Media 2014 april online file by lakshmi Anandhakrishnan

April 2014 | Vol. 2 | Issue 12 | Price ` 20

On ‘A Free Irresponsible Press’

ap³t] \Sóhsc ]cnNbs¸Sp¯mw...

]{X{]hÀ¯\cwK¯v \ap¡p aptó \Sóhsc Cu Xeapdbv¡pw hcpw Xeapdbv¡pw ]cnNbs¸Sp¯m\pÅ Hcp {iaamWv tIcf {]kv A¡mZanbpsS sh_vsskänse Stalwarts of Journalism from Kerala (http://pressacademy.org/stalwarts) Fó hn`mKw. tIcf¯nse am[yacwKs¯ hgnIm«nIfmbhtcbpw adp\mSpIfnð ] {X{]hÀ¯\cwK¯v hyànap{Z]Xn¸n¨ aebmfnItfbpw Ct¸mgs¯ apXnÀó am[ya{]hÀ¯Itcbpw Ipdn¨pÅ hnhc§fmWv Cu hn`mK¯nð. a×dªhtcm Adp]XphbÊp ]nón«htcm Bb apXnÀó am[ya{]hÀ¯IcpsS t^mt«mbpw eLpPohNcn{X¡pdn¸pw mail@pressacademy.org Fó Csabvente¡v Ab¨p Xóv Cu kwcw`hpambn hmb\¡mÀ¡pw klIcn¡mw.

G{]nð 2014 $ ]pkvXIw 2 $ e¡w 12 $ hne ` 20

"D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑za‑nñ‑mb‑va‑'b‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑za‑mW‑v‑! FUntämdnbð ap³t] ]dóhÀ

04 15

Lighthouse

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The Future of Journalism (As We Know It) Howard Finberg / K. Rajagopal

Day-old news won’t cut it in print anymore Juan Antonio Giner

Social Media as a Powerful New Communication Tool K. S. R. Menon

Ashok R Chandran

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tPmk^v BâWn

Students’ Corner

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J. V. Vil’anilam

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Bookshelf

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 49 temIw Iï hc 50

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FUntämdnbð

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tem Editor N. P. Rajendran Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Senior News Editor, Mangalam, Kottayam N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan T. R. Madhukumar Editor In Charge, Deshabhimani Weekly, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Printer & Publisher V. R. Ajith Kumar Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Marketing In Charge Shainus Markose Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 20 Annual Subscription: ` 200 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 30,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside B&W: ` 20,000

G{]nð 2014

-I‑v-k-`‑m-X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n-s‑â t‑I‑m-e‑m-l-e-§Ä-¡‑n-S-b‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w h‑n-h‑m-Z-§-f‑nÂ I-£‑n-I-f‑mb‑n. H-t‑c-ka-b‑w AhÀ {‑]-X‑n-If‑mb‑p‑w h‑m-Z‑n-I-f‑mb‑p‑w P-\-§Ä-¡‑v a‑p-¼‑nÂ \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. a‑m-[‑ya-§Ä ]-W‑w ]-ä‑n \-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n {‑]-N‑mc-W‑w \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¶ B-t‑c‑m]-W‑w B‑w-B-Z‑v-a‑n ]‑mÀ-«‑n t‑\-X‑m-h‑v A-c-h‑n-µ‑v s‑I-P‑v-d‑n-h‑mÄ D-¶-b‑n-¨t‑¸‑m-g‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑v k‑z-b‑w- \‑y‑m-b‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¡-ï \‑n-e-b‑p-ï‑m-bX‑v. s‑I-P‑v-d‑nh‑m-f‑ns‑\X‑n-s‑c a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S k‑w-L-S-\-If‑p‑w B-ª-S‑n-¡‑p-I-X-s‑¶ s‑N-b‑vX‑p. -t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v ]W‑w ]ä‑n-b a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑c X‑m³ A-[‑n-I‑mc-¯‑nÂ- h-¶‑mÂ P-b‑n-e‑n-e-S-¡‑p‑w F-¶ s‑I-P‑v-d‑n-h‑m-f‑ns‑â `‑o-j-W‑n- a‑m-[‑y-a-¡‑ms‑c I‑q-S‑p-XÂ {‑]-t‑I‑m-]‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p F-¶‑p-]-d-b‑m-s‑X h¿. P-b‑n-e‑n-e-S-¡Â `‑oj-W‑n-b‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[‑nt‑¡ïX--‑pX-s‑¶b‑mW‑v. C‑u {‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑w‑, P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â a‑q-e‑y-£-b-§-Ä-s‑¡-X‑ns‑c P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑âX-s‑¶ D-]-I-c-W-§Ä D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n¨‑v s‑]‑m-c‑p-X‑p¶ H-c‑p B‑w-B-Z‑v-a‑n c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b -{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v D-bÀ-¶‑p-h-t‑c-ï-XÃ. A-g‑n-aX‑n-¡‑m-s‑c P-b‑n-e‑n-e-S¡‑p‑w F-¶‑v P-\-§Ä-¡‑v h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e B-ß‑mÀ-°-X X‑p-f‑p-¼‑p-¶ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\a-t‑Ã C-s‑X-¶‑v t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w D-bÀ-t‑¶¡‑m‑w. AÃ X-s‑¶. ]-W‑w h‑m-§‑n-b‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä t‑a‑m-Z‑n-s‑b ]‑n-´‑p-W-¡‑p-¶s‑X¶-X‑v s‑I-P‑v-d‑n-h‑m-f‑n-s‑â H-c‑p B-t‑c‑m]-W‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. he‑n-b H-c‑p h‑n-`‑m-K‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑m-W‑v c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â GI {‑]-X‑o-£-s‑b-¶ t‑X‑m-¶Â P-\§-f‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m³ t‑_‑m-[-]‑qÀ-h‑w {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¶-X‑v i-c‑n-b‑mW‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-X-b‑p-s‑S I-®‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑\‑m-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-X‑v i-c‑nb‑m-b I‑m-c‑y-aÃ F-¶‑v ]-d-b‑m‑w. F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, A-X‑n-\‑v A-hÀ-¡‑v A-h-I‑m-ih‑p‑w k‑z‑m-X{‑´‑yh‑p‑w D-s‑ï-¶-X‑m-W‑v b‑m-Y‑m-À°‑y‑w. s‑\-l‑v-d‑p-h‑n-s‑â I‑m-e¯‑p‑w C-µ‑n-c-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-e¯‑p‑w c‑m-P‑o-h‑n-s‑â I‑m-e¯‑p‑w h‑m-P‑v-t‑]-b‑n-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-e-¯‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w a‑m-[‑y-a§Ä X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑nÂ {‑]-N‑mc-W‑w \-S-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. t‑Zi‑o-b A-S‑n-b-´-c-‑m h-Ø-b‑p-s‑S H-S‑p-h‑n-Â \-S-¶ t‑e‑m-I‑v-k-`‑m-X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑nÂ t‑Zi‑o-b ]-{‑X-§Ä ]‑mÀ-«‑n-]-{‑X-§-t‑f-¡‑mÄ B-t‑h-i-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v C-µ‑n-c‑m-K‑m-Ô‑n-s‑b A-[‑n-I‑m-c¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑n-d-¡‑m³ {‑]-N‑mc-W‑w \-S-¯‑n-bX‑v. C-µ‑n-c‑m-K‑m-Ô‑n X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p¶-X‑v C-´‑y³ P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑v A´‑y‑w I‑p-d‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶ D-d-¨ h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w \‑n-j‑v-]£-X-s‑b-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a-a‑q-e‑y-t‑¯-¡‑mÄ B-b‑n-c‑w aS-§‑v h-e‑p-X‑m-W‑v F-¶-hÀ-¡‑v t‑_‑m-[‑y-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. A-X‑n-\‑v Ah-s‑c I‑p-ä-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ. a-d‑n-¨‑v h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¨‑v C-µ‑n-c‑m-K‑m-Ô‑n-¡‑v A-\‑p-I‑q-e-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-e-b‑p-d-¸‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w t‑h‑m-«‑v A-hÀ-¡‑v s‑N¿-W-s‑a-¶‑v h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-s‑c D-Z‑v-t‑_‑m-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-h-s‑cb‑p‑w I‑p-ä-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ. A-X‑n-s‑â-s‑bÃ‑m‑w t‑{‑]-c-W-IÄ t‑Z-i‑o-b-X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-a‑mW‑v‑, c‑m-P‑y-¯‑ns‑â `‑m-h‑n-b‑m-W‑v. C-X‑n-Â-\‑n-s‑¶Ã‑m‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b‑n \-t‑c-{‑µ t‑a‑m-Z‑n-s‑b ]‑n-´‑m-§‑p-¶ t‑Zi‑ob a‑m-[‑y-a-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w ]-W‑w h‑m-§‑n-b‑m-W‑v A-§-s‑\ s‑N-¿‑p¶-X‑v F-¶‑v B-t‑c‑m]‑n-¡‑m³ F-´‑p- s‑X-f‑n-h‑m-W‑v s‑I-P‑v-d‑n-h‑m-f‑n-s‑â s‑s‑I-h-i-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v? s‑IP‑v-d‑n-h‑mÄ H-c‑p s‑X-f‑nh‑p‑w l‑m-P-c‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w‑, h³-t‑X‑m-X‑nÂ ]-c-k‑y-§Ä \Â-I‑n ]-{‑X§-s‑f A-hÀ {‑]‑o-W‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F¶-X‑v i-c‑n-b‑m-W‑v. ]t‑£‑, c‑m-l‑pÂ K‑m-Ô‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑nÂ t‑I‑m¬-{‑KÊ‑p‑w A-X‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑mW‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-t‑]‑m-¶X‑v. H-¶‑v I‑q-S‑p-Xe‑p‑w H-¶‑v I‑p-dh‑p‑w B-s‑Wt‑¶‑m‑, H-¶‑v [‑mÀ-a‑n-Ih‑p‑w a-t‑ä-X‑v A-[‑mÀ-a‑n-Ih‑p‑w B-s‑Wt‑¶‑m ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑nÂ he‑n-b I-g-s‑¼‑m-¶‑p-a‑nÃ. b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ‑, ]-W‑w h‑m-§‑p-I F-¶-X‑n-\-¸‑p-d-a‑p-Å h-e‑n-b \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-If‑p‑w X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y-§-f‑p‑w BW‑v t‑a‑m-Z‑n-¡‑v ]‑n-¶‑nÂ A-W‑n-\‑nc-¡‑m³ a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¨-s‑X-¶ I‑mc‑y‑w s‑I-P‑v-d‑n-h‑mÄ A-d‑n-b‑m-s‑X a-d¨‑p-s‑h-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v s‑N-b‑v-XX‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e G-äh‑p‑w k-¼-¶c‑m-b h‑n-`‑m-K-§Ä

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\-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑mI-W‑w F-¶‑m-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-s‑X‑m-c‑p b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-a‑mW‑v. B-c‑v h‑n-N‑m-c‑n-¨‑me‑p‑w A-X‑p -a-d-¨‑p-s‑h-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ. A-X‑n-\‑v A-hÀ-¡‑v A-h-I‑m-i-a‑pï‑v. FÃ‑m P-\-h‑n-`‑m-K-§f‑p‑w X-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y§Ä D-bÀ-¯‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¨‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑nÂ \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ F-S‑p-¡‑p-¶X‑v. h³I‑n-S a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S D-S-a-ØÀ¡‑p‑w ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-·‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w G-äh‑p‑w D-Z‑m-c-a‑m-b k‑m-¼¯‑n-I \-b-§-f‑m-W‑v A-hÀ¡‑p‑w P-\-§Ä¡‑p‑w c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n\‑p‑w K‑p-W-I-c-a‑mh‑p-I F-¶‑p‑w \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-ï‑v. A-hÀ A-X‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n-b‑m-W‑v t‑a‑m-Z‑n-¡‑v A-\‑p-I‑q-ea‑m-b \‑n-e-b‑p-d-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. CX‑v s‑hd‑p‑w s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑v B-W‑v F¶‑p ]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ I‑mc‑ys‑¯ \‑n-Ê‑m-c-hÂ-¡-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v s‑I-P‑v-d‑n-h‑mÄ s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v. s‑I-P‑v-d‑n-h‑m-f‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v A-c‑n-i-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑p-Å a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S [‑mÀ-a‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i‑w X‑oÀ-¨-b‑mb‑p‑w t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï-X‑p-Xs‑¶-b‑mW‑v. C-´‑y³ a‑m-[‑y-a-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â G-äh‑p‑w h‑n-I‑r-Xa‑m-b a‑p-J‑w I‑rX‑y‑w A-©‑p-hÀ-j‑w a‑p¼‑v C‑u P-\-X I-ï-X‑m-W‑v. 2009s‑e X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v I‑me-¯‑v c‑m-P‑y-¯‑p-S-\‑o-f‑w h-e‑pX‑p‑w s‑N-d‑p-X‑pa‑m-b ]-{‑X-§Ä ]‑mÀ-«‑n-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n¶‑p‑w Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-°‑n-If‑nÂ-\‑n¶‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯ \Â-I‑m³ ]W‑w C‑u-S‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶ kX‑y‑w s‑h-f‑n-h‑m-I‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-X‑v P-\-a-[‑y-¯‑nÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-s‑f X‑p-d-¶‑p- I‑m-«‑p-I-b‑p-a‑p-ï‑mb‑n. {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-Å t‑Zi‑o-b Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä C-X‑v K‑u-c-h-¯‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¯‑v A-t‑\‑zj-W-§Ä \-S¯‑n. I‑u¬-k‑n-e‑n-s‑e c-ï‑w-K-§Ä þ ]-c³-t‑P‑m-b‑v K‑p-l X‑m-¡‑pÀ-¯b‑p‑w s‑I. {‑i‑o-\‑n-h‑m-k-s‑d-Í‑nb‑p‑w C-X‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v B-g-¯‑n-e‑p-f-f ]T-\‑w \-S-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w k-a-{‑Ka‑m-b d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑vX‑p. F-{‑X a‑m-[‑y-a§Ä C‑u d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-s‑e s‑R-«‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ I-s‑ï-¯-e‑p-IÄ-¡‑v h‑mÀ-¯‑m-{‑]‑m-[‑m\‑y‑w \Â-I‑n? A-X‑v t‑]‑m-I-s‑«‑, C‑u d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v P-\-a-[‑y¯‑nÂ s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p¶-X‑v {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ X-s‑¶ X-S-ª‑nt‑Ã? {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑n-e‑nÂ \‑n-d-ª‑p- I-h‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a D-S-a-Ø-c‑p-s‑S k-½À-±-¯‑n-\‑v h-g§‑n‑, a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p I-½‑n-ä‑n-s‑b \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑nÂ s‑h-Å‑w t‑NÀ-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬k‑nÂ s‑N-b‑v-XX‑v. X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑p-h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ ]-W‑w h‑m-§‑p-Ib‑p‑w N‑n-e Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-°‑nI-s‑f ]-W‑w h‑m-§‑n D-bÀ-¯‑n-¡‑m-«‑p-Ib‑p‑w ]-W‑w X-c‑m-¯h-s‑c C-I-g‑v-¯‑n-¡‑m-«‑p-I-b‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w a‑m-[‑ya- k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-s‑¯b‑p‑w h‑y-`‑n-N-c‑n-¨-hÀ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c t‑\c‑n-b i-Ð‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w D-bÀ-¶‑nÃ. {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑nÂ t‑]-s‑cS‑p-¯‑p- ]-d-ª a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c H-c‑p \-S-]-S‑n-b‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑nÃ. ]-{‑X-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑nÂ A-hÀ C-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w A-´-Ê‑m-b‑n X‑p-S-c‑p¶‑p. C-hÀ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c s‑N-d‑p-h‑n-cÂ A-\-¡‑m³ X-¿‑m-d‑nÃ‑m-¯ \-½-f‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ s‑I-P‑v-d‑n-h‑m-f‑ns‑\-X‑n-s‑c h‑m-s‑f-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A-©‑p-hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w h‑oï‑p‑w P-\-§-Ä c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑nI-s‑f X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A¶-s‑¯ s‑]b‑v-U‑v-\‑y‑q-k‑v k‑w-`-h-¯‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w F-´‑v \-S-]-S‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v A-X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c k‑z‑o-I-c‑n¨-X‑v F-¶-d‑n-b‑m³ P-\-§Ä-¡‑v A-h-I‑m-i-a‑pï‑v. kÀ-¡‑mÀ B-hs‑«‑, {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ B-h-s‑« b‑m-s‑X‑m¶‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑nÃ. s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑v [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-X-b‑p-s‑S e‑wL-\‑w a‑m-{‑XaÃ. A-X‑v P-\-{‑]‑m-X‑n-\‑n-[‑y- \‑n-b-a-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w I-¼-\‑o-k‑v B-I‑v-ä‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w B-Z‑m-b-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n \‑n-b-a-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w e‑w-L-\-§f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑mÂ X-§Ä A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¨‑v ]-W‑w s‑I‑m-¿‑p-¶ ]-{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-Ka‑m-W‑v ]-W‑w h‑m-§‑m-\‑p-Å A-h-I‑mi-h‑p-s‑a-¶ \‑m-S‑y-¯‑nÂ s‑\-©‑p-h‑n-c‑n-¨‑v \‑nÂ-¸‑m-W‑v t‑Z-i‑o-b a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S X-e-h-·‑mÀ. b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ A-h-c‑p-s‑S [-\‑mÀ-¯‑n X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v I‑m-e-t‑¯-¡‑v a‑m-{‑X-a‑p-Å-XÃ. a-t‑ä-s‑X‑m-c‑p h‑y-h-k‑m-t‑b‑m-e‑v¸-¶‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e h‑mÀ-¯b‑p‑w b-t‑Y-ã‑w h‑n-ä‑v I‑m-i‑m¡‑m³ A-h-I‑m-i-a‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v I-c‑p-X‑p-¶-h-c‑m-W‑v h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p h‑n-`‑m-K‑w. b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ a-ä‑v h‑y‑m-h-k-t‑b‑m-e‑v-¸-¶-§-t‑f-¡‑mÄ t‑a‑m-i-a‑m-W‑v h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S Ø‑n-X‑n. a-t‑ä-X‑n\‑p‑w h‑y-h-Ø‑m-]‑n-Xa‑m-b K‑p-W-\‑n-e-h‑m-c-a‑p-ï‑v. a‑m-b‑w t‑NÀ-¯‑mÂ ]‑n-S‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p‑w. H¶‑p‑w _‑m-[-I-aÃ h‑mÀ-¯-b‑v-¡‑v. s‑I-P‑v-d‑n-h‑m-f‑p-a‑mÀ-¡‑v t‑\-s‑c H-c‑p h‑n-cÂ N‑q-ï‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a-ä‑v \‑m-e‑v h‑n-c-e‑p-IÄ X-§Ä-¡‑v t‑\-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v N‑q-ï-s‑¸-S‑p¶-X‑v F-¶‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n-e‑p-Å-hÀ a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-t‑¡-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan) sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), UbdÎÀ (]»nIv dntej³kv), sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (FUnäÀ C³ NmÀPv, tZim`nam\n hmcnI, tImgnt¡mSv), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (ko\nbÀ \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tIm«bw), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³, t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: hn. BÀ. APnXv IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

