‑nX‑p‑w t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w A-\‑m-h-i‑y-a‑m-s‑W-¶ a-«‑n I-ï a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶-hÀ B-Z‑y-s‑aÃ‑m‑w P‑o-h-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S C¯-c‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯-\§-s‑f \‑n-c‑p-Õ‑m-l-s‑¸S‑p-¯‑m-\‑m-W‑v {‑i-a‑n-¨X‑v. ]t‑£‑, h‑y-h-Ø‑m]‑n-X h‑mÀ-¯‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S a‑n-e‑y¬-k‑v N‑n-e-h‑n-«‑v \-S-¯‑p¶ ]c-k‑y {‑]-N‑m-c-W-§-t‑f-¡‑mÄ ^-e-h-¯‑m-W‑v t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-If‑n-e‑q-s‑S h‑m-s‑a‑m-g‑n- F-¶‑v he‑nb t‑I‑mÀ-]-t‑d-j-\‑p-IÄ X‑n-c‑n¨-d‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v I-g‑n-ª hÀ-j-§-f‑n \‑m‑w I-ïX‑v. C-¶‑v k‑z-´-a‑m-b‑n t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b k‑v-{‑S‑m-ä-P‑n-I-f‑nÃ‑m-¯ he‑n-b

I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑nÃ.

Ct‑X I-¼-\‑n-IÄ X-s‑¶ ]-ec‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑nIÄ-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑nb‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b a‑mÀ-K-\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§Ä X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-¯‑p-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v. P‑oh-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S k-P‑o-ha‑mb t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b {‑]-hÀ-¯-\§-s‑f A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-]-\-§f‑p-s‑St‑b‑m I-£‑n-If‑p-s‑St‑b‑m t‑P‑m-e‑n-¡‑m-c‑ps‑St‑b‑m kÂ-t‑¸-c‑n-\‑v A-]-I-S-I-c-a‑m-b I‑m-c‑y-§Ä s‑N-¿‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ a‑mÀ-K-\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§Ä D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p-I F¶-X‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑mW‑v. Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑e P‑o-h-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v h‑y-àa‑mb t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b a‑mÀ-K-\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§Ä C¶‑p‑w a‑n-¡ Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä¡‑p-a‑nÃ. C‑u k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑n t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b D-]t‑b‑mK-s‑¯ ]-ä‑n s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑mb N‑n-e "s‑_-Ì‑v {‑]‑m-Î‑o-k‑pIÄ' A-d‑n-ª‑p s‑h-¡W‑w. s‑]‑m-X‑p-s‑h A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-« N‑n-e k‑q-N-\-If‑m-W‑v C-h‑n-s‑S s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶X‑v.

1. s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑m-bX‑p‑w k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-bX‑p‑w X‑nc‑n-¨-d‑nb‑pI t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-Ä-s‑¡Ã‑m‑w k‑z-I‑mc‑y-X k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ ]-e k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§-Ä \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-h-b‑n-s‑e ]-e t‑]‑mÌ‑p-If‑p‑w A-\‑yÀ¡‑p‑w I‑m-W‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w F¶‑v F-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w H‑mÀ-¡‑p-I. \‑n-§Ä \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑Nd‑n-b k‑p-l‑r-Z‑v h‑r-µ‑w a‑m{‑X‑w I‑m-W‑m³ t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑v s‑Nb‑v-X I‑mc‑y‑w \‑n-§-f‑ps‑S k‑p-l‑r-¯-¡Ä BÀ-s‑¡-¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑j-bÀ s‑N-b‑v-t‑X-¡‑m‑w. s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑qÀ-Wa‑m-b k‑z-I‑mc‑y-X A-{‑X K‑m-c-ï‑o-U‑v AÃ. A-X‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑v \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑p-IÄ Bc‑p‑w Fh‑n-s‑S s‑h¨‑p‑w I-t‑ï¡‑m‑w F-¶ [‑mc-W-t‑b‑m-s‑S X‑p-S-§‑p-I‑, \‑n§Ä- k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n t‑»‑m-K‑n F-g‑pX‑n-b h‑nh-c‑w \‑m-s‑f Z‑n-\-]-{‑X-¯‑n \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑p-h‑n-hc-§-t‑f‑m-s‑S {‑]-k‑n-²‑oI-c‑n-¨‑pIï‑m F-´‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑pI. H‑uN‑n-X‑y-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ N‑ne t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑pIÄ \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-]\s‑¯t‑b‑m I-£‑nt‑bt‑b‑m \‑n-§-s‑f-¯s‑¶t‑b‑m {‑]-X‑n-I‑q-ea‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-t‑¨¡‑m‑w F-¶‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑n s‑h-¡‑pI. \‑n§Ä \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-]-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« I‑m-c‑y§-s‑f ]-ä‑n t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑p-IÄ {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n t‑a-e-[‑n-I‑m-c‑ns‑b A-d‑n-b‑n-¡‑pI. 2. i-c‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p-I \‑n-§Ä F-g‑p-X‑p¶-X‑v h-k‑v-X‑p-X-IÄ-¡‑v \‑n-c-¡‑p-¶-X‑mhW‑w. A-h Ø‑m-]‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡W‑w. \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v s‑X-ä‑v ]-ä‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n D-S\-S‑n s‑X-ä‑v X‑n-c‑p¯‑p-I. h‑n-aÀ-i-\-§Ä-¡‑v A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡W‑w.

Pq¬ 2013

(18) 3. \‑y‑m-b-]‑qÀW‑w‑, _-l‑p-a‑m-\-]‑q-cÊc‑w \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-]-\s‑¯t‑b‑m k-l-{‑]-hÀ-¯-Is‑ct‑b‑m F-X‑n-c‑m-f‑n-Is‑ft‑b‑m k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v Z‑p-c‑p-t‑±-i-]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-bX‑p‑w s‑X-ä‑n-²-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑pa‑m-b I-aâ‑p-IÄ t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑v s‑N-¿-c‑pX‑v. t‑\-c‑n-«‑v H-c‑p h‑yà‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑v ]-d-b‑m³ \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v I-g‑n-b‑m¯-X‑v CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑n t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑v s‑N-¿-c‑pX‑v. A-\‑y-c‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-{‑]‑mb-§t‑f‑m-S‑v _-l‑p-a‑m-\‑w I‑m-«‑p-I‑, h‑n-\-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S h‑n-t‑b‑m-P‑n-¡‑p-I‑, {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n¨‑p‑w NÀ-¨-IÄ N‑q-S‑v ]‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ.

4. clk‑y-a‑m-b‑n s‑h-t‑¡-ïh-s‑b ]-ä‑n A-d‑n-h‑p-ï‑mh‑pI s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n e-`‑ya‑m-b h‑n-h-c§-s‑f ]-ä‑n a‑m{‑X‑w ]-c‑maÀ-i-§Ä \-S-¯‑p-I. \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-]\-s‑¯ ]-ä‑n-b‑pÅ t‑I‑m¬-^‑n-U³-j‑y B-b h‑n-h-c-§f‑p‑w Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-\‑v D-Sa-Ø‑m-h-I‑m-i-a‑p-Å h‑n-h-c-§f‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n-e‑qs‑S ]-c-k‑y-a‑m-¡-c‑pX‑v. X-{‑´-{‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-Å B-k‑q-{‑X-W§Ä‑, h‑y‑m]‑m-c cl-k‑y-§Ä \‑n-b-a-]-ca‑m-b h‑n-h-c-§Ä F-¶‑n-h C‑u h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p¶‑p. Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â C-S-]‑m-S‑pI‑mÀ‑, I-£‑n-IÄ F-¶‑nh-s‑c ]-ä‑n \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑a-e-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-b‑ps‑S A-\‑p-a-X‑n-b‑nÃ‑m-s‑X t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑p-IÄ {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡-c‑pX‑v. \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑ns‑ât‑b‑m I-£‑n-I-f‑ps‑St‑b‑m t‑e‑mt‑K‑m-IÄ t‑{‑S-U‑v a‑mÀ-¡‑p-IÄ F¶‑n-h \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑»‑m-K‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-c‑pX‑v. *** C\‑n t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-IÄ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a{‑]hÀ-¯-IÀ A-d‑n-ª‑p-s‑h-t‑¡-ï N‑n-e A-S‑nØ‑m-\ X-X‑z§Ä.

ic‑nb‑p‑w I‑rX‑y-Xb‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-§Ä {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-c‑p-X‑v; k‑q-£‑n-¡‑p-I‑, k‑w-i-b‑m-e‑p-h‑m-I‑pI a-ä‑p-Åh-À t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑p‑w a-ä‑v s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n \‑n-§Ä I-s‑ï-¯‑p-¶-X‑pa‑m-b h‑n-h-c-§Ä s‑h-d‑p-s‑X {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-c‑pX‑v. a-ä‑p-Å-hÀ ]-d-b‑p¶-X‑v N‑q-ï‑n¡‑m-«‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ]-e-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w I-®‑p-I-f‑n \‑m‑w X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v I‑mc‑y‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v. k‑z-´‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑ns‑â t‑k‑m-j‑y t‑]-P‑n-e‑m-b‑me‑p‑w k‑z-´‑w t‑»‑m-K‑n-e‑m-b‑me‑p‑w k‑z´‑w t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v t‑]-P‑n-e‑m-b‑me‑p‑w F-g‑pX‑p-¶-X‑v a‑m-[‑ya-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑m-W‑v. I‑p-dª-X‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n k‑p-X‑mc‑yX ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-I-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑N¿‑pI þ C‑u h‑nh-c‑w \‑n-§Ä k‑z-b‑w Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑nà F-¶‑p h‑m-b-\¡‑m-t‑c‑m-S‑v ]-d-b‑pI. D‑ul‑m-t‑]‑m-l-§f‑p‑w I‑n‑w-h-Z-´‑n-If‑p‑w {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v N‑ne-t‑¸‑m-s‑g-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-\‑yÀ-¡‑v a‑m-c-Ia‑m-b {‑]-X‑y‑m-L‑m-X-§Ä D-ï‑m¡‑p‑w F-¶‑v a-d-¡-c‑pX‑v. Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑nÃ‑m-¯ h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑p-I-f‑ne‑q-s‑S {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶h-s‑c s‑Xf‑n-b‑n-¡‑m³ \-a‑p-¡‑v s‑hÃ‑ph‑n-f‑n¡‑m‑w‑, t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑m‑w... h-k‑v-X‑p-X-I-s‑f-¶ h‑y‑mt‑P-\ {‑]-N-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑I-«‑p-t‑IÄh‑nI-s‑fb‑p‑w A-Ô-h‑n-i‑z‑mk-§-s‑fb‑p‑w A§-s‑\ X-IÀ-¡‑m‑w‑, C-s‑XÃ‑m‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³ X-s‑â h‑m-b-\¡‑m-t‑c‑m-S‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶ D-]-I‑m-c-§-f‑mW‑v.

F-´‑m k-X‑y-s‑a-s‑´-¶‑v D-d-¸‑nÃ‑m-¯ h‑nh-c‑w ]-c-¯‑p¶-X‑v C-X‑n-s‑â h‑n-]-c‑o-X-^-e-a‑m-W‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v. \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v k‑w-i-ba‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑p-X‑nÀ¶-h-t‑c‑m-S‑v k‑wi-b‑w X‑oÀ-¡‑p-I. C-X‑n\‑v \à hg‑n H‑mt‑c‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-\‑ns‑e S‑oa‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v C-s‑X ]-ä‑n t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v. h‑y-à‑nX‑z‑w‑, H‑m¬-s‑s‑e\‑ne‑p‑w H‑m^‑v-s‑s‑e\‑ne‑p‑w H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-\‑n H-c‑mÄ¡‑v X-s‑â h‑y-à‑nX‑z‑w h‑y‑m-P-h-X‑v-Ic‑n-¡‑m³ F-f‑p-¸-a‑mW‑v‑, A-X‑n-\‑m t‑k‑mj‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n-e‑qs‑S I-s‑ï-¯‑p-¶ "k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡s‑f' h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S t‑k‑m-g‑v-k‑v B-¡‑m³ t‑\‑m-¡‑p-¶-hÀ k‑q-£‑n-¡W‑w. C-¯-c-¡‑m-t‑c‑m-S‑v s‑Se‑n-t‑^‑m¬ hg‑nt‑b‑m t‑\-c‑nt‑«‑m _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑m\‑p‑w {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-I. t‑e-J-I-s‑c h‑y-à‑n-]-c-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-N-b-a‑p-Å {‑]-a‑p-JÀ N‑n-ePq¬ 2013

t‑¸‑m-s‑g-¦‑ne‑p‑w H‑m-^‑v Z s‑d-t‑¡‑m-U‑v B-b‑n ]-e h‑n-t‑i-j-s‑¸-« h‑n-h-c-§f‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a§Ä-¡‑v \Â-I‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. \-a‑p-¡‑v h‑nh-c‑w \ÂI‑n-b h‑y-à‑n-b‑m-W‑v A-X‑v \Â-I‑nb-X‑v F-¶‑v ]‑p-d-¯-d‑nb‑n-¡‑m-X‑n-c‑n¡‑p‑w F-¶-X‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-\‑v ]-I-c-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]hÀ-¯-IÀ s‑N-¿‑p-¶ D-]-I‑mc‑w. t‑e-J-I\‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯-b‑n-s‑e I-Y‑m-]‑m-{‑Xh‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-a‑mW‑v CX‑n-s‑â B-[‑mc‑w. h‑mÀ-¯-b‑v-¡‑v t‑h-ï h‑nh-c‑w \Â-I‑p-¶ H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ t‑k‑mg‑vk‑n-t‑\‑mS‑v C‑u A-S‑p-¸-a‑nà F-¶‑v F-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w H‑mÀ-¡W‑w.

A-hÀ \Â-I‑p-¶ h‑n-h-c§Ä ‑"H‑m¬ Z- s‑d-t‑¡‑m-U‑v' B-b‑n-c‑n¡W‑w‑, AXh-s‑c A-d‑n-b‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w t‑hW‑w. bY‑mÀ-° P‑oh‑n-X-¯‑n k‑p-{‑]-[‑m-\a‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n F-¯‑p¶ t‑k‑mg‑v-k‑n-s‑â h‑n-i‑z‑mk‑y-X \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑m³ A-b‑m-f‑p-s‑S N-c‑n{‑X‑w ] c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n¨‑v ‑"s‑h-ä‑v' s‑N-¿‑p¶-X‑p t‑]‑ms‑e H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ t‑k‑m-g‑vk‑p-I-s‑fb‑p‑w s‑h-ä‑v s‑Nb‑v-X t‑i-j‑w a‑m{‑X‑w h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑pI. s‑\-ä‑n I‑n-«‑p-¶ N‑n-{‑X-§f‑p‑w Z‑r-i‑y-§f‑p‑w t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-t‑j‑m-¸‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w U‑n-P‑n-ä k‑n-\‑n-a-t‑ä‑m-{‑K-^‑n-b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w I‑m-e¯‑v t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-If‑p‑w h‑oU‑n-t‑b‑m-If‑p‑w ]ï-s‑¯ t‑]‑m-s‑e h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑m³ ]‑m-S‑nà F-¶‑v a-d-¡-c‑pX‑v. ]-ec‑p‑w H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-\‑n t‑]‑m-k‑vä‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶ N‑n-{‑X-§Ä¡‑v h‑n-i‑z‑mk‑y-X-b‑ps‑S C‑u {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑pï‑v. h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑m-W‑v C§-s‑\ I-‑mW‑p-¶-s‑X-¦‑n k‑zb‑w C‑u t‑N‑mZ‑y-§Ä t‑N‑m-Z‑n¡‑p-I: 1‑) h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑y-X-b‑p-Å s‑{‑]‑m-^-j-W Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä \ÂI‑p-¶ h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑m-Z‑r-i‑y-a‑p-ÅX‑mt‑W‑m N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n I‑m-W‑p¶X‑v?

2‑) C-X‑v H-d‑n-P‑n-\Â I‑r-X‑nb‑mt‑W‑m At‑X‑m a-ä‑p-Å-hÀ s‑Nb‑v-X-X‑n-s‑â t‑I‑m-¸‑n-t‑b‑m?

3‑) C-X‑v t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑v s‑Nb‑v-X h‑y-à‑n-¡‑v C-X‑v h‑n-Xc-W‑w s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å A-h-I‑m-i-a‑pt‑ï‑m At‑X‑m t‑I‑m¸‑n-s‑s‑d-ä‑v e‑w-L\a‑mt‑W‑m?

k-X‑ykÔX bY‑mÀ-° P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑e¶ t‑]‑m-s‑e ]-c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-

(19)

e‑n-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶ {‑]-J‑y‑m-]-\-§Ä \-S-¯-c‑pX‑v. {‑]t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v P‑m-X‑n‑, aX‑w‑, {‑]-t‑Z-i‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\¯‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-`‑m-K‑o-b-X-IÄ h-fÀ-¯‑p-¶ k‑w-L-S-\-If‑ps‑S. as‑äÃ‑m h‑y-h-k‑m-b-§-f‑n-e‑p-s‑a¶ t‑]‑m-s‑e a‑m[‑y-a h‑yh-k‑m-b-¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑n-]-W‑n-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n I-S‑p-¯ a-Õ-c-a‑pï‑v.

F-¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n k‑z-´‑w Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â F-X‑n-c‑m-f‑nb‑mb a‑m-[‑y-as‑¯t‑b‑m A-X‑n-s‑e a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯Is‑ct‑b‑m h‑n-aÀ-i‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w A-h-t‑l-f‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ X-c‑w I-aâ‑p-IÄ F-g‑p-X-c‑pX‑v‑, A-X‑v \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑yXs‑b _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w. t‑¼‑mÄ a-ä‑pÅ-h-t‑c‑mS‑v "R‑m³ a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑mW‑v' F-¶ h‑nhc‑w s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶ i‑oe‑w H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ _-Ô-§-f‑ne‑p‑w ]‑m-e‑n-¡-W‑w. k‑z-´‑w s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑mb‑n h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑i-J-c‑n-¡‑m³ s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-It‑b‑m D-¯-c-§Ä t‑X-S‑p-It‑b‑m s‑N-¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ X‑m³ t‑P-W-e‑n-k‑v-ä‑v B--s‑W-¶‑v s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-W‑w. A¯-c‑w t‑P‑m-e‑n-IÄ-¡‑mb‑n ‑"X‑q-e‑n-I‑m \‑m-a§Ä‑' D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-c‑pX‑v. t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n I-hÀ s‑N-¿‑p-¶ h‑y-à‑n-b‑ps‑St‑b‑m k‑w-L-S-\-b‑ps‑St‑b‑m t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑n-b A-¡‑uï‑p-I-f‑n {‑^ï‑v‑, t‑^‑m-t‑f‑m-hÀ F-s‑¶‑m-s‑¡-b‑p-Å t‑e-_-e‑p-I-f‑n t‑N-c‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v. ]-t‑£ C-s‑XÃ‑m‑w A-h‑n-s‑S \-S-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-h-c-§Ä A-d‑n-b‑m-\‑mW‑v‑, AÃ‑m-s‑X A-h-c‑p-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯\-§-f‑n ]-¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-I‑m\à (Ahc‑p-s‑S F-X‑n-c‑m-f‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑ne‑p‑w C-t‑X c‑o-X‑n-b‑n \‑n-c‑o£-W‑w \-S-¯W‑w‑). h‑y-à‑n-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n ]-e a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-Ic‑p‑w k‑z-I‑m-c‑ya‑mb H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ t‑^‑m-d-§-f‑ne‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑ne‑p‑w A‑w-K-§-f‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. A-h-b‑n-s‑e N-«-§Ä N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ X-§Ä B-c‑m-s‑W-¶‑v s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-¯ X‑q-e‑n-I‑m-\‑m-a§Ä (k‑v-{‑I‑o³ s‑\-b‑n‑wk‑v‑) B-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I. a‑m-\‑y-Xb‑p-s‑S a‑m[‑y-a X-X‑z-§-f-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v A¯-c‑w t‑I-{‑µ-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-h-c-§Ä ]-{‑X-h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑m-¡-c‑pX‑v.

\‑n-j‑v]-£X H-c‑p a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑â G-äh‑p‑w he‑n-b B-k‑v-X‑nb‑mW‑v h‑ni‑z‑m-k‑y-X. A-b‑mÄ ]-£‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m-¯ a-\‑p-j‑y\‑m-W‑v F-¶ h‑m-b-\-¡‑mc-s‑â D-d-¸‑m-W‑v A-X‑n-s‑â B-[‑mc‑w.

AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑pX-s‑¶ t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑s‑k-ä‑p-I-f‑n A-b‑mÄ c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b I-£‑n-I-f‑ps‑St‑b‑m k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑ps‑S-t‑b‑m A-\‑p-I‑q-

IW-¡‑v ]db‑m³ k¶-²X \‑m‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-IÄ-¡‑v \-½Ä A-¡‑u-ï-_‑nÄ BW‑v. \-½‑p-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-IÄ h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶X‑m-hW‑w‑, \‑y‑m-b-]‑q-À-W-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡W‑w. k‑z-´‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-I-f‑ps‑S \‑n-b-a-]-ca‑m-b k‑q-N-\-If‑p‑w A-d‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡W‑w. A-\‑y-s‑c `‑o-j-W‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I‑, A-k`‑y‑w ]-d-b‑p-I‑, a-ä‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑v A-]I‑oÀ-¯‑n-I-ca‑m-b I‑m-c‑y-§Ä ]-db‑p-I F-¶‑n-h-b‑v-s‑¡Ã‑m‑w \‑n-b-a-]-ca‑m-b {‑]-X‑y‑m-L‑m-X-§-f‑pï‑v.

A¨S‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v _‑m-[-Ia‑m-b \‑n-b-a-§-t‑f-¡‑m³ ]-X‑n-·S-§‑v IÀ-¡-i-a‑m-W‑v s‑F.S‑n.B-I‑v-ä‑n-s‑e h-I‑p-¸‑p-IÄ.

Xs‑¶ A-[‑n-t‑£-]‑n-¨‑p F-s‑¶‑m-c‑mÄ ]-c‑m-X‑n-s‑¸-«‑m B-t‑c‑m]-W-h‑n-t‑[-b³ A-d-Ì‑n-e‑m-h‑p‑w. P-b‑n-e‑n I‑n-S-t‑¡-ï‑n-h-c‑p‑w. t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ-a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n c‑m-h‑p‑w-]-Ie‑p‑w a‑p-g‑p-I‑n-¡‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ ]-eÀ¡‑p‑w C-X-d‑n-b‑nÃ. ]-d-ª‑m A-hÀ h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑pa‑nÃ.

k‑z-´‑w Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â t‑I‑m-¸‑n s‑s‑d-ä‑v Hc‑p I‑rX‑n (N‑n-{‑X‑w‑, t‑e-J\‑w‑, h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m‑) \‑n-§Ä t‑P‑m-e‑n s‑N-¿‑p-¶ Ø‑m]-\‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨-X‑m-s‑W-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-X‑v Ø‑m-]-\¯‑n-s‑â _‑u²‑n-I k‑z-¯‑m-W‑v, A-X‑v \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑k-ä‑n t‑I‑m¸‑n‑, t‑]-Ì‑v s‑N-¿-c‑pX‑v. B D-Å-S-¡-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v e‑n-¦‑v s‑I‑mS‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v k‑u-I-c‑y‑w. amXr`qan Hm¬-sse-\n AknÌâv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: balaraman.kk@gmail.com

Pq¬ 2013

(20) Lighthouse

Ashok R Chandran

Jeffrey Meets Habermas in Kerala

In this issue, we launch a column—‘Lighthouse’—that lucidly informs readers about studies on Kerala media.

It will also explore new research ideas, acquaint us with media scholars, and discuss the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala media.

I

n the monsoon of 1968, a young Canadian teaching English in Chandigarh visited Kerala as a tourist, and travelled along the coast from Kochi up to Kannur.

Three things fascinated him: the land’s beauty, a tale about a dead relative, and the Malayalis’ passion for newspapers. Later, for his doctoral research, he returned to study the Nairs, and wrote a classic on the decline of Nair dominance in Travancore.1 Luckily for us, he also began studying Kerala’s newspapers.

Four decades later, a column to familiarise readers with research on Kerala media can be launched only with a hat tip to Robin Jeffrey, the Canadian–Australian professor. His most recent article on Kerala media was the only article by anybody on the subject in reputed, international scholarly journals in the past five years.2 It appeared in the Journal of Asian Studies in 2009.3 In that article, Jeffrey mounts Pq¬ 2013

a vast canvas from 1800 to 2009, mixes soft sociological snippets and data in his characteristic style and, with a broad brush, paints a three-stage theory of print history and politics.

Sketching the development of printing, newspapers and politics in Kerala, Jeffrey marks three stages through which the region passed—print as rare medium (1600–1870s), scarce medium (1870s–1970s), and mass medium (1960s onwards).

In the rare stage, printing presses existed, but newspapers were unknown or exclusive, with circulation less than 1 copy for every 1,000 people. During this period the presses primarily produced school textbooks, missionary literature, and almanacs. Bookshops were yet to appear, and books were sold door-to-door by touring sales agents.

In the scarce stage, newspapers emerged, but penetration was

fewer than 30 copies for every 1,000 people. Jeffrey believes that “the railways, international telegraph, steamships, and the Suez Canal made printing equipment more easily available, increased the movement of people, and raised expectations about what ‘news’ was and how quickly it should be available.” By 1903, there were 15 publications in Travancore with a total circulation of more than 11,000 copies, reaching the land’s libraries, clubs, schools, reading rooms, and tea shops. Yet due to their scarcity, periodicals were prized and sought after, and due to “the authority of the printed type and the sobriety of the printed page,” print seemed authoritative.

Thus, “as a scarce medium, print reached and influenced people and, in turn, alerted and troubled political authorities.” As evidence, he cites the role of print in exciting caste antagonism and the Nayar–Ezhava riots of 1905, and the government’s suppression of Swadesabhimani, Malayala Manorama, and Desabhimani.

Jeffrey’s takeaway is that in the scarce era, print had power.

In the third stage, print became a mass medium. The circulation

(21) of Malayalam newspapers increased from 341,000 copies in 1960 to 2.8 million in 2002, and there were 94 copies per 1,000 people in 2001. Jeffrey attributes this transformation in Kerala to mass politics, rather than economic development or technology. He adds, however, that in this stage, “print exudes far less magic or social electricity.”

Mass circulation publications require “bigger, faster presses and a larger staff, who have to be paid regularly and may have no ideological commitment to the publication. … Agents and hawkers distribute the publication for reward, not satisfaction.”

Consequently, large organisations are vulnerable because “they need the state’s help to ensure security of production centres and distribution systems; they need public utilities; and they need advertising, and lots of it. … To survive and prosper, mass circulation newspapers must abide by the rules of the system.”

Based on this narrative, Jeffrey questions Benedict Anderson’s argument in Imagined Communities that “printcapitalism” and “print-language” lead to nationalism.4 According to Jeffrey, in Kerala’s case, neither the arrival of the printing press nor the growth of capitalism and Malayalam print fuelled intense Kerala-level nationalism.

