2013 october media file for mail

October 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 6 | Price ` 10

ap³t] \Sóhsc ]cnNbs¸Sp¯mw...

]{X{]hÀ¯\cwK¯v \ap¡p aptó \Sóhsc Cu Xeapdbv¡pw hcpw Xeapdbv¡pw ]cnNbs¸Sp¯m\pÅ Hcp {iaamWv tIcf {]kv A¡mZanbpsS sh_vsskänse Stalwarts of Journalism from Kerala (http://pressacademy.org/stalwarts) Fó hn`mKw. tIcf¯nse am[yacwKs¯ hgnIm«nIfmbhtcbpw adp\mSpIfnð ] {X{]hÀ¯\cwK¯v hyànap{Z]Xn¸n¨ aebmfnItfbpw Ct¸mgs¯ apXnÀó am[ya{]hÀ¯Itcbpw Ipdn¨pÅ hnhc§fmWv Cu hn`mK¯nð. a×dªhtcm Adp]XphbÊp ]nón«htcm Bb apXnÀó am[ya{]hÀ¯IcpsS t^mt«mbpw eLpPohNcn{X¡pdn¸pw mail@pressacademy.org Fó Csabvente¡v Ab¨p Xóv Cu kwcw`hpambn hmb\¡mÀ¡pw klIcn¡mw.

HIvtSm_À 2013 $ ]pkvXIw 2 $ e¡w 6 $ hne ` 10

06

hn-knð hn-fn-¡p-óhsc sImñ-cpXv! _m-e-cma³

08 Who is a journalist?

Jeff Jarvis

10 9 Famous Whistle-Blowers: Where Are They Now?

Dan Fastenberg

FUntämdnbð Students’ Corner

14

Pb‑n‑wk‑v AKÌk‑v l‑n¡‑n: C´‑y³ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â ]‑nX‑mh‑v

P‑n.{‑]‑nbZÀi\³

18

hmÀ¯Ifp-sS ayqknbw, Ncn{X¯nsâbpw

C.]n. jmPpZo³

39

Women’s Magazines – Lip Service to Women?

Dr. Shoma A. Chatterji

J. V. Vil’anilam

{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu 25 sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

ap³t] ]dóhÀ

04 24

]n. kpPm-X³

27

\yq thhvkv

33

Lighthouse

37

hmb-\

42

tPmk^v BâWn

Ashok R Chandran

jmPn tP¡_v

Bookshelf

46 A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 47 temIw Iï hc 50

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FUntämdnbð

-k‑m[‑m-c-W h‑mÀ-¯‑, A-k‑m-[‑m-c-W t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v \-S]S‑n

Editor N. P. Rajendran Chairman, Kerala Press Academy

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U‑n.P‑n.]‑n. ]-g-b \-K-c-¯‑n-s‑e BÄ-s‑s‑Zh-s‑¯ k-µÀ-i‑n¨-X‑v A-¼-c-¸‑p-f-h‑m¡‑n. {‑]-t‑X‑y-I t‑e-J-I³ h‑y-à‑n-]-ca‑m-b {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-¶ B-f‑pI-s‑f _‑m-_ I‑m-W‑p¶-X‑v h‑y‑m-g‑m-g‑v-N a‑m-{‑X-‑w s‑s‑l-Z-c-_‑m-Z‑v: U-b-d-I‑v-äÀ P-\d H‑m-^‑v t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v h‑n.Z‑n-t‑\-i‑v s‑d-Í‑n h‑y‑mg‑m-g‑v-N ]-g-b \-K-c-¯‑n-s‑e BÄ-s‑s‑Z-h‑w l-_‑o-_‑v a‑p-k‑v-X-^ C-{‑Z‑p-k‑v _‑m_s‑b ^‑m-s‑¯ ZÀ-h‑m-k-b‑n k-µÀ-i‑n¨-X‑v h‑n-h‑m-Z-a‑p-ï‑m¡‑n. c‑m-h‑n-s‑e ]-X‑n-s‑\‑m-¶-c-b‑v-¡‑v a‑n.s‑d-Í‑n H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I-h‑m-l-\-¯‑n t‑]‑m-e‑ok‑v h‑m-l-\-§-f‑p-s‑S A-I-¼-S‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v N‑mÀ-a‑n-\‑mÀ h-s‑c h-¶X‑v. A-h‑n-s‑S s‑h-¨‑v A-U‑o-j-\ U‑n.k‑n.]‑n. (S‑m-k‑v-I‑v t‑^‑m-g‑v-k‑v ‑) _‑n.e‑n‑w-_ s‑d-Í‑n A-t‑±-lt‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w t‑NÀ¶‑p. X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v c-ï‑p-t‑]c‑p‑w I-\-¯ I‑m-h-t‑e‑ms‑S _‑m-_-b‑p-s‑S h‑o-«‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑]‑mb‑n. U‑n.P‑n.]‑n. _‑m-_-b‑p-s‑S h‑o-«‑n s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¨ 40 a‑n-\‑n-«‑p-t‑\-ch‑p‑w l-t‑¯ ZÀh‑mk h-g‑n-¡‑p-Å K-X‑mK-X‑w \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡-s‑¸«‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v C‑u {‑]-t‑Zi-¯‑v {‑]-t‑hi-\‑w \‑n-t‑j-[‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p s‑F.]‑n.F-k‑v D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-\‑mb D-t‑a-j‑v I‑p-a‑m-À \Â-I‑n-b l-cP‑n-s‑b X‑p-SÀ¶‑v U‑n.P‑n.]‑n.b‑p-s‑S k‑z-¯‑pI-s‑f I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v A-t‑\‑z-j‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n D-¯-c-h‑n-«‑n-c‑p¶‑p. C‑u ]-Ý‑m-¯-e-¯‑n U‑n.P‑n.]‑n.b‑p-s‑S k-µÀ-i-\-¯‑n-\‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I {‑]‑m-[‑m\‑y‑w I-e‑v-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. a‑n-ÌÀ s‑d-Í‑n H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I ]-Z-h‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n¶‑v C‑u a‑m-k‑m-h-k‑m-\‑w h‑n-c-a‑n-t‑¡ï-X‑pï‑v. U‑n.P‑n.]‑n.¡‑v c-ï‑p-hÀ-j‑w Ø‑m\-¯‑v X‑p-S-c‑m³ A-hk-c‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡W-s‑a¶‑v C‑u-b‑n-s‑S k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¨-X‑v N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑n X-s‑â kÀh‑o-k‑v \‑o-«-W-s‑a-¶ B-h-i‑y-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n s‑d-Í‑n s‑k³-{‑S A-U‑v. {‑S‑n-_‑y‑q-W-e‑n-\‑v lc-P‑n \Â-I‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. c-ï‑m-g‑v-N¡-I‑w C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-s‑a-S‑p-¡-W-s‑a¶‑v t‑I‑mS-X‑n \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑w \Â-I‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑ne‑p‑w X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑nÃ. h‑y-à‑n-]-ca‑m-b {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-¶ B-f‑pI-s‑f _‑m-_ I‑m-W‑p¶X‑v h‑y‑m-g‑m-g‑v-N a‑m-{‑X-a‑ms‑W-¶‑v A-d‑n-b‑p-¶‑p. s‑d-Í‑n N‑n-e ^-b-e‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v _‑m_-s‑b I-ï-X‑v. a‑p³ K-hÀ-WÀ F-³.U‑n.X‑n-h‑mc‑n‑, a‑p³ s‑d-b‑nÂ-s‑h a-{‑´‑n P‑m-^À s‑j-d‑o-^‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b-hÀ t‑\c-s‑¯ C-t‑X _‑m_-s‑b k-µÀ-i‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. k-µÀ-i\-s‑¯ I‑pd‑n-¨‑v _‑m-_-b‑p-s‑S {‑]X‑n-IcW‑w t‑X-S‑n-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑n-e‑p‑w e-`‑n-¨‑n-«‑nÃ.

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s‑s‑l-Z-c-_-‑mZ‑n \‑n-¶‑v {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶ Z l‑n-µ‑p ]-{‑X-¯‑n {‑]k‑n²‑o-I-c‑n-¨-X‑m-W‑v h‑mÀ-¯. h‑mÀ-¯-t‑b‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w‑, a‑p-I-f‑n s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯- t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-b‑pa‑pï‑v. h‑mÀ-¯ {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨-X‑n-\‑v Z l‑n-µ‑p s‑s‑l-Z-c‑m-_‑m-Z‑v d-k‑n-Uâ‑v F-U‑n-äÀ F-k‑v.\‑m-t‑K-j‑v I‑p-a‑m-d‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑n- t‑]-e‑o-k‑v t‑I-k‑v F-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v.

Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Chief News Editor, Mangalam, Kozhikode N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan Political Editor, Veekshanam, Kochi T. R. Madhukumar News Editor, Deshabhimani, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Printer & Publisher V. G. Renuka Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org

HIvtSm_À 2013

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h-k‑v-X‑p-X-IÄ ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-s‑X h‑mÀ-¯ {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n F-¶-X‑m-W‑v I‑p-ä‑w.

C-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-Wa‑m-b H-c‑p h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]À-s‑¡-X‑ns‑c A-d-Ì‑v h‑m-d-ï‑pï‑m-b k‑w`-h‑w C-´‑y-b‑n A-S‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø-b‑n-s‑e¦‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b-X‑m-b‑n N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑m-\‑m-h‑pt‑a‑m? ]-ä‑p-s‑a-¶‑v t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶‑nÃ.

B-{‑Ô {‑]-t‑Z-i‑v t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v K-käU‑v H‑m-^‑o-t‑k-g‑v-k‑v A-t‑k‑m-k‑n-t‑b-j³ {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v I‑q-S‑nb‑m-b A-k‑n.t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v I-½‑oj-WÀ d‑m‑w \-c-k‑n‑w-l s‑d-Í‑n \ÂI‑n-b ]-c‑m-X‑n- {‑]-I‑mc‑w -C´‑y³ i‑n-£‑m-\‑n-b-a-¯‑n-s‑e 469‑, 505 (1‑) F‑, _‑n F-¶‑n-hb‑p‑w t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v C³-s‑s‑k-ä‑v-s‑aâ‑v S‑p U‑n-s‑k-s‑^-£³ B-I‑vä‑p‑w (1992‑) {‑]-I‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v t‑I-k‑v F-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. U‑n.P‑n.]‑n.b‑p-s‑S k-µÀi-\‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ h‑mÀ-¯ U‑n.P‑n.]‑n.b‑p-s‑S kÂ-¡‑oÀ-¯‑n X-IÀ-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p‑w t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v t‑k-\-b‑p-s‑S B-ß-h‑oc‑y‑w CÃ‑m-X‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p‑w P-\-§-f‑n `‑o-X‑n h-fÀ-¯‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p‑w t‑h-ï‑n Z‑p-c‑p-t‑±-i-]‑qÀ-h‑w {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-X‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v F.k‑n.]‑n ]-d-b‑p¶‑p. C-t‑X h‑mÀ-¯ {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑nb-X‑n\‑v k‑o 24 N‑m-\-e‑n-s‑e c-ï‑v P‑o-h\¡‑m-s‑c t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v A-d-Ì‑v s‑N-b‑vX‑n-«‑pï‑v. `‑q-a‑n X-«‑n-¸‑p-I‑m-c³ F-¶‑v BÄ-s‑s‑Zh-s‑¯ B-t‑£-]‑n-¨‑p F-¶ ]-c‑m-X‑n I‑q-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑v N‑m-\ P‑o-h-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n-Â.

A-h-s‑c P-b‑n-e‑n-e-S-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. h‑y-à‑n-s‑b t‑{‑Z‑m-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v t‑c-J-IÄ h‑y‑m-P-a‑m-b‑n D-ï‑m-¡‑p-I‑, t‑]‑m-e‑ok‑v‑, s‑s‑k-\‑y‑w‑, \‑m-h‑n-I-t‑k-\‑m-h‑n-`‑m-K‑w X‑p-S-§‑nbh-s‑c I‑r-X‑y-\‑nÀ-h-l-W-¯‑nÂ- X-S-Ê-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑p-I X‑p-S§‑n-b I‑p-ä-§-f‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n B-t‑c‑m-]‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. a‑q-¶‑p-hÀ-j‑w X-S-h‑p‑w ]‑n-gb‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ X‑mW‑v C‑u I‑p-ä§Ä.

B-{‑Ô t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v X-eh-s‑â a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑s‑Z-h k-µÀ-i-\h‑p‑w A-X‑v k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n-b h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S t‑]c‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¯ \-S-]-S‑nb‑p‑w ]-e \‑n-e-b‑ne‑p‑w A-k‑m-[‑m-c-W-a‑mW‑v‑, A-t‑§-b-äs‑¯ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-Z‑pÀ-h‑n-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v, A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b{‑]-I-S-\-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑ns‑â -e‑w-L-\-h‑p-a‑mW‑v‑, ]-{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w X-IÀ-¡‑m-\‑p-Å \‑o-¡-a‑mW‑v. \‑nÀ-`‑m-K‑y-s‑a-¶‑v ]-d-bs‑«‑, kÀ¡‑m-c‑p-I-f‑p-s‑St‑b‑m s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑ât‑b‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑â X-s‑¶t‑b‑m `‑mK-¯‑v \‑n-¶‑v i-àa‑m-b {‑]-X‑n-Ic-W‑w C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑nÃ. B-{‑Ô-kÀ-¡‑mÀ t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v t‑a-[‑m-h‑n-b‑ps‑S {‑]-X‑y-£-¯‑nÂX-s‑¶ A-k‑w_-Ô‑w \‑n-d-ª \-S]-S‑n C-s‑X-g‑p-X‑p¶-X‑v h-s‑c K-h-s‑×-â‑v X-S-ª‑n-«‑nÃ. a‑p³-I‑qÀ P‑m-a‑y-s‑a-S‑p-s‑¯-¦‑ne‑p‑w d-k‑nUâ‑v F-U‑n-ä-d‑p-s‑S h‑o-«‑n c-ï‑ph-«‑w t‑]‑me‑o-k‑v k‑w-L-§Ä I-b-d‑n-s‑¨-¶X‑v `‑o-X‑n k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-W‑v F-¶‑m-t‑c‑m-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c-s‑b‑m¶‑p‑w \-S-]-S‑nIÄ D-ï‑m-b‑nÃ. B-{‑Ô-¡‑v ]‑pd-¯‑v Z l‑n-µ‑p ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e‑m-g‑n-s‑I I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n h‑mÀ-¯-It‑f‑m NÀ-¨-It‑f‑m D-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑nÃ. t‑I-k‑v F-S‑p-¯-X‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v \-S-¶ k‑w-`-h-§-s‑fb‑p‑w B-{‑Ô {‑]-t‑Z-i‑n-s‑e ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-Iþ]-{‑X‑m[‑n-] k‑w-L-S-\-IÄ A-]-e]‑n¨‑n«‑p-s‑ï-¶‑p-a‑m-{‑X‑w B-i‑z-k‑n¡‑m‑w. t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v t‑a-[‑m-h‑n BÄ-s‑s‑Zh-s‑¯ k-µÀ-i‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-s‑ö‑v B-c‑p‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶‑nÃ. U‑n.P‑n.]‑n. ]-{‑X-§Ä-¡-b-¨ I-¯‑n h‑mÀ¯ \‑n-t‑j-[‑n-¨‑n-«‑nÃ. k-µÀ-i‑n¨-X‑v {‑I-a-k-a‑m-[‑m-\-]‑me-\‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑m-s‑W-¶‑v h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w. h‑mÀ-¯b‑n \‑n-ch-[‑n A-k-X‑y-§f‑p‑w AÀ-²-k-X‑y-§f‑p‑w D-ï‑v, U‑n.P‑n.]‑n.b‑p-s‑S Ø‑n-c‑o-Ic-W‑w B-c‑m-ª‑nÃ‑, A-{‑]-[‑m-\- I‑m-c‑y-a‑mb‑n«‑p‑w ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â H-¶‑m‑w t‑]-P‑n B-d‑p-t‑I‑m-f‑w X-e-s‑¡-«‑n {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n‑, h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S ^-e-a‑m-b‑n t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑n-s‑â B-ß-h‑o-c‑y-h‑p‑w b-iÊ‑p‑w X-IÀ-¶‑p‑, hÀ-K‑o-b-k‑w-LÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑mb‑n... X‑p-S§‑n-b ]-c‑n-l‑m-k‑y-§f‑mb B-t‑£-]-§-f‑mW‑v U‑n.P‑n.]‑n.b‑p-s‑S I-¯‑n DÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å‑p-¶-X‑v.

B-t‑£-]§Ä H‑m-t‑c‑m-¶‑p‑w Z l‑n-µ‑p ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]À k‑n-²‑mÀ-Y‑v h-c-Z-c‑m-P³ A-¡-a‑n-«‑v \‑nt‑j-[‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. h‑mÀ-¯ A-k-X‑ya‑m-s‑W-¶Ã B-t‑£]‑w‑, h‑mÀ-¯-b‑v-¡‑v Aa‑n-X {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w \Â-I‑n F-¶-X‑mW‑v. a-s‑äÃ‑m-h-c‑p‑w DÄ-t‑¸-P‑n A-{‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n \ ÂI‑n-b h‑mÀ-¯-b‑v-¡‑v F-´‑n-\‑v H¶‑m‑w t‑]-P‑n C-{‑X-b‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m\‑y‑w \Â-I‑n F-¶‑p-X‑p-S§‑n-b t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§-f‑m-W‑v t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v t‑a-[‑mh‑n-b‑p-t‑SX‑v.

B-i-¦‑m-P-\-Ia‑m-W‑n-X‑v. G-X‑v h‑mÀ-¯ G-X‑v t‑]-P‑n {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-W‑w‑, F-s‑´Ã‑m‑w h-k‑v-X‑p-X-IÄ h‑mÀ-¯-b‑n DÄs‑¡‑m-Å‑n¡-W‑w‑, h‑mÀ-¯-b‑v¡‑v F-{‑X h-e‑p-¸‑w t‑h-W‑w‑, F-{‑X {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w \ÂIW‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b I‑m-c‑y-§Ä ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-cÃ‑, t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v t‑a-[‑m-h‑n-b‑m-W‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-t‑¡ï-X‑v F-¶‑v \‑n-e-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v A-[‑x]-X‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mt‑-W‑m P-\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y‑w?

C-s‑X‑m-c‑p H-ä-s‑¸-« k‑w-`-h-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. H-c‑p D-t‑Z‑y‑m-KØ-s‑â A-X‑n-c‑p-I-S-¶ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-{‑]-t‑b‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. A-Xà B-i¦ D-bÀ-¯‑p-¶X‑v. C¯-c‑w {‑]-h-W-X-IÄ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W-§Ä F-´‑p-a‑m{‑X‑w Z‑pÀ-_-eh‑p‑w h‑n-c-fh‑p‑w A-k‑w-L-S‑nXh‑p‑w h-g‑n-]‑m-S‑v k‑z-`‑m-h-a‑p-Å-X‑p-a‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑m-W‑v I‑q-S‑p-X B-i-¦ P-\‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. ]‑uc-s‑â A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-a‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑ns‑â A-S‑nØ‑m-\‑w F¶ X-¯‑z‑w-t‑]‑me‑p‑w h‑n-k‑v-a‑r-X-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑mt‑W‑m F-¶‑v k‑w-i-b‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ h‑n-[-¯‑ne‑p-Å {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W-§Ä P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑n--Is‑f `-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. .. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan) sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca, {]knUâv, sI.bp.U»yp.sP.) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), UbdÎÀ, ]»nIv dntej³kv, sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (kvt]mÀSvkv FUnäÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tImgnt¡mSv), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³ (s]mfnän¡ð FUnäÀ, ho£Ww), t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: hn. BÀ. APnXv IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

HIvtSm_À 2013

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_m-e-cma³

‑hn-knð hn-fn-¡p-óhsc sImñ-cpXv! a‑m-\‑n-§‑n-s‑â h‑n-N‑m-c-W {‑]-{‑I‑n-b `‑m-h‑n-b‑n-s‑e h‑n-k‑n t‑»‑m-hÀ-a‑m-s‑c h‑n-c-«‑m³ c‑q-]-IÂ-¸-\ s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑mW‑v. k‑m-[‑m-c-W h‑n-k‑n t‑»‑m-hÀ-a‑mÀ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c-b‑pÅ I‑pä‑m-t‑c‑m-]-W-§-fà a‑m-\‑n-§‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å-X‑v. h-[i‑n-£ X-s‑¶ s‑I‑mS‑p-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ "i-{‑X‑p-h‑n-s‑\ k-l‑m-b‑n¨‑p' F-¶-X‑m-W‑v AX‑n-s‑e‑m¶‑v. C-s‑X‑m-c‑p I‑og‑vhg¡‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑i-a-a‑mW‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑n \Â-I‑p¶-X‑v h-[-i‑n£ t‑]‑me‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ I‑p-ä-a‑m-I‑p‑w‑!

C

d‑mJ‑n-s‑e H-c‑p s‑Xc‑p-t‑h‑mc-¯‑p \S¶ "t‑I‑mÄ-U‑v »-UU‑v' I‑q-«-s‑¡‑m-e-b‑ps‑S‑, "s‑I‑m-f‑m-ä-d aÀ-UÀ' F-¶ t‑]-c‑n {‑]-k‑n-²a‑mb h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m t‑e‑m-I-s‑a§‑p‑w P\‑w I-ï‑p-I‑m-W‑p-‑w. -At‑a-c‑n-¡³ I-c-t‑k-\-b‑n-s‑e s‑s‑{‑]-hä‑m-b {‑_‑m-U‑v-e‑n a‑m-\‑n-§‑v F¶ 22þI‑m-c-\‑m-W‑v A¯c‑w \‑q-d‑p-I-W¡‑n\‑v clk‑yt‑c-JIÄ t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑p a‑p-¶‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-¨ a\‑pj‑y³. ]-{‑X-[À-a-¯‑n-s‑â I-®‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑m a‑m-\‑n-§‑v X‑m-c-]-c‑n-t‑h-j‑w e-`‑n-t‑¡-ï Hc‑p "h‑n-k‑n t‑»‑mhÀ' B-W‑v, H-c‑p l‑ot‑d‑m.

F-¶‑m k‑z´‑w `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S H¶‑m‑w t‑`-ZK-X‑n X-s‑¶ ]-{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å-X‑ms‑W-¶‑v A-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p¶ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡¡‑m-c‑ps‑S K-h×â‑v N‑mc-h‑r-¯‑n s‑X‑m-«‑v t‑a‑m-j-Wh‑p‑w I-¼‑y‑q-«À Z‑pÀ-h‑n\‑n-t‑b‑m-Kh‑p‑w A-S-¡‑w 22 I‑p-ä-§Ä N‑pa-¯‑n a‑m-\‑n-§‑n-s‑\ A-d-k‑v-ä‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑v l‑o-\a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v s‑Nb‑vXX‑v.

F-¶‑n-« `-c-W-L-S\b‑v-¡‑p X-s‑¶ h‑n-c‑p-²a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n cl-k‑y-h‑n-N‑m-c-W s‑N-b‑v-X‑v 35 hÀj-s‑¯ X-S-h‑n-\‑v i‑n-£‑n-¨‑p.

At‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n N‑m-c-h‑r-¯‑n t‑Ik‑p-I-f‑n i‑n-£ A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¨h-c‑p-s‑S N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n G-äh‑p‑w he‑n-b i‑n-£-. 22þ‑m‑w h-b-Ê‑n a\Ê‑m-£‑n-s‑¡‑m-¯‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨-X‑ns‑â h‑ne s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑v {‑_‑m-U‑v-e‑n a‑m-\‑n-§‑v P-b‑n-e‑n \‑n-¶‑n-d-§‑pt‑¼‑mÄ 55 hb-Ê‑v I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. h‑n-b-ä‑v-\‑m-a‑n-s‑e A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ Z‑p-c‑m-N‑m-c§-s‑f ]-ä‑nb‑pÅ "s‑]â-K¬ t‑]-t‑¸-g‑vk‑v' 1971þ \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑S‑w-k‑n-\‑v \ ÂI‑n-b b‑p.FÊ‑v. s‑s‑k\‑n-I h‑n-Z‑v-K‑v-[³ U‑m-\‑n-b FÂ-k‑v_À-K‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w h‑m-«À-t‑K-ä‑v A-]-h‑mZ-s‑¯ ]-ä‑n h‑m-j‑n-M‑v-St‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑n-\‑v "U‑o-]‑v t‑{‑X‑m«‑v' F-¶ h‑y‑m-P-\‑m-a-¯‑n h‑n-h-c§Ä \ÂI‑n-b F-^‑v._‑n.s‑F.b‑ns‑e a‑mÀ-I‑v s‑^Â-ä‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w h‑o-c-\‑m-b-I-c‑m-b‑n h‑m-g‑v-¯‑p-¶ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ P-\-X s‑R-t‑«-ï h‑n-[‑n-b‑m-W‑nX‑v. a‑m-\‑n-§‑n-s‑â h‑n-N‑m-c-W-b‑n {‑]-X‑n-`‑m-K‑w H-c‑p h‑n-Z-K‑v[-s‑\ a‑m-{‑X-s‑a k‑m-£‑n-b‑m-b‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p-Å‑p þ l‑mÀ-h‑mÀ-U‑v \‑n-b-a ]-Þ‑n-X\‑p‑w s‑{‑]‑m-^-k-d‑pa‑mb s‑b‑m-¨‑m-b‑v s‑_³-¢À.

2010þ s‑I‑m-f‑m-ä-d aÀ-U-d‑n-s‑â h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m s‑I‑m-S‑p-¦‑m-ä‑v k‑rã‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑me-¯‑p X-s‑¶ A-t‑±-l‑w h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-¡‑v-k‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d-‑n-¨‑v h‑n-i-Z-a‑m-b‑n ]T‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w AX‑v t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-k‑vHIvtSm_À 2013

t‑ä-ä‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-[‑n-b‑n h-c‑p-¶ Ø‑m-]-\-a‑m-s‑W¶‑v Ø‑m-]‑n¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-ï‑v (C-s‑X ]-ä‑n-b‑p-Å A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]_Ô‑w "F {‑^‑o‑, C-s‑dk‑v-t‑]‑m¬-k‑n-_‑nÄ {‑]Ê‑v' A-t‑±l-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑k-ä‑n k‑u-P-\-‑y-a‑m-b‑n e-`‑n-¡‑p‑w. P‑q-e‑n-b³ A-Ê‑m-©‑n\‑p‑w {‑_‑m-U‑v-e‑n a‑m-\‑n-§‑n-\‑p-s‑a-X‑n-c‑mb A-]-h‑m-Z-{‑]N-c-W-§Ä-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c A-t‑±-l‑w ]-c-k‑ya‑m-b \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ F-S‑p-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑pï‑v. `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-]-c-a‑m-b‑n X-s‑¶ h‑n-k‑n t‑»‑m-hÀ-a‑mÀ A-t‑ac‑n-¡³ `-c-W k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑n \‑nÀ-W‑m-b-Ia‑m-b Ø‑m-\a‑m-W‑v h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v‑, {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n¨‑p‑w t‑Zi‑o-b k‑p-c-£-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ. s‑_³-¢À ]dª‑p. h‑y-à‑n-]-c-a‑m-b‑n h³h‑ne s‑I‑m-S‑p¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W-hÀ C-X‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v. K-h-×â‑n-s‑â FI‑v-k‑n-I‑y‑p-«‑o-h‑v i‑m-J-b‑v-¡‑v t‑Z-i-c-£-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n A-]‑mca‑m-b A-[‑n-I‑m-c-§-f‑pï‑v‑, ]-t‑£ C-X‑n-s‑â h‑n\‑n-t‑b‑mK‑w k‑pX‑m-c‑yaÃ. k‑v-t‑ä-ä‑v k‑o-{‑I-«‑n-s‑â I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n \‑o-X‑n-]‑oT-¯‑n-s‑â t‑aÂ-t‑\‑m-«‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w A-k‑m-²‑y-a‑mW‑v. A-t‑a-c‑n¡³ t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n-s‑â t‑aÂ-t‑\‑m-« k-a‑n-X‑n-IÄ t‑]‑me‑p‑w C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n `-c-W-\À-h-l-W-h‑n-`‑mK-s‑¯ H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑n-h‑n-S‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v ]-X‑nh‑v.

A-hÀ ]c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑c-J-I-f‑n a‑n-¡X‑p‑w ¢‑mÊ‑n-s‑s‑^U‑v B-b-X‑n-\‑m s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-¯‑n-\‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n b‑m-s‑X‑mc‑p t‑aÂ-t‑\‑m-« A-[‑n-I‑m-c-§-f‑p-a‑nÃ. k‑z´‑w [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-[‑o-c-X-b‑ps‑S D‑uÀ-P‑w t‑I‑m-ï‑p-a‑m{‑X‑w IÀa-\‑n-c-X-c‑m-I‑p-¶ h‑n-k‑n t‑»‑m-hÀ I-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p¶-X‑v A¯-c‑w L-«-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v. a‑m-\‑n-§‑v -A¯-c-¯‑n [‑o-c-X I‑m-W‑n-¨ a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑m-s‑W-¶‑v A-b‑m-f‑p-s‑S I‑p-ä-k½-X‑w X-s‑¶ ]-d-b‑p¶‑p. ]t‑£ C‑u h‑n-N‑m-c-W {‑]-{‑I‑n-b X-s‑¶ `‑m-h‑n-b‑n-s‑e h‑n-k‑n t‑»‑m-hÀ-a‑m-s‑c h‑n-c-«‑m³ c‑q-]-IÂ-¸-\ s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑mW‑v. k‑m-[‑mc-W h‑n-k‑n t‑»‑m-hÀ-a‑mÀ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å I‑pä‑m-t‑c‑m-]-W-§fà a‑m-\‑n-§‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å-X‑v. h-[i‑n-£ X-s‑¶ s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑mh‑p-¶ "i-{‑X‑p-h‑n-s‑\ k-l‑m-b‑n¨‑p' F-¶-X‑m-W‑v AX‑n-s‑e‑m¶‑v.

C-s‑X‑m-c‑p I‑og‑vhg¡‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑i-a-a‑mW‑v. a‑m-[‑ya-§Ä-¡‑v h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑n \Â-I‑p¶-X‑v h-[-i‑n£ t‑]‑me‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ I‑p-ä-a‑m-I‑p‑w‑! h‑m-«À-t‑Kä‑p‑w s‑]â-K¬ t‑]-t‑¸-g‑vk‑p‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e-bà a‑m-\‑n§‑v t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑n \ÂI‑n-b h‑n-h-c-§Ä F-¶‑v ]-e-c‑p-‑w h‑m-Z‑n¡‑p-¶‑pï‑v. h‑n-b-ä‑v\‑m‑w b‑p-²-I‑me-¯‑v K-h×â‑v P-\§-s‑f

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{‑_‑m-U‑v-e‑n a‑m-\‑n-§‑v

P‑q-e‑n-b³ A-Ê‑m-©‑v

h-©‑n-¡‑m³ ]-d-ª I‑m-c‑y-§Ä a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v FÂ-k‑v-_À-K‑v \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑S‑w-k‑n-\‑v \Â-I‑n-bX‑v‑, ‑"U‑o-]‑v t‑{‑X‑m«‑v‑' B-s‑W¦‑n h‑m-«À-t‑K-ä‑v A-t‑\‑z-j-W I‑me-¯‑v {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v X-s‑¶ \-S¯‑n-b X-«‑n-¸‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-hc-§-f‑m-W‑v h‑m-j‑n-M‑v-S¬ t‑]‑m-k‑vä‑n-\‑v \Â-I‑n-bX‑v. a‑m-\‑n-§‑v B-s‑W-¦‑n ]-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n\‑v t‑c-J-I-f‑m-W‑v t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑n \Â-I‑n-b-X‑v, C-X‑n-s‑â s‑s‑h-]‑pe‑y‑w X-s‑¶ B-]-Õ‑m-²‑y-X-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m‑w. ]t‑£ C‑u ]-c-a-c-l-k‑y-§Ä s‑h-f‑n-h‑m-b-X‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑n F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w K-W‑ya‑m-b \-ã-§Ä k‑w-`-h‑n-¨-X‑m-b‑n h‑n-h-c§-f‑nÃ. C-X‑n N‑n-e t‑c-J-IÄ Hk‑m-a _‑n³-e‑mZ-s‑â I-¼‑y‑q«-d‑ne‑p‑w I-s‑ï-¯‑n F-s‑¶‑m-s‑¡-b‑m-W‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-\‑v ]ä‑n-b \-ã-¯‑n-s‑â s‑X-f‑n-h‑m-b‑n t‑{‑]‑m-k‑n-I‑y‑q-j³ ]-d-b‑p-¶X‑v. \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑S‑w-k‑n h-¶ s‑]â-K¬ t‑]-t‑¸-g‑v-k‑ns‑â t‑I‑m-¸‑n h‑n-bä‑v-t‑I‑m-§‑v H-f‑n-t‑¸‑m-c‑m-f‑n-If‑ps‑S s‑s‑I-b‑n I-ï‑m FÂk‑v-_À-K‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑cb‑p‑w C-t‑X c‑m-P‑y-t‑{‑Z‑m-l-¡‑p-ä‑w N‑p-a-¯‑p-a‑mb‑n-c‑pt‑¶‑m? At‑±-l‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑n¨‑p. h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-¡‑v-k‑v D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-t‑_‑m-[-t‑¯‑m-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n¡‑p-¶ h‑mÀ-¯‑m-a‑m-[‑y-a-s‑ö‑p‑w A-X‑v C³-^À-t‑a-j³ s‑S-d-d‑nk-a‑m-W‑v \-S-¯‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p t‑{‑]‑m-k‑n-I‑y‑qj-s‑â H-c‑p h‑m-Z‑w. C-s‑X]-ä‑n s‑_³-¢À C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v ]-d-ª-X‑v. h‑n-¡‑ne‑o-¡‑vk‑v h³-t‑X‑m-X‑n h‑n-h-c-§Ä ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-s‑«-¦‑ne‑p‑w As‑X‑m-s‑¡ N‑p-½‑m h‑m-b‑n t‑X‑m¶‑nb t‑]‑m-s‑e-bà s‑N-b‑vXX‑v. \‑q-d‑p-I-W-¡‑n-\‑v t‑c-J-IÄ k‑q-£‑v-a-]c‑n-t‑i‑m-[-\ s‑N-b‑v-X‑m-W‑v K‑u-c-h-a‑p-Å h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ I-s‑ï-¯‑n-bX‑p‑w ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-«-X‑p‑w.

C¯-c‑w ]T-\-§-f‑m-W‑v C-d‑m-J‑n k‑m-[‑m-c-W ]‑u-c-·‑m-c‑p-s‑S a-c-W-\‑nc-¡‑v s‑s‑k\‑y‑w I‑p-d-¨‑p-I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v, C-d‑mJ‑n s‑s‑k-\‑n-I-c‑p-s‑S A-X‑n-{‑I-a-§Ä-¡‑v b‑p.Fk‑v. s‑s‑k\‑y‑w \‑n-È-Ð-a‑m-b‑n I‑q-«‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v X‑p-S§‑n-b h‑n-h-c-§Ä ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n«-X‑v. a‑m-\‑n-§‑n-s‑â e‑o-¡‑p-IÄ {‑]-X‑y-£-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-¡‑v-k‑v H-c‑p \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-X‑n-`‑m-k-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p þt‑k‑ma‑m-e‑n-b-³ I-e‑m-]-t‑\-X‑m-h‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-·‑m-s‑c h-[‑n¡‑m³ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨-X‑n--s‑\ ]ä‑nt‑b‑m s‑I-\‑n-b-b‑n-s‑e K-h×â‑v \-S-¯‑p-¶ A-g‑n-a-X‑nI-s‑f ]ä‑nt‑b‑m A-s‑Ã-¦‑n H-c‑p k‑z‑n-Ê‑v _‑m¦‑v I-Å-¸-W-¡‑m-s‑c k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑m³ c-l-k‑y-]²-X‑n X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\ ]ä‑n-t‑b‑m D-Å h‑n-h-c-§Ä ]‑p-d-¯‑p-

h‑n-S‑p-¶ b‑p-h-X‑z-¯‑ns‑â D‑uÀ-P-a‑p-Å ]‑pX‑n-b Ft‑´‑m H-c‑p \‑y‑qk‑v s‑s‑kä‑v. 2010þs‑â cï‑m‑w ]-I‑p-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v P‑q-e‑n-b³ A-Ê‑m-©‑n-s‑\ ]-ä‑n-b‑p-Å t‑a‑m-i‑w I-Y-If‑p‑w C‑u s‑s‑k-ä‑v k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶ B-]-¯‑pI-s‑f ]-ä‑n-b‑p-Å A-h-t‑e‑m-I-\-§f‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w {‑]-X‑y-£-s‑¸-S‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n-bX‑v. C-t‑X I‑me-¯‑v X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v s‑s‑h-k‑v {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v t‑P‑m _‑n-Z³ A-Ê‑m-©‑v Hc‑p "s‑s‑lþs‑S-¡‑v s‑S-d-d‑n-k‑vä‑v' B-W‑v X‑p-S§‑n-b B-t‑c‑m-]-W§f‑p‑w D¶b‑n-¨X‑v. Ct‑X I‑me¯‑v A-Ê‑m©‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â ]-c-¼-c‑m-K-X a‑m[‑y-a ]-¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å _-Ô-§-f‑p‑w hj-f‑mb‑n.

971þs‑e s‑]â-K¬ t‑]-t‑¸-g‑v-k‑v t‑I-k‑n b‑p.F-k‑v. k‑p{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n \-S¯‑n-b ]-c-a‑m-aÀ-i-§f‑p‑w s‑_³-¢À N‑q-ï‑n¡‑m«‑n. h‑n-P-b-I-ca‑m-b A-´À-t‑Zi‑o-b \-b-X-{‑´-_-豈 \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑m\‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w I‑m-c‑y-£-a-a‑m-¡‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑m\‑p‑w H-cf-h‑v h-s‑c c-l-k‑y‑mß-I-X Bhi‑y-a‑m-W‑v... ]-t‑£ A-h-t‑_‑m-[-a‑p-Å {‑]‑m-X‑n-\‑n[‑y K-h-×â‑n-s‑\ h‑n-es‑I‑m-S‑p¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å k‑p-c-£ \-½‑p-s‑S d‑n-¸-»‑n-¡‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï i-c‑nb‑m-b k‑p-c£bÃ.' A¶‑v K-h-×â‑n-s‑â h‑m-Z§-s‑f a‑p-g‑ph³ \‑n-c‑m-I-c‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑I‑mS-X‑n C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v h‑n-[‑n-¨X‑v.

"A-S-¡‑n-\‑nÀ-¯-e‑p-I-f‑nÃ‑m-¯ k‑z-X-{‑´a‑m-b {‑]-Ê‑n-\‑p a‑m-{‑X-t‑a K-h-×â‑n-s‑â h-©-\-IÄ X‑pd-¶‑p I‑m-«‑m³ I-g‑nb‑p. k‑zX-{‑´ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-c-a-{‑]-[‑m-\a‑m-b N‑p-a-X-e-If‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑v h‑n-t‑Zi-t‑c‑m-K-§f‑p‑w h‑nt‑Z-i s‑h-S‑n-b‑p-ï-If‑p‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v a-c‑n-¡‑m³ P-\§-Ä h‑n-Z‑q-c-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑]‑m-I-W-s‑a¶‑v Ah-s‑c h-©‑n-¡‑m³ K-h-×â‑n-s‑â G-s‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w h‑n-`‑m-K‑w {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v X-Sb‑p-I F-¶-X‑mW‑v.' t‑{‑]‑m-k‑n-I‑y‑q-j³ D-¶-b‑n-¨ G-äh‑p‑w K‑p-c‑p-X-ca‑m-b I‑pä‑w‑, a‑m-\‑n-§‑v i-{‑X‑p-h‑n-s‑\ k-l‑m-b‑n-¨‑p F-¶X‑v‑, t‑I‑m-S‑n X-Å‑n-¡fª‑p. P‑q-s‑s‑e 30þ\‑v t‑I‑mS-X‑n ]‑p-d-s‑¸-S‑p-h‑n-¨ "A-\‑r-‑m-bh‑p‑w A-\‑o-X‑n-]‑qÀ-W-h‑pa‑m-b' h‑n-[‑n-b‑n-s‑e G-I c-P-Xt‑c-J A-X‑p a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. amXr-`qan Hm-¬sse-\nð A-kn.F-Un-ä-dm-Wv te-JI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: balaraman.kk@gmail.com

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Jeff Jarvis

Who is a journalist?

Manning trial poses question of vital public interest In this age of radically open networks, journalism is no longer a profession.

It is a service to inform society anyone can provide

W

hen Bradley Manning’s defense attorneys wanted someone to explain journalism ) to the court trying him, they did not call on a journalist, they called on a legal scholar and expert in networks: Yochai Benkler, co-director of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard and author of The Wealth of Networks.

For as Benkler explained to the court, journalism is now a network – a “network ‘fourth estate’”.

In this network, there are many roles that can be linked together: witnessing, gathering, selecting, authenticating, explaining, distributing. Each can be an act of journalism. Each can be done by someone else, not necessarily working in a single institution.

“Journalism,” said Benkler, “is made up of many things.”