G{]nð 2014

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"D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑za‑nñ‑mb‑va‑'b‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑za‑mW‑v‑! `cWI‑qS‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-h-b‑v¡‑p¶ D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑z§Ä a‑m{‑XaÃ a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑pÅs‑X¶‑v N‑qï‑n¡‑m«‑p¶‑p‑, l‑mÀh‑mÀU‑v kÀÆIe‑mi‑meb‑ns‑e \‑nbah‑n`‑mK¯‑ns‑e s‑{‑]‑m^kd‑mb s‑b‑m¨‑mb‑v s‑_³¢À. `cWI‑qS§f‑ps‑S I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑ns‑e "D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑za‑nÃ‑mb‑va‑'b‑p‑w k‑zX{‑´ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n\‑v A\‑nh‑mc‑ya‑ms‑W¶‑v h‑n¡‑ne‑o¡‑vk‑p‑w {‑_‑mU‑ve‑n a‑m\‑n§‑p‑w {‑]X‑n t‑NÀ¡s‑¸« t‑Ik‑nÂ t‑I‑mSX‑nb‑nÂ k‑m£‑nb‑mb‑n s‑N¶‑v Ct‑±l‑w {‑]k‑vX‑mh‑n¨‑p. k‑z´‑w `cWI‑qS‑w t‑e‑mI P\Xt‑b‑mS‑v A\‑oX‑n I‑m«‑nb‑mÂ AX‑ns‑\ h‑yhØ‑m]‑nX a‑mÀ¤§Ä h‑n«‑pt‑]‑me‑p‑w t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N¿‑m-\‑mI‑pt‑¼‑mÄ a‑m{‑Xt‑a bY‑mÀ°a‑mb a‑m[‑yak‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w \‑ne-\‑nÂ-¡‑p¶‑pÅ‑q F¶‑v "{‑^‑o‑, Cdk‑vt‑]‑m¬k‑n_‑nÄ {‑]k‑v‑' F¶ Xs‑â {]_Ô¯‑nÂ s‑b‑m¨‑mb‑v s‑_³¢À \‑nc‑o-£‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. AkmRvPpw am\n§pw kvt\mU\psañmw sNbvXXv D¯chmZnXzanñm¯ {]hr¯nIfmsWópw AXn\mð Ahsb am[yakzmX{´y¯nsâ ]cn[nbnð s]Sp¯m³ Bhnsñópambncpóp temI¯nse Gähpw "ià'amb `cWIqS¯nsâ hmZw! G{]nð 2014

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t‑a-c‑n-¡³ {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ X‑n-t‑b‑m-UÀ d‑q-k‑v s‑hÂ-ä‑v 1906 G-{‑]‑nÂ 14\‑v \-S¯‑n-b {‑]-k‑wK‑w‑, k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑e s‑I‑m-Å-c‑p-X‑m-b‑v-a-IÄ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c s‑]‑m-c‑p-X‑m³ i-à‑n-b‑p-Å a-‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑â B-h-i‑y-I-X-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p. c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b‑, k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I‑, s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e-I-f‑n-s‑e Z‑p-ã-ià‑n-IÄ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c b‑m-Y‑m-À-°‑y‑w h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-I‑q-h‑m³ I-c‑p-¯‑p-Å h‑y-à‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S B-h-i‑yh‑p‑w A-hÀ a‑p-¶‑nÂ-Iï‑p. A-t‑\‑zj-W‑m-ß-I ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-c‑q-]-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p d‑q-k‑vs‑hÂ-ä‑v a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-s‑h-¨ a-¡-‑vt‑d-¡‑n-M‑v t‑P-W-e‑nk‑w. Z‑pã-i-à‑n-IÄ-¡‑p-t‑aÂ ]-X‑n-t‑¡ï-X‑v Z-b-b‑nÃ‑m-¯ {‑]-l-c-a‑ms‑W-¶ A-h-c‑p-s‑S \‑n-c‑o£-W‑w \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a- ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑nÂ F-{‑X-t‑¯‑m-f‑w {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-t‑¯-ïI‑me‑w s‑s‑I-h‑n«‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. l‑mÀ-h‑m-U‑v \‑n-b-a-]-Þ‑n-X\‑p‑w s‑{‑]‑m-^-k-d‑pa‑mb s‑b‑m-¨‑m-b‑v s‑_³-¢À a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-s‑hb‑v-¡‑p-¶ h‑m-Z-§Ä-¡‑v k-a-I‑me‑n-I a‑m-[‑y-a-]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑nÂ {‑]-k-à‑n-t‑b-d‑p¶-X‑v AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v. ]-e C-S-§-f‑n-e‑m-b‑n N‑n-X-d‑n-¡‑n-S-¡‑p-¶h-s‑c _-Ô‑n-¸‑n-¨‑v A-h-c‑p-s‑S N‑n-´‑m-a-Þ-e§-s‑f G-t‑I‑m-]‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ h-g‑n-X‑pd-¶ CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w A-X‑v {‑]-Z‑m-\‑w -s‑N-¿‑p-¶ \-h-a‑m-[‑ya-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w‑, k‑m-[‑y-X-If‑p‑w ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v ]‑pX‑n-b I‑m-e-s‑¯ A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-s‑â "h‑n-e‑' \‑n-Ý-b‑n¡‑p-¶X‑v. F-´‑p‑w- h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p- ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p‑w Ah s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\{‑i-²-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p‑w h‑y-à‑n-IÄ-¡‑v ]‑p-X‑p-h-g‑n-IÄ X‑p-d¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä {‑i-t‑²-b-a‑m-bX‑v. A-`‑n{‑]‑m-b-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑yh‑p‑w A-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w k‑m-a‑ql‑n-I D-¯-ch‑m-Z‑n-X‑zh‑p‑w k-a-X‑p-e‑n-X-a‑m-¡‑p¶ s‑]‑m-X‑p-a‑m-[‑y-a-N-«-¡‑q-S‑v A-h-K-W‑n-¡‑m-s‑X¯-s‑¶ k‑m-{‑¼-Z‑mb‑n-I a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-c‑o-X‑n-IÄ ]‑m-s‑S A-h-K-W‑n-s‑¨¯‑n-b \-h-a‑m-[‑ya-k‑z-c‑q-]-§Ä `-c-W-I‑q-S§-s‑f A-£-c‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ¯-s‑¶ s‑h-«‑n-e‑m-¡‑n. k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w A-X‑n-P‑o-h-\-¯‑n-s‑â a‑mÀ-¤-§Ä ]-c‑o£‑n-¡‑m³ `-c-W-I‑q-S-§Ä {‑i-a‑w- X‑p-S§‑n. ]-c-¼-c‑m-K-X a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v h‑y-X‑y- k‑vXa‑m-b B-{‑I-a-W-c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n c‑w-K-¯‑p-h-¶ s‑\-ä‑vhÀ-¡‑v t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v-F-k‑v-t‑ä-ä‑pI-s‑f Z‑pÀ-_-ea‑m-¡‑n I‑p-g‑n-¨‑p-a‑q-S‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å X-{‑´-§-f‑m-W‑v `-c-W-I‑q-S-§Ä B-h‑n-j‑v-I-c‑n-¨-X‑v. A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-k‑u-I-c‑y-§Ä \‑n-t‑j-[‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p X‑p-S¡‑w. h‑nh‑m-Z s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-e‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-s‑b¯‑p-¶ \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑q-]§-s‑f \‑n-b-a-h‑n-c‑p-² {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑ne‑q-s‑S k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I I‑p-c‑p-¡‑p-I-f-W‑n-b‑n-¨‑v k-½À-±-¯‑n-e‑m-g‑v-¯‑n CÃ‑mb‑v-a s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å {‑ia‑w. CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v h‑n-e‑m-k‑w {‑]-Z‑m-\‑ws‑N-¿‑p-¶ k‑z-I‑m-c‑y- Ø‑m-]-\-§-s‑fb‑p‑w ]-W-a‑n-S-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ-¡‑v a-[‑y-hÀ-¯‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑w-c‑w-`-I-s‑c-b‑p‑w C-hÀs‑¡-X‑n-s‑c H-c‑p- I‑p-S-¡‑o-g‑nÂ A-hÀ I‑p-S‑n-b‑n-c‑p¯‑n. k‑z-´‑w `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S H-¶‑m‑w t‑`-Z-K-X‑nX-s‑¶ ]-{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-Å-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v A-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n¡‑p-¶ b‑p.F-k‑v. kÀ-¡‑m-c‑m-W‑v I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑o-ï]«‑nI N-a-s‑¨-S‑p-¯‑v \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-i‑r‑w-J-eI-s‑f I‑p-c‑p-¡-W‑n-b‑n-¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¨X‑v. h‑n-b-ä‑v-\‑m-a‑n-s‑e A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑p-s‑S A-\‑o-X‑n-IÄ X‑p-d-¶‑p-I‑m-W‑n-¨ ‑"s‑]â-K¬ t‑]-t‑¸-g‑v-k‑v' (1971‑) \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S-‑w-k‑n-\‑v \ÂI‑n-b b‑p.F-k‑v. s‑s‑k-\‑n-I³ U‑m-\‑n-bÂ FÂ-k‑v-_À-K‑n-s‑\ h‑o-c-\‑m-b-I-\‑m-b‑n h‑m-g‑v¯‑n-b A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ P-\-X- C‑u -s‑s‑h-c‑p-²‑yh‑p‑w I-ï‑p. h‑m-«À-t‑K-ä‑v A-]-h‑m-Z-s‑¯¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v "U‑o-]‑v t‑{‑X‑m«‑v‑' F-¶ h‑y‑m-P-\‑m-a-¯‑nÂ h‑n-h-c-§Ä s‑s‑I-a‑md‑n-b F-^‑v._‑n.s‑F-.b‑n-s‑e a‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑^Âä‑p‑w A-h-c‑ps‑S [‑o-c-\‑m-b-I-c‑nÂ H-c‑mÄ-Xs‑¶. F-¶‑n-«‑p‑w‑, h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑n-\‑v c-l-k‑y-§Ä t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑n- \Â-I‑n-s‑b-¶‑v B-t‑c‑m-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ b‑p.F-k‑v. s‑s‑k-\‑n-I³ {‑_‑m-U‑v-e‑n a‑m-\‑n-§‑n-s‑\ F-§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v A-hÀ t‑\-c‑n-«X‑v? C-d‑m-J‑n-s‑e s‑X-c‑p-h‑nÂ- \S-¶ ]¨b‑m-b I‑q-«-s‑¡‑mes‑b k‑m-[‑m-c-W s‑s‑k-\‑n-I -\-S-]-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n N‑n-{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶

h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m t‑e‑m-I-s‑a§‑p‑w Iï-X‑v {‑_‑m-U‑v-e‑n a‑m-\‑n-M‑v F-¶ 22 I‑m-c³ a‑p-t‑J-\-b‑mW‑v. K‑z‑m-ï\‑m-t‑a‑m-b‑nÂ \‑q-d‑p-I-W-¡‑n-\‑v X-S-h‑p-I‑m-s‑c \-á-c‑m-¡‑n {‑I‑q-c-a‑m-b‑n aÀ-±‑n-¡‑p-¶ Z‑r-i‑y-§f‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I a-\-k‑m-£‑n-s‑b s‑R-«‑n¨‑p. N‑m-c-h‑r-¯‑n DÄ-¸s‑S‑, t‑a‑mjW‑w‑, I-¼‑y‑q-«À Z‑pÀ-h‑n\‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑w X‑p-S-§‑n 22 I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y§Ä N‑pa-¯‑n a‑m-\‑n-§‑n-s‑\ A-hÀ 35 hÀj-s‑¯ i‑n-£- \ÂI‑n P-b‑n-e‑n-e-S¨‑p. t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-k‑v-t‑ä-ä‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-[‑n-b‑nÂ- h-c‑m-¯ H-c‑p- \‑o¡‑w- a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n N‑n-{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑m-W‑v C-h‑n-s‑S `-c-W-I‑q-S‑w ]-{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-s‑a-¶ `-c-W-L-S-\‑m -]-c‑n-c-£ a-d‑n-I-S-¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¨X‑v. l‑mÀh‑mÀU‑ns‑e \‑nbah‑n`‑mK‑w s‑{‑]‑m^kd‑mb s‑b‑m¨‑mb‑v s‑_³¢d‑mW‑v a‑m\‑n-§‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n h‑mZ§Ä \‑nc¯‑m³ t‑I‑mSX‑nb‑ns‑e¯‑n-bX‑v. A-t‑±l‑w h‑n-i-Z-a‑m-b‑n ] T‑n-¨‑v t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b‑nÂ k‑m-£‑n-b‑m-b‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨ \‑n-c‑o-£W-§Ä h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑n-s‑\ t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-k‑v-t‑ä-ä‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n[‑n-b‑nÂ-h-c‑p-¶ Ø‑m-]-\-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v Ø‑m-]‑n-¨‑p. c-lk‑y‑w t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑n- \Â-I‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑v H-c‑p t‑hZ‑ns‑b‑m-c‑p¡‑n‑, A-h-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-i‑z‑mk‑y-X D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑n k‑m-{‑¼-Z‑mb‑n-I a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑v F-{‑]-I‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v c‑m-P‑y-t‑{‑Z‑m-l-a‑m-I‑p-¶X‑v? `-cW‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑I‑m-S‑p‑w-{‑I‑q-cX s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-a-[‑y-¯‑n-s‑e-

s‑b‑m-¨‑m-b‑v s‑_³-¢À

¯‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-c‑m-P‑y¯‑v ‑"i-{‑X‑p-k‑v-t‑\-l'¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-I‑p¶-X‑v F-§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v? þs‑b‑m-¨‑m-b‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. cl-k‑y A-P-ï-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-¼‑m-c-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-I-f‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶‑v `-c-W‑w\-S-¯‑p-¶ H-c‑p `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-\‑v P‑q-e‑n-b³ A-k‑m-R‑v-P‑ns‑\t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å-hÀ F¶‑p‑w `‑o-j-W‑n-b‑mW‑v. A-¸‑m-s‑j s‑s‑k\‑n-I s‑le‑n-t‑I‑m-]‑v-ä-d‑n-s‑â t‑I‑m-I‑v-]‑nä‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v, 2007þs‑e C-d‑m-J‑v b‑p-²-¯‑n-\‑n-s‑S N‑n-{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¨ h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-«-X‑m-W‑v h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑n-s‑\ `-c-W-I‑qS-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑]-S‑n-k‑z-]‑v-\-a‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. 38 a‑n-\‑p-«‑p-Å h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑v A-k‑m-R‑v-P‑v \ÂI‑n-b c-l-k‑y-t‑¸c‑v ‑"s‑{‑]‑mP-Î‑v _‑n‑' F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. c-ï‑v t‑d‑m-b‑n-t‑«-g‑v-k‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑cb‑p‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c‑m-b 18 t‑]-s‑c-b‑p‑w _‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-Z‑n-s‑e s‑X-c‑p-h‑nÂ s‑I‑m-e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p h‑oU‑n-t‑b‑m. h‑n-¡‑ne‑o-I‑v-k‑n-s‑\ G-s‑d {‑i-²‑m-t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m¡‑n-b h³-h‑n-h‑m-Z‑w t‑e‑m-Is‑¯b‑p‑w b‑p.F-k‑v. `-c-W-I‑q-S-s‑¯-b‑p‑w s‑R-«‑n¨‑p. A-^‑v-K‑m³ b‑p-²-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-§‑n-b 90‑,000 t‑I-_‑n-f‑p-If‑p‑w(2009‑)‑, C-d‑m-J‑v b‑p-²-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑p-Å \‑m-e‑v e-£‑w t‑c-J-If‑p‑w h‑n-h‑m-Z-§f‑m-b N‑n-e ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-S-e‑p-IÄ a‑m-{‑X‑w. \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑v‑, Z‑n K‑mÀ-U‑n-b³‑, s‑U k‑v-]‑oKÂ‑, G{]nð 2014

(8) s‑e t‑a‑ms‑ï‑, FÂ s‑]-b‑vk‑v F-¶‑o A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑NÀ-¶‑v 2009 A-h-k‑m-\-¯‑nÂ¯-s‑¶ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ F‑w-_k‑n-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p-Å 1900 H‑m-f‑w t‑I-_‑n-f‑p-IÄ h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑n-\‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-S‑m-\‑mb‑n. a-ä‑v h‑n-t‑Z-i- a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑p‑w C-s‑X‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w A-hÀ c-l-k‑y-t‑c-J-IÄ s‑s‑I-a‑md‑n. I‑p-a‑n-ª‑p-I‑q-S‑n-¡‑n-S¡‑p-¶ t‑I-_‑n-f‑p-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v {‑]-k-à-a‑m-b-h X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¯‑v {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä {‑]-t‑X‑y-I k‑w-Ls‑¯ \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n¨‑p. C-X‑n-\‑v k-a‑m-´-c-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑v s‑h_‑v-s‑s‑k-ä‑v h-g‑n c-l-k‑y‑w- ]‑p-d-¯‑m-¡Â X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p-s‑I‑mï‑n-c‑p¶‑p. 2008s‑e C-¡-t‑W‑m-a‑n-k‑v-ä‑v a‑m-K-k‑n-s‑â \‑y‑q-a‑oU‑n-b A-h‑mÀ-U‑p‑w 2009s‑e B‑w-\-k‑v-ä‑n CâÀ-\‑m-j‑v-W-e‑n-s‑â b‑p.s‑I. a‑oU‑n-b A-h‑mÀU‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑n-s‑S h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑n-s‑\ t‑X-S‑ns‑b¯‑n. s‑I-\‑n-b-b‑ns‑e P-\§-s‑f t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v s‑I‑m-s‑¶‑m-S‑p¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å s‑I-\‑n-b³ l‑p-a³ s‑s‑d-ä‑v-k‑v I-½‑ojs‑â d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-«-X‑n-\‑m-W‑v B‑w-\-Ì‑n ]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-c‑w e-`‑n-¨X‑v. 2010s‑â A-h-k‑m-\-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v ]-c-¼-c‑m-K-X a‑m[‑y-a ]-¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å A-k‑m-R‑v-P‑n-s‑â _-Ô‑w C-g-a‑pd‑n-b‑p-¶X‑v. A-s‑X‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w A-t‑±-l-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑pÅ t‑a‑m-i‑w