More useful to understand Kerala’s trajectory, Jeffrey believes, are the ideas of Jürgen Habermas, the German sociologist.5 Habermas had viewed the evolution of printing in three stages—in the first, print was a handicraft; in the second, the publisher was a dealer in public opinion with little commercial purpose; and in the third, profitability trumped the publicist intention.

Jeffrey notes that these correspond to the three stages he too sees in Kerala. Predictably then, he meets Habermas repeatedly in Kerala history—the Habermasian “public sphere” in socially turbulent 20th century

attempt that has not got the scrutiny it deserves. In a book review in the Economic and Political Weekly, Praveena Kodoth briefly discussed some points in Jeffrey’s paper;6 a fuller critique from a media scholar is called for.

There is something in Jeffrey for all. Theory buffs might find his discussion of Anderson wanting but can pause and reflect on the usefulness of Anderson and Habermas. For young local historians, it may not be easy to rapidly match Jeffrey’s breadth of scholarship on print culture, but the door is wide open to critically examine his evidence and dig up facts that test his contentions.

For journalists, who are forced to lip-sync, but reluctant to dance, to the chants of capitalism and mass media, Jeffrey’s article is a warning that the age of print power might be behind them.

Robin Jeffrey

Ashok R. Chandran is an independent researcher in Palakkad, Kerala. He can be reached at studykeralamedia@gmail.com

Kerala, and a “refeudalisation” by the end of that century. Habermas had said that in the mass media age, “the publisher appoints editors in the expectation that they will do as they are told in the private interest of a profitoriented enterprise,” and that “the world fashioned by the mass media is a public sphere in appearance only.” Echoing him, travelling companion Jeffrey says about Kerala that “the proliferation of media, and of audiences that consume them, does not signal increased political activity. It may, indeed, signal its decline.”

Jeffrey ends with a poser.

When much of India jumps directly from little exposure to print (rare stage) to satellite television and electronic media (mass stage), they will miss the experience of the public sphere that is typical of the intermediate scarce stage. If so, will that malnourish politics in those parts of India, he wonders.

Jeffrey’s article is a brave

1. Jeffrey, Robin (1994/1976), The Decline of Nair Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847–1908.

New Delhi: Manohar.

2. On the paucity of Kerala media studies in international journals, see Chandran, Ashok R. (2013), “Who is Studying Kerala Media?,” Media, April–May, 2 (1): 18–20.

3. Jeffrey, Robin (2009), “Testing Concepts about Print, Newspapers, and Politics: Kerala, India, 1800– 2009,” Journal of Asian Studies, 68 (2), 465–89. Reprinted in Jeffrey, Robin (2010), Media and Modernity.

Ranikhet: Permanent Black. Free download at http://arrow.latrobe. edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/ Repository/latrobe:8592.

4. Anderson, Benedict (1983).

Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.

5. Habermas, Jürgen (1991). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

6. Kodoth, Praveena (2010). “Essays on Politics, Matriliny and the Media in Kerala (Book Review),” Economic and Political Weekly, 13 November, 45 (46): 45–48.

Pq¬ 2013

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Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam

Pothan Joseph (1892–1972)

A Free-Thinking and Fiercely Independent Editor in Modern India During his remarkably adventurous life, Pothan Joseph edited about 20 daily newspapers and journals, many of which he nursed from inception.

N

early a century and a quarter ago, Pothan Joseph was born on 13 March 1892 as the second son of C. I. Joseph of Oor’ayil House, Chengannur, in central Travancore, the southern part of today’s Kerala. In those days Kerala was “just an idea” and it consisted of Travancore (a princely state under the maharajahs of Travancore) in the south, Kochi/ Cochin (another princely state) at the centre, and Malabar (a part of Madras Presidency) in the north.

What united these three parts was the common language of Kerala, namely, Malayalam (pronounced Malayaal’am). The integration of these three parts into the state of Kerala occurred during the state reorganization of India on a linguistic basis on 1 November 1956.

“Pothan” was a first name for Kerala Christians who in the early days sometimes used rare biblical names for their children. For them, Yohannan was John, Philipose was Philip, Mariamma was Mary, Annamma was Ann, Saramma was Sara(h), Scaria was Zachariah, and Varughese was George. The nomenclature followed among Kerala Christians deserves special attention. Time and space do not permit me to examine the system. Suffice it to say that “Pothan,” “Matthen,” “Mulk,” etc were originally Hebrew names generously adopted by the Syrian Christians of Kerala who trace their origin to St Thomas the Apostle of Jesus Christ, who landed in Muziris (Cranganore) in 52 A. D. for evangelical work. Pothan’s father adopted a typical English name for his first son—George, instead of Geevarghese or Varghese, the Syrian Christian equivalents. George Joseph was a famous lawyer and freedom fighter who practised law in Madurai, halfway between Madras and Chengannur.

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In his Autobiography, Jawaharlal Nehru refers to how he and five others were considered “troublemakers” in the Lucknow District Jail.

Among the “troublemakers” were George Joseph, Balkrishna Sharma, Purushottam Das Tandon, Mahadev Desai, and Devadas Gandhi. Nehru and other “troublemakers” were transferred to a distant part of the jail, away from the main building!

No writing on Pothan can ignore his elder brother George Joseph because George, a barrister and later a political activist, an avid reader, and noted scholar had a great influence on Pothan from his younger days.

After completing his school education at Chengannur, Pothan went to Kottayam, about 22 miles from his native place, for his two-year intermediate course at the CMS College there. It was perhaps the oldest college in the south. (It was established in 1816.) But what is interesting is that Pothan had got married even before he became an undergraduate in college! Well, those were the days of child marriages. We know that both Mohandas and Kasturba were just 13 when they got married!

Pothan took his Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from the Madras Presidency College where he had the rare opportunity of cultivating friendship with some potentially great men—Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, our statesman–philosopher President, for example.

Pothan’s father wanted him to become an engineer or a scientist, but Pothan’s wife Anna and her father urged him to become a lawyer. Pothan took his LLB, from the University of Bombay, but a few months of legal practice at the High Court in Trivandrum put his legal ambitions to flight as he

(23) himself discovered that the law was not his cup of tea.

Then he worked in Kandy in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) as a lecturer/teacher in the Trinity College there, but he did not like teaching and he left Ceylon. But surprisingly, he took up teaching again in the Wesley High School, Secunderabad. His prolific reading of the English classics, Shakespeare, the Bible, and top-rated essays and fiction of the 19th century had already made writing second nature to him.

While in Secunderabad, he got a chance to write a column in the Hyderabad Bulletin, owned by Colonel R. H. Cameron. Thus he got his first regular journalistic job—writing a column—at the handsome rate of Rs 3 per column! He immersed himself in that job and was thrilled that writing a column gave him a satisfaction which neither teaching nor law could offer him.

However, southern India was not the best area for journalism in the early years of the 20th century. Except for The Hindu, there was no English newspaper of note in the south. Bombay, Delhi,

Calcutta, Lahore, and Lucknow were certainly better grounds for English journalism, Pothan concluded.

The Bombay Chronicle edited by the famous Britisher, B. G. Horniman, an honest sympathizer with the Indian nationalist cause, was popular in Bombay but Pothan Joseph did not get an opportunity to meet Horniman despite his earnest efforts to do so. Somehow he dragged his days in Bombay, trying to meet the great editor. Again, teaching helped him to survive in the big city during his waiting period. He even applied for the job of a warden in a ladies’ hostel. This hostel was under the overall supervision of no less a personality than the “Nightingale of India” Sarojini Naidu. She one day remarked jokingly to Pothan that “a dark, handsome young man of his calibre would make the wardenship of a girls’ hostel a little too dangerous for all parties concerned!”

At long last, a couple of senior journalists introduced him to Horniman. Joseph found this quite exciting. Horniman called Pothan Joseph “Potent Joe” and Pothan called his boss, “Gov’nor.”

The two got along very well. The friendship gave him many opportunities to observe the mindset of freedom fighters at close quarters, especially because those were the days when the political movement under Gandhiji’s leadership was gaining momentum.

In the words of Jaiboy Joseph, son of Pothan Joseph, who reminisced about his father: ‘‘As an editor, my father had the unique distinction of working with personalities as diverse as Annie Besant, Mahatma Gandhi, Motilal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, Mohammed Ali Jinnah and C. Rajagopalachari. Eminent men like Pat Lovett (editor of Capital), Samuel Shepherd and B. G. Horniman had a fondness for him. Father also knew Lokmanya Tilak and wrote an article about a train journey with him…. For my mother, who died in 1948, life with this restless genius was not easy; but she was a devoted and patient wife who would not brook anything said against her husband. (Illustrated Weekly of India, 15 August 1976)’’ Pothan Joseph (PJ, as he was known to his close friends) had become a legend in his lifetime. During his remarkably adventurous life, he could edit about 20 daily newspapers and journals, many of which he nursed from inception.

Although a powerful editor whose words were respected by both enemies and friends, he never cared for money. Perhaps he was a dreamer and a philosopher who did not care much for money or material comforts. Many are the instances of his spurning big monetary offers. But he was always honest, frank, and straightforward. He knew his weaknesses. Look at what a Viceroy once mentioned in his memo to Lord Amery, Secretary of State: Pothan was “sparkling and witty” but “bibulous.”

He once stayed with Gandhiji for a course in reformation and teetotalism, but he left the ashram Pq¬ 2013

(24) in the third week without having the courage to tell Bapuji that he would rather be an honest sinner than a hypocrite. J. N. Sahni, author of Truth about the Indian Press, gives details about this and other anecdotes in Pothan’s life.

According to many senior journalists, Pothan Joseph was at the peak of his creative genius during 1924–1944, when he edited the Hindustan Times, the Indian Express, the Dawn of Pakistan, and other newspapers, and finally worked as the Government of India’s Principal Information Officer under Lord Wavell in 1944. Of course he rolled from job to job like a beautiful and multicoloured butterfly. But when some good friend told him with genuine concern, “A rolling stone gathers no moss,” PJ asked him with a mischievous smile, “What’s the use of moss to a stone?”

One cannot forget that this great genius, according to Sahni, was a great acquisition for The Hindustan Times “at a time when it was fast losing in circulation as well as prestige.” To quote Jaiboy: ‘‘We were then staying atop the old Hindustan Times building on Burn Bastion Road, Old Delhi, and among the faces I remember as a small boy in that period in the editorial department of the paper, were those of Sham Lal, Durga Das, Edathata Narayanan, G. V. Krupanidhi, Chamanlal, and Shankar, the cartoonist.

In fact, it was Pothan Joseph who invited Shankar to join the newspaper, marking his start as the father of Indian cartooning.’’

He left the newspaper for a prolonged stay in Europe in 1936 and wrote about his meeting with Gerald Heard, H. G. Wells, George Moore, and the Archbishop of Canterbury. After his return to India, he joined the Indian Express in 1938. He also interacted with great political personalities such as Chou En-lai.

Pothan Joseph who had championed the cause of the Congress felt uncomfortable when the communal problem flared up. When he accepted Mohammed Ali Jinnah’s invitation to edit the Delhi paper Dawn, several eyebrows were raised, but according to Jaiboy Joseph, “Father had written many an article directed at saving the unity of the country.

One ingenious study, a plan called the ‘Transverse Device’ was distributed to opinion-makers as a reprint on the suggestion of C. Rajagopalachari.”

In his discussions with his father about his temporary association with Jinnah, Jaiboy could conclude that his father joined Jinnah in the hope of persuading that important leader of the Muslim League at that time to rethink about Partition.

Finally he left Jinnah and the Dawn in 1944 with these words: “There is a limit to which I can stretch my logic about Partition.”

From Dawn, Pothan Joseph went to the Principal Information Officer’s job. But journalism was his first love and he had some bitter experiences with British bureaucrats. Once, this fiercely independent Pq¬ 2013

journalist lost his cool when George Abell, Viceroy Wavell’s chief adviser and political aide, was overheard at a dinner party referring to him as “that black man.” He simply punched Abell and walked out of the party as well as the job of the Principal Information Officer in the British Government of India.

As a free thinker and humanist, Pothan Joseph did always demand editorial freedom, and upheld that the proprietors of newspapers should take good care of those who worked in the editorial wing and should never encroach upon their freedom. Very often he would defend the freedom of the editor and also the editorial staff. Even before unionization came, he pleaded for proper payment to deserving journalists.

Was he a bohemian? To some extent, yes; but he never shirked his responsibilities or spoiled his duties as an editor. He was, as mentioned before, well-versed in English classics and contemporary world literature. Though many of his fair-weather friends never lost a chance to enjoy adverse comments about him, they always maintained that he was the embodiment of sincerity and honesty. Occasionally he indulged in sarcasm and

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irony, and quite often his sense of humour saved him from embarrassing situations. Jinnah once told him plainly that he (Pothan) was “elevating himself spiritually” too often and too much. Jinnah got quite a startling but scintillating reply: “Mr. Jinnah, your parents were thoughtful enough to put ‘gin’ in your name. As for me, I have to fend for myself.”1 One famous example of PJ’s brilliance as an editor with a flair for language and legal acumen was the “apology” he tendered through the Bombay Chronicle. When a resolution in the Bombay Legislative Council was rejected (it was about the selection of the Municipal Commissioner), Pothan Joseph wrote: “Men who behave like dogs should be treated like dogs.”

The paper was asked to apologise and he complied. If the odious comparison of municipal councillors to dogs offended the members and officials, Pothan gave a larger dose of “dogs” in his apology; he referred to the Home Member of the then Viceroy’s Executive Council as the faithful watchdog of the legislature’s rights. In his one-para apology, the word “dog” appeared at half a dozen places! His brilliant apology had to be accepted.

But his greatest service to journalism was that he

could spot the best journalists and get them under his fold. During his editorship of the Hindustan Times (1932–1936), as mentioned, he could mould a team of excellent editors and a great cartoonist. In 1938 Ramnath Goenka bought the Indian Express, “a struggling newspaper “in Madras. Pothan who had returned from his two-year stint in Europe took up its editorship and put it on its feet with his crusading editorials and a popular column, “Over a Cup of Tea.” This most thought-provoking and witty column in the Indian Express was started in the 1920s when he and Horniman had brought out the Voice of India.

It was revived in the late 1930s when he edited the Indian Express. PJ wrote this column for 40 years. From it one could learn history, geography, physics, philosophy, and literature. It was a column full of humour, irony, worldly wisdom, and truly memorable linguistic expressions that every writer would benefit from.

PJ rejoined the Indian Express in 1946, but left to settle down in Bangalore where he edited a new daily Deccan Herald, and eventually Swarajya at the insistence of Rajaji. Bangalore became his place of permanent residence for the rest of his life and offered him new habits—morning walks, swimming, and other physical exercises.

During this period, despite all his outward exuberance and ebullience, he nursed bouts of sadness in his personal life because of some tragic experiences. The deaths of his dear and devoted wife, Anna, and their oldest daughter, Gracie, had made ineffaceable dents on his inner self, and perhaps like Charles Lamb he laughed to save himself from tears. And despite his tragic accident late in life, while crossing a street close to his house in Bangalore, and the “cabined, cribbed, and confined” life that followed, he tried to be as cheerful as he could, reading and conversing with friends. At the age of 80, PJ passed away peacefully on 2 November 1972.

PJ will always be remembered as a great journalist endowed with profound scholarship, sense of humour, deep convictions, inimitable skills in writing and editing, and above all a daring that many greedy quill-drivers in today’s media world lack. Above all, he had the straightforwardness to uphold the special role of the Editor in the media business.

J. V. Vil’anilam, former Vice-Chancellor (1992–1996) of the University of Kerala, is a media educator. He headed the Department of Communication & Journalism (1982– 1992) in the same university. A UGC Professor Emeritus in Communication, he has lectured in many universities in India and the United States. Visit his website www. vilanilam.com.

1. George, T. J. S. 2007. Lessons in Journalism: Story of Pothan Joseph. New Delhi: Viva Books Pq¬ 2013

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CâÀs‑\-ä‑nð h‑nhc‑w t‑XS‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ 2

_‑n. Fk‑v. _‑n-a‑n-\‑nX‑v

C-t‑a-P‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v

C¶‑v a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Is‑â {‑][‑m\ h‑nhct‑iJct‑W‑m]‑m[‑nIf‑n s‑e‑m¶‑mW‑v CâÀs‑\ä‑v. FÃ‑m h‑nhc§f‑p‑w e`‑ya‑mb Øe‑w F¶ K‑pW¯‑ns‑\‑m¸‑w [‑mc‑mf‑w A\‑mhi‑yh‑nhc§f‑p‑w s‑Xä‑mb h‑nhc§f‑p‑w DÅ CS‑w I‑qS‑nb‑ms‑W¶ A]ISh‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑Sb‑pï‑v. {‑i²‑n¨‑ns‑æ‑n A_²¡Se‑ne‑mh‑p‑w s‑N¶‑ph‑og‑pI. CâÀs‑\ä‑n h‑nhc§Ä t‑XS‑nb‑pÅ s‑kÀ¨‑v F§s‑\ Ff‑p¸h‑p‑w I‑rX‑yh‑p a‑m¡‑m‑w F¶ h‑nhc§f‑mW‑v C‑u t‑eJ\¯‑nÂ. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n AS‑p¯‑pXs‑¶ {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ Hc‑p `‑mKa‑mW‑nX‑v.

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-à‑n-]-c-a‑m-b‑me‑p‑w H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-Ia‑m-b‑me‑p‑w \½Ä cï‑maX‑mb‑n {‑][‑m\a‑mb‑p‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v N‑n{‑X§Ä¡‑pt‑hï‑nb‑mW‑v. a‑n¡h‑md‑p‑w FÃ‑m s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v H‑m]‑vj\‑pï‑mI‑p‑w. k‑m-[‑m-cW t‑]‑ms‑e I‑o-t‑h-U‑p-I-f‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑Nb‑v-X‑m s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ N‑n{‑X§f‑p‑w Ahb‑ps‑S e‑n¦‑pIf‑p‑w A\‑p_Ôh‑nhc§f‑p‑w e`‑n¡‑p‑w. F¶‑m \½‑ps‑S Bhi‑y¯‑n\\‑pkc‑n¨‑v kab‑w ]‑mg‑m¡‑ms‑X F{‑Xb‑p‑w s‑]s‑«¶‑v Bhi‑ya‑pÅ N‑n{‑X§Ä Is‑ï¯‑m³ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑ns‑â N‑ne AS‑nØ‑m-\ I‑m-c‑y-§Ä A-d‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v \-¶‑mb‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. k‑m[‑mcW s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIÄ‑, N‑n{‑X§Ä¡‑pt‑hï‑n a‑m{‑Xa‑pÅ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIÄ‑, k‑uP\‑y t‑^‑mt‑«‑m s‑jbd‑nM‑v s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIÄ‑, CâÀs‑\ä‑p hg‑n s‑{‑]‑m^jWe‑mb‑n N‑n{‑X§Ä h‑ne‑v]\ \S¯‑p¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIÄ F¶‑n§s‑\ N‑n{‑X§f‑ps‑S Ddh‑nS§Ä \‑nch[‑nb‑mW‑v. CâÀs‑\ä‑n \‑n¶‑p e`‑n¡‑p¶ N‑n{‑X§Ä h‑ni‑zk\‑obh‑p‑w t‑I‑m¸‑ns‑s‑dä‑pÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pÅ \‑nba{‑] Pq¬ 2013

i‑v\§f‑nÃ‑m¯hb‑pa‑ms‑W¶‑v Dd¸‑m¡‑nt‑hW‑w X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¡‑m³. \½‑ps‑S s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIs‑fÃ‑m‑w t‑k‑mj‑y s‑\ä‑vhÀ¡‑nM‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑pÄ s‑¸s‑S CâÀs‑\ä‑ns‑e s‑]‑mX‑p CS§ f‑ns‑e N‑n{‑X§Ä I‑qS‑n ]et‑¸‑mg‑p‑w e‑nk‑vä‑v s‑N¿‑md‑pï‑v F¶X‑n\‑m ]‑pX‑nbI‑me¯‑v N‑n{‑X§s‑fS‑p¯‑v {‑] k‑m[\ Bhi‑y§Ä¡‑v D]t‑b‑mK‑n ¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ {‑i² I‑qS‑pX t‑hW‑w. images.google.com, images. search.yahoo.com, images.ask.com, images.bing.com X‑pS§‑nbhb‑mW‑v

k‑m[‑mcWb‑mb‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑p hc‑p¶ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIÄ. elzr.com/imagery, picsearch. com, incogna.com, skylines.io

X‑pS§‑nbh N‑n{‑X§Ä a‑m{‑X‑w e`‑n¡‑p¶ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIf‑mW‑v.

flickr.com, photobucket.com, webshots.com X‑pS§‑nbh k‑uP\‑y

s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑_‑mI‑vk‑n\‑p X‑ms‑g \a‑p¡‑mhi‑ya‑pÅ ^e‑w \ J¨‑n{‑X§f‑mb‑n (thumbnail‑) hc‑p‑w. AX‑n\‑p a‑pIf‑n IÀkÀ s‑h¨‑mÂ‑, As‑æ‑n X¼‑vs‑\b‑ne‑n\‑p X‑ms‑g Xs‑¶‑, N‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â t‑] c‑v‑, he‑n¸‑w‑, ka‑m\a‑mb N‑n{‑X§Ä X‑ncb‑m\‑p‑w‑, I‑qS‑pX he‑n¸a‑pÅ N‑n{‑X§Ä t‑XS‑m\‑pa‑pÅ e‑n¦‑pIÄ Fó‑nh I‑mW‑p‑w. CS¯‑p `‑mKt‑¯‑m a‑pIf‑nt‑e‑m s‑kÀ¨‑v ^e§Ä I‑qS‑pX I‑rX‑ya‑m¡‑m\‑pÅ k‑wh‑n[‑m\§f‑p‑w I‑mW‑p‑w. CX‑mW‑v k‑m[‑mcW Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑n N‑n{‑X§Ä AS‑p¡‑ns‑h¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑n. t‑¢‑mk‑v A¸‑v‑, \‑nd‑w‑, hc¨t‑X‑m bY‑mÀ° N‑n{‑Xt‑a‑m‑, he‑n¸‑w‑, h‑njb‑w X‑pS§‑nb t‑aJeb‑n k‑vs‑]j‑ys‑s‑ek‑v s‑Nb‑vXhs‑b¶hI‑mis‑¸«‑mW‑v N‑n{‑X‑w a‑m{‑X‑w \ÂI‑p¶ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIÄ a‑n¡X‑p‑w t‑]s‑cS‑p¯X‑v.

F¶‑m AhÀ FS‑p¯‑p]db‑p¶ {‑]t‑X‑yIXIf‑n _l‑p`‑qc‑n]£h ‑pa‑pÄs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb‑mW‑v C¶‑v K‑qK‑nÄ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v c‑wK¯‑pÅX‑v. ka‑m\a‑mb aä‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIÄ Ct‑X k‑uIc‑y§s‑f‑ms‑¡ \ÂI‑p¶‑ps‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w N‑n{‑X§fS‑p¡‑ns‑¡‑mS‑p¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑nb‑p‑w ef‑nXa‑mb‑n s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑ms‑a¶‑pÅX‑pa‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nÄ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑ns‑\ a‑p¶‑ns‑e¯‑n¨X‑v.

t‑^‑mt‑«‑m s‑jbd‑nM‑v s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑p‑w

K‑qK‑nÄ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v

\ÂI‑n N‑n{‑X§Ä h‑m§‑mh‑p¶ H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ N‑n{‑X s‑s‑e{‑_d‑nIf‑mW‑v. sxc.hu t‑]‑ms‑e `‑mK‑nIa‑mb‑n k‑uP\‑y N‑n{‑X§Ä \ÂI‑p¶ N‑n{‑X s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑p‑w e`‑ya‑mW‑v.

K‑qK‑nÄ s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑_‑mI‑vk‑n\‑p a‑pIf‑ne‑pÅ Ct‑aP‑v e‑n¦‑n ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vt‑X‑m‑, www.images.google. com, www.google.co/images F¶‑o A{‑UÊ‑pIf‑n t‑\c‑nt‑«‑m K‑qK‑nÄ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑ns‑e¯‑m‑w. k‑m[‑mcW t‑]‑ms‑e t‑hï I‑ot‑hU‑pIÄ D]

www.corbisimages.com, www. gettyimages.in X‑pS§‑nbh ]W‑w

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K‑qK‑nÄ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v

t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑m a‑p³KW\‑m {‑Ia¯‑n ^e§Ä AS‑p¡‑ns‑h¨‑p Xc‑p‑w. C\‑n AX‑phs‑c \½Ä s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑Nb‑vX s‑SI‑vÌ‑v ^e§f‑ps‑S At‑X I‑ot‑hU‑ne‑pÅ N‑n{‑X§f‑mW‑v t‑hïs‑X¦‑n s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑_‑mI‑vk‑n\‑p a‑pIf‑ne‑pÅ Ct‑aPk‑v F¶ e‑n¦‑n t‑\c‑n«‑p ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑p‑w ^e‑w Is‑ï¯‑m‑w.

N‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â X¼‑vs‑\b‑ne‑n IÀkÀ s‑h¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Xs‑¶ ^b s‑s‑S¸‑v kl‑nX‑w N‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â t‑]c‑v‑, GX‑v s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑n \‑n¶‑v‑, h‑oX‑n‑, Dbc‑w F¶‑o h‑nhc§f‑p‑w ka‑m\ a‑mbh X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¡‑m³ silmiler‑, aä‑v he‑n¸§f‑ne‑pÅ N‑n{‑X¯‑n\‑v ‑more sizes‑ F¶‑o e‑n¦‑pIf‑p‑w e`‑n¡‑p‑w. ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑m CSX‑p`‑mK¯‑v N‑n{‑Xh‑p‑w _‑mI‑v{‑K‑uï‑n N‑n{‑Xa‑pÅ s‑h_‑v t‑]P‑p‑w I‑mW‑m‑w. he¯‑v N‑n{‑Xt‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ h‑nhc§f‑p‑w H¸‑w N‑n{‑Xa‑pÅ s‑h_‑v t‑]P‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w‑, N‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â bY‑mÀ° he‑n¸¯‑n I‑mW‑m\‑pa‑pÅ e‑n¦‑pIf‑p‑w I‑mW‑m‑w.

Hc‑p k‑m[‑mcW Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑n\‑v C{‑Xb‑p‑w I‑mc‑y‑w [‑mc‑mf‑w aX‑n.

Bhi‑ya‑pÅ he‑n¸¯‑ne‑pÅ N‑n{‑X‑w Is‑ï¯‑nb‑m s‑s‑dä‑v ¢‑n¡‑ne‑qs‑S Ah t‑kh‑v s‑N¿‑m‑w.