Those actors can now include not just the reporters and editors in newspapers, and not just bloggers working alone, but also other, new players: witnesses who share what they see on the streets of Cairo, Rio, or Istanbul; witnesses or whistleblowers who share what they discover in their work (see: Manning or Edward Snowden) and organizations that aid one function or another (see: WikiLeaks). As Benkler went on to testify Wednesday: One of the things that’s happened is people realize that you can’t have all the smartest people and all the resources working in the same organization. So we have seen a much greater distribution in networks that even though they use the internet, what’s important about the network structure is actually permissions, who’s allowed to work on what resource or assignments of work assignments.

Permission is precisely what is at stake in Manning’s trial and will be if Snowden is brought to court: both men had permission to see what they saw. They did not have permission to share it. Or if HIvtSm_À 2013

they are deemed whistleblowers, do they? Well, that may depend on whom they shared their information with: a journalistic organization, perhaps. But is WikiLeaks such an organization? Or is it a source for “the enemy”?

That is an issue Benkler and attorneys wrestled with, as he argued that WikiLeaks was indeed seen as a journalistic organization – until Manning’s files became public (with the help of the Guardian, the New York Times, Der Spiegel, el Pais and other clearly journalistic enterprises). From then on, Benkler said, WikiLeaks was demonized by American politicians in their “shrill” campaign against it. To use Benkler’s word, WikiLeaks was “delegitimized”. Its permissions were withdrawn.

All this matters to Manning’s defense because it informs the question of intent: did he intend to share the videos and files he found with fellow citizens or with the enemy? Was WikiLeaks a journalistic entity with links to the public or an enemy tool with a line to Bin Laden?

The exact same question is already raised about Snowden: did he intend to share with the public through this newspaper or with other governments in their airports? There lies a line between whistleblower and spy – or so the argument goes.

There’s another issue in play: the one around “a journalist”. Who is a journalist? For that matter, what is journalism? Those questions underpinned not only Benkler’s testimony, but also the debate buzzing around the head of the Guardian’s Glenn Greenwald, as some colleagues in the field have amazingly questioned his role (his permission), and thus whether he should be arrested for aiding and abetting a criminal suspect.

They do that because Greenwald is an advocate and a journalist; while journalists – in the US, at least – have long believed that one must be a journalist or

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Yochai Benkler

an advocate. Benkler told the court that one can be both. I argue that all journalism is advocacy even if it is simply advocating for openness and transparency, or standing up for the downtrodden, or believing that the public must be better informed.

New York Times public editor Margaret Sullivan tried recently (and for what must be the millionth time) to define a journalist. Senator Dick Durbin has proposed that the government should define who is a journalist.

But that would be tantamount to licensing the journalist. That is a permission government should not grant, for that gives government the power to rescind it.

Here’s the problem – the problem Benkler presents in his testimony: in a network, anyone can perform an act of journalism. Thus, I argue, there are no journalists. There is only the service of journalism.

At the Guardian’s Activate conference in London, this Tuesday, I asked Vint Cerf, a father of the internet, about the notion that journalists still think they manufacture a product called content (a noun) while Cerf’s invention and his current employer, Google, concentrate on making verbs: services that perform a function for people or society. Surely, as I’ve argued on my blog recently, journalism is such a service.

Journalism is not content. It need not be a profession or an industry. It is not the province of a guild. It is not a scarcity to be controlled. It no longer happens just in newsrooms. It is no longer confined to narrative form.

So, then, what the hell is journalism?

It is a service whose end is an informed public.

For my entrepreneurial journalism students, I provide a broad umbrella of a definition: journalism helps communities organize their knowledge so they

can better organize themselves.

So, anything that reliably serves the end of an informed community is journalism. Anyone can help do that. The true journalist should want anyone to join the task.

That’s not a complicated definition, but it raises no end of complications, especially in a set of laws that is built for institutions, not networks. What if Manning, WikiLeaks, Snowden and Greenwald all performed acts of journalism? I say they have, for they performed services in the name of an informed public. There is a role for the witness, the whistleblower, and the advocate in the “network fourth estate”.

And there must still be a role for journalistic institutions. For it is they that have the resources to perform many of the necessary functions that come after witnessing: selecting, authenticating, explaining, distributing. And it is they and their lawyers who can withstand the pressure that governments will put on them – witness the trial of Manning and the pursuit of Snowden – to forbid transparency.

In his testimony, Benkler warned the court of the precedents that may set: If the threat to potential whistleblowers and leakers was as great as a death penalty or life in prison, [that would chill] the willingness of people of good conscience but not infinite courage to come forward and … [would] severely undermine the way in which leak-based investigative journalism has worked in the tradition of free press in the United States. courtesy: theguardian.com

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Dan Fastenberg

9 Famous Whistle-Blowers: Where Are They Now? What happened to government officials, corporate execs and lowly clerks who went up against the powers-that-be and revealed secrets?

I

t’s one of the big questions concerning Edward Snowden, the self-confessed leaker and National Security Agency whistle-blower: What next? While legal experts debate whether he will be extradited from Russia, where he’s hiding out, and how much jail time he could face, here is some insight into Snowden’s fate by looking at past whistle-blowers. What happened to government officials, corporate execs and lowly clerks who went up against the Snowden powers-that-be and revealed secrets?

While some went on to have high-paying careers, many others went to jail or were ostracized, forced to live in obscurity. One famous leaker, Bradley Manning, who handed over classified videos, cables and other documents to Wikileaks, was sentenced to be confined for 35 years and dishonorably discharged from the service.

Indeed, one thing is clear: the consequences for a whistle-blower can be severe, even though President Obama himself has signed laws that are supposed to protect them. Read on, and then tell us: What do you think should happen to Edward Snowden?

Mark Felt Federal Bureau of Investigation

How he blew the whistle: As the associate director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the early 1970s, Mark Felt was aware of illegal attempts by the Nixon Administration to spy on political opponents, breaking into offices and reading their mail. So when J. Edgar Hoover died in 1972, and Nixon bypassed Felt to appoint an ally as FBI director, Felt became a critical source to Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward, as he and fellow reporter Carl Bernstein investigated the Watergate Hotel break-in and resulting scandal.

What happened: He retired from the FBI in 1973. For years, Felt’s identity was kept secret; Woodward and Bernstein only referred to him as “Deep Throat.” At his request, his true identity was disclosed in 2005, when he was 91 years old. He died in 2008.

In 1978, hehttps: faced felony charges in connection \\graphicanthropology.wordpress.com HIvtSm_À 2013

with FBI surveillance of radical groups such as the Weather Underground. He was pardoned by President Ronald Reagan in 1982. During those legal proceedings, he was the beneficiary of many private donations, including reportedly gifts from Nixon himself.

Felt wrote several books about his time in the bureau.

Daniel Ellsberg U.S. Department of Defense

How he blew the whistle: In the 1960s and early 1970s, military leaders and the White House claimed that the U.S. was winning the Vietnam War. In private, however, they wrote an encyclopedic history that detailed America’s failures.

In 1969, young defense analyst Daniel Ellsberg began photocopying Department of Defense records which documented how four presidential administrations misled the American public. It also revealed the secret bombing campaign in Cambodia.

In 1971, Ellsberg handed over the secret war files, known as the “Pentagon Papers,” to the New York Times.

What happened: Ellsberg was charged under the Espionage Act of 1917, but the charges were dropped in 1971. Ellsberg began a career as a political activist.

What he’s doing now: As a member of the New York-based Campaign for Peace and Democracy, Ellsberg has been an outspoken opponent of the Iraq War, among other issues. He lives in Kensington, Calif., and has called Edward Snowden a “hero.”

Mordechai Vanunu Israeli Government

How he blew the whistle: As a matter of policy, Israel refuses to acknowledge its nuclear program. But as a nuclear technician for the Israeli government, Vanunu confirmed the existence of the program to the Sunday Times of London in 1986, saying that he was morally opposed to such weapons. At the time, Vanunu said that Israel had between 100 to 200 nuclear weapons.

What happened: Israeli agents captured him in

(11) Italy in 1986 and Vanunu was sentenced in Israel to 18 years in prison as a traitor -- 11 of them in solitary confinement. After he was released in 2004, Vanunu was sent back to jail in 2010 for three months for meeting with foreigners, including his Norwegian girlfriend.

What he’s doing now: Vanunu is still monitored by the Israeli government, and is reported to be living in East Jerusalem.

Mark Whitacre Archer Daniels Midland

How he blew the whistle: In 1992, Mark Whitacre, an executive with the pharmaceutical firm Archer Daniels Midland, told his wife that his company was fixing the price of the food additive lysine to increase profits. She pressured him to tell the FBI, according to the 2001 book, “The Informant.” Whitacre soon began giving the FBI information on his company, becoming the highestlevel corporate whistle-blower. Three years later, however, at ADM’s urging the FBI investigated Whitacre and found that he had stolen $9 million from ADM. What happened: Whitacre was convicted of tax evasion and fraud -- and also was sentenced along with other high-ranking ADM executives for participating in the price-fixing scheme, which ended up costing the company hundreds of millions.

He served eight years in prison and was released in 2006. His story was soon made into the 2009 feature film starring Matt Damon, called, “The Informant!”

What he’s doing now: He is now the COO of Cypress Systems, a California-based biotechnology firm. He is fighting for a pardon, and many FBI agents support him.

Jeffrey Wigand Brown & Williamson

How he blew the whistle: In 1994, the CEOs of the seven major American tobacco companies testified before Congress, swearing under oath that nicotine was not addictive. Soon after Jeffrey Wigand, a former vice president for research and development at the Brown & Williamson tobacco company, sat down for an explosive interview with Mike Wallace of “60 Minutes.” Initially, the network didn’t broadcast the interview out of fear of breaching Wigand’s confidentiality agreement with his employer and the multi-million dollar lawsuit that could ensue. But after the Wall Street Journal reported on Wigand’s story CBS decided to air the interview in full. In speaking to Wallace, Wigand said his company knowingly doctored the nicotine content in its cigarettes to enhance its addictive qualities.

What happened: Wigand was eventually sued by his former employer for breaching the confidentiality agreement. But the suit was dismissed by the courts in 1997 as a condition of the

Mark Felt

Daniel Ellsberg

Mordechai Vanunu

HIvtSm_À 2013

(12) federal government’s $368 billion settlement with the tobacco industry. After leaving the tobacco company in 1993, Wigand taught chemistry and Japanese in Kentucky public schools, and even won the state’s 1996 teacher of the year award. His story was later told in the hit 1999 movie, “The Insider.”

What’s he doing now: He has since left teaching and now supports tobacco control through his nonprofit group SMOKE-FREE KIDS, Inc.

Harry Markopolos Independent Fraud Investigator

How he blew the whistle: As an independent financial fraud analyst, Markopolos says that it took him just five minutes to figure out Bernard Madoff’s security fund was a fraud. He said the guaranteed rates of return between 12 to 20 percent were simply impossible. And so starting in 2000 Markopolos began warning the Securities and Exchange Commission of Madoff’s Ponzi scheme. In total, he submitted five written warnings to the SEC. What happened: The fraud only stopped when Madoff said that he couldn’t meet the redemption requests in 2008. At that point, the fraud had grown to $65 billion. Markopolos thinks that it was only $5 billion when he first warned the SEC. What he is doing now: After the Madoff scandal broke, Markopolos received much adulatory media coverage, and the private fraud investigator said that he found himself “under siege” with professional offers, according to the The Boston Globe. In 2011, he also published a book about his Madoff experience, No One Would Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller.

Mark Whitacre

Sherron Watkins Enron Jeffrey Wigand

HIvtSm_À 2013

Harry Markopolos

How she blew the whistle: In August 2001, Sherron Watkins, then Enron’s vice president for corporate development, sent an explosive, sevenpage email to the energy company’s CEO, Kenneth Lay. She detailed what she called an “elaborate accounting hoax,” which included inflating income and hiding epic losses. Although Lay claimed that he’d launch an investigation, Watkins said that she was immediately punished; her computer’s hard drive was confiscated and her desk relocated to the nether regions of Enron. Four months later, Enron could no longer sustain the fraud, and it filed for bankruptcy.

What happened: Five months after she wrote the memo, Watkins was called to testify before Congress and faced criticism for not having notified authorities. By the end of 2002, though, Enron was bankrupt, and Time named Watkins one of the three “People of the Year,” and she got a book deal.

What she is doing now: She has since become a public speaker on leadership lessons and problems in U.S. corporate culture. She still lives in Houston but told CNBC that she couldn’t continue in business

(13) because the label “whistle-blower” made her “radioactive.”

Cynthia Cooper WorldCom

How she blew the whistle: As the head of internal auditing for telecommunications giant WorldCom, Cynthia Copper noticed irregular accounting practices in 2002, but the company’s CFO brushed her off. She and her team investigated and uncovered a scheme in which WorldCom had been manipulating its operational costs and reporting them as capital expenditures. When she confronted the controller, he confessed, and WorldCom publicly acknowledged its $3.8 billion fraud and filed for bankruptcy.

What happened: Congress, outraged, passed financial reform legislation, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Cooper was named a 2002 Time magazine person of the year (along with Enron’s Sherron Watkins).

WorldCom’s CFO pleaded guilty and got five years in prison; and WorldCom CEO Bernie Ebbers was convicted and sentenced to 25 years in prison.

What she’s doing now: In 2008, she wrote a book, Extraordinary Circumstances, about her WorldCom experience. She now runs her own consulting firm in Mississippi and speaks of her experience to corporations and universities around the country.

Sherron Watkins

Thomas Drake National Security Agency

Cynthia Cooper

Thomas Drake

How he blew the whistle: In the aftermath of the Sept. 11 attacks, the National Security Agency began a secret surveillance program to avert future terrorist stikes. The NSA’s counterterrorism program allowed the agency to analyze data shared over cell phones and e-mail. A top executive at the NSA, Drake felt the program was unlawful and unnecessary and he leaked top-secret documents about it to Baltimore Sun reporter Siobhan Gorman in 2006.

What happened: The federal government charged Drake for violating the Espionage Act, and he faced a potential 35-year prison sentence. But eventually the feds dropped the felony charges and, in June 2011, Drake pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor, “exceeding the authorized use of a computer.” He never spent a day in jail, and was absolved of mishandling classified information.

What he’s doing now: Drake works in retail at an Apple store in suburban Maryland. Attorney General Eric Holder was even one of his customers, according to the The Wall Street Journal. He also regularly makes appearances in the media to discuss national security issues, and he’s done a flurry of interviews concerning Edward Snowden, warning that the government will “seek revenge and retaliation.”

courtesy: AOL Jobs HIvtSm_À 2013

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P‑n.{‑]‑nbZÀi\³

Pb‑n‑wk‑v AKÌk‑v l‑n¡‑n:

C´‑y³ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â ]‑nX‑mh‑v t‑^‑mÀ¯‑v Ft‑Ìä‑nt‑\‑mS‑pÅ BZ‑yI‑me {‑_‑n«‑nj‑v `cWIÀ¯‑m¡f‑ps‑S ka‑o]\‑w Bi‑mk‑ya‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. Hc‑p k‑zI‑mc‑y k‑wc‑w`a‑mb‑nc‑ps‑¶¦‑ne‑p‑w ]‑mZt‑khIc‑mb‑nc‑p¶ ]{‑Xa‑pSaس·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m[‑n]·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w a‑m{‑Xs‑a h‑nPbI‑nc‑oSaW‑nb‑m³ Ig‑nª‑nc‑p¶‑pÅ‑p. [‑oca‑mb ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\s‑¯ Dt‑Z‑y‑mKØh‑rµ¯‑n\‑p kl‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nª‑nÃ. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y¯‑ns‑â X‑mÂ]c‑y§Ä k‑wc£‑n¡‑m³ t‑]‑m¶h‑n[‑w ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S Ig‑p¯‑ps‑Rc‑n¨‑v \‑nÀ¯‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p I¡¯‑m ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â Bc‑w`I‑mes‑¯ Cc‑p]X‑v hÀj§Ä.

{_n

«‑nj‑v C´‑y³ `cW k‑nc‑mt‑I{‑µa‑mb‑nc‑p¶ I¡¯‑m]«Wa‑mW‑v C´‑y³ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ ¯\¯‑ns‑â C‑uä‑nÃ‑w. C‑u s‑as‑{‑S‑m \Kc¯‑ne‑mW‑v C´‑y b‑ns‑e H¶‑mas‑¯ ]{‑Xa‑mb ‑"Hicky's Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser’ F¶ {‑]X‑nh‑mc C‑w¥‑oj‑v ]{‑X‑w ]‑nd¶‑p h‑oWX‑v. 1780 P\‑phc‑n 29\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p B al\‑ob k‑w`h‑w. Pb‑n‑wk‑v AKÌk‑vl‑n¡‑n (1740þ1802‑) Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑ns‑â FU‑näd‑p‑w {‑]‑nâd‑p‑w ]»‑njd‑p‑w. I¡¯b‑ns‑e C‑w¥‑oj‑pI‑mÀ¡‑p t‑hï‑n Bc‑w`‑n¨X‑ms‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑^‑mÀ¯‑v Ft‑Ìä‑nt‑\‑mS‑pÅ BZ‑yI‑me {‑_‑n«‑nj‑v `cWIÀ¯‑m¡f‑ps‑S ka‑o]\‑w Bi‑mk‑ya‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. Hc‑p k‑zI‑mc‑y k‑wc‑w`a‑mb‑nc‑ps‑¶¦‑ne‑p‑w ]‑mZt‑khIc‑mb‑nc‑p¶ ]{‑Xa‑pSaس·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m[‑n]·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w a‑m{‑Xs‑a h‑nPbI‑nc‑oSaW‑nb‑m³ Ig‑nª‑nc‑p¶‑pÅ‑p. [‑oca‑mb ] {‑X{‑]hÀ¯\s‑¯ Dt‑Z‑y‑mKØh‑rµ¯‑n\‑p kl‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nª‑nÃ. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y¯‑ns‑â X‑mÂ]c‑y§Ä k‑wc£‑n¡‑m³ t‑]‑m¶h‑n[‑w ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S Ig‑p¯‑ps‑Rc‑n¨‑v \‑nÀ¯‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p I¡¯‑m ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â Bc‑w`I‑mes‑¯ Cc‑p]X‑v hÀj§Ä.

AbÀeï‑v c‑mP‑y¡‑mc\‑mW‑v l‑n¡‑n. 1772þ Hc‑p kÀPs‑â kl‑mb‑nb‑mb‑n«‑v I¡¯b‑n F¯‑n.

I¡¯b‑ns‑e Hc‑p k‑v{‑X‑ob h‑nh‑ml‑w Ig‑n¨‑p. B Z¼X‑nIÄ¡‑v 10 a¡Ä Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶s‑{‑X. Hc‑p I¸Â k‑z´a‑m¡‑n I¨hS¯‑n GÀs‑¸S‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p l‑n¡‑n BZ‑y‑w s‑Nb‑vXX‑v. AX‑n h³ \j‑vS‑w t‑\c‑nS‑pIb‑p‑w Pb‑n i‑n£b‑v¡‑v h‑nt‑[b\‑mh‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p (1776‑).

HIvtSm_À 2013

h‑mk‑vXh¯‑n I¸Â X«‑ns‑bS‑p¡‑m³ N‑neÀ At‑±ls‑¯ Hc‑p IÅt‑¡k‑n I‑pS‑p¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. X·‑qe‑w cï‑v hÀj‑w Pb‑nÂi‑n£ A\‑p`h‑nt‑¡ï‑nh¶‑p.

Pb‑nÂh‑mk I‑me¯‑mW‑v C´‑yb‑n Hc‑p {‑]‑nâ‑n‑wK‑v {‑]k‑v X‑pS§‑p¶X‑n\‑pÅ Bib‑w l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S a\Ê‑n DZ‑n¨X‑v. eï\‑n h¨‑pXs‑¶ a‑p{‑ZW\‑nÀ½‑mW¯‑n At‑±l‑w ] c‑ni‑oe\‑w t‑\S‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Ch‑ns‑S l‑n¡‑n k‑zb‑w A¨S‑n A£c§Ä Dï‑m¡‑pIb‑p‑w I¡¯¡‑mc\‑mb Hc‑p Bi‑mc‑ns‑bs‑¡‑mï‑v XS‑nb‑ne‑pÅ Hc‑p {‑]‑nâ‑n‑wK‑v a‑nj‑y³ ]W‑nb‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w Bhi‑y‑wt‑hï aä‑p]IcW§Ä C‑w¥ï‑n \‑n¶‑p hc‑p¯‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. e‑m _k‑mÀ t‑]‑me‑nk‑v s‑lU‑vI‑z‑mÀt‑«g‑vk‑n\‑p ]‑pdI‑ne‑pÅ c‑m[‑mk‑v _k‑md‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S {‑]k‑v. ]X‑n\‑md‑p ]‑pda‑pÅ Hc‑p IeïÀ Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p B {‑]Ê‑ns‑e BZ‑y a‑p{‑ZW‑w. C´‑yb‑ns‑e Xs‑¶ BZ‑ys‑¯ a‑p{‑Z‑nX t‑cJ. aä‑p ]eX‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S A¨S‑ns‑¨¦‑ne‑p‑w AX‑ns‑\‑m¶‑p‑w s‑Xf‑nh‑pe`‑n¨‑n«‑nÃ. C‑uÌ‑n´‑y‑m I¼\‑nb‑ps‑S A¨S‑n t‑P‑me‑nIÄ BZ‑yI‑me¯‑v l‑n¡‑nb‑mW‑v \‑nÀhl‑n¨X‑v.

AX‑n\‑m ‑"I¼\‑nb‑ps‑S A¨S‑n¡‑mc³' F¶‑v h‑nJ‑y‑mX\‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. a‑pJ‑ya‑mb‑p‑w Hc‑p kÀPs‑â kl‑mb‑nb‑mb‑p‑w At‑¸‑m¯‑n¡c‑n t‑hes‑Nb‑vX‑pa‑mW‑v Xs‑â he‑nb I‑pS‑p‑w_s‑¯ t‑]‑mä‑nbX‑v. I¡¯b‑n h¶‑nd§‑nb I‑me‑w a‑pX A´‑y‑w hs‑cb‑p‑w kÀP\‑mb‑p‑w At‑¸‑m¯‑n¡c‑nb‑mb‑p‑w At‑±l‑w {‑]‑mI‑vS‑ok‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑p¶‑p. "_‑wK‑mÄ IeïÀ B³U‑v cP‑nt‑Ìg‑v‑'k‑ne‑p‑w ‑"_‑wK‑mÄ UbdI‑vSd‑n B³U‑v AÂa\‑m¡‑n‑'e‑p‑w l‑n¡‑ns‑b ‑"kÀP³ B³U‑v At‑¸‑m¯‑n¡c‑n' F¶‑p ]c‑maÀi‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v.

(15)

ln¡nbpsS _wKmÄ Kkänsâ Hcp e¡w

s‑aU‑nk‑ns‑\¸ä‑n Ad‑nh‑p k¼‑mZ‑n¨X‑ps‑I‑mï‑mW‑v Hc‑p kÀPs‑â kl‑mb‑nb‑mb‑n I¡¯b‑ns‑e¯‑m³ At‑±l¯‑n\‑p k‑m[‑n¨X‑v. s‑{‑]‑m^jW I‑z‑mf‑n^‑nt‑¡j³ Cs‑æ‑ne‑p‑w I¡¯b‑ns‑e \‑oïI‑mes‑¯ {‑]‑mI‑vS‑ok‑v l‑n¡‑ns‑b Hc‑p \à kÀP\‑p‑w At‑¸‑m¯‑n¡c‑nb‑pa‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. s‑s‑hZ‑yh‑r¯‑n¡‑p aX‑nb‑mb {‑]X‑n^e‑w e`‑yaÃ‑mX‑nc‑p¶X‑n\‑m C‑uÌ‑n´‑y‑m¡¼\‑nb‑ps‑S h‑mW‑nP‑y k‑w_Ôa‑mb s‑X‑mg‑n t‑aJeb‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v ]ec‑p‑w a‑md‑nt‑¸‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]c‑nKW\‑mÀla‑mW‑v l‑n¡‑n ]{‑X‑w Bc‑w`‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mg‑pÅ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob ]Ý‑m¯e‑w. c‑mP‑y¯‑n\I¯‑p‑w ]‑pd¯‑p‑w b‑p²t‑`c‑n a‑pg§‑ns‑¡‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. At‑ac‑n¡³ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑ykac‑w ]‑pt‑c‑mKa‑n¡‑p¶‑p. {‑^‑m³k‑ne‑p‑w k‑vs‑]b‑n\‑ne‑p‑w {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v ]«‑mf‑w b‑p²¯‑n a‑pg‑pI‑n. C´‑yb‑n s‑s‑lZc‑me‑n IÀ®‑m«‑nI‑v b‑p²‑w \b‑n¨‑p. Ag‑naX‑n¡‑p‑w [‑mÀ½‑nI‑m[‑x]X\¯‑n\‑p‑w s‑I‑m¡¯b‑ns‑e {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v ka‑ql‑w Z‑pj‑vt‑¸c‑p k¼‑mZ‑n¨‑pIg‑nª‑p. Ac‑n ]‑qg‑v¯‑nh¨X‑ne‑qs‑S 1770s‑e _‑wK‑mÄ £‑ma¯‑n Fg‑p]¯¿‑mb‑nct‑¯‑mf‑w t‑]À ac‑n¨‑ph‑oW‑p. Ag‑naX‑nb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w Ag‑nª‑m«¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w {‑]X‑oIa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p A¶s‑¯ KhÀWÀ P\d (1773 þ 1785‑) Bb‑nc‑p¶ h‑md³ t‑l‑mÌ‑n‑wK‑vk‑v (1732þ1818‑). k‑mÀh{‑X‑nIa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p A¡‑mes‑¯ I¡¯b‑n aZ‑y]‑m\‑w‑, I‑ma¡‑q¯‑v‑, N‑qX‑m«‑w X‑pS§‑nb Z‑pj‑vIÀ½§Ä.

B[‑p\‑nIt‑a‑m ]‑pc‑mX\t‑a‑m Bb t‑e‑mINc‑n{‑X¯‑n Hc‑nS¯‑p‑w I‑mW‑m³ Ig‑nb‑m¯h‑n[‑w‑, h‑md³ t‑lÌ‑n‑wK‑vs‑â `cWI‑me¯‑v I¡¯ [‑mÀ½‑nIa‑mb A[‑x]X\¯‑mÂ

BS‑nb‑peª‑nc‑p¶‑p. ‑’A history of the Calcutta Press’ F¶ ]T\{‑KÙ¯‑n ]‑n.X¦¸³\‑mbÀ t‑cJs‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶‑p. C‑u A]Nbs‑¯¸ä‑n t‑_‑m[h‑m\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p l‑n¡‑n. Xs‑â a‑mX‑rc‑mP‑y¯‑n\‑p‑w I¡¯b‑ns‑e C‑w¥‑oj‑v ka‑ql¯‑n\‑p‑w t‑a Dï‑mb N‑o¯t‑¸c‑v a‑mä‑ns‑bS‑p¡Ws‑a¶‑v l‑n¡‑n Ic‑pX‑n.

C§s‑\s‑b‑mc‑p N‑pä‑p]‑mS‑ne‑mW‑v At‑±l‑w _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑v Bc‑w`‑n¨X‑v. s‑]‑mX‑pP‑oh‑nX¯‑n kZ‑vh‑r¯‑nb‑p‑w [‑mÀ½‑nIXb‑p‑w ]‑peÀ¯‑ph‑m³ _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑ns‑â ]‑pd§f‑ne‑qs‑S At‑±l‑w Bhi‑ys‑¸«‑p. I¡¯b‑ns‑e k‑zX{‑´ b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ h‑mW‑nP‑y ka‑ql¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w \‑nÀ`‑mK‑yc‑mb \‑m«‑n³ ]‑pds‑¯ ]Sb‑mf‑n h‑n`‑mK¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w h‑mW‑nP‑y‑mhi‑y§f‑p‑w Z‑pc‑nX§f‑p‑w s‑hf‑n¨¯‑ps‑I‑mï‑phc‑m³ Ahc‑ps‑S t‑{‑]‑mÕ‑ml\¯‑m Hc‑p h‑mÀ¯‑m]{‑X‑w ]‑pds‑¸S‑ph‑n¡‑ph‑m³ l‑n¡‑n X¿‑md‑mh‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ic‑n¡‑p ]dª‑m l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑ns‑â Bc‑w`‑w I¡¯‑m N{‑Ih‑mf¯‑n Hc‑p CS‑na‑pg¡‑wXs‑¶ k‑rj‑vS‑n¨‑p. I¡¯b‑ns‑e ]‑uc·‑mc‑ps‑S k‑pJk‑uIc‑y§Ä¡‑p t‑hï‑n `‑uX‑nIa‑mb k‑w`‑mh\ s‑N¿‑ps‑a¶ h‑ni‑z‑mkt‑¯‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v KhÀWÀ P\d h‑md³ t‑lÌ‑n‑wK‑vk‑v ]{‑X‑w \S¯‑m³ l‑n¡‑n¡‑v A\‑ph‑mZ‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¯X‑v. ]{‑X‑w a‑pd‑ps‑I ]‑nS‑n¡‑p¶ BZÀih‑p‑w e£‑yh‑p‑w l‑n¡‑n C§s‑\ {‑]ISa‑m¡‑n. ‑’A

weekly political and commercial paper open to all parties but influenced by none‑’. CX‑pXs‑¶b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p

]{‑X¯‑ns‑â a‑pJa‑p{‑Zb‑p‑w. FÃ‑m I£‑nIf‑pt‑Sb‑p‑w hI‑, Bc‑pt‑Sb‑p‑w k‑z‑m[‑o\ià‑n¡‑v hi‑whZaÃ‑m¯ HIvtSm_À 2013

(16) c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob h‑mW‑nP‑y {‑]X‑nh‑mc ]{‑X‑w F¶ {‑]J‑y‑m]\‑w {‑i²‑mÀla‑mW‑v. ]{‑X‑w Bc‑w`‑n¡‑ph‑m\‑pÅ t‑{‑]cWb‑p‑w l‑n¡‑n h‑yàa‑m¡‑n: “I have no particular passion for

printing of newspapers, I have no prosperity, I was not bred to a slanish life of hard work, yet I take a pleasure in enslaving my body in order to purchase freedom for my mind and soul”.

cï‑pj‑oä‑n \‑me‑pt‑]P‑pÅ k‑m[‑mcW ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â ]I‑pX‑n he‑n¸¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑v. Ht‑c‑m hi¯‑p‑w a‑q¶‑pt‑I‑mf‑w h‑oX‑w‑, Hä{‑]X‑n¡‑v Hc‑p c‑q]b‑p‑w h‑mÀj‑nI hc‑nk‑wJ‑y 50c‑q]b‑p‑w. ]ck‑y§Ä t‑hï{‑X t‑NÀ¯‑nc‑p¶‑p. i‑oÀjI§t‑f‑ms‑S hIX‑nc‑n¨‑mWh h‑n\‑yk‑n¨X‑v. h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑p‑w I‑pd‑n¸‑pIÄ¡‑p‑w Xes‑¡«‑pIÄ N‑mÀ¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. a‑pJ{‑]k‑wK§Ä DÄs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑ns‑æ‑ne‑p‑w FU‑näÀ¡‑pÅ I¯‑pIÄ‑, I‑pd‑n¸‑pIÄ‑, ]c‑nl‑mk]‑qc‑nXa‑mb t‑eJ\§Ä F¶‑nhb‑ne‑qs‑S B [À½‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑pt‑]‑m¶‑p.

Poet corner F¶ t‑]c‑n Hc‑p Ih‑nX‑m]‑wà‑nb‑p‑w _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑n X‑nf§‑n. _‑wK‑mf‑ns‑â {‑][‑m\ {‑]t‑Zi§f‑n l‑n¡‑n¡‑v Idk‑vt‑]‑mïâ‑pa‑mc‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«Àa‑mc‑p‑w Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. IÀ®‑m«‑nI‑v b‑p²h‑p‑w aä‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p s‑N¿‑m³ {‑]t‑X‑yI t‑eJI·‑ms‑c \‑nba‑n¨‑p. h‑mÀ¯‑mt‑eJI·‑mc‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«Àa‑mc‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w k‑wc£W‑w l‑n¡‑n k‑zb‑w Gs‑äS‑p¯‑p. {‑]‑nâÀ F¶ \‑neb‑n FÃ‑m \S]S‑nIf‑p‑w At‑±l‑w t‑\ c‑n«‑p. Pb‑n i‑n£¡‑v h‑nt‑[b\‑mt‑Iï‑n h¶ A] I‑oÀ¯‑nIca‑mb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ t‑]‑me‑p‑w aä‑pÅhÀ Fg‑pX‑nbhb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ ]{‑X§Ä A¡‑me¯‑v C´‑yb‑ns‑e¯‑m³ cï‑pa‑mkt‑¯‑mfs‑aS‑p¯‑p. Ahb‑ns‑e k‑p{‑][‑m\ h‑mÀ¯IÄ _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑n ]‑p\‑x{‑] k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨‑pt‑]‑m¶‑p. ]ck‑y§f‑p‑w Ad‑nb‑n¸‑pIf‑p‑w h‑nh‑ml h‑nÚ‑m]\§f‑p‑w l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S ] {‑X¯‑n CS‑wIï‑nc‑p¶X‑n\‑m {‑]k‑nU³k‑nb‑ne‑p‑w \‑m«‑n³]‑pd¯‑pa‑pÅ A‑ut‑Z‑y‑mK‑nI b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ h‑y‑m]‑mc‑n ka‑ql‑w ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â H‑mt‑c‑m e¡h‑p‑w {‑]X‑o£t‑b‑ms‑S I‑m¯‑nc‑p¶‑p. c‑mP‑yhÀ¯a‑m\§f‑p‑w {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI h‑mÀ¯If‑p‑w [‑mc‑mfa‑mb‑n DÄs‑¸S‑p¯‑n.

Bs‑c‑ms‑¡b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p ]{‑X¯‑ns‑e Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mÀ F¶‑p‑w X‑n«a‑nÃ. Ifft‑¸c‑pIf‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p ]ec‑p‑w h‑nlc‑n¨X‑v. l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S ]‑n¶‑ns‑e kP‑oh LSIa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p ^‑ne‑n¸‑v {‑^‑m³k‑nk‑v. K‑qV\‑ma¯‑n N‑qt‑Sd‑nb ]e cN\If‑p‑w At‑±l‑w I‑mg‑vNh¨‑p. {‑_‑n«‑nj‑v `cW‑m[‑nI‑mc‑nIÄ C´‑yb‑n \S¯‑p¶ AX‑n{‑Ia§f‑p‑w s‑I‑mÅb‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m[‑n]À X‑pd¶‑pI‑m«‑n. Ag‑naX‑n¡YIÄ N‑pc‑pfg‑nªt‑¸‑mÄ _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑v FÃ‑mhc‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w {‑i² ]‑nS‑n¨‑p]ä‑n. C´‑yb‑ns‑e {‑_‑n«‑nj‑pI‑mÀs‑¡¶t‑]‑ms‑e C‑w¥ï‑ns‑e ]‑uc·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w C‑u ]{‑X‑w I‑qS‑nt‑bX‑oc‑p F¶ \‑neb‑mb‑n. F¶‑m C´‑yb‑ns‑e `cW‑m[‑nI‑mc‑nIÄ¡‑v ]{‑X‑w Hc‑p IS‑p¯ D]{‑Zha‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑v N‑qS¸‑wt‑]‑ms‑e h‑näg‑nª‑p. Ij‑vSs‑¸«‑mW‑v \S¯‑n bs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X‑w \j‑vS¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. {‑]X‑na‑mk‑w 2000c‑q] l‑n¡‑n¡‑p I‑n«‑n. ]{‑X‑w t‑hï{‑X A¨S‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ Ak‑uIc‑y‑w a‑qe‑w l‑n¡‑n h‑oÀ¸‑pa‑p«‑n. Ad‑nb‑m\‑p‑w Ad‑nb‑n¡‑m\‑pa‑pÅ {‑]hWX P\§f‑ps‑S CSb‑n ]‑pj‑vS‑ns‑¸«‑p X‑pS§‑n. h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk t‑aJeb‑p‑w DWÀ¶‑p.

C´‑yb‑n A`‑n{‑]‑mb k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w‑, k‑wLS‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w X‑pS§‑nb ]‑uc‑mhI‑mi§Ä¡‑p t‑hï‑n ]Ss‑h«‑n. C´‑yb‑n ]{‑Xk‑z‑mX{‑´‑y¯‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n [‑oca‑mb‑n ASc‑mS‑nb BZ‑ys‑¯ ]{‑X‑m[‑n]c‑mW‑v l‑n¡‑n. C´‑y³ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y¯‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n l‑n¡‑n HIvtSm_À 2013

Pbnwkv AKÌkv ln¡n

h‑mZ‑n¨‑nÃ. ]t‑£‑, k‑z‑mX{‑´‑yh‑mZ‑w s‑]‑m«‑na‑pfb‑v¡‑m³ kl‑mbIa‑mb ]Ý‑m¯e‑w Hc‑p¡‑p¶X‑n l‑n¡‑n¡‑pÅ ]¦‑v s‑Nd‑ps‑X‑m¶‑paÃ. l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S N‑phS‑phb‑v¸‑ne‑qs‑S kX‑ykÔh‑p‑w [‑och‑pa‑mb ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w Fs‑´¶‑v `‑mcX‑w Iï‑p. A\‑y‑mb¯‑n\‑p‑w Ag‑naX‑n¡‑p‑w FX‑ns‑c Bf‑p‑w AhØb‑p‑w t‑\‑m¡‑ms‑X l‑n¡‑n X‑qe‑nI Ne‑n¸‑n¨‑p. C´‑yb‑ns‑e {‑_‑n«‑nj‑v Dt‑Z‑y‑mKØ·‑mc‑ps‑S s‑I‑mÅc‑pX‑mb‑vaIf‑p‑w Ag‑naX‑nIf‑p‑w ]{‑X¯‑ne‑ps‑S s‑hf‑ns‑¸S‑p¯‑n. Ic‑p¯\‑p‑w t‑k‑zÑ‑m[‑n]X‑nb‑pa‑mb C´‑y³ KhÀWÀ P\de‑n\‑p‑w At‑±l¯‑ns‑â t‑kh\h‑rµ¯‑n\‑p‑w FX‑ns‑c `bcl‑nX\‑mb‑n \‑n¶‑pt‑]‑mc‑mS‑n. KhÀWÀ P\ de‑ns‑â {‑]‑nbXas‑bb‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m[‑n]À s‑hd‑ps‑Xh‑n«‑nÃ.

AhÀ `cWI‑mc‑y§f‑n s‑s‑IIS¯‑nbX‑ns‑\ \‑nÀ`b‑w h‑naÀi‑n¨‑p. CX‑v KhÀWÀ P\de‑ns‑\ s‑N‑mS‑n¸‑n¨‑p. 1780 \h‑w_À 14\‑v P\d t‑]‑mÌ‑m^‑ok‑n I‑qS‑nb‑pÅ _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑ns‑â h‑nXcW‑w t‑lÌ‑n‑wK‑vk‑v \‑nb\‑w a‑qe‑w XSª‑p.

Ht‑¶‑m ct‑ï‑m k¹‑ns‑aâd‑nIf‑p‑w _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑v {‑]k‑n²s‑¸S‑p¯‑n. l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â k¼‑qÀ® ^b Iï‑pI‑n«‑nb‑n«‑nÃ. N‑ne e¡§Ä I¡«‑m \‑mjW s‑s‑e{‑_d‑nb‑n k‑q£‑n¨‑n«‑pÅX‑mb‑n«d‑nb‑m‑w.

I‑ps‑d e¡§Ä C‑w¥ï‑ne‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡b‑ne‑pa‑pï‑v. A¶‑v ]{‑X]‑mc‑mbW‑w k‑mÀÆ{‑X‑nIa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑ns‑æ‑ne‑p‑w l‑n¡‑ok‑v Kkä‑n\‑p ]cs‑¡ {‑]‑nba‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. AX‑n\‑m Xs‑â ]{‑X‑w h‑me‑y§f‑mb‑p‑w A¨S‑n¨‑ph‑nä‑p. ]‑n¡‑me¯‑v I¡¯b‑n {‑]Nc‑n¨ ]e ]{‑X§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w t‑]s‑cS‑p¯ A¨S‑n¡‑mÀ l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S {‑]k‑n ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w t‑\S‑nbhc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. F¶‑m Hc‑mÄt‑]‑me‑p‑w l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S I‑og‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w t‑\S‑pIb‑pï‑mb‑nÃ.

AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑v k‑w`h‑n¨X‑v b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ ]{‑X§s‑f

(17) C´‑yb‑n ]{‑Xk‑z‑mX{‑´‑y¯‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n [‑oca‑mb‑n ASc‑mS‑nb BZ‑ys‑¯ ]{‑X‑m[‑n]c‑mW‑v l‑n¡‑n. C´‑y³ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y¯‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n l‑n¡‑n h‑mZ‑n¨‑nÃ. ]t‑£‑, k‑z‑mX{‑´‑yh‑mZ‑w s‑]‑m«‑na‑pfb‑v¡‑m³ kl‑mbIa‑mb ]Ý‑m¯e‑w Hc‑p¡‑p¶X‑n l‑n¡‑n¡‑pÅ ]¦‑v s‑Nd‑ps‑X‑m¶‑paÃ. l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S N‑phS‑phb‑v¸‑ne‑qs‑S kX‑ykÔh‑p‑w [‑och‑pa‑mb ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w Fs‑´¶‑v `‑mcX‑w Iï‑p. A\‑y‑mb¯‑n\‑p‑w Ag‑naX‑n¡‑p‑w FX‑ns‑c Bf‑p‑w AhØb‑p‑w t‑\‑m¡‑ms‑X l‑n¡‑n X‑qe‑nI Ne‑n¸‑n¨‑p.