A-k‑mR‑v-Pv

a‑m-\‑n-M‑v

I-Y-If‑p‑w {‑]-N-c‑n-¡‑m³ X‑p-S§‑n. `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-s‑â I‑q«‑m-b B-{‑I-a-W-§Ä-¡‑v A-X‑v t‑b‑m-P‑n-¨ k-a-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. b‑p.Fk‑v s‑s‑h-k‑v {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v t‑P‑m _‑n-Z³ A-k‑mR‑v-P‑ns‑\‑, "s‑] â-K¬ t‑]-t‑¸-g‑v-k‑n‑'t‑\-¡‑mf‑p‑w A-]-I-S-I‑m-c‑nb‑m-b ‑"s‑s‑l-s‑SI‑v s‑S-d-d‑n-Ì‑v' B-b‑n N‑n-{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p (h‑n-b-ä‑v-\‑m-a‑n-s‑e A-t‑a-c‑n¡-b‑p-s‑S s‑I‑m-Å-c‑p-X‑m-b‑v-a-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v 1971þÂ \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑S‑w-k‑n-\‑v b‑p.F-k‑v s‑s‑k-\‑n-I³ U‑m-\‑n-bÂ FÂ-k‑v-_ÀK‑v \Â-I‑n-b-X‑m-W‑v ‑"s‑]â-K¬ t‑]-t‑¸-g‑v-k‑v'‑). {‑]X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ s‑k-{‑I«-d‑n t‑d‑m-_À-«‑v t‑K-ä‑v-k‑v {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n¨-X‑v C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v: "\‑m-W-t‑¡-S‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w I‑p-g-¸‑w-]‑n-S‑n-¨X‑p‑w h‑n-t‑Z-i-\ bs‑¯ ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p-e-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑mW‑v C‑u t‑c-JIÄ'. A-^‑v-K‑m-\‑n-s‑e X‑m-e‑n-_‑m³‑, AÂ J‑z‑mb‑v-Z t‑\-X‑m-¡-s‑ft‑¸‑m-s‑e s‑I‑m-s‑¶‑m-S‑p-t‑¡-ï K-W-¯‑n-t‑e-b‑v¡‑v d‑n-¸-»‑n-¡³ Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-°‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ k‑m-d ]‑m-e‑n³ A-t‑±l-s‑¯ h-Ib‑n-c‑p-¯‑n. \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑S‑w-k‑n-s‑â H-¸‑o-\‑n-b³ t‑e-J-Ic‑nÂ {‑]-[‑m-\‑nb‑mb t‑X‑ma-k‑v {‑^‑n-U‑v-a‑m³ C-{‑]-I‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v ]-d-ªX‑v: "A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-\‑v I‑o-g‑nÂ k-a‑m-[‑m-\G{]nð 2014

t‑¯‑m-s‑S I-g‑n-b‑p¶ t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑v c-ï‑v {‑][‑m-\ `‑o-j-W‑n-I-f‑mW‑p-ÅX‑v. h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑p‑w {‑Z‑pX-K-X‑n-b‑nÂ h-fÀ-¨-{‑]‑m-]‑n-¨‑p-hc‑p¶ s‑s‑N-\-b‑p‑w'. A-k‑m-R‑v-P‑n-s‑\ h‑n-N‑m-c-W s‑N-¿-W-s‑a-¶ a‑p-d-h‑n-f‑n-b‑m-W‑v ]‑n-¶‑o-S-t‑§‑m-«‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v. d‑n-¸-»‑n-¡³ {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-°‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ s‑s‑a-¡‑v l¡-_‑n A-t‑±l-¯‑n-\‑v h-[-i‑n-£ \Â-I-W-s‑a-¶‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑¸«‑p. \‑n-ba-]-ca‑m-b I‑pä-§-s‑f‑m¶‑p‑w B-t‑c‑m-]‑n-¡‑m-\‑nÃ‑m-s‑X-b‑m-W‑v A-k‑m-R‑v-P‑ns‑\‑, Dk‑m-a _‑n³ e‑m-Z-\-s‑b-¶-t‑]‑m-s‑e h-I-h-c‑p¯-W-s‑a-¶‑v l‑ne-c‑n ¢‑nâ¬ \‑n-e-]‑m-s‑S-S‑p-¯-X‑v. h‑n-h‑n-[ L-«-§-f‑nÂ h‑y-X‑y-k‑vX -c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å k‑w-LS‑nX B-{‑I-a-W-§-f‑m-W‑v `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑v h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑n-\‑v t‑\-c‑n-t‑S-ï‑n-h-¶X‑v. H‑m-k‑v-t‑{‑S-e‑n-b‑, {‑_‑n«³‑, k‑z‑o-U³ X‑p-S§‑n-b c‑m-P‑y-§Ä-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w ]-S -\-b‑n-¡‑m-\‑mW‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡ t‑I‑m-¸‑p-I-s‑f‑m-c‑p-¡‑n-bX‑v. k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I k‑uI-c‑y-§Ä \‑n-t‑j-[‑n¨‑p- s‑I‑m-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p X‑p-S-¡‑w. Fh-c‑n U‑n-F-³-Fk‑v‑, B-a-t‑k‑m¬‑, t‑]-]‑mÂ‑, a‑m-ÌÀ I‑mÀU‑v‑, h‑n-k X‑p-S-§‑nb t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v `‑o-a³-a‑m-s‑c A-X‑n-\‑v I‑q-«‑p-]‑n-S‑n¨‑p. At‑a-c‑n-¡³ s‑k-\-äÀ t‑P‑m e‑n-_À-a‑m-s‑â C-S-s‑]-S-e‑n-s‑\-X‑p-SÀ¶‑v wikileaks.org F-¶ s‑h-_‑v h‑n-e‑m-k‑w A-hÀ s‑\-ä‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v

kvt\mU³

H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑n. ‑wikileaks.ch F-¶ h‑n-e‑m-k-¯‑n-t‑e-b‑v-¡‑v a‑m-d‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ A-X‑n-s‑\ A-X‑n-P‑o-h‑n¨‑p. c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ a‑p-¡‑ne‑p‑w a‑q-e-b‑n-e‑p-a‑p-Å kÀ-h-d‑p-I-f‑nÂ `-{‑Z-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ h‑n-h-c-§Ä ]-e- h‑n-e‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S ]‑p-d-¯‑p- h-¶-t‑¸‑mÄ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p I‑p-c‑ps‑¡-d‑nª‑p. A-a-t‑k‑m¬ A-h-c‑p-s‑S s‑kÀ-h-d‑p-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v s‑h_‑v-s‑s‑k-ä‑n-s‑\ H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑n. A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n-b‑pÅ t‑]‑m-c‑m«-s‑¯ G-X‑p-h‑n-t‑[-\-b‑p‑w X-IÀ-¡‑p-I-s‑b-¶ e-£‑y-a‑m-W‑v h‑n-¡‑n-e‑oI‑v-k‑n-\‑p-Å k‑m-¼¯‑n-I t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-IÄ-I‑q-S‑n A-S-b‑v-¡‑m³ `-c-W-I‑qS-s‑¯ t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑v. H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ ]-W-a‑n-S-]‑m-S‑pIÄ s‑s‑I-I‑mc‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ t‑]-]‑mÂ‑, a‑m-ÌÀ I‑mÀU‑v‑, h‑n-k F-¶‑n-hÀ ]‑m-e‑w-h-e‑n¨‑p. h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑n-\‑v k‑w-`‑mh-\ e-`‑n¡‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m[‑y-X C-t‑X‑m-s‑S A-S-ª‑p. `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-s‑â {‑i-a‑w X‑mÂ-¡‑m-e‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-P-b‑w- I-ï‑p-s‑h-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, t‑]-]‑mÂ DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-Å c‑m-P‑y‑m-´-c ]-W-a‑n-S-]‑m-S‑v Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä C-ã¯‑n-s‑\‑m¯‑v C-S-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑nb-X‑v A-h-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑yX-s‑b _‑m-[‑n-¨‑p.

(9) t‑k-h-\-Z‑m-X‑m¡-s‑f H-¸‑w- \‑nÀ-¯‑n A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b- k‑z‑m-X{‑´‑y-s‑¯ h‑n-e-§-W‑n-b‑n-¡‑m³ `-c-W-I‑q-S‑w- \-S-¯‑n-b -{‑i-a‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\§-s‑f I-g‑p-X-I-f‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v X‑p-e‑y-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v c‑m-P‑y‑m-´-c- k-a‑q-l-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v h‑n-aÀ-i-\-a‑p-bÀ¶‑p. c‑m-{‑ã‑ob h‑n-h‑m-Z-§Ä B-f‑n-¡-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-t‑X‑m c‑m-{‑ã-¯‑n-s‑â c-lk‑y- \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ s‑h-f‑n-¨¯‑p -s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶t‑X‑m B-b‑, c-l-k‑y-§Ä I‑q-«‑p-]‑n-W-ª‑p- I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ t‑c-J-IÄ s‑h-f‑n¨¯‑p- s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\ X-S-b‑m³ t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v {‑]-X‑y‑m{‑I-a-W-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S `-c-W-I‑q-S‑w \-S¯‑n-b \‑o-¡-§-f‑m-b‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-I‑w C-X‑n-s‑\ h‑o-£‑n-¨X‑v. s‑h-º‑nÂ F-´‑v {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v s‑h-_‑v h‑n-e‑m-k-¡-¼-\‑n-If‑p‑w b‑p.F-k‑v. `-c-W-I‑qSh‑p‑w X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶ Ø‑nX‑n. \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p-Å A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-s‑¯ a‑p-f-b‑n-t‑e \‑p-Å‑m³ `-c-W-I‑q-S‑w {‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ \‑n-b-a-h‑n-c‑p-² {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-«-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑m-W‑v s‑_³-¢À C-X‑n-s‑\ h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑n-bX‑v. P‑q-e‑n-b³ A-k‑m-R‑v-P‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å \‑o-¡-§Ä-s‑¡-X‑ns‑c s‑_³-¢À ]-c-k‑y-a‑m-b‑n c‑w-K-¯‑p-h¶‑p. t‑\-«-§Ä-¡‑p]-c‑n h‑y-à‑n-]-c-a‑m-b‑n G-s‑d h‑n-e-s‑I‑m-S‑p-t‑¡-ï‑n-h-c‑p-¶ k‑m-lNc‑y‑w \‑o-X‑n-]‑oT-¯‑n-\‑p- a‑p-¶‑nÂ A-t‑±-l‑w h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p. D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-X‑z-t‑¯‑m-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑mÀ-¯‑m-a‑m-[‑y-aaÃ h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑v F-¶ h‑m-Z-a‑m-W‑v A-X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c `-c-WI‑q-S‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p- s‑h-¨X‑v. A-k‑m-R‑v-P‑n-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å-hÀ \-S-¯‑p¶-X‑v C³-^À-t‑a-j³ s‑S-d-d‑n-k-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p t‑{‑]‑m-k‑n-I‑y‑qj-s‑â H-c‑p- h‑mZ‑w. A-X‑n-s‑\ s‑_³-¢À t‑\-c‑n«-X‑v C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v: "\‑q-d‑p-I-W-¡‑n-\‑v t‑c-J-IÄ ]c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨-t‑ij-a‑m-W‑v K‑u-c-h-I-ca‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ I-s‑ï-¯‑n h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑vk‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-«X‑v. c-l-k‑y-t‑c-J-IÄ h-e‑n-¨‑p-h‑m-c‑n ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¶-X‑n-\‑v s‑X-f‑n-h‑m-WX‑v. s‑s‑k-\‑n-I-c‑p-s‑S A-X‑n-{‑I-a-§Ä-¡‑v \ÂI‑n-b \‑n-i-Ð A-\‑p-h‑mZ‑w‑, C-d‑m-J‑n-s‑e k‑m-[‑m-c-W-]‑u-c-·‑m-c‑p-s‑S a-c-W-\‑nc-¡‑v I‑p-d-¨‑p-I‑m-W‑n-¨-X‑v X‑pS-§‑n-b-h A-h-b‑nÂ N‑ne-X‑v a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v'. 1971þs‑e s‑]â-K¬ t‑]-t‑¸-g‑v-k‑v t‑I-k‑nÂ b‑p.F-k‑v. k‑p{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n \-S¯‑n-b ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑w s‑_³-¢À F-S‑p-¯‑pI‑m-W‑n¨‑p.‑ "A´À-t‑±-i‑n-b \-b-X-{‑´-_-Ô-§Ä \‑n-e-\‑nÀ¯‑p-I-s‑b-¶X‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w I‑m-c‑y-£-a-a‑m-b‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑p-\-S-¡‑p-I-s‑b-¶X‑p‑w c-l-k‑y‑m-ß-I-X-b‑n-e-[‑n-j‑vT‑n-Xa‑mb {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-a‑m-W‑v. F-¶‑mÂ A-h-t‑_‑m-[-a‑p-Å P-\-{‑]‑mX‑n-\‑n-[‑y -kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑\ h‑n-e-s‑I‑m-S‑p¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å t‑Zi‑o-b k‑p-c-£ \-½‑p-s‑S d‑n-¸-»‑n-¡‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑'. A-¶‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â h‑m-Z§-s‑f a‑p-g‑p-h³ \‑n-c‑m-I-c‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑I‑mS-X‑n h‑n-[‑n¨-X‑v s‑_-³-¢À \‑o-X‑n-]‑oT-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-¶‑nÂ s‑h-¨‑p: "k-½À-±-¯‑n-e-S‑ns‑¸-S‑m-¯ k‑z-X-{‑´a‑m-b {‑]-Ê‑n-\‑v a‑m-{‑X-t‑a kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â s‑I‑mÅ-c‑p-X‑m-b‑v-aI-s‑f X‑p-d-¶‑p-I‑m-W‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-I‑q'. b‑p.F-k‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â F-I‑v-k‑n-I‑y‑q-«‑o-h‑v h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑v t‑Zi‑o-b k‑p-c-£-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑p-Å ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-I-f‑nÃ‑m-¯ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w s‑_³-¢À NÀ-¨-s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑pï‑v. t‑Ìä‑v c-l-k‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n\‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑w k‑p-X‑m-c‑y-aÃ‑m-¯-X‑n-\‑mÂ \‑o-X‑n-]‑oT-¯‑n-s‑â t‑aÂ-t‑\‑m«‑w-t‑]‑me‑p‑w A-k‑m-[‑y-a‑mW‑v. b‑p.F-k‑v. t‑I‑m¬-{‑K-k‑n-s‑â t‑aÂ-t‑\‑m-«- k-a‑n-X‑nIÄ-t‑]‑me‑p‑w C-¡‑m-c‑y-§-f‑nÂ X-e-b‑n-S‑m-d‑nÃ. A-t‑X-ka-b‑w C-hÀ h‑n-i-Ie\‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ t‑c-J-I-f‑nÂ ]-eX‑p‑w ¢‑mk‑n-s‑s‑^-U‑v B-b-X‑n\‑mÂ s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-¯‑n-\‑v X-e-b‑n-S‑m³ A-h-I‑m-i-§-f‑p-a‑nÃ. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y- k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑nÂ ]‑n-s‑¶ F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v s‑I‑mÅ-c‑p-X‑m-b‑v-a-I-f‑p-s‑S c-l-k‑y-§Ä N‑p-c‑p-f-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑v? [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-X \Â-I‑p-¶ A-X‑n-i-àa‑m-b t‑{‑]-c-W-b‑m-W‑v A-k‑m-R‑v-P‑n-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Åh-s‑c c-l-k‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S X-e-\‑m-c‑ng- I‑o-d‑m³ t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. A-s‑X‑m-c‑p- I‑p-ä-a‑m-¡‑n h‑n-N‑m-c-W -s‑N-b‑vX‑v, `‑m-h‑n-b‑nÂ D-bÀ-¶‑p- h-c‑m-\‑n-S-b‑p-Å ‑"[‑mÀ-a‑n-I-t‑c-‑mj -¡‑ms‑c‑' h‑n-c-«‑m-\‑p-Å `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-s‑â {‑i-a-a‑mW‑v C‑u h‑n-N‑mc-W -{‑]-{‑I‑n-b-s‑b-¶‑v s‑_³-¢À h‑m-Z‑n¨‑p. h-[-i‑n-£ h-s‑c

h‑n-[‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ c‑m-P‑y-t‑{‑Z‑ml‑w‑, i-{‑X‑pk‑v-t‑\-l‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b I‑p-ä§-f‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n a‑qÀ-¨ -I‑q-«‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯X‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑v h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑n- \Â-I‑p¶-X‑v h-[-i‑n-£-t‑]‑me‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ I‑p-ä-a‑m-¡‑p-¶ I‑o-g‑vhg-¡‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑i-a-a‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-s‑â ]‑n-¶‑n-s‑e¶‑p‑w s‑_³-¢À h‑m-Z‑n¨‑p. t‑Zi‑o-b k‑p-c-£-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑ne‑p‑w \‑nÀ-W‑m-b-I Ø‑m-\‑w h-l‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S s‑\-ä‑v hÀ-¡‑v t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-k‑v-t‑ä-ä‑p-IÄ-¡‑v A-t‑ac‑n-¡³ `-c-W-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑nÂ G-s‑d {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-s‑ï-¶

b‑p.F-k‑v s‑s‑h-k‑v {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v t‑P‑m _‑n-Z³ A-k‑m R‑v-P‑ns‑\‑, "s‑]â-K¬ t‑]-t‑¸-g‑v-k‑n‑'t‑\-¡‑mf‑p‑w A-]I-S-I‑m-c‑nb‑m-b ‑"s‑s‑l-s‑S-I‑v s‑S-d-d‑n-Ì‑v' B-b‑n N‑n-{‑X‑oI-c‑n-¨‑p. {‑]X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ s‑k-{‑I«-d‑n t‑d‑m-_À-«‑v t‑K-ä‑v-k‑v {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n¨-X‑v C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v: "\‑m-W-t‑¡-S‑p-ï‑m¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w I‑p-g-¸‑w-]‑n-S‑n-¨X‑p‑w h‑n-t‑Z-i-\bs‑¯ ]‑n-S‑n¨‑p-e-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑mW‑v C‑u t‑c-JIÄ'. A-^‑v-K‑m-\‑n-s‑e X‑m-e‑n-_‑m³‑, AÂ J‑z‑mb‑v-Z t‑\-X‑m-¡-s‑f-t‑¸‑m-s‑e s‑I‑m-s‑¶‑m-S‑p-t‑¡-ï K-W-¯‑n-t‑e-b‑v¡‑v d‑n-¸-»‑n-¡³ Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-°‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ k‑m-d ]‑m-e‑n³ A-t‑±ls‑¯ h-I-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑n. \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑S‑w-k‑n-s‑â H-¸‑o\‑n-b³ t‑e-J-I-c‑nÂ {‑]-[‑m-\‑nb‑mb t‑X‑ma-k‑v {‑^‑n-U‑v-a‑m³ C-{‑]-I‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v ]-d-ªX‑v: "A-t‑a-c‑n-¡ ³ `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-\‑v I‑o-g‑nÂ k-a‑m-[‑m-\-t‑¯‑m-s‑S I-g‑n-b‑p¶ t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑v c-ï‑v {‑][‑m-\ `‑o-j-W‑n-If‑m-W‑p-ÅX‑v. h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑p‑w {‑Z‑pX-K-X‑n-b‑nÂ h-fÀ-¨ -{‑]‑m-]‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p¶ s‑s‑N-\-b‑p‑w'. d‑n-¸-»‑n-¡³ {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-°‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ s‑s‑a-¡‑v l¡-_‑n A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑v h-[-i‑n-£ \Â-I-W-s‑a-¶‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑¸«‑p. \‑n-b-a-]-ca‑m-b I‑pä-§-s‑f‑m¶‑p‑w Bt‑c‑m-]‑n-¡‑m-\‑nÃ‑m-s‑X-b‑m-W‑v A-k‑m-R‑v-P‑ns‑\‑, Dk‑m-a _‑n³ e‑m-Z-\-s‑b-¶-t‑]‑m-s‑e h-I-h-c‑p-¯-W-s‑a-¶‑v l‑ne-c‑n ¢‑nâ¬ \‑n-e-]‑m-s‑S-S‑p-¯-X‑v. \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑v C¯-c‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S A-\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-X-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v \‑o-X‑n-]‑oT-s‑¯ t‑_‑m-[‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-³ k-l‑m-b‑n¨‑p. d‑qk‑v s‑hÂ-ä‑v a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-s‑h-¨ B-ib-s‑¯ H-c‑p- \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n\‑p- t‑i-j‑w `-c-W-I‑q-S-§Ä s‑s‑I-I‑mc‑y‑w s‑N-b‑v-X c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v C-h‑n-s‑S I-ïX‑v. A-X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c i-àa‑m-b \‑ne-]‑m-s‑S-S‑p¡‑m³ I-g‑n-s‑ª-¦‑ne‑p‑w P‑q-e‑n-b³ A-k‑mR‑v-P‑v DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S-b‑pÅ-hÀ t‑\-c‑n-« k-½À-±-§Ä N‑n-´‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑mb‑p‑w h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑v-k‑v t‑]‑m-e‑pÅ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§-f‑ps‑S t‑]‑m-c‑m-b‑v-aG{]nð 2014