F¶‑m I‑ot‑hU‑v D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑m I‑n«‑p¶X‑v Dt‑±i‑n¨ N‑n{‑X‑w Xs‑¶b‑mhWs‑a¶‑v Hc‑p \‑nÀ_Ôh‑pa‑nÃ. I‑mcW‑w \½Ä \‑nÀt‑±i‑n¨ I‑ot‑hU‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôa‑pÅ aä‑p ]e N‑n{‑X§f‑p‑w CS¡‑v IS¶‑p I‑qS‑md‑pï‑v. k‑wiba‑ps‑ï¦‑n K‑qK‑nÄ Ø‑m]Ic‑mb e‑md‑n t‑]P‑v‑, s‑kÀP‑n {‑_‑n³ F¶‑nhc‑ps‑S t‑]c‑pIÄ

Xs‑¶ K‑qK‑nÄ Ct‑aPk‑n s‑kÀ¨‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑p t‑\‑m¡‑nb‑m aX‑n. C§s‑\ s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p t‑\‑m¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ C´‑y¡‑mc\‑mb c‑mP‑oh‑v t‑a‑mX‑vh‑m\‑nb‑ps‑S N‑n{‑X‑w e`‑n¡‑p‑w.

Cc‑phc‑pt‑Sb‑p‑w a‑pJ‑y D]t‑ZiI\‑mb c‑mP‑oh‑ns‑\ ac‑n¨ \‑neb‑n Is‑ï¯‑ns‑b¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v h‑mÀ¯b‑ns‑e N‑n{‑Xa‑mW‑nX‑v. e‑md‑n t‑] P‑nt‑âb‑p‑w s‑kÀP‑n {‑_‑n¶‑nt‑âb‑p‑w t‑] c‑pIÄ h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S Xes‑¡«‑ne‑p‑w DÅS¡¯‑ne‑pa‑pï‑v. AX‑n\‑m N‑n{‑X‑w Chc‑pt‑St‑X‑m Chc‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«hc‑pt‑St‑X‑m Bs‑W¶‑v K‑qK‑nÄ [c‑n¨X‑mW‑v c‑mP‑oh‑ns‑â N‑n{‑X‑w hc‑m³ I‑mcW‑w. K‑qK‑nf‑n\‑v s‑Xä‑v ] ä‑ms‑a¶X‑ps‑I‑mï‑v k‑wiba‑pÅ N‑n{‑X§Ä X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ bY‑mÀ° s‑h_‑v t‑]P‑v Iï‑v Dd¸‑phc‑p¯‑nb t‑ij‑w t‑hW‑w N‑n{‑X‑w X‑ncs‑ªS‑pt‑¡ïX‑v. s‑kÀ¨‑v ^e§f‑ps‑S F®‑w I‑pd¨‑v \a‑p¡‑v Bhi‑ya‑pÅ N‑n{‑X§Ä t‑\ c‑n«‑v Iï‑p]‑nS‑n¡‑m³ CSX‑p`‑mK¯‑pÅ H‑m]‑vj\‑pIÄ D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m‑w. G{‑X I‑me¯‑n\‑pÅ‑n {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨h (Any time, Past 24 hours, Past week‑)‑, GX‑v he‑n¸¯‑ne‑pÅh (Any size, Large, Medium, Icon, Larger than..., Exactly...)‑, GX‑v \‑nd¯‑n\‑v a‑p³X‑q¡a‑pÅh (Any color, Full color, Black and white, Red, green, blue...)‑, a‑pJ‑w‑, ¢‑n¸‑v BÀ«‑v‑, s‑s‑e³

t‑{‑U‑mb‑nM‑v X‑pS§‑nbX‑n t‑hïh X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¯‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v I‑qS‑pX I‑rX‑ya‑m¡‑m‑w. N‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â he‑n¸‑w I‑rX‑ya‑mb‑n \ÂI‑n s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑m\‑p‑w k‑uIc‑ya‑pï‑v. s‑s‑e‑wK‑nIXb‑pÅ

N‑n{‑X§Ä Hg‑nh‑m¡‑m³ s‑kb‑v^‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v F¶ H‑m]‑vj\‑p‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑] P‑n Xs‑¶b‑pï‑v. s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑n s‑]‑mX‑ph‑mb‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑mh‑p¶ ^‑n«d‑pIÄ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑ne‑p‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m‑w.

I‑qS‑pX I‑rX‑ya‑mb Ac‑n¸ k‑wh‑n[‑m\§Ä¡‑v Advanced search settings D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m‑w. t‑\ct‑¯ ]dªX‑pt‑]‑ms‑e I‑ot‑hU‑pIÄ¡‑p ]‑pdt‑a I‑rX‑ya‑mb h‑m¡‑pIf‑p‑w (“frost flower”)‑, Gs‑X¦‑ne‑ps‑a‑mc‑p I‑ot‑hU‑v (Yuva OR Youth‑)‑, Hg‑nh‑mt‑¡ïh (-young) F¶‑o H‑m]‑vj\‑pIÄ Ch‑ns‑Sb‑pï‑v. t‑l‑m‑wt‑] P‑ne‑pÅ ^‑n«d‑pIÄ¡‑p ]‑pdt‑a ^b s‑s‑S¸‑v (.jpg, .png, .tiff‑) D] t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑m³ Ch‑ns‑S k‑wh‑n[‑m\a‑pï‑v. t‑I‑m¸‑ns‑s‑dä‑v /s‑s‑ek³k‑v \‑n_Ô\If‑pÅhb‑p‑w CÃ‑m¯hb‑p‑w ^‑n«À s‑N¿‑m\‑pÅ H‑m]‑vj\‑pa‑pï‑v. FÃ‑mXc‑w N‑n{‑X§f‑p‑w‑, D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w s‑s‑Ia‑md‑m\‑p‑w Ig‑nb‑p¶h‑, h‑mW‑nP‑y‑mhi‑y§Ä¡‑v D] t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m\‑mI‑p¶h‑, ]c‑nj‑vIc‑n¡‑m³ A\‑ph‑mZa‑pÅh F¶‑n§s‑\ Bhi‑ya‑pÅ Xc¯‑ne‑pÅ N‑n{‑X§Ä X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¡‑m‑w.

I‑pd‑p¡‑phg‑nIÄ K‑qK‑nÄ s‑kÀ¨‑ns‑â {‑][‑m\ I‑pd‑p¡‑phg‑nIs‑fÃ‑m‑w Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑ne‑p‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m‑w. AX‑n\‑p ]‑pdt‑a N‑n{‑X§f‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«‑v Ff‑p¸¯‑n ^e§Ä ^‑n«À s‑N¿‑m³ N‑ne hg‑nIf‑pï‑v. white lotus filetype:gif þ Pq¬ 2013

(28) s‑hů‑macb‑ps‑S .gif s‑s‑S¸‑v ^be‑pIÄ¡‑v ‑white lotus imagesize:800x600 þ s‑hů‑macb‑ps‑S 800x600 ]‑nI‑vk A\‑p]‑mX¯‑ne‑pÅ N‑n{‑X§Ä¡‑v "white lotus" þ s‑hů‑mac a‑m{‑X‑w "white lotus" -car þ I‑mÀ Hg‑nh‑m ¡‑nb t‑ija‑pÅ s‑hů‑macb‑ps‑S N‑n{‑X§Ä white lotus site:bbc.co.uk þ s‑hů‑macb‑ps‑S N‑n{‑X§Ä bbc. co.uk F¶ s‑s‑kä‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w.

CX‑pt‑]‑ms‑e t‑\ct‑¯ s‑]‑mX‑p s‑kÀ¨‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨ s‑]‑mS‑ns‑s‑¡IÄ b‑pà‑n t‑]‑ms‑e D] t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m‑w.

K‑q-K‑nÄ d‑nt‑hg‑vk‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v I‑ot‑hU‑pIÄ D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v N‑n{‑X§Ä s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑p¶X‑pt‑]‑ms‑e Hc‑p N‑n{‑X‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v ka‑m\ N‑n{‑X§Ä s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑m\‑p‑w K‑qK‑nÄ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑n Ig‑nb‑p‑w. www.

tineye.com, www.revimg.net

t‑]‑ms‑e d‑nt‑hg‑vk‑v Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v k‑wh‑n[‑m\§Ä s‑\ä‑n Ht‑«s‑db‑pï‑v.

Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb Ct‑aP‑v C³UI‑vk‑v s‑s‑Ihia‑pÅX‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nf‑ns‑\ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑n H¶‑maX‑m¡‑p¶X‑v.

K‑qK‑nÄ U‑mä‑m s‑_b‑vk‑n k‑q£‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ N‑n{‑X§f‑ps‑S t‑iJc¯‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w \½Ä \ÂI‑p¶ N‑n{‑X§t‑f‑mS‑v k‑ma‑ya‑pÅh Is‑ï¯‑n e‑nk‑vä‑v s‑N¿‑pIb‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nÄ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑_‑mI‑vk‑ns‑â heX‑p`‑mK¯‑v I‑mW‑p¶ I‑y‑madb‑ps‑S N‑n{‑Xa‑mW‑v d‑nt‑hg‑vk‑v Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑nt‑e¡‑pÅ ]‑mX. Gs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑ns‑e N‑n{‑X§f‑ps‑S e‑n¦‑v D]t‑b‑mK‑nt‑¨‑m As‑æ‑n I¼‑y‑q«d‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w N‑n{‑X‑w A]‑vt‑e‑mU‑p s‑Nb‑vt‑X‑m d‑nt‑hg‑vk‑v Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v k‑m[‑ya‑m¡‑m‑w.

Chrome, Firefox 3.0+, Internet Explorer 8+, Safari 5.0+ X‑pS§‑nb

{‑_‑ukd‑pIf‑n d‑nt‑hg‑vk‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v k‑wh‑n[‑m\‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p‑w. s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑ns‑e N‑n{‑X¯‑n s‑s‑dä‑v ¢‑n¡‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑m copy image URL F¶ H‑m]‑vj³ I‑mW‑m‑w.

AX‑n ¢‑n¡‑ps‑Nb‑vX‑v URL t‑I‑m¸‑n s‑Nb‑vs‑XS‑p¯‑v t‑ij‑w K‑qK‑nÄ Ct‑aP‑v s‑kÀ¨‑ns‑e I‑y‑mad s‑F¡W‑n ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑m e`‑n¡‑p¶ Paste image URL F¶ s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑_‑mI‑vk‑n t‑] Ì‑v (ctrl+v OR right click+paste‑) s‑N¿‑m‑w. t‑ij‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v _«AaÀ¯‑nb‑m At‑X N‑n{‑X§t‑f‑m k‑ma‑ya‑pÅ N‑n{‑X§t‑f‑m e`‑n¡‑p‑w.

Pq¬ 2013

I‑y‑mad s‑F¡W‑n ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑m e`‑n¡‑p¶ t‑{‑U‑m]‑v U‑us‑a\‑ph‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w ‑upload image F¶ e‑n¦‑n ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑v Bhi‑ya‑pÅ N‑n{‑X‑w A]‑vt‑e‑mU‑v s‑N¿‑m‑w. Uk‑vt‑Î‑m¸‑nt‑e‑m at‑äs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑^‑mÄUd‑nt‑e‑m \‑n¶‑v N‑n{‑X‑w {‑U‑mK‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v K‑qK‑nf‑ns‑â s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑_‑mI‑vk‑nt‑e¡‑v C«‑me‑p‑w aX‑n. {‑_‑ukÀ K‑qK‑nÄ t‑{‑I‑m‑w‑, ^bÀt‑^‑mI‑vk‑v 3.0 ¡‑p t‑ija‑pÅh Chb‑nt‑es‑X¦‑ne‑ps‑a‑m¶‑ms‑W¦‑nt‑e C§s‑\ N‑n{‑X‑w ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑v he‑n¨‑nS‑m\‑mh‑q.

t‑^‑mt‑«‑m s‑jbd‑nM‑v s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIÄ k‑z´a‑mb‑n A¡‑uï‑pï‑m¡‑n k‑z´‑w t‑^‑mt‑«‑mIÄ A]‑vt‑e‑mU‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑v aä‑pÅhÀ¡‑v ]¦‑nS‑mh‑p¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑mW‑nh. K‑qK‑nf‑ns‑â ]‑n¡‑mk (picasaweb.google.com)‑, b‑ml‑qh‑ns‑â ^‑vf‑n¡À (‑www.flickr. com)‑, t‑^‑mt‑«‑m _¡ä‑v (‑photobucket.com‑) X‑pS§‑n C¯c‑w Ht‑«s‑d s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑pï‑v.

C¯c‑w s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑ns‑e¯‑n AX‑ne‑pÅ s‑kÀ¨‑v k‑wh‑n[‑m\‑w hg‑n N‑n{‑X§Ä Is‑ïS‑p¡‑m‑w. {‑] k‑n²‑oIcW Bhi‑y¯‑n\‑v D] t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m\‑ms‑W¦‑n B N‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â DSab‑pa‑mb‑n Cs‑ab‑n hg‑nt‑b‑m t‑\c‑nt‑«‑m _Ôs‑¸«‑v A\‑ph‑mZ‑w h‑m§‑nb t‑ijt‑a ]‑mS‑pÅ‑qs‑h¶‑p a‑m{‑X‑w

h‑n¡‑n¸‑oU‑nb Ct‑a-P‑v A-S‑nØ‑m-\ h‑n-h-c-§Ä-s‑¡-¶t‑]‑m-s‑e A-X‑y‑mhi‑y N‑n-{‑X-§Ä e-`‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w t‑\-c‑n-«‑v k-a‑o-]‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ Ø-e-a‑m-W‑v t‑e‑mI-s‑¯ G-äh‑p‑w he‑n-b h‑n-h-c t‑i-J-ca‑m-b h‑n-¡‑n-¸‑o-U‑n-b-s‑b \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-¡‑n-a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S t‑I‑m-a¬-k‑v F-¶ t‑iJ-c‑w. commons. wikimedia.org F-¶ e‑n-¦‑n s‑N¶‑m N‑n-{‑X-§f‑p‑w h‑oU‑n-t‑b‑m-I-f‑p‑w i-Ð-i-I-e-§f‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p‑w. C-t‑a-P‑v e‑n¦‑n ¢‑n-¡‑p s‑N-b‑v-X‑v _-Ô-s‑¸-« I‑o-t‑hU‑p-I-f‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v N‑n-{‑X-§Ä t‑\-c‑n-«‑v X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¡‑m‑w.

H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ "t‑^‑mt‑«‑mt‑j‑m¸‑p‑'IÄ N‑n-{‑X-§Ä F-U‑n-ä‑p s‑N-¿‑m\‑p‑w t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑n a-ä‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑v ]-¦‑ps‑h-¡‑m\‑p‑w k‑u-I-c‑y-a‑p-Å H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä \‑n-c-h[‑n-b‑pï‑v. t‑^‑mt‑«‑m FU‑nä‑n‑wK‑v P\I‑obh‑p‑w ef‑nXh‑pa‑m¡‑nb

At‑U‑m_‑n t‑^‑mt‑«‑mt‑j‑m¸‑ns‑â ] c‑na‑nX H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ ]-X‑n-¸‑v A-¯c¯‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑mW‑v. cï‑v P‑n_‑n Øeh‑p‑w Hc‑p k‑m[‑mcW D] t‑`‑mà‑mh‑n\‑v Bhi‑ya‑mb FU‑nä‑n‑wK‑v k‑wh‑n[‑m\§f‑p‑w t‑^‑mt‑«‑mt‑j‑m¸‑v FI‑vk‑v{‑]-Ê‑v (‑www.photoshop. com) F-¶ C‑u k‑w-h‑n-[-‑m-\-¯‑ne‑pï‑v. Hc‑p BÂ_¯‑nt‑âb‑p‑w At‑X kab‑w t‑^‑mt‑«‑m FU‑nä‑n‑wK‑v t‑k‑m^‑vä‑vs‑hbd‑nt‑âb‑p‑w Bhi‑y§Ä Ht‑c kab‑w k‑m[‑n¨ Xc‑p¶hb‑mW‑v H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑^‑mt‑«‑mt‑j‑m¸‑pIs‑f¶‑v N‑pc‑p¡‑n¸db‑m‑w.

K‑qK‑nf‑ns‑â H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑^‑mt‑«‑m s‑jbd‑n‑wK‑v k‑wh‑n[‑m\a‑mb ]‑n¡‑m-k-b‑ne‑p‑w (picasaweb.google. com‑) k-a‑m-\-a‑m-b k‑u-I-c‑y-§f‑pï‑v. t‑^‑mt‑«‑m FU‑nä‑p s‑N¿‑m\‑p‑w t‑{‑I‑mU‑oIc‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w At‑Xt‑]c‑n e-`‑n-¡‑p¶ t‑k‑m^‑vä‑v s‑h-b-d‑n-e‑q-t‑Sb‑p‑w I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. C‑u t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v t‑hÀ h-g‑n ]‑n¡‑m-k-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v t‑^‑mt‑«‑m A]‑v-t‑e‑m-U‑p s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑p-a‑m-I‑m‑w. k‑z-´-a‑mb‑n A-¡‑u-ï‑nÃ‑ms‑X t‑^‑mt‑«‑m FU‑nä‑v s‑N¿‑mh‑p¶ k‑wh‑n[‑m\a‑mW‑v ]‑nI‑v\‑n-I‑v (‑www. picnik.com). H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑^‑mt‑«‑m s‑s‑e{‑_d‑nIf‑mb ]‑n¡‑mkb‑nt‑et‑b‑m ^‑vf‑n¡d‑nt‑et‑b‑m t‑^‑mt‑«‑m _¡ä‑nt‑et‑b‑m‑, s‑^b‑vk‑v_‑p¡‑nt‑et‑b‑m at‑äs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑nt‑et‑b‑m t‑^‑mt‑«‑mIÄ k‑z‑oIc‑n¨‑v FU‑nä‑p s‑N¿‑m\‑pÅ k‑wh‑n[‑m-\-a‑mW‑v k‑v-¹‑mj¸‑v (‑www. splashup.com). At‑U‑m_‑n t‑^‑mt‑«‑mt‑j‑m¸‑ns‑â H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ c‑q]s‑a¶‑v s‑Xä‑n²c‑n¡‑mh‑p¶{‑Xb‑p‑w k‑ma‑ya‑pÅX‑m-W‑v CX‑v.

N‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â he‑n¸¯‑ne‑p‑w \‑nd¯‑ne‑p‑w s‑Xf‑n¨¯‑ne‑ps‑aÃ‑m‑w a‑mä‑w h-c‑p¯‑p-I F-¶ A-S‑nØ‑m-\ B-h-i‑y‑w a‑p-X ]-»‑n-j‑n-M‑v c‑w-K-¯‑n-\‑p t‑h-ï A-X‑y‑mh-i‑y t‑P‑m-e‑n-IÄ s‑N-¿‑m-h‑p-¶ X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä h-s‑c-b‑pÅ H-t‑«s‑d H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§f‑pï‑v. h‑y‑m]Ia‑mb‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶ N‑ne t‑^‑mt‑«‑m FU‑nä‑n‑wK‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ X‑mg www.aviary.com, www.nipshot. com, www.flauntr.com, www.drpic. com, www.pixenate.com, www. fotoflexer.com, www.phixr.com, www.photoshoponlinefree.com.

(A-S‑p-¯ e-¡-¯‑n X‑p-S-c‑p‑w‑) amXr`qanbnð k_v FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: biminith@gmail.com

(29)

{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu

sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

k‑m£ct‑Icf‑w Cc‑p«‑nð

am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

ssh

Z‑y‑pX‑nb‑ps‑S h‑ne I‑qS‑nb‑m \½Ä t‑Icf¯‑ns‑e aeb‑mf‑nIÄ AX‑ns‑\ A{‑X K‑ucha‑mb‑n FS‑p¡‑nÃ. \‑m‑w k‑m£cc‑mW‑v. c‑mh‑ns‑e ] {‑X‑w h‑mb‑n¡‑p‑w. ]{‑X§Ä FÃ‑m‑w AX‑nc‑mh‑ns‑eXs‑¶ F\‑nt‑¡‑m AX‑pt‑]‑ms‑e k‑m£cc‑mb \½f‑n 99 iXa‑m\¯‑n\‑pt‑a‑m a\Ê‑ne‑mI‑m¯ s‑aK‑mh‑m«‑p‑w I‑nt‑e‑mh‑m«‑p‑w {‑S‑m³k‑va‑nj³t‑e‑mk‑p‑w P\t‑dj³ k‑mt‑¦X‑nI s‑s‑hXcW‑nIf‑p‑w t‑¥‑m_ I‑me‑mhØ‑m h‑yX‑nb‑m\§Ä a¬k‑qW‑ns‑â KX‑nh‑nKX‑nIf‑n hc‑p¯‑nb a‑mäh‑p‑w h‑nhc‑n¨‑v N‑ne k‑mt‑¦X‑nI ] W‑vU‑nXc‑ps‑S h‑nZK‑v²‑m`‑n{‑]‑mb§Ä I‑q«‑nt‑¨À¯‑v AX‑nat‑\‑mlca‑mb s‑s‑ie‑nb‑n d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p Xb‑md‑m¡‑n A¨S‑n¨‑v \a‑p¡‑p h‑mb‑n¡‑m\‑mb‑n Xc‑p¶‑p. \‑m‑w AX‑v h‑mb‑n¨‑v ka‑m[‑m\ t‑¯‑ms‑S ]Ies‑¯ ]‑uhÀI«‑v ad¡‑p¶‑p. c‑m{‑X‑nb‑ns‑e ]‑uhÀI«‑v Xa‑ng‑v\‑mS‑ns‑\¡‑mÄ I‑pdh‑ms‑W¶X‑n kt‑´‑mj‑n¡‑p¶‑p. I‑mehÀj‑w t‑\ cs‑¯ hc‑nà F¶‑p a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, C¯hW I‑pdh‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑ps‑a¶‑pa‑pÅ I‑me‑mhØ‑m \‑nc‑o£Ic‑ps‑S Ø‑nc‑w {‑]hN\‑w h‑mb‑n¡‑p¶‑p. F¶‑n«‑v ]{‑X‑w aS¡‑n s‑s‑hZ‑y‑pX‑n t‑_‑mÀU‑nt‑\‑mS‑p‑w

a{‑´‑nt‑b‑mS‑p‑w klX]‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

C‑u k‑mlNc‑y‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n¡s‑¸«X‑n h‑y‑mI‑pes‑¸«‑v \‑nc£cc‑mb D¯t‑c´‑y³ t‑K‑mk‑mb‑n {‑K‑ma‑oWc‑ps‑S a«‑v t‑Zj‑ys‑¸S‑p¶‑nÃ. kl‑y\‑n \½‑ps‑S N‑neh‑p I‑pdª Pes‑s‑hZ‑yX‑n DX‑v]‑mZ‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ AWs‑¡«‑pIÄ¡S‑p¯‑p `‑qI¼‑w hc‑p¶‑p. h‑mÀ¯b‑mW‑v. k‑p\‑ma‑ns‑b¡‑mÄ he‑nb `‑qI¼‑w.

AX‑ns‑â d‑n¨‑väÀ k‑vs‑Ib‑ne‑p‑w ic‑mic‑nIf‑p‑w Nc‑n{‑Xh‑p‑w `‑qa‑ni‑mk‑v{‑Xh‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑p t‑I«‑n«‑ps‑ï¶Ã‑ms‑X X‑nI¨‑p‑w A] c‑nN‑nXa‑mb k‑mt‑¦X‑nI]Z§f‑ps‑S k‑z‑mZ‑p‑w \‑mS\‑p‑w t‑^‑md‑n\‑pa‑mb k‑mb‑n¸·‑mc‑ps‑S t‑]c‑pIf‑p‑w t‑NÀ¯‑v s‑Iâ‑p¡‑n N‑n¡t‑\‑m aI‑vs‑U‑m\‑mÄU‑v _ÀPt‑d‑m a«‑n h‑nf¼‑nb ] {‑Xh‑mÀ¯IÄ \‑nc´c‑w cï‑p a‑mkt‑¯‑mf‑w F¶‑p‑w c‑mh‑ns‑e \½‑ps‑S AS‑p¯‑v F¯‑pIb‑mW‑v.

C‑u `‑qI¼¯‑n a‑pÃs‑¸c‑nb‑mÀ AWs‑¡«‑p DS³ s‑]‑m«‑p‑w. B Pe{‑] h‑ml‑w Xa‑ng‑v\‑m«‑nt‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑ms‑X t‑\s‑c ]S‑nª‑mt‑d‑ms‑«‑mg‑pI‑n CS‑p¡‑n AWs‑¡«‑ns‑e¯‑pt‑¼‑mÄ B U‑m‑w \‑ndª‑v X‑pf‑p¼‑n s‑]‑m«‑p‑w. CS‑p¡‑n FdW‑mI‑pf‑w

P‑nÃIÄ Bs‑I s‑hů‑ne‑mI‑p‑w.

45 e£‑w t‑]c‑ps‑S P‑oh³ A] IS¯‑ne‑mI‑p‑w. \‑m‑w ic‑n¡‑p‑w `bs‑¸«‑p. t‑Icf¯‑ne‑mZ‑ya‑mb‑n FÃ‑m c‑mj‑v{‑S‑obk‑ma‑pZ‑mb‑nI ¸‑mÀ«‑nIf‑p‑w h‑ni‑z‑mk‑nIf‑p‑w Ah‑ni‑z‑mk‑nIf‑p‑w F´‑n\‑v‑, P\a‑ms‑I H¶‑n¨‑v Bhi‑ys‑¸S‑p¶‑p. C‑u A]IS¯‑n \‑n¶‑v t‑Icfs‑¯ c£‑n¡‑q. H«‑p‑w X‑mak‑nb‑ms‑X CS‑p¡‑n U‑ma‑n \‑ndª‑nc‑p¶ Pe‑w X‑pd¶‑p h‑nS‑p¶‑p. a‑pÃs‑¸c‑nb‑mÀ AWs‑¡«‑v `‑qI¼¯‑n s‑]‑m«‑n Ah‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑v Hg‑pI‑n hc‑m\‑nSb‑pÅ {‑]h‑mls‑¯ k‑z‑oIc‑n¡‑m³ CS‑p¡‑n t‑h\¡‑mes‑¯ s‑s‑hZ‑y‑pX‑n DX‑v]‑mZ\¯‑n\‑v Ic‑pX‑nb‑nc‑p¶ k‑z´‑w Pe‑w Dt‑]£‑n¡‑p¶ X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑w \‑m‑w kt‑´‑mjt‑¯‑ms‑S DÄs‑¡‑mÅ‑p¶‑p. k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w s‑hÅa‑nÃ‑m¯ CS‑p¡‑nU‑ma‑n \‑n¶‑v s‑s‑hZ‑y‑pX‑nDX‑v]‑mZ\‑w I‑pdb‑p¶‑p. t‑e‑mU‑vs‑jU‑n‑wK‑v Ø‑nc‑w ] c‑n]‑mS‑nb‑mb‑n. \a‑p¡‑p h‑njaa‑nÃ. t‑I{‑µ]‑qf‑nð \‑n¶‑v s‑I‑mÃ‑p¶ h‑neb‑v¡‑v s‑s‑hZ‑y‑pX‑n h‑m§‑ns‑¡‑mÅ‑q. \‑nc¡‑v I‑q«‑ns‑¡‑mÅ‑q. R§Ä¡‑v ] c‑mX‑nb‑nÃ. h‑mÀ¯IÄ \½‑ps‑S t‑I‑ma¬s‑k³k‑ns‑\ h‑nIea‑m¡‑nbX‑ns‑â ka‑o]I‑mes‑¯ \à DZ‑mlcWa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p CX‑v.