C´‑yb‑ns‑e {‑_‑n«‑nj‑v Dt‑Z‑y‑mKØ·‑mc‑ps‑S s‑I‑mÅc‑pX‑mb‑vaIf‑p‑w Ag‑naX‑nIf‑p‑w ]{‑X¯‑ne‑ps‑S s‑hf‑ns‑¸S‑p¯‑n. Ic‑p¯\‑p‑w t‑k‑zÑ‑m[‑n]X‑nb‑pa‑mb C´‑y³ KhÀWÀ P\de‑n\‑p‑w At‑±l¯‑ns‑â t‑kh\h‑rµ¯‑n\‑p‑w FX‑ns‑c `bcl‑nX\‑mb‑n \‑n¶‑pt‑]‑mc‑mS‑n.

KhÀWÀ P\de‑ns‑â {‑]‑nbXas‑bb‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m[‑n]À s‑hd‑ps‑Xh‑n«‑nÃ. AhÀ `cWI‑mc‑y§f‑n s‑s‑IIS¯‑nbX‑ns‑\ \‑nÀ`b‑w h‑naÀi‑n¨‑p. CX‑v KhÀWÀ P\de‑ns‑\ s‑N‑mS‑n¸‑n¨‑p. 1780 \h‑w_À 14\‑v P\d t‑]‑mÌ‑m^‑ok‑n I‑qS‑nb‑pÅ _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑ns‑â h‑nXcW‑w t‑lÌ‑n‑wK‑vk‑v \‑nb\‑w a‑qe‑w XSª‑p. t‑I‑m¸‑nbS‑n¡‑p¶hs‑c¡‑mÄ s‑a¨s‑¸«hc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nà ]X‑ns‑\«‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑n I¡¯b‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w \S¯‑nbhÀ F¶‑pÅX‑mW‑v. h‑mÀ¯IÄ Is‑ï¯‑m\‑pÅ It‑®‑m Ahb‑ps‑S {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w X‑nc‑n¨d‑nb‑m\‑pÅ At‑\‑zjW‑mßI _‑p²‑nt‑b‑m ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â a‑n¶e‑m«t‑a‑m AhÀ¡‑nÃ‑ms‑Xt‑]‑mb‑n.

Ag‑naX‑n¡‑ms‑cÃ‑m‑w H¯‑pI‑qS‑n l‑n¡‑n¡‑v t‑\s‑c X‑nc‑nª‑p. ]‑oäÀ d‑ok‑ns‑â DSaØXb‑n _‑wK‑mÄ Kkä‑ns‑\X‑nc‑mb‑n ‑"C´‑y‑m Kkä‑v‑' Fs‑¶‑mc‑p ]{‑X‑w ]‑pds‑¸«‑p. l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S Ic‑p¯\‑mb FX‑nc‑mf‑n k‑z‑oU‑nj‑v a‑njWd‑n t‑P‑m¬ kJd‑nb I‑nÀ\‑m³UÀ Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p ]{‑X¯‑n\‑p {‑]k‑p‑w s‑s‑S¸‑p‑w A¨S‑n D]IcW§f‑p‑w \ÂI‑nbX‑v. l‑n¡‑ns‑¡X‑ns‑c I‑nÀ\‑m³UÀ A] I‑oÀ¯‑nt‑¡k‑p‑w ^b s‑Nb‑vX‑p. h‑md³ t‑l‑mÌ‑n‑wK‑vk‑v Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑ns‑â ]‑n¶‑nÂ. B a‑m\\j‑vSt‑¡k‑n l‑n¡‑n¡‑p \‑me‑v a‑mk‑w XSh‑p‑w 500c‑q] ]‑ngb‑p‑w h‑n[‑n¨‑p. ]‑ngbS¡‑p¶X‑phs‑c Pb‑ne‑n I‑nS¡Ws‑a¶‑p‑w t‑I‑mSX‑n D¯ch‑n«‑p. CX‑ps‑I‑ms‑ï‑m¶‑p‑w l‑n¡‑n I‑pe‑p§‑nb‑nÃ.

P‑ma‑y¯‑n h‑n«b¡‑m³ t‑I‑mSX‑n D¯ch‑ns‑«¦‑ne‑p‑w P‑ma‑y¯‑pI s‑I«‑nhb‑v¡‑m¯X‑n\‑m l‑n¡‑n¡‑v Pb‑ne‑n I‑nSt‑¡ï‑nh¶‑p. Pb‑ne‑n I‑nS¶‑ps‑I‑mï‑p‑w l‑n¡‑n ]{‑X‑w \S¯‑n. t‑a‑mN‑nX\‑mb‑n ]‑pd¯‑ph¶ l‑n¡‑n KhÀWÀ P\de‑ns‑âb‑p‑w N‑o^‑v PÌ‑nk‑ns‑âb‑p‑w t‑\À¡‑v I‑qS‑pX \‑ni‑nXa‑mb h‑naÀi\ ic§Ä hÀj‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑nc‑p¶‑p. k‑z‑oU‑nj‑v a‑njWd‑ns‑¡X‑nc‑mb‑n h‑oï‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑n. N‑o^‑v PÌ‑nk‑ns‑âb‑p‑w KhÀWÀ P\de‑ns‑âb‑p‑w D¯ch‑p{‑] I‑mc‑w Bb‑p[[‑mc‑nIf‑mb cï‑v b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ ]«‑mf¡‑mc‑p‑w \‑m\‑qt‑d‑mf‑w k‑nh‑ne‑nb·‑mc‑p‑w l‑n¡‑ns‑b AdÌ‑ps‑N¿‑m³ At‑±l¯‑ns‑â {‑]k‑v hfª‑p. A¨S‑ni‑me It‑¿d‑n. ]t‑£

l‑n¡‑n t‑X‑m¡‑pt‑a´‑n \‑n¶ Ahs‑cs‑bÃ‑m‑w X‑pc¯‑nh‑n«‑p.

At‑±l‑w k‑zb‑w t‑I‑mSX‑n a‑p¼‑ms‑I l‑mPc‑mb‑n. Xs‑¶ hIhc‑p¯‑m\‑mW‑v {‑ias‑a¶‑v At‑±l‑w X‑pd¶S‑n¨‑p. h‑nN‑mcW ]‑qÀ¯‑nb‑m¡‑nbt‑¸‑mÄ Hc‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w XSh‑p‑w 200c‑q] ]‑ngb‑p‑w h‑n[‑n¨‑p. F¬]X‑n\‑mb‑nc‑w c‑q]b‑ps‑S P‑ma‑y¯‑n h‑n«b¡‑m³ t‑I‑mSX‑n D¯ch‑ns‑«¦‑ne‑p‑w AX‑n\‑p Ig‑nb‑m¯X‑n\‑m At‑±l‑w Pb‑ne‑n I‑nSt‑¡ï‑nh¶‑p. C§s‑\ \‑nch[‑n {‑]X‑n_Ô §t‑f‑mS‑pI‑qS‑n aÃS‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑mW‑v l‑n¡‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w \S¯‑nbX‑v. l‑n¡‑ns‑b I‑p¯‑p]‑mf FS‑p¸‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p h‑md³ t‑lÌ‑n‑wK‑vk‑ns‑â e£‑y‑w. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v I‑u¬k‑n \S]S‑nIÄ A¨S‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mS‑p¯ hIb‑n CÌ‑n´‑y‑m¡¼\‑n 35092 c‑q] At‑±l¯‑n\‑p s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑m\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. AX‑p ]e‑nikl‑nX‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¡Ws‑a¶t‑±l‑w Bhi‑ys‑¸«‑p. k‑m¼¯‑nI t‑¢i‑ws‑I‑mï‑v h‑oÀ¸‑pa‑p«‑nb‑nc‑p¶ l‑n¡‑ns‑b `cW‑m[‑nI‑mc‑nIÄ \‑nÀ±b‑w N‑qjW‑ws‑Nb‑vX‑p. 6711 c‑q] h‑m§‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v CS]‑mS‑v Ahk‑m\‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ AhÀ Bhi‑ys‑¸«‑p. Z‑mc‑n{‑Z‑y‑ws‑I‑mï‑v l‑n¡‑n¡‑v AX‑n\‑p X¿‑md‑mt‑Iï‑nh¶‑p. B X‑pIb‑v¡‑v ck‑oX‑v H¸‑n«‑v h‑m§‑nbt‑ij‑w A[‑nI‑rXÀ ]W‑ws‑I‑mS‑p¡‑m³ I‑q«‑m¡‑nb‑nÃ. ]X‑n\‑md‑v hÀj‑w Ig‑nª‑v AX‑ns‑â A©‑ns‑e‑mc‑p `‑mK‑w h‑m§‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v X‑r]‑vX‑ns‑¸S‑m³ l‑n¡‑n \‑nÀ_Ô‑nX\‑mb‑n. A{‑X Zc‑n{‑Z\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑¸‑mÄ. B Ø‑nX‑ns‑b¸ä‑n At‑±l‑w C{‑]I‑mc‑w {‑]k‑vX‑mh‑n¨‑p. ""At‑l‑m Ij‑vS‑w‑! h‑mÀ²I‑yI‑me¯‑v k‑zX{‑´a‑mI‑p¶ \‑m«‑n Fs‑¶ kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑mb‑n Fs‑â kÀÆ IS§f‑p‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¯‑pX‑oÀ¡‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w Hc‑p t‑X‑m«¯‑ns‑â at‑²‑yb‑pÅ s‑Nd‑nb `h\‑w h‑m§‑n I‑pb‑n \‑mZ‑w t‑IÄ¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ DWc‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w t‑N‑mft‑a‑m aä‑v [‑m\‑y§t‑f‑m h‑nXb‑v¡‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w kÀÆ a\‑pj‑yt‑c‑mS‑p‑wI‑qs‑S ka‑m[‑m\ ]ca‑mb‑n P‑oh‑nX‑w \b‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w R‑m³ {‑]X‑y‑mi‑n¨‑p.

F¶‑m Ct‑¸‑mÄ... '' X\‑ns‑¡X‑ns‑c X‑pSs‑c¯‑pSs‑c \‑nba\S]S‑nIf‑p‑w t‑I‑mSX‑n \S]S‑nIf‑p‑w h¶t‑¸‑mÄ l‑n¡‑n C{‑]I‑mc‑w ]dª‑p‑, ""R‑m³ ]c‑mPbs‑¸S‑pIt‑b‑m AS‑nas‑¸S‑pIt‑b‑m s‑N¿‑p¶X‑n\‑v þ t‑hï‑m Fs‑¶ D] {‑Zh‑n¡‑p¶ht‑c‑mS‑v \‑ocks‑¸S‑p¶X‑n\‑p a‑p¼‑pXs‑¶ R‑m³ N‑ne ]Z‑y§Ä Nab‑v¡‑pIb‑p‑w Ahs‑b ]‑pc‑mX\ I‑me¯‑p t‑l‑maÀ s‑Nb‑vXX‑pt‑]‑ms‑e I¡¯b‑ns‑e s‑Xc‑ph‑oY‑nIf‑n \S¶‑p h‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p‑w.'' ]{‑Xk‑z‑mX{‑´‑y¯‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n C{‑X Ij‑vS\j‑vS§Ä kl‑n¨ as‑ä‑mc‑p ]{‑X‑m[‑n]s‑c A\´c I‑me¯‑p‑w C‑u c‑mP‑y¯‑p Is‑ï¯‑m³ Ig‑nb‑ps‑a¶‑p t‑X‑m¶‑p¶‑nÃ. l‑n¡‑nb‑ps‑S ]{‑Xs‑¯ ]‑pIg‑v¯‑nb‑p‑w CIg‑v¯‑nb‑p‑w ]ec‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. I¡¯ {‑]k‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑XI‑mc\‑mb ]‑n.X¦¸³ \‑mbÀ C§s‑\b‑mW‑v h‑neb‑nc‑p¯‑p¶X‑v.

"Hc‑mÄ ‑"s‑s‑S‑wk' h‑mb‑n¡‑p¶X‑v h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑p t‑hï‑nb‑p‑w "]©‑v‑' ^e‑nX¯‑n\‑pt‑hï‑nb‑p‑w ‑"k¬‑' k‑vt‑X‑m`P\Ia‑mb h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑mb‑p‑w "s‑s‑{‑]hä‑v s‑F‑' s‑]‑mX‑pØ‑m]\§ f‑ns‑e Z‑pÀh‑r¯‑nIÄ Ad‑nb‑p¶X‑n\‑pa‑mW‑v. F¶‑m Chb‑ps‑S FÃ‑m‑w \à Bib§Ä k‑mc‑m‑wi¯‑n H¯‑nW§‑nbhb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p _‑wK‑mÄ KkÌ‑v.' 1802 _‑nk‑n\k‑v Bhi‑y¯‑n\‑p s‑s‑N\b‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑pÅ I¸Â b‑m{‑X¡‑nSb‑n l‑n¡‑n ac‑n¨‑p. C´‑y³ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w \‑ne\‑n¡‑ps‑a¦‑n B c‑wKt‑¯b‑v¡‑v Hc‑p AWb‑m¯ Z‑o]‑wt‑]‑ms‑e l‑n¡‑n {‑]I‑mi‑w s‑N‑mc‑nª‑ps‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. `mj, kmlnXyw, am[yaw XpS§nb cwK§fnse \nch[n B[nImcnI {KÙ§fpsS IÀ¯mhmWv teJI³.

HIvtSm_À 2013

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C.]n. jmPpZo³

hmÀ¯Ifp-sS ayqknbw, Ncn{X¯nsâbpw temIs¯ GI am[ya ayqknbamb Atacn¡bnse \yqknb¯nse hntij§Ä

HIvtSm_À 2013

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D

r.Livingston, I Presume?

Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb k‑vI‑q¸‑pIf‑ns‑e‑m¶‑v.

Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w {‑]ik‑vXa‑mb t‑N‑mZ‑y§f‑ne‑ps‑a‑m¶‑v.

CX‑p cï‑p‑w t‑Nc‑p¶X‑v Hc‑p ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â Xes‑¡«‑ne‑mW‑v.

B{‑^‑n¡³ h\‑m´c§f‑n F«‑phÀja‑mb‑n I‑mW‑mX‑nc‑p¶ a‑nj\d‑nb‑p‑w Kt‑h-jI\‑pa‑m-b‑nc‑p¶ t‑Uh‑nU‑v e‑nh‑n‑wK‑vÌs‑W X§f‑ps‑S t‑eJI³ Is‑ï¯‑nbX‑v \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑ld‑mÄU‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vXX‑v C‑u h‑m¡‑pIf‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p.

1864þe‑mW‑v t‑U‑m. e‑nh‑n‑wK‑v̬ B{‑^‑n¡³ h\‑m´c§f‑nt‑e¡‑v Xs‑â Kt‑hjWb‑m{‑X X‑pS§‑p¶X‑v. ]‑ns‑¶ At‑±-l-s‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑v h‑nhca‑nÃ‑ms‑Xb‑mb‑n.

P‑oh‑n¨‑nc‑n¸‑pt‑ï‑m At‑X‑m B{‑^‑n¡³ I‑m-«‑pa\‑p-j‑yc‑ps‑S XS¦e‑ne‑mt‑W‑m F-s‑¶‑m¶‑p‑w Ad‑nb‑m¯ AhØ. 1871þ \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑â DSaس t‑P‑mÀP‑v s‑_s‑¶ä‑v s‑l³d‑n t‑a‑mÀ«³ Ì‑m³e‑n F¶ s‑Fd‑nj‑v h‑wiP\‑mb Ì‑mÀ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«s‑d e‑nh‑n‑wK‑vÌs‑W t‑XS‑n Ab¨‑p. Hc‑p hÀj‑w t‑h-ï‑nh¶‑p Ì‑m³e‑n¡‑v t‑U‑m. e‑nh‑n‑wK‑vÌs‑W Is‑ï¯‑m³. DÄh\¯‑n Is‑ï¯‑nb s‑hÅ¡‑mc³ X‑m³ At‑\‑zj‑n¨‑p t‑]‑mb Bf‑mt‑W‑m F¶d‑nb‑m³ Ì‑m³e‑n t‑N‑mZ‑n¨ h‑m¡‑pIÄ Xs‑¶b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p‑, 1872 P‑qs‑s‑e \‑me‑n\‑v B h‑mÀ¯ {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨t‑¸‑mÄ \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑â {‑][‑m\ Xeh‑mNIa‑mbX‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e Ah‑nk‑vacW‑oba‑mb‑,

How I Found Livingstone; travels, adventures, and discoveriesin Central Africa F¶ ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑ne‑qs‑S

CX‑nl‑mka‑mb‑, H‑mt‑c‑m hc‑nb‑ne‑p‑w k‑mlk‑nIX X‑pS‑n¨‑p \‑n¡‑p¶ C‑u h‑mÀ¯ {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n-¨ \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑ld‑mÄU‑ns‑â- Hc‑p t‑I‑m¸‑n R‑m³ Iï‑p‑, At‑ac‑n¡b‑n h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSW‑n-s‑e \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑nÂ. CX‑p a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, a‑m[‑ya{‑] hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â 500 hÀj Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â \‑nda‑mÀ¶ H‑mt‑c‑m a‑p¡‑p‑wa‑qeb‑p‑w s‑]‑m«‑p‑ws‑]‑mS‑nb‑p‑w hs‑c Ch‑nS‑pï‑v. t‑e‑mIb‑p²§Ä X‑pS§‑nbX‑p‑w Ahk‑m\‑n¨X‑p‑w‑, s‑s‑Sä‑m\‑n¡‑v Z‑pc´‑w‑, s‑_Àe‑n³ aX‑ne‑ns‑â XÀ¨‑, a\‑pj‑y³ N{‑µ\‑nÂ... ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I Nc‑n-{‑X I‑pX‑pI‑nIÄ a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, t‑e‑mI Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â KX‑nh‑nKX‑nIÄ ]T‑n¡‑m\‑m{‑Kl‑n¡‑p¶ BÀ¡‑p‑w X‑oÀY‑mS\ t‑I{‑µa‑mW‑nh‑nS‑w.

At‑ac‑n¡³ h‑nt‑ZiI‑mc‑y hI‑p¸‑ns‑â t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑ne‑pÅ CâÀ\‑mjW h‑nk‑näÀ e‑oUÀj‑n]‑v t‑{‑]‑m{‑K‑m(s‑F.h‑n.

FÂ.]‑n‑)a‑n ]s‑¦S‑p-¡‑m\‑pÅ £W‑w k‑z‑oIc‑n¨‑v Ah‑nS‑w kµÀi‑n¨ A©‑wK aeb‑mf‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I k‑wL¯‑ne‑mW‑v R‑m³ \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑ns‑e¯‑nbX‑v.

Gg‑p \‑neIf‑ne‑pÅ‑, B[‑p\‑nI h‑mk‑vX‑p-i‑ne‑v] Ieb‑ps‑S {‑]X‑y£ DZ‑mlWa‑mb N‑nÃ‑pa‑mf‑nIb‑mW‑v \‑y‑qk‑nb‑w. At‑ac‑n¡³ `cWI‑qS¯‑ns‑â BØ‑m\a‑mb I‑m]‑nt‑ä‑mf‑ns‑âb‑p‑w {‑]k‑nUâ‑ns‑â h‑mkØ‑m\a‑mb s‑s‑hä‑vl‑uk‑ns‑âb‑p‑w at‑[‑y‑, Gs‑dZ‑qc‑w HIvtSm_À 2013

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s‑_Àe‑n³ aX‑ne‑p‑w I‑mhÂ]‑pcb‑p‑w

hfh‑p‑w X‑nc‑nh‑pa‑nÃ‑ms‑X s‑\S‑p\‑of¯‑n I‑nS¡‑p¶ s‑]³k‑nÂt‑h\‑nb A-h\‑y‑q F¶ h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSW‑ns‑e ¥‑maÀ s‑Xc‑ph‑ns‑â H‑mc¯‑v Hc‑p ]S‑pI‑qä³ aµ‑nc‑w. I‑m]‑nt‑ä‑mf‑ns‑e kX‑y{‑]X‑nÚ Ig‑nª‑v At‑ac‑n¡³ {‑]k‑nUâ‑p‑w I‑pS‑p‑w_h‑p‑w A‑wK-c-£Ic‑p‑w ]c‑nh‑mc§f‑p‑w s‑s‑hä‑vl‑uk‑nt‑e¡‑v \S¶‑p t‑]‑mI‑p¶X‑v C‑u t‑d‑mU‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑mW‑v. s‑]³k‑nÂt‑h\‑n-b A-h\‑y‑qh‑ns‑e {‑][‑m\ h‑mX‑ne‑ne‑qs‑S A-I-t‑¯¡‑p {‑]t‑h-i‑n-¡‑p¶ Bs‑cb‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n¡‑pI a‑p³]‑n Xs‑¶b‑p-Å Hc‑p I‑qä³ a‑mÀ_‑nÄ ^eIa‑mW‑v. ]{‑Xk‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w D-d-¸‑m¡‑p¶ ^Ì‑v As‑a³U‑vs‑aâ‑v F¶d‑nbs‑¸S‑p¶ At‑ac‑n¡³ `cW-LS-\‑m t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-b‑ps‑S h‑m¡‑pIÄ Fg‑pX‑nh¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶ C‑u ^eI¯‑n\‑v 74 AS‑n Dbca‑pï‑v.

BZ‑y \‑neb‑ps‑S AS‑nb‑ne‑pÅ I¬t‑I‑mg‑vk‑v \‑neb‑n \‑nt‑¶ h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S I‑mg‑vNIÄ X‑p-S-§‑p¶‑p. C‑u \‑ne‑ hdb‑n Bs‑cb‑p‑w BIÀ-j‑n¡‑p¶ cï‑p I‑mc‑y§f‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡³ k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y-¯‑n\‑p kt‑´‑mj‑w \ÂI‑p¶hb‑mW‑v. ]t‑£‑, cï‑p‑w Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e {‑][‑m\ \‑mg‑nI¡Ã‑pIf‑p‑w.

C‑u l‑mf‑ns‑â het‑¯ Aä¯‑v s‑_Àe‑n³ aX‑ne‑ns‑â Hc‑p `‑mK‑w I‑mW‑m‑w. bY‑mÀY aX‑ne‑ns‑â F«‑p t‑»‑m¡‑pIÄ.

I‑ng¡³þ]S‑nª‑md³ PÀa\‑nIs‑f t‑hÀX‑nc‑n-¨‑nc‑p¶ aX‑nÂ. ]S‑nª‑md³ PÀa\‑nb‑ps‑S `‑mK¯‑v N‑n{‑X¸W‑nIt‑fs‑d. ad‑phi¯‑mIs‑«‑, Ia‑y‑qW‑nÌ‑v `cW¯‑ns‑â I½‑nk‑md‑pIÄ Dd¸‑m¡‑n-b‑nc‑p¶ A¨S¡¯‑ns‑â {‑]X‑oIa‑mb‑n Ic‑ns‑I‑mï‑pÅ Hc‑p hc t‑]‑me‑pa‑nÃ. k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y{‑]J‑y‑m]\¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑n P\§Ä aX‑ne‑ns‑â C‑u `‑mKaS¡‑w AS‑n¨‑p X-IÀ¡‑p¶X‑ns‑â h‑oU‑nt‑b‑mIÄ ]Ý‑m¯e¯‑ns‑e k‑v{‑I‑o\‑nÂ. I‑ng¡³ PÀa\‑nb‑ps‑S `‑mK¯‑mb‑n 40 HIvtSm_À 2013

AS‑n Dbca‑pÅ‑, a‑q¶‑p \‑neb‑n D-bÀ¶‑p \‑n¡‑p¶ I‑mhÂ]‑pcb‑p‑w At‑X]S‑n h¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p.

C-X‑n\‑p s‑X‑m«S‑p¯‑p Xs‑¶ t‑k‑mh‑yä‑v b‑qW‑nb\‑ns‑e Ia‑y‑qW‑nÌ‑v `cW‑w A«‑nad‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v t‑_‑md‑nk‑v s‑bÂS‑vk‑n³ A[‑nI‑mc¯‑n h¶ kab¯‑v t‑a‑mk‑vt‑I‑mh‑ns‑e Ia‑y‑qW‑nÌ‑v h‑nc‑p²À ad‑n¨‑n« I‑qä³ s‑e\‑n³ {‑]X‑nab‑p‑w I‑mW‑m‑w. AX‑p ad‑n¨‑nS‑p¶X‑ns‑â N‑n{‑Xh‑p‑w. t‑k‑mh‑yä‑v b‑qW‑nb\‑ns‑e `cWa‑mä¯‑n\‑v a‑nJ‑mt‑b t‑K‑mÀ_t‑¨h‑v H¸‑nS‑p¶X‑ns‑â t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m¡‑p a‑p¶‑nÂ‑, B H¸‑n« t‑]\b‑p‑w {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p.

C‑u \‑neb‑ns‑e H‑md‑nbt‑âj³ X‑obäd‑pIf‑n \‑n-¶‑v \‑y‑qk‑n-b-s‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑v h‑oU‑nt‑b‑mIf‑ne‑qs‑S a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m‑w. s‑X‑m«S‑p¯‑p Xs‑¶ CS¡‑p {‑]ZÀi\ hk‑vX‑p¡Ä a‑md‑p¶ K‑med‑nb‑pï‑v. Ig‑nª s‑k]‑vä‑w_d‑n R§Ä s‑NÃ‑pt‑¼‑mÄ At‑ac‑n-¡³ I‑pä‑mt‑\‑zjW GP³k‑nb‑mb F^‑v._‑n.s‑Fb‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« hk‑vX‑p¡f‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n-¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v. H‑mt‑c‑m h‑njbs‑¯b‑p‑w ] ä‑nb‑pÅ {‑]ZÀi\§Ä Gg‑p a‑mkt‑¯‑mfa‑pï‑mh‑p‑w.

CX‑n\S‑p¯‑p Xs‑¶ k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑v X‑obäd‑pï‑v. k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑X‑w F¶‑p t‑]c‑n«‑n-c‑n¡‑p-¶ Hc‑p t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâd‑nb‑n k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑v Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e {‑][‑m\ k‑w`h§Ä I‑mW‑m-\‑mI‑p‑w.

C‑u \‑neb‑ns‑e a-s‑ä‑mc‑p {‑][‑m\ BIÀjW‑w h‑mÀ¯b‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«XÃ‑, Hc‑p]t‑£ h‑mÀ¯Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v. a-s‑ä‑m¶‑paÃ‑, \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑ns‑â Fet‑häd‑pIf‑mWX‑v. N‑pä‑p‑w N‑nÃ‑p`‑n¯‑nb‑pÅ a‑q¶‑v Fet‑häd‑pIÄ. H‑mt‑c‑m-¶‑n\‑p‑w a‑n\‑n_k‑ns‑â he‑n¸‑w.

AX‑n Ibd‑n t‑a-t‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑pt‑¼‑mÄ "t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑e

(21) Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb ¥‑mk‑v Fet‑häd‑ne‑mW‑v \‑n§Ä \‑n¡‑p¶X‑v‑' F¶ kt‑µia‑mW‑v \s‑½ k‑z‑mKX‑w s‑N¿‑pI. H‑mt‑c‑m \‑neb‑ns‑e¯‑pt‑¼‑mg‑p‑w s‑X‑m«‑p a‑p¶‑ne‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑ne‑p‑w hi§f‑ne‑p‑w Fs‑´¶‑v Ad‑nb‑n¸‑p-ï‑mI‑p‑w.

Fet‑häd‑pIf‑nt‑ed‑n Bd‑m‑w \‑neb‑ne‑mW‑v F¯‑pI. Ah‑ns‑S X‑pS§‑pIb‑mb‑n I‑mg‑vNb‑ps‑S h‑nc‑p¶‑v. I‑mg‑vNIï‑v X‑mt‑g¡‑nd§‑m‑w.

Ch‑ns‑S s‑Sdk‑v Hc‑p t‑^‑mt‑«‑m t‑]‑mb‑nâ‑mW‑v. CSX‑ph-it‑¯¡‑p t‑\‑m¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ I‑m¸‑nt‑ä‑mÄ l‑nÃ‑ns‑â s‑\d‑pIb‑nÂ‑, ]S‑pI‑q-ä³ \‑y‑qk‑nb‑w s‑I«‑nS‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w s‑Nd‑pX‑m-s‑W¶‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑n¡‑pa‑md‑v I‑m¸‑nt‑ä‑mÄ aµ‑nc‑w Xeb‑pbÀ¯‑n- \‑n¡‑p¶‑p. AX‑ns‑â ]Ý‑m¯e¯‑n t‑^‑mt‑«‑m F-S‑p¡‑p¶hc‑ps‑S X‑nc¡‑mh‑p‑w Ft‑¸‑mg‑p‑w. he¯‑v Z‑qs‑c e‑n¦k‑va‑mcIh‑p‑w h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ k‑va‑mcIh‑p‑w. ka‑o]¯‑p Xs‑¶ \‑mjW BÀ«‑v K‑med‑n‑, k‑va‑nX‑vt‑k‑mW‑nb³ AS¡a‑p-Å a‑y‑qk‑nb§Ä.

Bd‑m‑w \‑neb‑ns‑e \‑oï hc‑m´b‑ps‑S `‑n¯‑nb‑nÂ

\‑nds‑b AXX‑p Z‑nhk§f‑ns‑e {‑][‑m\ ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S H¶‑m‑w t‑]P‑ns‑â bY‑mÀY he‑n¸¯‑ne‑pÅ ]IÀ¸‑pIÄ {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v. At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e GX‑mï‑v FÃ‑m ] {‑X§f‑p‑w CX‑n Ø‑m\‑w ]‑nS‑n¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑ns‑â {‑][‑m\ t‑Kä‑n\S‑p¯‑p‑w C‑u ]{‑X§Ä {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v.

P\§Ä¡‑v S‑n¡s‑äS‑p¡‑ms‑X s‑I«‑n-S-¯‑n\‑p ]‑pd¯‑p \‑n¶‑v Ch I‑mW‑m‑w. Bd‑m‑w \‑neb‑n \‑n¶‑v X‑mt‑g¡‑nd§‑p¶X‑v t‑e‑mI Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e {‑][‑m\s‑¸« ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑pt‑S h‑nÀN‑z c‑q]§Ä {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶ t‑{‑Kä‑v _‑pI‑vk‑v K‑med‑nb‑nt‑e¡‑v. a‑mK‑v\‑m I‑mÀ« AS¡a‑pÅ ]‑pk‑vXI§Ä Ch‑ns‑S "ad‑n¨‑p t‑\‑m¡‑m‑w‑'. s‑X‑m«S‑p¯‑mb‑n _‑nK‑vk‑v{‑I‑o³ X‑obäÀ. \‑qdS‑n \‑ofh‑p‑w AX‑ns‑\‑m¯ Dbch‑pa‑pÅ k‑v{‑I‑o\‑n Nc‑n{‑X k‑w`h§f‑ps‑S h‑oU‑ot‑b‑mIf‑p‑w bY‑mÀY t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâd‑nIf‑p‑w- -I‑mW‑p¶X‑v H¶‑v Bt‑e‑mN‑n¨‑p t‑\‑m¡‑q. kµÀiIÀ t‑]‑mI‑mX‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑m [‑mc‑mf‑w k‑oä‑pIÄ Ch‑nS‑pï‑v. h‑mÀ¯‑m t‑iJcW¯‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑X‑w ]db‑p-¶ \‑y‑qk‑v l‑nÌd‑n K‑med‑n CX‑n\S‑p¯‑mW‑v.

CS‑p¡‑n P‑nÃb‑ns‑e s‑hÅ‑m\‑n aeb‑n Dc‑pÄs‑]‑m«e‑ns‑â t‑^‑mt‑«‑m FS‑p¡t‑h s‑hŸ‑m¨‑ne‑n s‑I‑mÃs‑¸« h‑nÎÀ t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑â t‑^‑mt‑«‑m R§Ä X‑ncª‑p.

AX‑m Hc‑p a‑qeb‑n \‑oe jÀ«‑n«‑v N‑nc‑n¨ a‑pJh‑pa‑mb‑n h‑nÎd‑ns‑â t‑^‑mt‑«‑m.

I¼‑y‑q«d‑n h‑nÎd‑ns‑â h‑nhc§Ä t‑XS‑n Is‑ï¯‑n. A-X‑n\‑p a‑p¶‑n \‑n¶‑v t‑^‑mt‑«‑m F-S‑p¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑ns‑e Hc‑p P‑oh\¡‑mc‑n R§f‑ps‑S AS‑p¯‑ph¶‑p t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p.

""\‑n§Ä a‑nÌÀ t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑\ Ad‑nb‑pt‑a‑m?‑''

""R§f‑ps‑S kl{‑]hÀ¯I\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p‑''

""H‑m s‑s‑Zht‑a‑'' C‑ud\W‑nª I®‑pIt‑f‑ms‑S AhÀ ]dª‑p.

R§s‑f K‑m-e-d‑n¡‑p a‑p¶‑n Hc‑pa‑n¨‑p \‑nÀ¯‑n t‑^‑mt‑«‑m FS‑p¯ t‑ijt‑a AhÀ h‑n«‑pÅ‑q. h‑nÎÀ t‑P‑mÀP‑n-t‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑nÂ

HIvtSm_À 2013

(22) Ch‑ns‑Sb‑mW‑v Nc‑n{‑X k‑w`h§f‑ps‑S d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ DÅ ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S ]X‑n¸‑pIÄ k‑q£‑n¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶X‑v.

Nc‑n{‑X{‑]‑m[‑m\‑yt‑ad‑nb k‑w`h§Ä d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vX 367 ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S bY‑mÀY t‑I‑m¸‑nIÄ Ch‑ns‑S I‑mW‑m‑w. ChbS¡‑w Nc‑n{‑X k‑va‑mcI§f‑mb s‑a‑m¯‑w 35‑,000 ]{‑X§Ä h‑nh‑n[ K‑med‑nIf‑ne‑mb‑n k‑q£‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v. s‑X‑m«c‑nI‑n Bc‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w l‑rZbs‑¯ ]‑nS‑n¨‑p \‑nd‑p¯‑p-¶ Hc‑p Z‑ri‑y‑w. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSW‑ns‑e C³s‑hÌ‑nt‑Kä‑oh‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀt‑«g‑vk‑v B³U‑v FU‑nt‑äg‑vk‑v F¶ Ø‑m]\¯‑ns‑â Ø‑m]Ic‑ns‑e‑mc‑mf‑mb t‑U‑m¬ t‑_‑ms‑fk‑v h‑mÀ¯‑mt‑iJcW¯‑n\‑ns‑S I‑mÀt‑_‑m‑w_‑v k‑vt‑^‑mS\¯‑n s‑I‑mÃs‑¸«X‑ns‑â Z‑ri‑ya‑mW‑nX‑v. XIÀ¶ I‑mÀ k‑w`hØe¯‑p I‑nS¶ At‑Xa«‑n Ch‑ns‑S k‑q£‑n¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶‑p. \‑me‑m‑w \‑neb‑nt‑e¡‑v Cd§‑pt‑¼‑mÄ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n¡‑pI \‑y‑qa‑oU‑nbb‑mW‑v. Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑y D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑nXcW‑w F§s‑\s‑b¶‑v Ch‑ns‑S\‑n¶d‑nb‑m‑w. kµÀiIÀ¡‑v C‑u k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑yIÄ D]t‑b‑mK‑n-¡‑m\‑pÅ [‑mc‑mf‑w Câd‑mÎ‑oh‑v I‑nt‑b‑mk‑vI‑pIÄ Ch‑ns‑Sb‑pï‑v. s‑X‑m«S‑p¯‑mb‑n 9/11 K‑med‑n.

2001 s‑k]‑vä‑w_À 11þ\‑v \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑ns‑e t‑hÄU‑v t‑{‑SU‑v s‑kâÀ XIÀ¡s‑¸« B{‑IaW¯‑ns‑â H‑mÀa Ch‑ns‑S ]¨]‑nS‑n¨‑p \‑nÂ-¡‑p¶‑p. B{‑IaW¯‑ns‑â h‑mÀ¯b‑pa‑mb‑n Cd§‑nb 127 ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S H¶‑m‑w t‑]P‑v Ch‑ns‑S I‑mW‑m‑w.

K‑med‑nb‑ps‑S \S‑ph‑ne‑mb‑n XIÀ¡s‑¸« t‑\‑mÀ¯‑v Shd‑ns‑â a‑pIf‑n Ø‑m]‑n-¨‑nc‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑nXcW Bâ‑o\b‑ps‑S Ahi‑nã‑w. H¸‑w k‑w`h¯‑n s‑I‑mÃs‑¸« ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯I³ _‑n _‑nK‑mÀS‑ns‑â I‑madb‑p‑w {‑]k‑v ]‑mk‑p‑w‑, t‑IS‑p]‑mS‑p k‑w`h‑n¨ s‑]âK¬ s‑I«‑nS¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p `‑mK‑w‑, H‑m¸-t‑dj\‑p]t‑b‑mK‑n¨ b‑ps‑s‑Wä-U‑v ^‑vs‑s‑fä‑v 93þs‑â Ahi‑njS‑w F¶‑nhb‑p‑w. ]Ý‑m¯e¯‑n A¶s‑¯ k‑w`h¯‑ns‑â Z‑rI‑vk‑m£‑n h‑nhcW¯‑ns‑â H‑mU‑nt‑b‑mb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w t‑IÄ¡‑m‑w. Ch‑ns‑S F¯‑p¶ At‑ac‑n¡¡‑mÀ‑, {‑] t‑X‑yI‑n¨‑p‑w a‑pX‑nÀ¶hÀ I®‑os‑c‑m¸‑p¶X‑p I‑mW‑ma‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w hfs‑c A]IS‑w ]‑nS‑n¨ ]

W‑nb‑ms‑W¶‑v H‑mÀas‑¸S‑p-¯‑p¶‑p a‑q¶‑m‑w \‑ne. AX‑n {‑] [‑m\‑w t‑PWe‑nÌ‑vk‑v s‑at‑½‑md‑nb Xs‑¶. 1837 a‑pX t‑P‑me‑n¡‑nSb‑n s‑I‑mÃs‑¸« cï‑mb‑nc¯‑ne[‑nI‑w ] {‑X{‑]hÀ-¯Ic‑ps‑S t‑^‑mt‑«‑m Ch‑ns‑S k‑q£‑n¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p.

AS‑p¯‑p h¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶ I¼‑y‑q«À s‑SÀa‑n\e‑pIf‑n \‑n¶‑v Chc‑ps‑S h‑nhc§f‑p‑w Is‑ï¯‑m‑w.

CS‑p¡‑n P‑nÃb‑ns‑e s‑hÅ‑m\‑n aeb‑n Dc‑pÄs‑]‑m«e‑ns‑â t‑^‑mt‑«‑m FS‑p¡t‑h s‑hŸ‑m¨‑ne‑n s‑I‑mÃs‑¸« h‑nÎÀ t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑â t‑^‑mt‑«‑m R§Ä X‑ncª‑p. AX‑m Hc‑p a‑qeb‑n \‑oe jÀ«‑n«‑v N‑nc‑n¨ a‑pJh‑pa‑mb‑n h‑nÎd‑ns‑â t‑^‑mt‑«‑m. I¼‑y‑q«d‑n h‑nÎd‑ns‑â h‑nhc§Ä t‑XS‑n Is‑ï¯‑n. A-X‑n\‑p a‑p¶‑n \‑n¶‑v t‑^‑mt‑«‑m F-S‑p¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑ns‑e Hc‑p P‑oh\¡‑mc‑n R§f‑ps‑S AS‑p¯‑ph¶‑p t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p. ""\‑n§Ä a‑nÌÀ t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑\ Ad‑nb‑pt‑a‑m?‑'' ""R§f‑ps‑S kl{‑]hÀ¯I\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p‑'' ""H‑m s‑s‑Zht‑a‑'' C‑ud\W‑nª I®‑pIt‑f‑ms‑S AhÀ ]dª‑p. R§s‑f K‑m-e-d‑n¡‑p a‑p¶‑n Hc‑pa‑n¨‑p \‑nÀ¯‑n t‑^‑mt‑«‑m FS‑p¯ t‑ijt‑a AhÀ h‑n«‑pÅ‑q. t‑I‑m«b‑w al‑mß‑mK‑mÔ‑n kÀhIe‑mi‑meb‑ns‑e ]‑n.BÀ.H. {‑i‑oI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â {‑ia^ea‑mb‑mW‑v h‑nÎd‑ns‑â t‑^‑mt‑«‑m \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑n Ø‑m\‑w ]‑nS‑n¨X‑v. t‑^‑mt‑«‑m A\‑mÑ‑mZ\ NS§‑ns‑â h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m t‑I‑m«b‑w {‑]k‑v¢_‑n h‑nÎd‑ns‑â kl{‑]hÀ-¯-IÀ¡‑p a‑p¶‑n {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶‑p. ]‑m¡‑nØ‑m\‑n s‑I‑mÃs‑¸« ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I³ U‑m\‑nb t‑]f‑ns‑â e‑m]‑vt‑S‑m]‑v I¼‑y‑q«À‑, ]‑mk‑vt‑]‑mÀ«‑v F¶‑nh a-s‑ä‑mc‑p t‑hZ\¨‑n{‑X-a‑m-I‑p¶‑p. _‑mÄ¡³ b‑p²I‑me¯‑v s‑s‑S‑w a‑mKk‑ns‑â t‑^‑mt‑«‑m{‑K‑m^Àa‑mÀ D] t‑b‑mK‑n-¨‑nc‑p¶‑, s‑hS‑nb‑pïIf‑m DS\‑of‑w k‑pj‑nc‑w h‑o-W {‑S¦‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑S I‑mW‑m‑w.