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I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑mW‑v. ]‑pX‑n-b a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑n-e‑p-Å "h‑m-¨‑v t‑U‑mK‑v‑' k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â A-\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-X-b‑m-W‑v s‑_³-¢À N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑mW‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. H‑m-¸¬ t‑k‑m-g‑v-k‑v t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v s‑h-bÀ s‑\-ä‑v hÀ-¡‑n-e‑q-s‑S c-l-k‑y-§Ä s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v B-t‑K‑m-f- h‑y‑m-]-Ia‑m-b k‑m[‑y-X-I-f‑m-W‑p-Å-s‑X-¶‑v s‑_³-¢À \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. C-h‑n-s‑S c-lk‑y‑w s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑p-¶ h‑n-k‑nÂ t‑»‑mh-s‑d I-s‑ï¯‑p-I F-f‑p¸aÃ. h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-h-À-¯\‑w-t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, c-P‑n-ÌÀ s‑N-b‑v-X-hÀ-¡‑v F-h‑n-s‑S-\‑n-¶‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ k‑w-h‑n[‑m\a‑m-WX‑v. Ht‑c-k-a-b‑wX-s‑¶ h‑n-h‑n-[- a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v h‑n-h-c-§Ä s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑m³ C-X‑p-a‑q-e‑w I-g‑n-b‑p-¶‑p. t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b‑ps‑S D-¯-c-h‑nÃ‑m-s‑X b‑p.F-k‑n-s‑e (X-t‑±-i‑o-bc‑p‑w h‑n-t‑Z-i‑n-I-f‑pa‑mb‑) X‑m-a-k-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S t‑^‑m¬ k‑w-`‑m-jW‑w‑, CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v D-]t‑b‑m-K‑w X‑p-S-§‑nbh t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑m³ _‑p-j‑v `-c-W-I‑q-S‑w t‑Zi‑o-b k‑pc-£‑m G-P³-k‑n-s‑b N‑p-a-X-e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-X‑v (2007‑)‑, h‑nh-c‑w e-`‑n-¨‑n«‑p‑w H-c‑p- hÀ-j‑w- I-g‑n-ª‑m-W‑v \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑S‑w-k‑v {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨-X‑v. C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S ]‑q-g‑v-¯‑n-s‑h-¸‑v ]‑pX‑n-b a‑m-[‑y-a- k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑nÂ A-{‑]-k-àa‑m-I‑p¶‑p. AX‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e¯s‑¶ k‑m-{‑¼-Z‑m-b‑n-I a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑p‑w s‑\-ä‑vhÀ-¡‑v A-[‑n-j‑vT‑n-Xa‑mb t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-k‑v-t‑ä-ä‑n\‑p‑w ] ck‑v]-c‑w ]-c‑n-l-c‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p¶ G-s‑d t‑]‑m-c‑m-b‑v-a-If‑pï‑v. ]-c-k‑v-]-c k-l-I-c-W-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑p-Å {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑ne‑qs‑S C‑u t‑]‑m-c‑m-b‑v-a-IÄ a-d‑n-I-S-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑p-s‑a-¶‑v s‑_³-¢À \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. D-`-bI-£‑n h‑n-aÀ-i-\-§Ä¡‑p‑w k‑z-b‑w X‑n-c‑p-¯-e‑n\‑p‑w A-]‑m-c-a‑m-b k‑m-[‑y-X-I-f‑m-W‑v \-h-a‑m-[‑y-aG{]nð 2014

§Ä X‑p-d-¶‑n-S‑p-¶X‑v. \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑nÂ k‑m-{‑¼Z‑m-b‑n-I a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑p-Å ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑nb‑p‑w A-X‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑mW‑v. F-¶‑mÂ‑, B[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-X-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ k‑m{‑¼-Z‑mb‑n-I a‑m-[‑y-a-§-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v s‑]‑m-X‑pP-\‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-Â a‑p-J-h‑n-e-b‑v-s‑¡-S‑p¡‑p-¶X‑v. ]-c-k‑v]-c‑w s‑s‑I-t‑I‑mÀ¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-a{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â k‑m-[‑y-X-I-f‑m-W‑v C-h‑n-s‑S {‑]-k-à-a‑m-I‑p¶X‑v. a‑m[‑y-a k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c h‑m-t‑f‑m-§‑p-¶ `-c-W-I‑qS- \-b-§-s‑f -s‑N-d‑p-¡‑m³ ]‑pX‑n-b a‑m-[‑y-a- a‑m-X‑r-I-I-f‑p-s‑S A-\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-X-b‑m-W‑v s‑_³-¢À k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑v. ]‑qÀ-W-a‑mb‑p‑w k‑m-{‑¼-Z‑m-b‑n-It‑a‑m s‑\-ä‑vhÀ-¡‑v A-[‑n-j‑vT‑n-Xt‑a‑m AÃ‑m-¯‑, A-t‑X-ka-b‑w C-h c-ï‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶ ]-c-k‑v-]-c- k-lI-c-W a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑m-W‑v s‑\-ä‑vhÀ-¡‑v t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-k‑v-t‑ä-ä‑n-s‑\ s‑N-d‑p-¡‑p-¶ `-c-WI‑q-S `‑o-I-cX-s‑b t‑\-c‑n-S‑m³ G-äh‑p‑w D-N‑n-X‑w. Z‑n K‑mÀ-U‑n-b³ ]-d-b‑p-¶X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e ‑"k-l-I-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑pX‑n-b a‑mX‑rI' A-\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-a‑mI‑p¶X‑v C‑u k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. X¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-bX‑v: t‑U‑m. Bâ-W‑n k‑n. t‑U-h‑nk‑v Ahe‑w_‑w:

Yochai Benkler, A Free Irresponsible Press: Wikileaks and the Battle Over the Soul of the Networked Fourth Estate.

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Howard Finberg / K. Rajagopal

The Future of Journalism (As We Know It) “Over the next decade or so, there will be a new economic foundation for journalism…There will be more pain, but it will not necessarily result in bad things,” says an optimistic Howard Finberg.

rom 23–25 March 2014, Florida-based Poynter Institute, in partnership with the Kerala Press Academy, organised a collaborative learning workshop on ‘Strengthening Journalism’ in Kochi. On the sidelines of the workshop, senior Malayalam journalist K. Rajagopal spoke to Howard Finberg, Director of The Poynter Institute and leader of the visiting delegation, about the future of journalism and journalism education. Excerpts: K. Rajagopal: Journalism, as we know it, was a consequence of reading and literacy that resulted from the Reformation. The ability to read and write was designated as social and political power. Journalism has got deep roots in colonialism. Both the colonial powers and the anti-colonial movements used it. The best examples are Benjamin Franklin in the United States (US) and Mahatma Gandhi in India. It was a message carrier of the ‘nation states’ that got liberated after the Second World

War. The present social, cultural, and political situations are very different from those that existed earlier. National newspapers are parting with the ‘national communication system.’ The consequence is that the ‘national communication system’ is disintegrating. In this context, what will be the future of journalism? Howard Finberg: They no longer function in a way that is beneficial to society as a whole. The checks and balances shine light on the dark areas of society. The potential for this is much greater here. Journalism has a unique role, which is why in the US it was specifically mentioned as an honourable profession in the Constitution. Press is uncurbed by the government and is deemed essential by the founders of our country. I think that the tremendous role that journalism plays is essential for all democracies. Because it fosters free flow of information, it fosters ideas, and it gives voice to G{]nð 2014

(12) voiceless. They are all essential aspects of good journalism and democracy. Rajagopal: In mass media, the role of a journalist is that of a mediator. Will he hold that position any longer? Finberg: If you are referring to the change in the medium of delivering information in the digital age, I think that there is a bigger role that journalists traditionally play—that is, to put information into context/perspective, assure that there is a certain balance. In a society with a hundred voices, it is a trusted voice, to make order or sense of all of the conversations. So, I think there is still role for journalism. Rajagopal: How can we build trust in the present socio–political context? Finberg: Trust and credibility are so hard to earn and so easy to lose because of the lack of emphasis in

era is coming to a close. It is not clear how the new economic models will evolve. I do believe that they will evolve, and over the next decade or so, there will be a new economic foundation for journalism. There will always be a need for advertisers to reach an audience. The newspaper business, and the broadcast and online businesses will help them reach the customer/audience. But journalism is no longer tied to a specific platform. We must separate journalism from the journalism business. They are different. Rajagopal: But the role of media at present is to get the consumers to the market. That is how the media– business relationship is structured. There was also an agenda behind that. How is this changing? Finberg: Let me put this in a historical context. The construct of the advertising market is a

Rajagopal: On the production side, there is no centralised vertical news production. In the present socio–technological condition, it is not possible. Journalism was a part of mass media, and the idea of mass mediation struggles for existence. Also, the role of the journalist as information broker has changed. Anybody can be a journalist now. Finberg: There is a role for broker, curator, an individual communicator, a storyteller. Too often journalism fails because they forget the people who are listening to the story. Is the journalist talking to themselves or to the people? There is a great hunger, not just in the US, but the world. The things that help make sense in where we live in— that is a role journalism can provide. That is what the journalist needs to provide. training the citizen to be a groomed news consumer. It is a big challenge for journalism. We need the consumer to understand the value that journalism plays, train consumers to look for good journalism, to award good journalism, and to support good journalism. Rajagopal: If I am to say differently, journalism today is at a tipping point. Journalism is a concept, a profession, and nowadays a product undergoing radical transformation. The technology has changed, society is changing, and economy and politics are now different. Do you think we are facing the end of journalism as we know it? Finberg: No, not the end of journalism as we know it. Perhaps the changes in the journalism model, the economic model that has supported journalism based on providing a marketplace for advertisers to reach an audience—I believe that G{]nð 2014

relatively recent one, historically speaking. There was a great period of time when journalism was supported by individuals, local entrepreneurs, and local businesses, for the sole purpose of getting their message across. The concept of mass media is a 20th-century model that is evolving, morphing, and changing into something else. I am not sure what we will have in the end, but I am sure it will be something different. Rajagopal: Then, what will the journalist do? Finberg: Journalists will find a platform, maybe the Web, maybe print, maybe mobile or something else. Journalism will find a way. Rajagopal: The media was a mediating institution like the state, the Church, the school, and even family. These organisations are not the same any longer. Journalism acquired legitimacy and credibility from these fields. As these organisations are not the same, can

(13) journalism contain the legitimacy and credibility still desired by the journalistic field? If so, how can it be done? Finberg: It is a dilemma. We need the mass media to be able to call attention to what is going on in society to effect a change. But if there is no economic model to support it, how do you do it? It becomes a huge challenge. But I believe there are models evolving and people stepping up to say, ‘I want a free press. I am willing to invest my money for the good of society.’ Maybe companies can find other ways to support it. I am optimistic, not pessimistic. And I am realistic that there will be more pain, but will not necessarily result in bad things. Rajagopal: Earlier, the news focused on local communities and the village community. Globalisation and new communication technologies have again started dividing the world into communities, in a totally different way. Now there are other types of communities, like the Internet community, Facebook community, and Twitter. What will be the role of journalists in that context? Finberg: Historically, journalism has been about global community from a geographic perspective, but the Internet has given us opportunity to have communities based on interest or based on other things. They go beyond the confines of geographical boundaries. That opens an opportunity globally. Rajagopal: But it will be different from conventional journalism practice. It will define mass media differently. Finberg: Journalism is not mass media. Mass media is a business media. It brings advertisers to consumers. Rajagopal: Would you like to separate journalism from mass media? Finberg: You really can’t separate the two. It is a symbiotic relationship with its ups and downs. You are asking me to be overly pessimistic, but I don’t want to be one. I want to be realistic. Rajagopal: I too do not want to be pessimistic. Journalism as a social practice is also undergoing radical transformation. Finberg: I mean, all institutions are undergoing change. We can say that it is because of technology. When we started connecting people together with technology, we started changing the social fabric. It is no longer possible to isolate ourselves as much as we did in the past. On the other hand, it also allows to create evil actors in the market (for instance) who hijack the media to affect society that way. Technology has done a lot to change how we view and act in the world. Rajagopal: And we are under total surveillance. Can journalism hold the realities of the total surveillance society? The very definition of journalism is now being questioned. I do not know how to imagine a journalist in a social ecosystem totally under surveillance. Finberg: There are so many opportunities in this new ecosystem to make connections, to further journalism to put context on top of content, to make connections where none was available before, to make context expand their horizons, to bring

together different aspects of their work that were not possible when physical research was required. It is incredibly exciting to see the potential of global journalism. Journalism’s role in society is much more important. We don’t have these conversations with journalists and journalism schools as much as we should. Rajagopal: On the production side, there is no centralised vertical news production. In the present socio– technological condition, it is not possible. Journalism was a part of mass media, and the idea of mass mediation struggles for existence. Also, the role of the journalist as information broker has changed. Anybody can be a journalist now.

Howard Finberg

Finberg: There is a role for broker, curator, an individual communicator, a storyteller. Too often journalism fails because they forget the people who are listening to the story. Is the journalist talking to themselves or to the people? There is a great hunger, not just in the US, but the world. The things that help make sense in where we live in—that is a role journalism can provide. That is what the journalist needs to provide. Rajagopal: For that there is no need of a journalist. Anybody who can tell a story is a journalist now in the horizontal model of news production. Finberg: Anybody can tell a story. That doesn’t G{]nð 2014

(14) You have to separate the business of education from education itself. People want to learn; they will find ways to learn. Not necessarily based on economic models of education. Education is a business. It has people paying for education. I give you the money, I expect an education in return. And that is a contract. In the same way that the Internet was able to change the media business by removing certain barriers and frictions, the Internet is also changing the nature of journalism education by removing frictions and barriers. It is possible that there are other ways to get education that did not exist 5–10 years ago. So the stresses and strains in the media business will be exactly the stresses and strains felt in journalism education and education as a whole. make them a journalist. It will not make a journalism story. Journalism is a skill. There is a criterion for journalism. Understanding what is news, what the facts are. I do not believe everybody is a journalist. I believe everybody has something to say, and that everybody has the means, but it does not make them journalists. “I saw this, let me share this to you”— that means they are sharing a piece of journalism. There is a great difference. Rajagopal: And there should be somebody to listen. The everyday life is changing. Even people in developing countries do not have time to read the newspaper. They get information from other sources. They get data from other sources and try to make sense of the same. Finberg: Sure. I do not have a comment.

On Journalism Education

Rajagopal: Do our journalism education strategies really address the changing field of journalism practice? Finberg: Should journalism education reflect the fact that everything is changing in journalism? Yes. It is very hard to give up something you know, to do something you don’t know; even though you know that what you don’t know is what you need to know. You have to separate the business of education from education itself. People want to learn; they will find ways to learn. Not necessarily based on economic models of education. Education is a business. It has people paying for education. I give you the money, I expect an education in return. And that is a contract. In the same way that the Internet was able to change the media business by removing certain barriers and frictions, the Internet is also changing the nature of journalism education by removing frictions and barriers. It is possible that there are other ways to get education that did not exist 5–10 years ago. So the stresses and strains in the media business will be exactly the stresses and strains felt in journalism education and education as a whole. The conversation in the US about the value of a college education—Can I actually learn what I need to learn without paying and sitting in classrooms—has just started.

G{]nð 2014

Rajagopal: Journalism education and training is dominated by the developed countries, like journalism courses in the universities in the US, journalism training institutes like The Poynter Institute and The Pew Institute, and those based in Europe, like the Thomson Reuters Foundation, RNTC, and the European Journalism Centre. They serve the hegemonic interests of the developed countries. There is no local journalism, only global one—same pattern, same structure. Who wants to keep journalism as it was? Finberg: The developed countries’ technology will allow them to do what the others could not when they set up an educational institution. You should move beyond the classrooms and get ahead, so that the students should be online, the education should be online. Rajagopal: Stiff competition and falling revenue. Survival is a big question. There is no ethics possible in this situation. Still we teach journalism ethics. Finberg: Credible journalism will still have a market. People will pay for trust. If what journalism does is help me with credible information, instead of harm or misinformation, they will definitely be with you. Rajagopal: Do you have any message to aspiring journalists? Finberg: I believe you need to take your education into your own hands. I believe that the professors are important as mentors and guides, but if you want to be a successful journalist, you need to learn on your own. Listen to the teacher’s wisdom to help you get better. You need to study; they need to guide. You need to learn; they need to mentor and coach, help you on the path. You walk the path yourself, though. This is the change in journalism education. The role of the teacher reduced to a mentor. He can be a technical guide, but a guide. K. Rajagopal is Academic Consultant, Kerala Press Academy. The interview was transcribed by Ananthu R. A.

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K‑pP-d‑m¯‑n s‑I‑m¨‑n-b‑nÂ X‑pS-§‑nb "t‑Icf a‑n{‑X‑w‑' ae-b‑m-f-¯‑ns‑e e£W b‑pà-a‑mb BZ‑y Z‑n\-¸-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-«‑mW‑v Nc‑n-{‑X-I‑m-c-·‑mÀ ]d-b‑p-¶X‑v. I‑pc‑p-a‑pfI‑v h‑y‑m]‑m-c-¯‑n-\‑mb‑n a«‑m-t‑©-c‑n-b‑nÂ h¶ Iï-¯‑nÂ hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑n-f-b‑mb‑n-c‑p¶‑p t‑Ic-f-a‑n-{‑X-¯‑ns‑â Ø‑m] I ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]À. B A\‑p-`-h-¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑m-IW‑w Gg‑p hÀj-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑ij‑w hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑nf t‑I‑m«-b¯‑v ae-b‑mf at‑\‑m-ca I¼\‑n Ø‑m]‑n-¡‑m³ {‑]t‑N‑mZ\‑w t‑\S‑n-bX‑v. at‑\‑m-ca {‑]k‑n-²‑o-Ic‑n¨‑p X‑pS-§‑m³ ]‑ns‑¶b‑p‑w cï‑p-s‑I‑mÃ-s‑a-S‑p¯‑p. s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf 1890 a‑mÀ¨‑v a‑mk-¯‑ns‑e B Z‑nh-k-¯‑ns‑â H‑mÀ½ C§s‑\ t‑cJ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶‑p. ""R‑m³ hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑n-f-t‑b‑ms‑S‑m-¶‑n¨‑v X‑ma-k‑n¨‑v t‑I‑m«b‑w k‑n.F‑w. Fk‑v s‑s‑lk‑vI‑q-f‑nÂ ]T‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ I‑me-¯‑mW‑v at‑\‑m-ca BZ‑y-a‑mb‑n {‑] k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-bX‑v. A¶‑p-a‑p-XÂ¡‑pXs‑¶ at‑\‑m-c-ab‑p‑w R‑m\‑p-a‑m-b‑pÅ _Ô‑w Bc‑w-`‑n-¨‑p-I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p¶‑p. aeb‑mf at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ps‑S H¶‑m-as‑¯ e¡‑w 1065 a‑o\‑w ]¯‑m‑w X‑obX‑n i\‑n-b‑mg‑vN A¨-S‑n¨‑p {‑]k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ Hc‑p h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ R‑m\‑p‑w I‑qs‑S t‑NÀ¶‑p. ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â H¶‑m‑w e¡‑w AX‑y‑p-Õ‑m-l-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n-b‑mW‑v X¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-bX‑v.‑'' (P‑oh‑nX k‑vac-WIÄþa‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf‑) ]{‑X-¡-S-e‑mk‑v AS‑p-¡‑n-s‑¡-«‑p-¶-X‑n Â \‑n¶‑v Bc‑w-`‑n¨‑v t‑eJ-I-\‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w ]{‑X‑w DS-a-b‑n-t‑e ¡‑p‑w ]S‑n-]-S‑n-b‑mb‑n F¯‑n-t‑¨À¶ s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf Xs‑â P‑oh‑n-X-