F´‑mW‑nX‑n\‑p I‑mcW‑w?

CX‑nt‑¸‑mÄ t‑X‑m¶‑m³ Hc‑p \‑na‑n¯a‑pï‑mb‑n.

Pq¬ 2013

(30) I‑pd¨‑p Z‑nhk‑w a‑p¼‑v s‑I‑m¨‑n \ Kc{‑]‑m´¯‑ne‑pÅ {‑_Ò]‑pc¯‑v I¡‑qk‑v a‑me‑n\‑yk‑wk‑v¡cW ¹‑mâ‑v \‑nÀ½‑n¡‑m³ Hc‑p s‑s‑{‑]hä‑v I¼\‑n¡‑v Øe‑w \ÂI‑p¶X‑n\‑v s‑s‑lt‑¡‑mSX‑n \ÂI‑nb \‑nÀt‑±is‑¯ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑v t‑IcfkÀ¡‑mÀ kaÀ¸‑n¨ lÀP‑n ]c‑nKW‑n¡t‑h \½‑ps‑S k‑p{‑]‑n‑w t‑I‑mSX‑n Hc‑p ] c‑maÀi‑w \S¯‑pIb‑pï‑mb‑n. a‑me‑n\‑yk‑wk‑v¡cW¯‑n\‑v a‑p\‑nk‑n¸‑me‑nä‑nIf‑n Hc‑p k‑wh‑n[‑m\‑w Dï‑m¡‑m³ C¶‑phs‑c Ig‑nb‑m¯X‑v 94% k‑m£cXb‑pÅ t‑Icf¯‑n\‑v \‑mWt‑¡S‑mW‑v F¶‑v. C‑u ]c‑maÀi‑w Dï‑mI‑m³ I‑mcWa‑mb t‑Ik‑ns‑â ic‑ns‑Xä‑pIÄ F´‑pa‑mIs‑«‑, AX‑v t‑I‑mSX‑n Ct‑¸‑mgs‑¯ \‑nbaa\‑pkc‑n¨‑v X‑oÀ¨s‑¸S‑p¯‑ns‑¡‑mÅ‑p‑w. ]s‑£ C‑u ]c‑maÀi‑w‑, AX‑ns‑e {‑I‑qca‑mb kX‑y‑w‑, h‑mk‑vXh¯‑n \s‑½ Cc‑p¯‑n N‑n´‑n¸‑nt‑¡ïX‑mW‑v. k‑m£cX Hc‑p {‑]t‑X‑yIXc‑w ]‑uc·‑ms‑c k‑rj‑vS‑n¡‑p¶‑pt‑ï‑m? k‑m£cX Hc‑p h‑n\b‑mt‑W‑m ? h‑y‑mhk‑mb‑nIh‑n¹hh‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑y]c‑nj‑v¡cW N‑n´If‑p‑w Ig‑nª cï‑p \‑qä‑mï‑pIf‑n t‑e‑mIs‑a¼‑mS‑p‑w X‑zc‑nXs‑¸S‑m³ I‑mcW‑w ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑ps‑S {‑] N‑mca‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]‑pk‑vXIh‑mb\b‑v¡‑v A\‑nh‑mc‑ya‑mbX‑v k‑m£cXb‑p‑w. k‑m£cÀ \‑nc£cs‑c¡‑mÄ k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w h‑nhca‑pÅhc‑mb‑n IW¡‑m¡s‑¸«‑p. AhÀ¡‑v

ic‑ns‑Xä‑pIs‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑v h‑yàa‑mb t‑_‑m[h‑p‑w X‑oc‑pa‑m\s‑aS‑p¡‑m\‑pÅ Ig‑nh‑p‑w ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑ne‑qs‑S e`‑n¨ h‑nÚ‑m\‑w \ÂI‑n. k‑p{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mSX‑n AZ‑v`‑pXs‑¸«X‑p‑w Ct‑X ] Ý‑m¯e¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nc‑n¡W‑w. ]s‑£ k‑m£cXb‑v¡‑v Hc‑p P\‑nXI{‑]i‑v\a‑pï‑v. h‑nÚ‑m\h‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w Ia‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡ä‑p s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v Ht‑c c‑oX‑nb‑ne‑mW‑v. ]‑pk‑vXIh‑p‑w ]{‑Xh‑p‑w‑, t‑\c‑n«‑p I‑mW‑m¯ e£¡W¡‑n\‑v BÄ¡‑mc‑pa‑mb‑pÅ Ia‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j\‑v D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶ s‑s‑]¸‑v H¶‑p Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v. k‑m£cX. cï‑ne‑p‑w k‑m£cX t‑hW‑w. BZ‑yt‑¯X‑n ]‑pk‑vXIh‑mb\¡‑mc\‑v AX‑ns‑e h‑m¡‑pIÄ h‑nt‑\‑mZ¯‑n\‑p‑w h‑nÚ‑m\¯‑n\‑p‑w DXI‑pt‑¼‑mÄ ] {‑X‑w {‑][‑m\a‑mb‑p‑w A¶¶s‑¯ k‑w`h§f‑ps‑S X§f‑ps‑S h‑o£W¯‑ne‑pÅ ic‑n¸X‑n¸‑p h‑mÀ¯b‑mb‑n \ÂI‑pIb‑mW‑v s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. h‑mb\¡‑mc\‑v ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑n e`‑n¡‑p¶ t‑N‑mb‑vt‑k‑m‑, k‑mhI‑mit‑a‑m ] {‑X¯‑n e`‑n¡‑p¶‑nÃ. ]s‑£ Hc‑p l‑m_‑nä‑v F¶ \‑neb‑n ]{‑X‑w k‑m£cs‑â s‑s‑Z\‑wZ‑n\ AX‑y‑mhi‑y ]c‑n]‑mS‑nb‑ps‑S `‑mKa‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p.

AX‑v hfs‑cs‑bf‑p¸‑w a\‑pj‑y\‑v k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑n e`‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ N‑n´‑mià‑n¡‑v Hc‑p Bb‑mkh‑p‑w \ÂI‑ms‑X Ad‑nh‑p t‑\S‑m³ kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶‑p. aä‑pÅhÀ \a‑p¡‑p

t‑hï‑n N‑n´‑n¨‑v ic‑ns‑b¶‑v AhÀ¡‑p t‑X‑m¶‑nb \‑nKa\§Ä \a‑p¡‑p A¨S‑n¨ A£c§f‑ne‑qs‑S \ÂI‑p¶‑p. \‑m‑w AX‑ns‑\ A‑wK‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

B h‑m¡‑pIÄ \ÂI‑p¶ Ad‑nh‑v ic‑nb‑mt‑W‑m F¶‑v At‑\‑zj‑nt‑¡ï Bhi‑y‑w t‑]‑me‑pa‑nÃ. AX‑ns‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑v \a‑p¡‑v k‑wiba‑ps‑ï¦‑n B k‑wib‑w X‑oÀ¡‑m³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w \‑nhÀ¯‑nb‑nÃ‑m¯h‑n[‑w Ad‑nh‑pIf‑ps‑S he‑nb {‑]h‑ml‑w \s‑½ \b‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. s‑]ÀI‑y‑m¸‑nä‑m ] {‑Xh‑mb\¡W¡‑n C´‑y³ `‑mjIf‑n aeb‑mf¯‑n\‑mW‑v.H¶‑m‑w Ø‑m\‑w. k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑v \s‑½ t‑\c‑n«‑p _‑m[‑n¡‑p¶ {‑] i‑v\§f‑nÂt‑]‑me‑p‑w \‑m‑w ]{‑X§s‑f B{‑ib‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. \a‑p¡‑p k‑zb‑w N‑n´‑n¨‑v Hc‑p \‑nKa\¯‑ns‑et‑¯ï Bhi‑y‑w hc‑p¶‑nÃ. hÀ¯a‑m\¸{‑X§s‑f a‑m{‑X‑w B{‑ib‑n¡‑p¶ k‑m£cc‑mbX‑mt‑W‑m k‑p{‑]‑n‑w t‑I‑mSX‑ns‑b¡‑mï‑v t‑Icf‑obs‑c¡‑pd‑n¨‑v t‑a¸dª h‑n[‑w Hc‑p A`‑n{‑]‑mb‑w ]db‑n¡‑m³ I‑mcWa‑mbX‑v?

N‑n´\‑oba‑mb h‑njba‑mW‑v. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com

{]XnIcWw _‑n.BÀ.]‑n. `‑mk‑vIÀ

N‑mct‑¡k‑v: Fg‑pX‑nbX‑p‑w a\k‑ne‑m¡‑nbX‑p‑w

{io

. F³. _‑meI‑rj‑vW³ Fs‑¶ hÃ‑ms‑X s‑Xä‑n²c‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. At‑±l¯‑ns‑â h‑ni‑z‑mk§s‑f R‑m³ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑n«‑nÃ. a‑m²‑ya§Ä d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p s‑Nb‑vX c‑oX‑nb‑neÃ‑ms‑X s‑F.Fk‑v.BÀ.H N‑mct‑¡k‑v t‑]‑me‑pÅ k‑w`h§Ä s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑m\‑mh‑ns‑ö‑v At‑±l¯‑n\‑v h‑ni‑zk‑n¡Ws‑a¦‑n ]‑mS‑ns‑ö‑v ]db‑m³ R‑m\‑mc‑v? a‑m²‑ya d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ \‑y‑mb‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑v

Pq¬ 2013

At‑±l‑w D¶b‑n¨ h‑mZ§f‑ns‑e hk‑vX‑pX‑m]caÃ‑m¯ N‑ne I‑mc‑y§Ä N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑pI a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v R‑m³ s‑Nb‑vXX‑v. \¼‑n \‑mc‑mbWs‑\ t‑I‑mSX‑n I‑päh‑na‑pà\‑m¡‑nbt‑X‑ms‑S b‑mW‑v a‑m²‑ya d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N¿s‑¸«s‑X¶‑v At‑±ls‑ag‑pX‑n.

CX‑pic‑nbs‑ö‑v h‑yàa‑m¡‑m\‑mb‑n ad‑nb‑w dj‑oZs‑b AdÌ‑v s‑Nb‑vX kab‑w a‑pX Xs‑¶ k¡d‑nbb‑p‑w R‑m\‑p‑w ]{‑Xh‑mÀ¯IÄ ] c‑nt‑i‑m[‑n¨‑v Ahb‑ns‑e A]‑mIXIÄ N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¨‑nc‑ps‑¶¶‑v R‑m³

H‑mÀ½‑n¸‑n¨‑p. k‑n._‑n.s‑F. At‑\‑zj‑n¨‑v Bt‑c‑m]W§Ä s‑I«‑n¨a¨X‑ms‑W¶‑v Is‑ï¯‑nbX‑ns‑\ X‑pSÀ¶‑mW‑v ] {‑Xh‑mÀ¯Is‑f I‑pd‑n¨‑v Bt‑£]§Ä D¶b‑n¨s‑X¶‑p‑w t‑I‑mSX‑nt‑b¡‑mÄ h‑ni‑z‑mk‑w k‑n._‑n.s‑F b‑ne‑ms‑W¶‑v R‑m³ h‑yàa‑m¡‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑ps‑¶¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]‑pX‑nb I‑pd‑n¸‑n ]db‑p¶‑p.

F\‑n¡‑v R‑m³ Fg‑pX‑nbX‑ns‑â D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑zt‑ab‑pÅ‑p. At‑±l‑w a\k‑ne‑m¡‑nbX‑ns‑â D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑z‑w I‑qS‑n Gs‑äS‑p¡‑m\‑mh‑nÃ.

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ap³t] ]dóhÀ

]n. kpPm-X³

‑F-g‑p-X‑n-s‑b-g‑p-X‑n a‑m-b‑v-¨‑p-I-f-ª H-c‑mÄ

]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ XqenIbv¡v, Iymad¡®n\v temIs¯ amän adn¡m\pÅ Ignhpïv. hmÀ¯bpsS temI¯v AÛpX§Ä krãn¨ temIam[yacwKs¯ A¯cw AXpeycmb {]Xn`Isf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pó ]wàn.

P

-\-§-f‑p-s‑S P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â t‑a· D-bÀ-¯‑m-\‑p-Å k‑w-L-S‑n-X {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-a‑m-W‑v c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b‑w. k‑m-[‑m-cW P-\-§Ä ]-e-h‑n-[-¯‑n N‑q-j-W h‑n-t‑[-b-c‑m-W‑v. A-h-s‑c A-X‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v c-£‑n-¨‑v k-a-X‑z t‑_‑m-[-t‑¯‑m-S‑p‑w A-hk-c X‑p-e‑y-X-t‑b‑m-S‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m³ k‑u-I-c‑y-s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-k‑v-ä‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n {‑]-X‑n-Ú‑m-_-²-a‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-\‑pt‑h-ï‑n k-a‑q-l-s‑¯ h‑n-¹-h-k-Ö-a‑m-¡‑pI-b‑m-W‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« ]-c‑n]‑m-S‑n. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v k‑n.--]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ s‑N-d‑p-¸-¯‑n X-s‑¶ H-c‑p I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑v B-I‑m³ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p.-h‑n-¹-h {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä \‑m-«‑n I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-s‑b‑m-¶‑p‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. s‑X-cs‑ª-S‑p-¸‑p-IÄ h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Ø‑m-\‑mÀ°‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n a-Õ-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w P‑m-Y-IÄ \-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑b‑m-K-§-f‑p‑w {‑]-k‑w-K-§-f‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n ]‑mÀ-«‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w ]-c‑n-a‑n-X-s‑¸-«-t‑¸‑mÄ N‑ph-¶ ]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w A-S-¨‑p-h-¨‑v c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ F-¶ b‑p-h‑m-h‑v \‑m-h‑n-I t‑k-\-b‑n t‑NÀ-¶‑p. h‑n-i‑m-e-a‑m-b I-SÂ. N‑p-h-¶

N-{‑I-h‑m-f-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \‑o-f‑p-¶ I-¸Â b‑m-{‑X-IÄ. D-Z-b-K‑n-c‑ni‑n-J-c-§-f‑n-Ã‑m-¯ {‑]-`‑m-X-§Ä. \‑m-h‑n-I ]-c‑n-i‑o-e-\ I‑me-¯‑v \‑m-S‑p‑w h‑o-S‑p‑w \‑m-«‑p-I‑m-s‑c-b‑p‑w a-d-¶‑v t‑Z-i-t‑k-h-\ XÂ-¸-c-\‑m-I‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¨‑p. ]-t‑£ c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-\‑v \‑m-h‑n-I-t‑k\-b‑n G-s‑d-¡‑m-e‑w X‑p-S-c‑m-\‑m-b‑n-Ã. a-\-Ê‑n B-b‑n-c‑w h‑n-k‑v-t‑^‑m-S-\-§Ä \-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ c‑m-{‑X‑n-b‑n Z‑p-k‑z-]‑v-\‑w I-ï‑v s‑R-«‑n D-WÀ-¶‑p. A-c-ï s‑h-«¯‑n N‑p-h-¶ ]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w F-S‑p-¯‑p \‑n-hÀ-¯‑n B-t‑h-i-]‑qÀ-Æ‑w h‑m-b‑n-¨‑p. t‑d‑m-b t‑\-h‑n-b‑n-s‑e c-l-k‑y-N‑m-c-·‑mÀ c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ F-¶ t‑I-U-ä‑n-s‑â ‑"t‑c‑m-K‑w' X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑v t‑a-e-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ-¡‑p d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. H-c‑p I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-k‑v-ä‑n-s‑\ A-d‑n-ª‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑k-\-b‑n \‑n-e-\‑nd‑p-¯‑m³ a‑m-{‑X‑w h‑n-i‑m-e-a-\-k‑v-¡-s‑c‑m¶‑p‑w B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-à t‑a-e-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-s‑\ A-hÀ ]‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-h‑n-«‑p. DÀ-hi‑o-i‑m-]‑w D-]-I‑m-c-s‑a-¶-a-«‑n c‑m-a-N{‑µ³ H-ä-¸‑m-e-¯‑v X‑n-c‑n-s‑¨-¯‑n k-P‑o-h I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑m-b‑n.-]‑mÀ-«‑n \‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡-s‑¸-« I‑m-e‑w. \‑n-

t‑c‑m-[-\‑w e‑w-L‑n-¨‑v k-a-c-¯‑n ]-s‑¦S‑p-¯ k‑n.--]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ A-d-Ì‑n-e‑mb‑n. i‑n-£‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑v I-®‑qÀ s‑k³-{‑S P-b‑n-e‑n-e‑p-a‑m-b‑n. X-S-h-d-b‑n-s‑e P‑o-h‑n-X‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b A-\‑p-`-h-§-f‑p‑w k‑u-l‑r-Z-§f‑p‑w k-½‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. h‑m-b-\-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S a-\Ê‑n-s‑\ P-b‑n-e‑n-\‑p ]‑p-d-¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑mb‑n. c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ B-Z‑y- s‑X-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨-t‑X‑m-s‑S c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b X-S-h‑pI‑mÀ t‑a‑m-N‑n-X-c‑m-b‑n. F.-s‑I. t‑K‑m-]‑me³ ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-t‑e-¡‑v a-Õ-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. {‑]-N‑m-c-W {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡‑v F.-s‑I.P‑n B-f-b-¨‑v c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-s‑\ £-W‑n-¨‑p. k-t‑´‑m-j-]‑qÀ-h‑w c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ B t‑P‑me‑n G-s‑ä-S‑p-¯‑p. t‑\-X‑m-¡-·‑m-c‑p-a‑m-b‑n s‑X-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v {‑]-N‑m-c-W t‑h-f-b‑n I‑q-S‑p-X A-S‑p-¯‑p. F.-s‑I.-P‑n P-b‑n-¨‑v t‑e‑m-I‑v-k-`‑m‑w-K-h‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-]-£ t‑\-X‑mh‑p‑w B-b‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ C-\‑n-s‑b-´‑v F-¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w k‑z-b‑w D-¶-b‑n-¨‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n H‑m-^‑o-k‑n ]-{‑X-§Ä \‑n-hÀ-¯‑n-¸‑n-S‑n¨‑v s‑h-d‑p-s‑X C-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑m-b‑n-¨ h‑mÀ-¯IÄ h‑o-ï‑p‑w h‑m-b‑n-¨‑v h‑n-c-k-Z‑n-\-§Ä \‑o-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n F.-s‑I.-P‑n. H-c‑p Z‑n-h-k‑w I-ï-t‑¸‑mÄ I‑p-i-e‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p.

A-§-s‑\ t‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-b‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]hÀ-¯-I-\‑m-b‑n t‑NÀ-¶‑p. a-e-b‑m-f-h‑p‑w C‑w-¥‑o-j‑p‑w H-c‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e h-g-§‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-s‑â I-g‑n-h‑p-IÄ C.-F‑w.-F-k‑v.

X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑p. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-s‑\ A-t‑±-l‑w Pq¬ 2013

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\-Ã h-g-¡-a‑p-Å B‑w-K-t‑e-b s‑s‑i-e‑n. I‑p-d‑n-¡‑p-s‑I‑m-Å‑p-¶ \À-½‑w. k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-h‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-h‑p‑w k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I h‑n-aÀ-i-\-h‑p‑w C-S-I-eÀ-¯‑n s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n hÀ-¤-¯‑n-s‑â k‑u-µ-c‑y-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑v C-W-§‑n-b ]-{‑X-`‑m-j c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ k‑z-´-a‑m-b‑n k‑r-ã‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¯‑p. {‑]-`‑p-X‑z N‑n-Ó-§-f‑p‑w A-e-¦‑m-c {‑]-t‑b‑m-K-§-f‑p‑w c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-s‑â F-g‑p-¯‑n-\‑v A-\‑y-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶‑p.

Pq¬ 2013

(33) UÂ-l‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I‑q-«‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n. k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ F-¶ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑â s‑F-X‑n-l‑m-k‑n-I P‑o-h‑n-X‑w H-c‑p s‑I-«‑p-I-Y-t‑]‑m-s‑e A-§-s‑\ B-c‑w-`‑n-¡‑pI-b‑m-b‑n.\-à h-g-¡-a‑p-Å B‑w-K-t‑e-b s‑s‑i-e‑n. I‑p-d‑n-¡‑p-s‑I‑m-Å‑p-¶ \À-½‑w. k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-h‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-h‑p‑w k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I h‑n-aÀ-i-\-h‑p‑w C-S-I-eÀ-¯‑n s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑mf‑n hÀ-¤-¯‑n-s‑â k‑u-µ-c‑y-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n\‑v C-W-§‑n-b ]-{‑X-`‑m-j c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ k‑z-´-a‑m-b‑n k‑r-ã‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¯‑p. {‑]-`‑p-X‑z N‑n-Ó-§-f‑p‑w A-e-¦‑m-c {‑]-t‑b‑m-K-§-f‑p‑w c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-s‑â F-g‑p-¯‑n-\‑v A-\‑y-a‑m-b‑n¯‑oÀ-¶‑p. I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-k‑v-ä‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S a‑pJ-]-{‑X-a‑m-b "t‑{‑I‑m-k‑v t‑d‑m-U‑v' s‑I-«‑n-e‑p‑w D-Å-S-¡-¯‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑p-h-s‑c C-Ã‑m-¯ D‑uÀ-Ö-k‑z-e-X s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¨‑p. {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v C‑w-¥‑o-j‑n-s‑\ c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-k‑v-ä‑v s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑n X‑o-j‑v-W-h‑p‑w e-f‑n-X-h‑p‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-W-h‑p‑w B-¡‑n h‑m-b\¡‑m-s‑c B-IÀ-j‑n-¨‑p. ]-{‑X-`‑m-j-b‑n ]‑p-X‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p k‑w-t‑h-Z-\-i‑o-e‑w h-f-c‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. UÂ-l‑n-b‑n-s‑e ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I k-a‑q-l‑w k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-s‑â c-N-\-IÄ {‑i-²‑n-¨‑p. t‑{‑I‑m-k‑v t‑d‑m-U‑v F-¶ ]‑mÀ-«‑n ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w \‑y‑q-G-P‑v F-¶‑v X‑n-c‑p-¯-s‑¸-«‑p. ]-t‑£ I-a‑y‑qW‑n-Ì‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n-¡‑v c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ F-¶ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-s‑â {‑]-X‑n-`-b‑p-s‑S a‑n-I-h‑v DÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å‑m³ I-g‑n-ª‑n-Ã. ]‑mÀ-«‑n-s‑b c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-\‑p‑w k-l‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑m-X‑m-b‑n.

A-K-k‑v-X‑y³ F-¶ X‑q-e‑n-I‑m-\‑m-a¯‑n k‑n.-]‑n. i-t‑¦-g‑v-k‑v h‑o-¡‑n-e‑n-b‑n B-t‑£-]-l‑m-k‑y‑w F-g‑p-X‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

B-ß-]-c‑n-l‑m-k-§-f‑p‑w k‑z-b‑w-h‑n-aÀ-i\-§-f‑p‑w C-S-I-eÀ-¶ X‑o-j‑v-W-{‑]-t‑b‑mK-§Ä s‑I‑m-t‑Å-ï‑n-S-¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p.

C-F‑w-F-k‑v H-c‑n-¡Â c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-s‑\ t‑\-c‑n-«‑v X‑m-¡‑o-X‑p s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. "]‑mÀ-«‑n-s‑b \-i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ F-g‑p-¯‑p-t‑h-ï' F-¶‑p D-]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p.I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-]‑mS‑p-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v C-W-§‑n-t‑¸‑m-I‑m³ k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ {‑]-b‑m-k-s‑¸-«‑p. P-\-§Ä-¡‑pt‑h-ï‑n D-ï‑m-¡‑n-b ]‑mÀ-«‑n P-\-h‑n-c‑p-²a‑m-b‑n-¯‑o-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑n. ]‑mÀ-«‑n-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n P-\-§Ä h-g-§-W-s‑a-¶-X-c-¯‑n c‑m-£-k‑o-ba‑m-b X-I‑n-S‑w-a-d‑n-b c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ I-ï‑p.

P-\-§-f‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\‑w. ]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑m-W‑v P-\-§-s‑f-¡‑mÄ {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑a-¶‑v h‑m-Z‑n¡‑p-¶ t‑\-X‑m-¡Ä-¡‑v k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑m³ Ø‑m-]‑n-X X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-§-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w‑, h‑y-à‑n-h‑n-I‑m-k‑w‑, a-t‑\‑m-h‑y‑m-]‑m-c‑w‑, kÀ-¤-t‑N‑m-Z-\-IÄ F-¶‑n-h-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-s‑¨-Ã‑m‑w `‑o-I-c-a‑m-b A-_-²-§Ä h-¨‑p ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-¶ t‑\X‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-§Ä k-a‑q-l-s‑¯ A-]-I-S-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³

X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑p. H-c‑p ^-e‑n-X‑w-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w B-k‑z-Z‑n-¨‑p N‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ {‑]-b‑m-k-s‑¸-S‑p¶-hÀ D-W-§‑n-h-c-ï `‑m-h‑n-I‑m-e-s‑¯ I‑m-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v k‑n.-]‑n. i-t‑¦-g‑v-k‑v h‑o-¡‑n-e‑n-b‑n F-g‑p-X‑n. a-c‑p-`‑q-a‑n-IÄ B-Z‑y‑w a-\‑p-j‑y-a-\-Ê‑n-e‑mW‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑nª‑p. t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I‑r-X P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w F-¶ ]‑mÀ-«‑n \-b-t‑¯‑m-S‑v I-e-l‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v P-\-I‑o-b P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-t‑WX‑m-h‑m-b‑n k‑z-b‑w {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑v A-c‑p-W A-k-^‑v A-e‑n‑, F-S-¯-« \‑m-c‑m-b-W³ F-¶‑n-hÀ-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ "\‑y‑q G-P‑v'F-¶ ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e t‑k-h-\‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n k‑n.-]‑n.-s‑b ]‑p-d-¯‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.