CâÀs‑\ä‑v‑, S‑nh‑n‑, t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m K‑med‑n CX‑n\S‑p¯‑mW‑v.

19þ‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑p a‑pXe‑pÅ Cet‑{‑Î‑mW‑nI‑v h‑mÀ¯‑m t‑iJcW¯‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑X‑w Ch‑ns‑S-\‑n¶‑v Iïd‑nb‑m‑w.

S¨‑v k‑v-{‑I‑o\‑pIf‑pt‑S Hc‑p \‑ncXs‑¶ Ch‑nS‑pï‑v.

Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e At‑\I‑w k‑w`h§f‑ps‑S iÐt‑cJIf‑p‑w h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m¢‑n¸‑n‑wK‑pIf‑p‑w \½‑ps‑S h‑ncÂX‑p¼‑nÂ. s‑s‑eh‑v

1) 9/11 K‑med‑n. XIÀ¶ t‑hÄU‑v t‑{‑SU‑v s‑kâÀ s‑I«‑nS¯‑ns‑â a‑pIÄ \‑neb‑ne‑pï‑m-b‑nc‑p¶ S‑nh‑n k‑wt‑{‑]jW Shd‑ns‑â Ahi‑nãa‑mW‑v a[‑y¯‑nÂ. 2) 9/11 K‑med‑nb‑n t‑hÄU‑v t‑{‑SU‑v s‑kâÀ B{‑IaW h‑mÀ¯If‑pa‑mb‑nd§‑nb ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S H¶‑m‑w t‑]P‑pIÄ

HIvtSm_À 2013

(23)

90 AS‑n Dbca‑pÅ BÀ{‑S‑nb‑w‑,

d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑ns‑â Xes‑X‑m«¸³ F¶d‑nbs‑¸S‑p¶ Ft‑U‑zÀU‑v BÀ. a‑pt‑d‑mb‑ps‑S P‑oh‑nX-s‑¯ I‑pd‑n¨‑v Hc‑p {‑]t‑X‑yI h‑n`‑mK‑w. 2007þ h‑nÀP‑o\‑nb‑ms‑SI‑v kÀhIe‑mi‑meb‑n \S¶ s‑hS‑nhb‑v]‑ns‑â h‑oU‑nt‑b‑mb‑p‑w iÐh‑p‑w s‑dt‑¡‑mU‑v s‑Nb‑vX h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑n\‑nb‑ps‑S s‑a‑ms‑s‑_ t‑^‑mW‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑S I‑mW‑m‑w. \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑ns‑â s‑a‑m¯¯‑ne‑pÅ \‑nb{‑´Wh‑p‑w Câd‑mÎ‑oh‑v k‑v-{‑I‑o\‑pIÄ‑, {‑]ZÀi\§Ä X‑pS§‑nbhb‑ps‑S \‑nb{‑´Wh‑ps‑aÃ‑m‑w C‑u \‑neb‑ne‑pÅ a‑mÌÀ I¬t‑{‑S‑mÄ d‑qa‑n \‑n¶‑mW‑v. Fet‑häd‑n D-bÀ¶‑p t‑]‑mI‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Ch‑nS‑w I‑mW‑m‑w. I¼‑y‑q«À k‑v-{‑I‑o\‑pIf‑ps‑S Hc‑p al‑mk‑wKaa‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S. C‑u \‑neb‑n cï‑v S‑nh‑n Ì‑pU‑nt‑b‑mIf‑pa‑pï‑v. a‑p³hi¯‑mb‑n s‑]³k‑nÂt‑h\‑nb A-h\‑y‑q Ì‑pU‑nt‑b‑m.

CX‑ns‑â ]‑n³`‑mKs‑¯ N‑nÃ‑pP‑meI¯‑ne‑qs‑S I‑m]‑nt‑ä‑mÄ aµ‑nc¯‑ns‑â H¶‑m´c‑w Z‑ri‑y‑w I‑mW‑m‑w. a-s‑ä‑mc‑p Ì‑pU‑nt‑b‑m DÅX‑n he‑nb NÀ¨If‑p‑w aä‑p‑w \S¯‑m³ ]‑mI¯‑n 120 k‑oä‑pIf‑pa‑pï‑v. Ch‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑v F._‑n.k‑n N‑m\e‑p‑w aä‑p‑w Ø‑nc‑w ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ k‑wt‑{‑]jW‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p.

Ch‑nS‑pÅ a-s‑ä‑mc‑p {‑it‑²b K‑med‑n t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â h‑nh‑n[ `‑mK§f‑ns‑e ]{‑Xk‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w h‑n-e-b‑nc‑p¯‑p¶ N‑mÀ«‑mW‑v. H‑mt‑c‑m CS§f‑ne‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§Ä t‑\c‑nS‑p¶ s‑hÃ‑ph‑nf‑nIÄ a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m³ CX‑p kl‑m-b‑n¡‑p‑w. cï‑m‑w \‑neb‑n kµÀiIs‑c XX‑vI‑met‑¯¡‑v ] {‑X{‑]hÀ¯-I-c‑m¡‑p¶ h‑nh‑n[ Câd‑mÎ‑oh‑v s‑Kb‑na‑pIf‑p‑w aä‑pa‑pï‑v. \‑y‑qk‑vd‑qa‑n s‑s‑eh‑v I‑m-ad¡‑p a‑p¶‑n h‑mÀ¯h‑mb‑n¡‑m‑w‑, \‑nÀW‑mbI Ahkc§f‑n ] {‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â [‑mÀa‑nI a‑qe‑y§Ä s‑s‑Ih‑nS‑ms‑X X‑oc‑pa‑m\§Ä F-S‑p¡‑p¶ s‑Kb‑na‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¡‑m‑w.

At‑ac‑n¡³ {‑]k‑nUâ‑p-a‑mc‑p-s‑S I‑pS‑p‑w_‑m‑wK§s‑f t‑]‑ms‑e Ahc‑ps‑S hfÀ¯‑p \‑mbIf‑p‑w At‑ac‑n-¡-¡‑mc‑ps‑S {‑]‑nb h‑njb§f‑mW‑v. Ch‑ns‑S "^Ì‑v t‑U‑mK‑p'If‑ps‑S N‑n{‑X§f‑pa‑mb‑n Hc‑p K‑med‑nb‑pï‑v.

H¶‑m‑w \‑neb‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb BIÀjW‑w 4U‑n X‑obäd‑mW‑v. 150 hÀj¯‑n\‑nSb‑ns‑e a‑q¶‑p {‑][‑m\ At‑ac‑n¡³ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ-¯Ic‑ps‑S Gäh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\ N‑ne \‑na‑nj§Ä Bh‑nj‑v-I-c‑n¡‑p¶ C‑u X‑obäÀ A\‑p`h‑w a\k‑ne‑m¡‑ms‑X ]‑pd¯‑nd§‑p¶X‑v he‑nb \ãa‑mb‑n-c‑n¡‑p‑w. t‑e‑mIb‑p²§f‑ps‑S IY ]dbs‑h k‑vt‑^‑mS\§Äs‑¡‑m¸‑w CfI‑p¶ It‑kcIÄ‑, aª‑pI‑me¯‑ns‑\‑m¸‑w ]c¡‑p¶

s‑hů‑pÅ‑nIÄ‑, CS¡‑v C-c‑n¡‑p¶b‑ms‑f H¶‑p s‑N‑md‑nb‑p-¶ I‑p-j‑y\‑pIÄ. A§s‑\ ]eX‑p‑w.

CX‑n\S‑p¯‑mb‑n 1942 a‑pX ]‑pe‑nä‑vkÀ ]‑pck‑vI‑mc‑w e`‑n¨ t‑^‑mt‑«‑mIf‑ps‑S he‑nb {‑]‑nâ‑pIÄ {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Ah‑mÀU‑v t‑\S‑nb t‑^‑mt‑«‑m{‑K‑m^À-a‑mc‑pa‑mb‑pÅ CâÀh‑y‑q Câd‑mÎ‑oh‑v k‑v{‑I‑o\‑n h‑mb‑n¡‑m‑w.

I¬t‑I‑mg‑vk‑v s‑ehe‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w C‑u X‑obäd‑nt‑e¡‑v {‑] t‑hi‑n¡‑m‑w. C‑u hg‑nb‑ns‑e Hc‑p {‑][‑m\ K‑med‑n At‑ac‑n¡³ B`‑y´c b‑p²¯‑ns‑â h‑mÀ¯If‑pa‑mb‑n ]‑pd¯‑nd§‑nb ]{‑X§Ä {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶X‑mW‑v. s‑X‑m«S‑p¯‑p Xs‑¶ b‑p²I‑me¯‑v S‑z‑näÀ Dï‑m-b‑nc‑ps‑¶¦‑n t‑\X‑m¡·‑mÀ X½‑ne‑pÅ Bib h‑n\‑nab‑w F§s‑\b‑m-b‑nc‑pt‑¶t‑\ F¶ k‑m-¦e‑v]‑nI kt‑µi§f‑pÅ cï‑p he‑nb ^eI§Ä.

AX‑phs‑c K‑uch‑w a‑pä‑n \‑n¶ h‑mb\b‑pa‑mb‑n hc‑p¶ a‑pX‑nÀ¶hÀ t‑]‑me‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑Ss‑b¯‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Ad‑nb‑ms‑X s‑]‑m«‑n¨‑nc‑n¨‑p t‑]‑m-I‑p¶‑p.

H¶‑m‑w \‑nea‑pX \‑me‑m‑w \‑nehs‑c h‑y‑m]‑n¨‑p I‑nS¡‑p¶‑, 90 AS‑n Dbca‑pÅ BÀ{‑S‑nba‑mW‑v \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑ns‑â a-s‑ä‑mc‑p {‑]t‑X‑yIX. a‑p³his‑¯ N‑nÃ‑ne‑qs‑S Bhi‑y-¯‑n\‑p k‑qc‑y{‑]I‑mi‑w BÀ{‑S‑n-b¯‑n\‑pÅ‑n s‑hf‑n-¨-t‑a-I‑p¶‑p. a‑q¶‑m‑w \‑neb‑n a[‑y`‑mK‑w hc¯¡ c‑oX‑nb‑n Ø‑m]‑n¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶ I‑qä³ S‑nh‑n k‑v{‑I‑o\‑n t‑{‑_¡‑n‑wK‑v \‑y‑qk‑v I‑mW‑m‑w. 40 AS‑n h‑oX‑nb‑p‑w 22 AS‑n Dbch‑pa‑mW‑v C‑u k‑v{‑I‑o-\‑n\‑pÅX‑v. h‑mÀ¯‑m t‑iJc-W-¯‑n\‑p]t‑b‑mK‑n-¨‑nc‑p¶ s‑_ s‑Pä‑vt‑d©À s‑le‑nt‑I‑m]‑väÀ Hs‑c®‑w BÀ{‑S‑nb¯‑ns‑e t‑aÂI‑qcb‑n \‑n¶‑v X‑q¡‑nb‑n«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. BÀ{‑S‑nb¯‑ns‑e a-s‑ä‑mc‑p BIÀjW‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑nXcW¯‑n\‑mb‑n BZ‑ya‑mb‑n h‑nt‑£]‑n¨ B¹‑nt‑¡j³k‑v s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑n D]{‑Kl(F.S‑n.

Fk‑v1‑)¯‑ns‑â At‑X he‑n¸a‑p-Å Hc‑p a‑mX‑rIb‑mW‑v. CX‑p‑w t‑aÂI‑qcb‑n \‑n¶‑v X‑q¡‑nb‑n«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. t‑e‑mI¯‑v CX‑phs‑c Dï‑mb‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶X‑n Gäh‑p‑w Câd‑mÎ‑oh‑v B-b a‑y‑qk‑nba‑mb‑mW‑v \‑y‑qk‑nb‑w IW¡‑m¡s‑¸S‑p¶X‑v. Câd‑mÎ‑oh‑v I‑nt‑b‑m-k‑v¡‑pIÄ 130 F®a‑pï‑v. s‑a‑m¯‑w 14 K‑med‑nIÄ‑, 15 X‑obäd‑pIÄ.

K‑med‑nIf‑n 3800 t‑^‑mt‑«‑mIÄ. Bd‑mb‑nc¯‑ne[‑nI‑w Nc‑n{‑X{‑]‑m[‑m\‑ya‑pÅ hk‑vX‑p¡Ä. CX‑n Fg‑pX‑m³ D] t‑b‑mK‑n-¨‑nc‑p¶ 3200 hÀj‑w ]g¡a‑pÅ a¬I« hs‑cb‑pï‑v.

X‑obäd‑pIf‑ne‑mIs‑«‑, \‑qd‑p aW‑n¡‑qd‑ne[‑nIa‑pÅ h‑oU‑nt‑b‑mIf‑pï‑v.

At‑ac‑n¡b‑n ]{‑Xh‑yhk‑mb‑w XfÀ¨b‑ne‑mW‑v.

F¶‑mÂ‑, ]gb ]{‑X§f‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑Xh‑p‑w Ad‑nb‑m³ ]‑pX‑p Xea‑p-d C¶‑p‑w DÂk‑pIc‑mW‑v F¶X‑mW‑v \‑y‑qk‑nb‑w \ÂI‑p¶ N‑n{‑X‑w. k‑zX{‑´ k‑wLS\b‑mb {‑^‑oU‑w t‑^‑md‑w BW‑v \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑ns‑â ]‑n¶‑nÂ. h‑nÀP‑o\‑nb t‑Ìä‑ns‑e BÀe‑n‑wK‑vSW‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¨‑nc‑p-¶ \‑y‑qk‑nb‑w Øek‑uIc‑ya‑nÃ‑m¯X‑ns‑\ X‑pSÀ¶‑v 2002  AS¨‑p. s‑]³k‑nÂt‑h\‑nb A-h\‑y‑qh‑n X‑pd¡‑p¶X‑v 2008 G{‑]‑n 11þ\‑mW‑v.

45 t‑I‑mS‑n t‑U‑mfÀ s‑Nehg‑n¨‑p Xb‑md‑m¡‑nb ]‑pX‑nb aµ‑nc¯‑n\‑v 6‑,43‑,000 NX‑pc{‑i AS‑n h‑nk‑vX‑oÀWa‑pï‑v. {‑] ZÀi hk‑vX‑p¡Ä a‑m{‑X‑w 250‑,000 NX‑pc{‑i AS‑n hc‑p‑w.

BZ‑y \‑y‑qk‑nb¯‑ns‑â a‑q¶‑nc«‑n hc‑pa‑nX‑v. BZ‑y hÀj‑w Xs‑¶ 7‑,14‑,000 t‑]À kµÀi‑n-¨‑p. {‑]-X‑n-hÀj‑w ic‑mic‑n F«‑p e£¯‑ne[‑nI‑w kµÀ-iI-c‑p-ï‑v. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com HIvtSm_À 2013

(24) Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

The three processes of Communication As already said, intrapersonal, inter-personal and mass communication channels form the three processes of communication. Messages are not dropped from heaven; nor are they created in a vacuum.

B

ut intrapersonal communication precedes all other forms of communication as it is at the base of the human element in all models of communication.

Messages are constructed by people --- persons and groups living in a given socioeconomic, political and cultural environment. They are conceived in the minds of those persons. And they are received by persons who too utilize their mental faculties in processing and absorbing the information contained in the messages.

The mental faculties of the creators (senders, receivers, communicators in the conventional model of communication) and the recipients (audience, destination, communicates) may not be on the same wavelength as their intrapersonal processes differ. The latter (intrapersonal processes) depend on the cultural (socioeconomic, religious, educational, occupational) traits as well as personality traits (which are not easily quantifiable).

If the cultural and personality traits of millions of people living in a given society are far below those of the creators of messages, the communication gap in such societies is of very serious HIvtSm_À 2013

consequence and proportion.

We may use the most sophisticated equipment and techniques (IT, BPO, e-commerce, etc.) but the gap between the elite and the masses will continue till such time the intrapersonal processing of the information in the minds of the masses is elevated.

Putting the whole attention on the creation of message, the message itself, the channels and the sophisticated recipients (receivers) of the message, without giving due attention to the intrapersonal processing of information/message by the

masses is a serious omission in all the existing models of communication.

There are different levels of social and personal organization at which human communication takes place. MC is only one form of human communication although it is more mechanical, electrical, electronic, and businessoriented than interpersonal communication.

According to Denis McQuail, mass communication is at the apex of a pyramidal distribution whose base is formed by intrapersonal communication.

Though technically societywide, MC is limited in a way because of socioeconomic factors operating in society and technical competence and organizational availability and facilities in society. But communication is universal. Intrapersonal factors--physiological, psychological, historical, economic and sociological factors--- influence the working of a person’s mind.

Professor Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (19821992) at the University of Kerala.

As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards.

Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

(25)

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sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

‑kX‑y‑w Fó t‑l‑m‑w s‑Ue‑nhd‑n ]‑mt‑¡P‑v

am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

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¼X‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w a‑p¼‑mW‑v.

R‑m³ Ae‑nc‑mP‑v]‑pc‑n t‑]‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. a²‑y{‑]t‑Zi‑vþK‑pPd‑m¯‑v AX‑nÀ¯‑nb‑ns‑e Q‑m_‑ph‑m h\t‑aJeb‑nÂs‑¸S‑p¶ BZ‑nh‑mk‑n {‑K‑maka‑ql‑w.

AX‑n\‑n_‑nUaÃ‑m¯ I‑mS‑pIf‑p‑w ^e`‑qb‑nj‑vTa‑mb I‑rj‑nb‑nSh‑p‑w kÀ¡‑mÀ hI ]‑pX‑pX‑mb‑n Bc‑w`‑n¨ I-i‑phï‑nt‑¯‑m«h‑pa‑pÅ CSa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p A¶s‑¯ Ae‑nc‑mP‑v]‑pÀ. ]s‑£ Ae‑nc‑mP‑v]‑pÀ A¶‑v {‑]k‑n²a‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑v X‑nI¨‑p‑w h‑yX‑yk‑vXa‑mb Hc‑p I‑mcW‑w s‑I‑mï‑mW‑v.

Ah‑nS‑ps‑¯ BZ‑nh‑mk‑n P\‑w kX‑y‑w ]db‑p‑w. t‑e‑mI¯‑n Gäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑pX s‑]ÀI‑y‑m¸‑nä‑m s‑I‑me]‑mXI‑w \S¡‑p¶ Øea‑mW‑v Ae‑nc‑mP‑v]‑pÀ F¶‑mW‑v IW¡‑v. CX‑v I‑rX‑ya‑mb t‑]‑me‑ok‑v s‑d¡‑mÀU‑p {‑]I‑mca‑mW‑v.

F\‑n¡‑v AÛ‑pX‑w t‑X‑m¶‑n.

P‑oh‑nX¯‑n s‑]‑mX‑ps‑h BÀ¯‑nt‑b‑m t‑a‑mjW{‑]hWXt‑b‑m CÃ‑m¯ \‑nc£c‑ps‑S ka‑ql‑w. Chs‑c {‑I‑na‑n\ s‑s‑{‑S_‑mb‑n I‑mäKs‑s‑dk‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑n«‑nÃ. ]‑ns‑¶? F§‑ns‑\ ChÀ s‑I‑me]‑mXI¯‑n H¶‑m‑w \¼À Bb‑n? R‑m³ I‑mcW‑w t‑XS‑n.

At‑¸‑mgt‑Ã ck‑w?

1947 \‑pa‑p¼‑v Ae‑nc‑mP‑v]‑pÀ Hc‑p s‑Nd‑nb k‑zX{‑´ \‑m«‑pc‑mP‑ya‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. `‑o hÀ¤¡‑mc‑mb BZ‑nh‑mk‑nIf‑ps‑S \‑mS‑mW‑v. GIeh‑ys‑â ]c¼c.

t‑{‑Z‑mW‑mN‑mc‑ys‑c Xs‑â K‑pc‑ph‑mb‑n clk‑ya‑mb‑n ]‑qP‑n¨ kX‑y‑w GIeh‑y³ X‑pd¶‑p ]dª‑p. t‑{‑Z‑mWÀ K‑pc‑pZ£‑nWb‑mb‑n GIeh‑ys‑â he¯‑ps‑s‑Ib‑ns‑e XÅh‑nc Bhi‑ys‑¸«‑p. kt‑´‑mj]‑qÀh‑w GIeh‑y³ h‑nc a‑pd‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mS‑p¯‑p. \‑nj‑v¡f¦\‑p‑w kX‑ykÔ\‑pa‑mb B GIeh‑y³ C¶‑p‑w P‑oh‑n¨‑nc‑p¸‑pï‑v. `‑o hÀ¤¯‑n Bc‑p‑w ac‑n¡‑p¶‑nà F¶‑mW‑v h‑ni‑z‑mk‑w. ac‑n¨hÀ ]e c‑q]§f‑ne‑mb‑n Aht‑c‑ms‑S‑m¸a‑pï‑v. a‑rK§f‑mb‑n‑, ]£‑nIf‑mb‑n‑, CeIf‑mb‑n‑, I‑mä‑mb‑n... Bc‑p‑w ac‑n¡‑p¶‑nà F¶X‑n\‑m s‑I‑me]‑mXI‑w AhÀ Hc‑p s‑Xt‑ä‑m I‑pät‑a‑m Bb‑n IW¡‑m¡‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑v s‑Nd‑nb {‑]i‑v\§f‑pï‑mb‑me‑p‑w s‑I‑me Ahc‑ps‑Sb‑nSb‑n k‑m[‑mcWa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]s‑£ {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v `cW‑w h¶t‑¸‑mÄ k‑w`h‑w Hc‑p I‑päa‑mb‑n. s‑I‑meb‑v¡‑p ]Ic‑w s‑I‑me F¶‑mW‑v k‑mb‑n¸‑ns‑â \‑nba‑w. Ij‑vSI‑me¯‑n\‑v k‑mb‑n¸‑ns‑â t‑X‑m¡‑n\‑v s‑I‑me \S¯‑m\‑pÅ Ig‑nh‑pï‑v. A¼‑p‑w h‑nÃ‑p‑w D] t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶ `‑o BZ‑nh‑mk‑n t‑X‑m¡‑n\‑p a‑p¼‑n \‑nÊl‑mb\‑mb‑n.

AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑v A\‑pkc‑n¡‑pIt‑b \‑nhÀ¯‑nb‑pÅ‑p. kX‑ykÔ\‑mbX‑p I‑mcW‑w s‑I‑me]‑mXI‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑me‑pS³ A¼‑pa‑mb‑n `‑o t‑\s‑c AS‑p¯ t‑]‑me‑ok‑v t‑Ìj\‑nt‑e¡‑v \S¡‑p‑w. h‑nhc‑w ]db‑p‑w i‑n£ h‑m§‑n¡‑p‑w.

a‑n¡t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w s‑I‑me¡bd‑mI‑p‑w i‑n£. s‑I‑mes‑¸«‑me‑p‑w Bc‑p‑w ac‑n¡‑p¶‑nà F¶ ]‑qÀ®h‑ni‑z‑mka‑pÅX‑n\‑m C‑u i‑n£ s‑I‑mï‑v s‑I‑meb‑ps‑S F®‑w I‑pdb‑v¡‑m³ k‑mb‑n¸‑ns‑â \‑nba¯‑n\‑p‑w k‑m[‑n¨‑nÃ.

FÃ‑m s‑I‑me]‑mXI§f‑p‑w I‑rX‑ya‑mb‑n s‑I‑meb‑mf‑n Xs‑¶ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p s‑N¿‑p¶ GI c‑mP‑ya‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ae‑nc‑mP‑v]‑pÀ. k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w ic‑mic‑n s‑I‑me]‑mXIt‑dä‑n Ae‑nc‑mP‑v]‑pc‑n\‑v t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑e \¼À h¬ Ø‑m\‑w I‑n«‑n. aeb‑mf¯‑ns‑â {‑]‑nbs‑¸« t‑\‑mhe‑nÌ‑v‑, t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w _‑rlZ‑v t‑\‑mhe‑pIf‑ns‑e‑m¶‑mb AhI‑mi‑nIf‑ps‑S cNb‑nX‑mh‑v‑, F.F^‑v.]‑n. F¶ A´c‑m-j‑v{‑S h‑mÀ¯‑mØ‑m]\¯‑ns‑â s‑X¡‑pI‑ng¡t‑\j‑y³ Xeh\‑mb‑nc‑p¶ F‑w.s‑I.t‑at‑\‑m³ (h‑ne‑mk‑n\‑n‑) \‑me‑v] X‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w a‑p¼‑v Fg‑pX‑nbX‑v C‑ub‑ns‑S h‑mb‑n¡‑m\‑nS h¶‑p. t‑PÀWe‑nÌ‑pIÄ kX‑ya‑mW‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. AX‑n A]ISa‑pï‑v. At‑±l¯‑ns‑â ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑n ]db‑p¶X‑v Z‑oÀL‑mb‑pÊ‑n s‑I‑mX‑nb‑pÅhÀ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n Cd§‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v D¯a‑w F¶‑mW‑v. A¡‑me¯‑v h‑nbä‑v\‑m‑w b‑p²¯‑ne‑p‑w aä‑p Ie‑m]§f‑ne‑p‑w I‑rX‑y\‑nÀhlW¯‑n\‑nSb‑n A]a‑rX‑y‑p {‑]‑m]‑n¨ A\h[‑n t‑PÀWe‑nÌ‑pIf‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]s‑£ A¯c‑w t‑Ik‑pIÄ I‑q«‑ms‑X At‑±l‑w 1960 If‑ns‑e Hc‑p At‑ac‑n¡³ Ì‑mä‑nÌ‑nI‑vk‑v ]dª‑p. s‑]‑mX‑p acW\‑nc¡‑n HIvtSm_À 2013

(26) s‑\¡‑mÄ a‑p¸X‑p iXa‑m\‑w A[‑nIa‑mW‑v ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S acW\‑nc¡‑v. aä‑p h‑nZK‑v²h‑r¯‑nIs‑f At‑]£‑n¨‑v A¼X‑p iXa‑m\‑w A[‑nIh‑p‑w. t‑]‑mfï‑ns‑â IW¡‑v I‑rX‑ya‑mb‑n I‑n«‑n. t‑]‑mfï‑n aä‑p s‑X‑mg‑ns‑eS‑p¡‑p¶hÀ ic‑mic‑n Ad‑p]t‑¯g‑p hbÊ‑phs‑c P‑oh‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S ic‑mic‑n hbÊ‑v A¼¯‑na‑q¶‑p a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v.

C‑u Z‑oÀL‑mb‑pÊ‑p I‑pdb‑p¶X‑n\‑p I‑mcW‑w At‑±l‑w Fg‑pX‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ.

kX‑y‑w h‑mÀ¯If‑ps‑S t‑{‑k‑mXÊ‑v F¶ \‑ne a‑md‑n.

P\‑w C¶‑v h‑mÀ¯ BZ‑y‑w Ad‑nb‑p¶X‑v s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ N‑m\ e‑pIf‑n \‑n¶‑mW‑v. AX‑ns‑â Hc‑p I¬^Àt‑aj³ a‑m{‑Xt‑a A¨S‑n¨ h‑m¡‑pIf‑ne‑qs‑S AhÀ {‑]X‑o£‑n¡‑p¶‑pÅ‑p. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ Z‑ri‑y§f‑n s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑n¡‑v hfs‑ct‑bs‑d k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w \ÂI‑m\‑mI‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w‑, AX‑pI‑mcW‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ k‑v{‑I‑o\‑n I‑mW‑p¶X‑p‑w t‑IÄ¡‑p¶X‑pa‑mb

Ae‑nc‑mP‑v]‑pÀ

t‑PÀWe‑nÌ‑pIÄ kX‑ya‑mW‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. AX‑n A] ISa‑pï‑v. Z‑oÀL‑mb‑pÊ‑n s‑I‑mX‑nb‑pÅhÀ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n Cd§‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v D¯a‑w. s‑]‑mX‑p acW\‑nc¡‑ns‑\¡‑mÄ a‑p¸X‑p iXa‑m\‑w A[‑nIa‑mW‑v ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S acW\‑nc¡‑v. aä‑p h‑nZK‑v²h‑r¯‑nIs‑f At‑]£‑n¨‑v A¼X‑p iXa‑m\‑w A[‑nIh‑p‑w. t‑]‑mfï‑ns‑â IW¡‑v I‑rX‑ya‑mb‑n I‑n«‑n. t‑]‑mfï‑n aä‑p s‑X‑mg‑ns‑eS‑p¡‑p¶hÀ ic‑mic‑n Ad‑p]t‑¯g‑p hbÊ‑phs‑c P‑oh‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S ic‑mic‑n hbÊ‑v A¼¯‑na‑q¶‑p a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v. kX‑y‑w ]dªX‑n\‑p I‑n«‑nb AS‑nb‑mt‑W‑m‑, At‑X‑m‑, kX‑y‑mt‑\‑zjW {‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ne‑pï‑mb i‑mc‑oc‑nIh‑p‑w a‑m\k‑nIh‑pa‑mb t‑¢ia‑mt‑W‑m F¶d‑nª‑pI‑qS‑m. cï‑pa‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑m‑w. ]s‑£ H¶‑p X‑oÀ¨b‑mW‑v. kX‑y‑w A]ISI‑mc‑nb‑mW‑v. k‑z´k‑zI‑mc‑y§f‑neÃ‑ms‑X aä‑pÅhc‑ps‑S kX‑y‑w s‑X‑mg‑ne‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑n h‑nf‑n¨‑p]db‑m³ h‑n[‑n¡s‑¸« t‑PÀWe‑nÌ‑pIÄ¡‑v kX‑y‑w ]db‑pI F-¶X‑v‑, k‑wiba‑nÃ‑, A]IS‑w h‑nf‑n¨‑p hc‑p¯‑p‑w. ]s‑£ Ct‑¸‑mÄ I‑me‑w a‑md‑n.

HIvtSm_À 2013

h‑mÀ¯IÄ ]‑qÀ®a‑mb kX‑yas‑ö‑p‑w I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑pt‑]‑me‑p‑w k‑wiba‑pï‑v. k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑p ]‑n¶‑n Gt‑X‑m clk‑y¡‑q«‑mb‑vab‑ps‑S D]P‑m] a‑ps‑ï¶‑v P\‑w h‑ni‑zk‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

C‑u s‑\ä‑v hÀ¡‑pIÄ P\s‑¯ k‑vX_‑v[c‑m¡‑n \‑nÈ_‑vZc‑m¡‑m³ K‑qV‑mt‑e‑mN\ \S¯‑p¶‑p F¶‑p P\‑w Dd¸‑m¡‑p¶‑p.

C¶‑v N‑m\ h‑mÀ¯If‑ps‑S \‑ne Hc‑p `‑mK‑nIa‑mb kX‑y‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v. k‑q£‑vaa‑mb‑n ]c‑nt‑i‑m[‑n¨‑m P\¯‑n\‑v t‑hïX‑v F´‑ms‑W¶‑v

Iï‑p ]‑nS‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ Bt‑e‑mN\ a‑m{‑Xt‑a S‑n.h‑n. s‑\ä‑v hÀ¡‑pIÄ F¶ a‑m²‑ya_‑nk‑n\k‑v s‑N¿‑p¶‑pÅ‑p.

P\¯‑n\‑v t‑hïXc¯‑ne‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯IÄ AhÀ \ÂI‑p¶‑p.

C‑u k‑nt‑\d‑nt‑b‑m h‑mk‑vXh¯‑n I‑qS‑pX A]ISa‑mW‑v. CX‑v \s‑½ Cc‑p¯‑n N‑n´‑n¸‑nt‑¡ïX‑pa‑mW‑v.

K‑qV‑mt‑e‑mN\ Hc‑p I‑päI‑rX‑ya‑mW‑v. ]s‑£ AX‑n\‑v Hc‑p K‑pWa‑pï‑v. AX‑p Iï‑p]‑nS‑n¡‑m‑w. F¶‑n«‑v AX‑ns‑\ \‑nÀ½‑mÀP\‑w s‑N¿‑m‑w. I‑pä¡‑mÀ¡‑v i‑n£ \ÂI‑m‑w. Ch‑ns‑S ]s‑£ K‑qV‑mt‑e‑mN\b‑nÃ. kX‑y‑w ]dbc‑ps‑X¶‑nÃ. ]s‑£ kX‑y‑w ]dbWs‑a¶‑p‑w CÃ. h‑mÀ¯ Hc‑p t‑{‑]‑mUI‑vS‑mW‑v. h‑mÀ¯ k‑rj‑vS‑n¡Â Hc‑p DX‑v]‑mZ\{‑]{‑I‑nbb‑mW‑v. Hc‑p _‑nk‑n\k‑v BI‑vS‑nh‑nä‑n. I‑qS‑pX _‑nk‑n\k‑v. I‑qS‑pX D]t‑`‑mà‑m¡Ä.

I‑qS‑pXÂ e‑m`‑w. I‑qS‑pXÂ ià‑n.

Ch‑ns‑S h‑n¡‑oe‑o¡‑vk‑n ]‑nSb‑p¶ H_‑mab‑p‑w s‑]®‑pt‑Ik‑n FbÀt‑]‑mÀ«‑v XSh‑n Ig‑nb‑p¶ Ak‑m‑ws‑Kb‑p‑w Hc‑p t‑]‑ms‑eb‑mW‑v. h‑mÀ¯ F¶ DX‑v¸¶¯‑ns‑â d‑m s‑aä‑oc‑nbÂk‑v. ]‑me‑mb‑ns‑e ]Å‑nb‑n aZ‑yc‑mP‑mh‑v aWÀI‑mS‑v ]‑m¸³ {‑]‑mÀ°‑n¡‑ms‑\¯‑nbt‑¸‑mÄ Xs‑â I‑pª‑mS‑pIs‑f aZ‑y‑w \ÂI‑n \i‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑n [À½t‑c‑mj‑w {‑]IS‑n¸‑n¨‑v ]‑m¸s‑\ D]t‑Zi‑n¡‑m³ IÀ¯‑mh‑v h¶ Xa‑mi¡Yb‑pï‑v.

IÀ¯‑mh‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p‑, \‑o F´‑m ]‑m¸‑m‑, C§‑ns‑\ IÅ‑p I‑pS‑n¸‑n¨‑v t‑{‑Z‑ml‑w s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v? ]‑m¸³ Xe I‑p\‑n¨‑p ]dª‑p‑, IÀ¯‑mt‑h‑, Ahc‑v ]‑mh§f‑m.

AhÀ¡‑v aZ‑y‑w t‑hW‑w. aZ‑y‑w t‑hïhÀ¡‑v aZ‑yaÃ‑ms‑X as‑ä´‑p I‑pS‑n¡‑m³ s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑p‑w? AhÀ F¶‑v ]‑me‑p I‑pS‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑p ]db‑pt‑¶‑m B \‑na‑nj‑w R‑m³ ]i‑p¡s‑f t‑aS‑n¡‑p‑w.

Hc‑p X‑pÅ‑n s‑hÅ‑w t‑NÀ¡‑ms‑X \à ]‑me‑v s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑p‑w. CX‑v _‑nk‑n\Ê‑mW‑v. kX‑ykÔa‑mb I¨hS‑w. AX‑v ]‑m] a‑mt‑W‑m IÀ¯‑mt‑h?

IÀ¯‑mh‑v \‑nÈ_‑vZ\‑mb‑n F¶‑mW‑v IY. h‑mÀ¯‑m s‑{‑]‑mUI‑vj\‑p‑w Hc‑p s‑hd‑p‑w _‑nk‑n\Êt‑Ã?

F\‑n¡‑nj‑vSa‑pÅ kX‑y‑w F¶ t‑l‑m‑w Ue‑nhd‑n ]‑mt‑¡P‑v. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com

(27)

ap³t] ]dóhÀ

]n. kpPm-X³

-k‑ a-`m-h-\bpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw

]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ XqenIbv¡v, Iymad¡®n\v temIs¯ amän adn¡m\pÅ Ignhpïv. hmÀ¯bpsS temI¯v AÛpX§Ä krãn¨ temIam[yacwKs¯ A¯cw AXpeycmb {]Xn`Isf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pó ]wàn.

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Ø‑m-\-a‑mt‑W‑m h‑yà‑nb‑mt‑W‑m he‑p-s‑X¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑]‑mX‑p-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n ]e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w DbÀ¶‑p t‑IÄ¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. N‑ne h‑yà‑nIÄ he‑nb {‑]Ø‑m-\-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶ A\‑p-`h‑w Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑n N‑pc‑p-¡-a‑ms‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w k‑w`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. "kt‑l‑mZ-c-k‑wL‑w' Ig‑nª \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑â BZ‑y-Z-i-I-§-f‑n s‑I‑m¨‑n c‑mP‑y¯‑v c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑mï Hc‑p {‑]Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p. AX‑n\‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w hl‑n¨ s‑I.-A-¿-¸³ _‑n.F N‑pc‑p-§‑n-b-I‑me‑w s‑I‑mï‑v B {‑]Ø‑m-\-s‑¯-¡‑mÄ he‑nb {‑]Ø‑m-\-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. At‑±ls‑¯ P\-§Ä "kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A¿¸³‑' F¶‑v k‑vt‑\l-]‑qÀÆ‑w h‑nf‑n-¨‑p. kJ‑mh‑v AYh‑m t‑I‑mt‑{‑aU‑v F¶‑v t‑Ic-f-¯‑n Ia‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-I‑mÀ ]c-k‑v] c‑w h‑nf‑n-¡‑m³ X‑pS-§‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v I‑mÂ\‑qä‑mï‑v a‑p¼‑v‑, A[‑y‑m-]-I-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ s‑I.A-¿-¸³ a‑mÌÀ a\‑p-j‑yÀ¡‑n-S-b‑n ka-`‑mh‑w Dï‑m-¡‑m³ C«‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p¯ ]Z-a‑mW‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³. P‑mX‑n-\-i‑o-IcW {‑]Ø‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â {‑]N‑m-c-W-¯‑n\‑mb‑n At‑±l‑w Bc‑w-`‑n¨ ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â t‑]c‑p‑w "kt‑l‑m-Z-c³‑' F¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-·‑mÀ k‑z´‑w ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â t‑]c‑p t‑NÀ¯‑p h‑nf‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ {‑] h-WX A¡‑m-e¯‑p ]X‑n-h‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m\‑n c‑ma-I‑r-j‑vW]‑n-Å‑, t‑Ikc‑n _‑me-I‑r-j‑vW-]‑n-Å‑, a‑nX-h‑mZ‑n I‑rj‑vW³ Fs‑¶‑ms‑¡ ]

d-b‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ] {‑X-¯‑ns‑â ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]À kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A¿-¸³ F¶‑v Ad‑n-b-s‑¸-«X‑v k‑z‑m`‑mh‑n-I-a‑mb \‑m«‑p-\-S¸‑p Xs‑¶. {‑I‑nk‑vX‑paX {‑]N‑m-c-I-c‑mb Hc‑p-I‑q-«À ]c-k‑v]c‑w "{‑_ZÀ' F¶‑v h‑nf‑n-¡‑m-d‑pï‑v. AX‑n \‑n¶‑v {‑]t‑N‑m-Z\‑w s‑I‑mï‑v k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¨X‑mI‑m‑w kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ F¶ h‑ms‑¡¶‑v t‑X‑m¶‑m-s‑a-¦‑ne‑p‑w kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A¿¸³ Hc‑p _‑p²-aX h‑ni‑z‑m-k‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. "[À½‑w icW‑w KÑ‑ma‑n' F¶‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â BZÀi-h‑mI‑y-a‑mb‑n At‑±l‑w k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. k‑ma‑q-l‑nI ]c‑n-j‑v¡-cW {‑]Ø‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â h‑n«‑p-h‑o-g‑vN-b‑nÃ‑m¯ P‑nl‑z-b‑mb‑n 36 hÀj‑w s‑I‑m¨‑n c‑mP‑y¯‑v \‑ne-\‑n¶ "kt‑l‑m-Z-c³' ] {‑X-¯‑n\‑v ae-b‑mf‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\ Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑n he‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p Ø‑m\-a‑p-ï‑v. al‑m-ß-P‑n¡‑v "\h-P‑o-h³' t‑]‑ms‑eb‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p s‑I.-A-¿-¸³ a‑mÌÀ¡‑v "kt‑l‑m-Z-c³.' {‑]t‑£‑m`h‑mk-\-b‑ps‑S AÀ°-h-¯‑mb s‑s‑]X‑rI‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n¨ t‑Ik-c‑n‑, ka-X‑z-h‑m-Z‑n‑, k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m\‑n‑, kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ F¶‑o ]{‑X-§-s‑fb‑p‑w Ah-b‑ps‑S ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-·‑m-s‑cb‑p‑w h‑nk‑vac‑n¨‑v B[‑p-\‑nI t‑Ic-f-¯‑ns‑â Nc‑n-{‑X‑mt‑\‑z-j‑n-IÄ¡‑v Hc‑n-¡e‑p‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p t‑]‑mI‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ã.