¯‑ns‑e FÃ‑m k‑w`-h-§f‑p‑w b‑mZ‑r-Ñ‑nI-a‑mb‑n h¶‑p-`-h‑n-¨-X‑mb‑n Ic‑p-X‑p¶‑p. a{‑Z‑mk‑v {‑I‑nk‑vX‑y³ t‑I‑mt‑f-P‑nÂ ]T‑n¡‑p¶ I‑me-¯‑mW‑v a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-fb‑ps‑S BZ‑y-t‑e-J\‑w at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑nÂ {‑] k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨X‑v. Hc‑p Ah-[‑n-¡‑m-e¯‑v {‑^©‑v A[‑o-\-{‑]-t‑Z-i-a‑mb ]‑pX‑p-t‑Èc‑n-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v \S-¯‑nb b‑m{‑X‑m-\‑p-`-h§Ä "Fs‑â t‑]‑mï‑n-t‑¨-c‑n-b‑m{‑X' F¶ t‑]c‑nÂ ]‑nX‑r-h‑y-\‑mb hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑n-f-b‑ps‑S t‑]c‑nÂ Fg‑pX‑n Ab¨‑p. ""CX‑n\‑v Hc‑p t‑eJ-\-s‑a¶ t‑]c‑n\‑p t‑b‑mK‑y-X-b‑nÃ. CX‑nÂ \‑nc-h[‑n I‑pä§f‑p‑w I‑pd-h‑p-If‑p‑w Dï‑v. {‑]k‑n-²‑o-Ic-W‑mÀl-§-f‑mb K‑pW-§Ä H¶‑p‑wXs‑¶ C‑u t‑eJ-\-¯‑n-\‑p-s‑ï¶‑v F\‑n¡‑p h‑nN‑m-c-a‑nÃ‑'' F¶ Ba‑p-J¡‑p-d‑n-t‑¸‑ms‑S Ab¨ B b‑m{‑X‑m-\‑p-`h h‑nh-cW‑w \‑nÊ‑m-c-a‑mb N‑ne X‑nc‑p-¯e‑p-I-t‑f‑ms‑S {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p. hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑nf Xs‑â t‑P‑yj‑vT-k-t‑l‑m-Z-cs‑â aI-t‑\‑mS‑v Hc‑p H‑uZ‑mc‑y‑w I‑m«‑p-I-b‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. At‑±l‑w a{‑Z‑m-k‑n-t‑e¡‑v a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-fb‑v¡‑v C§s‑\ Fg‑pX‑n. ""\‑ns‑â t‑eJ\‑w \‑o ]d-b‑p‑w-t‑]‑ms‑e A{‑X t‑a‑mi-aÃ‑'' Hc‑p h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑ns‑b Bt‑h-i-`-c‑n-X-\‑m-¡‑m\‑p‑w BË‑m-Z‑n¸‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w CX‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ \s‑Ã‑mc‑p t‑{‑]‑mÕ‑m-l-\-s‑a´‑v? ]{‑X-¯‑nÂ C\‑nb‑p‑w hÃX‑p‑w Fg‑p-X-W-s‑a¶ B{‑Kl‑w a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-f-b‑ps‑S a\Ê‑n-e‑p-bÀ¶‑p. _‑nc‑p-Z-s‑a-S‑p-¯-t‑ij‑w s‑s‑ak‑qÀ t‑Ìä‑v k‑nh‑nÂ kÀh‑o-k‑nÂ {‑]t‑h-i‑n-¡‑m³ B{‑K-l‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf t‑I‑m«-b¯‑v at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑nÂ t‑NÀ¶‑v hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑n-fb‑ps‑S kl‑mb‑n BI‑m³ CS-b‑m-bX‑p‑w AX-t‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â P‑oh‑n-X-¯‑ns‑e hg‑n-¯‑n-c‑n-h‑m-bX‑p‑w A§-s‑\-b‑mI‑m‑w. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf At‑X-¸ä‑n H‑mÀ¡‑p-¶X‑v t‑\‑m¡‑pI: ""P‑oh‑n-X-K-X‑n-b‑nÂ t‑\c‑nG{]nð 2014

(16) S‑p¶ A\‑p-`h s‑s‑hh‑n-²‑y-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w ]e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Ah-c-h-c‑ps‑S CÑb‑v¡‑p‑w \‑nb-{‑´-W-¯‑n\‑p‑w AX‑o-X-a‑mb Gt‑X‑m Hc‑p AZ‑ri‑y ià‑n-b‑ps‑S ]‑nS‑nb‑n-e-aÀ¶‑v \‑m‑w Dt‑±-i‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑m¯ IS-h‑p-I-f‑nÂ s‑N¶-S‑p-¡‑p¶‑p. \½‑ps‑S [‑mc-Wb‑v¡‑p‑w I‑mg‑vNb‑v¡‑p‑w A¸‑p-da‑mb Ft‑´‑m Hc‑p \‑nK‑qV al‑m-i-à‑nb‑n-e‑qs‑S CÑb‑v¡‑p‑w t‑{‑]c-Wb‑v¡‑p‑w h‑nt‑[-b-a‑m-b‑n-«‑mW‑v C‑u {‑]]© ] c‑n-]‑m-S‑nb‑p‑w a\‑pj‑y P‑oh‑n-X‑m-\‑p-`-h§f‑p‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p t‑]‑mb‑vs‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶-s‑X-¶‑pÅ h‑ni‑z‑m-k-¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p c£-s‑¸-S‑m³ k‑m[‑y-a-Ã. Fs‑´Ã‑m‑w A\‑p-`-hs‑s‑h-N‑n-{‑X‑y-§-f‑mW‑v £W`‑w-K‑p-c-a‑mb C‑u t‑e‑mI-¯‑nÂ \‑m‑w Z‑nh-t‑k\ I‑mW‑p-¶X‑v‑! Ah-b‑ps‑S b‑pà‑n-b‑p-à-a‑mb I‑mc‑y-I‑m-c-W-_-Ô§s‑f A]-{‑K-Y\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p ic‑n¡‑p a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑pI k‑m²‑y-a-Ã. A¡‑q-«¯‑nÂs‑¸« Hc‑p b‑mZ‑r-Ñ‑nI k‑w`h‑w a‑qe-a‑mW‑v R‑m³ {‑]X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑m-b-X‑v. Hc‑p ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑m-I‑p-s‑a¶‑p R‑m³ s‑Nd‑p¸-¯‑nÂ At‑ij‑w Dt‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m‑, Bb‑n-¯‑o-c-W-s‑a¶‑v R‑mt‑\‑m Fs‑â I‑q«-¯‑n-e‑m-s‑c-¦‑n-e‑pt‑a‑m B{‑K-l‑n-¡‑pIt‑b‑m s‑Nb‑vX‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. F¦‑ne‑p‑w k‑ml-N-c‑y-§-f‑ps‑S KX‑n-s‑s‑h-N‑n-{‑X‑y¯‑nÂ A§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v k‑w`-h‑n-¡‑m-\‑n-Sb‑m-b-X‑v.'' at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ps‑S ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y¯‑n\‑p ]‑pds‑a t‑I‑m«b‑w F‑w.-U‑n. s‑ka‑n-\‑m-c‑n-b‑ps‑S a‑mt‑\-P‑vs‑aâ‑v I‑qS‑n hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑nf hl‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a{‑Z‑mk‑v {‑I‑nk‑vX‑y³ t‑I‑mt‑f-P‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p _‑nc‑p-Zs‑a-S‑p¯ a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf cï‑p I‑mc‑y§Ä¡‑p‑w X\‑n¡‑p \s‑Ã‑mc‑p kl‑mb‑n Bb‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a¶‑v hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑nf Ic‑p-X‑n. k‑nh‑nÂ kÀh‑ok‑v k‑z]‑v\‑w

s‑hS‑nª‑v a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf A§s‑\ t‑I‑m«-b¯‑v F¯‑n-t‑¨-c‑m³ \‑nÀ_Ô‑n-X-\‑m-b‑n. F‑w.-U‑n. s‑ka‑n-\‑mc‑n s‑s‑lk‑v¡‑q-f‑nÂ s‑lU‑va‑m-Ì-d‑mb‑n ] IÂ ka-b¯‑p‑w at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑nÂ kl ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑mb‑n c‑m{‑X‑n ka-b¯‑p‑w a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf t‑P‑me‑n-b‑m-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. ]‑pX‑p-¸Å‑n he‑nb ]Å‑n CS-h-I¡‑mc‑p‑w \‑ne-b‑v¡Â ]Å‑n-¡‑mc‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-ï‑mb XÀ¡-¯‑nÂ CS-s‑]«‑v k‑pd‑n-b‑m\‑n k`-b‑ns‑e b‑mt‑¡‑m-_‑mb h‑n`‑m-K-¯‑n\‑v A\‑p-I‑q-e-a‑mb‑n a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf CS-hI ]{‑X‑n-I-b‑nÂ C¡‑me¯‑v Z‑oÀL-a‑mb‑n Hc‑p t‑eJ-\-s‑a-g‑p-X‑n. AX‑ns‑e h‑yà‑n-]-c-a‑mb h‑naÀi-\§Ä Hg‑n-h‑m¡‑n t‑eJ\‑w a‑pg‑p-h-\‑mb‑n at‑\‑m-ca ]{‑X‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. k`-b‑v¡‑p-Å‑nÂ Gs‑d t‑I‑mf‑n-f¡‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n¨ B t‑eJ\‑w at‑\‑m-c-ab‑ps‑S {‑]N‑m-c-¯‑n\‑v I‑mc-W-a‑mbX‑n\‑p ]‑pds‑a a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-fs‑b Hc‑p Fg‑p¯‑p-I‑m-c-\‑mb‑n A‑wK‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w D]-I-c‑n-¨‑p. C‑w¥-ï‑ns‑e ]‑mÀe-s‑aâd‑n k{‑¼-Z‑m-b-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w ]e h‑nt‑Z-ic‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w `c-W-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w ]W‑vU‑n-t‑X‑m-N‑n-X-a‑mb‑n Fg‑p-X‑m³ X‑mÂ¸-c‑y-]‑qÀh‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-h¶ a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-fs‑b ]‑nX‑r-k-t‑l‑m-Z-c-\‑mb ] {‑X‑m-[‑n-]À hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑nf \‑nc-´c‑w t‑{‑]‑mÕ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n¨‑p. F‑w.-U‑n. s‑ka‑n-\‑mc‑n s‑s‑lk‑v¡‑q-f‑nÂ s‑lU‑va‑m-ÌÀ¡‑v a‑pIf‑nÂ k`‑m a‑mt‑\-P‑vs‑aâ‑v Hc‑p {‑]‑n³k‑n¸-e‑ns‑\ \‑nb-a‑n¨‑v a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-fs‑b s‑Nd‑p-X‑m-¡‑m³ {‑ia‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ A`‑n-a‑m\‑n-b‑mb At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â DÅ‑p-\‑o-d‑n-s‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑P‑me‑n Dt‑]-£‑n-¡‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑pa‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. k‑v¡‑qf‑ns‑e ]W‑n¡‑v a‑mk‑w 35 c‑q] i¼f‑w I‑n«‑p‑w. at‑\‑m-c-ab‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w A{‑Xb‑p‑w X‑pI e`‑n-¡‑p‑w.

A©‑p-a-¡f‑p‑w `‑mc‑yb‑p‑w AS-§‑p¶ Xs‑â I‑pS‑p‑w-_s‑¯ t‑]‑mä‑m³ AX‑p X‑nI-b‑p-¶‑n-Ã. (s‑I.-F‑w. a‑mX‑y‑p AS¡‑w aä‑v \‑me‑p a¡Ä P\‑n-¨X‑v ]‑n¶‑o-S‑mW‑v.‑) ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑vX-I-§Ä cN‑n¨‑v {‑] X‑n-^e‑w t‑\S‑n-b‑mW‑v k‑m¼-¯‑nI t‑]‑mc‑mb‑va \‑nI-¯‑nbX‑v. At‑¸‑mÄ k`-t‑b‑mS‑v XÀ¡‑n¨‑v t‑P‑me‑n If-b‑ms‑\‑m¶‑p‑w I‑q«‑m-¡‑ms‑X a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf Xs‑â k‑zI‑m-c‑y-t‑h-Z-\-IÄ \‑nÈ_‑vZ‑w kl‑n-¨‑p. A¡‑m-es‑¯ at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ps‑S Ø‑nX‑n At‑±l‑w h‑nh-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v C§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v. ""]e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w at‑\‑m-ca-b‑ps‑S H‑mt‑c‑m Bh-i‑y-¯‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑nf ]W‑w IS‑w h‑m§‑o«‑mW‑v I‑mc‑y-§Ä \S-¯‑n-b-X‑v. Hc‑n-¡Â t‑Ic-f-hÀ½ he‑nb t‑I‑mb‑n-¯-¼‑p-c‑m³ X‑nc‑p-a-\-Ê‑ns‑e t‑P‑yj‑vT-\‑mb A\-´]‑p-c¯‑p t‑I‑mb‑n-¯-¼‑p-c‑m-t‑\‑mS‑p a‑qh‑mb‑nc‑w c‑q] at‑\‑m-c-ab‑v¡‑p t‑hï‑n IS‑w h‑m§‑n... 1072 a‑pXÂ 1080 hs‑c R‑m³ b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p {‑]X‑n-^-eh‑p‑w I‑qS‑m-s‑Xb‑mW‑v at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ps‑S N‑pa-Xe a‑pg‑p-h³ hl‑n-¨-X‑v. As‑Ã-¦‑nÂ at‑\‑m-ca a‑pS§‑n \‑m\‑m-h‑n-[-a‑mb‑nt‑¸‑mI‑m-\‑mW‑v CS-b‑pï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v.'' Iï-¯‑nÂ hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑nf t‑c‑mK‑mX‑p-c-\‑mb‑n X‑nc‑p-h-Ã-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v aS-§‑nb t‑ij‑w at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ps‑S \S-¯‑n-¸‑ns‑â `‑mc‑w a‑pg‑p-h³ a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-f-b‑n-e‑m-b‑n. N‑n«‑n-IÄ \S-¯‑nb‑p‑w `‑mK‑y-¡‑p-d‑n-IÄ k‑wL-S‑n-¸‑n¨‑p‑w IS‑w h‑m§‑nb‑p‑w ] W‑w k‑zc‑q-]‑n¨‑v ]{‑Xh‑p‑w k`‑m Ø‑m]\-§f‑p‑w \S-¯‑n-t‑¸‑m¶ hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑nf-b‑ps‑S c‑oX‑n s‑hS‑nª‑v h‑yh-k‑mb k‑wc‑w-`-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S [\-a‑pï‑m¡‑m³ a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf ]c‑n-{‑i-a‑n-¨‑p. k‑v¡‑qf‑ns‑e s‑lU‑va‑m-ÌÀ ]W‑nb‑p‑w ]{‑X-\‑nÀ½‑mWh‑p‑w h‑yh-k‑mb k‑wc‑w-`-§f‑p‑w I‑qS‑n

Iï-¯‑nÂ hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑n-f

s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-f

s‑I.F‑w. a‑mX‑y‑p-

G{]nð 2014

(17)

s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-f

Hc‑p-a‑n¨‑p t‑]‑mI‑n-Ã. k‑v¡‑qf‑ns‑e t‑P‑me‑n Dt‑]-£‑n¨‑v a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf A¡‑mes‑¯ Hc‑p {‑]ik‑vX k‑wc‑w-`-I-\‑m-b‑nc‑p¶ Ab‑va\‑w ]‑n. t‑P‑mW‑ns‑â a‑mÀ¤‑w ]‑n´‑p-SÀ¶‑v h‑yh-k‑m-b-¯‑n-e‑n-d-§‑n. t‑X‑m«‑w I‑rj‑n-b‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p X‑pS-¡‑w. k‑u¯‑v At‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑ne‑p‑w P‑mh-Z‑z‑o-]‑v, aeb F¶‑n-h‑n-S-§-f‑ne‑p‑w d_ÀI‑rj‑n h³ BZ‑m-b-I-c-a‑mb‑n ]‑pj‑vS‑n-s‑¸-S‑p¶-X‑mb‑n C‑w¥‑oj‑v ]{‑X-§-f‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v h‑mb‑n-¨-d‑nª‑v at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑nÂ [‑mc‑mf‑w t‑eJ-\-§Ä At‑±l‑w Fg‑p-X‑n. Ah h‑mb‑n-¡‑m-\‑n-S-b‑mb ]‑n. t‑P‑m¬ F¶ h‑yh-k‑mb‑n a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-fs‑b Xs‑â ]¦‑m-f‑n-b‑m-¡‑m³ k¶-²-\‑m-b‑n. ae-¦c d_À I¼\‑n A§s‑\ c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑p. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v t‑Xb‑ne t‑X‑m«-§Ä Dï‑m¡‑m³ I‑q«‑p-k‑w-c‑w-`-¯‑nÂ GÀs‑¸-«‑p. 1904Â Iï-¯‑nÂ hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑nf AI‑m-e-¯‑nÂ A´-c‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ps‑S a‑pJ‑y ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-

c‑ps‑S N‑pa-X-eb‑p‑w a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-f-b‑nÂ AÀ¸‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n. H¶‑m‑w t‑e‑mI-b‑p²‑w X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑ns‑e I‑mÀj‑nI h‑y‑mhk‑m-b‑n-I-c‑w-K¯‑v he‑nb DWÀh‑p-ï‑m¡‑n. DÂ¸-¶-§-f‑ps‑S h‑ne hÀ²‑n-¨‑p. I‑rj‑n-¡‑mÀ¡‑v k‑m¼-¯‑nI ]‑pt‑c‑m-KX‑n s‑s‑Ih-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w \‑m«‑nÂ P‑oh‑n-Xs‑¨-eh‑v Cc-«‑n-¨‑p. _‑m¦‑n‑wK‑v h‑yh-k‑m-b¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v {‑i² X‑nc‑n¨ a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ \‑mj-WÂ _‑m¦‑p‑w C³j‑z-d³k‑v I¼-\‑nb‑p‑w AS-¡-a‑pÅ [\-I‑mc‑y Ø‑m]-\-§-f‑ps‑S \S-¯‑n¸‑nÂ {‑][‑m\ ]¦‑p-h-l‑n-¨‑p. At‑±l‑w Fg‑p-X‑p¶‑p: ""R‑m³ ]e ]²-X‑n-If‑ne‑p‑w s‑X‑m«‑p. N‑ne-s‑X‑ms‑¡ t‑hc‑p-]‑n-S‑n¨‑p-d-¨‑p. aä‑p N‑neX‑p ^e‑n-¨‑n-Ã... k‑n.-]‑n. I¼-\‑n‑, I‑p¸-¸‑p-d‑w‑, X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ \‑mj-WÂ _‑m¦‑v‑, ae-¦c d_À I¼\‑n‑, ae-b‑mf at‑\‑m-ca Ch-s‑b‑ms‑¡ B I‑me-L-«-¯‑nÂ t‑hc‑p-]‑n-S‑n¨ {‑]Ø‑m\-§-f‑nÂs‑¸S‑p-¶‑p. ]¯-\‑m-]‑p-c-¯‑n\‑p