¡‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I s‑s‑h-`-h-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑I-¶-U‑n-b‑p‑w \‑n-I‑v-k-W‑p‑w U‑m-\‑n-b ]‑n. s‑a‑m-b‑v-\‑n-l‑m-\‑p‑w s‑l³-{‑S‑n I‑n-k‑n-§d‑p‑w A-S‑n-s‑I‑m-ï‑v i-t‑¦-g‑v-k‑v h‑o-¡‑n-b‑n I‑n-S-¶‑p-]‑p-f-ª‑p. Ì‑m-e‑n-\‑p‑w {‑I‑q-j‑v-t‑¨h‑p‑w a‑m-t‑h‑m-b‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ t‑i-j‑n-b-ä‑v h‑n-j-a‑n-¨‑p. I‑m-a-c‑m-P‑p‑w F.-s‑I.-P‑n-b‑p‑w P-K-P‑o-h³ d‑m-a‑p‑w I‑r-j‑v-W t‑a-t‑\‑m-\‑p‑w a‑n-ï‑n-t‑¸‑m-b‑m A-S‑p-¯‑m-g‑v-N k‑n.-]‑n ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p I-i-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑I‑n-b‑m-ß-I-a‑mb A-h-X‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p k‑n.-]‑n. ]-e t‑]-c‑p-I-f‑n h‑o-¡‑n-e‑n-b‑n F-g‑p-X‑n-b H‑m-t‑c‑m h-c‑n-b‑p‑w. A-h ]‑p-X‑n-b H-c‑p A`‑n-c‑p-N‑n-b‑p‑w B-i-b-t‑_‑m-[-h‑p‑w k‑z-X-{‑´ h‑n-N‑m-c-h‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑n P-\‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p.

I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v C-W-§‑n-t‑¸‑m-I‑m³ k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ {‑]-b‑m-k-s‑¸-«‑p. P-\-§Ä-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n D-ï‑m-¡‑n-b ]‑mÀ-«‑n P-\-h‑n-c‑p-²-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑o-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑n. ]‑mÀ-«‑n-¡‑pt‑h-ï‑n P-\-§Ä h-g-§-W-s‑a-¶-X-c-¯‑n c‑m-£-k‑o-b-a‑m-b X-I‑nS‑w-a-d‑n-b c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ I-ï‑p. P-\-§-f‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\‑w. ]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑m-W‑v P-\-§-s‑f-¡‑mÄ {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑a-¶‑v h‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑\-X‑m-¡Ä-¡‑v k‑w-c-£‑n¡‑m³ Ø‑m-]‑n-X X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-§-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. `‑o-I-c-a‑m-b A-_-²§Ä h-¨‑p ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-¶ t‑\-X‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-§Ä k-a‑q-l-s‑¯ A-]-I-S-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑p. H-c‑p ^-e‑n-X‑wt‑]‑m-e‑p‑w B-k‑z-Z‑n-¨‑p N‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ {‑]-b‑m-k-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-hÀ D-W-§‑n-h-c-ï `‑m-h‑n-I‑m-e-s‑¯ I‑m-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v k‑n.-]‑n. i-t‑¦-g‑v-k‑v h‑o-¡‑ne‑n-b‑n F-g‑p-X‑n.

UÂ-l‑n-b‑n-s‑e _‑u-²‑n-I-k-a‑q-l‑w c‑m-aN-{‑µ-s‑\ C-c‑p-s‑s‑I-b‑p‑w \‑o-«‑n k‑z‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p. H-c‑p ]‑p-X‑n-b B-i-b-b‑p-K-¯‑n-s‑â B-c‑w-`-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑v.k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ I‑mÀ-«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑v i-¦-c-¸‑n-Å-b‑p-s‑S i-t‑¦-g‑v-k‑v h‑o-¡‑n-e‑n F-¶ B-t‑£-]-l‑m-k‑y-h‑m-c‑n-I-b‑n A-k‑n-Ìâ‑v F-U‑n-ä-d‑m-b‑n t‑NÀ-¶‑p. F-S¯-«-b‑p‑w A-c‑p-W A-k-^‑v A-e‑n-b‑p‑w t‑]-{‑S‑n-b-«‑v Z‑n-\-¸-{‑X-h‑p‑w e‑n-¦‑v h‑m-c‑n-Ib‑p‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. I‑mÀ-«‑q¬ N‑n-{‑X-§Ä H-g‑n-s‑I i-t‑¦-g‑v-k‑v h‑o-¡‑n-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S B-Z‑y´‑w k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a‑p-J{‑]-k‑w-K‑w‑, a‑m³ H‑m-^‑v Z h‑o-¡‑v, {‑^‑o X‑n-¦‑n‑w-K‑v F-¶‑o ]‑w-à‑n-IÄ c‑m-a-N-{‑µs‑â c-N-\‑m-h‑n-e‑m-k‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑{‑]‑m-P‑z-ea‑m-b‑n. ]-Þ‑n-ä‑v s‑\-l‑v-d‑p a‑p-X h‑n.-s‑I. I‑r-j‑v-W-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ h-s‑c-b‑p-Å-hÀ c‑m-a-N{‑µ-s‑â {‑]-X‑n-h‑m-c-¡‑p-d‑n-¸‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑uµ-c‑y‑w B-k‑z-Z‑n-¨‑p. ‑""X-a‑m-i-b‑m-b‑n t‑X‑m¶‑p-¶ K‑u-c-h-a‑p-Å I‑m-c‑y-§Ä‑'' F-¶‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n s‑\-l‑v-d‑p A-h-s‑b h‑n-t‑ij‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. C-µ‑n-c‑m-K‑m-Ô‑n A-h h‑m-b‑n-¨‑v B-Ë‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑\-l‑v-d‑p l‑u-k‑n-s‑e i-t‑¦-g‑v-k‑v h‑o-¡‑n-e‑n H‑m-^‑o-k‑n F-¯‑n k‑n.-]‑n.-s‑b t‑\-c‑n-«‑v A-`‑n-\-µ‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑e‑m-I-t‑\-X‑m-¡-s‑f t‑N-c‑n-t‑\‑m-¡‑m-s‑X {‑]-l-c‑n-¡‑m³ k‑n.-]‑n-

c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I `‑m-j‑m-]-{‑X-§Ä A-¼-X‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S A-h-k‑m-\-I‑m-e-¯‑v \‑y‑q-UÂ-l‑n-b‑n \-S-¡‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-§Ä h‑n-k‑v-a-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S h‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p. {‑^‑m³-k‑n \‑n-¶‑v N‑n-´-b‑p-s‑S ]‑p-¯³-I‑m-ä‑p h‑o-i-k‑p-¶ I‑m-e-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p A-X‑v.P-\-d U‑o-t‑K‑mÄ ]‑m-c‑o-k‑n-s‑e h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n I-e‑m-]‑w A-S‑n-¨-aÀ-¯‑n. ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑n ]-c‑n-j‑v-¡-c-W-¯‑n-\‑p‑w k‑z-X-{‑´-N‑n-´-b‑v-¡‑p‑w t‑h-ï‑n I-e‑m-i‑me‑m h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n-IÄ s‑X-c‑p-h‑n-e‑n-d-§‑n-b I‑m-e‑w. A-d‑n-h‑n-s‑â t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v A-Û‑pX-I-c-a‑m-b a‑m-ä‑w D-f-h‑m-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ h-k-´-h‑n-¹-h‑w A-S‑n-¨-aÀ-¯-s‑¸-«-t‑X‑ms‑S b‑p-h-t‑e‑m-I‑w \‑n-c‑m-i-b‑n h‑o-W‑p.

X‑m-S‑n h-fÀ-¯‑n‑, A-b-ª h-k‑v-{‑X-a-W‑nª‑v P‑o-h‑n-X‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-t‑b‑m-K‑y-a-s‑Ã-¶‑v ]-d-ª‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v h‑o-S‑p‑w \‑m-S‑p‑w h‑n-«‑v s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑mÀ A-e-ª‑p-\-S-¶‑p. H‑m-t‑c‑m FÂ-F-k‑v-U‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑p‑w H-¸‑w A-hÀ s‑lÀ-½³ s‑l-s‑Ê-b‑p-s‑S "k‑n-²‑mÀ-°' h‑m-b‑n-¨‑p. a-c-W‑w-h-s‑c t‑c‑m-K‑n-b‑m-I‑m³ h‑n-[‑n-¡-s‑¸-« a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n\‑v \‑n-b-X-a‑m-b H-c‑p AÀ-°-a‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v U‑m-\‑n-j‑v N‑n-´-I-\‑m-b t‑k‑m-d³ I‑oÀs‑¡ K‑mÀ-U‑n-s‑\ D-²-c‑n-¨‑v b‑p-h‑m-¡Ä ]-d-ª‑p. k‑mÀ-{‑X‑v s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v Pq¬ 2013

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‑""N-c‑n-{‑X-]-c-a‑m-b H-c‑p A-]-I-Sh‑p‑w `‑q-a‑n-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-]-c-a‑m-b H-c‑p A-X‑y‑m-l‑n-X-h‑p‑w B-W‑v `‑q-t‑«‑m.-‑'' C-´‑y³ I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-k‑v-ä‑v {‑]-Ø‑m\-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑[-j-W‑n-I ]-Ý‑m¯-e‑w F-g‑p-X‑p-¶-hÀ k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ F-¶ s‑d-\‑n-t‑K-U‑n-s‑\¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v F-g‑p-X‑m³ C‑u h‑m-N-I‑w X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-t‑¯-¡‑m‑w. A-h-\h-t‑\‑m-S‑v F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w H-c‑mÄ k-X‑yk-Ô-\‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v IÀi-\-a‑m-b‑n B-{‑K-l‑n-¨ ]-¨-b‑m-b a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p k‑n.-]‑n.

A-k‑v-X‑n-X‑z-N‑n-´-b‑p-s‑S s‑I‑m-S‑n s‑s‑I-a‑md‑n. A-h-c‑n G-s‑d-t‑¸-c‑p‑w l‑n-¸‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«‑p. k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-¯‑n-e‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-e‑p‑w C‑u B-i-b-¯‑n-s‑â X‑o-b‑p‑w ]‑p-I-b‑p‑w UÂ-l‑n h-g‑n t‑I-c-f¯‑n F-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ A-¼-c-¶‑p-t‑]‑mb-X‑v I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-k‑v-ä‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a‑p-X-e‑m-f‑n-¯-¯‑n-s‑â P‑oÀ-®-X-s‑b-¶ ]-X‑n-h‑v h‑n-aÀ-i-\‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑\-c‑n-S‑m\‑m-I‑m-¯ h‑n-[‑w k‑z-X-{‑´-N‑n-´-b‑p-s‑S h‑y‑m-]-\-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w A-k‑v-X‑n-X‑z-h‑m-Z‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â k-a-{‑K t‑a-J-e-b‑n-e‑p‑w k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¨‑p. H.-h‑n. h‑n-P-b-\‑p‑w I‑m-¡\‑m-S-\‑p‑w F‑w. a‑p-I‑p-µ-\‑p‑w UÂ-l‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v A-h a-e-b‑m-f k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-¯‑n F-¯‑n-¨‑p. h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n {‑]-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑qs‑S h-b-e‑mÀ c-h‑n-b‑p‑w F.-s‑I. Bâ-W‑nb‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w B k-t‑µ-i‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¯‑n {‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p. k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ-\‑p‑w S‑n.-h‑n.-BÀ. t‑j-W‑m-b‑n-b‑p‑w F³.-BÀ.F-k‑v. _‑m-_‑p-h‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-¯‑n-s‑â i‑o-e-§-s‑f D-S-¨‑p-h‑mÀ-¡‑m³ k‑z-X-{‑´-N‑n-´-b‑p-s‑S \‑q-X-\ c‑o-X‑n-IÄ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p. N‑n-{‑X-I-e‑, k‑w-K‑o-X‑w‑, k‑n-\‑n-a‑, t‑h-j-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w‑, B-l‑m-c-c‑o-X‑n F-¶‑n-§-s‑\ a-\‑p-j‑y-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â ka-{‑K t‑a-J-e-b‑n-e‑p‑w AÀ-°-h-¯‑m-b H-c‑p k‑z‑m-[‑o-\-a‑m-b‑n B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X h-f-c‑p-I X-s‑¶ s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. s‑I.-]‑n. A-¸³ k‑m-l‑nX‑y-¯‑n B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X-b‑p-s‑S k‑z‑m-[‑o\-i-à‑n-s‑I‑m-ï‑v h-fÀ-¶ e‑m-h-W‑y-a‑mä-§Ä N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑n. F‑w. a‑p-I‑p-µ³ "F-´‑m-W‑v B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑' F-¶ {‑K-Ù‑w F-g‑p-X‑n. F³.-C. _‑m-e-d‑m‑w h-f-s‑c {‑]-b‑m-k-s‑¸-«‑v A-h-b‑v-s‑¡-Ã‑m‑w X‑p-SÀ-¨b‑m-b‑n a-d‑p-]-S‑n F-g‑p-X‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

F-¶‑m h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ ]‑p-X‑n-b A-`‑n-c‑pN‑n a‑m-ä-§Ä-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w k-©-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑v B-i-b-K-X‑n-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v Pq¬ 2013

A-I-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.i-t‑¦-g‑v-k‑v h‑o-¡‑n-e‑n-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n¡‑p-¶ I‑m-e-¯‑m-W‑v k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ i-à-a‑m-b {‑]-W-b-¯‑n A-I-s‑¸-«-X‑v. h‑o-¡‑n-e‑n-b‑n s‑{‑S-b‑n-\‑n-b‑m-b‑n t‑NÀ-¶ \À-¯-I‑n P-e-_‑m-e s‑s‑h-Z‑y-s‑b 1953  k‑n.-]‑n. h‑n-h‑m-l‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. B-d‑ps‑I‑m-Ã‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w \‑o-ï B Z‑m-¼-X‑y-P‑oh‑n-X-¯‑n A-P-b‑v, A-\-k‑q-b F-¶‑o a-¡Ä ]‑n-d-¶‑p. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³-þ-P-e-_‑m-e Z-¼-X‑n-IÄ ]-c-k‑v-]-c k-½-X-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w 1964  t‑hÀ-]‑n-c‑n-ª‑p. A-t‑¸‑mÄ c‑m-aN-{‑µ³ l‑n-µ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑w-k‑v ]-{‑X-¯‑ns‑â ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v t‑e-J-I³ B-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. ‑"]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n I-g‑n-ª-h‑m-c‑w‑' F-¶ A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑w-à‑n h-f-s‑c {‑i-²-t‑\-S‑n. t‑PÀ-W-e‑n-Ì‑v b‑q-W‑n-b-s‑â t‑\-X‑m-s‑h-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n l‑n-µ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑w-k‑v ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â D-S-a-b‑m-b _‑nÀf-b‑v-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c k‑n.-]‑n. \Â-I‑n-b t‑I-k‑v t‑I‑m-f‑n-f-¡‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑p. _‑n.-P‑n. hÀ-¤‑ok‑n-s‑\ ]‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-h‑n-«-X‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p t‑I-k‑v. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S s‑X‑m-g‑n k‑w-c-£-W N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n B t‑I-k‑n-s‑â h‑n-[‑n H-c‑p \‑m-g‑n-I-¡-Ã‑m-W‑v.

U-]‑y‑q-«‑n F-U‑n-äÀ B-b‑n-c‑n-s‑¡ 1986  k‑n.-]‑n. l‑n-µ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑w-k‑n \‑n-¶‑v h‑n-c-a‑n-¨‑p.c-ï-c-¸-X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑p-I‑m-e‑w k‑z-X-{‑´ N‑n-´-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-t‑W-X‑m-h‑p‑w D-Ö‑z-e-\‑m-b ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]c‑p‑w F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n t‑i‑m-`‑n-¨ \‑y‑q-UÂ-l‑n-b‑n Ø‑n-c-a‑m-b‑n h-k‑n¡‑m³ k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ C-ã-s‑¸-«‑n-Ã.

A-t‑±-l‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑n A-½ P‑m-\I‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w i‑n-ã-I‑m-e‑w I-g‑n-b‑m³ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑v ]‑m-e‑m-¡‑m-s‑« ]-d-f‑n-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v h-¶‑p. a-I-s‑â a-S‑n-b‑n X-e-N‑m-b‑v-¨‑v A-½ A-´‑y-i‑z‑m-k‑w h-e‑n-¨‑p. ]-X‑n-s‑\‑m¶‑p-hÀ-j‑w H-c‑p {‑K‑m-a‑o-W-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-s‑e c‑m-

a-N-{‑µ³ X-s‑â `‑q-X-I‑m-e-§-s‑f k‑z-b‑w a‑m-b‑v-¨‑p-I-f-ª‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v ]-d-f‑n-b‑n P‑o-h‑n-¨‑p. 1923  _À-½-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ B P‑o-h‑n-X-b‑m-{‑X-b‑v-¡‑v 1997 G-{‑]‑n 15þ‑m‑w X‑o-b-X‑n ]‑m-e-¡‑m-«‑v h-¨‑v I‑m-e‑w h‑n-c‑m-a-N‑n-Ó‑w C-«‑p. k‑pÂ-^‑n¡À A-e‑n `‑q-t‑«‑m-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v k‑n.-]‑n. c‑ma-N-{‑µ³ F-g‑p-X‑n-b I‑p-d‑n-¸‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b-X‑v C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v: ‑""N-c‑n-{‑X-]-c-a‑m-b H-c‑p A-]-I-S-h‑p‑w `‑q-a‑n-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-]-c-a‑m-b H-c‑p A-X‑y‑m-l‑n-Xh‑p‑w B-W‑v `‑q-t‑«‑m.-‑'' C-´‑y³ I-a‑y‑q-W‑nk‑v-ä‑v {‑]-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑[-j-W‑n-I ]-Ý‑m-¯-e‑w F-g‑p-X‑p-¶-hÀ k‑n.-]‑n. c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ F-¶ s‑d-\‑n-t‑K-U‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v F-g‑p-X‑m³ C‑u h‑m-N-I‑w X‑n-c-s‑ªS‑p-t‑¯-¡‑m‑w. A-h-\-h-t‑\‑m-S‑v F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w H-c‑mÄ k-X‑y-k-Ô-\‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v IÀ-i-\-a‑m-b‑n B-{‑K-l‑n-¨ ]-¨-b‑m-b a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p k‑n.-]‑n. t‑Z-i‑o-b {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-Å h‑n-]‑p-e-a‑m-b k‑u-l‑rZ-§-f‑p‑w A-\‑p-`-h k-¼-¯‑p‑w A-t‑±-l¯‑n-\‑v D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑n-«‑p‑w X-s‑â P‑o-h‑n-X‑m-\‑p-`-h-§Ä t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-h-b‑v¡‑m³ k‑n.-]‑n. B-{‑K-l‑n-¨‑n-Ã. s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ]-c-a‑m-b F-Ã‑m t‑h-j-§-f‑p‑w a-t‑\‑m-lc-a‑m-b X-s‑â `‑m-j-b‑p‑w UÂ-l‑n-b‑n D-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑n-«‑m-W‑v ]-d-f‑n-b‑n A-t‑±-l‑w a-S-§‑n-h-¶-X‑v. H-c‑p-a-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v k‑m-£‑nb‑m-I‑m-\‑p‑w ]‑n-s‑¶ k‑z-b‑w I-®-S-b‑v-¡‑m\‑p‑w. s‑N-ä‑n-\‑n-¸‑m-«‑v c‑m-a-N-{‑µ³ A-§-s‑\ F-g‑p-X‑n- k‑z-b‑w a‑m-b‑v-¨‑p-I-f-ª H-c‑p N-c‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. teJI³ ho£Ww ]{X¯nse s]mfnän¡ð FUnädmWv. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: sujaathan@gmail.com

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Dr. Shoma A. Chatterji

Ad-Addicted Children Irrespective of age or sex, children watch ads on television with a high degree of interest. The average child’s level of information on different products is higher than the knowledge he gleans from subjects taught at school.

‘A

ddiction’ is a term generally linked to smoking, drinking, and drugs. There is another kind of addiction that children today have—addiction to ads on television. It is a largely ‘invisible’ addiction; so parents ignore it as they do not consider it nearly as dangerous as addiction to smoking, drinking, or drugs. Yet, the effects of addiction to television ads are more long term because the addiction itself begins much earlier in small children than do addiction to smoking or drinking.

Lisping children jump at ads showing Govinda and a beautiful model gyrating on the qualities of a “thanda thanda cool cool” brand of hair oil; or at a little girl praising her mother’s beauty to advertise a particular brand of soap. They go ga ga over ads for mosquito mats and coils, not realizing what these products are all about. Slightly older ones insist on imitating the antics of some film star or cricketer endorsing a garment or a health drink. Parents find this an easy escape from nagging questions thrown up by growing children or smaller ones getting into this or that mischief. “The main function of advertising is to stimulate the psychological needs and desires of the audience. While adults are discriminating, in case of children, stimulating needs or desires tend to acquire the form of powerful imperatives,” says Dr J. J. Yadava of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication.

Irrespective of age or sex, children watch ads on television with a high degree of interest. They are acutely aware of even small and trivial changes in brands advertised repeatedly over a period. During a phase when a certain brand of noodles was being advertised over a long period on the small screen, a large number of children would have nothing on their plates but that particular brand of noodles.

They would also insist that their mothers must prepare the noodles precisely the same way in which the model-mother does it. Insistence on identical crockery is another example of imitation. The small screen, thus, can affect children of today who are couch potatoes before they learn the meaning of the word.

Experts opine that the trend of targeting children through ads is traced back to the campaign for a particular soft drink powder. A little girl wondered what the mother would serve her dad when he came home (“Papa ghar aa gaya, ab mummy kya karegi?”). This campaign reportedly boosted the sales of the synthetic soft drink product by around 50 per cent. The more dangerous element of these sexist ads is that the girl-child is conditioned to believe that it is the mother’s duty to stand waiting for the husband and to please him when he returns from work. This is called transgenerational socialisation of the girl-child— injecting in her, sexist ideals at a time when the democratic pattern of behaviour is the call of the day. Such advertisements preclude the fact of a working mother. It ignores the now-accepted ideology of the man making his own tea when he comes home from work. Ads like the one where the husband makes tea for his pregnant wife are few and far between.

An ad for glycerine soap shows a little girl insisting on wanting to be “soft soft” like her mother who uses the soap. The lighting, with the cinematography in soft focus, creates a kind of appeal that children are easily charmed by.

Thus, advertisements today form a major slice of attraction for young viewers of television, cable, and satellite. Ad agencies are aware of the power of ads to influence young minds. These often influence the lifestyles of entire families whose lives revolve Pq¬ 2013

(36) around those of their children. Many ads featuring adult products, not directed at kids at all, feature kids as models and endorsements. These set off a chain of desire among children who create demand within their parents for such products. The ability and willingness of parents to buy these products do not, in any way, feature in their mindsets.

The average child’s level of information on different products is higher than the knowledge he gleans from subjects taught at school. Detailed questioning of students and their mothers has proved that the entry of around 70 per cent product brands into the household is the result of constant persuasion by ad-addicted children. At any given point of time, ad-addicted children are aware of

According to a study on the impact of television on children in the Philippines, a major section of children showed their preference for Coke to milk and some of them refused milk altogether. We are facing cultural parallels in our country now with children refusing this or that food or drink in preference for what they have seen in the television ads. around 10 to 15 brands and qualities out of the 20 products advertised across the television channels.

Children between the ages of 2 and 10 are more deeply influenced by these ads than older children are. This is because they are still very vulnerable to fantasy and make-believe and accept everything in commercials as the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

An experiment revealed the pattern of recall in children less than 11 years of age. They were asked to recall brand names of products advertised on television within a 15-minute span.

The youngest, aged six, could recall 20 names while those who were touching 11 could recall 50 names. Interestingly, however, few of the products recalled were linked directly to children. Among the products they recalled were beer, cigarettes, Pq¬ 2013

detergents, foodstuff, cosmetics, textiles, noodles, chocolate, ice creams, juices, dolls, and mechanical toys. What was amazing was that the same children who found textbook vocabulary difficult to spell, could spell the names of the ads and the brands correctly!

In a beautiful film, Kitaab, directed by Gulzar, a bunch of naughty schoolboys are shown making up an entire song in the class with only advertisement jingles, complete with the music they repeat with their voices. Ad jingles carry a greater retention span and children keep on singing these jingles even after the television set is switched off or the ad has gone off the air. According to a study on the impact of television on children in the Philippines, a major section of children showed their preference for Coke to milk and some of them refused milk altogether.

We are facing cultural parallels in our country now with children refusing this or that food or drink in preference for what they have seen in the television ads.

In India, many children are reportedly revealing a choice for fizzy colas over ice cream. Does this mean that the colas are tastier than ice cream? No. It means that the cola ad campaigns have effectively interfered with the effect of ice cream ads on children. This means that if advertising strategies are conceived and designed to promote natural and organic health drinks like natural milk or fruit, in a way so as to make the campaigns more attractive than the cola campaigns, then children hooked on colas will make the switch to milk and fruit smoothly and easily. Thankfully, natural products like egg and milk are now within the framework of ad campaigns. But the very fact that one has to think of advertising strategies for milk and fruit is a pointer to the tremendous impact that television ads have on children.

With children’s relatively shorter retention spans and their vulnerability to suggestion, and their ability to totally recall those 15-second doses of visual and auditory confections, market researchers are kept constantly on their toes about how they can use children in ad campaigns and how they can direct ad campaigns at children, never mind the target audience the product is originally aimed at. Some parents opine that ads could be converted into a learning experience for a child by training the child to evaluate an ad from a critical point of view. Though there is a grain of truth in this line of thinking, the problem is that how would parents ‘train’ children to critically evaluate condom ads alongside ads of chocolate and ice cream? Got the point?

The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com

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F-¶‑mÂ‑, I-g‑n-ª s‑a-b‑v B-Z‑y-h‑mc‑w s‑S-I‑v-k‑m-k‑n H‑m-k‑v-ä‑n-\‑ns‑e D‑u-j-c {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v s‑h-¨‑v s‑h-f‑p-¯ ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v I-f‑n-¸‑m-«‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e‑m-c‑p t‑X‑m-¡‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑v U‑n-^³-k‑v U‑n-k‑v-{‑S‑n-_‑y‑q«-U‑v t‑a-[‑m-h‑n t‑I‑m-U‑n h‑nÂ-k¬ s‑h-S‑n-b‑p-X‑nÀ-¯t‑¸‑mÄ‑, t‑X‑m-¡‑p-k‑w-k‑v-¡‑m-c‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v s‑]‑m-d‑p-X‑n-a‑p«‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-¡‑mc‑p-s‑S D-X‑v-¡-W‑vT-IÄ-¡‑v t‑\-s‑c-b‑p-Å a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p \‑n-d-s‑b‑m-g‑n-¡-e‑m-b‑n A-X‑v.

X‑m³ s‑h-S‑n-s‑h-b‑v-¡‑m-\‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ t‑X‑m-¡‑n-s‑e (‑"e‑n-_-t‑d-äÀ' F-¶‑m-W‑v t‑X‑m-¡‑n-s‑â t‑]c‑v‑) X‑n-c-s‑b‑m-g‑n-s‑I _‑m-¡‑n-s‑bÃ‑m‑w H-c‑p {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑ns‑â k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑ms‑S "A-¨-S‑n-s‑¨-S‑p¯-X‑m‑'s‑W-¶‑v t‑I‑m-U‑n h‑nÂ-k¬ ] dª‑p. ‑"C‑ut‑_‑' h-g‑n 8000 t‑U‑m-f-d‑n\‑v h‑m-§‑n-b {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑mW‑v‑, t‑X‑m-¡‑ns‑â h‑nh‑n-[ `‑m-K-§Ä c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨X‑v. a‑m-{‑XaÃ‑, t‑X‑m-¡‑v \‑nÀa‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ I-¼‑y‑q-«À c‑q-]t‑c-J BÀ-¡‑v t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑ne‑p‑w U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿‑m³ ]‑m-I-¯‑n H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-\‑n k‑u-P-\‑y-a‑m-b‑n \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑mb‑p‑w h‑nÂk¬ {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p.