P‑mX‑n-b‑m-N‑m-c-§Äs‑¡-X‑ns‑c t‑£‑m`‑n-¡‑p¶ h‑m¡‑p-If‑p‑w X‑o£‑vWa‑mb I®‑p-If‑p‑w Dd-¡-a‑n-Ã‑m¯

c‑m{‑X‑n-I-f‑p-a‑mb‑n P‑oh‑n¨ kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A¿-¸³ Xs‑â P·-\‑m-S‑mb s‑Nd‑mb‑n {‑K‑ma-¯‑n 1917 t‑ab‑v 29-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n ka‑m-\-N‑n-´‑m-K-X‑n-¡‑m-c‑mb ]{‑´ï‑v t‑]s‑c h‑nf‑n-¨‑p-I‑q«‑n Hc‑p t‑b‑mK‑w \S-¯‑n. Be‑ph As‑s‑Z‑z-X‑m-{‑i-a¯‑n h¨‑v {‑i‑o\‑m-c‑m-b-W-K‑p-c‑p-h‑ns‑\ Iï‑v NÀ¨ s‑Nb‑vX-t‑i-j-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p B t‑b‑mK‑w. Z‑pc‑m-N‑m-c-§Äs‑¡X‑ns‑c DÂt‑_‑m-[-\-§Ä t‑]‑mc‑, {‑] hÀ¯-\-§Ä t‑hW-s‑a¶‑v _‑n.-F. ] c‑o£ ]‑mk‑mb h‑nhc‑w Ad‑n-b‑n-¡‑m³ F¯‑nb A¿-¸-t‑\‑mS‑v k‑w`‑m-j-W¯‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n K‑pc‑p ]d-ª‑p. ""P‑mX‑n t‑]‑mIW‑w A¿-¸‑, AX‑n-s‑\-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vt‑X ]ä‑q.‑'' K‑pc‑p D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p. B D]-t‑Zi‑w t‑I«‑v {‑K‑ma-¯‑n X‑nc‑n-s‑¨¯‑n-b‑mW‑v A¿-¸³ 12 s‑Nd‑p-¸-¡‑m-c‑pa‑mb‑n I‑qS‑n-b‑m-t‑e‑m-N‑n¨‑v P‑mX‑n-h‑n-c‑p² {‑]X‑n-Ú-s‑b-S‑p-¯X‑p‑w a‑n{‑i-t‑`‑m-P\‑w \S-¯‑n-b-X‑p‑w. cï‑p ]‑pe-b-¡‑p-«‑nIÄs‑¡‑m-¸-a‑n-c‑p¶‑p `£W‑w Ig‑n¡‑m³ C‑u ]{‑´ï‑p t‑]c‑n \‑me‑p-t‑] À a‑m{‑Xt‑a k¶-²-c‑m-b‑p-Å‑q. F¶‑m a‑n{‑i-t‑`‑m-P-\-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑pÅ kt‑µi‑w {‑ih‑n¨‑v ka‑o-]-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑v At‑\I‑w t‑]À X‑pï‑n-S-¸-d-¼‑n F¯‑n. Hc‑p lc‑n-P-\-_‑m-e³ ]‑mbk‑w h‑nf-¼‑n. FÃ‑m-hÀ¡‑p‑w Bh-i‑y‑m\‑p-k-cW‑w `£‑n-¡‑m³ ]‑mbk‑w X‑nI-ª‑n-Ã. F¦‑ne‑p‑w P‑mX‑n h‑nN‑m-c§Äs‑¡-X‑ns‑c X‑nI-h‑mÀ¶ Hc‑p {‑] Ø‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â X‑nc‑n Ah‑ns‑S s‑Xf‑nª‑p. "P‑mX‑n h‑yX‑y‑mk‑w i‑mk‑v{‑X-h‑nc‑p-²h‑p‑w t‑Z‑mj-I-ch‑p‑w A\‑m-h-i‑yh‑p‑w Bb-X‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v AX‑ns‑\ CÃ‑m-X‑m¡‑m³ \‑nb-a-h‑n-c‑p-²-a-Ã‑m¯ h‑n[‑w HIvtSm_À 2013

(28) Ig‑n-b‑p-¶-s‑X‑ms‑¡ s‑N¿‑p-s‑a¶‑v R‑m³ ]‑qÀ®-a-\-Ê‑ms‑e k½-X‑n¨‑v kX‑y‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p-s‑I‑m-Å‑p-¶‑p...‑' F¶ {‑] X‑n-Ú‑m-h‑m-NI‑w kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A¿¸³ s‑N‑mÃ‑n. a‑n{‑i-t‑`‑m-P-\-¯‑n ] s‑¦-S‑p-¯-h-s‑cÃ‑m‑w AX‑v Gä‑p-s‑N‑m-Ã‑n.

Cc‑p-¶‑qd‑v t‑]À BZ‑y a‑n{‑i-t‑`‑m-P\ ] c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-b‑n ]s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑p. P‑mX‑n-t‑{‑i-W‑nb‑n s‑X‑m«‑p-a‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e¶‑p Ic‑p-X‑p-¶h-c‑ps‑S H¸‑w t‑Nc‑p-¶-X‑neÃ; X‑ms‑gb‑p-Å-hs‑c I‑qs‑S t‑NÀ¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑mW‑v al-X‑zh‑p‑w {‑]‑m[‑m-\‑y-h‑p‑w. C¡‑mc‑y‑w kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ Xs‑â kl-{‑]-hÀ¯-Is‑c [c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. kt‑l‑m-Z-c-k‑wL‑w Ah‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑v Hc‑p {‑]Ø‑m-\-a‑mb‑n hfÀ¶X‑v \‑nc-´-c-a‑mb FX‑nÀ¸‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑mW‑v. b‑mY‑m-Ø‑n-X‑n-IÀ P‑mX‑n-t‑`-Z-a‑nÃ‑ms‑X k‑wL-S‑n-X-a‑mb‑n kt‑l‑m-Zc {‑] Ø‑m-\s‑¯ FX‑nÀ¯‑p. FX‑nÀ¡‑p‑w t‑X‑md‑p‑w ]‑mh-s‑¸-«-hÀ¡‑n-S-b‑n A¿¸\‑p‑w kt‑l‑m-Zc {‑]Ø‑m-\-¯‑n\‑p‑w k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w hÀ²‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

1917 t‑ab‑v 29-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑nb‑ns‑e a‑n{‑it‑`‑m-P-\s‑¯ Bk‑v]-Z-a‑m¡‑n A¿-¸³ a‑mÌÀ t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑ms‑« a‑nX-h‑mZ‑n ] {‑X-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v Hc‑p t‑eJ-\-a-b-¨‑p. ]{‑X‑m[‑n-]À I‑rj‑vW³ t‑eJ\‑w Hc‑p I‑pd‑nt‑¸‑m-S‑p-I‑qS‑n aS¡‑n Ab-¨‑p. "t‑eJ\‑w H¶‑m‑w-Xc‑w Xs‑¶. ]t‑£ {‑]k‑n-²‑oI-c‑n-¡‑m³ \‑nh‑r-¯‑n-b‑n-Ã.‑' A¿-¸\‑v \‑nc‑mi t‑X‑m¶‑n-b‑n-Ã. P‑mX‑n-\-i‑o-I-cW {‑]Ø‑m-\-a‑mb kt‑l‑m-Zc k‑wL¯‑ns‑â {‑]N-W‑mÀ°‑w k‑z´-a‑mb‑n Hc‑p {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w Bh-i‑y-a‑m-s‑W¶‑v At‑±-l-¯‑n\‑p t‑X‑m¶‑n. A§s‑\ a‑nXh‑m-Z‑n-b‑n \‑n¶‑p X‑nc‑n-¨-b¨ t‑eJ\‑w DÄs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑v 1917  A¿-¸³ ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑mb‑n "kt‑l‑m-Z-c³‑' a‑mk‑nI {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w X‑pS-§‑n. s‑Nd‑mb‑n b‑qW‑n-b³ k‑vI‑qf‑n A[‑y‑m-]-I-\‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑¸‑mÄ A¿-¸³. BZ‑y-e¡‑w a‑mk‑n-I-b‑n t‑NÀt‑¡ï a‑pJ-{‑]k‑wK‑w K‑pc‑p-k‑z‑m-a‑ns‑b h‑mb‑n-¨‑p-t‑Iĸ‑n¨‑p. "h‑ni‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e ] d-b‑p-h‑m\‑p‑w ]d-b‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e \S-¡‑ph‑m\‑p‑w Hc‑p-¡-a‑pÅ \‑nj‑vI-]-S-·‑ms‑c Hc‑p-a‑n¨‑p t‑NÀ¯‑v DÂI‑r-j‑vS-a‑mb Dt‑±i ià‑n-s‑I‑mï‑v P‑mX‑n-_‑m[ Hg‑n¸‑n-¡‑m³ t‑hï‑n s‑Nd‑p-X‑mb‑n Bc‑w-`‑n-¨‑nc‑n-¡‑p¶ Hc‑p he‑nb Ø‑m]-\-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.‑' F¶‑v H¶‑m‑w a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n ]{‑X‑m[‑n-]À \b‑w h‑yà-a‑m-¡‑n. ""s‑I‑mÅ‑m‑w‑, \¶‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.‑'' F¶‑v K‑pc‑p A¿¸s‑\ A\‑p-{‑K-l‑n-¨‑p. ]‑nt‑ä-s‑¡‑mÃ‑w \‑nba‑w ]T‑n-¡‑m³ A¿-¸³ X‑nc‑p-h\-´-]‑p-c-t‑¯¡‑p t‑]‑mb‑n. Ah‑ns‑S Hc‑p k‑vI‑qf‑n A[‑y‑m-]I t‑P‑me‑nb‑p‑w k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¨‑p. cï‑p-s‑I‑mÃ‑w a‑pS-§‑ms‑X  ktlmZc³ A¿¸sâ sIm¨nbnse {]Xna. HIvtSm_À 2013

(29) a‑mk‑n-Ib‑p‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p t‑]‑m¶‑p. al‑m-Ih‑n I‑pa‑m-c-\‑m-i‑m³ ]c‑n-N-bs‑¸-S‑p¯‑ns‑¡‑mS‑p¯ Hc‑p k‑vt‑\l‑nXs‑â A¨-S‑n-i‑meb‑n \‑n¶‑mW‑v "kt‑l‑m-Z-c³‑' a‑mk-¯‑n cs‑ï¶ h‑n[‑w s‑s‑Z‑zh‑m-c‑n-I-b‑mb‑n Cd-§‑n-b-X‑v. \‑nb-a-]-T\‑w Ig‑nª‑v Fd-W‑m-I‑p-f¯‑v X‑nc‑n-s‑¨¯‑n {‑]X‑n-h‑mc ]{‑X-a‑m-¡‑n. t‑d‑mb s‑s‑kk‑n F«‑p-t‑]-P‑pÅ kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ h‑mc‑nI s‑I‑m¨‑n \‑m«‑p-c‑mP‑y¯‑v \à {‑]N‑mc‑w t‑\S‑n. Z‑nh‑m³ ]ch-¡‑m«‑v \‑mc‑m-bW t‑at‑\‑m³ kÀ¡‑mÀ kÀh‑o-k‑n ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]À A¿-¸\‑v \s‑Ã‑mc‑p Dt‑Z‑y‑mK‑w h‑mK‑vZ‑m\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W‑w \‑nd‑p-¯W-s‑a-¶‑n-Ã. N‑pa-Xe aä‑p-h-Ã-h-s‑cb‑p‑w G¸‑n-¨‑n«‑v A¿-¸\‑v Dt‑Z‑y‑m-K-¯‑n {‑]t‑h-i‑n-¡‑m‑w. a[‑p-c-X-c-a‑mb C‑u {‑] t‑e‑m-`-\-¯‑n A¿-¸³ h‑oW‑n-Ã.

F¶‑m k‑m¼-¯‑nI {‑]b‑mk‑w a‑qe‑w cï‑p-s‑I‑mÃ‑w Ig‑nª‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ] {‑X-¯‑ns‑â {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w X‑ri‑qc‑n-t‑e¡‑p a‑mt‑äï‑nh¶‑p. s‑I.-s‑F.I‑p-ª‑p®‑n Fs‑¶‑mc‑p a‑mt‑\-Ps‑c X‑ri‑q-c‑n kt‑l‑m-Z-c\‑p e`‑n-¨‑p. 1924 he‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p s‑hÅ-s‑¸‑m¡‑w Dï‑m-b‑n. ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â ^b-e‑p-If‑p‑w t‑cJ-If‑p‑w s‑hÅ-s‑¸‑m-¡-¯‑n He‑n¨‑pt‑]‑mb‑n. kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w \‑ne-¨‑p.

Gg‑p-s‑I‑m-Ã-¡‑m-es‑¯ \‑ne-\‑n¸‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑n\‑v k‑m¼-¯‑n-Ia‑mb‑n Bi‑m-h-l-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑ne‑p‑w h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑n-S-b‑n \à k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w e`‑n-¨‑p. ]{‑X‑w ]‑p\-c‑m-c‑w-`‑n-¡‑m³ A¿-¸s‑\ k‑pl‑r-¯‑p-¡Ä \‑nÀ_-Ô]‑qÀÆ‑w t‑{‑]c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. Häb‑v¡‑v \S-¯‑m³ At‑±l‑w \‑nÊ-l‑m-b-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. \‑nba-{‑]-I‑mc‑w kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ {‑]‑nâ‑n‑wK‑v Bâ‑v ]»‑n-j‑n‑wK‑v e‑na‑n-äU‑v F¶ I¼\‑n c‑q]‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. A¨‑p-I‑qS‑w‑, ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w‑, ]‑pk‑vX-I-h‑y‑m-]‑mc‑w F¶‑nh e£‑ya‑mb‑n {‑]J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p. A©‑p-c‑q] h‑neb‑pÅ \‑me‑m-b‑nc‑w H‑ml-c‑n-I-f‑n-e‑qs‑S 20‑,000 c‑q] a‑qe-[\‑w ka‑m-l-c‑n-¨‑p.

N‑pc‑p-§‑n-bX‑v ]¯‑v H‑ml-c‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯-hÀ I¼\‑n Ub-d-I‑vSÀa‑m-c‑m-b‑n. s‑I.-c‑m-a³ s‑s‑hZ‑yÀ a‑mt‑\-P‑n‑wK‑v Ub-d-I‑vSd‑p‑w s‑I.-A-¿-¸³ s‑k{‑I-«-d‑nb‑p‑w Bb‑n 1925  a«‑m-t‑©-c‑n-b‑ns‑e Hc‑p h‑mS-I-s‑I-«‑n-S¯‑n I¼\‑n {‑]hÀ¯\‑w Bc‑w-`‑n-¨‑p.

As‑¡‑mÃ‑w P‑q¬ a‑mk-¯‑n kt‑l‑mZ-c³ ]{‑X‑w h‑oï‑p‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p X‑pS-§‑n. ]‑nt‑ä-s‑¡‑mÃ‑w k‑z´-a‑mb‑n Hc‑p {‑]Ê‑v h‑m§‑n. S‑n.-k‑n.-t‑K‑m-]‑m-e³ C‑u I‑me¯‑v 17 c‑q] {‑]X‑n-a‑mk i¼-f¯‑n kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ {‑]Ê‑n t‑P‑me‑nb‑n {‑]t‑h-i‑n-¨‑p. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v A¿-¸s‑â A´‑y‑w hs‑c h‑ni‑z-k‑vX-\‑mb kl-N‑mc‑n-b‑mb‑n S‑n.-k‑n. Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. cï‑p-XhW A¿-¸³ s‑I‑m¨‑n-b‑n a{‑´‑n-b‑m-

ktlmZc³ A¿¸³

kt‑l‑m-Z-cs‑â a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K-§Ä cl-k‑y‑m-t‑\‑z-jW h‑n`‑m-K-¯‑ns‑e Hc‑p Dt‑Z‑y‑m-K-س ]c‑n-`‑m-j-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n hÃ-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Xs‑â hI‑p¸‑p Xe-h\‑v Ab-b‑v¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑naÀi-\‑m-ß-I-a‑mb B I‑pd‑n-¸‑p-IÄ ]eX‑p‑w A§s‑\ {‑][‑m-\-a{‑´‑n s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑ns‑â {‑i²-b‑nÂs‑¸-«‑p.

At‑±l‑w B s‑]‑me‑ok‑v t‑a[‑m-h‑n¡‑v ad‑p-]S‑n Ab¨‑p. ”I want such constructive criticism, I like to read more of them.“ AX‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑e h‑nh‑m-Z-]-ch‑p‑w h‑naÀi-\‑m-ß-I-h‑pa‑mb t‑eJ-\-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w I‑rX‑y-a‑mb‑n ]c‑n-`‑m-j-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n UÂl‑n¡‑v Ab-b‑v¡‑m³ Fd-W‑m-I‑p-f¯‑v s‑]‑me‑ok‑v Hc‑p H‑m^‑o-ks‑d N‑pa-X-es‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. B Dt‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø\‑v k‑vX‑pX‑yÀl-t‑k-h-\-¯‑n\‑v c‑mj‑v{‑S-]-X‑nb‑ps‑S s‑aUÂ e`‑n-¨‑p.

HIvtSm_À 2013

(30) b‑mY‑m-Ø‑n-X‑nI l‑nµ‑p-¡Ä kt‑l‑m-Z-cs‑\ "]‑pe-b³ A¿-¸³‑' F¶‑v h‑nf‑n-¨‑p. As‑X‑mc‑p _l‑p-a-X‑n-b‑mb‑n Ic‑p-X‑p¶‑p F¶‑v s‑I‑m¨‑n {‑]P‑m-k-`-b‑n At‑±l‑w ad‑p-]S‑n ]d-ª‑p. d‑mh‑p _l-Z‑qÀ‑, kÀ Fs‑¶‑ms‑¡ kÀ¡‑mÀ \ÂI‑p¶ _l‑p-a-X‑n-I-s‑f-¡‑mÄ t‑Ia‑w. a‑n{‑i-t‑`‑m-P\ {‑]Ø‑m-\h‑p‑w b‑pà‑n-h‑mZ {‑]hÀ¯-\-h‑p-a‑mb‑n \‑mS‑p-N‑p-ä‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ s‑I‑mS‑p-§-Ã‑q-c‑n h¨‑v A¿-¸s‑â Xe-b‑n A{‑I-a‑n-IÄ Dd‑p-¼‑n³ I‑qS‑v I‑pS-ª‑p. hg‑n \S-¡‑m-\‑pÅ k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-\‑mb‑n A[‑x-Ø‑n-Xs‑c I‑q«‑n \‑nba‑w e‑wL‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ K‑pï-Is‑f h‑n«‑v aÀ±‑n-¨‑p. At‑¸‑m-s‑gÃ‑m‑w K‑pc‑p-k-¶‑n-[‑n-b‑n Bi‑z‑mk‑w t‑XS‑n F¯‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p ]X‑n-h‑v. aÀ±-\-t‑aä ]‑mS‑p-I-f‑n K‑pc‑p k‑mh-I‑mi‑w Xt‑e‑mS‑n Bi‑z-k‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p: ""£a‑n¡‑q A¿-¸‑, {‑I‑nk‑vX‑p-h‑n-s‑\-t‑¸‑ms‑e £a‑n-¡‑q.''

F¶‑v D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p.  {io\mcmbWKpcphpsam¯v ktlmZc³ A¿¸³; Kpcphnsâ kam[n¡v \mep amkw ap¼v ]Åpcp¯nbn h¨v FSp¯ Nn{Xw

b-t‑¸‑mÄ kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â ] {‑X‑m-[‑n-]X‑y‑w hl‑n-¨X‑v S‑n.-k‑n.-t‑K‑m-]‑m-e\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

1930  kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A¿-¸³ h‑nh‑m-l‑n-X-\‑m-b‑n. ]‑mÀh-X‑n-b‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p h[‑p. P‑mX‑n \i‑n-¡‑m³ a‑n{‑ih‑n-h‑ml‑w \‑mS‑p-\‑os‑f t‑{‑]‑mÕ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n¡‑m³ Bl‑z‑m\‑w s‑Nb‑vX ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-] À k‑zk-a‑p-Z‑m-b-¯‑nÂs‑¸« b‑ph-X‑ns‑b h‑nh‑ml‑w s‑Nb‑vXX‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ] {‑X-¯‑n\‑v h³ X‑nc‑n-¨-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n. h‑mb-\¡‑mÀ I‑q«-t‑¯‑ms‑S ]{‑X‑w _l‑n-j‑vIc‑n-¨‑p. ]{‑X-s‑¡-«‑p-IÄ s‑]‑m«‑n-¡‑ms‑X ] e Øe¯‑p\‑n¶‑p‑w aS-§‑n-h-¶‑p. {‑] N‑mc‑w Bb‑n-c-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑v a‑p¶‑qd‑v {‑]X‑n-b‑mb‑n X‑mg‑v¶‑p. IS‑w \‑na‑n¯‑w I¼\‑n \S-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ Ig‑nb‑m-X‑m-b‑n. ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑ps‑S h‑nh‑ml‑w ] {‑X-¯‑ns‑â \‑ne-\‑n¸‑p Xs‑¶ AhX‑m-f-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑nb BZ‑ys‑¯ A\‑p-`h-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AX‑v. 1937  kt‑l‑m-Zc³ ]{‑Xh‑p‑w I¼-\‑nb‑p‑w e‑nI‑z‑n-t‑Uä‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p. IS-_‑m-[‑yX X‑oÀ¯‑v cï‑m-b‑nc‑w c‑q]b‑v¡‑v A¿-¸³ {‑]k‑v h‑neb‑vs‑¡S‑p-¯‑p. s‑Nd‑mb‑n {‑K‑ma-¯‑n-e‑pï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ `‑qk‑z¯‑v h‑nä‑v H‑mlc‑n DS-aI-f‑ps‑S _‑m[‑yX X‑oÀ¯‑p. S‑n.-k‑n.-t‑K‑m]‑m-e³ t‑I‑m«‑n-b‑m-«‑n a‑m[-h³ F¶ k‑pl‑r-¯‑p-s‑a‑m¯‑v s‑I‑mf‑w-_‑n ] c‑y-S\‑w \S¯‑n \s‑Ã‑mc‑p X‑pI ]{‑X-¯‑n\‑mb‑n ka‑m-l-c‑n-¨‑p. s‑I‑mf‑w-_‑ns‑e ae-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ A¶‑v kt‑l‑m-Zc {‑]Ø‑m\-¯‑ns‑â t‑]c‑n h‑yà-a‑mb cï‑p t‑Nc‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]£¡‑mÀ t‑K‑m]‑m-e-s‑\b‑p‑w I‑q«‑p-I‑m-c-s‑\ b‑p‑w l‑rZ‑y-a‑mb‑n k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¨‑p. ad‑pt‑Nc‑n¡‑ms‑c ka‑o-]‑n-¡-c‑p-s‑X¶‑v D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p.

F¶‑m ]‑nc‑n-h‑n\‑p h¶ X§Ä¡‑v t‑Nc‑n-b‑n-s‑ö‑v ]dª‑v t‑K‑m]‑m-e³ Cc‑p-I‑q-«-s‑cb‑p‑w Iï‑p. ]‑nc‑n¨ X‑pI Ie‑n-¡ä‑v _‑m¦‑ns‑â s‑I‑mf‑w_‑v i‑mJHIvtSm_À 2013

b‑n AS¨‑v A¿-¸s‑â t‑]À¡‑v s‑N¡‑mb‑n Ab-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑p. B X‑pI s‑I‑mï‑v Fd-W‑m-I‑pf‑w hf-ª-¼-e-¯‑n\-S‑p¯‑v F‑w.-P‑n.-t‑d‑m-U-c‑p-I‑n Øe‑w h‑m§‑n. C¶-h‑ns‑S I‑mW‑p¶ "kt‑l‑mZc `h\‑w‑' \‑nÀ½‑n¨‑v {‑]Ê‑p‑w ]{‑X‑w H‑m^‑ok‑p‑w At‑§‑m«‑p a‑mä‑n Ø‑m]‑n-¨‑p.

1956  "kt‑l‑m-Z-c³‑' {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w \‑nd‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑p-hs‑c Ch‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑mW‑v ]{‑X‑w Cd-§‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. t‑k‑mj‑y-e‑nÌ‑v Bi-b-§-f‑ps‑S BZ‑y-{‑]-N‑m-c-I-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-] À A¿-¸³. At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑wK-§-f‑ps‑S X‑o{‑hX I¼\‑n Ub-d-I‑vS‑ Àa‑mÀ¡‑v DÄs‑¡‑m-Å‑m³ {‑]b‑m-k-a‑m-b‑n.

AX‑n-\‑m Ia‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v ZÀi-\-§Ä {‑] N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ "t‑he-¡‑m-c³' Fs‑¶‑mc‑p {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w k‑z´-a‑mb‑n A¿-¸³ X‑pS-§‑n. Be-¸‑p-g-b‑ns‑e s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑m-f‑n-If‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AX‑ns‑â a‑pJ‑y-{‑]-N‑m-c-Ic‑p‑w h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c‑p‑w. ]‑mÀhX‑n A¿-¸s‑â ] {‑X‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n "k‑v{‑X‑o‑' Fs‑¶‑mc‑p a‑mk‑n-Ib‑p‑w h‑mÀj‑nI hc‑n-k‑wJ‑y cï‑p-c‑q] \‑nc-¡‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p.

1946  "kt‑l‑m-Z-c³' Hc‑p Z‑n\-¸-{‑Xa‑m-¡‑m³ {‑ia‑w X‑pS-§‑n. Hc‑p a‑pJ{‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n-e‑qs‑S B X‑oc‑p-a‑m\‑w A¿-¸³ h‑mb-\-¡‑ms‑c Ad‑n-b‑n-¨‑p. ]t‑£ AX‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n-b‑pÅ [\-ka‑m-l-cW‑w t‑hï-h‑n[‑w h‑nP-b‑n-¨‑n-Ã.

I‑mÂe£‑w c‑q] {‑]X‑o-£‑n-s‑¨-¦‑ne‑p‑w ]X‑n-\‑m-b‑nc‑w c‑q]-b‑n X‑ms‑gb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p e`‑n-¨-X‑v. S‑n.-k‑n.-t‑K‑m-]‑m-e\‑p‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v t‑\X‑mh‑v s‑I.-s‑I.-h‑n-i‑z-\‑mY\‑p‑w [\-k-a‑m-l-c-W-¯‑n\‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w s‑I‑mS‑p-s‑¯-¦‑ne‑p‑w Dt‑±-i‑n¨ ^ï‑v e`‑n-¡‑m-ª-X‑n-\‑m ]‑nc‑n¨ X‑pI aS-¡‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p-¯‑p. I‑pa‑m-c-\‑m-i‑ms‑â `‑mc‑y `‑m\‑p-a-X‑n-b½ he‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p X‑pI A¿-¸s‑\ t‑\c‑n«‑v G¸‑n¨‑v kl‑m-b‑n¨‑p. A¨-S‑n-i‑me \h‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w ]

{‑X‑w X‑pSÀ¶‑p t‑]‑mI‑m\‑p‑w AX‑v D]-Ic‑n-¨‑p. {‑]Ê‑n [‑mc‑mf‑w ]‑pd‑w-t‑P‑me‑n e`‑n-¨-X‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v ]{‑X‑w a‑qe‑w Dï‑m-b‑ns‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑p¶ \j‑vS‑w \‑nI-¯‑n-t‑¸‑m-¶‑p.

1956 a‑mÀ¨‑v 24-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n A¿-¸\‑v l‑rZ-b‑m-k‑z‑mØ‑y‑w A\‑p-`-h-s‑¸-«‑p. h‑nZK‑v² N‑nI‑n-Õ-s‑I‑mï‑v P‑oh³ c£‑ns‑¨-¦‑ne‑p‑w ]‑qÀ®-h‑n-{‑ia‑w Bh-i‑ya‑mb‑n h¶‑p. "kt‑l‑m-Z-c³' X‑pSÀ¶‑p t‑]‑mI‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑m-X‑m-b‑n. As‑¡‑mÃ‑w P‑qe‑mb‑v 28-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n h‑mb\‑m ka‑ql-t‑¯‑mS‑v B ]{‑X‑w h‑nS ]d-ª‑p. t‑Icf I‑ua‑pZ‑n ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]À s‑I.-k‑pI‑p-a‑m-c³ s‑I‑m¨‑n-b‑n-s‑e¯‑n A¿-¸s‑\ Iï‑v ]{‑X‑w X‑pSÀ¶‑p {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¡‑m³ t‑{‑]c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. ]t‑£ At‑±l‑w hg-§‑n-b‑n-Ã. A¿-¸s‑â "Bg‑vN-¡‑p-d‑n-¸‑pIÄ‑' acW‑w hs‑c t‑Icf I‑ua‑p-Z‑n-b‑n Fg‑p-X‑n-t‑¸‑m-¶‑p. S‑n.-k‑n.-t‑K‑m-]‑m-e³ t‑Icf I‑ua‑p-Z‑n-b‑ps‑S Fd-W‑m-I‑pf‑w t‑eJ-I-\‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â P‑ma‑m-X‑m-h‑mW‑v "t‑b‑mK-\‑mZ‑w' ]{‑X‑m[‑n-]À h‑n.-BÀ.-h‑n-P-b-d‑m‑w.

D¸-X‑n-j‑vW‑p-¡-f‑ps‑S X‑mh-f-a‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â H‑m^‑ok‑v. a«‑m-t‑©-c‑n-b‑ne‑p‑w Fd-W‑m-I‑p-f¯‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ I‑me¯‑v b‑ph Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑mc‑p‑w ]‑pt‑c‑m-K-a\ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob h‑ni‑z‑m-k‑n-If‑p‑w b‑pà‑n-h‑m-Z‑n-If‑p‑w kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-h‑p-a‑mb‑n AS‑p¸‑w ]‑peÀ¯‑n. FX‑nÀ¸‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w BZÀi[‑o-c-X-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w {‑]X‑o-I-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ ]‑n.-t‑I-i-h-t‑Zh‑v a«‑m-t‑©c‑n kt‑l‑m-Zc³ H‑m^‑o-k‑n Ø‑nc-h‑m-k-a‑m-¡‑n. {‑] t‑£‑m-`-I‑m-c‑n-b‑mb A¿-¸³ a‑mÌ-t‑d‑mS‑pÅ t‑Zh‑ns‑â Bc‑m-[-\‑m-`‑mh‑w I‑mc‑ya‑mb {‑]X‑n-^e‑w ]ä‑ms‑X ]{‑X-¯‑n t‑P‑me‑n s‑N¿‑m³ t‑{‑]c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. s‑s‑h¡‑w a‑pl-½Z‑v _j‑oÀ‑, t‑]‑mª‑n-¡c d‑m^‑n‑, CS-a-d‑pI‑v t‑P‑mk-^‑v, i¦-c³ Ic‑n¸‑mb‑n X‑pS§‑n A¡‑m-es‑¯ b‑ph

(31) Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c‑ps‑S BZ‑y-I‑me I‑rX‑n-IÄ kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑n-e‑mW‑v s‑hf‑n-¨‑wI-ï-X‑v. _j‑o-d‑n-t‑\‑mS‑v k‑z‑m\‑p-`-h-§Ä IY-I-f‑m-¡‑m³ A¿-¸³ D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p. aX‑w a\‑p-j‑y-h‑n-I‑m-k-¯‑ns‑â i{‑X‑ph‑m-s‑W¶‑v b‑pà‑n-h‑m-Z‑n-b‑mb A¿-¸³ FÃ‑m i‑nj‑y-t‑c‑mS‑p‑w ]d-ª‑p. "P‑mX‑n-

hÀ¤‑o-k‑v, ]‑n.-s‑I.-I‑pª‑v X‑pS-§‑nb t‑\X‑m-¡Ä s‑I‑m¨‑n-b‑ns‑e k‑pc-£‑nX X‑mh-f-a‑mb‑n kt‑l‑m-Zc `h-\s‑¯ Iï‑p. t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ ]‑n.-]‑n.-BâW‑n "I‑pk‑pa‑w‑' F¶ X‑qe‑nI‑m \‑ma-¯‑n Fg‑p-X‑n-t‑¸‑m¶ b‑pà‑n-`-{‑Z-a‑mb t‑eJ-\§Ä ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]À¡‑v hfs‑c Cj‑vS-a‑m-

ktlmZc³ A¿¸s\¡pdn¨pÅ ]pkvXI§fn H¶v

t‑h-ï‑, aX‑w t‑hï‑, s‑s‑Zh‑w t‑hï a\‑p-j‑y\‑v‑' F¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p At‑±l-¯‑ns‑â k‑ph‑y-à-a‑mb \‑ne-]‑m-S‑v. _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ F.-s‑I.-]‑nÅ X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑wI‑qÀ Z‑nh‑m-s‑\-X‑ns‑c s‑at‑½‑m-d‑n-b Fg‑p-X‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m³ Hf‑n¨‑p ]‑mÀ¯X‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ H‑m^‑o-k‑n-e‑m-W‑v. S‑n.-F‑w.-

b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. B t‑eJ-\-§Ä ka‑m-l-c‑n¨‑v k‑uP-\‑y-a‑mb‑n A¨-S‑n¨‑v ]‑pk‑vX-Ia‑m¡‑n Cd-¡‑n. I‑pk‑pa‑w F¶ Fg‑p¯‑p-I‑m-c³ AÀ_‑pZ t‑c‑mK‑w _‑m[‑n¨‑v AI‑m-e-¯‑n A´-c‑n-¨‑p. t‑P‑mk^‑v a‑pï-t‑È-c‑n¡‑v Ia‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v B`‑n-a‑pJ‑y‑w e`‑n-¨X‑v I‑pk‑p-a-h‑p-a‑mb‑n kt‑l‑m-Z-c³

]{‑X-¯‑n \S¶ h‑nh‑m-Z-¯‑n \‑n¶‑ms‑W¶‑v ]d-b‑p-¶‑p. P\‑mÀ±-\ -t‑a-t‑\‑m³‑, c‑ma-hÀ½ X¼‑m³‑, F‑w.-k‑n.-t‑P‑m-k^‑v X‑pS§‑n Ht‑«-s‑d-t‑¸À kt‑l‑m-Z-c-\‑ns‑e ]‑wà‑n-s‑b-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Be¸‑p-g-b‑n "s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑mf‑n' Fs‑¶‑mc‑p ] {‑X‑w X‑pS-§‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑Ii-h-t‑Z-h‑ns‑\ AX‑ns‑â N‑pa-Xe Gs‑ä-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑mb‑n kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ t‑{‑]c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. ]{‑X‑m-[‑n]-c‑ps‑S k‑wL-S\‑m {‑]hÀ¯\‑w he‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p ]W‑n-a‑p-S-¡‑n\‑p‑w t‑Zh‑ns‑\-X‑ns‑c AdÌ‑v h‑md-ï‑n\‑p‑w CS-b‑m¡‑n. s‑]‑me‑o-k‑n\‑p ]‑nS‑n-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑ms‑X t‑Zh‑v s‑I‑m¨‑n-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v aS-§‑n-t‑¸‑m-¶‑p.

X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ s‑]‑me‑o-k‑n\‑v a«‑m-t‑©c‑n-b‑ns‑e kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ H‑m^‑o-k‑n {‑] t‑h-i‑n-¡‑m³ Ff‑p-¸-a-Ã. k‑n.]‑n h‑nc‑p² \‑nhÀ¯\ {‑]t‑£‑m-`-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ¡‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A§s‑\ Hc‑p A`-b-Ø‑m\-a‑m-b‑n.

Bi‑m³ "hï‑ns‑â ]‑m«‑v‑' F¶ Ih‑nX Fg‑p-X‑n-bX‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ a‑mk‑nIb‑v¡‑p t‑hï‑n-b‑m-W‑v. I‑pd-¨‑p-I‑qS‑n Fc‑n-h‑m-I‑m-s‑a¶‑v b‑ph ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑ps‑S Bhi‑y‑w ]c‑n-K-W‑n¨‑v "k‑n‑wl-\‑mZ‑w‑' F¶ Ih‑n-Xb‑p‑w "]c‑n-hÀ¯\‑w‑' F¶ I‑rX‑nb‑p‑w Bi‑m³ kt‑l‑m-Z-c-\‑n Fg‑p-X‑n. kt‑l‑m-Z-c-\‑ns‑e a‑pJ-{‑]k‑wK‑w h‑mb‑n¨‑v BË‑m-Z-`-c‑n-X-\‑mb‑n t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ ]‑n.-]¸‑p al‑m-I-h‑n-t‑b‑mS‑v ]dª‑p: ”See, how the boy writes!”

F¶‑m A¿-¸s‑\ t‑\c‑n Iït‑¸‑mÄ t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ ]¸‑p C§-s‑\b‑mW‑v D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨X‑v: ""a‑n{‑i-t‑`‑m-P\‑w Bb‑n-t‑¡‑m-s‑«. BZ‑y‑w t‑`‑mP-\-¯‑n\‑pÅ t‑N‑md‑v FÃ‑m-hÀ¡‑p‑w I‑n«t‑ï A¿-¸‑m. AX‑mW‑v {‑][‑m-\‑w.'' X‑nt‑b‑mk-^‑n-¡Â s‑k‑ms‑s‑k-ä‑n-b‑ps‑S a‑pJ-]{‑X-a‑mb "k\‑m-X-\-[À½‑w‑' kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â t‑a·s‑b {‑]i‑w-k‑n-¨X‑v t‑\‑m¡‑pI: "Hc‑p Ej‑n-h-c‑ys‑â \‑nc-´c {‑]t‑N‑m-Z-\-¯‑ns‑â ^e‑w.‑' b‑mY‑mØ‑n-X‑nI l‑nµ‑p-¡Ä kt‑l‑m-Z-cs‑\ "]‑pe-b³ A¿-¸³‑' F¶‑v h‑nf‑n-¨‑p.

As‑X‑mc‑p _l‑p-a-X‑n-b‑mb‑n Ic‑p-X‑p¶‑p F¶‑v s‑I‑m¨‑n {‑]P‑m-k-`-b‑n At‑±l‑w ad‑p-]S‑n ]d-ª‑p. d‑mh‑p _l-Z‑qÀ‑, kÀ Fs‑¶‑ms‑¡ kÀ¡‑mÀ \ÂI‑p¶ _l‑p-a-X‑n-I-s‑f-¡‑mÄ t‑Ia‑w. a‑n{‑it‑`‑m-P\ {‑]Ø‑m-\h‑p‑w b‑pà‑n-h‑mZ {‑] hÀ¯-\-h‑p-a‑mb‑n \‑mS‑p-N‑p-ä‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ s‑I‑mS‑p-§-Ã‑q-c‑n h¨‑v A¿-¸s‑â Xe-b‑n A{‑I-a‑n-IÄ Dd‑p-¼‑n³ I‑qS‑v I‑pS-ª‑p. hg‑n \S-¡‑m-\‑pÅ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y-¯‑n-\‑mb‑n A[‑x-Ø‑n-Xs‑c I‑q«‑n \‑nba‑w e‑wL‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ K‑pï-Is‑f h‑n«‑v aÀ±‑n-¨‑p. At‑¸‑m-s‑gÃ‑m‑w K‑pc‑p-k-¶‑n-[‑nb‑n Bi‑z‑mk‑w t‑XS‑n F¯‑p-I-b‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p ]X‑n-h‑v. aÀ±-\-t‑aä ]‑mS‑p-I-f‑n K‑pc‑p k‑mh-I‑mi‑w Xt‑e‑mS‑n Bi‑z-k‑n-¸‑nHIvtSm_À 2013

(32) ¨‑p: ""£a‑n¡‑q A¿-¸‑, {‑I‑nk‑vX‑p-h‑n-s‑\t‑¸‑ms‑e £a‑n-¡‑q.'' F¶‑v D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p. kt‑l‑m-Z-cs‑â a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K-§Ä cl-k‑y‑m-t‑\‑z-jW h‑n`‑m-K-¯‑ns‑e Hc‑p Dt‑Z‑y‑m-K-س ]c‑n-`‑m-j-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n hÃt‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Xs‑â hI‑p¸‑p Xe-h\‑v Abb‑v¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑naÀi-\‑m-ß-I-a‑mb B I‑pd‑n-¸‑p-IÄ ]eX‑p‑w A§s‑\ {‑][‑m-\-a{‑´‑n s‑\l‑vd‑p-h‑ns‑â {‑i²b‑nÂs‑¸-«‑p. At‑±l‑w B s‑]‑me‑ok‑v t‑a[‑m-h‑n¡‑v ad‑p-]S‑n Ab¨‑p. ”I want

such constructive criticism, I like to read more of them.“ AX‑n\‑p

t‑ij‑w kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑e h‑nh‑m-Z-]-ch‑p‑w h‑naÀi-\‑m-ß-I-h‑p-a‑mb t‑eJ-\-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w I‑rX‑y-a‑mb‑n ]c‑n-`‑mj-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n UÂl‑n¡‑v Ab-b‑v¡‑m³ Fd-W‑m-I‑p-f¯‑v s‑]‑me‑ok‑v Hc‑p H‑m^‑o-

P‑n¡‑v \ÂI‑nb ]‑uc-k‑z‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n a‑wK-f-]{‑X‑w Fg‑pX‑n Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑v A¿-¸-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. P‑mX‑n BN‑m-c§-f‑ps‑S N§e s‑]‑m«‑n-s‑¨-d‑n-b‑m³ al‑m-ßP‑n P\-§s‑f D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¡W-s‑a¶‑v a‑wK-f-]-{‑X-¯‑n \‑nÀt‑±-i‑n¨‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑ne‑p‑w At‑±l‑w AX‑n\‑p h‑nk-½-X‑n-¨‑p. F¶‑m s‑s‑h¡‑w kX‑y‑m-{‑K-l-t‑h-Z‑nb‑p‑w hÀ¡e i‑nh-K‑nc‑nb‑p‑w kµÀi‑n¨‑p aS§‑p‑w hg‑n I¡¯-b‑n F¯‑n-b-t‑ij‑w al‑m-ßP‑n Ab‑n-¯‑m-N‑m-c-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑pÅ Xs‑â \‑ne-]‑mS‑v a‑mä‑n. ‘Caste must go’ F¶‑v A¶‑m-Z‑y-a‑mb‑n At‑±l‑w ]d-ª‑p.