ka‑o-]-a‑pÅ s‑N§-d-b‑ns‑e t‑X‑m«‑w‑, ]‑pÅ‑n-¡‑m-\s‑¯ t‑Xb‑n-e-t‑X‑m-«‑w‑, I¸Â h‑m§‑m-\‑pÅ {‑ia‑w BZ‑n-b‑m-bh ]c‑m-P-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.'' N‑n¡a‑wK-f‑q-c‑ns‑e I‑m¸‑n-t‑¯‑m«‑w I‑pS‑p‑w-_-¯‑ns‑â {‑][‑m\ hc‑p-a‑m\ t‑{‑k‑mX-k‑mb‑n a‑md‑nb I‑mc‑y‑w s‑I.-F‑w. a‑mX‑y‑p Bß-I-Y-b‑nÂ A\‑pk‑va-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. H¶‑m‑w t‑e‑mI-b‑p-²‑m-\-´c‑w X‑nc‑ph‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑nÂ s‑]‑mX‑p k¼-¶-X-b‑ps‑S h‑nP-b-§Ä¡‑p‑w k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-a‑mb ] c‑m-P-b-§Ä¡‑p‑w CS-b‑n-e‑qs‑S I‑me‑w \‑o§‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ at‑\‑m-c-a-b-S¡‑w \‑nc-h[‑n ]{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑nZ‑y‑m h‑nt‑\‑m-Z‑n-\‑n‑, `‑mj‑m-t‑]‑m-j‑nW‑n X‑pS-§‑nb k‑ml‑nX‑y a‑mk‑n-I-I-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w {‑]N‑mc‑w he‑nb k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI DWÀh‑mW‑v ka‑q-l¯‑nÂ k‑rj‑vS‑n-¨-X‑v. Ak-a-X‑z-§Ä¡‑p‑w A\‑m-N‑m-c-§Ä¡‑p-s‑a-X‑ns‑c {‑i‑o\‑m-c‑m-bW-K‑pc‑p Bc‑w-`‑n¨ k‑ma‑q-l‑nI h‑n¹h‑w k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑mÀ¡‑n-S-b‑nÂ he‑nb Ne-\-§Ä Dï‑m-¡‑n. C‑w¥‑oj‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w k‑v{‑X‑ok‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w al‑na DWÀ¯‑p-¶-X-c-¯‑nÂ H. N´‑p-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â "Cµ‑p-t‑eJ‑' F¶ t‑\‑mhÂ {‑]N‑mc‑w t‑\S‑n. X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qd‑nÂ Hc‑p Uk³ ]{‑X-§Ä Dï‑m-b‑n. P\-§-f‑ps‑S h‑mb-\‑m-i‑oe‑w Cc-«‑n-¨‑p. t‑Ìä‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑p. Ic‑w X‑oc‑ph-b‑p-Å-hÀ¡‑p a‑m{‑Xt‑a t‑h‑m«-hI‑mi‑w A\‑p-h-Z‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑pÅ‑q F¦‑ne‑p‑w {‑i‑oa‑qe‑w {‑]P‑m-k-`-b‑n-e‑qs‑S t‑]c‑n\‑v P\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y k‑z`‑m-h-a‑pÅ \‑nba\‑nÀ½‑mW Ø‑m]\‑w c‑mP-`-c-W-¯‑n³ I‑og‑nÂ Dï‑m-b‑n. P\-§-f‑nÂ Ah-I‑mi-t‑_‑m[‑w A¦‑p-c‑n-¨‑p. "t‑e‑mI-c‑wK‑w‑' F¶ t‑]c‑nÂ a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf at‑\‑m-ca-b‑nÂ ]X‑n-h‑mb‑n Fg‑p-X‑nb h‑nt‑Z-iI‑mc‑y h‑nt‑i-j-§Ä h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑v Ad‑n-h‑ns‑â h‑ni‑me t‑e‑mI-t‑¯¡‑v P‑meI‑w X‑pd¶‑n«‑p. h‑yh-k‑mb {‑]a‑pJ\‑p‑w ae-¦c H‑mÀ¯-t‑U‑mI‑vk‑v k`‑m{‑]-a‑m-W‑nb‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑p-a‑mb s‑I.-k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf {‑]P‑m-k-`-b‑nÂ A‑wKa‑mb‑n h¶‑v k‑ma‑q-l‑nI {‑]i‑v\-§Ä D¶-b‑n¨‑v X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑nÂ s‑a¨-s‑¸« P‑oh‑n-X-k‑m-l-N-c‑y-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑m³ t‑hï‑n h‑ot‑d‑ms‑S h‑mZ‑n-¨‑p. s‑s‑h¡‑w kX‑y‑m-{‑Kl-¯‑n\‑v At‑±l‑w h‑yà‑n-]-c-a‑mb‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-s‑c¶ \‑ne-b‑ne‑p‑w ]‑n´‑pW \ÂI‑n. X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑nÂ Xt‑±-i‑obÀ¡‑v Dt‑Z‑y‑mK‑w e`‑n-¡‑m³ kaÀ¸‑n¨ ae-b‑mf‑n s‑at‑½‑m-d‑n-bÂ‑, C‑ugh s‑at‑½‑m-d‑n-bÂ F¶‑o \‑nt‑hZ-\-§Ä¡‑v H¯‑m-i- s‑N-b‑vX‑p. t‑£{‑X‑m-c‑m-[\‑m k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-¯‑n\‑p‑w k©‑m-c-k‑z‑m-X{‑´‑y-¯‑n\‑p‑w t‑hï‑n {‑]P‑m-k-`-b‑nÂ h‑mZ‑n-¨‑p. A¡‑m-e¯‑v t‑I‑m«-b¯‑v a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-f-b‑ps‑S h‑oS‑p‑w at‑\‑m-ca H‑m^‑ok‑p‑w Hc‑p s‑I«‑n-S-¯‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. G{]nð 2014

(18) t‑Ìä‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑ns‑â t‑\X‑m-¡-f‑mb S‑n.-F‑w. hÀ¤‑o-k‑v, k‑n. t‑Ii-h³‑, F.s‑P. t‑P‑m¬ X‑pS-§‑n-b-hÀ Ah‑ns‑S ] X‑nh‑v kµÀi-I-c‑m-b‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf-b‑ps‑S a‑pd‑n c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob NÀ¨‑m-t‑h-Z‑nb‑m-b‑n. Z‑nh‑m³ `c-W-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c \‑nhÀ¯\ {‑]t‑£‑m` {‑]Ø‑m\‑w ]‑ndh‑n-s‑b-S‑p¯X‑v B a‑pd‑n-b‑nÂ Bs‑W¶‑v s‑I.-F‑w. a‑mX‑y‑p ‑"F«‑m-as‑¯ t‑a‑mX‑nc‑w‑' F¶ Bß-I-Y-b‑nÂ h‑nh-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑nÂ Dt‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø\‑mb‑n 1931Â F¯‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p a‑pt‑¼ k‑n.-]‑n. c‑ma-k‑z‑ma‑n A¿À C‑u \‑m«‑pI‑mÀ¡‑n-S-b‑nÂ {‑]i-k‑vX-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. {‑]KÂ`-\‑mb A`‑n-`‑m-j-I³‑, a{‑Z‑mk‑ns‑e AU‑z-t‑¡ä‑v P\-dÂ F¶-X‑ns‑\‑ms‑¡ D]c‑n C´‑y³ \‑mj-WÂ t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑ns‑â P\-dÂ s‑k{‑I«d‑nb‑mb‑p‑w k‑n.-]‑n. {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. h‑nZ‑y‑m-`‑y‑mk ]c‑n-j‑v¡À¯‑m-h‑v, t‑a«‑qÀ AW-s‑¡-«‑v, s‑s‑h¡‑md Pe-s‑s‑h-Z‑y‑pX ]²X‑n F¶‑n-h-b‑ps‑S D]-Ú‑m-X‑mh‑v F¶‑n-§-s‑\b‑p‑w k‑n.-]‑n. Ad‑n-b-s‑¸-«‑p. s‑I.-k‑n. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf kP‑o-h-a‑mb‑n CS-s‑]-«‑n-c‑p¶ ka‑p-Z‑m-b-¯‑ns‑â "h«‑n-¸W-t‑¡-k‑n'Â‑ ae-¦c H‑mÀ¯-t‑U‑mI‑vk‑v ]£-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑n-c‑mb‑n h‑mZ‑n-¡‑m³ ]‑m{‑X‑nb‑mÀ¡‑ok‑v h‑n`‑m-K-¯‑ns‑â h¡‑m-e¯‑v Gs‑ä-S‑p¯‑v a‑p¼‑p‑w k‑n.-]‑n. X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑wI‑q-d‑nÂ h¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. N‑n¯‑nc X‑nc‑p-\‑mÄ c‑mP‑m-h‑ns‑â Ø‑m\‑m-t‑c‑m-l-Ws‑¯ X‑pSÀ¶‑v c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob \‑nba D]-t‑Z-j‑vS‑mh‑mb‑n 1931Â k‑n.-]‑n. \‑nb-a‑n-X-\‑m-b‑n. A©‑v hÀj‑w Ig‑nª‑v Z‑nh‑m³ ]Zh‑n Gs‑ä-S‑p-¯‑p. al‑m-c‑m-P‑m-h‑ns‑â t‑]c‑nÂ k‑n.]‑nb‑mW‑v X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ AS¡‑n-`-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-s‑X¶‑v \‑m«‑p-I‑m-s‑cÃ‑m‑w a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n. t‑Ìä‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑ns‑â {‑]hÀ¯-\-§f‑p‑w {‑]t‑£‑m-`-§f‑p‑w clk‑y s‑]‑me‑o-k‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w N‑mc-·‑ms‑cb‑p‑w h¨‑v Z‑nh‑m³ kk‑q£‑va‑w \‑nc‑o-£‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-¶‑p. k`‑m-XÀ¡-¯‑nÂ FX‑nÀ]-£-¯‑ns‑â h¡‑o-e‑m-b‑n- h¶ c‑ma-k‑z‑ma‑n A¿-t‑c‑mS‑v s‑I.-k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-fb‑v¡‑v k‑z‑m`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w \‑ock‑w t‑X‑m¶‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. t‑Ìä‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v t‑\X‑m-¡Ä \S-¯‑p¶ Z‑nh‑m³ h‑nc‑p² {‑]k‑w-K-§Ä¡‑p‑w kac-§Ä¡‑p‑w at‑\‑m-ca \ÂI‑n-t‑¸‑m¶ ]‑n´‑pW A¡‑m-e¯‑v as‑ä‑m-c‑p ]{‑Xh‑p‑w s‑s‑[c‑ys‑¸-S‑m-¯-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1935 t‑ab‑v ] X‑n-s‑\‑m¶‑n\‑v t‑I‑mg-t‑©-c‑n-b‑nÂ \S¶ ]‑uc-a-l‑m-k-t‑½-f-\-¯‑nÂ k‑n. t‑Iih³ \S-¯‑nb A²‑y-£-{‑]-k‑wK‑w X‑nc‑ph‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑nÂ h³ t‑I‑mf‑n-f¡‑w Dï‑m-¡‑n. Z‑nh‑m³`cW‑w \‑mS‑n\‑v Bh-i‑y-a‑n-s‑Ã¶‑p‑w X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑n\‑v `‑mc-a‑mb‑n¯‑oÀ¶ k‑n.-]‑n.s‑b \‑m«‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v DS³ ] d-ª-b-b‑v¡-W-s‑a¶‑p‑w AX‑n-\‑pÅ {‑] G{]nð 2014

at\mcabpsS BZy e¡w

t‑£‑m-`-¯‑ns‑â Bc‑w-`-a‑mW‑v t‑I‑mgt‑©-c‑n-b‑ns‑e ]‑uc-k-t‑½-f-\-s‑a¶‑p‑w t‑Ii-h³ {‑]k‑w-K‑n-¨‑p. at‑\‑m-ca B {‑] k‑wK‑w ]‑qÀ®-a‑m-b‑n-¯s‑¶ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p. t‑Ii-hs‑\ c‑mP‑y-t‑{‑Z‑m-l¡‑pä‑w N‑pa-¯‑n AdÌ‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v P‑ma‑y‑w \ÂI‑ms‑X t‑e‑m¡-¸‑n-e-S-¨‑p. h‑nN‑m-c-Wb‑v¡‑p-t‑ij‑w cï‑p-hÀj‑w IT‑n-\-X-Sh‑p‑w 500 c‑q] ]‑ngb‑p‑w i‑n£‑n-¨‑p. 1935 P‑q¬ ]X‑n-s‑\‑m-¶‑n\‑v at‑\‑m-ca Fg‑p-X‑nb a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑wK‑w C§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p: "t‑Ii-hs‑â Ad-Ì‑ne‑p‑w t‑{‑]‑mk‑n-I‑y‑qj³ \S-]-S‑n-I-f‑ne‑p‑w A´À`-h‑n-¨‑n«‑pÅ Kh¬s‑aâ‑v \bs‑¯ Hc‑p-h‑n-[¯‑ne‑p‑w R§Ä A‑wK‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. c‑mP‑y-¯‑p-S-\‑of‑w {‑]I-S-a‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑nc‑n-¡‑p¶ {‑]X‑n-t‑j-[-¯‑nÂ R§f‑p‑w ]¦‑p-t‑Nc‑p¶‑p.' \‑mbÀ ka‑p-Z‑m-b-¯‑nÂs‑]« h‑nZ‑y‑mk-¼-¶-c‑m-b-hÀ¡‑v X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑nÂ kÀ¡‑mÀ Dt‑Z‑y‑mK‑w e`‑n-¡‑m³ ‑"aeb‑mf‑n s‑at‑½‑m-d‑n-bÂ‑' kl‑m-b-I-a‑m-

b‑n. CX-c-h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑nÂ‑, {‑]t‑X‑y-I‑n¨‑v ]‑nt‑¶‑m¡ \‑y‑q\-]-£-§-f‑nÂs‑¸-«hÀ¡‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ kÀh‑ok‑v A{‑]‑m]‑y-a‑mb‑n X‑pSÀ¶‑p. t‑U‑m. ]Â¸‑ph‑p‑w I‑q«c‑p‑w c‑mP‑m-h‑n\‑p kaÀ¸‑n¨ "C‑ugh s‑at‑½‑m-d‑n-bÂ' b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p ^eh‑p‑w Iï‑n-Ã. AX‑n-\‑mÂ kÀ¡‑mÀ h‑nc‑p² \‑nhÀ¯\ ka-c-§-f‑nÂ {‑I‑nk‑vX‑y³ þ a‑pÉ‑n‑w þ ]‑nt‑¶‑m¡ h‑n`‑mK s‑FI‑y‑w DS-s‑e-S‑p-¯‑p. A§-s‑\‑mc‑p k‑ma‑p-Z‑mb‑nI GI‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n\‑v a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf-b‑ps‑S ]‑n´‑p-W-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. 1937Â I‑mÀ¯‑nI X‑nc‑p-\‑mÄ X¼‑p-c‑m-«‑n-b‑ps‑S P·-Z‑n\‑w {‑]a‑m-W‑n¨‑v Pb‑nÂ h‑nt‑a‑m-N‑nX-c‑mb \‑me‑p-t‑]-c‑nÂ Hc‑mÄ k‑n. t‑Iih-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Be-¸‑p-g-b‑ns‑e I‑nS§‑m‑w-]-d¼‑v s‑s‑aX‑m-\¯‑v B hÀj‑w HI‑vt‑S‑m-_À 3þ‑m‑w -X‑o-bX‑n t‑Ii-h\‑v Bt‑h-i-I-c-a‑mb k‑z‑oI-cW‑w \ÂI‑n. B al‑m-k-t‑½-f-\-¯‑nÂ s‑I.-k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-f-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p A²‑y-£³. I‑zb‑n-t‑e‑m¬ _‑m¦‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w {‑S‑mh³I‑qÀ

(19)

at\mcabpsS Cós¯ cq]w

\‑mj-WÂ _‑m¦‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w k‑wt‑b‑m-P\ t‑ij‑w a{‑Z‑m-k‑n-t‑e¡‑v X‑mak‑w a‑mä‑n-b‑nc‑p¶ a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf ]‑uc-{‑]-a‑m-W‑n-a‑m-c‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w t‑\X‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w A`‑yÀ°\ a‑m\‑n¨‑v t‑Ii-h³ h¡‑o-e‑ns‑â k‑z‑oI-cW-t‑b‑m-K-¯‑nÂ ]s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑m-s‑\-¯‑p-Ib‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A²‑y-£-{‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑nÂ At‑±l‑w ""t‑Ii-h-\‑n¶‑v t‑Ic-f-¯‑ns‑e I‑nc‑oS‑w hb‑v¡‑m¯ c‑mP‑m-h‑m-b‑n¯‑oÀ¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p...'' F¶‑v ]d-ª‑p. I‑nS-§‑m‑w-]-d¼‑v A\‑p-t‑a‑m-Z\ t‑b‑mK¯‑ns‑â Z‑oÀL-a‑mb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v at‑\‑m-ca H¶‑m‑w t‑]P‑ne‑p‑w DÄt‑]-P‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p-a‑mb‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. ‑"t‑Iih Nt‑{‑µ‑m-Zb‑w Iï a\‑p-j‑y-al‑mka‑p{‑Z‑w‑' F¶‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p {‑][‑m\ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑ns‑â Xe-s‑¡-«‑v. Z‑nh‑m³ k‑n.-]‑n. t‑I‑m]‑m-I‑p-e-\‑m-I‑m³ t‑hs‑d-´‑p-t‑h-W‑w? X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑ns‑e 51 e£‑w P\-§-f‑ps‑S I‑nc‑oS‑w N‑qS‑m¯ c‑mP‑mh‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑p-I‑m-c-\‑mb k‑n. t‑Ii-h³‑! Pb‑nÂ h‑nt‑a‑m-N‑n-X-\‑mb Hc‑p ]‑nt‑¶‑m¡ ka‑p-Z‑m-b-¡‑m-c³. at‑\‑m-c-

ab‑v¡‑v k‑n.-]‑n. t‑\‑m«‑ok‑v Ab-¸‑n-¨‑p. t‑Ii-hs‑\ \‑mS‑ns‑â c‑mP‑m-h‑mb‑n h‑nt‑ij‑n-¸‑n-¨-X-s‑Ã¶‑p‑w C‑w¥‑oj‑v `‑mj-b‑ns‑e ‑"A¬ {‑I‑u¬U‑v I‑n‑wK‑v‑' F¶‑v {‑]t‑b‑mK-¯‑ns‑â ]c‑n-`‑mj a‑m{‑X-a‑m-s‑W¶‑p‑w ad‑p-]S‑n Ab¨‑v at‑\‑m-ca XÂ¡‑me‑w Xe-b‑q-c‑n. 1938 s‑^{‑_‑p-h-c‑n-b‑nÂ k‑n.-h‑n. I‑pª‑n-c‑m-as‑â A²‑y-£-X-b‑nÂ X‑nc‑ph-\-´-]‑p-c¯‑v t‑NÀ¶ ]‑uc-t‑b‑mK‑w {‑]‑mb-]‑qÀ¯‑n t‑h‑m«h-I‑m-i-¯‑ns‑â AS‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑nÂ X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑nÂ ]‑qÀW D¯-c-h‑mZ `cW‑w t‑hW-s‑a¶ e£‑y-t‑¯‑ms‑S t‑Ìä‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n\‑p c‑q]‑w \ÂI‑n. ]«‑w X‑mW‑p-]‑nÅ {‑]k‑nUâ‑p‑w S‑n.-F‑w. hÀ¤‑ok‑v s‑k{‑I-«-d‑nb‑p‑w Bb‑n. at‑\‑m-ca a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑nÂ ]‑pX‑nb {‑]Ø‑m-\s‑¯ k‑z‑mKX‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v Fg‑pX‑n: "C‑u \‑m«‑ns‑e FÃ‑m ka‑p-Z‑m-b-§f‑p‑w Ig‑n-ªs‑X‑ms‑¡ ad¶‑v Bß‑mÀ°-X-t‑b‑mS‑p‑w ]‑qÀW k‑ul‑r-Z-t‑¯‑m-S‑p‑w-I‑qS‑n klI-c‑n¨‑v C‑u {‑]Ø‑m-\s‑¯ h‑nP-b-{‑]‑m-