BÀ-¡‑v t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w t‑e‑m-Is‑¯-h‑n-s‑S-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p‑w CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑v B U‑n-s‑s‑k³ U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑v {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v t‑X‑m-¡‑v \‑nÀa‑n-¡‑m‑w‑!

A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S D-X‑v-¡-W‑vTIÄ-¡‑v I-S‑p‑w-\‑n-d‑w N‑mÀ-¯‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑v‑,

s‑hd‑p‑w A-©‑p-Z‑n-h-k‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑X‑m-¡‑ns‑â c‑q-]t‑c-J H-c‑pe-£‑w XhW CâÀs‑\-ä‑v h-g‑n U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸« I‑mc‑y‑w _‑n._‑n.k‑n.d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w b‑p.F-k‑v.`-c-W-I‑q-S‑w C-S-s‑]«‑p. t‑X‑m-¡‑n-s‑â U‑n-s‑s‑k³ CâÀs‑\-ä‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v \‑o-¡‑w-s‑N-¿‑m³ U‑n-^³k‑v U‑n-k‑v-{‑S‑n-_‑y‑q-«U‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v A-[‑n-I‑r-XÀ B-h-i‑y-s‑¸«‑p. t‑X‑m-¡‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ k-a‑q-lh‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑mc‑p‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-¶ B-i-¦-IÄ A-h‑n-s‑S \‑nÂ-¡-s‑«. C‑u k‑w-`-h-¯‑n A-S-§‑nb‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p k‑w-K-X‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S {‑i-² £-W‑n-¡‑m-\‑mW‑v CX‑n-h‑n-s‑S h‑n-h-c‑n-¨-X‑v.

C-X‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑i-t‑²-ba‑m-b k‑wK-X‑n t‑X‑m-¡‑v ‑"{‑]‑nâ‑v s‑N-b‑v-s‑X-S‑p¡‑m³‑' I-g‑n-ª‑p F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. c-ï‑mas‑¯ I‑mc‑y‑w h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑n h‑m-§‑m³ I‑n-«‑p-¶ H-c‑p {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâÀ B-W‑v t‑X‑m-¡‑v \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-¯‑n-\‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨X‑v. H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-\‑nÂ- e-`‑ya‑m-b c‑q-]t‑c-J U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑v H-c‑p-]-Ic-W‑w \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m³ ({‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâÀ D-s‑ï¦‑nÂ‑) BÀ-¡‑v t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑ne‑p‑w I-g‑n-b‑p‑w F-¶-X‑m-W‑v a‑q-¶‑ma-s‑¯ k‑w-KX‑n. t‑X‑m-¡‑m-bX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v U‑n-^³-k‑v U‑n-k‑v-{‑S‑n-_‑y‑q-«-U‑n-s‑â \‑o-¡‑w k‑z‑m-`‑mPq¬ 2013

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A-¨-S‑n-¨‑p-ï‑m-¡nb "e‑n-_-t‑d-äÀ' tXm¡pambn U‑n-^³-k‑v U‑n-k‑v-{‑S‑n-_‑y‑q«-U‑v t‑a-[‑m-h‑n t‑I‑m-U‑n h‑nÂ-k¬

h‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w h‑n-h‑m-Z-h‑p‑w D-X‑v-¡-W‑vT-b‑p-‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑p. F-¶‑mÂ‑, \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S ]‑m-Z¯‑n-\‑v t‑b‑m-P‑n-¡‑p¶ j‑q-k‑m-W‑v C-¯c-¯‑n \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-s‑X¦‑nt‑e‑m‑, A-s‑Ã-¦‑n A-S‑p-¡-f-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p D-]-I-cW‑w‑, A-X‑p-a-s‑Ã-¦‑n s‑s‑k-¡‑nf‑n-s‑â t‑IS‑m-b k‑o-ä‑v... F-{‑X A-¼-c-¸‑n¡‑p-¶ k‑w-K-X‑n-b‑mI‑p‑w AXt‑Ã‑!

N‑n-eÀ-s‑¡-¦‑ne‑p‑w CX‑v t‑IÄ-¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ A-¼-c-¸‑p-ï‑mI‑p‑w F¶-X‑v h‑m-k‑v-X-h-a‑mW‑v. ]t‑£‑, k‑w`-h‑w k-X‑y-a‑m-W‑v. I-¼‑y‑q«À‑, H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑n-´‑p-W-t‑b‑ms‑S ]‑m-Ý‑mX‑y-t‑e‑mI-¯‑v ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p \‑nÀa‑m-W {‑]-{‑I‑n-b{‑]-N‑m-c-¯‑n h¶‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. B-h-i‑y-a‑p-Å D-]-I-c-W-¯‑ns‑â c‑q-]t‑c-J I‑mi‑p-s‑I‑mS‑p-t‑¯‑m‑, A-Xs‑Ã-¦‑n k‑u-P-\‑ya‑mt‑b‑m H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-³ h-g‑n U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑Nb‑v-X‑v \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑n t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N¿‑p-I. F-¶‑n«‑v B c‑q-]-t‑cJb‑n t‑hï a‑m-ä-§Ä h-c‑p-¯‑p-I (B-hi‑y-s‑a-¦‑nÂ‑). A-X‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w I-¼‑y‑q-«d‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶ {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v D-]-IcW‑w ‑"{‑]‑nâ‑v s‑N-b‑v-s‑X-S‑p¡‑pI‑'.

C-s‑X‑m-s‑¡ \-S-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑ya‑mt‑W‑m F-¶‑v N‑n-e-s‑c-¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑n-t‑¨-¡‑m‑w.

F-¦‑nÂÂ‑, t‑IÄ¡‑pI : \‑n-e-h‑n B-b‑n-c-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑pPq¬ 2013

s‑Sb‑p‑w h-k‑v-X‑p-¡-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w {‑X‑o-U‑n c‑q-]-t‑c-J-IÄ e-`‑y-a‑m-W‑v. {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâd‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v A-h \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-a‑mI‑m‑w. B-`-c-W-§f‑p‑w ]‑m-Z-c-£-If‑p‑w A-S‑p-¡-f k‑m-[-\-§f‑p‑w h‑m-l-\-§-f‑pt‑a-¡À-t‑_‑m-«‑v d‑n-¹‑n-t‑¡äÀ 2

s‑S ]-c‑o-£-W a‑m-X‑r-I-If‑p‑w s‑I-«‑n-S-§f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w a-ä‑v A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-k‑uI-c‑y k‑wh‑n-[‑m-\-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w a‑m-X‑r-I-IÄ H-s‑¡ A-X‑n s‑]-S‑p¶‑p.

(39) ]‑pX‑n-b \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-h‑n-Z‑y ‑"H-c‑p U‑n-P‑n-ä a‑m-X‑rI-s‑b A-S‑nØ‑m-\-a‑m-¡‑n G-X‑v B-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑pÅ {‑X‑na‑m-\ c‑q-]-h‑p‑w D-]-I-c-W-h‑p‑w \‑nÀ-a‑n¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑]-{‑I‑n-b‑'s‑b-¶‑m-W‑v {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑n-s‑\ h‑n-¡‑n-]‑oU‑n-b h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n¡‑p-¶X‑v.

I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑n t‑i-J-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å‑, A-s‑æ‑n H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-\‑n U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-b‑v-s‑X-S‑p¯ s‑S-I‑v-k‑v-ä‑v ^-b-e‑pIf‑p‑w N‑n-{‑X-§f‑p‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-W s‑Uk‑v-I‑v t‑S‑m-¸‑v {‑]‑nâ-d‑p-I-Ä D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v A¨S‑n¡‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑p-ï-t‑Ã‑m. A-X‑n-\‑v G-X‑m-ï‑v k-a‑m-\-a‑mW‑v {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑nM‑v.

C-h‑n-s‑S U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-b‑v-s‑XS‑p¡‑p¶ U‑n-P‑n-ä c‑q-]t‑c-J D-]-t‑b‑m-

K‑n-¨‑v {‑X‑n-a‑m-\-c‑q-]-§-s‑f k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v F-¶ h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-t‑a-b‑pÅ‑q. \‑nÀ-a‑n-t‑¡-ï D-]-I-c-W-¯‑ns‑â A-s‑Ã-¦‑n a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑p-s‑S c‑q-]t‑c-J I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑n t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N¿‑p-I F-¶X‑m-W‑v {‑X‑na‑m-\ {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-] S‑n. F-¶‑n«‑v‑, {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑ns‑e ‑"{‑]‑nâ‑v‑' _-«¬ ¢‑n-¡‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑m \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w X‑p-S-§‑p-I-b‑mb‑n. ¹‑m-Ì‑n-¡‑v, t‑e‑m-l§Ä X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-b‑p-s‑S ]‑u-U-d‑m-W‑v {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑ns‑e ‑"aj‑n‑'. B a-j‑n-b‑p]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v H-c‑p k-ab-¯‑v H-c‑p ]‑mf‑n (layer) F¶ t‑X‑m-X‑n-e‑m-W‑v \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w ]‑p-t‑c‑mKa‑n¡‑p-I. C§-s‑\ ]‑m-f‑n-IÄ ]‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n I‑q-«‑n-t‑¨À-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-b‑m-b-X‑n-\‑mÂ‑, ‑"A-U‑n-ä‑o-h‑v

a‑m-\‑p-^‑m-I‑v-¨-d‑nM‑v‑' (Additive manufacturing) F-¶‑v {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑nM‑v A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p¶‑p (H‑mt‑c‑m ]‑m-f‑n-If‑m-b‑n I‑q-«‑n-t‑¨À-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m s‑]«-¶‑v \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-I‑nà F-¶-X‑m-W‑v {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑n-s‑â H-c‑p {‑][‑m-\ t‑]‑m-c‑m-b‑v-a-b‑m-b‑n h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯s‑¸-S‑p¶-X‑v). a-j‑n-b‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]‑uU-d‑n-s‑\ t‑e-k-d‑n-s‑â k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S N‑q-S‑m-¡‑n D-c‑p-¡‑n L-\‑o-`-h‑n-¸‑n¨‑v‑, A-X‑nk‑q-£‑v-aa‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n c‑q-]-t‑c-J-b‑n-s‑e A-t‑X {‑X‑na‑m-\ B-I‑r-X‑n k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n {‑X‑na‑m-\-c‑q-]-a‑m-¡‑m³ _‑p-²‑n-a‑p-«‑p-Å G-X‑v B-I‑r-X‑nb‑p‑w {‑X‑na‑m-\ {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑n-s‑â

hnhn[ {XoUn {]nâÀ amXrIIÄ

Pq¬ 2013

(40) k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m-³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w.

D-]-Ic-Wt‑a‑m a‑m-X‑r-It‑b‑m h‑y-X‑y‑mk-s‑¸-S‑p-¶X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\ {‑]-{‑I‑nb A-¸‑m-s‑S a‑m-t‑ä-ï Ø‑n-X‑n CÃ. CX‑n {‑]‑nâÀ H-¶‑p a-X‑n‑, U‑n-P‑n-ä c‑q-] t‑c-J a‑m{‑X‑w a‑m-d‑n-b‑m a-X‑n‑!

D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w (a‑m\‑p-^m-I‑v-¨-d‑n-M‑v) F¶-X‑v \‑n-e-h‑n he‑n-b a‑p-X a‑p-S-¡‑p-Å H-¶‑mW‑v; ^‑mÎ-d‑n-I-Ä t‑h-W‑w‑, a‑m-\-h-h‑n-`-h-t‑i-j‑n I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n t‑hW‑w‑, G-s‑d L-S-I-h-k‑vX‑p-¡Ä ]‑m-g‑m-h‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w. `‑m-h‑n-

b‑n A¯-c‑w ^‑m-Î-d‑n-IÄ N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑h-ï‑n h-c‑n-Ã. I‑m-cW‑w‑, \‑n-§Ä-¡‑mh-i‑ya‑m-b D-]-I-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â c‑q-] t‑c-J H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ h-g‑n k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n¨‑v (I‑mi‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑pt‑¯‑m AÃ‑ms‑Xt‑b‑m‑) AX‑p-a‑m-b‑n A-S‑p-¯‑p-Å {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v t‑I-{‑µ-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑n k‑m[-\‑w {‑]‑nâ‑v s‑Nb‑v-s‑X-S‑p-¡‑m‑w. A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ‑, k‑z-´‑w h‑o-«‑ns‑e {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑n A-X‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m‑w.

L-S-I-h-k‑v-X‑p-¡Ä X‑o-s‑c ]‑m-g‑m-I‑nà F-¶-X‑mW‑v C‑u D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-t‑X‑yI-X. AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v a-e‑n-\‑o-I-c-

1970 IÄ a‑p-X {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v c‑w-K-¯‑pï‑v. b-{‑´-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑ml-\-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑ps‑a‑m-s‑¡ {‑X‑na‑m-\ a‑m-X‑r-I-IÄ \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v C-X‑v B-Z‑y-I‑me-¯‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v. h³I‑n-S I-¼-\‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w k‑w-LS-\-IÄ¡‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ a‑m-{‑X-t‑a {‑X‑na‑m-\ {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v k-t‑¦-X‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑X‑m-W‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-Å‑q. {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑p-IÄ¡‑v A-{‑X `‑o-aa‑m-b s‑N-e-h‑v t‑h-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v {‑X‑na‑m-\ {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v A[‑n-I-a‑m-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w {‑i-²-b‑m-IÀ-j‑n-¨‑nÃ. F-¶‑mÂ‑, C-c‑p-]¯‑n-s‑b‑m¶‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â h-c-t‑h‑m-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-§Ä a‑m-d‑m³ X‑p-S§‑n. s‑Ne-h‑p I‑p-dª {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑p-IÄ \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑i-a§Ä D‑uÀ-P‑n-X-a‑mb‑n. a‑m-{‑X-aÃ‑, {‑X‑na‑m-\ D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑p-s‑S U‑n-P‑n-ä a‑m-X‑r-I-IÄ D-ï‑m¡‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑nI¨ t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-t‑h-d‑p-I-f‑p‑w c‑w-K-s‑¯¯‑n.

H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ h-g‑n A¯-c‑w U‑n-P‑n-ä U‑n-s‑s‑k³ s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑p-¶X‑p‑w F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-b‑n. {XoUn {]nân§p hgn krãn¨ s\Ivtekv

Pq¬ 2013

W-h‑p‑w hfs‑c I‑p-d-h‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.

D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-c‑wK-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑m-]‑w At‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑v¡‑v h‑o-s‑ï-S‑p-¡‑m³ k-l‑mb‑n-¡‑p-¶s‑X-¶‑v {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v _‑mc-I‑v H_‑m-a h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨ k-t‑¦-X-a‑m-W‑v {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑nM‑v. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑ne‑p‑w a-ä‑v b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v. C‑u k-t‑¦-X-¯‑n-s‑â k‑m[‑y-X BZ‑y‑w a-\-k‑n-e‑m¡‑n-b I‑n-g-¡³ c‑mP‑y‑w s‑s‑N-\-b‑m-IW‑w. s‑s‑N-\-b‑n {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑p-IÄ a‑m-{‑X-a‑p-Å ^‑m-Î-d‑n-IÄ hs‑c {‑]-X‑y-£-s‑¸-«‑p X‑p-S-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v \‑nÀa‑n-X I-f‑n-¸‑m-«-§-f‑n H-c‑p s‑Nd‑n-b ]-s‑¦-¦‑ne‑p‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑n-s‑â k‑m-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-b‑m-W‑v.

]-g-b h‑nZ‑y; ]‑pX‑n-b k‑m[‑yX s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â t‑^‑m-W‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S Nc‑n{‑X‑w X‑p-S-§‑p-¶-X‑v 1970 I-f‑n-e‑mW‑v.

F-¶‑mÂ‑, t‑e‑m-I-s‑a‑m-c‑p s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ h‑n-¹-h-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑n-S‑n-b‑n s‑]-S‑p¶-X‑v C-c‑p-]¯‑n-s‑b‑m¶‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y Z-i-I-¯‑n-e‑p‑w. C-X‑n-\‑v G-s‑d-¡‑p-s‑d k-aa‑m-W‑v {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v k-t‑¦-X-¯‑n-s‑â N-c‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w.

1970 IÄ a‑p-XÂ {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v

(41)

{XoUn {]nân§nsâ IrXyXbpw kq£vaXbpw

c‑w-K-¯‑pï‑v. b-{‑´-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑m-l\-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑ps‑a‑m-s‑¡ {‑X‑na‑m-\ a‑m-X‑rI-IÄ \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v C-X‑v B-Z‑yI‑me-¯‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v. h³I‑n-S I-¼-\‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w k‑w-L-S-\-IÄ¡‑p-s‑a‑ms‑¡ a‑m-{‑X-t‑a {‑X‑na‑m-\ {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v k-t‑¦X‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑X‑m-W‑n D-ï‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-Å‑q. {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑p-IÄ¡‑v A-{‑X `‑o-aa‑m-b s‑N-e-h‑v t‑h-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v {‑X‑na‑m-\ {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v A-[‑n-Ia‑m-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w {‑i-²-b‑m-IÀ-j‑n-¨‑nÃ.

F-¶‑mÂ‑, C-c‑p-]¯‑n-s‑b‑m¶‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â h-c-t‑h‑m-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-§Ä a‑md‑m³ X‑p-S§‑n. s‑Ne-h‑p I‑p-d-ª {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ-d‑p-IÄ \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑i-a§Ä D‑uÀ-P‑n-X-a‑mb‑n. a‑m-{‑X-aÃ‑, {‑X‑na‑m-\ D-]I-c-W-§-f‑p-s‑S U‑n-P‑n-ä a‑m-X‑r-I-IÄ D-ï‑m-¡‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑nI¨ t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-t‑h-d‑p-I-f‑p‑w c‑w-K-s‑¯¯‑n.

H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ h-g‑n A¯-c‑w U‑n-P‑n-ä U‑n-s‑s‑k³ s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑p-¶X‑p‑w F-f‑p-¸-a‑mb‑n. ]‑m-Ý‑mX‑y-t‑e‑mI-¯‑v h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-]W-\‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-« B-Z‑y {‑X‑o-U‑n

{‑]‑nâÀ 2012 H-t‑Î‑m-_-d‑n-e‑m-W‑v h‑n-]-W‑nb‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-bX‑v. ‑"t‑a-¡À-t‑_‑m-«‑v d‑n-¹‑nt‑¡äÀ 2‑' (MakerBot Replicator 2) F¶ B {‑]‑nâ-d‑n-s‑â h‑n-e 2‑,200 t‑U‑m-f-À (1.18 e-£‑w c‑q-]‑) B-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p.

CX{‑X he‑n-b h‑n-e-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v I-c‑pX‑p-¶hÀ H‑mÀ-¡‑p-I : 1983 Â F-¨‑v ]‑n h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-¨ B-Z‑y s‑U-k‑v-I‑v t‑S‑m-¸‑v {‑]‑nâ-d‑n-s‑â h‑ne 12‑,800 t‑U‑m-fÀ B-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p‑!

F-¦‑ne‑p‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v C-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâÀ X‑m-§‑m³ ]-ä‑p-¶-X‑ne‑p‑w h‑n-e-t‑b-d‑n-b-X‑mW‑v. `‑mh‑n-b‑n C‑u Ø‑n-X‑n a‑m-d‑n-¡‑q-s‑S-¶‑nÃ.

U‑n-P‑n-ä c‑wK-s‑¯ G-X‑v D-]-I-c-W¯‑n-s‑â I-Y-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑m-e‑p‑w N-c‑n{‑X‑w A-X‑m-W‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶X‑v. ]-¯‑p-hÀ-j‑w a‑p¼‑v he‑n-b h‑ne s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑v h‑m-t‑§-ï‑nb‑n-c‑p¶ U‑n-P‑n-ä I‑y‑m-a-d-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-e C-t‑¸‑mÄ F-{‑X X‑m-W‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶ -I‑mc‑y‑w D-Z‑m-l-c-W‑w. h‑m-l-\-§-f‑p-s‑S F-©‑n-\‑p-IÄ‑, h‑na‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â N‑n-d-I‑p-IÄ X‑p-S-§‑n-bh k-¦‑oÀ-W {‑X‑o-a‑m-\-c‑q-]-§-f‑mW‑v. CX‑p-

t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å-h-b‑p-s‑S ]-c‑o-£-W a‑m-X‑r-IIÄ k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑mb‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v. k‑m-[‑m-c-W-K-X‑n-b‑n a‑m-k-§s‑f-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ he‑n-b ]-W-s‑¨-e-h‑p-Å C¯-c‑w a‑m-X‑r-I‑m \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-§Ä Bg‑v-N-IÄ-s‑¡‑mï‑v‑, A-[‑n-I‑w s‑N-e-h‑nÃ‑ms‑X ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑m³ {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v h-g‑n I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. a‑m-X‑r-IIÄ a‑m-{‑XaÃ‑, ]‑qÀ-W-t‑X‑mX‑n-e‑p-Å H-t‑«s‑d D-X‑v-]-¶-§f‑p‑w {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v h-g‑n \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑pï‑v. \‑n-e-h‑n {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑n-e‑q-s‑S D-ï‑m¡‑p-¶-h-b‑n 20 i-X-a‑m-\‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v ]‑qÀ-W-t‑X‑m-X‑n-e‑p-Å D-X‑v-]-¶-§Ä. 2020 B-I‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g¡‑p‑w A-X‑v 50 i-X-a‑m-\a‑m-I‑p-s‑a¶‑v‑, C‑u c‑w-K-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ] T‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑S-d‑n t‑h‑m-t‑e-g‑v-k‑v I‑p-d-¨‑p-\‑mÄ a‑p¼‑v ‑"Z‑n F-¡-t‑W‑m-a‑n-k‑v-ä‑n‑'t‑\‑m-S‑v ]-db‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n.

B-`-c-W-h‑y-h-k‑mb‑w‑, h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑mk‑w‑, s‑a-U‑n-¡Â‑, s‑Uâ h‑y-h-k‑m-b§Ä‑, k‑n-h‑n F³-P‑n-\‑n-b-d‑n-M‑v X‑p-S§‑n‑, t‑^‑m-k‑n-e‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S a‑mX‑r-I \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w X‑pS-§‑n A-k‑wJ‑y‑w t‑a-J-e-I-f‑n {‑X‑na‑m-\ {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑n-s‑â k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-s‑a-¶‑v h‑n-e-b‑nc‑p-¯-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. C‑u h‑n-Z‑y D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v I‑r-{‑X‑n-a A-h-b-h-§f‑p‑w i-c‑o-c-`‑m-K§f‑p‑w h-s‑c \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑w \-S-¶‑p h-c‑p-¶‑p. {‑X‑o-U‑n {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑n-s‑â k‑m-[‑y-X-I-s‑f¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v ‑"Z‑n F-¡-t‑W‑m-a‑n-k‑v-ä‑v' \-S¯‑n-b \‑n-c‑o£-W‑w {‑i-t‑²-b-a‑m-W‑v. 1750  B-h‑n-b{‑´‑w BZ‑y‑w {‑]-X‑y-£-s‑¸-«t‑¸‑mÄ‑, A-s‑Ã-¦‑n 1450  A-¨-S‑nb{‑´‑w c‑w-K-s‑¯¯‑nb-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, A-X‑p-as‑Ã-¦‑n 1950  {‑S‑m³-k‑v-äÀ h¶-t‑¸‑mÄ þ A-h-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-h‑n k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ t‑h-ïh‑n-[‑w a-\-k‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ A-[‑n-I-a‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w I-g‑n-ª‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-I‑nÃ. AX‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑mW‑v {‑X‑na‑m-\ {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑n-s‑â I‑m-c‑y-h‑p‑w. `‑m-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-Z‑y-b‑m-WX‑v‑, `‑m-h‑n-s‑b A-S‑n-a‑p-S‑n a‑m-ä‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-t‑¨-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑nZ‑y. amXr`qan Hm¬sse\nð No^v k_v FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: jamboori@gmail.com A-h-e‑w_‑w‑, I-S-¸‑m-S‑v :

1. BBC News; 2. Wikipedia; 3. The Printed World, The Economist, Feb 10, 2011; 4. A new brick in the Great Wall, The Economist, April 27, 2013; 5. A 3D Printed Gun, MIT Technology Review, May 3, 2013 Pq¬ 2013

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hmb-\

jmPn tP¡_v

\h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ns‑e Nc‑n-{‑X-\‑nÀ½‑nX‑n

K‑mÀU‑n-b³ ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â t‑»‑mK‑n a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-Ic‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob \‑nc‑o-£Ic‑p‑w k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑a-g‑p-X‑nb‑, a‑pÃ-¸‑q-h‑n-¹-h-¯‑ns‑â s‑s‑Z\‑w-Z‑n-\-N-c‑n{‑X‑w

am

[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w Nc‑n-{‑Xh‑p‑w X½‑ne‑pÅ _Ô‑w I‑uX‑p-I-Ic-§-f‑mb Ht‑«s‑d Xe-§-f‑n-t‑e¡‑p hfÀ¶‑p-]-S-c‑p¶ I‑me-a‑mW‑v \½‑p-t‑SX‑v. A¨-S‑n-b‑mW‑v he‑n-s‑b‑m-c-f-t‑h‑mf‑w Ú‑mt‑\‑m-Z-b‑w‑, \h‑o-I-c-W‑w‑, B[‑p\‑n-IX X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-b‑p-s‑S-s‑b‑ms‑¡ Nc‑n-{‑X-]-Ý‑m-¯-e-s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑n-bX‑v F¶‑p-]-d-b‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. {‑i‑mh‑y‑, Z‑ri‑y‑, -\-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-t‑f‑m-t‑c‑m¶‑p‑w \‑nc-´-c-s‑at‑¶‑mW‑w Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑ns‑â t‑{‑k‑mXÊ‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a‑w-X-s‑¶-b‑p-a‑mb‑n Ic‑p-X-s‑¸-«‑pt‑]‑m-c‑p-¶‑p. hk‑vX‑p-X-b‑m-I-s‑«‑, `‑mh-\b‑m-Is‑« Nc‑n-{‑X-h‑n-Ú‑m-\‑o-b-¯‑ns‑â a‑md‑n-b-[‑m-c-W-I-f-\‑p-k-c‑n¨‑v Hc‑p BJ‑y‑m-\h‑p‑w Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑p- s‑h-f‑n-b‑neÃ. F¶‑p-a‑m-{‑X-aà ]e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Nc‑n-{‑X¯‑ns‑â B[‑m-c-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑pa‑m-W‑v. c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b‑w‑, k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-P‑o-h‑n-X‑w‑, `c-W-a‑m-ä-§Ä‑, k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-]‑p-t‑c‑m-KX‑n‑, b‑p²-§-Ä‑, Ie‑m-]-§Ä‑, k¼Z‑vL-S-\‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-a-W‑vU-e-§Ä‑, b‑ms‑X‑m¶‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-t‑I-{‑µ‑n-X-a-Ã‑ms‑X k¦Â]‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w Ig‑n-b‑m¯ I‑me-h‑p-a‑mW‑v \½‑p-t‑S-X‑v.