Cc‑p-]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑â BZ‑y-]I‑p-X‑n-b‑n ae-b‑m-f-¡-c-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑mb k‑ma‑q-l‑nI ]c‑n-hÀ¯-\-§-f‑n s‑I‑m¨‑n-b‑ns‑e kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑Xh‑p‑w

k‑rj‑vS‑n Ø‑nX‑n k‑wl‑mc a‑qÀ¯-‑nIÄ. a‑q¶‑v {‑I‑nb-I-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w t‑hZ‑n `‑qa‑n-b‑ms‑W¶‑v h‑ni‑z-k‑n¨ `‑uX‑n-I-h‑m-Z‑n-b‑m-b‑nc‑p¶ kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A¿-¸³ C¶s‑¯ Xe-a‑p-d-b‑n Bs‑c-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w {‑]t‑N‑mZ‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑pt‑ï‑m? h‑nk‑va‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑mb kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â k‑vt‑X‑m`-P\-I-a‑mb \‑ne-]‑mS‑v C‑u I‑me-¯‑n\‑v k‑z‑oI‑m-c‑y-a-Ã‑ms‑X h¶‑me‑p‑w ae-b‑mf KZ‑y-¯‑ns‑â h‑nI‑m-k-Z-i-b‑n "kt‑l‑mZ-c³‑' ]{‑X‑w \ÂI‑nb k‑w`‑m-h\ ad-¡‑m-h-X-Ã. `‑mj-b‑n s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑mf‑n hÀ¤-¯‑ns‑â k‑uµc‑y i‑mk‑v{‑X-¯‑n-\‑nW-§‑nb h‑m¡‑p-If‑p‑w {‑]t‑b‑m-K-§f‑p‑w t‑Icf‑w BZ‑y‑w IïX‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c-\‑ne‑m-W‑v. al‑m-\‑mb s‑e\‑ns‑â P‑oh-N-c‑n{‑Xh‑p‑w ]Sh‑p‑w BZ‑y‑w {‑]X‑y-£-s‑¸« ae-b‑mf ]{‑Xh‑p‑w CX‑p-X-s‑¶. k‑zt‑Z-

D¸-X‑n-j‑vW‑p-¡-f‑ps‑S X‑mh-f-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â H‑m^‑o-k‑v. a«‑m-t‑©-c‑n-b‑ne‑p‑w Fd-W‑m-I‑p-f¯‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ I‑me¯‑v b‑ph Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑mc‑p‑w ]‑pt‑c‑m-K-a\ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob h‑ni‑z‑mk‑n-If‑p‑w b‑pà‑n-h‑m-Z‑n-If‑p‑w kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-h‑p-a‑mb‑n AS‑p¸‑w ]‑peÀ¯‑n. FX‑nÀ¸‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w BZÀi-[‑o-c-X-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w {‑]X‑o-I-a‑m-b‑nc‑p¶ ]‑n.-t‑I-i-h-t‑Zh‑v a«‑m-t‑©c‑n kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ H‑m^‑o-k‑n Ø‑nch‑m-k-a‑m-¡‑n. {‑]t‑£‑m-`-I‑m-c‑n-b‑mb A¿-¸³ a‑mÌ-t‑d‑m-S‑pÅ t‑Zh‑ns‑â Bc‑m-[-\‑m-`‑mh‑w I‑mc‑y-a‑mb {‑]X‑n-^e‑w ]ä‑ms‑X ]{‑X-¯‑n t‑P‑me‑n s‑N¿‑m³ t‑{‑]c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. s‑s‑h¡‑w a‑pl-½Z‑v _j‑oÀ‑, t‑]‑mª‑n-¡c d‑m^‑n‑, CS-a-d‑pI‑v t‑P‑mk-^‑v, i¦-c³ Ic‑n-¸‑mb‑n X‑pS§‑n A¡‑mes‑¯ b‑ph Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c‑ps‑S BZ‑y-I‑me I‑rX‑n-IÄ kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ ]{‑X-¯‑n-e‑mW‑v s‑hf‑n-¨‑w-I-ï-X‑v. _j‑o-d‑n-t‑\‑mS‑v k‑z‑m\‑p-`-h-§Ä IY-I-f‑m-¡‑m³ A¿-¸³ D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p. aX‑w a\‑p-j‑y-h‑n-I‑m-k-¯‑ns‑â i{‑X‑p-h‑m-s‑W¶‑v b‑pà‑n-h‑m-Z‑n-b‑mb A¿-¸³ FÃ‑m i‑nj‑y-t‑c‑mS‑p‑w ]d-ª‑p. "P‑mX‑n-t‑h-ï‑, aX‑w t‑hï‑, s‑s‑Zh‑w t‑hï a\‑p-j‑y\‑v‑' F¶X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â k‑ph‑y-à-a‑mb \‑ne-]‑m-S‑v.  ktlmZc³ A¿¸³

ks‑d N‑pa-X-e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. B Dt‑Z‑y‑mK-Ø\‑v k‑vX‑pX‑yÀl-t‑k-h-\-¯‑n\‑v c‑mj‑v{‑S-]-X‑n-b‑ps‑S s‑aU e`‑n-¨‑p. al‑m-ß-P‑n-b‑ps‑S \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-I-t‑f‑mS‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A¿-¸\‑v h‑naÀi-\‑m-ßI ka‑o-]-\-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. l‑nµ‑p-a-X‑m-N‑mc-§s‑f K‑mÔ‑nP‑n ]‑n´‑p-W-¨-X‑n kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ {‑]X‑n-t‑j-[‑n-¨‑p. a\‑p-j‑yl-X‑y-s‑b¶ al‑m-]‑m-]s‑¯ k‑m[‑q-Ic‑n-¡‑m¯ Gs‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w l‑nµ‑p-a-X-{‑KÙ-a‑pt‑ï‑m F¶‑v hÀ¡-e-b‑n h¨‑v A¿-¸³ K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n-t‑b‑mS‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n-¨‑p. ""Dï-t‑Ã‑m‑, ]X-R‑vP-e‑n-t‑b‑mK k‑q{‑X‑w‑'' F¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p D¯-c‑w. A[‑x-Ø‑n-X-h‑n`‑m-K-§Ä¡‑v k‑wh-cW aW‑vU-e-§Ä GÀs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c K‑mÔ‑nP‑n \S-¯‑nb "]‑q\‑m-]-«‑nW‑n' ka-c-s‑¯b‑p‑w IS‑p-¯-`‑m-j-b‑n-e‑mW‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ h‑naÀi‑n-¨-X‑v. ]Å‑p-c‑p-¯‑n-b‑n K‑mÔ‑nHIvtSm_À 2013

s‑I.-A-¿-¸s‑â {‑]t‑£‑m-`-k-a-c-§f‑p‑w hl‑n¨ \‑nk‑vX‑p-e-a‑mb ]¦‑v Nc‑n-{‑X¯‑ns‑â `‑mK-a‑m-W‑v. Fd-W‑m-I‑pf‑w \K-c-¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w h‑oX‑n-t‑b-d‑nb al‑m-ß‑m-K‑mÔ‑n t‑d‑mU‑v s‑I‑m¨‑n-b‑n s‑]‑mX‑p-a-c‑m-a¯‑p hI‑p-¸‑p-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑nc‑p¶ kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A¿-¸s‑â k‑w`‑m-h\-b‑m-W‑v. B ]‑mX-b‑ps‑S ]‑mÀi‑z-¯‑n \‑n¶‑m-c‑w-`‑n¨‑v k‑wØ‑m-\s‑¯ Gäh‑p‑w X‑nc-t‑¡-d‑nb \‑m¡-h-e-b‑mb s‑s‑hä‑ne-b‑n Ah-k‑m-\‑n-¡‑p¶ a‑q¶‑p I‑nt‑e‑ma‑o-äÀ t‑d‑mU‑n\‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c³ A¿-¸s‑â t‑]c‑m-W‑v. B t‑d‑mU‑ns‑â H¯-\-S‑p-h‑n IS-h{‑´ P‑wK‑vj-\‑n At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â ]‑qÀ®-I‑mb {‑]X‑na \‑n¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑ni‑me-s‑I‑m¨‑n h‑nI-k\ At‑X‑m-d‑n-«‑n-b‑ps‑S BØ‑m\ aµ‑nc hf-¸‑ns‑e ]‑p¯I‑n-S‑n-b‑n I‑m\‑mb‑n X‑oÀ¯ i‑n¸§-f‑pï‑v þ a‑pt‑¡‑me s‑]c‑p-a‑m-¡Ä.

i‑m-`‑n-a‑m\‑n c‑ma-I‑r-j‑vW-]‑nÅ I‑mÄ a‑mÀI‑vk‑ns‑â P‑oh-N-c‑n-{‑X-s‑a-g‑p-X‑n-bX‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑X {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w FS‑p¯‑p ] d-ª-h-c‑mc‑p‑w kt‑l‑m-Z-cs‑â k‑w`‑m-h\-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v H‑mÀ¯‑n-Ã. Ah-\-h-\‑nk‑w‑, BÄs‑s‑Z-h‑w‑, k‑rK‑m-e-t‑h-Z‑m´‑w X‑pS-§‑nb {‑]t‑b‑m-K-§Ä ae-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ BZ‑y‑w A¨-S‑n-¨‑p-Iï ]{‑X‑w kt‑l‑m-Zc³ BW‑v. {‑^©‑v h‑n¹-h-¯‑ns‑â I‑mä‑ne‑qs‑S I‑ng-t‑¡‑m«‑p ]d-¶‑p-h¶‑v Ig‑nª \‑qä‑m-ï‑n ae-b‑m-f-¡-cs‑b N‑pg-ä‑n-s‑bd‑nª k‑mt‑l‑m-Zc‑y‑w F¶ al-\‑o-b‑mib‑w \a‑p¡‑v C{‑X-t‑hK‑w A\‑y-a‑m-b‑nt‑¸‑m-b-s‑X´‑v? Aä‑p-t‑]‑mb _‑u²‑nI ]‑mc-¼-c‑y‑w. teJI³ ho£Ww ]{X¯nse s]mfnän¡ð FUnädmWv. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: sujaathan@gmail.com

(33)

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tPmk^v BâWn

"k‑wt‑£-]-t‑h-Z‑mÀ-Y'¯‑n-s‑â c-ï‑m‑w-P-òh‑p‑w N‑ne t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§f‑p‑w Cóv temI¯v Gsd hmÀ¯IÄ {]Xy£s¸SpóXpw ]e Ne\§fpw krãn¡póXpw \yqaoUob Fópw tkmjyð aoUnb Fópsams¡ Adnbs¸Spó sskäpIfnse P\§fpsS t\cn«pÅ CSs]SepIfneqsSbmWv. Cu cwKs¯ ]pXnb kw`hhnImk§sf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS

B

-Z‑y-a‑mbà C‑u t‑e-J-I³ H-c‑p U‑n-P‑n-ä {‑KÙ‑w H‑m¬s‑s‑e-\‑n t‑\‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. F-¶‑n-«‑p‑w‑, B e‑n-¦‑n ¢‑n-¡‑v s‑N-¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ DÅ‑n-s‑e‑mc‑p h‑n-d-b _‑m-[‑n¨‑p. N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-c‑w a-\-k‑n-t‑e-¡‑v N‑mÀ-¯-s‑¸-«X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e. a-e-b‑m-f‑nb‑m-b H-c‑mÄ¡‑v‑, a-e-b‑m-f¯‑n-s‑e-g‑p-X‑n P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑mÄ¡‑v‑, a-eb‑m-f-¯‑n A-¨-S‑n-¨ B-Z‑y-{‑KÙ-s‑¯ A{‑X \‑nÀ-h‑n-I‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n k-a‑o-]‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑nà F-¶-X‑m-W‑v h‑m-k‑v-Xh‑w. {‑] a‑p-J h‑n-¡‑n-]‑oU‑n-b {‑]-hÀ-¯-I\‑m-b j‑n-P‑p A-e-I‑v-k‑v, s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n ]-¦‑p-s‑h-¨ e‑n-¦‑n-e‑qs‑S ‑"k‑w-t‑£-]-t‑hZ‑mÀ-Y‑'s‑a-¶ B {‑K-Ù-¯‑n-s‑â U‑nP‑n-ä ]-X‑n-¸‑v a‑p-¶‑n-s‑e¯‑pt‑¼‑mÄ‑, ]‑p-X‑p-X‑m-b‑n ]‑nd-¶ H-c‑p I‑p-ª‑n-s‑\ t‑\‑m-¡‑p¶ A-\‑p-`-h-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. A¨-S‑n a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-i‑ni‑p‑! a‑m-X‑r-`‑m-jb‑n P-\‑n-¨ B-Z‑y {‑K-Ù‑w‑! t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑n a-e-b‑m-fh‑p‑w k‑wk‑v-I‑r-Xh‑p‑w A-`‑y-k‑n¨ ^‑m-ZÀ ¢-s‑aâ‑v ]‑n-b‑m-\‑nb-k‑v F-¶ a‑n-jW-d‑n-b‑mW‑v "k‑w-t‑£-]-t‑h-Z‑mÀY‑w' c-N‑n-¨X‑v. t‑d‑ma‑n A-¨-S‑n-¡-s‑¸-« B {‑K-Ù-‑w 241 hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑v t‑i-j-a‑m-W‑v U‑n-P‑n-äÂ-c‑q-]‑w ]‑q-ïX‑v. k‑w-t‑£-]-t‑h-Z‑mÀ-Y-¯‑n-s‑â U‑n-P‑n-ä A-h-X‑mc‑w‑, a-e-b‑m-f‑n-I-s‑f-¶ \‑n-e-b‑v-¡‑v \-½-t‑f‑m-S‑v I‑m-Xe‑mb N‑n-e t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä D-¶-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑pï‑v. U‑n-P‑nä b‑p-K-¯‑n a-e-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ \Â-t‑Iï N‑n-e D-¯-c-§f‑p‑w AX‑v B-h-i‑ys‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p-.

A-¨-S‑n-¡-s‑¸-« B-Z‑y-a-eb‑m-f{‑KÙ‑w "k‑w-t‑£-]-t‑h-Z‑mÀ-Y‑'a‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, A¨-S‑n a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑â X‑pS-¡‑w B {‑K-Ù-¯‑n \‑n-¶Ã F-¶-X‑m-W‑v h‑m-

 "K‑p-ïÀ-«‑v s‑e-K-k‑n‑'b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n S‑y‑q_‑n-§³ k-À-h-I-e‑mi‑me s‑s‑I-a‑md‑nb "a-eb‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑e 1000 ]-g-s‑©‑mÃ‑p-IÄ‑' F-¶ I‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S I-hÀ HIvtSm_À 2013

(34) k‑v-Xh‑w. B {‑K-Ù‑w {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w 94 hÀ-j‑w -a‑p-¼‑v 1678 U-¨‑v X-e-Ø‑m-\a‑m-b B‑w-ÌÀ-U‑m-a‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d§‑n-b ‑"t‑l‑mÀ-¯‑q-k‑v a-e-_‑m-d‑n-¡‑qk‑v‑' F-¶ k-k‑y-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X{‑K-Ù-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-e-b‑m-f‑w e‑n-]‑n B-Z‑ya‑m-b‑n A-¨-S‑n-c‑q-]‑w ]‑q-ï-X‑v. s‑I‑m-¨‑n-b‑ns‑e U-¨‑v K-hÀ-W-d‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑l³-{‑S‑n-I‑v B-{‑U‑n-b‑m³ h‑m³ d‑o-U‑v BW‑v ‑"t‑l‑mÀ¯‑qk‑v‑' X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ 679 h‑y-X‑yk‑v-X k-k‑y§-s‑f-b‑p‑w s‑N-S‑n-I-s‑fb‑p‑w I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å h‑n-h-c-W-a‑m-W‑v B {‑K-Ù-¯‑n-e‑p-ÅX‑v.

1678þ1693 I‑m-e-¯‑v 12 t‑h‑m-f‑y-§-f‑mb‑n {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨ t‑l‑mÀ-¯‑q-k‑nÂ‑, k-k‑y-\‑m-a-§Ä e‑m-ä‑n³‑, A-d_‑n‑, \‑mKc‑n e‑n-]‑n-IÄ-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑ne‑p‑w t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. A-¨-S‑n-a-e-b‑m-f¯‑n-s‑â X‑pS-¡‑w A-h‑n-s‑S \‑n-¶‑mW‑v. s‑b‑m-l‑m³ K‑p-«³-_À-K‑v A-¨-S‑nh‑n-Z‑y I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v 1455 e‑mW‑v. \‑q-d‑p-hÀ-j‑w I-g‑n-ª‑v, 1556  {‑]‑nâ‑nM‑v {‑]-Ê‑v C-´‑y-b‑n-e‑p-s‑a-¯‑n-s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, C-´‑y³e‑n-]‑n-b‑n H-c‑p ]‑p-k‑vX-I‑w A-¨-S‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶-X‑v ]‑n-s‑¶-b‑p‑w 22 hÀj‑w I-g‑n-ª‑m-W‑v; 1578Â. {‑^‑m³-k‑n-k‑v t‑k-h‑yÀ c-N‑n-¨ ‑"t‑U‑m-{‑Î‑o-\ {‑I‑n-k‑vX‑p's‑h-¶ 16 t‑]-P‑p-Å e-L‑p-{‑K-Ù-¯‑ns‑â X-a‑n-g‑v ]-X‑n-¸‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-´‑y³`‑m-j-b‑n B-Z‑y-a-¨-S‑n-¨ ]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w. a-e-b‑m-f-`‑m-j-b‑n B-Z‑y-{‑K-Ù-‑w ]‑p-d¯‑n-d-§‑m³ h‑n-[‑n-b‑p-ï‑mb-X‑v t‑d‑m-a‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑mW‑v. ‑"k‑w-t‑£-]-t‑h-Z‑mÀ-Y‑'s‑a¶ B {‑K-Ù-a‑m-W‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ U‑n-P‑n-äÂ-c‑q-]¯‑n- h‑oï‑p‑w ]‑n-d-¶‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶X‑v.

2013 B-K-k‑v-X‑v 30\‑v H‑m¬-s‑s‑e\‑n F-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p¼‑v F-{‑X a-e-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ ‑"k‑w-t‑£-]-t‑h-Z‑mÀY‑w‑' I-ï‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w. _‑m-¥‑q-c‑n [À-a‑mc‑m‑w s‑s‑hZ‑n-I s‑k-a‑n-\‑m-c‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑e-{‑_d‑nb‑n \‑n-¶‑m-W‑v, C‑u {‑K-Ù-¯‑n-s‑â 1772 A-¨-S‑n-¨ B-Z‑y-]-X‑n-¸‑n-s‑â t‑I‑m-¸‑n I‑n-«‑p-¶-X‑v. ‑"s‑ka‑n\‑mc‑nb‑ns‑e h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nb‑p‑w aeb‑mf‑w h‑n¡‑nk‑w-c‑w-`§-f‑n ]-¦‑m-f‑n-b‑pa‑mb s‑P^‑v t‑j‑mt‑P‑m-k‑v, B {‑K-Ù‑w k‑v-I‑m³- s‑Nb‑v-X‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ k-l‑mb‑n¨‑p‑' þ j‑n-P‑p A-e-I‑v-k‑v A-d‑n-b‑n¡‑p-¶‑p. A-¨-S‑n-¡-s‑¸-« B-Z‑y-a-e-b‑mf-{‑K-Ù‑w A-§-s‑\ a-e-b‑m-f‑w h‑n-¡‑n t‑i-J-c-¯‑n-s‑e¯‑n. t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯-h‑n-s‑S-b‑pa‑p-Å BÀ-¡‑p‑w AX‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ I‑m-W‑m‑w‑, h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m‑w‑, U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿‑m‑w. a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n- A-¨-S‑n-¨ B-Z‑y-{‑KÙ-¯‑n-s‑â i-c‑n-¡‑p-‑w c-ï‑m‑w- P-·-a‑mW‑v C‑u U‑n-P‑n-ä A-h-X‑m-c‑w‑! t‑e‑mI-¯‑v N‑p-c‑p-¡‑w N‑ne s‑s‑e-{‑_-d‑n-I-f‑n a‑m{‑X‑w A-h-t‑i-j‑n-¡‑p-Is‑b¶- ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n a‑qe‑w‑, A-[‑n-I-a‑m-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w a‑p-¶‑n-s‑e¯‑m-s‑X a-d-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-s‑b-¶ Z‑pÀ-h‑n-[‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑nHIvtSm_À 2013

"k‑wt‑£-]-t‑h-Z‑mÀ-Y-‑'¯‑n-s‑â I-hÀ

_‑m-¥‑q-c‑n [À-a‑mc‑m‑w s‑s‑hZ‑n-I s‑k-a‑n-\‑m-c‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑e-{‑_d‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑m-W‑v, C‑u {‑K-Ù-¯‑n-s‑â 1772 A-¨-S‑n-¨ B-Z‑y-]-X‑n-¸‑n-s‑â t‑I‑m-¸‑n I‑n-«‑p-¶-X‑v. ‑s‑ka‑n\‑mc‑nb‑ns‑e h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nb‑p‑w aeb‑mf‑w h‑n¡‑nk‑w-c‑w-`-§-f‑n ]-¦‑m-f‑n-b‑pa‑mb s‑P^‑v t‑j‑m¬ t‑P‑m-k‑v, B {‑K-Ù‑w k‑v-I‑m³- s‑Nb‑v-X‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n¨‑p‑.

A-¨-S‑n-¡-s‑¸-« B-Z‑y-a-e-b‑m-f-{‑K-Ù‑w A-§-s‑\ a-e-b‑m-f‑w h‑n-¡‑n t‑iJ-c-¯‑n-s‑e¯‑n. t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-a‑p-Å BÀ-¡‑p‑w AX‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ I‑mW‑m‑w‑, h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m‑w‑, U‑u¬-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿‑m‑w.

(35) ¶‑v U‑n-P‑n-äÂ-b‑p-K‑w A-X‑n-\‑v t‑a‑mN-\‑w \Â-I‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. A-X‑n-\‑v t‑\-X‑rX‑z‑w \ÂI‑n-b h‑n-¡‑n-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ X‑oÀ-¨b‑mb‑p‑w A-`‑n-\µ-\‑w AÀ-l‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

A¨-S‑n a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑]-X‑r-I‑w U‑n-P‑n-äÂ- c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ \-S-¡‑p-¶ {‑i-a-§Ä¡‑v s‑Nd‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p D-Z‑m-l-cW-a‑mW‑v k‑wt‑£-]-t‑h-Z‑mÀ-Y-¯‑n-s‑â c-ï‑m‑w- P·‑w. t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-h‑n-[`‑m-K-§-f‑n-s‑e s‑s‑e-{‑_-d‑n-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v B-Z‑yI‑m-e a-e-b‑m-f-I‑r-X‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑I‑m¸‑n-IÄ t‑X-S‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¨‑v k‑v-I‑m³ -s‑N-b‑vX‑v, Ah-s‑b a-e-b‑m-f-`‑m-j-b‑p-s‑S U‑n-P‑n-ä k-©-b-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v F-¯‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑ia-I-ca‑m-b Z‑u-X‑y-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v j‑n-P‑ph‑p‑w I‑q-«-c‑p‑w.

PÀ-a-\‑n-b‑n- S‑q-_‑n-§³ kÀ-h-Ie‑m-i‑m-e-b‑n-s‑e K‑p-ïÀ-«‑v ]T-\-t‑I-{‑µ-

s‑lÀ-a³ K‑p-ïÀ-«‑v

¯‑n D-Å-X‑m-b‑n {‑]a‑p-J ]-Þ‑n-X³ t‑U‑m.k‑v-Id‑n-b k-¡d‑n-b I-s‑ï¯‑n-b s‑lÀa³ K‑p-ïÀ-«‑n-s‑â Hc‑p -t‑i-J-ca‑pï‑v. AX‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä-s‑s‑e-k‑v s‑N-¿‑m³ PÀ-a³ h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S k-l‑m-bt‑¯‑m-s‑S a-e-b‑m-f‑w h‑n-¡‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ \-S-¯‑p-¶ k‑v-X‑p-X‑yÀ-la‑m-b {‑i-a-§f‑p‑w \½Ä A-d‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑m-W‑v. 150 H‑m-f‑w {‑]‑m-N‑o-\ a-e-b‑m-f-{‑K-Ù-§-f‑m-W‑v K‑p-ïÀ-«‑v t‑i-J-c-¯‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑â s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-©-b-¯‑nt‑e-¡‑v F¯‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑a‑m¯‑w 42‑,000 t‑]-P‑v h-c‑p-¶ {‑K-Ù-§f‑p‑w I‑p-d‑n-¸‑p-If‑p‑w X‑mf‑n-t‑b‑m-e-{‑K-Ù-§f‑ps‑a‑m-s‑¡ B t‑i-J-c-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. ‑"K‑pïÀ«‑v s‑eKk‑n‑' F¶ t‑]c‑n S‑q_‑n§³ kÀhIe‑mi‑me \S¯‑p¶ ]²X‑nb‑ps‑S H‑u]N‑mc‑nI {‑]J‑y‑m-]-\‑w I-g‑n-ª k-]‑v-X‑w-_À 12 \‑v s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑n t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v \-S-¶-X‑v. S‑q_‑n§³ b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑v-k‑nä‑n s‑{‑]‑m^kd‑p‑w C³t‑U‑mfP‑nÌ‑pa‑mb

t‑U‑m.s‑s‑ls‑¡ t‑a‑m-kÀ B-W‑v {‑]-J‑y‑m]-\‑w \-S-¯‑n-bX‑v. a-e-b‑m-f-`‑mj-b‑v-¡‑v B-Z‑y \‑n-L-ï‑ph‑p‑w h‑y‑mI-c-W-{‑K-Ùh‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ k-½‑m-\‑n-¨ PÀ-a³-I‑m-c\‑m-b K‑p-ïÀ-«‑v t‑I-c-f¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v X‑n-c‑n-s‑I-t‑¸‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ H-¸‑w s‑I‑mï‑p-t‑]‑m-b ‑"a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑e 1000 ]-g-s‑©‑mÃ‑p-IÄ‑', ‑"]-g-s‑©‑m a‑me' F-¶‑o {‑K-Ù-§-f‑p-s‑S U‑n-P‑n-äÂ-c‑q-]‑w N-S-§‑nÂ-s‑h¨‑v‑, a-e-b‑m-f‑w h‑n-¡‑n {‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑vX‑p.

C-X‑v t‑IÄ-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ BÀ¡‑p‑w t‑X‑m-¶‑m-h‑p-¶ H-c‑p k‑w-i-b‑w‑, s‑]‑m-X‑pP-\-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-¸W‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑I-c-f k‑w-Ø‑m-\ `‑m-j‑m-C³-k‑v-ä‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑v, t‑I-c-f k‑m-l‑n-X‑y A-¡‑mZa‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p‑w \-½‑ps‑S kÀ-h-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-If‑p‑w C¯-

f-{‑K-Ù-§-f‑p-s‑S U‑n-P‑n-ä t‑iJ-c‑w A-S‑p-¯-b‑n-s‑S a‑m-X‑r-`‑qa‑n H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-§Ä-¡‑m-b‑n X‑p-d¶‑p-s‑I‑mS‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n (I‑mW‑pI: http:// digital.mathrubhumi.com/#books‑).

H-t‑«-s‑d h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ P‑oh‑n-X¯‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑n¡Â t‑]‑me‑p‑w I-ï‑n-«‑nÃ‑m-¯‑, a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑n-[-¯‑n I‑m-W‑m³ k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑nÃ‑mX‑n-c‑p-¶ \‑q-d‑p-I-W-¡‑n-\‑v {‑K-Ù-§-f‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-I-s‑a-§‑p-a‑p-Å a-e-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ-¡‑v a‑p-¶‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b-X‑v.

F-¶‑mÂ‑, t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e G-s‑X¦‑ne‑p-s‑a‑m-c‑p s‑]‑m-X‑p-Ø‑m]-\‑w C-{‑X-I‑me-¯‑n-\‑n-S-b‑v-¡‑v CX‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e‑m-c‑p t‑kh\‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-§Ä-¡‑v \Â-I‑n-b-X‑m-b‑n A-d‑n-h‑nÃ. "a-e-b‑m-f‑w I-¼‑y‑q-«‑nM‑v‑' F-¶ h‑n-jb-¯‑n G-X‑m\‑p‑w a‑m-k-§Ä-¡‑p-a‑p-¼‑v

s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-¸W‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑I-c-f k‑w-Ø‑m-\ `‑m-j‑m-C³-k‑v-ä‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑v, t‑I-c-f k‑m-l‑n-X‑y A-¡‑mZa‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p‑w \-½‑ps‑S kÀ-h-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-If‑p‑w C¯-c‑w k‑w-K-X‑n-I-f‑n F-´‑v ]-¦‑m-W‑v h-l‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. {‑]‑mN‑o-\ a-e‑m-b-f-{‑K-Ù-§Ä t‑X-S‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¨‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä -c‑q-]-¯‑n s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-©b-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-t‑¡-ï N‑pa-X-e k-¶-²-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑nX‑z-a‑mb‑n h‑n«‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑v, s‑hd‑p‑w I‑m-g‑v-¨-¡‑m-c‑m-b‑n \‑n-¶‑m aX‑n-t‑b‑m C¯c‑w Ø‑m-]-\§Ä? a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑â U‑n-P‑n-äÂ-`‑m-h‑n D-d-¸‑ph-c‑p-t‑¯-ï N‑pa-X-e \-½‑ps‑S H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ät‑¡‑m A-X‑n-\‑v t‑\-X‑rX‑z‑w \Â-I‑p-¶ kÀ-¡‑mc‑n-t‑\‑m Ct‑Ã? B \‑n-e-b‑v¡‑v Z‑ni‑m-t‑_‑m-[-a‑p-Å F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w \-S]-S‑n \-½‑p-s‑S `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ s‑s‑I-s‑¡‑m-Å‑p-It‑b‑m \-S-¸‑m-¡‑p-It‑b‑m s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p-t‑ï‑m? a-e-b‑m-f`‑m-j \‑n-e-\‑n-¶‑p I‑mWW-s‑a-¶‑m-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p k-a‑q-l-a‑m-W‑v \-½‑p-t‑Ss‑X-¦‑nÂ‑, A-S‑n-b-´‑nc-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w I‑m-t‑Wï H-c‑p h‑n-j-b-a‑mW‑n-X‑v. c‑w k‑w-K-X‑n-I-f‑n F-´‑v ]-¦‑m-W‑v h-l‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. {‑]‑mN‑o\ a-e‑m-b-f-{‑K-Ù-§Ä t‑X-S‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¨‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä -c‑q-]-¯‑n s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-©-b¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-t‑¡-ï N‑pa-X-e k-¶-²{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-X‑z-a‑mb‑n h‑n«‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑v, s‑hd‑p‑w I‑m-g‑v-¨-¡‑m-c‑m-b‑n \‑n-¶‑m aX‑n-t‑b‑m C¯c‑w Ø‑m-]\§Ä? a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑â U‑n-P‑n-äÂ-`‑m-h‑n D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-t‑¯-ï N‑pa-X-e \-½‑ps‑S H‑ut‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ät‑¡‑m A-X‑n\‑v t‑\-X‑rX‑z‑w \Â-I‑p-¶ kÀ-¡‑mc‑n-t‑\‑m Ct‑Ã? B \‑n-e-b‑v¡‑v Z‑ni‑m-t‑_‑m-[-a‑p-Å F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w \-S]-S‑n \-½‑p-s‑S `-cW‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ s‑s‑I-s‑¡‑m-Å‑p-It‑b‑m \-S-¸‑m-¡‑p-It‑b‑m s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p-t‑ï‑m? a-e-b‑m-f`‑m-j \‑n-e-\‑n-¶‑p I‑mWWs‑a-¶‑m-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p k-a‑q-l-a‑m-W‑v \-½‑p-t‑S-s‑X-¦‑nÂ‑, A-S‑n-b-´‑nc-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑nl‑m-c‑w I‑m-t‑Wï H-c‑p h‑n-j-b-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.

1950 I-f‑ne‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v a‑p¼‑p‑w ]‑p-d¯‑n-d§‑n-b A-ª‑q-d‑n-t‑e-s‑d a-e-b‑m-

`‑m-j‑m- C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑v t‑I‑m-g‑n-t‑¡‑m-«‑v H-c‑p G-IZ‑n-\ i‑n-e‑v-]i‑m-e \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. a-e-b‑m-f‑w I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑n-s‑â t‑a-J-eb‑n `‑m-j‑m- C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑v F-s‑´‑m-s‑¡ k‑w-K-X‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v s‑N-¿‑m-³ D-t‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-¶s‑X-¶‑v B i‑n-e‑v-]-i‑m-e-b‑n h‑n-i-Z‑o-Ic‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-‑p. s‑a-j‑o³ {‑S‑m-³k‑v-t‑ej³‑, t‑h‑m-b‑v-k‑v d‑n-¡-á‑n-j³ F-¶‑n§-s‑\ he‑n-b he‑n-b I‑m-c‑y-§Ä X-§-f‑p-S³ b‑m-Y‑mÀ-Y‑y-a‑m-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v `‑m-j‑m- C³-k‑v-ä‑n-«‑y‑q-«‑v A-[‑n-I‑r-XÀ A-h‑ns‑S h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. C¯-c‑w k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-Ih‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-s‑S k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S a-e-b‑mf{‑K-Ù-§Ä a-ä‑v t‑e‑m-I-`‑m-j-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v A-\‑m-b‑m-k‑w h‑n-hÀ¯-\‑w s‑N-b‑v-s‑X¯‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w‑, s‑\‑m-t‑_ k-½‑m-\‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w a-e-b‑mf-s‑¯ t‑X-S‑n h-c‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w a-ä‑p-a‑p-Å D-t‑«‑y‑m-]‑y³ B-ib-§-f‑m-W‑v A-h‑n-s‑S A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸«X‑v. `‑m-j‑m-C³-Ì‑n-«‑y‑q-«‑n-s‑â t‑i-J-c-¯‑ne‑p-Å \‑q-d‑p-I-W-¡‑n-\‑v {‑K-Ù-§Ä k‑vHIvtSm_À 2013

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Yogasaram

Guhyarogachikilsa

Premamritham

Spandikkunna Pushppangal

Ashttapathi

Mayooradwajopakhyanam

Ayurveda Prakashika

AyurvedamAgnipuranatharijima

Kabeerinte Geethangal

I‑m³ s‑N-b‑v-X‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑n s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-§Ä-¡‑v e-`‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑mW‑v _-Ô-s‑¸-«-hÀ ]-d-ª‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n F-¶‑v B-{‑K-l‑n¨‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ A-h-k-ca‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑v. s‑XÃ‑p‑w b‑m-Y‑mÀY‑yt‑_‑m-[-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-bà C¯-c‑w Ø‑m-]\-§-f‑p-s‑S X-e-¸-¯‑p-Å-hÀ a-e-b‑m-f‑w I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å k‑w-K-X‑nI-s‑f k-a‑o-]‑n-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v h‑y-à‑w. k‑m-l‑n-X‑yA-¡‑m-Z-a‑n- t‑]‑ms‑e t‑I-c-f¯‑n-s‑e ]-e s‑]‑mX‑pØ‑m-]-\-§-f‑ne‑p‑w X-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑i-J-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å {‑K-Ù-§Ä k‑v-I‑m³ s‑N-b‑v-X‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä-s‑s‑e-k‑v s‑N-¿‑m\‑p-Å {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä \-S-¯‑p-¶‑pï‑v. hÀ-j-§-f‑m-b‑n N‑n-e kÀ-h-I-e‑m-i‑m-eI-f‑n ]‑p-k‑vX-I‑w k‑v-I‑m³ s‑N-¿‑p-¶ \-S]-S‑n ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-a‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-. B {‑ia-§s‑f‑m-¶‑p‑w b-Y‑mÀ-Y e-£‑y-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v F-¯‑p-¶‑nà F-¶-X‑m-W‑v h‑m-k‑v-X-h‑w.

A-Xs‑Ã-¦‑n C¯-c‑w H-c‑p Ø‑m]\‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w F´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v C-X‑ph-s‑c U‑n-P‑n-äÂ-c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑m¡‑n-b {‑K-Ù-§Ä s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-§Ä-¡‑v e-`‑y-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑nÃ? "`‑q-X‑w \‑n-[‑n- I‑m-¡‑p‑w-t‑]‑ms‑e‑' C-X‑v s‑I-«‑n-s‑¸‑m-X‑n-ª‑v s‑h-¨‑n-«‑v BÀ-s‑¡-´‑v {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\‑w?‑! a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-h‑n-s‑b¸-ä‑n s‑XÃ‑p‑w D-X‑v-¡-W‑vT-s‑¸-S‑m³ _‑m-[‑y-Xb‑nÃ‑m¯ S‑q_‑n§³ kÀhIe‑mi‑me t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å h‑n-t‑Z-i-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä C-¡‑mc‑y-¯‑n a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-\‑v \Â-I‑p-¶ t‑kh-\‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w‑, a-e-b‑m-f-a‑p-s‑ï-¦‑nt‑e \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑p-Å‑q F-¶‑p-d-¸‑pÅ \-½‑p-s‑S \‑m-«‑n-s‑e Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n¶‑v D-ï‑mI‑p-¶‑nÃ. K‑u-c-h-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-j-b-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ X-s‑¶ \½Ä s‑s‑h-I‑n F-t‑¶‑mÀ-¡‑pI. ]‑p-X‑n-b-X‑m-b‑n \‑n-e-h‑n h-¶ a-eb‑m-f‑w kÀ-h-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v ]-e-c‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w {‑]-X‑o-£. a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑â U‑nP‑n-äÂ-`‑m-h‑n D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-t‑¯-ï _‑m[‑y-X ]t‑£‑, G-s‑X-¦‑ne‑p-s‑a‑m-c‑p Ø‑m-]-\¯‑n-s‑ât‑b‑m k-¶-²-{‑K‑q-¸‑ns‑ât‑b‑m a‑m{‑X‑w X-e-b‑n N‑mÀ-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p-¯‑n-«‑v a‑m-d‑n-\‑nÂ-¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v i-c‑n-bà F-¶ A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-¡‑m-c-\‑mW‑v C‑u t‑e-JI³. A-s‑X‑m-c‑p I‑q«‑m-b D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-X‑za‑m-s‑W-¶ I‑mc‑y‑w a-d-¡‑m³ ]‑m-S‑nÃ. amXr`qan Hm¬sse\nð No^v k_v FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: jamboori@gmail.com I-S-¸‑m-S‑v :

1. j‑n-P‑p A-e-I‑v-k‑v (shijualex.in‑); 2. "t‑l‑mÀ-¯‑q-k‑v a-e-_‑m-d‑n-¡‑qk‑v‑, a-e-b‑m-f‑w B-Z‑y-a-¨-S‑n-¨ ]‑p-k‑vX-I‑w'; U‑n.k‑n.I‑n-g-t‑¡-a‑pd‑n‑, {‑K-Ù-t‑e‑m-I‑w‑, s‑a-b‑v 1996  a‑m-X‑r-`‑q-a‑n Cþ_‑p-¡‑v t‑iJ-c‑w Swasikkunna Savangal

HIvtSm_À 2013

Anthithiri

Kattadikalodu

(37) Lighthouse

Ashok R Chandran

Small is Dutiful A column that throws light on studies about Kerala media, and explores the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala

L

ast month’s column proposed an annual Journalism in Kerala report to monitor the health of the news media industry in the state.

The quality and usefulness of such a report would depend most heavily on media researchers, who gather information and present the analysis.

But research does not have to be undertaken always on a big scale, by professional researchers, or by spending lakhs of rupees.

It can be useful to society even when conducted in a small way by non-researchers at low cost.

The Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care (NNPC) in Malappuram offers one example.

Medical Missionaries of Malappuram

The NNPC is a network of voluntary groups that offers palliative care to tens of thousands of people in the villages and towns of the northern districts of Kerala. At the heart of each group are volunteers—most of them ordinary citizens such as schoolteachers, shopkeepers, and ex-servicemen—who identify people in need of palliative care and raise funds, usually locally itself, to provide medicines, support nursing, and arrange home visits by doctors.

Around November 2011,

while attending the periodic meetings and classes in Kondotty region of Malappuram district, Ajmal Rahman K. M., a 25-year old doctor noticed that nurses were repeatedly mentioning catheterisation as an issue.