CX‑ns‑â as‑ä‑m-c‑p-h-i-a‑mW‑v Z‑ri‑ya‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑v Nc‑n{‑X¯‑n\‑pt‑hï‑n a‑m{‑X‑w c‑q]‑ws‑I‑mï N‑m\e‑pIÄ. F´‑p‑w Nc‑n{‑Xa‑mW‑v F¶ B[‑p\‑nI‑m\´c Nc‑n{‑Xh‑nÚ‑m\‑ob¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mW‑v

Pq¬ 2013

l‑nÌd‑n N‑m\ DÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pÅ a‑m[‑ya§Ä. a‑m[‑ya§f‑ns‑e¶t‑]‑ms‑e‑, a‑m[‑ya§f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w Nc‑n{‑X‑w \‑nÀ½‑n¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑n t‑Icf¯‑nÂt‑¸‑me‑p‑w \ S¸‑mb‑n«‑pï‑v. t‑d‑m_‑n³P{‑^‑nb‑ps‑S k‑ma‑ql‑yc‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob ]T\§Ä¡‑v a‑pJ‑yt‑{‑k‑mXÊ‑pIf‑ns‑e‑m¶‑v a‑m[‑ya§f‑mW‑v. Hc‑pI‑me¯‑ns‑ât‑b‑m k‑w`h¯‑ns‑ât‑b‑m Hs‑¡ Nc‑n{‑X‑w I‑me‑m\‑p{‑Ia‑w a‑m[‑yai‑mJIf‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p \‑nÀ½‑ns‑¨S‑p¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑n C¶‑p h‑y‑m] Ia‑mW‑v.

2011 at‑[‑yj‑yb‑ne‑p‑w D¯c B{‑^‑n¡b‑ne‑p‑w \S¶ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob{‑] t‑£‑m`§f‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â a‑nU‑n C‑uÌ‑v s‑s‑eh‑v F¶ t‑»‑mK‑n \‑n¶‑p \‑nÀ½‑ns‑¨S‑p¡‑p¶ C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ns‑â c‑oX‑nb‑p‑w as‑ä‑m¶Ã. t‑S‑m_‑n a‑m³s‑s‑lÀ FU‑nä‑p s‑Nb‑vX C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ns‑â k‑zc‑q]‑w C§s‑\ b‑mW‑v: 2011 DS\‑of‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â t‑»‑mK‑n a‑m[‑ya{‑] hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob\‑nc‑o£Ic‑p‑w Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑p‑w k‑m[‑mcW¡‑mc‑mb a\‑pj‑yc‑p‑w t‑cJs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb Zie£¡W¡‑n\‑p h‑m¡‑pIÄhc‑p¶ a‑pø‑qh‑n¹h¡‑pd‑n¸‑pIÄ a‑p¸X‑ns‑e‑m¶‑mb‑n N‑pc‑p¡‑ns‑bS‑p¯‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p

FU‑näÀ. t‑»‑mK‑v \‑neh‑ne‑nÃ‑m¯ N‑pc‑p¡‑w Z‑nhk§f‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIf‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p I‑q«‑nt‑¨À¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

CX‑mW‑v {‑KÙ¯‑ns‑â H¶‑m‑w`‑mK‑w. cï‑m‑w`‑mK¯‑v K‑mÀU‑nb³‑, H_‑vkÀhÀ F¶‑o ]{‑X§f‑n t‑\ c‑n«‑p {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨ht‑b‑m Ahb‑ps‑S t‑»‑mK‑n H‑m¬s‑s‑e\‑mb‑n {‑] k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨ht‑b‑m Bb a‑p¸¯‑na‑q¶‑p t‑eJ\§f‑mW‑pÅX‑v. {‑]ik‑vXc‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob I‑mc‑yh‑nZK‑v[c‑pa‑mb ] {‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w t‑I‑mfa‑nÌ‑pIf‑p‑w Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑pa‑mW‑v Chb‑n a‑n¡X‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑nb‑n«‑pÅX‑v. X‑mc‑nJ‑v Ae‑n‑, {‑_b‑m³ h‑nt‑ä¡À‑, Cb‑m³ »‑m¡‑v‑, t‑Pk¬_À¡‑v‑, ]¦P‑v a‑n{‑i F¶‑n§s‑\ \a‑p¡‑p ]c‑nN‑nXc‑mb ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑p‑w DÄs‑¸S‑p¶‑p C¡‑q«¯‑nÂ.

I‑nc‑mXs‑a¶‑pXs‑¶ h‑nf‑n¡‑mh‑p¶ GI‑m[‑n]X‑y `cWI‑qS§Ä \‑ne\‑n¶ S‑pW‑oj‑y. C‑uP‑n]‑nX‑v‑, e‑n_‑nb‑, k‑nd‑nb‑, s‑ba³‑, AÄP‑oc‑nb‑, _ld‑n³ F¶‑o c‑mP‑y§f‑n \ S¶ Ad_‑v hk´‑w‑, a‑pø‑qh‑n¹h‑w F¶‑o h‑nf‑nt‑¸c‑pIÄ h‑oW P\I‑ob c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob{‑]t‑£‑m`§f‑ps‑S s‑s‑Z\‑wZ‑n\ (a‑n\‑n«‑pIf‑ps‑S t‑]‑me‑p‑w k‑q£‑vaXb‑pÅ‑) Nc‑n{‑Xa‑mb‑n C‑u t‑»‑mK‑pIf‑p‑w t‑eJ\§f‑p‑w a‑md‑p¶‑p.

Hc‑p ]{‑X-‑w AX‑ns‑â c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b-d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑w-K‑n ]‑peÀ¯‑p¶ \‑nX‑m´-P‑m-{‑K-Xb‑p‑w h‑naÀi-\‑m-ß-I-a‑mb DÄ¡‑m-g‑vNb‑p‑w hk‑vX‑p-X‑m-]-c-a‑mb

(43) k‑q£‑va-Xb‑p‑w s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶ cN-\-IÄ. Ad_‑v hk-´-¯‑ns‑â c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-bh‑p‑w k¼-Z‑vi‑m-k‑v{‑Xh‑p‑w aX‑mß-I-Xb‑p‑w AX‑p-hg‑n k‑w`-h‑n¨ at‑[‑yj‑y³ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob`‑qa‑n-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-¯‑ns‑â ]‑p\À{‑[‑p-h‑o-I-c-Wh‑p‑w a‑m{‑X-aà ]S‑nª‑m-d‑ns‑â CS-s‑]-Se‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S k‑z‑m[‑o-\-h‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ ad-\‑o¡‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶ Nc‑n-{‑X-t‑c-J-I-f‑mb‑n Ch-a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p.

2010 U‑nk‑w-_À 30\‑v K‑mÀU‑nb³ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À {‑_b‑m³ h‑nt‑ä¡À Fg‑pX‑nb t‑»‑mK‑ne‑mW‑v X‑pS-

¡‑w. "C‑ub‑mg‑vNb‑ns‑e¶Ã C‑u hÀj¯‑nÂXs‑¶ at‑[‑yj‑yb‑nÂ\‑n¶‑pï‑mb Gäh‑p‑w he‑pX‑p‑w {‑][‑m\s‑¸«X‑pa‑mb h‑mÀ¯' F¶ \‑neb‑n {‑_b‑m³, S‑pW‑oj‑yb‑n X‑pS¡a‑n« c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob {‑]t‑£‑m`s‑¯ AhXc‑n¸‑n¨‑p. s‑_³Ae‑nb‑ps‑S GI‑m[‑n] X‑y`cW¯‑ns‑\X‑ns‑c cï‑mg‑vNb‑mb‑n c‑mP‑y¯‑pS\‑of‑w \S¡‑p¶ P\I‑ob {‑]t‑£‑m`¯‑ns‑â X‑pS¡‑w {‑_b‑m³ Is‑ï¯‑p¶‑p. k‑nU‑n_‑uk‑nZ‑v

The Arab Spring: Rebellion, revolution, and a new world order Editor: Toby Manhire Guardian Books 2012

]«W¯‑ns‑e _‑nc‑pZ[‑mc‑nb‑p‑w s‑X‑mg‑nÂcl‑nX\‑pa‑mb a‑pl½Z‑v _h‑mk‑nk‑n F¶ Cc‑p]¯‑md‑pI‑mc³ P‑oh‑nXs‑¨eh‑pIs‑ï¯‑m\‑mb‑n s‑Xc‑ph‑n ]g§f‑p‑w ]¨¡d‑nIf‑p‑w h‑n¡‑ms‑\¯‑n. a‑pl½Z‑n\‑v I¨hS‑w s‑N¿‑m³ s‑s‑ek³k‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nà F¶ I‑mcW‑w ]dª‑v t‑]‑me‑ok‑v Ab‑ms‑f ]‑nS‑nI‑qS‑n. ]g§f‑p‑w ]¨¡d‑nIf‑p‑w ]‑nS‑ns‑¨S‑p¯‑p. \‑nc‑mi\‑p‑w t‑c‑mj‑mI‑pe\‑pa‑mb a‑pl½Z‑v k‑zb‑w X‑os‑I‑mf‑p¯‑n ac‑n¨‑p.

At‑X¯‑pSÀ¶‑v ]«W¯‑n Ie‑m] a‑mc‑w`‑n¨‑p. "s‑X‑mg‑ne‑nÃ‑mb‑vab‑p‑w Z‑mc‑n{‑Z‑yh‑p‑w X\‑n¡‑p aS‑p¯‑p' F¶‑ph‑nf‑n¨‑p]dª‑ps‑I‑mï‑v as‑ä‑mc‑p s‑Nd‑p¸¡‑mc³ CeI‑v{‑S‑nI‑v Shd‑n Ibd‑n s‑s‑hZ‑y‑pX‑mL‑m-Xt‑a¸‑n¨‑v BßlX‑ys‑Nb‑vX‑p.

P\§Ä t‑]‑me‑ok‑v h‑ml\§f‑p‑w t‑]‑me‑ok‑v t‑Ìj\‑p‑w `cWI£‑nb‑ps‑S H‑m^‑ok‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ X‑ob‑n«‑p. t‑]‑me‑ok‑v s‑hS‑nhb‑v]‑n BZ‑yZ‑nhk‑w Hc‑mf‑p‑w X‑pSÀ¶‑pÅ Z‑nhk§f‑n Cc‑p]X‑pt‑] c‑p‑w s‑I‑mÃs‑¸«‑p. Hc‑mg‑vNb‑v¡‑pÅ‑n XeØ‑m\a‑mb S‑y‑qW‑nk‑nt‑e¡‑v Ie‑m]‑w ]SÀ¶‑p.

89.6 iXa‑m\‑w t‑h‑m«‑p t‑\ S‑n(Ak‑w_Ô`‑qc‑n]£‑wþAbsud majority F¶‑mW‑v K‑mÀU‑nb³ ] {‑X‑w C‑u iXa‑m\s‑¯ h‑nf‑n¡‑p¶X‑v‑) A[‑nI‑mc¯‑ns‑e¯‑nb s‑_³ Ae‑ns‑¡X‑ns‑c Z‑mc‑n{‑Z‑y‑w‑, s‑X‑mg‑ne‑nÃ‑mb‑va‑, h‑ne¡bä‑w‑, Ag‑naX‑n‑, kÀh‑m[‑n]X‑y‑w X‑pS§‑nbhs‑I‑mï‑p s‑]‑md‑pX‑na‑p«‑nb P\§Ä \S¯‑nb h‑n¹ha‑mb‑n S‑pW‑nj‑y³ Ie‑m]‑w a‑md‑n. X‑pSÀ¶t‑§‑m«‑v S‑z‑näd‑ne‑p‑w aä‑p k‑ma‑ql‑ya‑m[‑ya§f‑ne‑p‑w B{‑^‑n¡³‑, at‑[‑yj‑y³ c‑mP‑y§f‑n \‑n¶‑v a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑p‑w k‑m[‑mcW¡‑mc‑p‑w \‑nc´cab¨ kt‑µi§f‑n \‑n¶‑v Ad_‑vhk´¯‑ns‑â Ubd‑n¡‑pd‑n¸‑pIÄ t‑]‑me‑pff Nc‑n{‑X‑w \‑nÀ½‑ns‑¨S‑p¡‑pIb‑mW‑v t‑S‑m_‑n a‑m³s‑s‑lÀ. 2010 U‑nk‑w_À 30 \‑v S‑pW‑nj‑yb‑n \‑n¶‑p X‑pS§‑p¶ C‑u Nc‑n{‑X‑w 2011 U‑nk‑w_À 19 \‑v k‑nd‑nbb‑n Ahk‑m\‑n¡‑p¶‑p. \ ha‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S k‑ma‑ql‑y CSs‑] S t‑ij‑n a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n S‑z‑näÀ h‑n¹h‑w‑, t‑^k‑v_‑p¡‑v h‑n¹h‑w‑, h‑n¡‑ne‑oI‑vk‑v h‑n¹h‑w Fs‑¶‑ms‑¡ h‑nt‑ij‑n¸‑n¡s‑¸«‑p‑, Ad_‑vhk´‑w.

AÂPk‑od s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑mW‑v k‑ ma‑ql‑ya‑m[‑ya§s‑ft‑¸‑ms‑e Xs‑¶ {‑I‑nb‑mßIh‑p‑w ka{‑Kh‑p‑w h‑n]‑peh‑pa‑mb‑n a‑pø‑q h‑n¹h¯‑ns‑â KX‑n \‑nÀ®b‑n¨ as‑ä‑mc‑p a‑m[‑ya‑w.

Pq¬ 2013

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a‑nU‑n C‑uÌ‑v s‑s‑eh‑v t‑»‑mK‑v

S‑pW‑nj‑y a‑pX C‑uP‑n]‑vX‑v hs‑cb‑pff c‑mP‑y§f‑ns‑e P\I‑ob {‑]t‑£‑m`§Ä¡‑p ]‑n¶‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨ Gäh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\s‑¸« k‑ma‑ql‑y N‑meIià‑n s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑n{‑]Ø‑m\§f‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

S‑z‑näd‑p‑w t‑^k‑v_‑p¡‑pa‑pÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pff k‑ma‑ql‑ya‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S k‑z‑m[‑o\ià‑ns‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑p h‑mN‑mec‑mI‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya§Ä‑, s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑n k‑wLS\IÄ Cc‑pc‑mP‑y§f‑ne‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑y {‑] Ø‑m\§Ä¡‑p k‑rj‑vS‑n¨‑p \ÂI‑nb A´c‑o£‑w I‑mW‑ms‑X t‑]‑mb‑n. 2004 a‑pXe‑pff \‑me‑phÀj‑w a‑m{‑X‑w C‑uP‑n]‑vX‑n 17 e£‑w s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nIÄ ]s‑¦S‑p¯ 1900 e[‑nI‑w ]W‑na‑pS¡‑p kac§f‑pï‑mb‑n. "s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nIÄ a\‑pj‑yc‑mW‑v F¶ X‑nc‑n¨d‑nh‑pï‑m¡‑m\‑mW‑v X§Ä ]W‑na‑pS¡‑p¶X‑v' F¶ Hc‑p s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nb‑ps‑S h‑m¡‑pIÄ t‑eJIÀ D²c‑n¡‑p¶‑p. cï‑m‑w `‑mK¯‑pff t‑eJ\§Ä a‑n¡X‑p‑w Ad_‑vhk´¯‑ns‑â k‑q£‑va c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob§Ä ad\‑o¡‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶hb‑mW‑v.

S‑pW‑nj‑y³ Ie‑m]‑w c‑mP‑yXeØ‑m\ t‑¯¡‑p h‑y‑m]‑n¨ BZ‑yZ‑nhk§f‑n Xs‑¶(P\‑phc‑n 13 \‑v‑) K‑mÀU‑nb³ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v ka‑ns‑_³ l‑mk‑n\‑ns‑â t‑eJ\‑w {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨‑p. a‑pø‑q h‑n¹h¯‑nt‑e¡‑v X‑m\‑pÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pff S‑pW‑nj‑y¡‑mÀ F´‑ps‑I‑mï‑p hg‑nX‑nc‑nª‑ps‑h¶X‑ns‑â BßIY\‑w. e‑n_‑nb³ t‑\‑mhe‑nÌ‑mb l‑nj‑m‑w a‑mXÀ S‑pW‑nj‑y e‑n_‑nb³ P\X¡‑p Pq¬ 2013

a‑mÀKZÀiIa‑mb‑n Fs‑¶g‑pX‑p¶‑p‑, P\‑phc‑n 22 \‑v. K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â h‑nt‑Zi{‑]X‑n\‑n[‑n s‑P‑m\‑mY‑m³ Ì‑oÂ‑, s‑Ib‑vt‑d‑m {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑n P‑m¡‑v s‑j¦À X‑pS§‑nbhc‑ps‑S h‑niIe\§Ä X‑pSÀ¶‑phc‑p¶‑p. Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob \‑nc‑o£Ic‑pa‑mb ]¦P‑v a‑n{‑i‑, a‑md‑n\s‑s‑lU‑v‑, X‑mc‑nJ‑v Ae‑n‑, K‑mÀU‑nb³ {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑nIt‑f‑m t‑I‑mfs‑ag‑p¯‑pI‑mt‑c‑m Bb Ae³ h‑nt‑ä¡À‑, k‑oak‑v a‑nÂs‑\‑, t‑P‑mÀP‑v t‑I‑m¬_‑nt‑b‑m«‑v‑, Cb‑m³ »‑m¡‑v‑, t‑Pk¬ _À¡‑v‑, \‑y‑qt‑Ìä‑vk‑va³ FU‑näÀ s‑al‑vZ‑nlk³‑, t‑\‑m_ k½‑m\‑w t‑\S‑nb s‑ba\‑n ]

{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I Xh¡‑p IÀa³ F¶‑n§s‑\ \‑nch[‑n t‑]c‑ps‑S h‑niIe\§Ä C‑u `‑mK¯‑pï‑v. kÀh‑m[‑n]X‑y `cW§Ä a‑pX P\‑m[‑n]X‑y {‑]t‑£‑m`§Ä hs‑c; CÉ‑ma‑nI aXa‑ue‑nIh‑mZ‑w a‑pX a‑m[‑ya CSs‑]Se‑pIÄ hs‑c; XIÀ¶ k¼Z‑vLS\ a‑pX s‑X‑mg‑n kac§Ä hs‑cþAd_‑vhk´¯‑ns‑â c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob‑m]{‑KY\a‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p‑, H‑mt‑c‑m t‑eJ\h‑p‑w. cs‑ï®‑w a‑m{‑X‑w k‑qN‑n¸‑n¡‑m‑w.

Fd‑nI‑ve‑o‑, s‑_³ ba‑n³ h‑n³X‑mÄ F¶‑nhÀ t‑NÀs‑¶g‑pX‑nb "s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑n k‑wLS\IÄ: bY‑mÀY h‑n¹h k‑ma‑ql‑y a‑m[‑ya§Ä' F¶ t‑eJ\a‑mW‑v H¶‑v. S‑pW‑nj‑y a‑pX C‑uP‑n]‑vX‑v hs‑cb‑pff c‑mP‑y§f‑ns‑e P\I‑ob {‑]t‑£‑m`§Ä¡‑p ]‑n¶‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨ Gäh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\s‑¸« k‑ma‑ql‑y N‑meIià‑n s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑n{‑] Ø‑m\§f‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑ps‑h¶‑v t‑eJIÀ Is‑ï¯‑p¶‑p. S‑z‑näd‑p‑w t‑^k‑v_‑p¡‑pa‑pÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pff k‑ma‑ql‑ya‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S k‑z‑m[‑o\ ià‑ns‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑p h‑mN‑mec‑mI‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya§Ä‑, s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑n k‑wLS\ IÄ Cc‑pc‑mP‑y§f‑ne‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n] X‑y {‑]Ø‑m\§Ä¡‑p k‑rj‑vS‑n¨‑p \ÂI‑nb A´c‑o£‑w I‑mW‑ms‑X t‑]‑mb‑n. 2004 a‑pXe‑pff \‑me‑phÀj‑w

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a‑m{‑X‑w C‑uP‑n]‑vX‑n 17 e£‑w s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nIÄ ]s‑¦S‑p¯ 1900 e[‑nI‑w ]W‑na‑pS¡‑p kac§f‑pï‑mb‑n. "s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nIÄ a\‑pj‑yc‑mW‑v F¶ X‑nc‑n¨d‑nh‑pï‑m¡‑m\‑mW‑v X§Ä ]W‑na‑pS¡‑p¶X‑v' F¶ Hc‑p s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nb‑ps‑S h‑m¡‑pIÄ t‑eJIÀ D²c‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

X‑pW‑na‑nÃ‑pIÄ‑, \‑nÀa‑mW‑, KX‑mKX‑, `£‑yk‑wk‑vIcW t‑aJeIÄ X‑pS§‑n s‑Ib‑vt‑d‑m s‑as‑{‑S‑mhs‑c GX‑p c‑wK¯‑p‑w s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nIÄ X§f‑ps‑S P‑oh‑nX\‑neh‑mc¯‑ns‑â XIÀ¨ N‑qï‑n¡‑m«‑n kac‑w \ S¯‑n. C‑u kac§Ä X‑pS¡¯‑n AS‑n¨aÀ¯‑nb s‑_³Ae‑nb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w a‑p_‑md¡‑ns‑âb‑p‑w `cWI‑qS§Ä¡‑v e£¡W¡‑n\‑v s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nIf‑ps‑S k‑wLS‑nX {‑]t‑£‑m`¯‑n\‑p a‑p¶‑n a‑p«‑paSt‑¡ï‑n h¶‑p. `cWI‑qS¯‑ns‑\ X‑ns‑c a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob CÉ‑ma‑ns‑\ X‑ns‑cb‑p‑w AW‑n\‑nct‑¡ï‑n h¶‑p Ch‑nS§f‑ns‑e s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑n k‑wLS\ IÄ¡‑v. 1979þ80 I‑me¯‑v t‑]‑mfï‑n \S¶ t‑k‑mf‑nU‑mc‑nä‑n a‑pt‑¶ä¯‑n\‑p ka‑m\a‑mW‑v ]eXe§f‑ne‑p‑w C‑u {‑]Ø‑m\s‑a¶‑p‑w t‑eJIÀ \‑nc‑o£‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

AÂPk‑od C‑w¥‑oj‑v N‑m\

e‑ns‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑mW‑v t‑P‑m¬ ¹¦ä‑p‑w t‑P‑mj‑v l‑mf‑nt‑Ub‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑p¶X‑v.

1996þ Ad_‑nI‑v `‑mjb‑n Bc‑w`‑n¨ AÂPk‑od‑, 2006  Bc‑w`‑n¨ AÂþPk‑od C‑w¥‑oj‑v F¶‑o N‑m\e‑pIÄ t‑e‑mIa‑m[‑ya c‑wKs‑¯ At‑ac‑n¡³ `cWI‑qSþt‑I‑mÀ¸t‑dä‑v I‑p¯Is‑¡X‑ns‑c \‑mf‑nX‑phs‑c DbÀ¶‑ph¶ Gäh‑p‑w {‑]k‑n²a‑mb _Z a‑m[‑yak‑wk‑vI‑mca‑mb‑mW‑v Ic‑pXs‑¸S‑p¶X‑v. At‑ac‑n¡b‑pÄs‑¸s‑S \‑qd‑p c‑mP‑y§f‑ns‑e Cc‑p]¯‑ncï‑p t‑I‑mS‑n h‑oS‑pIf‑n AÂþPk‑od C‑w¥‑oj‑v N‑m\ e`‑n¡‑p¶‑p. H¶‑m‑w KÄ^‑v b‑p²¯‑n k‑n.F³.F³ \‑nÀa‑n¨ At‑ac‑n¡³ A\‑pI‑qe h‑mÀ¯‑mc‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob‑w cï‑m‑w KÄ^‑v b‑p²¯‑n AÂþPk‑od A«‑nad‑n¨‑p.

Cd‑mJ‑v‑, A^‑vK‑m³ b‑p²§f‑ne‑p‑w C‑u Nc‑n{‑X‑w BhÀ¯‑n¨t‑X‑ms‑S At‑ac‑n¡b‑ps‑S H¶‑m‑w\¼À i{‑X‑p¡f‑ns‑e‑m¶‑mb‑n AÂþPk‑od a‑md‑n. Ad_‑vhk´¯‑ne‑p‑w hl‑n¨‑p C‑u N‑m\ Nc‑n{‑X] ca‑mb Z‑uX‑y§Ä. J¯À `cWI‑qS¯‑ns‑â clk‑y]‑n´‑pW AÂþPk‑od¡‑ps‑ï¶ IYIÄ N‑m\ \‑nt‑j[‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑n\‑v Cb‑m³ »‑m¡‑v

Fg‑pX‑nb AhX‑mc‑nIb‑n ]db‑p ¶X‑pt‑]‑ms‑e‑, k‑z´‑w k‑z]‑v\§Ä a‑m{‑X‑w Bb‑p[a‑m¡‑n k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w t‑a‑ml‑n¨ P\§Ä ]‑mÀes‑aâd‑n P\‑m[‑n]X‑y‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑ph¨‑v GI‑m[‑n] X‑y `cWI‑qS§Äs‑¡X‑ns‑c \ S¯‑nb h‑n¹ha‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p a‑n¡h‑md‑p‑w c‑mP‑y§f‑n \S¶X‑v; N‑nt‑eS§f‑ns‑e¦‑ne‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob CÉ‑ma‑ns‑â s‑s‑IIf‑nt‑e¡‑v h‑n¹h‑m\´c c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob‑w F¯‑ns‑¸«‑n«‑ps‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w.

Cc‑p]s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑n t‑e‑mIc‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob `‑q]S‑w a‑mä‑nhc¨ a‑pø‑q h‑n¹h¯‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑X t‑cJIs‑f¶ \‑neb‑nt‑e¡‑v Hc‑p ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â t‑»‑mK‑v ] c‑nWa‑ns‑¨¯‑p¶X‑ns‑â K‑w`‑oc a‑mX‑rIb‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ‑w. aeb‑mf] {‑X§Ä¡‑v C¯cs‑a‑mc‑p t‑\«‑w k‑z]‑v\‑w I‑mW‑m³ Ig‑nb‑ps‑a¦‑n AX‑pXs‑¶ he‑nb t‑\«a‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com

Pq¬ 2013

(46) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

Becoming a Public Relations Writer

Ronald D. Smith Routledge 432 pages; Price: Rs. 3901

Becoming a Public Relations Writer is a comprehensive guide to the writing process for public relations practice. Using straightforward, no-nonsense language, realistic examples, easy-to-follow steps and practical exercises, this text introduces the various formats and styles of writing you will encounter as a public relations practitioner.