Inspired by his senior colleague Abdulla Manima’s advocacy of an “evidence-based approach,” Dr Rahman decided to study urinary bladder care in three–four clinics in that region. With Dr Manima’s guidance and nurses’ support, information was collected from about 150 patients over six–seven months. Once they identified patterns in the emergency calls to nurses and analysed data on catheter management in patients’ homes, the doctors and nurses came up with solutions to improve catheter care. For example, they observed that in about 30 per cent of the cases, catheters were avoidable. In most cases, once the nurses taught the patients and bystanders about cleanliness, bowel care, and catheter management, the results were remarkable. It not only reduced the number of emergency calls to nurses for catheter change but also boosted the confidence of patients and bystanders to handle emergencies. One of the tools developed for the study— the “catheter-care score”—is a

simple scorecard that can be used by other voluntary groups to detect and resolve inefficiencies in palliative care. When contacted, Dr Rahman informed me that a 30-page booklet too has been authored by the nurses to raise awareness and educate families.

Here are bits of information glowing on my desk. Dr Rahman was barely a year out of Kottayam Medical College when he kicked off the study. Middle-aged nurses teamed up with volunteers and doctors to gather information, examine patterns, and raise awareness. The study was done in the course of their workday routines at “negligible cost” and with “teamwork.” All these happened not in any so-called prestigious medical institute in a city, but in less-known places such as Kunnumpuram and Vaazhakkadu.

Very likely the study was imperfect and did not meet international scholarly standards.

But even more likely, thousands of palliative care patients and their families will benefit each year from the efforts of the small study in rural Kerala.

Instead of simply going about their work in routine fashion or merely crying hoarse over unnecessary catheterisation in medical treatment, the doctors and nurses went a step further and displayed professionalism in their own small sphere.

Result? They were able to make a HIvtSm_À 2013

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Shoestring Studies on Kerala Media

Ajmal Rahman’s study is just one example from one region in the NNPC. There

would be other doctors in other institutions, doing field studies and improving the lives of citizens. If doctors in our state can conduct small studies as part of their professional duty, Kerala’s journalists too should be able to do the same.

Here are a few favourable conditions for journalists to conduct small studies.

HIvtSm_À 2013

(1) Newspaper offices in Kerala are not beehives of activity throughout the day.

Consequently, subeditors and senior reporters can easily snatch an hour or two each day to critically examine press coverage or newsroom practices. A lot of

local coverage seems to be based on press releases, opening up the possibility for even junior, local reporters to get an hour or so each day for kutti research.

(2) At the workplace or home, some journalists can review rival newspapers at zero additional cost, and hence undertake even a comparative study. (3) Unlike a few decades ago, there are easy

and low-cost tools and platforms for disseminating study findings.

Journalists can use e-groups, websites, blogs, or specialised print publications such as Media to draw attention to findings, however small or big.

The soil for kutti research can be made more fertile by newspaper managements. They can, for example, encourage small studies through research competitions among employees.

The findings and insights from the studies can be used by the organisation, and after two– three years, released for free, public consumption. A research competition with modest prizemoney or other suitable rewards can also motivate staff and boost morale; it can hence be seen as an HR initiative too. Unlike training programmes, which sometimes turn out to be passive exercises for attendees, kutti studies provide scope for active thinking, reflection, and learning; the skills developed in such exercises will also help the media organisation survive in a creative and competitive marketplace.

Journalists in Kerala see the newsroom six days a week from the inside; those out in the field know the terrain of news gathering with equal familiarity. Add the journalist’s innate curiosity and ability to smell a story, and we have all the expertise and qualifications to identify a topic and kick off a study. The next step—collecting data—can be challenging for media practitioners who cannot think beyond the 24-hour news cycle. Yet, a two-week or fourweek study may be easier than one presumes. Roping in a colleague as a research partner will come in handy; on a bad day, each can keep the other on track, and help in catching up on data collection. Get cracking, guys!

Ashok R. Chandran is an independent researcher in Palakkad, Kerala. He can be reached at studykeralamedia@gmail.com

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Dr. Shoma A. Chatterji

Women’s Magazines – Lip Service to Women?

The entire mass media, including the commercial media of advertising and marketing, go all out to exploit consumerism in women. Such exploitation is based on the twin targets of maximum profit and the perpetuation of male dominance.

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hether it is women’s magazines or whether it is a regular magazine suddenly deciding to pay a special tribute to the Indian woman, the bottom line is the same – getting a lot of ads because women are the best targets of all advertisements in any capitalist, consumer-centric country. From motor cars to baby food, from men’s shaving creams to washing machines to mixer-grinders, the major buying decisions in an urban household is made by the woman of the house. The entire mass media, including the commercial media of advertising and marketing, go all out to exploit consumerism in women. Such exploitation is based on the twin targets of maximum profit and the perpetuation of male dominance. In other words, women are fed with the kind of information the male-dominated society wants them to have – the latest fashions, hairstyles, cosmetics, domestic appliances and household goods; cleaning tips, cookery recipes from exotic lands, health needs, dietary details, nutritional information and behavioral problems are all supposedly a woman’s domain, never mind that it is all masterminded by the man in charge of the advertising agency! Few women run ad agencies here and when they do, they simply tail the strategies of their male counterparts.

“But isn’t every special issue of every magazine all about trying to bring in specific market-oriented advertisements by the hundreds?” I can hear you ask. Right. But when no one thinks of making the man a scapegoat of such plastic tribute, why pick on the woman? To skirt delicate questions like this, special issues of general magazines often carry the mandatory unisex ad on the occasional shirts for

men or an ad for a bank. But every intelligent man and woman knows that that is just a face-saving strategy to avoid feminists and women activists queuing up outside their office! No questions asked.

No answers given. Everything is just so and every woman tucks a copy under her soft arm and goes home happier. Outlook for instance, sometimes brings out a special issue on women called Stree. Just take a look at one of these and the message will be clear.

Most women’s magazines – Femina, Women’s Era, Savvy and New Woman - are too stereotypically women – recipes, fashion spreads, how-to-lookbeautiful-on-your-16th Wedding Anniversary kind of stuff that has been the beat since the first woman’s page in a newspaper was conceived.

Sometimes, these pages offer a kind of a balancing matrix by dealing with issues focussed on gender discrimination or issues of concern to women – old age homes, widow pension, property rights, legal issues, reproductive choices and reproductive health. But this balancing matrix is undercut by the totally unbalanced tilt of advertisements that arbitrarily use women for titillation along with a product, which may or may not be linked to women in a direct way.

Manushi, edited by Madhu Kishwar, began by trying to be different. It carried and still carries investigative stories on rape, dowry deaths, Kashmiri women, are larger national and international issues. With time however, the feminist stress shifted very visibly to a more political one that does not necessarily have to do much with gender unless it is ‘coloured’ with the HIvtSm_À 2013

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Indian Women Magazines - a google image search result

colours of communalism, mythology, and a kind of Pan-Hinduism. Kishwar wrote a series of articles supporting the system of dowry on grounds that this was the only access the married daughter had to a share in her father’s inheritance. What then, about the deaths that happen in the name of dowry?

Manushi came down hammer and tongs on Deepa Mehta’s Fire, and was complimented by many of its international readers. Any magazine has the right to change directions. But then, where is the ‘woman’ Manushi began with?

The editorial and ideological confusion reflected in all the women’s magazines right from Eve’s Weekly and Flair in the Fifties and Sixties to Femina and family in the Nineties, is a Western import.

None of them really have an ideology to begin with. Secondly, they are too influenced by women’s magazines in the West. As everyone knows, everything Western may not always fit the Indian psyche. Elaine Withington of the University of Michigan in her unpublished paper, The Women’s Magazines and the Business Woman, 1889-1919, reveals an interesting volte face executed by Edward Bok, editor of Ladies’ Home Journal. In 1900, the magazine warned women that they could not stand the physical strain of working in a fast-paced business office. But by 1916, the same journal compared the same female secretary with the heavenly body who “radiated the office with sunshine and sympathetic interest.”

Margery Davies in her article Woman’s Place is at the Typewriter – the Feminization of the Clerical Labour Force, writes: “It has not taken very long for the ideology to shift and for people to accept the

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presence of women in offices. Bok had argued in 1900 that women, by virtue of their ‘nature’ were unsuited to the office. But only a few years later, the LHJ (Ladies Home Journal) came close to arguing that the ‘natural’ temperament of women made them good stenographers. And by 1935, Fortune had concocted a full-fledged historical justification for the assertion that woman’s place was at the typewriter.”

In a content analysis-centred research in the US, the covers of 21 popular women’s and men’s magazines were examined for gendered messages related to bodily appearance. Magazine covers were divided according to gender of readers and each cover was reviewed using a checklist designed to analyze visual images and text as well as the placement of each on the covers. Analyses showed that 78% of the covers of the women’s magazines contained a message regarding bodily appearance, whereas none of the covers of the men’s magazines did so. Twenty-five percent of the women’s magazine covers contained conflicting messages regarding weight loss and dietary habits. In addition, the positioning of weight-related messages on the covers often implied that losing weight might lead to a better life. “Men’s magazines focus on providing entertainment and expanding knowledge, hobbies, and activities; women’s magazines continue to focus on improving one’s life by changing one’s appearance” writes Amy R. Malkin in Women and Weight: Gendered Messages on Magazine Covers.

Most English language women’s magazines in India today, in some form or another, follow, subtly or openly, examples set by magazines like Seventeen, Glamour, Mademoiselle, etc, all of which offer endless

(41) glossy layouts and editorial content on fashion, make-up, dating strategies, marriage counselling, counselling for parents, good housekeeping, all generously punctuated with pages and pages of the glossiest of advertisements one could imagine.

In fact, at times, the advertising copy makes for more interesting reading than the editorial content. We do not have an Indian counterpart of the US magazine Working Woman. This magazine,

The editorial and ideological confusion reflected in all the women’s magazines right from Eve’s Weekly and Flair in the Fifties and Sixties to Femina and family in the Nineties, is a Western import. None of them really have an ideology to begin with. Elaine Withington of the University of Michigan in her unpublished paper, The Women’s Magazines and the Business Woman, 1889-1919, reveals an interesting volte face executed by Edward Bok, editor of Ladies’ Home Journal. In 1900, the magazine warned women that they could not stand the physical strain of working in a fastpaced business office. But by 1916, the same journal compared the same female secretary with the heavenly body who “radiated the office with sunshine and sympathetic interest.” though not committed to any feminist ideology, emphasizes women’s career concerns and the management of a busy life. This covers a substantial commitment to work as well as to friends, fashion and entertainment. Advice columns on legal and financial matters, health and diet are other regular features. The magazine focusses on individual effort rather than on social change. Which is a very good thing really because without ruffling too

many feathers, it logically follows that hundreds of individual efforts will naturally augur social change?

This is the prize formula that got the magazine a readership of 200,000 before the end of its second year.

When financial support is in the hands of businessmen, industrialists, corporate houses and multinationals, the editorial content of these magazines are obviously determined and defined by a more convoluted but equally purposeful process. The purpose of words and pictures in the commercial media, from the sponsors’ point of view, is to give value to the advertising space they surround. They do this by attracting an audience that will then be exposed to the commercial message. Thus, whatever attracts readers is valuable in commercial terms, and its cultural, social and intellectual value for the readers is of no concern to the sponsors. The plethora of international honours at beauty contests notwithstanding, the bottom line of Indian women’s magazines remains unchanged – the total lack of options for women at any given point of time. Yesterday, they offered good motherhood and ideal wifehood. The day before, it was pregnancy and child-care. Today, it is beauty of the body and face, everlasting youth and diamonds.

Aren’t they forever?

The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com

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g‑n-ª- \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑ns‑â H¶‑m‑w ] I‑p-X‑n-b‑n X‑pS-¡-a‑n-S‑p-Ib‑p‑w 1970 It‑f‑ms‑S h‑y‑m]-I-a‑m-I‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX A¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I‑, a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\§Ä ]e s‑s‑Ih-g‑n-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑mW‑v a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p t‑]‑m¶‑n-«‑p-f-f-X‑v. a‑mÀI‑vk‑nb³ ]c‑n-t‑{‑]-£‑y-¯‑n {‑^‑m¦‑v^À«‑v k‑vI‑qÄ N‑n´-I-c‑mb At‑U‑m-t‑W‑mh‑p‑w aä‑p‑w Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n¨ k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-h‑y-hk‑m-b-k¦e‑v]\¯‑ns‑â `‑mK-a‑mb‑n h‑n-]-W‑n-a‑p-X-e‑m-f‑n¯‑w \‑nÀ®b‑n¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p-ff h‑naÀi-\‑mßI ]T-\-§-f‑mW‑v Hc‑p h‑n`‑m-K‑w. Ct‑X ]c‑n-t‑{‑]-£‑y¯‑nÂXs‑¶ h‑mÄ«À _³b-a‑n³ AhX-c‑n-¸‑n¨ (F¶‑m ]‑mt‑S `‑n¶-a‑mb‑) P\-{‑]-‑nb-k‑w-k‑vI‑mc k‑m[‑y-X-Is‑f ]‑n³]-ä‑p¶hb‑mW‑v as‑ä‑mc‑p ka‑o-]\‑w. k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI]T\‑w (Cultural Studies‑) F¶ ]‑pX‑nb ]T-\-t‑a-Je 1960 If‑n c‑q]‑w- s‑I‑m-S‑p¯ _l‑p-h‑nÚ‑m-\‑o-b-]-ch‑p‑w A´Àh‑n-Ú‑m-\‑ob-]-c-h‑p-a‑mb (Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary) a‑m[‑y-a-h‑n-i-I-e-\§-f‑p-t‑S-X‑mW‑v a‑q¶‑m-as‑¯ h‑n`‑m-K‑w.

Bib/h‑mÀ¯‑m-h‑n-\‑n-ab (Communication) ]T-\-§-s‑f-¶- \‑n-e-b‑n k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X¡‑v D‑u¶Â \ÂI‑p-¶h-b‑mW‑v \‑me‑m-a-s‑X‑mc‑p ka‑o-]-\‑w. s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þ-e-s‑a¶ t‑l_Àa‑m-k‑n-b³ k¦-e‑v]-\-¯‑n D‑u¶‑p¶ e‑n_-dÂ‑, HIvtSm_À 2013

A¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I-]-T-\-§f‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S Nc‑n-{‑X‑w‑, KW‑w‑, c‑q]‑w‑, BJ‑y‑m-\‑w‑, k‑ma‑q-l‑nI {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑m\§Ä X‑pS-§‑nMedia and Cultural Studies: Keyworks Editors: Meenakshi Gigi Durham, Douglas M. Kellner Blackwell

b-h-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ff ]T-\-§-f‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡b‑mW‑v C\‑nb‑p‑w N‑ne-X‑v. t‑ae‑v]-dª Gs‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p ]T-\-a‑mÀK‑w ]‑n´‑pS-c‑p¶ Hä-I‑r-X‑n-If‑p‑w `‑n¶-a‑mÀK-§f‑n-s‑e-g‑p-X-s‑¸« ]T-\-§-t‑f‑m- a‑m-[‑ya] T-\-k‑n-²‑m-´-§t‑f‑m Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ ka‑m-l‑m-c-§f‑p‑w h‑n]-W‑n-b‑n k‑pe`-a‑m-W‑v. \‑nc-h-[‑n-b‑mb s‑s‑k²‑m-´‑nI \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑ne‑p‑w c‑oX‑n-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-§f‑ne‑p‑w {‑i²-b‑q-¶‑p-¶-h-b‑mW‑v C¯c‑w ka‑m-l‑m-c-§f‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§-f‑p‑w. b‑qt‑d‑m-þ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\§Ä¡‑v X‑pS-¡-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ t‑aÂs‑s‑¡ C¶‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ \‑nc-´c‑w ]‑pd-¯‑p-h-c‑p¶ Gj‑y³ a‑m[‑y-a-]T-\-§Ä¡‑p a‑p¶‑n Ae‑v]-s‑a‑m¶‑v I‑pd-ª‑n-«‑p-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w Bt‑K‑m-f-h¡c-W-I‑m-e¯‑v a‑q¶‑p-t‑e‑m-I-§f‑p‑w Gäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑p-X GI‑o-`-h‑n-¡‑p¶ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI aÞ-e-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑mW‑v h‑n]-W‑n-s‑b-¶-t‑]‑ms‑e a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w F¶-X‑n-\‑m GX‑p ka‑o-]-\h‑p‑w Gs‑X‑m-c‑n-S¯‑p‑w {‑]‑mt‑b‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-W‑v.

I‑mc-W‑w‑, a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-s‑a-¶X‑v A{‑X-t‑a Bt‑K‑m-f-hÂI‑r-X-a‑m-b‑n¡-g‑n-ª‑p. a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\X-X‑z-§-f‑ps‑S c‑wK¯‑v Ig‑nª ]X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑n ]‑pd¯‑p-h¶ {‑it‑²-b-a‑mb ka‑m-l‑m-c-§f‑n N‑neX‑v Ch-b‑m-W‑v. U¥k‑v F‑w.s‑IÂ\À‑, a‑o\‑m£‑n Z‑pÀl‑w F¶‑n-hÀ FU‑n-ä‑p-s‑Nb‑vX ‑’Media and Cultural Studies’ (Blackwell, 2001)‑, t‑Uh‑nU‑v t‑{‑I‑mN‑y‑p‑, h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v s‑l‑mb‑v³k‑v F¶‑nhÀ FU‑n-ä‑p-s‑Nb‑vX ‑’Media

(43) Society’ (Pineforge press, 2003)‑,

t‑]‑mÄa‑m-c‑n-k‑v, k‑qt‑X‑mW‑m‑w F¶‑nhÀ FU‑n-ä‑p-s‑Nb‑vX ‑’Media Studies’ (Edinburgh, 2005)‑, s‑Pb‑n‑wk‑v I‑pd‑m³‑, t‑Uh‑n-U‑vt‑a‑mÀe‑n F¶‑n-hÀ FU‑n-ä‑p-s‑Nb‑vX ‑’Media and Cultural Theory’ (Routledge, 2006)‑, t‑Uh‑nU‑v s‑lk‑va-´‑mÄ‑, t‑Pk¬ t‑S‑mb‑v³_‑n F¶‑n-hÀ FU‑n-ä‑p-s‑Nb‑vX ‘The Media

and Social Theory’ (Routledge, 2008‑). Ch-b‑n BZ‑y-{‑K-Ù-a‑mW‑v

h‑mb\ C‑u e¡-¯‑n ]c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑p-¶-X‑v. (aä‑p-f-fh X‑pSÀ¶‑p-ff e¡§-f‑n ]c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v‑). k‑wk‑vI‑m-cs‑¯¡‑pd‑n-¨‑p-ff GX‑p]-T-\-s‑¯b‑p‑w h‑nf‑n-¡‑p¶ t‑]cà k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-]-T-\-s‑a-¶-X‑v. kh‑n-t‑ij-a‑mb c‑m{‑ã‑o-b‑, {‑]X‑y-b-i‑mk‑v{‑X ka‑o-]-\-§Ä ]‑n´‑p-S-c‑p¶ H¶‑m-W-X‑v.

Ig‑nª \‑me‑p-Z-i-I-§-f‑mb‑n b‑qt‑d‑m-þA-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ A¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I-f‑ne‑p‑w cï‑pZ-i-I-a‑mb‑n Gj‑y³ A¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I-f‑ne‑p‑w \S-¶‑ps‑I‑mï‑nc‑n-¡‑p¶ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI ]T-\-§-f‑n {‑]a‑p-J-a‑mb Hc‑p aÞe‑w a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑p-t‑S-X‑m-W‑v. a‑mÀI‑vk‑n-Ì‑v, e‑n_-d ka‑o-]-\-§-f‑n B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m\-´-c‑, s‑^a‑n-\‑n-Ì‑v, t‑I‑mf-\‑n-b-\-´-c‑, N‑nÓ-h‑n-Ú‑m-\‑o-b‑, I‑og‑m-f-k‑n-²‑m-´§f‑p‑w c‑oX‑n-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-§f‑p‑w ]‑n³]-ä‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya]T-\-X-X‑z-§Ä Bh‑n-j‑v¡c‑n-¡‑p¶ a‑p¸-X‑p-c-N-\-I-f‑ps‑S ka‑ml‑m-c-a‑mW‑v a‑o\‑m-£‑nb‑p‑w s‑IÂ\d‑p‑w FU‑n-ä‑p-s‑Nb‑vX C‑u {‑KÙ‑w. k‑wk‑vI‑mc‑w‑, {‑]X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑w‑, A[‑o-i-X‑z‑w; k‑ma‑q-l‑y-P‑o-h‑n-Xh‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-]T-\h‑p‑w; c‑m{‑ã‑o-b‑,- k¼Z‑vLS\; {‑]X‑n\‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w; B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m\-´c h‑yX‑n-b‑m-\h‑p‑w \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w F¶‑n-§s‑\ A©‑p-`‑m-K-§Ä.

Gäh‑p‑w N‑pc‑p-¡‑n-¸-d-ª‑m k‑ma‑ql‑y-i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑w‑, c‑m{‑ã‑o-b‑w‑, k¼-Z‑vL-S\ X‑pS-§‑nb ]Ý‑m-¯-e-§-f‑n c‑q]‑ws‑I‑m-f-f‑p¶ a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\-§-f‑ps‑S {‑]X‑y-b-i‑mk‑v{‑X h‑ni-I-e-\-s‑¯-b‑mW‑v a‑m[‑y-a-§s‑f k‑w_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑mf‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-]-T-\-§Ä F¶‑p h‑nf‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑v. C¯c‑w ]T-\§Ä¡‑v Ac-s‑§‑m-c‑p-¡‑p¶ XX‑z-§-f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w Ah a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n-b‑p-ï‑mb {‑] i-k‑vX-§-f‑mb N‑ne ]T-\-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w k¦-e‑v]-\-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w a‑mX‑r-I-I-f‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ-¯‑n-e‑p-f-f-X‑v.

1950 hs‑c-b‑p-ff I‑me-s‑¯-g‑p-X-s‑¸-«h-b‑mW‑v H¶‑m‑w-`‑m-Ks‑¯ A©‑p-c-N-\I-f‑n \‑ms‑e-®-h‑p‑w. I‑mÄa‑mÀI‑vk‑p‑w s‑{‑^U-d‑nI‑v F‑wKÂk‑p‑w t‑NÀs‑¶-g‑pX‑n-b‑, `c-W-hÀK-s‑¯b‑p‑w Ah-c‑ps‑S Bi-b-§Ä¡‑p-ff t‑aÂt‑¡‑m-b‑vas‑bb‑p‑w k‑w_-Ô‑n¨ I‑mg‑vN-¸‑m-S‑p-I-f-hX-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p‑, BZ‑y-c-N-\. {‑]J‑y‑m-X-

a‑mb C‑u h‑mI‑y-¯‑n-e‑mW‑v X‑pS¡‑w:

“The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas; ie, the class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force”. A-t‑´‑m-

W‑n-t‑b‑m-{‑K‑m‑w-j‑n-b‑ps‑S I‑og‑m-f‑, {‑] X‑y-b-i‑mk‑v{‑X k¦-e‑v]-\-§Ä h‑yàa‑m-¡‑p¶ `‑mK-§-f‑mW‑v cï‑m-as‑¯ cN-\-b‑ps‑S Df-f-S-¡‑w. a‑mÀI‑vk‑p‑w F‑wKÂk‑p‑w Bh‑n-j‑v¡-c‑n¨ hÀK-þh‑n-¹-h-þ-{‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-þ-`-c-W-I‑qS XX‑z-§-f‑ps‑S Gäh‑p‑w P\-I‑o-b-a‑mb ]‑n¡‑me h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m\s‑a¶ \‑ne-b‑n Ig‑nª \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑â cï‑m‑w ]I‑p-X‑nb‑n t‑e‑mI-s‑¯-h‑n-s‑Sb‑p‑w a‑mÀI‑vk‑nb³ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI h‑ni-I-e-\-§s‑f

a‑m[‑ya]T-\-c‑w-K¯‑p‑w P\-{‑]‑n-b-k‑wk‑vI‑mc ]T-\-c‑w-K¯‑p‑w aä‑p‑w 1940 IÄs‑X‑m-«‑p-ï‑mb a‑n¡-h‑md‑p‑w ka‑o-]-\§Ä¡‑m-[‑mc‑w C‑u cï‑p {‑]_-Ô-§f‑n Gs‑X-¦‑n-e‑p-s‑a‑m-¶‑mW‑v F¶‑pXs‑¶ ]d-b‑m‑w. P\-{‑]‑n-b-a‑m-I‑pI a‑m{‑X-a‑mW‑v Ieb‑v¡‑v P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑yh¡-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑p-ff hg‑n-s‑b¶‑p‑w Ies‑b k‑w_-Ô‑n-¡‑p¶ a‑pg‑p-h³ ht‑cW‑y‑, K‑qV‑m-ßI k¦e‑v]§f‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h¡-c-W¯‑n XIÀ¶-S‑n-b‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w _³ba‑n³ h‑mZ‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ C‑u P\-{‑]‑n-b-h¡-cW-s‑a-¶X‑v k‑wk‑vI‑m-cs‑¯ h‑yh-k‑m-bh¡-c‑n-¡‑p¶ h‑n]W‑n a‑pX-e‑m-f‑n-¯¯‑ns‑â h‑y‑mP P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-a‑m-s‑W¶‑v At‑U‑m-t‑W‑mb‑p‑w t‑l‑mI‑va‑od‑p‑w h‑mZ‑n-¨‑p.

X‑pSÀ¶‑p-f-fX‑v a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-c‑w-Ks‑¯ Gäh‑p‑w {‑]J‑y‑m-Xh‑p‑w \‑ne-]‑mS‑p-I-f‑n ]c-k‑v]-c-h‑n-c‑p-²-h‑p-a‑mb cï‑p a‑mÀI‑vk‑nÌ‑v {‑]_-Ô-§-f‑mW‑v. h‑mÄ«À _³b-a‑n³ 1930 If‑n-s‑e-g‑p-X‑n-b‑, ‑"b‑m{‑´‑nI ]‑p\-c‑p-e‑v]‑mZ\‑w k‑m[‑y-a‑m-I‑p¶ I‑mes‑¯ Ie-b‑ps‑S Ah-Ø‑'b‑p‑w CX‑ns‑e \‑nc‑o£W§-t‑f‑mS‑p h‑nt‑b‑m-P‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v 1940 If‑ps‑S X‑pS-¡-¯‑n At‑U‑m-t‑W‑mb‑p‑w a‑mI‑vk‑v t‑l‑mI‑va‑od‑p‑w t‑NÀs‑¶-g‑p-X‑nb "k‑wk‑vI‑m-ch‑y-h-k‑mb‑w: BÄ¡‑q-«-h-©-\-b‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶ Ú‑m-t‑\‑m-Z-b-'h‑p‑w. a‑m[‑ya]T-\-c‑w-K¯‑p‑w P\-{‑]‑n-b-k‑w-k‑vI‑mc ]T-\-c‑w-K¯‑p‑w aä‑p‑w 1940 IÄs‑X‑m-«‑p-ï‑mb a‑n¡-h‑md‑p‑w ka‑o-]-\-§Ä¡‑m-[‑mc‑w C‑u cï‑p {‑]_-Ô-§-f‑n Gs‑X-¦‑n-e‑p-s‑a‑m-¶‑mW‑v F¶‑p-Xs‑¶ ]d-b‑m‑w.

P\-{‑]‑n-b-a‑m-I‑pI a‑m{‑X-a‑mW‑v Ieb‑v¡‑v P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h¡-c‑n-¡-s‑¸S‑m-\‑p-ff hg‑n-s‑b¶‑p‑w Ies‑b k‑w_-Ô‑n-¡‑p¶ a‑pg‑p-h³ ht‑cW‑y‑, K‑qV‑m-ßI k¦e‑v]§f‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h¡-c-W-¯‑n XIÀ¶-S‑n-b‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w _³ba‑n³ h‑mZ‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ C‑u P\-{‑]‑n-b-h¡c-W-s‑a-¶X‑v k‑wk‑vI‑m-cs‑¯ h‑yh-k‑m-b-h¡-c‑n-¡‑p¶ h‑n]W‑n a‑pX-e‑m-f‑n-¯-¯‑ns‑â h‑y‑mP P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-a‑m-s‑W¶‑v At‑U‑m-t‑W‑mb‑p‑w t‑l‑mI‑va‑od‑p‑w h‑mZ‑n-¨‑p. cï‑p-h‑m-Z-§f‑p‑w ic‑n-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑mW‑v I‑me‑w s‑Xf‑n-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. \‑nÀ®‑m-b-I-a‑mb‑n k‑z‑m[‑o-\‑n¨ \‑nc‑o£-W-§Ä {‑K‑m‑wj‑n-b‑p-t‑S-X‑m-W-t‑Ã‑m. ]‑uc-k-a‑ql‑w (civil society‑)‑, s‑s‑Ph_‑p-²‑n-P‑oh‑n (‑organic intellectual‑)‑, I‑og‑m-fX (subalternity‑)‑, A[‑o-iX‑z‑w (hegemony) X‑pS-§‑n-bh a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n {‑K‑m‑wj‑n h‑nI-k‑n-¸‑n-s‑¨-S‑p¯ ka‑o-]-\§Ä k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-]-T-\s‑¯ hg‑n-X‑nc‑n¨‑ph‑n«-h-b‑m-W‑v. X‑pSÀ¶‑p-f-fX‑v a‑m[‑ya-]-T-\-c‑w-Ks‑¯ Gäh‑p‑w {‑]J‑y‑m-Xh‑p‑w \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n ]c-k‑v]-c-h‑n-c‑p-²-h‑pa‑mb cï‑p a‑mÀI‑vk‑nÌ‑v {‑]_-Ô-§-f‑mW‑v. h‑mÄ«À _³b-a‑n³ 1930 If‑n-s‑eg‑p-X‑n-b‑, ‑"b‑m{‑´‑nI ]‑p\-c‑p-e‑v]‑m-Z\‑w k‑m[‑y-a‑m-I‑p¶ I‑mes‑¯ Ie-b‑ps‑S Ah-Ø‑'b‑p‑w CX‑ns‑e \‑nc‑o£W§t‑f‑mS‑p h‑nt‑b‑m-P‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v 1940 If‑ps‑S X‑pS-¡-¯‑n At‑U‑m-t‑W‑mb‑p‑w a‑mI‑vk‑v t‑l‑mI‑va‑od‑p‑w t‑NÀs‑¶-g‑p-X‑nb "k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-h‑y-h-k‑mb‑w: BÄ¡‑q-«-h©-\-b‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶ Ú‑m-t‑\‑m-Z-b-'h‑p‑w.

cï‑p-h‑m-Z-§f‑p‑w ic‑n-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑mW‑v I‑me‑w s‑Xf‑n-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. {‑^‑m¦‑v^À«‑v k‑vI‑qÄN‑n-´-I-c‑ns‑e cï‑m‑w- X-e-a‑pd-b‑nÂs‑]« P‑pÀK³ t‑l-_Àa‑mk‑v 1962-þehXc‑n-¸‑n¨ ‑"s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þe‑' (public sphere)-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑pff I‑mg‑vN-¸‑m-S‑p-IÄ k‑w{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p¶ Hc‑p ]‑n¡‑me cN-\-b‑mW‑v H¶‑m‑w `‑mKs‑¯ Ah-k‑m\ t‑eJ-\‑w. Ig‑nª Ac-\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑mb‑n a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-c‑w-K¯‑v ‑"s‑]‑mX-‑pa-Þ-e‑'s‑¯¡‑mÄ {‑]`‑mh‑w s‑Ne‑p-¯‑nb ]c‑n-I-e‑v]-\-IÄ aä-[‑n-Ia‑nà F¶‑p-t‑]‑me‑p‑w ]d-b‑m‑w.

1950-þ70 I‑me-s‑¯-g‑p-X-s‑¸« F«‑p cN-\-I-f‑pï‑v cï‑m‑w `‑mK-¯‑v. s‑d‑mf‑mM‑v _‑mÀ¯‑v‑, a‑mÀj aI‑ve‑ql³‑, s‑s‑K Z -t‑_‑mÀU‑v‑, s‑db‑vaï‑v h‑ne‑y‑w-k‑v, Ì‑phÀ«‑vl‑mÄ‑, Cb‑m³ B‑wK‑v X‑pS§‑n-b-h-c‑p-t‑S-X‑mW‑v C‑u cN-\-IÄ. k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI]T-\-c‑w-K¯‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a]-T-\-c‑w-K¯‑p‑w Gäh‑p‑w {‑]i-k‑vX-c‑mb HIvtSm_À 2013

(44) A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI ]Þ‑n-XÀ I‑qS‑n-b‑mW‑v ChÀ. {‑]X‑y-b-i‑mk‑v{‑X‑w F¶‑p-Xs‑¶ _‑mÀ¯‑v h‑nf‑n-¡‑p¶ a‑n¯‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w ]‑mc-¼-c‑y-s‑¯b‑p‑w t‑I{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑mW‑v BZ‑y-t‑e-J-\-§Ä. N‑nÓ-h‑n-Ú‑m\‑o-b-s‑a¶ c‑oX‑n-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-¯‑n h‑nk‑va-b-§Ä k‑rã‑n¨ _‑mÀ¯‑ns‑â ‑"Mythologies‑' F¶ {‑KÙ-¯‑ns‑e k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-]-T\ k{‑¼-Z‑m-b-§-f‑mW‑v t‑ae‑v]-d-ª-h. e‑n_-d a‑m[‑y-a-]-T\-¯‑ns‑â a‑ni‑nl‑m F¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p¶ aI‑ve‑qls‑â ‑"a‑m[‑y-a-a‑mW‑v kt‑µi‑w' F¶ {‑]J‑y‑m-X-a‑mb cN\ At‑±-l¯‑ns‑â ‑"a‑m[‑y-a-§s‑f a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡Â‑' (Understanding Media) F¶ {‑KÙ-¯‑n \‑n¶‑m-W‑v. ‑"K‑p«³_ÀK‑v‑' k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v `‑n¶-a‑mb‑n "Ce{‑Î‑nI‑v‑' a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑mb t‑dU‑n-t‑b‑mb‑p‑w s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j-\‑p-s‑a‑ms‑¡ k‑rã‑n-¡‑p¶ k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X-b‑ps‑S h‑n¹-h-§-f‑mW‑v aI‑ve‑qls‑â h‑nj-b‑w. a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä Xs‑¶-b‑m-W‑v, Ah-b‑ps‑S Dff-S¡-aÃ

f‑p-t‑S-X‑mW‑v X‑pSÀ¶‑p-ff cï‑p t‑eJ\-§Ä. s‑db‑vaï‑v h‑ne‑y‑w-k‑n-t‑âX‑p‑w Ì‑phÀ«‑v l‑mf‑n-t‑â-X‑p‑w. h‑ne‑y‑w-k‑v, a‑mÀI‑vk‑nÌ‑v k‑wk‑vI‑m-ck‑n²‑m´¯‑ns‑e AS‑n-¯-d-þ-t‑a¸‑p-c- k-¦e‑v]‑w h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. k‑wk‑vI‑m-ch‑p‑w ka‑q-lh‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-ff _Ô‑w NÀ¨ -s‑N-¿‑p¶ h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v k‑wk‑vI‑m-cs‑¯ ]‑pX‑n-b-c‑o-X‑n-b‑n \‑nÀh-N‑n-¡‑p-I- a‑m-{‑Xa-Ã‑, AX‑ns‑e ht‑c-W‑y-þ-A-[-a -h‑n-`-P\‑w-t‑]‑m-e‑p-ff ka‑o-]-\-§s‑f \‑nc‑m-I-c‑n¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. _‑mÀ¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w D‑w_Àt‑«‑m Ft‑¡‑m-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w N‑nÓ-h‑n-Ú‑m-\‑o-b-ka‑o]\‑w ]‑n³]-ä‑n‑, a‑m[‑y-a-k-t‑µ-i-§-f‑ps‑S kt‑¦-X-\-þ-h‑nk-t‑¦-X\ k¦-e‑v]\‑w (encodingdecoding‑) Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v l‑mÄ.- h‑m-b-\-b‑ps‑S k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑yh‑p‑w h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â k‑m[‑y-X-If‑p‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n-b‑p-ff a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w {‑]a‑p-J-a‑mb c‑oX‑n-i‑m-k‑v{‑Xa‑mb‑n a‑md‑n‑, CX‑p ]‑n¶‑oS‑v. t‑{‑]£-Is‑c

1975 a‑pX-e‑p-ff I‑me¯‑p cN‑n-¡-s‑¸« {‑it‑²-b-§-f‑mb Bd‑p a‑m[‑ya-]-T-\- a‑m-X‑r-I-I-f‑mW‑v \‑me‑m‑w `‑mK-¯‑p-f-f-X‑v. ‑"{‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w' F¶ i‑oÀj-I-¯‑n Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ Ch-t‑b‑mt‑c‑m¶‑p‑w k‑n\‑n-a‑, s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ X‑pS-§‑nb _l‑p-P-\-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ns‑e e‑n‑wK‑, \‑y‑q\-]-£‑, t‑Zi‑ob k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-§-f‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-a‑mW‑v a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w At‑\‑z-j‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ‑’Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema’ F¶ t‑e‑md‑m-aÄh‑n-b‑ps‑S Gs‑d {‑]i-k‑vX-a‑mb Ne-¨‑n-{‑X-]-T-\-¯‑ne‑mW‑v X‑pS-¡‑w. k‑v{‑X‑ob‑ps‑S Ne-¨‑n-{‑X-{‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑pï‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ff Gäh‑p‑w {‑it‑²-b-a‑mb At‑\‑z-j-W-a‑mW‑v aÄh‑n-b‑ps‑S C‑u ]T-\‑w. at‑\‑m-h‑n-Ú‑m-\‑o-bh‑p‑w k‑v{‑X‑oh‑m-Zh‑p‑w kaÀY-a‑mb‑n I‑q«‑n-b‑n-W-¡‑p¶ Ne-¨‑n-{‑X‑, a‑m[‑y-a-]-T\‑w. bY‑mÀY kt‑µi‑w F¶‑v aI‑ve‑ql³ Ø‑m]‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. _‑mÀ¯‑ns‑â ka-I‑me‑n-I\‑p‑w {‑^©‑v s‑s‑k²‑m-´‑n-I-\‑p-a‑mb s‑s‑K Z -t‑_‑mÀU‑v‑, ‑"Z‑ri‑y-h‑n-k‑va-b¯‑ns‑â ka‑ql‑w‑' (The Society of the spectacle‑) F¶ ka‑o-]-\-a‑mW‑v a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-h-b‑v¡‑p-¶-X‑v. De‑v]-¶-§Ä a‑pX c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-¡‑mÀhs‑c F´‑p‑w GX‑p‑w Bc‑p‑w Z‑ri‑y-h‑n-k‑va-b-§-f‑m-b-hX-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑mc‑w bY‑mÀY P‑oh‑n-Xs‑¯ Ab-Y‑mÀYh‑p‑w ]I‑n«‑p I‑pd-ªX‑p‑w h‑nc-k-h‑p-a‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑p-¶‑p; Ah-b‑ps‑S a‑m[‑y-a‑o-I‑r-X -c‑q]-§-f‑mW‑v I‑qS‑p-X bY‑mÀY‑w F¶ [‑mcW {‑]_-e-a‑m-I‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p.

At‑U‑m-t‑W‑mb‑p‑w t‑l‑mI‑va‑od‑p‑w k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-h‑y-h-k‑m-b-s‑a¶ k‑wÚ c‑q]‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ hg‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p-¡‑nb h‑mÄ«‑vU‑nk‑v\‑n I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑p-IÄ F¶ {‑]X‑n`‑m-ks‑¯ e‑mä‑n-\-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ ] Ý‑m-¯-e-¯‑n h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N-¿‑p¶‑p‑, Gd‑n-b t‑U‑mÀ^‑va‑m\‑p‑w AÀaï‑v aä-e‑mÀ«‑p‑w. k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-]-T-\-¯‑ns‑â Gäh‑p‑w {‑]a‑p-J-c‑mb cï‑p hà‑m-¡HIvtSm_À 2013

t‑I{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p \S-¯‑p¶ kÀt‑h-b‑ne‑qs‑S a‑m[‑y-a-]‑m-T-§-f‑ps‑S k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI h‑ni-I-e\‑w \S-¯‑p-¶-X‑n Cb‑m³ B‑wK‑n-t‑\‑mf‑w {‑]ik‑vX‑n aä‑mÀ¡‑p-a‑n-Ã. ‑"Uf-f‑mk‑v‑' F¶ s‑Se‑nh‑n-j³]-c-¼c a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n B‑wK‑v \S-¯‑nb ]T\‑w C‑u c‑wKs‑¯ ¢‑mk‑n¡‑m-W‑v.