A focus on ethical and legal issues is woven throughout, with examples and exercises addressing public relations as practiced by corporations, nonprofit agencies, and other types of organizations both large and small. In addition, the book offers the most comprehensive list of public relations writing formats to be found anywhere--from the standard news release to electronic mail and other opportunities using a variety of technologies and media.

PqÂŹ 2013

Content analysis

Global Media Ethics

Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology is a definitive sourcebook of the history and core principles of content analysis as well as an essential resource for present and future studies. The book introduces readers to ways of analyzing meaningful matter such as texts, images, voices – that is, data whose physical manifestations are secondary to the meanings that a particular population of people brings to them. Organized into three parts, the book examines the conceptual and methodological aspects of content analysis and also traces several paths through content analysis protocols. The book also includes a practical guide that incorporates experiences in teaching and how to advise academic and commercial researchers. In addition, Krippendorff clarifies the epistemology and logic of content analysis as well as the methods for achieving its aims.

Global Media Ethics is a cross-cultural exploration of the conceptual and practical issues facing media ethics in a global world. Focusing on the ethical concepts, principles, and questions in an era of major change, this unique textbook explores the aims and norms that should guide the publication of stories that impact across borders, and which affect a globallylinked, pluralistic world. Through case studies, analysis of emerging practices, and theoretical discussion, a team of leading journalism and communication experts investigate the impact of major global trends on responsible journalism and lead readers to better understand changes in media ethics. Chapters look at how these changes promote or inhibit responsible journalism, how such changes challenge existing standards, and how media ethics can develop to take account of global news media.

Klaus Krippendorff SAGE 413 pages; Price Rs. 4247

Editor: Stephen J. A. Ward John Wiley & Sons, 2013 344 pages; Price: Rs. 2576

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\yqkv s\äv C.]n.jmPpZo³ BtKmf am[yacwKs¯ ]pXnb {]hWXIfpw hmÀ¯Ifpw a\Ênem¡m\pXIpó anI¨ aoUnb sh_vsskäpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wàn. am[yacwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ¡pw am[yahnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse {]tbmP\{]Zambncn¡pw Cu sskäpIfnð \nópw e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä.

s‑\ä‑v hÀ-¡‑vU‑v

s‑\ä‑v hÀ-¡‑vU‑v s‑k‑ms‑s‑kä‑n H‑m^‑v {‑]^jW t‑PWe‑nÌ‑vk‑v (Fk‑v.]‑n.s‑P‑)Ahc‑ps‑S s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑nt‑\‑ms‑S‑m¸‑w \S¯‑p¶ t‑»‑mK‑v BW‑v- s‑\ä‑v hÀ¡‑vU‑v. (http://blogs.spjnetwork.org/ tech‑). a‑m[‑ya c‑wKs‑¯ k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑nZ‑ys‑b ]ä‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Is‑c t‑_‑m[he‑vIc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v- s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â e£‑y‑w.Fk‑v.]‑n.s‑Pb‑ps‑S U‑nP‑nä a‑oU‑nb‑m I½‑nä‑nb‑mW‑v- CX‑ns‑â \ S¯‑n¸‑pI‑mÀ. Fk‑v.]‑n.s‑Ps‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑v C‑u t‑I‑mf¯‑n a‑p³]‑v ] c‑maÀi‑n¨‑n«‑pÅX‑mW‑v-. ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\ t‑aJeb‑n I‑qS‑pXe‑mb‑n D] t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶ k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑nZ‑yIÄ k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v hfs‑c h‑nÚ‑m\{‑]Zh‑p‑w {‑]‑mt‑b‑mK‑nI Ad‑nh‑pIf‑pÅX‑pa‑mb t‑»‑mK‑v BW‑nX‑v. a‑m[‑ya c‑wK¯‑v A\‑pZ‑n\‑w Dï‑mI‑p¶ k‑mt‑¦X‑nI hfÀ¨s‑b C‑u s‑s‑kä‑n \‑n¶‑p a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m‑w.2007 t‑ab‑v a‑pXe‑pÅ DÅS¡‑w CX‑ns‑â BÀs‑s‑¡h‑vk‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑n e`‑ya‑mW‑v-. 31 h‑n`‑mK§f‑ne‑mb‑n CX‑ns‑e DÅS¡‑w h‑n`P‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. CX‑n ^‑y‑q¨À H‑m^‑v a‑oU‑nb‑, t‑PWe‑nk‑w FP‑qt‑¡j³‑, s‑a‑ms‑s‑_ U‑ns‑s‑hkk‑v‑, s‑s‑dä‑n§‑v t‑^‑mÀ Z‑v s‑h_‑v X‑pS§‑nb h‑n`‑mK§Ä {‑] t‑b‑mP\{‑]Za‑m-W‑v-. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ t‑aJes‑bb‑p‑w CX‑ns‑e ]‑pX‑nb k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑yIs‑fb‑p‑w Bg¯‑n a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m³ B{‑Kl‑n¡‑p¶hÀ¡‑v hfs‑c {‑]t‑b‑mP\{‑]Za‑mW‑v- C‑u s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v.

S‑o¨‑n‑wK‑v H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑PW-e‑nk‑w

t‑PWe‑nÌ‑vk‑v S‑qÄI‑nä‑v F¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v a‑p³]‑v C‑u t‑I‑mf¯‑n ]c‑nNbs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. C‑u s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â Ø‑m]Ib‑mb a‑n³U‑n aI‑v BU‑wk‑v H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑PWe‑nk‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ t‑»‑mK‑v BW‑v- S‑o¨‑n‑wK‑v H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑PWenk‑w (http://mindymcadams.com/tojou‑). H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑PWe‑nk‑w F§s‑\ ]T‑n¸‑n¡‑m‑w F¶X‑mW‑v- CX‑ns‑e DÅS¡‑w. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ib‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\ A[‑y‑m]‑nIb‑pa‑mb a‑n³U‑n hfs‑c Bg¯‑ne‑pÅ ]T\‑w C‑u t‑»‑mK‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n s‑Nb‑vX‑n«‑pï‑v.

AX‑n\‑m Xs‑¶ hfs‑c {‑] t‑b‑mP\{‑]Zh‑pa‑mW‑v- C‑u t‑»‑mK‑v.

16 h‑n`‑mK§f‑ne‑mb‑mW‑v- CX‑ns‑e DÅS¡‑w. H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑PWe‑nk‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ C‑u h‑n`‑mK§f{‑Xb‑p‑w \‑nch[‑n t‑eJ\§Ä s‑I‑mï‑p‑w ]T\ k‑ma{‑K‑nIÄ s‑I‑mï‑p‑w k¼¶a‑mW‑v-. [‑mc‑mf‑w k‑ne_k‑pIÄ a‑n³U‑n CX‑n \e‑vI‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v.

CX‑v A[‑y‑m]IÀ¡‑v {‑]t‑b‑mP\ Ica‑mW‑v-. a‑m{‑Xh‑paÃ‑, GX‑mï‑v FÃ‑m Bg‑vNb‑p‑w CX‑n ]‑pX‑nb DÅS¡‑w I‑q«‑nt‑¨À¡‑p¶‑p. CX‑p I‑qS‑ms‑X H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑PWe‑nk‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc§Ä aä‑p {‑]k‑n²‑oIcW§f‑n h¶X‑v CX‑n e‑n¦‑mb‑n \e‑vI‑p¶‑pa‑pï‑v.

X‑me‑v]c‑ya‑pÅhÀ¡‑v CX‑n cP‑nÌÀ s‑Nb‑vX‑m Cs‑ab‑v-e‑n ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc§f‑p‑w s‑s‑kä‑v k‑w_Ô‑n¨ Ad‑nb‑n¸‑pIf‑p‑w I‑n«‑p‑w.

]»‑nj‑n‑wK‑v2.0

a‑m[‑yac‑wKs‑¯b‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯Is‑fb‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\s‑¯b‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑y F§s‑\ a‑mä‑nad‑n¡‑p¶‑ps‑h¶ \‑nc‑o£Wa‑mW‑vC‑u s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â DÅS¡‑w. h‑ne‑mk‑w: http://publishing2.com k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v I‑mÀ]‑v‑, t‑d‑m_ÀS‑v b‑wK‑v F¶‑nhc‑mW‑v- s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â ]‑n¶‑n {‑] hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑y‑m hfÀ¨ k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v hfs‑cb[‑nI‑w h‑nÚ‑m\‑w \‑ndª t‑»‑mK‑v BW‑nX‑v. 52 h‑njb§f‑ne‑mb‑mW‑vCX‑ns‑e DÅS¡§Ä. k‑m[‑mcW s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIÄ ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â Gs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p t‑aJes‑b a‑m{‑X‑w e£‑y‑w hb‑v¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ C‑u s‑s‑kä‑n h‑nh‑n[ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ t‑aJeIf‑ns‑e k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑yb‑m¬ s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. CX‑n s‑h_‑v 2‑, Iïâ‑v U‑nk‑v{‑S‑n_‑y‑qj³‑, e‑n¦‑v t‑PWe‑nk‑w‑, a‑oU‑ob‑m ¹‑mä‑vt‑^‑m‑wk‑v‑, H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ ]»‑nj‑n§‑v X‑pS§‑nbh a‑nI¨ DÅS¡§f‑mW‑v-. GX‑mï‑v FÃ‑m Bg‑vNb‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb DÅS¡‑w t‑NÀ¡‑p¶‑p. s‑s‑kä‑n cP‑nÌÀ s‑Nb‑vX‑m \‑y‑q-k‑vs‑e-äÀ Cs‑ab‑v-e‑n I‑n-«‑p‑w. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

k‑zX{‑´ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w A\nhmcyw: h‑nt‑\‑mZ‑v iÀa

t‑I‑mg‑nt‑¡‑mS‑v: P\‑m[‑n]X‑yc‑mP‑y¯‑v k‑zX{‑´ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w AX‑y´‑mt‑]£‑nXa‑ms‑W¶‑v l‑nµ‑pØ‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑obI‑mc‑y ]{‑X‑m[‑n]À h‑nt‑\‑mZ‑v iÀa ]dª‑p. t‑Icf {‑] k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑nIÄ¡‑mb‑n \S¯‑nb ‑"]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â `‑mh‑n‑' ]T\I‑y‑m¼‑n k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w.

Ad‑nh‑mW‑v ià‑ns‑b¶‑v h‑ni‑zk‑n¡‑p¶hc‑mW‑v \½Ä. k‑zX{‑´ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑pXs‑¶ {‑][‑m\‑yt‑ad‑nbX‑mW‑v. ]{‑Xa‑m[‑ya§Ä s‑]‑mX‑pP\§f‑ps‑S A`‑n{‑]‑mbc‑q] hX‑vIcW¯‑n\‑v CSb‑m¡‑p¶‑pï‑v.

AS‑p¯ X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¸‑n \‑n§s‑f Bc‑v {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑oIc‑n¡W‑w F¶ X‑oc‑pa‑m\s‑¯hs‑c CX‑v k‑z‑m[‑o\‑n¡‑p¶‑ps‑h¶‑p‑w h‑nt‑\‑mZ‑v iÀa ]dª‑p. ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â h‑mb\¡‑mc‑ps‑S k‑ma‑ql‑nI k‑m¼¯‑nI \‑neh‑mc‑w Fs‑´¶‑v s‑hf‑ns‑¸S‑p¯Ws‑a¶‑v Bhi‑ys‑¸S‑p¶ ] ck‑yh‑nXcW¡‑mc‑pï‑v. k‑z´‑w h‑mb\¡‑ms‑c ]ck‑y¯‑n\‑pt‑hï‑n Xc‑wX‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v h‑mb\¡‑mt‑c‑mS‑pÅ A]c‑m[a‑mW‑v. h‑mÀ¯If‑ne‑p‑w Ct‑X ]£]‑mX‑nX‑z‑w {‑]ISa‑mW‑v.

UÂl‑nb‑n k¼¶À X‑mak‑n¡‑p¶ Z£‑nWUÂl‑nb‑n Bs‑c¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑I‑mÃs‑¸«‑m AX‑v ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S Pq¬ 2013

H¶‑m‑wt‑]P‑n hc‑p‑w. F¶‑mÂ‑, X‑ms‑g¡‑nSb‑ne‑pÅhÀ X‑mak‑n¡‑p¶ hS¡³ UÂl‑nb‑ne‑pÅhÀ¡‑mW‑v Ct‑X A\‑p`h‑w h¶s‑X¦‑n ] {‑X§f‑ps‑S DÄt‑]P‑ne‑mW‑v {‑] X‑y£s‑¸S‑pIs‑b¶‑p‑wAt‑±l‑w ] dª‑p. aeb‑mf ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑pa‑mb‑pÅ Bß_Ôh‑p‑w aeb‑mf]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\c‑wKs‑¯ k‑w_Ô‑n¨ \‑nc‑o£W§f‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]¦‑ps‑h¨‑p. t‑I‑mk‑v-t‑a‑ms‑]‑mf‑nä³ \Kc§f‑ns‑e ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\h‑pa‑mb‑n X‑mcXa‑y‑w s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ t‑Icf¯‑n I‑pd¨‑pI‑qS‑n AS‑nØ‑m\]ca‑mb h‑mÀ¯IÄ \ ÂI‑p¶‑pï‑v. h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑pt‑hï‑n ]W‑w s‑Nehg‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w Ø‑m]\§Ä¡‑v aS‑nb‑nà F¶X‑v A`‑n\µ\‑mÀla‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w h‑nt‑\‑mZ‑v iÀa A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. s‑ab‑v 4\‑v c‑mh‑ns‑e \S¶ NS§‑n s‑ka‑n\‑md‑ns‑â DZ‑vL‑mS\h‑p‑w h‑nt‑\‑mZ‑v iÀa \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑p. t‑Icf {‑] k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n. c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A[‑y£X hl‑n¨‑p. aeb‑mf at‑\‑mca FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb UbdÎÀ t‑X‑mak‑v t‑P¡_‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. h‑n.BÀ. AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w F³. c‑mt‑Pj‑v \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p. h‑nh‑n[ h‑njb§f‑n F. klt‑Zh³‑, s‑P. t‑K‑m]‑oI‑rj‑vW³ F¶‑nhÀ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. s‑ka‑n\‑mÀ R‑mbd‑mg‑vN ka‑m]‑n¡‑p‑w.

a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯IÀ [‑mÀa‑nIX s‑s‑Is‑hS‑nbc‑pX‑v: h‑nf\‑ne‑w ka‑ql¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w h‑yà‑nb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w AhI‑mi‑w k‑wc£‑n¡‑p¶X‑n a‑m[‑y a{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v \‑nÀW‑mbIa‑mb ]¦‑ps‑ï¶‑v t‑Icf kÀhIe‑mi‑me‑m a‑p³ s‑s‑hk‑v N‑m³keÀ t‑U‑m.s‑P.h‑n. h‑nf\‑ne‑w ]dª‑p. t‑PWe‑nk‑w h‑nZ‑y‑m ÀY‑nIÄ¡‑mb‑n t‑Icf {‑]Ê‑v A¡‑mZ a‑n k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨ i‑ne‑v]i‑meb‑n k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w.

P\§f‑ps‑S {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑nIf‑mb a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v \‑nÀ`ba‑mb‑p‑w kX‑y kÔa‑mb‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nb W‑w. h‑n]W‑nb‑ps‑S k½ÀZ‑w a‑m[‑ya{‑] hÀ¯\s‑¯ k‑z‑m[‑o\‑n¡‑p¶X‑v ka‑ql¯‑n Z‑qch‑y‑m]Ia‑mb {‑]X‑y‑m L‑mX‑w k‑rã‑n¡‑p‑w. `cWI‑qS¯‑ns‑â s‑Xä‑mb \S]S‑nIÄ X‑pd¶‑pI‑m«‑m³ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v k‑m[‑n¡W s‑a¶‑v h‑nf\‑ne‑w ]dª‑p. {‑]Ê‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³. ]‑n. c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A[‑y£X hl‑n¨‑p. e‑n‑wK\‑oX‑nb‑p‑w a‑m[‑yah‑p‑w F¶ h‑nj b¯‑n \S¶ NÀ¨b‑n s‑I.F. _‑o \‑, BÀ.]‑mÀhX‑nt‑Zh‑n‑, F³. k‑pk‑va‑n X F¶‑nhÀ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. A¡‑mZa‑n A‑wK§f‑mb F³. c‑mt‑Pj‑v‑, C.]‑n. j‑mP‑p±‑o³‑, A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.

BÀ. AP‑nX‑vI‑pa‑mÀ F¶‑nhÀ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p.

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{‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI t‑eJIÀ¡‑v ]T\I‑y‑m¼‑v \S¯‑n

X‑rÈ‑qÀ: a‑m[‑yac‑wKs‑¯ H‑u]N‑mc‑nI ]T\§Ä¡‑v D]c‑nb‑mb‑n h‑mÀ¯IÄ Is‑ï¯‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w Ah ef‑nXa‑mb‑n AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑pa‑pÅ Ig‑nh‑m W‑v a‑nI¨ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Is‑c k‑rã‑n ¡‑p¶s‑X¶‑v ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I³ s‑I.F‑w. t‑d‑mb‑v A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑ps‑S B`‑na‑pJ‑y¯‑n X‑rÈ‑qÀ‑, ae¸‑pd‑w‑, ]‑me¡‑mS‑v P‑nÃIf‑n Â\‑n¶‑pÅ {‑]t‑Zi‑nI ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯ IÀ-¡‑m-b‑n s‑a-b‑v 10‑, 11 X‑o-b-X‑n-I-f‑n k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨ Z‑z‑nZ‑n\ a‑m[‑ya]T\I‑y‑m ¼‑v a‑pf¦‑p¶¯‑pI‑mh‑v I‑ne H‑mU‑nt‑ä‑m d‑nb¯‑n DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑N¿‑pIb‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. a‑md‑ns‑¡‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑yac‑oX‑n Is‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w {‑]hWXIs‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p a‑pÅ ]c‑nÚ‑m\‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p s‑S {‑]hÀ¯\a‑nIh‑v hÀ[‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ DXI‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. a‑m[‑y at‑aJeb‑ns‑e h‑nh‑n[ c‑wK§f‑ns‑e k‑mt‑¦X‑nI a‑pt‑¶ä§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑v a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w \ÂI‑p¶X‑n\‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n h‑nh‑n[ ]T\I‑y‑m¼‑pIÄ k‑wLS‑n¸‑n

¨‑phc‑nIb‑ms‑W¶‑v t‑b‑mK¯‑n A[‑y £X hl‑n¨ {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀ a‑m³ F³.]‑n. c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ ]dª‑p.

A[‑nI‑mch‑nt‑I{‑µ‑oIcW {‑]hÀ¯ \§Ä k‑mÀ°Ia‑m¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya{‑]h À¯IÀ¡‑v {‑][‑m\ ]¦‑v hl‑n¡‑m\‑p s‑ï¶‑p‑w h‑nIk\{‑]hÀ¯\§Ä k‑mÀ°Ia‑m¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya CSs‑]S kl‑mbIa‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w Bi‑wk t‑\À ¶‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¨ I‑ne UbdÎÀ t‑U‑m. ]‑n.]‑n. _‑me³ ]dª‑p. {‑]k‑v ¢º‑v {‑]k‑nUâ‑v t‑P‑mb‑v F‑w. a®‑qÀ‑, I‑y‑m¼‑v t‑I‑mH‑mÀU‑nt‑\äÀ F³. c‑mt‑Pj‑v‑, {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ. AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ F¶‑nhÀ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. C³^À t‑aj³ ]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³k‑v t‑aJe‑m s‑U]‑y‑q«‑n UbdÎÀ h‑n.P‑n. t‑cW‑pI‑, {‑]k‑vA¡‑mZa‑n Ak‑n. s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³. ]‑n. kt‑´‑mj‑v F¶‑nhÀ ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑p. a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n {‑]t‑X‑yI t‑eJI³ s‑I. Fk‑v. h‑n]‑n\N{‑µ³‑, a‑wKf‑w FI‑v-k‑n.

FU‑näÀ F. kP‑oh³‑, t‑U‑m. H.s‑I. a‑pcf‑oI‑rj‑vW³ F¶‑nhÀ h‑nh‑n[ h‑njb§f‑n ¢‑ms‑kS‑p¯‑p. s‑s‑hI‑o«‑v \S¶ a‑pJ‑ma‑pJ¯‑n a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n

s‑U]‑y‑q«‑n FU‑näÀ F‑w.]‑n. k‑pt‑c{‑µ³‑, aeb‑mf at‑\‑mca t‑I‑m H‑mU‑nt‑\ä‑n§‑v FU‑näÀ ]‑n.F. I‑pc‑y‑mt‑¡‑mk‑v‑, C´‑y‑m h‑nj³ FU‑näÀ F‑w.]‑n. _j‑oÀ F¶‑nhÀ ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑p. a‑q¶‑v P‑nÃIf‑n Â\‑n¶‑mb‑n \‑qt‑d‑mf‑w {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI t‑eJ IÀ I‑y‑m¼‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑p. ka‑m]\ Z‑nhka‑mb i\‑nb‑mg‑vN t‑Zi‑m`‑na‑m\‑n N‑o^‑v \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑näÀ ]‑n.]‑n. A_‑q_ ¡À‑, at‑\‑mca N‑o^‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À P‑nt‑P‑m t‑P‑m¬ ]‑qt‑¯g¯‑v‑, h‑nhc‑mhI‑mi k‑wLS\‑m P-\.s‑k{‑I«d‑n AU‑z.

U‑n._‑n. _‑n\‑p F¶‑nhÀ ¢‑ms‑kS‑p¯‑p. ka‑m]\ kt‑½f\¯‑n AU‑z.

U‑n._‑n._‑n\‑p kÀ«‑n^‑n¡ä‑pIÄ h‑nXc W‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. A¡‑mZa‑n A-k‑n.s‑k{‑I «d‑n F³.]‑n.kt‑´‑mj‑v k‑z‑mKX‑w ]dª‑p.

aoUnb: amÀ¡änwKn\v Bsf Bhiyapïv tIcf {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²o IcW-amb aoUnbbpsS kÀ¡p-te j³ hÀ²n¸n¡póXn\pw amknI bv¡v ]cky§Ä Isï¯póXn\pw {]m]v-Xcmb hyànIÄ/Øm]\§ fnð \nópw At]£ £Wn¨p.

Cu cwKs¯ ]cn-Nbw, I½oj³ hyhØIÄ Fónh DÄtNÀó At]£ sk{I«dn, tIcf {]kv A¡m-Zan, Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n 682 030 Fó hnemk¯nð Pq¬ 15þ\ Iw Ab¨pXtcïXmWv. IqSpXð hnhc§Ä¡v t^m¬ þ 0484 2422275.

Csabnð mail@pressacademy.org.

PR Day Celebration - SYNERGIA’13 The students of Public Relations department of the Institute of Communication, Kerala Press Academy, organized a function to commemorate this on 26th April 2013.

The Chief Guest who graced the function was Mr. C.J.George, Chairman, CII, Kerala State Council and Managing Director, Geogit PNB PARIBAS Financial services Ltd. He spoke on the topic ‘Private Corporate Sector and Public Policy’ in forenoon session. This was followed by cultural programs in the afternoon.

The First All India Public

Relations Conference was organized in Delhi on April 21, 1968. The theme of the conference was the need of ‘Professional Approach’ in the practice of

Public Relations. National Public Relations Day is celebrated every year to highlight this aspect both among practitioners and students of Public relations.

Pq¬ 2013

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

U‑mc‑nð t‑IK‑nÄ kaI‑me‑o\ k‑w`hh‑nI‑mk§f‑n At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e a‑m[‑ya§Ä H_‑mab‑vs‑¡X‑ns‑c c‑q£ h‑naÀi\a‑pbÀ¯‑nbX‑ns‑â ]Ý‑m¯e¯‑ne‑pÅ C‑u I‑mÀ«‑qcN‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v {‑]ik‑vX At‑ac‑n¡³ FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑mb U‑mc‑n t‑IK‑nf‑mW‑v. BZ‑yI‑me¯‑v H_‑mas‑b ]‑n´‑pW¨‑nc‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya§fS¡‑w Ct‑¸‑mÄ IS‑p¯ `‑mjb‑mW‑v D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. a‑p¼‑v h‑me‑m«‑n \S¶‑nc‑p¶ ]«‑n¡‑p«‑n he‑pX‑mb‑n H_‑mas‑b h‑ng‑p§‑p¶X‑mW‑v N‑n{‑X¯‑nÂ. "s‑Nd‑pX‑mb‑nc‑p¶t‑¸‑mÄ Cs‑X{‑X H‑ma\¯a‑pÅX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p‑' F¶‑v H_‑mab‑ps‑S BßKXh‑p‑w‑! t‑IK‑nÄ.t‑I‑m‑w F¶ I‑mÀ«‑q¬ s‑s‑kä‑ns‑âb‑p‑w t‑IK‑nÄ I‑mÀ«‑q¬k‑v F¶ I‑mÀ«‑q¬ k‑nï‑nt‑¡ä‑v Ø‑m]\¯‑nt‑âb‑p‑w t‑a[‑mh‑nb‑mW‑nt‑¸‑mÄ U‑mc‑n t‑IK‑nÄ. 1979 a‑pX "Z‑n a¸ä‑vk‑n' h¶ I‑mÀ«‑qW‑pIf‑mW‑v Ct‑±ls‑¯ {‑it‑²b\‑m¡‑nbX‑v. X‑pSÀ¶‑v {‑S‑n_‑y‑q¬ a‑oU‑nb kÀÆ‑okk‑v‑, lh‑mb‑vk‑v a‑nU‑vh‑o¡‑v‑, Ks‑¶ä‑vk‑v t‑l‑mt‑\‑me‑pe‑p AU‑vs‑hÀs‑s‑«kÀ \‑y‑qk‑v t‑]¸À‑, k‑vt‑eä‑v t‑U‑m«‑v t‑I‑m‑w‑, F‑wFk‑vF³_‑nk‑n t‑U‑m«‑v t‑I‑m‑w F¶‑nhb‑ps‑S I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑mb‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨‑p. \‑mjW I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑v s‑k‑ms‑s‑kä‑n {‑]k‑nUâ‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. t‑e‑mIa‑ms‑I 850 ] {‑X§f‑nt‑e‑mf‑w C¶‑v t‑IK‑nf‑ns‑â I‑mÀ«‑qW‑pIÄ k‑nï‑nt‑¡ä‑v s‑N¿s‑¸S‑p¶‑pï‑v.

tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Pq¬ 2013

DS³ ]pd¯nd§póp

tIcf {]kv A¡mZanbnð \nópw ]pXnb ]pkvXIw

aebmf ]{X`mjbpsS Ncn{Xw Printed and Published by V. G. Renuka, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

Media Monthly | June 2013 | ` 10/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676