1980-þ90 I‑me-L-«s‑¯ a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑ns‑b-g‑p-X-s‑¸« ‑"a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob k¼-Z‑vL-S-\b‑p‑w‑' F¶ a‑q¶‑m‑w-`‑mK¯‑v Bd‑p- c-N-\-I-f‑p-ï‑v. h‑mÀ¯‑mh‑n-\‑n-a-b-¯‑ns‑â k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-IX a‑pX _l‑p-c‑m{‑ã a‑pX-e‑mf‑n¯¯‑ns‑â \h-s‑I‑m-t‑f‑m-W‑n-b AP-ï-IÄhs‑c Ch-b‑n N‑qï‑n-¡‑m-W‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. b‑qt‑d‑m-¸‑ne‑p‑w hS¡‑v þ s‑X¡‑v At‑ac‑n-¡-I-f‑ne‑p‑w \‑n¶‑p-f-f-h-b‑mW‑v ] T-\-t‑e-J-\-§Ä. AS‑n-¯-d-þ-t‑a-e‑v]‑pc-h‑m-Z-¯‑ns‑â ]‑p\Àh‑m-b-\-b‑n-e‑qs‑S ka-I‑me a‑pX-e‑m-f‑n-¯h‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a§f‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-ff _Ô‑w h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p‑, \‑ns‑¡‑m-fk‑v KÀW‑m‑w. a‑m[‑ya D]-t‑`‑m-K-¯‑ns‑â k¼-Z‑vL-S\

Ah-t‑e‑m-I\‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p‑, Uff‑mk‑v k‑vs‑s‑a¯‑v. Ft‑U‑zÀU‑v Fk‑v. s‑lÀa\‑p‑w t‑\‑m‑wt‑N‑m‑w-k‑vI‑nb‑p‑w X§f‑ps‑S h‑nJ‑y‑m-X-a‑mb ]T-\-¯‑n h‑n] W‑n a‑pX-e‑m-f‑n-¯h‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a- D-f-f-S¡h‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-ff _Ô-§Ä h‑ni-Ie\‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. A©‑v Ac‑n¸ (filters‑)I-f‑n-e‑qs‑S (a‑m[‑ya DS-a-Ø-X‑, ]c-k‑y‑w‑, h‑nZ-K‑v²-c‑ps‑S k‑m¶‑n-²‑y‑w‑, `c-W-I‑qS \‑nb-a-§Ä‑, Ia‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v h‑nc‑p-²X‑) \S-¸‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ s‑{‑]‑m¸-K-ï‑m-c‑m-{‑ã‑ob-¯‑ns‑â a‑pX-e‑m-f‑n-¯-a‑pJ‑w A\‑m-hcW‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p‑, ‑"k½X‑n \‑nÀ½‑m-W‑'s‑a¶ X§-f‑ps‑S k¦e‑v]\-¯‑n-e‑qs‑S s‑lÀa\‑p‑w t‑N‑m‑wk‑vI‑n-b‑p‑w. s‑lÀ_À«‑v j‑nÃ-d‑ps‑S ]T\‑w t‑I‑mÀ¸-t‑dä‑v I‑p¯-IIÄ _l‑p-P-\‑m-`‑n-{‑]‑mb‑w s‑s‑lP‑m¡‑v s‑N¿‑p-¶-X‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w NÀ¨-s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. BÄ¡‑q« k‑wk‑vI‑m-ch‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â s‑s‑Z\‑w-Z‑n\ P‑oh‑n-X-_-Ôh‑p‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑p¶ k‑qk³ h‑nÃ‑n-k‑ns‑âb‑p‑w Bt‑K‑m-f-h¡-c-W-I‑m-es‑¯ e‑mä‑n-\-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c§Ä (k‑n\‑n-a‑, kÀ¡-k‑v, t‑dU‑n-t‑b‑m‑, ]{‑X‑w‑, k‑wK‑o-X‑w...‑) ]T‑n-¡‑p¶ a‑mÀ«‑n³ _‑mÀs‑_-t‑d‑m-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w cN-\-IÄ X‑pSÀ¶‑p hc‑p-¶‑p.

1975 a‑pX-e‑p-ff I‑me¯‑p cN‑n-¡s‑¸« {‑it‑²-b-§-f‑mb Bd‑p a‑m[‑y-a-]T-\- a‑m-X‑r-I-I-f‑mW‑v \‑me‑m‑w `‑mK-¯‑p-ff-X‑v. ‑"{‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w' F¶ i‑oÀj-I-¯‑n Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡s‑¸-S‑p¶ Ch-t‑b‑m-t‑c‑m¶‑p‑w k‑n\‑n-a‑, s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ X‑pS-§‑nb _l‑p-P-\a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ns‑e e‑n‑wK‑, \‑y‑q\-]-£‑, t‑Zi‑ob k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-§-f‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑o-ba‑mW‑v a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w At‑\‑z-j‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ‑’Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema’ F¶ t‑e‑md‑m-aÄh‑n-b‑ps‑S Gs‑d {‑]i-k‑vX-a‑mb Ne-¨‑n-{‑X-]-T-\-¯‑n-e‑mW‑v X‑pS-¡‑w. k‑v{‑X‑ob‑ps‑S Ne-¨‑n-{‑X-{‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ff Gäh‑p‑w {‑it‑²-b-a‑mb At‑\‑z-j-Wa‑mW‑v aÄh‑n-b‑ps‑S C‑u ]T-\‑w. at‑\‑mh‑n-Ú‑m-\‑o-bh‑p‑w k‑v{‑X‑oh‑m-Zh‑p‑w kaÀY-a‑mb‑n I‑q«‑n-b‑n-W-¡‑p¶ Ne-¨‑n{‑X‑, a‑m[‑y-a-]-T\‑w. e‑md‑n-t‑{‑K‑m-k‑ns‑â cN\-b‑n-e‑m-Is‑«‑, _l‑p-P-\-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ns‑e s‑s‑e‑wK‑nI \‑y‑q\-]£ {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\-§s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ff ]T-\-a‑m-W‑v. a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä {‑]X‑o-I‑m-ßI D·‑q-e\‑w (Symbolic annihilation) \S-¯‑p¶ s‑s‑e‑wK‑nI-\‑y‑q-\-]-£-§-f‑mW‑v t‑{‑K‑mk‑ns‑â h‑nj-b‑w. B{‑^‑n-¡³-þ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ k‑v{‑X‑oh‑mZ a‑m[‑ya \‑nc‑q-]-I-c‑n {‑] a‑p-J-c‑mb s‑_Âl‑q-I‑vk‑v, s‑lÀa³ t‑{‑K F¶‑n-hÀ a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-h-b‑v¡‑p-¶X‑v a‑m[‑ya-§-f‑ns‑e Id‑p-¯-h-c‑ps‑S {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m\ c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-a‑m-W‑v. t‑ae‑v]-dª cN-\-If‑ns‑e e‑n‑wK‑, h‑wi {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\-§-Ä

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a‑o\‑m£‑n Z‑pÀl‑w

U¥k‑v F‑w.-s‑IÂ\À‑

1980 IÄ a‑pX k‑w`-h‑n-¡‑p¶ B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-X-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-ff h‑yX‑n-b‑m-\h‑p‑w \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-a‑mW‑v A©‑m‑w `‑mKs‑¯ A©‑p-c-N\-IÄ¡‑m-[‑m-c‑w. B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-X-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ff {‑]J‑y‑m-X-a‑mb k‑n²‑m-´-§-f‑m-h‑n-j‑v¡-c‑n¨ P‑o³t‑_‑m-Z‑n-e‑mZ‑p‑w {‑^U-d‑nI‑v Pb‑n‑wkW‑p‑w DÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-f-f-h-c‑p-t‑S-X‑mW‑v C‑u cN-\-IÄ. B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\´-c-X-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-s‑¨-¶-t‑]‑ms‑eXs‑¶ a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w X‑nI¨‑p‑w `‑n¶-a‑mb s‑s‑k²‑m-´‑nI \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ ]‑peÀ¯‑p-¶-hc‑mW‑v t‑_‑mZ‑n-e‑mZ‑p‑w Pb‑n‑w-k-W‑p‑w. k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X‑, {‑]X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑w‑, h‑n]W‑n‑, D]-t‑`‑m-K‑w‑, a‑pX-e‑m-f‑n¯‑w X‑pS§‑n GX‑paÞes‑¯-¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-cX a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-h-b‑v¡‑p¶ h‑o£-W-_-l‑p-e-Xb‑ps‑S {‑]X‑y-t‑£‑m-Z‑m-l-c-W-§Ä. t‑]‑ms‑eXs‑¶ {‑it‑²-b-a‑mW‑v X‑pSÀ¶‑pff cï‑p t‑eJ-\-§-f‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w t‑I‑mf-\‑nb-\-´c h‑naÀi-\-§Ä. a‑q¶‑m‑w-t‑e‑mI k‑v{‑X‑oc‑m{‑ã‑ob¯‑ns‑â NÀ¨ N{‑µ-s‑a‑ml-´‑nb‑p‑w B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´c t‑Zi‑o-bX‑m-\-´c e‑mä‑n-\-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI k‑m{‑a‑m-P‑y-¯‑m-\‑p-`-h-¯‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w K‑mÀk‑n-b‑m -I‑m¬¢‑n\‑nb‑p‑w \S-¯‑p-¶‑p.

1980 IÄ a‑pX k‑w`-h‑n-¡‑p¶ B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-X-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-ff h‑yX‑n-b‑m-\h‑p‑w \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-a‑mW‑v A©‑m‑w `‑mKs‑¯ A©‑p-c-N-\-IÄ¡‑m[‑m-c‑w. B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-X-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑pff {‑]J‑y‑m-X-a‑mb k‑n²‑m-´-§-f‑m-h‑nj‑v¡-c‑n¨ P‑o³t‑_‑m-Z‑n-e‑mZ‑p‑w {‑^U-d‑nI‑v Pb‑n‑w-kW‑p‑w DÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-f-f-h-c‑p-t‑SX‑mW‑v C‑u cN-\-IÄ. B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\´-c-X-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-s‑¨-¶-t‑]‑ms‑eXs‑¶ a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w X‑nI¨‑p‑w `‑n¶-a‑mb s‑s‑k²‑m-´‑nI \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ ]‑peÀ¯‑p-¶-h-c‑mW‑v t‑_‑mZ‑n-e‑mZ‑p‑w Pb‑n‑w-k-W‑p‑w. k‑mt‑¦X‑n-I-X‑, {‑]X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑w‑, h‑n]W‑n‑, D]-t‑`‑m-K‑w‑, a‑pX-e‑m-f‑n¯‑w X‑pS§‑n GX‑paÞes‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m\-´-cX a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-h-b‑v¡‑p¶ h‑o£-W-

_-l‑p-e-X-b‑ps‑S {‑]X‑y-t‑£‑m-Z‑m-l-c-W§Ä. De‑v]‑m-Z-\s‑¯ t‑I{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑mW‑v B[‑p-\‑n-IX c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑m-ï-s‑X-¦‑n h‑yP-N‑n-Ó§ (simulations‑)-f‑mW‑v B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-X-b‑ps‑S a‑pJ‑w F¶‑v t‑_‑mZ‑n-e‑m-Z‑v. bY‑mÀYh‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â ] IÀ¸‑p‑w X½‑n A´-c-a‑n-Ã‑m-X‑m-I‑p¶-X‑mW‑v B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-X-b‑ps‑S a‑pJ-a‑p-{‑Z.- a‑m-[‑ya§f‑p‑w h‑n]-W‑nb‑p‑w P\-{‑]‑n-b-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-h‑p-a‑mW‑v CX‑ns‑â a‑pJ‑y aÞ-e-§Ä.- U‑nk‑v\‑ne‑m³U‑v t‑]‑me‑p-f-f-hs‑b ‑"k‑na‑p-e‑m{‑I‑w' F¶‑pXs‑¶ t‑_‑mZ‑n-e‑mZ‑v h‑nf‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. I‑mcW‑w‑, b‑mY‑mÀY‑y-s‑¯-¡‑mÄ he‑nb b‑mY‑mÀY‑y-a‑mW‑v A¯c‑w ]IÀ¸‑p-IÄ.

CX‑mW‑v AX‑n-b‑m-Y‑mÀY‑y‑w (hyper‑reality‑). ‑"_l‑p-c‑m-{‑ã-a‑p-X-e‑m-f‑n-¯¯‑ns‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-b‑p-à‑n-‑'b‑mW‑v B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-X-s‑b¶‑v Pb‑n‑w-k¬.

B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´c k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-§f‑ps‑S AS‑n-Ø‑m-\ k‑z`‑mh‑w AX‑ns‑â D]-c‑n-¹-h-X-b‑m-W‑v. Bg-¡‑p-d-h‑v. aI‑ve‑qls‑\b‑p‑w aä‑p‑wt‑]‑ms‑e k‑mt‑¦-X‑nI-X-b‑n-e‑mW‑v t‑_‑mZ‑n-e‑m-Z‑ns‑â D‑u¶-s‑e¦‑n a‑mÀI‑vk‑n-b³/{‑]X‑y-b-i‑mk‑v{‑X \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q¶‑n Bt‑K‑m-f-a‑p-X-e‑mf‑n-¯-¯‑ns‑â k‑m¼-¯‑nI k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-

c‑nI b‑pà‑n-I-s‑f-b‑mW‑v Pb‑n‑wk¬ ] T‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. cï‑p‑w Ht‑c-t‑]‑ms‑e kaI‑me k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI]T-\-§-f‑n {‑] k-àh‑p‑w {‑]‑mt‑b‑m-K‑n-I-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v.

B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´c a‑m[‑y-a-]-T\-¯‑ns‑â A\-´-a‑mb s‑s‑hh‑n-[‑ys‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑mW‑v s‑kes‑Ì He‑m I‑z‑nK-b‑ps‑S t‑eJ\‑w NÀ¨-s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v. B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-cX t‑a‑mi-s‑¸« BÄ¡‑q-«-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-cs‑¯ (kitsch‑) b‑mW‑v Bt‑L‑m-j‑n-¡‑p-¶-s‑X¶‑v s‑ke-s‑Ì. B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-X-s‑b¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ff {‑it‑²-b-a‑mb s‑^a‑n-\‑nÌ‑v \‑nc‑o-£-W-a‑mW‑v P\-{‑]‑n-b-k‑w-k‑vI‑mc-]-T-\-c‑w-K¯‑v Gs‑d {‑]i-k‑vX-b‑mb G©-e‑m -a-I‑vt‑d‑m-_‑n-b‑p-t‑S-X‑v. B[‑p\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-Xs‑b GI-]-£‑o-b-a‑mb‑n \‑nc‑m-I-c‑n-¡‑p-It‑b‑m Bt‑L‑m-j‑n-¡‑pIt‑b‑m Aà t‑hï-X‑v, h‑naÀi-\‑mß-I-a‑mb‑n DÄs‑¡‑m-f-f‑p-I-b‑mW‑v þ G©t‑e‑m ]d-b‑p-¶‑p. B[‑p-\‑n-IX ]‑mÀi‑z-hÂI‑r-X-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w A[‑x-I‑r-Xc‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w k‑zc-§Ä AS‑n-¨-aÀ¯‑n-s‑b¦‑n B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-cX Ahb‑v¡‑v \‑mh‑p‑w I‑mX‑p‑w \ÂI‑n. \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-]-T‑n-X‑m-¡-f‑n Gs‑d {‑] i-k‑vX-\‑mW‑v a‑mÀI‑vt‑]‑m-ÌÀ. A¨-S‑nb‑ps‑S I‑me¯‑v ]‑pk‑vXI‑w b‑pà‑n-k-la‑mb s‑s‑hb-à‑nI IÀX‑r-X‑z-§Ä¡‑p c‑q]‑w \ÂI‑n-s‑b-¦‑n s‑s‑k_Àa‑m-[‑ya I‑me¯‑v `‑n¶-§-f‑mb k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI k‑zX‑z-§Ä c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑m-f-f‑p-¶‑p. t‑_‑mZ‑ne‑m-Z‑n-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-s‑e‑, k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X-b‑v¡‑mW‑v‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-X-¡Ã t‑]‑mÌd‑p‑w {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w Ie‑v]‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ]gb k‑m¼-¯‑nI \‑nÀW-b-h‑mZ‑w c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑mf-f‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v ]‑n¶‑n aI‑ve‑qls‑â-b‑p‑wt‑_‑m-Z‑n-e‑m-Z‑ns‑âb‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ k‑w`‑m-h\ he‑p-X‑m-s‑W¶‑v ]cs‑¡ N‑qï‑n-¡‑m-W‑n¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. t‑]‑mÌÀ C‑u ]‑mc-¼-c‑y¯‑ns‑â hà‑m-h‑m-W‑v. a‑m[‑y-a-§s‑f a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n Bt‑K‑mf-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â `‑n¶-a‑m-\-§Ä ] T‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑ns‑â s‑s‑hh‑n[‑y‑w a‑m{‑X-aÃ‑, C¯c‑w ]T-\-§Ä¡‑p-ff Nc‑n-{‑X]-ch‑p‑w {‑]X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-]-c-h‑p-a‑mb k‑m[‑y-X-If‑p‑w N‑qï‑n-¡‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p C‑u {‑KÙ‑w. A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI a‑m[‑y-a-]-T\-c‑w-K¯‑v Gäh‑p‑w kl‑m-b-I-a‑mW‑v C¯c‑w ka‑m-l‑m-c-§Ä. a‑mÀI‑vk‑v a‑pX a‑mÀI‑vt‑]‑m-ÌÀ hs‑c‑, H¶c \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-]-T-\-c‑w-K¯‑ns‑â ]c‑n-t‑O-Z-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑p-¶‑pa‑pï‑v‑, C‑u {‑KÙ‑w. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com HIvtSm_À 2013

(46) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

Principles Of Marketing: A South Asian Perspective Philip Kotler Pearson Education India 620 Pages; Price Rs. 699.00

This is a comprehensive textbook on marketing for college students taking management courses.

The field of marketing has been changing fast over the recent decades. In the current scenario of connected global markets and online marketing, it has become a vibrant and interactive field.

This book teaches students how to create customer value, build brand loyalty, and customer communities, in addition to traditional marketing principles.

Each chapter opens with an illustrative real life example.

The authors go on to define the concepts using examples to emphasize significant points.

Highlighted points, author comments, and chapter outlines further serve to convey the important lessons in every chapter. Besides the chapter beginning examples, the book also contains a number of real marketing sections that highlight success stories from the Indian subcontinent as well from other places. The book also goes into the quantitative aspects of marketing.

HIvtSm_Ă€ 2013

International Journalism

Kevin Williams SAGE 216 Pages; Price: Rs. 2587.00

What is the future of the foreign correspondent - is there one?

Tracing the historical development of international reporting, Kevin Williams examines the organizational structures, occupational culture and information environment in which it is practiced to explore the argument that foreign correspondence is becoming extinct in the globalized world.

Mapping the institutional, political, economic, cultural, and historical context within which news is gathered across borders, this book reveals how foreign correspondents are adapting to new global and commercial realities in how they gather, adapt and disseminate news.

Lucid and engaging, the book expertly probes three global models of reporting - AngloAmerican, European and the developing world - to lay bare the forces of technology, commercial constraint and globalization that are changing how journalism is practiced and understood.

History of Journalism in Odisha

Dr. Mrinal Chatterjee Sephali Communications 303 Pages; Price: Rs. 450.00 Modern history of journalism in Odisha dates back to the mid nineteenth century. But there are not many books on its history.

This book maps the status of journalism in Odisha till mid 2013 encompassing print, radio, television and new media. It attempts to provide a ringside view of to the exciting and fascinating world of journalism in Odisha, and to a large extent of India and to some extent of the world. It will help the media practitioners to know the history of Odia journalism and also to understand he factors impacting the course of history. From the early years of journalism to the future of journalism in Orissa, the book covers from print to web media and discusses specialty strands like business journalism, entertainment journalism and sports journalism. Cartoonists, Photo Journalists, Columnists, Women Journalists are focussed too, even as present trend of journalism in Orissa is discussed as is politics twined with journalism.

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

a‑m[‑ya§Ä k‑zX{‑´as‑ñ¦‑nð P\‑m[‑n]X‑y‑w A]IS¯‑ne‑mh‑p‑w: a{‑´‑n s‑I.h‑n. t‑X‑mak‑v

\‑y‑qUÂl‑n: a‑m[‑ya§Ä k‑zX{‑´ as‑æ‑n P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑n\‑v B] s‑¯¶‑v t‑I{‑µ `£‑ys‑]‑mX‑ph‑nXcW a{‑´‑n s‑{‑]‑m^. s‑I.h‑n.t‑X‑mak‑v ]d ª‑p. ‑"It‑¼‑mfI‑mes‑¯ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ ¯\‑w‑' F¶ h‑njb¯‑n t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨ t‑Zi‑ob s‑ka‑n\‑mÀ DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑N¿‑pIb‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. P\§Ä¡‑v h‑yàa‑mb kt‑µi‑w \ÂI‑m\‑pÅ {‑]X‑n_²X a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑pï‑v.

P\§s‑f h‑mk‑vXh‑w Ad‑nb‑nt‑¡ï hc‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya§Ä. h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX \‑ne \‑nÀ¯‑m\‑p‑w h‑ni‑zk\‑oba‑mb h‑mÀ¯ IÄ \ÂI‑m\‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑mhW‑w.

C¶‑v Ht‑«s‑d a‑m[‑ya§s‑f _l‑pc‑m{‑ã I¼\‑nIÄ \‑nb{‑´n‑ ¡‑p¶‑p. CX‑ns‑\Ã‑m a‑p]c‑nb‑mb‑n a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\‑w k‑zX {‑´a‑mhW‑w. a‑m[‑ya§Ä k‑zX{‑´a‑m b‑ns‑æ‑n P\‑m[‑n]X‑yk‑wh‑n[‑m\‑w

XIc‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w t‑X‑mak‑v ]dª‑p. a‑m[‑y a§f‑nÂ‑, {‑]t‑X‑yI‑n¨‑p‑w Z‑ri‑ya‑m[‑ya§ f‑n ]‑pX‑nb k‑z`‑mh‑w {‑]Sa‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w bY‑mÀYhk‑vX‑pX P\§s‑f Ad‑nb‑n ¡‑m³ I‑qS‑pX P‑m{‑KX I‑mW‑n¡W s‑a¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w I‑q«‑nt‑¨À¯‑p. h‑n]W‑nb‑mW‑v C¶s‑¯ a‑m[‑ya{‑] hÀ¯\s‑¯ \‑nb{‑´‑n¡‑p¶s‑X¶‑v a‑pJ‑y{‑]`‑mjW‑w \S¯‑nb a‑pX‑nÀ¶ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯I³ I‑pÂZ‑o]‑v \¿‑mÀ ]dª‑p. h³I‑nSI¼\‑nIf‑p‑w _‑nk‑n\ Ê‑pI‑mc‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§f‑nt‑e¡‑v X§f‑ps‑S ]W‑w hg‑nX‑nc‑n¨‑ph‑nS‑p¶X‑v XSb‑m³ \S]S‑nb‑pï‑mhW‑w. s‑X‑mg‑nÂc‑wK s‑¯ Ic‑mÀhX‑v¡cW‑w a‑m[‑yak‑z‑mX {‑´‑ys‑¯ _‑m[‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Ht‑«s‑d b‑ph X‑ob‑ph‑m¡Ä C¶‑v a‑m[‑yac‑wKt‑¯¡‑v IS¶‑p hc‑p¶‑ps‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w Ahc‑mc‑p‑w k‑zX{‑´cs‑öX‑mW‑v C¶s‑¯ Ø‑nX‑n. `‑qc‑n]£‑w a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯I

c‑p‑w Cs‑X‑mc‑p P‑oht‑\‑m]‑m[‑nb‑mb‑n I‑mW‑pt‑¼‑mÄ a‑m[‑yaX¯‑z§Ä¡‑p t‑hï‑n \‑nes‑I‑mÅ‑p¶ N‑nes‑c¦‑ne‑pa‑p s‑ï¶‑p‑w I‑pÂZ‑o]‑v \¿‑mÀ A`‑n{‑]‑mb s‑¸«‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A[‑y£\‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p. a‑pX‑nÀ¶ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑mb h‑nt‑\‑mZ‑v iÀa‑, ]c³t‑P‑mb‑v K‑pl XI‑q ÀX‑, k‑pI‑pa‑mÀ a‑pcf‑o[c³‑, UÂl‑n t‑PWe‑nÌ‑v b‑qW‑nb³ {‑]k‑nUâ‑v Fk‑v.s‑I. ]‑ms‑Þ‑, s‑I.b‑p.U»‑y‑q.s‑P {‑]k‑nUâ‑v s‑I.k‑n. c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, A¡‑mUa‑n FI‑v-k‑n. t‑_‑mÀU‑v A‑wK‑w F³.c‑mt‑Pj‑v‑, {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n Ak‑n.s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³ . ]‑n. kt‑´‑mj‑v F¶‑nhc‑p‑w k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. k‑m‑wk‑v-I‑mc‑n Ia{‑´‑n s‑I.k‑n. t‑P‑mk^‑ns‑â kt‑µi‑w s‑ka‑n\‑md‑n h‑mb‑n-¨‑p.

HIvtSm_À 2013

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

-a‑ ‑m[‑ya§Ä P\§f‑ps‑S iÐa‑mb‑n a‑md-W‑w: - s‑I.PbI‑pa‑mÀ

P\‑m[‑n]X‑y h‑yhØb‑n P\§f‑p s‑S Bib‑p‑w Bi¦b‑p‑w A`‑ne‑mj§ f‑p‑w {‑]X‑n^e‑n¸‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mg‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya §Ä¡‑v A‑wK‑oI‑mch‑p‑w {‑]‑m[‑m\‑yh‑p‑w s‑s‑Ihc‑p¶s‑X¶‑p‑w P\§f‑ps‑S iÐ‑w kX‑ykÔa‑mb‑n t‑Iĸ‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑ms‑X hc‑pt‑¼‑mÄ a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S A[‑nI‑mct‑{‑k‑mXÊ‑v \ãa‑mI‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w a‑p³ N‑o^‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑nb‑p‑w aeb‑mf‑w kÀhIe‑mi‑me s‑s‑hk‑v N‑m³ked‑p a‑mb s‑I.PbI‑pa‑mÀ A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n C³Ì‑näy‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j\‑n 2013-þ14 hÀjs‑¯ t‑I‑mg‑v-k‑pIf‑ps‑S DZ‑vL‑mS \‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑p k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑n

c‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. h‑nIk\{‑]hÀ¯\§Ä¡‑mb‑n kÀ¡‑mÀ N‑neh‑m¡‑p¶ X‑pI ^e{‑] Za‑mb‑n h‑n\‑nt‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶‑pt‑ï‑m F¶‑v P\§s‑f Ad‑nb‑nt‑¡ï _‑m[‑yX a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑pï‑v. h‑nh‑mZ§Ä s‑I‑mg‑p ¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Ad‑nb‑m\‑pÅ P\§f‑ps‑S AhI‑mi§f‑mW‑v \‑nt‑j[‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ s‑X¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p NS§‑n t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A²‑y £X hl‑n¨‑p. at‑\‑mca \‑y‑qk‑v UbdÎÀ t‑P‑mW‑n e‑qt‑¡‑mk‑v‑, d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À S‑nh‑n FU‑näÀ C³ N‑o^‑v F‑w.h‑n.\‑nt‑Ij‑v-I‑pa‑mÀ‑,

{‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n.c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑m F¶‑nhÀ Bi‑wk t‑\À¶‑p.

A²‑y‑m]I Z‑n\t‑¯‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n¨‑v {‑]ik‑vX \‑nc‑q]Ib‑p‑w {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n ^‑m¡Âä‑n A‑wKh‑pa‑mb t‑U‑m.F‑w. e‑oe‑mhX‑ns‑b aeb‑mf‑w kÀhIe‑m i‑me s‑s‑hk‑v N‑m³keÀ s‑I.PbI‑p a‑mÀ s‑]‑m¶‑mSbW‑nb‑n¨‑v BZc‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.

BÀ.AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w C³Ì‑näy‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ UbdÎÀ F‑w.c‑maN{‑µ³ \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

a‑m[‑ya§Ä h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX I‑m¯‑pk‑q£‑n¡-W‑w-: a‑pJ‑y-a{‑´‑n t‑I‑m-«b‑w: a‑m[‑ya§Ä h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX I‑m¯‑pk‑q£‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑v a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑n D½³N‑mï‑n. a‑m[‑ya§f‑n hc‑p¶s‑X Ã‑m‑w h‑ni‑zk‑n¡‑p¶hc‑mW‑v aeb‑mf‑nI Ä. AX‑n\‑m a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S D¯c h‑mZ‑nX‑z‑w Gd‑p¶X‑mb‑p‑w a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑n H‑mÀa‑n¸‑n¨‑p. t‑Icf ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I b‑qW‑nb³ 51-‑þm‑w k‑wØ‑m\kt‑½f\‑w DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑N¿‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p a‑pJ‑y a{‑´‑n. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑ps‑S t‑]c‑v ‑"a‑oU‑nb A¡‑mZa‑n‑' F¶‑m¡‑p s‑a¶‑v a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑n s‑hf‑ns‑¸S‑p¯‑n. h‑nh‑n[ t‑b‑mK§f‑n t‑I{‑µa{‑´‑n s‑I.h‑n.t‑X‑mak‑v‑, a{‑´‑na‑mc‑mb s‑I.F‑w. a‑mW‑n‑, X‑nc‑ph©‑qÀ c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³‑, s‑I.k‑n.t‑P‑mk^‑v‑, F‑w.]‑n.a‑mc‑mb Bt‑â‑m BâW‑n‑, ]‑n.S‑n.t‑X‑mak‑v‑, t‑P‑mb‑n F{‑_l‑m‑w‑, F‑w.FÂ.F.a‑mc‑m b k‑n.F^‑v.t‑X‑mak‑v‑, t‑a‑m³k‑v t‑P‑mk^‑v‑, P‑nÃ‑m¸©‑mb¯‑v s‑s‑hk‑v HIvtSm_À 2013

t‑Icf ]{‑X-{‑]hÀ¯I b‑q-W‑nb³ k‑wØ‑m\ kt‑½f\t‑¯‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n¨‑v \S¶ ]{‑X-{‑] hÀ¯\ Nc‑n{‑X {‑]-ZÀ-i-\a‑mb - "Iè‑p a‑pX I‑w]‑y‑q«À h-s‑c þ Nc‑n{‑X ]Y§f‑ne‑q-s‑S' b‑ns‑e t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑m-Z-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S ]-h-e‑nb³ C³^Àt‑aj³ ]»‑nI‑v-d‑nt‑ej³k‑v hI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑n s‑I. k‑n. t‑P‑mk^‑v kµÀ-i‑n-¡‑p¶‑p.

{‑]k‑nU³d‑v AU‑z. ^‑nÂk¬ a‑mX‑y‑p‑, s‑I.k‑n.c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑m F¶‑nhÀ {‑]k‑w

K‑n¨‑p. F‑w.]‑n.kt‑´‑mj‑v-I‑pa‑mÀ k‑z‑mK Xh‑p‑w Fk‑v.at‑\‑mP‑v \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]d-ª‑p.

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‑t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n S‑nh‑n t‑PÀWe‑nÌ‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v h‑n.F‑w.Z‑o]¡‑v 2012-s‑e a‑nI¨ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯ IÀ¡‑pÅ t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n Ah‑mÀU‑n\‑v h‑n.F‑w.Z‑o] AÀlb‑mb‑n.

25‑,000c‑q]b‑p‑w {‑]ik‑vX‑n]{‑Xh‑pa‑mW‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v. h‑n.F‑w.Z‑o] cN\b‑p‑w AhXcW h‑p‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑v C´‑y‑mh‑nj\‑n k‑w t‑{‑]jW‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ ‑"Z {‑K‑o³ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ «‑v' ‑, k‑ma‑ql‑nI c‑m{‑ã‑ob {‑]kà‑ns‑I‑m ï‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya]ca‑mb s‑{‑]‑m^jW a‑nIh‑ps‑I‑mï‑p‑w {‑it‑²ba‑mbX‑mb‑n PU‑vP‑n§‑v I½‑nä‑n A‑wK§f‑mb s‑I. c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, j‑mP‑n t‑P¡_‑v‑, c‑mP‑p d‑mt‑^ F¶‑nhÀ A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. ae¸‑pd‑w I‑meS‑n k‑zt‑Zi‑nb‑mb h‑n.F‑w.Z‑o]b‑v¡‑v Gj‑y‑ms‑\ä‑n d‑nt‑¸‑m À«d‑mb‑n H³]X‑v hÀjh‑p‑w \‑y‑qk‑v d‑n t‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑v‑, kaI‑me‑nI ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ X¿‑md‑m¡‑p¶X‑n 10 hÀj¯‑nt‑es‑d b‑p‑w ]c‑nNba‑pï‑v. Aa‑rX S‑nh‑nb‑n I‑mÀj‑nIc‑wKs‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑v k‑wt‑{‑]j W‑w s‑Nb‑vX lc‑nX`‑mcX‑w ]c‑n]‑mS‑n b‑ps‑S 300 F¸‑nt‑k‑mU‑pIÄ¡‑v k‑v-{‑I‑n ]‑vä‑v X¿‑md‑m¡‑nbX‑p‑w Z‑o]b‑mW‑v. a‑nI¨ kaI‑me‑nI ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ¡‑p Å 2002-s‑e k‑wØ‑m\ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ Ah‑mÀU‑v‑, 2012-s‑e a‑nI¨ AhX‑mcI b‑v¡‑pÅ k‑wØ‑m\ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ Ah‑mÀU‑v F¶‑nh e`‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v.

BZÀis‑¯ AhKW‑n¨t‑¸‑mÄ P\‑m[‑n]X‑y‑w Z‑pÀ_ea‑mb‑n : t‑U‑m.s‑I.P‑n.]‑ut‑e‑mk‑v -

BZÀis‑¯ AhKW‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w A[‑nI‑mcs‑¯ Xeb‑n s‑h¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vXt‑¸‑mg‑mW‑v P\‑m[‑n]X‑y‑w Z‑pÀ_ea‑mbs‑X¶‑v t‑U‑m.s‑I.P‑n.]‑ut‑e‑mk‑v ]dª‑p. I‑pd‑qÀ \‑oeIW‑vT³ \¼‑qX‑nc‑n¸‑mS‑v A\‑pk‑vacW¯‑n k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w‑, kaX‑z‑w‑, P\‑m[‑n]X‑y‑w F¶ h‑njb¯‑n a‑pJ‑y{‑]`‑mjW‑w \S¯‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. I‑pdh‑pIÄ hfs‑cb‑ps‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑e DX‑vI‑rãa‑mb `cW k‑wh‑n[‑m\‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑ya‑mW‑v. AX‑n\‑v I‑päh‑p‑w I‑pdh‑p‑w Ds‑ï¶‑v ]db‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p¶X‑v P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑ns‑e k‑z‑mX{‑´‑ya‑mW‑v. BZÀi‑m[‑nj‑vT‑nXa‑mb P\‑m[‑n]X‑ys‑¯ h‑nk‑vac‑n¨t‑¸‑mÄ AX‑v A]l‑mk‑ya‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. C¶s‑¯ Xea‑pdb‑v¡‑v K‑mÔ‑nb‑p‑w I‑pd‑qc‑p‑w Hs‑¡ A]c‑nN‑nXc‑mbX‑v C‑u AhØ a‑qea‑mW‑v. k‑z‑mX{‑´‑ykac I‑me¯‑v C´‑y Hc‑p h‑nI‑mca‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. F¶‑m C¶‑v AX‑v Hc‑p H‑mÀ½t‑]‑me‑p‑w AÃ‑mX‑mb‑n þ- s‑I.P‑n.]‑ut‑e‑mk‑v ]dª‑p. t‑Xd¼‑n c‑maI‑rj‑vW³ F‑w.FÂ.F A\‑pk‑vacW{‑]`‑mjW‑w \S¯‑n.

K‑mÔ‑nb‑ps‑S a\Ê‑v a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑nb A\‑pb‑mb‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p I‑pd‑qs‑c¶‑v At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. N‑n{‑X³ \\‑z‑qX‑nc‑n¸‑mS‑v A²‑y£\‑mb‑n. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ.AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ‑, k‑n._‑n.Fk‑v.aW‑n F¶‑nhÀ {‑]k‑wK‑n¨‑p.

K‑pïÀ«‑ns‑â ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑ps‑S U‑nP‑ns‑s‑ät‑kj³ {‑]hÀ¯\§Ä¡‑v X‑pS¡a‑mb‑n tUm. slÀ½³ KpïÀ«v PÀ½ \nbnte¡v Xncn¨pt]mIpt¼m Ä sImïpt]mb ]pkvXI§ fpsS UnPnä t^mÀamäv hn¡n ]oUnb hgn e`yam¡p¶Xn\p Å {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v XpS¡ ambn. KpïÀ«v seKkn F¶ t]cn Sq_n§³ kÀhIem ime \S¯p¶ ]²XnbpsS Hu]NmcnI {]Jym]\w tIcf {]kv A¡mZanbn \S¶p. Sq_n§³ bqWnthgv-knän s{]m ^kdpw C³tUmfPnÌpamb tUm.ssls¡ tamkÀ CXp kw_Ôn¨ {]Jym]\w \S¯n.

NS§n tUm.kv-Idnb k¡dnb A[y£\mbncp¶p.

KpïÀ«v tiJc¯nse ]gs©mÂame, Hcmbncw ]gs©m ÃpIÄ F¶nhbpsS kv-Im\pIfS§nb s]³s{sUhv tUm.ssls¡ tamkdn \n¶v tUm. kv-Idnb k¡dnb Gäphm§n. KpïÀ«v tiJcw s]mXpkaql¯n\v e`yam

¡p¶Xnsâ {]XoIambn tUm. kv-Idnb k¡dnb Cu kv-Im\pIÄ aebmfw hn¡n {]hÀ¯I\mb sI. at\mPn \v ssIamdn.

GXm\pw amk§Ä¡Iw ]²Xn ]qÀWamIp¶tXmsS Aaqeyamb KpïÀ«v tiJcw temIs¯hnsSbpw BÀ¡pw kz´w I¼yq«dn e`yamIpw. Ah Uu¬temUv sN¿m\pw {]nsâSp¡m\pw Ignbpw. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan HmUntämdnb¯n \S¶ NS§n {]kv A¡mZan sk{I«dn hn BÀ APnXv IpamÀ, APbv _meN{µ³, hniz{]`, at\mPv, I®³ j¬apJw, A\nÂIpamÀ, AtimI³ Rmd¡Â XpS§nbhÀ ]s¦Sp¯p.

HIvtSm_À 2013

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

C³{KnUv ssdkv ]mÝmXytemI¯p\n¶pw A´ÀtZiob km¶n²yadnbn¨ GI FUntämdnb ImÀ«qWnÌmb C³{KnUv ssdkv kndnbbnse B`y´c Iem]s¯ Bkv]Zam¡nhc¨ ImÀ«qWmWnXv. kndnb³ {]knUâv AkZnsâ t\XrXz¯nepÅ `cWIqSw cmkmbp[w D]tbmKn¨v {]t£m`Isc sIms¶mSp¡nbXnsâ {]Xntj[amWv Cu hc. kndnb³ `q]Sw ChnsS Xetbm«nbmbn amdp¶p.

1956 Cw¥ïn P\n¨ C³{KnUv ssdkv Im\Ubnse t\mÀ¯v hm³IqhdnemWv kvIqÄ Imew apX ]Tn¨Xpw hfÀ¶Xpw. ]T\tijw _n.kn.Sn.hn. bpsS {Km^nIv Un¸mÀ«vsaân tPmenbn {]thin¨p. XpSÀ¶v Snhn ho¡v amKkntâbpw shÌv thÄUntâbpw BÀ«v UbdÎdmbncp¶p. 1985 apX kzX{´ {Km^nIv Unssk\dmbn {]hÀ¯n¨phcp¶p. 1992 apX cïp hÀj¡mew hm³IqhÀ k¬ ]{X¯n\p thïn am{Xw {^oem³kmbn {]hÀ¯n¨ C³{KnUv ssdkv XpSÀ¶v skÂ^v knïnt¡j³ Bcw`n¨p. Ct¸mÄ BgvNbn ctïm aqt¶m ImÀ«qWpIÄ hoXw hc¨v Im\Ubnse {]apJ ]{X§fnseÃmw {]kn²oIcn¨phcp¶p.

tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by V. G. Renuka, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

Media Monthly | October 2013 | ` 10/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676

1145 cq] hnebpÅ 9 ]pkvXI§Ä Ct¸mÄ 630 cq]¡v {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ 1145 cq] sam¯w hnebpÅ 9 ]pkvXI§fpw 630 cq]¡p e`n¡pw. X]menemsW¦nð 750 cq].

hmÀ¯ IY hyhlmcw: tUm. BâWn kn tUhnkv, hne 125 cq] Im¼ntÈcn, Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À, sI.kpµtci³, hne 75 cq] kztZim`nam\n: cmPt{Zmlnbmb cmP ykvt\ln, Sn.thWptKm]mð, hne 260 cq] hr¯m´ ]{X{]hÀ¯\w; kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW]nÅ; hne 40 cq] ]{X`mj; hne 20 cq] hmÀ¯bpsS inð]ime; (cïmw ]Xn¸v) F³.F³.kXy{hX³, hne 150 cq] F.sI.]nÅ: BZÀi§fpsS càkm£n; F.cm[mIrjvW³; hne 200 cq] s\tòenbpsS I¼n; sI.sI.taml\³; hne 75 cq] aebmf ]{X`mj þ hnImk ]cnWma§Ä; hne 200cq]

tIm¸nIÄ¡v: sk{I«dn, tIcf {]kv A¡mZan; Im¡\mSv, sIm¨nþ682 030; t^m¬: 0484 2422275 sNt¡m UnUntbm aWntbmÀUtdm Ab¡pI