]‑vX‑n-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v \b‑n-¡‑p-s‑a¶‑v R§Ä h‑ni‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.' _‑p²‑n-a‑m-\‑mb k‑n.-]‑n. c‑ma-k‑z‑ma‑n A¿À I‑mc‑y-§Ä X\‑n-s‑¡-X‑ns‑c Dc‑p¯‑n-c‑nb‑pIb‑m-s‑W¶‑v t‑hK‑w {‑Kl‑n-¨‑p. \‑nhÀ¯\ {‑]t‑£‑m-`-¯‑nÂ X‑pS-§‑n‑, t‑Ìä‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v c‑q]‑o-I-c-W-¯‑ne‑qs‑S D¯-c-h‑mZ `cW¯‑nt‑e¡‑pÅ B \‑o¡‑w Z‑nh‑m³ `c-W-¯‑ns‑â A´‑y-¯‑nÂ s‑Ns‑¶-¯‑p-s‑a¶‑v k‑n.]‑n.¡‑v D‑ul‑n-¡‑m-\‑mI‑p‑w. CX‑n-s‑\Ã‑m‑w H¯‑m-ib‑p‑w ]Wh‑p‑w Hg‑p-I‑p-¶X‑v s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-f-b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑m-s‑W¶‑v k‑n.-]‑n. [c‑n-¨‑p. \‑mj-WÂ Bâ‑v I‑zb‑n-t‑e‑m¬ _‑m¦‑p‑w at‑\‑m-c-ab‑p‑w Xs‑â i{‑X‑p-¡Ä¡‑v kl‑mb kl-Ic-W-§Ä \ÂI‑p-¶‑p. AX‑v XIÀt‑¯ aX‑n-b‑mI‑q F¶‑v k‑n.-]‑n. Ic‑p-X‑n. BZ‑y‑w [\-t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑mb _‑m¦‑v CÃ‑m-X‑m-¡‑pI; ]‑ns‑¶ AX‑ns‑â \S-¯‑n-¸‑p-I‑ms‑c XS-h‑n-e-S¨‑v \‑ni-_‑vZ-c‑m-¡‑p-I‑, HS‑p-h‑nÂ at‑\‑m-ca AS-¨‑p-]‑q«‑n X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ X¶‑n-j‑vS-‑wt‑]‑ms‑e `c‑n-¡‑p-I. Bk‑q{‑X‑n-X-a‑mb Ic‑p-\‑o-¡-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S k‑n.]‑n. B{‑K-l‑n¨h‑n[‑w FÃ‑m‑w \S-¶‑p. I‑pt‑_c-·‑m-c‑mb‑n P‑oh‑n¨ a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-f-s‑bb‑p‑w a¡-s‑fb‑p‑w Hc‑p-Z‑n-h-k‑ws‑I‑mï‑v k‑n.-]‑n. \‑nc‑m-[‑m-c-c‑m-¡‑n. s‑I.-F‑w. a‑mX‑y‑p a{‑Z‑mk‑v {‑I‑nk‑vX‑y³ t‑I‑mt‑f-P‑nÂ ]T‑n-¡‑p¶ 1938e‑mb‑n-c‑p¶‑p k‑n.-]‑n.-b‑ps‑S t‑I‑m]‑m-á‑n-b‑nÂ at‑\‑mc-ab‑p‑w Ah-c‑ps‑S I‑pS‑p‑w-_-Ø‑m-]-\§f‑p‑w Hs‑¶‑m-¶‑mb‑n s‑hs‑´-c‑n-ª-X‑v. Bß-I-Y-b‑nÂ a‑mX‑y‑p Fg‑p-X‑p¶‑p: ""{‑]X‑o-£-IÄ I‑pdª‑p X‑pS-§‑nb B ka-b-¯‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p A¸-¨-s‑\b‑p‑w (s‑I.-k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-f‑) aä‑p‑w AdÌ‑p s‑N¿‑p-¶-X‑v. At‑X Z‑nhk‑w c‑m{‑X‑nt‑b‑ms‑S C‑u¸-¨‑m-b\‑p‑w Ad-Ì‑n-e‑mb‑n. B c‑m{‑X‑n Ah-s‑cÃ‑m‑w FK‑va‑qÀ s‑]‑me‑ok‑v t‑Ìj-\‑ns‑e t‑e‑m¡-¸‑n-e‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. R‑m\‑n-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w B c‑m{‑X‑ns‑b t‑hZ-\-t‑b‑ms‑S a\-Ê‑nÂ k¦-e‑v]‑n-¡‑m-d‑pï‑v. {‑]_‑p-² t‑Ic-f-¯‑ns‑â h‑nI‑mk ] c‑n-W‑m-a-§-f‑nÂ \‑nÀW‑m-bI k‑z‑m[‑m\‑w s‑Ne‑p-¯‑nb B Ú‑m\h‑r²³ IT‑n-\-a‑mb s‑s‑]Âk‑ns‑â t‑hZ-\b‑p‑w kl‑n-¨‑v, t‑e‑m¡-¸‑ns‑e s‑hd‑p‑w \‑ne¯‑v XW‑p-¯‑p-h‑n-d¨‑v I‑nS¶ B c‑m{‑X‑n-s‑b¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v.'' (F-«‑m-as‑¯ t‑a‑mX‑n-c‑w‑) 1928 P\‑p-hc‑n 16-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n a‑pXÂ at‑\‑m-ca Hc‑p Z‑n\-¸-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. 1938 s‑k]‑vX‑w-_À 10\‑v at‑\‑m-ca \‑nt‑c‑m-[‑n¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w H‑m^‑ok‑v ]‑q«‑n a‑p{‑Z- h-b‑v¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. s‑I‑m¨‑n-c‑m-P‑ys‑¯ I‑p¶‑w-I‑p-f-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑v ]‑nt‑ä- Z‑n-hk‑w a‑pXÂ A¨-S-‑n-¨‑n-d-¡‑n-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w \‑me‑m‑w Z‑nhk‑w k‑n.-]‑n.-b‑ps‑S h‑ne-¡‑p-h-¶‑p. 48 hÀjs‑¯ k‑ml-k‑n-I-a‑mb \‑ne\‑nÂ¸‑ns‑â H‑mÀ½-I-f‑p-a‑mb‑n at‑\‑m-ca G{]nð 2014

(20) s‑]‑mX‑p Z‑rj‑vS‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v ad-ª‑p. _‑m¦‑v e‑nI‑z‑n-t‑Uä‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v t‑Ik‑nÂ I‑pS‑p¡‑n i‑n£‑n-¡-s‑¸« a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf-t‑b‑mS‑v Z‑nh‑m³ c‑ma-k‑z‑ma‑n A¿À¡‑v ]I-s‑b‑m-S‑p-§‑n-b‑n-Ã. At‑±-l-s‑¯b‑p‑w I‑q«‑p-{‑]-X‑n-I-s‑fb‑p‑w a‑mk-§Ä¡‑pt‑ij‑w a{‑Z‑m-k‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v X‑nc‑p-h-\´-]‑pc‑w ]‑qP-¸‑pc Pb‑n-e‑nÂ Xs‑â I¬a‑p-¶‑n-e‑n«‑v t‑{‑Z‑ml‑n-¡-W-s‑a¶‑v k‑n.]‑n. Ic‑p-X‑n. Pb‑n-e‑nÂ kl XS-h‑p-I‑mc-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-k-act‑k\‑m\‑n k‑n. \‑mc‑m-b-W-]‑nÅ ‑"X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y Nc‑n{‑X‑w‑' F¶ I‑rX‑n-b‑nÂ Fg‑p-X‑p¶X‑p t‑\‑m¡‑pI: ""s‑I.k‑n a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf‑, s‑I.k‑n. C‑u¸³‑, k‑n.]‑n. a‑m¯³‑, s‑I.F‑w. C‑u¸³. s‑I.h‑n hÀ¤‑ok‑v X‑pS-§‑n-b-hs‑c X‑pd-¦‑n-eS¨‑v‑, Pb‑nÂ hk‑v{‑X-§Ä [c‑n-¸‑n¨‑v‑, Ib-ä‑p-s‑a-¯-b‑nÂ Dd¡‑n Z‑oÀLI‑me‑w h¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w B \‑ne-b‑nÂ ]I-t‑]‑m-¡‑m\‑p‑w At‑±-l¯‑n\‑p (k‑n.]‑n.¡‑v‑) Ig‑nª‑p. ]gb X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑ns‑â \‑m\‑m-a‑p-J-a‑mb {‑]hÀ¯\ c‑wK-§-f‑nÂ h‑yà‑n-a‑p{‑Z ]X‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w he‑nb h‑n`‑mK‑w P\-§-f‑ps‑S _l‑p-a‑m-\‑m-Z-c-§Ä¡‑p ]‑m{‑X-a‑m-I‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑n-c‑p¶ s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf Hc‑p h‑r²-X‑m]-k-s‑\-t‑¸‑ms‑e Pb‑n-e-d-I-f‑nÂ Hc‑p t‑c‑mK‑n-b‑mb‑n Ig‑n-¨‑p-I‑q-«‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v At‑±-l-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w A¶‑p Pb‑nÂ h‑mk-a-\‑p-`-h‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ Hc‑p t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v {‑]hÀ¯-I-s‑\¶ \‑ne-b‑nÂ t‑\c‑n«‑p Iï‑n-«‑pÅ Hc‑m-f‑m-W‑n-s‑X-g‑p-X‑p-¶X‑v. Hc‑p {‑]ik‑vX ]W‑vU‑n-X³‑, h‑nZ-K‑v²\‑mb ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³‑, h‑yh-k‑m-bXÂ¸-c³ F¶‑o \‑ne-I-f‑nÂ s‑Xt‑¡ C´‑y-b‑nÂ a‑pg‑p-h³ Ad‑n-b-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p¶ At‑±-l-¯‑n\‑v Pb‑n-e-d-I-f‑nÂ Xt‑¶‑ms‑S‑m-¸-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ I\‑nj‑vT kt‑l‑mZ-c³ s‑I.k‑n. C‑u¸s‑â Nc-a-¯‑n\‑v k‑m£‑n \‑nÂt‑¡-ï‑n- h¶‑p. t‑c‑mK‑nb‑p‑w Z‑pÀ_-e-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ At‑±-l-¯‑n\‑v Pb‑n-e-d-I-f‑ns‑e h‑mk‑w F{‑X t‑hZ-\‑mP-\-I-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p F¶‑v k¦Â¸‑n-¡‑m\‑mÀ¡‑p‑w h‑nj-a-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑nÃ.‑'' F«‑p- hÀjs‑¯ i‑n£‑m-I‑m-e‑m-h[‑n Ig‑n-b‑p-‑wa‑p¼‑v 1941 s‑k]‑vX‑w-_À ] X‑n-s‑\‑m-¶‑n\‑v s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-fs‑bb‑p‑w I‑q«‑p-{‑]-X‑n-I-s‑fb‑p‑w Pb‑n-e‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p h‑n«‑p. k‑n.]‑nb‑ps‑S ]I-t‑bÂ¡‑m\‑n-S-h-c‑ms‑X At‑±l‑w h‑mk‑w a{‑Z‑m-k‑nt‑e¡‑p a‑mä‑n. B¬a-¡-s‑fÃ‑m‑w h‑nh‑n[ h‑yh-k‑mb k‑wc‑w-`-§-f‑nÂ h‑y‑m]‑r-Xc‑mb‑n ]e Øe-§-f‑nÂ. C³j‑z-d³k‑v I¼-\‑n-b‑ps‑S t‑aÂt‑\‑m«‑w \‑nÀh-l‑n-¨‑nc‑p¶ a‑q¯ aI³ s‑I.F‑w. s‑Nd‑n-b‑m³ c‑mP‑n-h¨‑v t‑I‑m«-b¯‑v h¶‑v at‑\‑m-ca ] {‑X‑w ]‑p\‑x-{‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑pÅ {‑ia§Ä Bc‑w-`‑n¨‑p. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-fb‑vt‑¡‑m G{]nð 2014

at\mcabpsS temtKm

aä‑v I‑pS‑p‑w-_‑m‑w-K-§Ät‑¡‑m AX‑nÂ he‑nb X‑mÂ¸c‑y‑w t‑X‑m¶‑n-b‑nÃ. ] {‑X‑w \S-¯‑n¸‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑p-{‑]-hÀ¯-\h‑p‑w h‑yh-k‑mb k‑wc‑w-`-§-f‑ps‑S t‑aÂKX‑n¡‑p XS-Ê-a‑m-I‑p-s‑a¶‑v AhÀ Ic‑pX‑n. ""Fs‑¶ X‑r]‑vX‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑mb‑n Bc‑p‑w at‑\‑m-ca h‑oï‑p‑w DbÀ¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑ph-c-W-s‑a-¶‑nÃ‑'' F¶‑v a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf ]‑p{‑X-·‑ms‑c Ad‑n-b‑n¨‑p. F¶‑mÂ s‑I.F‑w. s‑Nd‑n-b‑m³ h‑mi‑n-t‑b‑ms‑S ] {‑X-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑n-c‑mb h‑ne¡‑p‑w aä‑v XS-Ê§f‑p‑w \‑o¡‑m³ {‑ia‑w X‑pSÀ¶‑p. AX‑n\‑mb‑n Hc‑p t‑hf At‑±l‑w Z‑nh‑ms‑â H‑ut‑Z‑y‑m-K‑nI hk-X‑n-b‑mb `à‑n-h‑ne‑m-k¯‑v s‑N¶‑v k‑n.]‑n.s‑b t‑\c‑nÂ Iï‑p. ""\‑n§s‑f R‑m³ \i‑n-¸‑n¡‑p‑w'' F¶ t‑£‑m`‑w IeÀ¶ {‑]X‑n-I-c-Wa‑mW‑v c‑ma-k‑z‑m-a‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p-ï‑m-bX‑v. s‑s‑ak‑q-d‑ns‑e I‑m¸‑n-t‑¯‑m-«h‑p‑w ]c‑n-a‑nX h‑n`-h-§-t‑f‑ms‑S Bc‑w-`‑n¨ _e‑q¬ ^‑mI‑vS-d‑nb‑p‑w a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-f-b‑ps‑S I‑pS‑p‑w-_-¯‑ns‑â `{‑ZX s‑I«‑n-¸-S‑p-¡‑m³ he‑nb kl‑m-b-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ¶‑p. Ahc‑ps‑S \‑mi‑w I‑mW‑m³ I‑m¯‑n-c‑p¶ k‑n.]‑nb‑ps‑S IW-¡‑p-I‑q-«Â s‑Xä‑n. k‑n.]‑n. N‑p«‑p-I-c‑n¨ N‑mc-¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v _e‑q¬ ^‑mI‑vSd‑n hfÀ¶‑v a{‑Z‑mk‑v d_À ^‑mI‑vSd‑n F¶ t‑e‑mt‑I‑m-¯ca‑mb F‑w.BÀ.F^‑v I¼-\‑n-b‑m-b‑n¯‑oÀ¶‑p. at‑\‑m-ca ]‑q«‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑I‑m«-b¯‑v Z‑o]‑nI a‑m{‑Xt‑a as‑ä‑mc‑p ]{‑X-a‑mb‑n Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑pÅ‑q. at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ps‑S Gg‑mb‑nc‑w t‑I‑m¸‑n {‑]N‑m-c-¯‑nÂ I®‑p-h¨‑v "]‑uc-{‑]`‑' h¶‑p. ]‑ns‑¶ "]‑uc-[‑z\‑n‑' Dï‑mb‑n. "t‑Icf `‑qjW‑w' X‑pS§‑n. C´‑yb‑v¡‑v {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v t‑I‑mf\‑n h‑mg‑vNb‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w e`‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Xs‑¶ X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ Hc‑p k‑zX-{‑´-c‑mP‑y-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑p-s‑a¶‑v k‑n.]‑n. {‑]J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑nc‑p¶‑p. N‑ne D]‑m-[‑n-I-t‑f‑ms‑S at‑\‑m-ca ]‑p\‑x-{‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ A\‑p-h-Z‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑m-s‑W¶‑v Z‑qX³ hg‑n k‑n.]‑n. Ad‑n-b‑n-s‑¨-¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-fb‑v¡‑p‑w aI³ s‑Nd‑n-b‑m\‑p‑w B D]‑m-[‑n-IÄ

k‑z‑oI‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. \‑mS‑p-h‑n-«‑n«‑p‑w a\-Ê-a‑m-[‑m\‑w Xc‑n-s‑Ã¶ t‑X‑m¶-e‑mb‑n-c‑p¶‑p k‑n.]‑n. Ah-c‑nÂ Dï‑m-¡‑nbX‑v. ad‑p-]-S‑n-¡‑pÅ ka-b -I‑m-e‑m-h[‑n Ah-k‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v Z‑nh-k-§Ä¡‑p a‑p¼‑v 1947 P‑qe‑mb‑v 25þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n s‑I. N‑nZ‑w-_c‑w k‑p{‑_-ÒW‑y A¿À F¶ s‑I.k‑n.Fk‑v. aW‑n Z‑nh‑m³ k‑n.]‑n. c‑ma-k‑z‑ma‑n A¿s‑c s‑h«‑n. a‑q¡‑n\‑p s‑h«‑n-s‑b-¶‑mW‑v \‑m«‑nÂ {‑]N-c‑n-¨X‑v. H‑ut‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I-t‑cJ {‑]-I‑mc‑w k‑n.]‑nb‑ps‑S Ig‑p-¯‑nÂ \‑me‑p {‑]‑mhi‑y‑w s‑h«‑ns‑b¶‑p‑w s‑s‑Is‑I‑mï‑p XS‑p-¯-X‑n-\‑mÂ Ih‑n-f‑ne‑p‑w Ig‑p-¯‑ne‑p‑w s‑s‑Ih‑n-c-e‑pI-f‑ne‑p‑w \‑nÊ‑m-c-a-Ã‑m¯ Gg‑v a‑pd‑n-h‑pï‑m-¡‑n-s‑b¶‑p‑w BW‑v h‑nhc‑w. P\-dÂ Bi‑p-]-{‑X‑n-b‑nÂ c‑m{‑X‑n AS‑n-b-´‑nc ik‑v{‑X-{‑I‑n-bb‑v¡‑v k‑n.]‑n. h‑nt‑[-b\‑mb‑n. t‑]« s‑hS‑n-h-b‑v]‑nÂ c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ F¶ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n ac‑n-¨-X‑ns‑â ]‑nt‑ä-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p k‑n.]‑n.¡‑p s‑ht‑«äX‑v. c‑mt‑P-{‑µs‑â P‑oh³ c£‑n-¡‑m³ Z‑nh‑ms‑â D¯-ch‑v {‑]I‑mc‑w a{‑Z‑m-k‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v hc‑p¯‑n k‑q£‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ s‑]³k‑ne‑n³ k‑n.]‑n.b‑ps‑S N‑nI‑n-Õb‑v¡‑v D]-I-c‑n¨‑p. P‑oh³ X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-I‑n-«‑n-s‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w k‑n.]‑n.b‑ps‑S Bß-h‑n-i‑z‑m-kh‑p‑w s‑s‑[c‑yh‑p‑w t‑N‑mÀ¶‑p-t‑]‑mb‑n. At‑ac‑n-¡³ t‑a‑mUÂ `c-Wh‑p‑w k‑zX{‑´ X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ h‑mZh‑p‑w Dt‑]-£‑n¨‑v BKÌ‑v ]s‑¯‑m-¼X‑m‑w X‑obX‑n k‑n.]‑n. a{‑Z‑m-k‑n-t‑e¡‑p aS§‑n. X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑wI‑q-d‑nÂ ]‑qÀ® D¯-c-h‑mZ `cW‑w GÀs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑v ]‑nt‑ä- Z‑n-hk‑w c‑mP‑mh‑v h‑nf‑w-_c‑w Cd¡‑n. at‑\‑m-c-ab‑ps‑S {‑]Ê‑p‑w s‑I«‑n-Sh‑p‑w DS-a-IÄ¡‑p X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-I‑n«‑n. H¼X‑p hÀjs‑¯ CS-t‑h-f-b‑v¡‑p-t‑ij‑w at‑\‑m-ca Z‑n\¸{‑X‑w 1947 \h‑w-_À 29þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n h‑oï‑p‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p- X‑p-S§‑n. s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf "Z‑oÀL _Ô\¯‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w' F¶ Xe-s‑¡-«‑nÂ A¶‑v Fg‑p-X‑nb a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑nÂ C§s‑\ h‑mb‑n¡‑m‑w‑, ""P‑oh‑n-X-¯‑ns‑â k‑mb‑m-Ó-¯‑n-s‑e¯‑n Fg‑p-]-¯-©‑p -h-b-Ê‑n-t‑\‑m-S-S‑p¯ ]S‑n-b‑nÂ I‑mÂNh‑p«‑n \‑nÂ¡‑p¶ Fs‑¶-s‑¡‑mï‑v ] {‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\ k‑w_-Ô-a‑mb C¯c‑w `‑mc-t‑a-d‑nb N‑pa-X-e-IÄ t‑hï-h‑n[‑w `‑wK‑n-b‑mt‑b‑m Z‑oÀL-I‑m-e-t‑¯t‑¡‑m hl‑n-¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n-¡‑p-s‑a¶‑p R‑mt‑\‑m aä‑m-s‑c-¦‑n-e‑pt‑a‑m {‑]X‑o-£‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑nÃt‑Ã‑m...'' ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â ]‑p\ÀP· k‑u`‑m-K‑y¯‑nÂ kt‑´‑m-j‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mg‑p‑w C\‑n at‑\‑m-c-as‑b \b‑n-t‑¡-ïX‑v Xs‑â A\-´c Xe-a‑p-d-b‑m-s‑W¶ hk‑vX‑pX-b‑ps‑S s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯e‑p‑w k‑zb‑w ]‑n³h‑m-§‑p¶‑p F¶ Ad‑n-b‑n¸‑p‑w C‑u h‑mN-I-¯‑n-e‑pï‑v. t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑nÂ

(21) \‑n¶‑v I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v Bi-b-h‑m-Z‑n-IÄ t‑hÀs‑]«‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w ]‑mÀ«‑nI-f‑mb‑n t‑Nc‑n-]‑n-c‑nª I‑me-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AX‑v. s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑n-fb‑p‑w at‑\‑mc-ab‑p‑w I½‑y‑q-W‑n-k-¯‑ns‑â IS‑p¯ i{‑X‑p-¡-f‑mb‑n Ic‑p-X-s‑¸-«‑p-t‑]‑m¶‑p. At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â t‑]c‑nÂ h‑y‑m]-I-a‑mb‑n {‑]N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸« Hc‑p Bt‑c‑m-]-W-a‑pï‑v. I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n A[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑nÂ h¶‑mÂ h‑nj‑w Ig‑n¨‑v Bß-lX‑y s‑N¿‑p-s‑a¶‑v s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf ] d-ª‑n-«‑p-s‑ï-¶‑mW‑v t‑IÄh‑n. A§s‑\‑mc‑p {‑]X‑n-Ú-s‑b‑m¶‑p‑w a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf FS‑p-¯‑n-«‑n-s‑Ã¶‑v s‑I.F‑w. a‑mX‑y‑p hk‑vX‑pX s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v k‑m£‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶‑p. Bßa‑n-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ ]‑n.S‑n. ]‑p¶‑q-k‑p-a‑mb‑n \S-¯‑nb Hc‑p k‑w`‑m-j-W-t‑h-f-b‑nÂ a‑m½³a‑m-¸‑nf Hc‑n-¡Â C§s‑\ ]

s‑N¿‑p-¶-X‑mI‑p‑w \ÃX‑v.‑'' a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf h‑ni-Z‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p. C‑u k‑w`‑m-jW‑w Ig‑nª‑v ]‑p¶‑qk‑v A¶‑p s‑s‑hI‑o«‑v t‑I‑m«b‑w X‑nc‑p-\-¡c s‑s‑aX‑m-\¯‑p I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n-b‑ps‑S s‑]‑mX‑p-t‑b‑m-K¯‑nÂ {‑]k‑w-K‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ps‑S DS-a-b‑ps‑S I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v h‑nc‑p² at‑\‑m`‑mh‑w s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n. AX‑v At‑±-l¯‑ns‑â {‑]X‑n-Ú‑m-h‑m-N-I-a‑mb‑n {‑] N-c‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. F¦‑ne‑p‑w at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ps‑S k‑q£‑va -h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑nÂ he‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p h‑n`‑mK‑w I½‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑pI‑m-c‑mW‑v. {‑]t‑X‑y-I‑n¨‑v D¯-c-t‑I-c-f¯‑nÂ. I‑p¯I ]{‑X-s‑a¶‑p‑w d_À ] {‑X-s‑a¶‑p‑w I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v {‑]N-cW P‑nl‑zIÄ at‑\‑m-c-as‑b Bt‑£-]‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ]‑mÀ«‑n {‑]hÀ¯-IÀ Bt‑h-i-]‑qÀh‑w at‑\‑m-ca h‑m§‑n h‑mb‑n¨‑v t‑{‑]‑mÕ‑ml‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑ns‑â a\‑x-È‑mk‑v{‑X‑w h‑nN‑n-{‑X-

at\mcaI¸ð: APnXv ss\\msâ Nn{XoIcWw

dª‑p: ""\‑n§-f‑ps‑S ]‑mÀ«‑n Ch‑ns‑S A[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑nÂ h¶‑mÂ R§Ä _‑p²‑n-a‑p«‑p‑w.‑'' ""As‑X´‑m?‑'' þ ]‑p¶‑qk‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p. ""\‑n§Ä A[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑nÂ h¶‑mÂ Fs‑¶ Pb‑n-e‑nÂ ]‑nS‑n-¨‑nS‑p‑w. R‑m³ I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n¡‑v FX‑n-c‑m-Wt‑Ã‑m. \‑n§Ä ]d-b‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑m{‑X‑w h‑mb‑n¡W‑w. Fg‑p-XW‑w. dj‑y-b‑n-s‑e‑ms‑¡ A§-\‑mW‑v. Cj‑vS-a‑p-Å-X‑p- h‑m-b‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w k‑zX-{‑´-a‑mb‑n N‑n´‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w ]ä‑m¯ k‑ml-N-c‑ya‑p-ï‑m-b‑mÂ C‑u t‑e‑mI‑w P‑oh‑n-¡‑m³ s‑I‑mÅ‑m-X‑mI‑p‑w. ]‑ns‑¶ Bß-lX‑y

a‑mW‑v. 1953 U‑nk‑w-_À 31þ‑m‑w-X‑o-bX‑n ]‑mX‑n-c‑m{‑X‑n s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m-¸‑n-fb‑ps‑S CX‑n-l‑mk X‑pe‑y-a‑mb P‑oh‑nX‑w Hc‑p {‑I‑nb‑m-I‑me‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑n-bX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e Ak‑vX-a‑n¨‑p. h‑o«‑nÂ ]X‑nh‑mb‑n _\‑n-b\‑p‑w a‑pï‑p‑w [c‑n-¡‑m-d‑pÅ At‑±l‑w A¶‑v c‑m{‑X‑n Fh‑n-s‑St‑b‑m t‑]‑mI‑m³ Hc‑p-§‑n-b-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e Ae-¡‑ns‑h-f‑p-¸‑n¨ s‑hÅ- jÀ«‑p [c‑n¨‑p. aI³ s‑I.F‑w. s‑Nd‑n-b‑ms‑\ h‑nf‑n¨‑v at‑\‑mc-a-s‑b‑mc‑p ]»‑nI‑v {‑SÌ‑v Bs‑W¶ D]-t‑Zi‑w \ÂI‑n-bX‑p‑w B c‑m{‑X‑n-b‑ne‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. Xs‑â A´‑y-b‑m-{‑X-s‑b-

¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m-¸‑n-fb‑v¡‑v Fs‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑hf‑n-]‑m-S‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑pt‑¶‑m F¶ t‑X‑m¶Â C‑u k‑w`-h-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w _Ô‑p-¡-f‑nÂ DWÀ¯‑n. \‑nc‑y‑m-X-\‑mI‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ At‑±-l-¯‑n\‑v F¬]-X‑ph-b-Ê‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. k‑n.]‑n.s‑b h[‑n-¡‑m³ {‑ia‑n-¨X‑v I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v h‑n¹-h-I‑m-c‑n-I-f‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p F¶‑mW‑v hb‑v]‑v. BÀ.Fk‑v.]‑n. t‑\X‑mh‑v F³. {‑i‑oI-W‑vT³ \‑mb-c‑ps‑S D¯a i‑nj‑y-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p s‑I.k‑n.Fk‑v. aW‑n. at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ns‑e BÀs‑¡-¦‑ne‑p‑w AX‑nÂ ]¦‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑pt‑¶‑m F¶‑v k‑wi-b‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v. k‑w`-h-¯‑n\‑v GX‑m\‑p‑w \‑mÄ a‑p¼‑v {‑i‑oI-W‑vT³ \‑mbÀ Hc‑p Is‑¯-g‑pX‑n s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑n-f-b‑ps‑S AS‑p-t‑¯¡‑v Hc‑mÄhi‑w s‑I‑mS‑p-¯-b¨‑p. Ab‑mÄ¡‑v Aª‑qd‑p c‑q] \ÂI-W-s‑a¶‑p‑w t‑_‑m‑ws‑_-b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v Hc‑p t‑X‑m¡‑v h‑m§‑m-\‑m-s‑W-¶‑pa‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p I¯‑ns‑e h‑mNI‑w. B ] W‑w \ÂI‑m³ \‑nÀt‑±-i‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v as‑ä‑mc‑p I¯‑v \ÂI‑n a‑m½³ a‑m-¸‑nf Ab‑ms‑f t‑_‑m‑ws‑_-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v Ab¨‑p. t‑_‑m‑ws‑_-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑m-t‑g¡‑p‑w 500 c‑q] \Ât‑I-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-b‑mÄ Z‑qcb‑m-{‑X-b‑v¡‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. AX‑n-\‑mÂ t‑X‑m¡‑v h‑m§‑m³ ]ä‑n-b‑nÃ. k‑n.]‑n.¡‑v s‑hS‑n-t‑bä‑p ac‑n-¡‑m³ t‑b‑mKh‑p‑w Dï‑mb‑nÃ. aW‑n-b‑ps‑S s‑h«‑p-I¯‑n \‑me‑p -X-hW k‑n.]‑n.b‑ps‑S Ig‑p-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v H‑m§‑n-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w hg‑p-X‑n-t‑¸‑m-I‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. 1966Â k‑n.]‑n. \‑nc‑y‑m-X-\‑mb-t‑¸‑mÄ at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ps‑S a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K¯‑nÂ F{‑X H‑uZ‑m-c‑y-]‑qÀh‑w At‑±ls‑¯ {‑]i‑w-k‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p F¶‑v t‑\‑m¡‑pI: ""C´‑y-b‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w {‑] X‑n-`‑m-i‑m-e‑n-I-f‑mb {‑]ik‑vX k´‑m\-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑m-f‑mW‑v t‑U‑m. k‑n.]‑n. c‑ma-k‑z‑ma‑n A¿-c‑ps‑S \‑nc‑y‑mW‑w a‑qe‑w \j‑vS-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. ]‑mW‑vU‑nX‑y‑w‑, Ig‑nh‑v‑, h‑mN‑m-eX‑, `c-W-k‑m-aÀ°‑y‑w‑, `‑mh-\‑m-ià‑n‑, IÀ½-\‑n-c-XX‑z‑w‑, _‑p²‑ns‑s‑h-`h‑w a‑pX-e‑m-b-h-b‑nÂ At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑\‑m-¸t‑a‑m ka‑o-]t‑a‑m t‑]‑me‑p-s‑a-¯‑p¶ t‑\X‑m-¡-·‑mÀ C´‑y-b‑nÂ Z‑pÀe-`-a‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p F¶‑p ]d-ª‑mÂ AX‑nÂ AX‑ni-t‑b‑m-à‑n-]-c-a‑mb‑n H¶‑p-a‑nÃ...‑'' ac‑n¨ i{‑X‑p-h‑nÂ at‑\‑m-ca alX‑z‑w a‑m{‑X‑w I‑mW‑p¶‑p. AX‑mW‑v s‑I.k‑n. a‑m½³ a‑m-¸‑n-f-b‑ps‑S ]‑mc-¼c‑y‑w. t‑I‑m«b‑w \K-c-k` k‑n.]‑nb‑ps‑S Ad‑p-]X‑m‑w ]‑nd-¶‑mÄ k‑va‑mc-I-a‑mb‑n \‑nÀ½‑n¨ "kN‑n-t‑h‑m-¯a DZ‑y‑m\‑w' C¶‑nÃ. Ah‑ns‑S a‑m½³ a‑m¸‑nf k‑va‑mcI l‑mÄ DbÀ¶‑p. AX‑v at‑\‑m-ca-b‑ps‑S Hc‑p a[‑pc {‑]X‑n-I‑mc‑w. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: sujaathan@gmail.com G{]nð 2014

(22)

Juan Antonio Giner

Day-old news won’t cut it in print anymore “For all these reasons, if we don’t change the editorial model, our print product becomes just a compilation of old news, known stories, and heard comments. Dead bodies. Forensic journalism.”

f you asked me what are the three main challenges of any newspaper company today, my answer would be: first, to evolve from mono-media companies to multimedia information engines; second, to integrate all your editorial and business resources into an open multimedia newsroom; and third, to rethink and reinvent the editorial models of your print products in this new

G{]nð 2014

multimedia landscape. All of them are unavoidable. The first one must be led by owners, CEOs, and publishers. The second one needs the understanding and full support of top editors and general managers. And the third one, the most crucial one, the participation and involvement of all journalists. Bosses can rule on vision, strategy, integration, and media architecture — but only with all your journalists aboard your company will be able to

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In the past, every 24 hours, our newsrooms were able to produce a print newspaper with exclusive content, and readers needed to pay for our daily selection of the most relevant and interesting news and stories of the day before. But that model has crashed. It’s dead and doesn’t work anymore. “Yesterday’s newspapers” are worthless. develop new editorial models. Why? Because most of your editors, writers, reporters, and visual journalists came to your company when the print newspaper had an editorial model that for centuries nobody challenged. Newspaper newsrooms were, and always will be, the “core” of our news business. They were the best to find, select, write, edit, and design news and stories that your readers couldn’t find anywhere else. For this reason, we presented ourselves as “newspapers of record.” Something that, today, we aren’t anymore. As The New York Times says: “We don’t record the news. We find the news.” A training manual for new Financial Times journalists is very clear on this point: “News reporters do two things. They find the news and they write news. The first is hugely more important.” In the past, every 24 hours, our newsrooms were able to produce a print newspaper with exclusive content, and readers needed to pay for our daily selection of the most relevant and interesting news and stories of the day before. But that model has crashed. It’s dead and doesn’t work anymore. “Yesterday’s newspapers” are worthless. Our readers today get almost all their

news in real time: news, opinions, and yes, instant analysis. So they don’t need us anymore — unless we are able to produce a 100 percent different, compact, and compelling new print product. They’re drinking news from the firehose and what they are requesting from us is the “day after” newspaper. A newspaper for well informed readers, not the ignorant. A newspaper for new audiences fed 24/7 by new digital media outlets. A newspaper for new communities able to share news, opinions, and comments in social media networks. A newspaper that breaks the news online and on other realtime platforms. A newspaper that produces multimedia packages on the spot. A newspaper that has iPad and tablet editions, early in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. Yes, this is cannibalization at its best and its worst. For all these reasons, if we don’t change the editorial model, our print product becomes just a compilation of old news, known stories, and heard comments. Dead bodies. Forensic journalism. Outdated content that nobody needs, nobody will pay for, deserted by advertisers that will realize that G{]nð 2014

(24) we are losing ground, not having anything new, unique, and necessary to buy our print paper. The answer to all these challenges is, again, what we at Innovation call the “day after” newspaper. A post-news, post-television, post-radio, post-online, and post-social media paper. A newspaper with a daily briefing with the last 24 hours’ news presented in a very compact and creative way, plus more and more exclusive and unique stories produced by entrepreneurial journalism. A newspaper with more whys than whats. A newspaper with smart and provocative news analysis. A newspaper covering new lifestyle and social trends. A newspaper full of reliable advice. A newspaper with briefings and explainers. A newspaper with just the most relevant “cover stories” of the day. Listen to Chris Hughes, the Facebook cofounder: “We believe that there must remain space for journalism that takes time to produce and demands a longer attention spanwriting that is at once nourishing and entertaining.” This must be, he says, “vigorous contextual journalism.” A newspaper that will excel at database journalism and fact-checking. A newspaper with enlightening infographics, amazing photo essays, and unique illustrations. A newspaper full of surprises. A collector’s paper, full of what I call caviar journalism. Of course, this new editorial model will require new newsroom management workflows. A newsroom that works 24/7 in two different speeds and paths: a fast- cooking digital newsroom and a slow-cooking print newsroom. Both of them working in an integrated and collaborative way — interacting with readers, audiences and communities in a non-stop process where the “article” is no longer the final output, replaced by a succession of different formats and reporting styles. This requires a new generation of content management systems, a multitasking newsroom, and planning, planning, planning. It is a great opportunity to develop explanatory journalism, strategic journalism, precision journalism, and anticipatory journalism. Journalisms that cannot be done on deadline. In this new model, planning is a must. Perhaps 80 percent of the “day after” newspaper must be planed at least with two weeks in advance. More than 20 years ago, I was invited by USA Today’s graphics director Richard Curtis to attend one weekly lunch with the editors of the four main sections of the paper (News, Money, Sports, and Life) where each presented the five cover stories planned one week in advance. Their experience, they told us, showed that 90 percent of the time the pre-selected stories would be published — with big breaking news of course taking priority where necessary. A few years ago Bill Keller, then The New York G{]nð 2014

(25) Times’ executive editor, said that “stories about how we live often outweigh stories about what happened yesterday. We think it’s okay to include in our frontpage portfolio something that is fun, human, or just wonderfully written. It’s part science, part art, with a little serendipity.” He added: “The notion of a Page 1 story, in fact, has evolved over the years, partly in response to the influence of other media. When a news event has been on the Internet and TV and news radio all day long, do we want to put that news on our front page the next morning? Maybe we do, if we feel our reporting and telling of it goes deeper than what has been available elsewhere. But if the factual outline — the raw information — is widely available, sometimes we choose to offer something else that plays to our journalistic advantages: a smart analysis of the events, a vivid piece of color from the scene, a profile of one of the central figures, or a gripping photograph that captures the impact of an event, instead of a just-the-facts news story.” These practices are not all new. In part, it’s doing daily what news magazines were doing weekly. And keep in mind that many successful weekend newspapers have done this for decades. These editions excel on unique, entrepreneurial journalism. Our own experience running newspaper workshops shows that journalists are ready to master this new editorial model, and that they have enough creativity and experience to transform their papers. What they need is time to think, discuss, and create — plus some training and new talent. Juan Antonio Giner is president and founder of Innovation Media Consulting Group. Courtesy: Nieman Journalism Lab

Juan Antonio Giner

"aoUnb' X]mðamÀKw C´ybnsehnsSbpw e`n¡póp hmÀjnI hcnkwJy þ 100cq]

November 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 7 | Price ` 10

October 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 6 | Price ` 10

Learning from India’s experience with paid news, we need a regulating body with punitive powers, and independent of the government and the media.

]qÀ®amb taðhnemkw klnXw ]Ww sN¡mtbm Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À Btbm ASbv¡mw Kerala Press Academy SB Account No.57025499757 State Bank of Travancore, Civil Station Branch, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 IFSC SBTR0000339

Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À sN¿póhÀ ]qÀ® hnemkw t^m¬ \¼À klnXw mail@pressacademy.org -ð Adnbn¡pI. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682 030; t^m¬ \w. 0484 2422275 G{]nð 2014

(26) Lighthouse

Ashok R Chandran

Reporting on Religion

A column that throws light on studies about Kerala media, and explores the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala media

efore the election season kicked in this year, in February and March, a major topic of news discussion was freedom of expression. The trigger story was publisher Penguin India’s decision to withdraw the book The Hindus by Wendy Doniger on the ground that the book allegedly offended Hindus. Justifying their decision to discontinue the legal contest, the publisher and the author blamed Indian law, especially Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code, which limits the freedom of expression on matters of religion. This legal provision is relevant to news media in Kerala too when they discuss religion. A recent academic contribution in this sphere was a paper in the Asia Pacific Media Educator journal last year, by the Dubaibased journalist-turned-academic Swapna Koshy, who wrote about Kerala media’s reporting on religion.1 It was a timely piece of commentary because media coverage of religious matters has apparently increased in the past decade, when compared to say, the 1980s or 1990s.

G{]nð 2014

Unholy-stic Reporting

What does Koshy tell us? First, she presents Kerala as a land of religious tolerance, but with “its share of ethno– religious conflict” and a changing scene marked by increasing “caste-based sectarianism” and “fundamentalist outfits” (p 86). Second, Koshy observes that “politics and religion are intertwined and influence governance and policymaking” in the state (p 88). She cites Joseph Tharamangalam, who wrote: “to the extent that caste and communal conflicts have persisted in Kerala, they have generally been fought within the framework of the democratic political game and with relatively little inter-religious violence or strife.”2 Koshy feels that “mainstream media have respected this ‘framework’ while reporting religion” as she finds that “the popular talk shows and news analyses featured on all channels usually are on political and social issues (not religion). Interfaith dialogues are missing and there is a lacklustre homogenization where the same news in the same order is telecast

by various television channels” (p 88). Third, she identifies trends in the coverage of religion in Kerala media. Thus, on television, she notes the emergence of religious channels (Shalom, Power Vision, Divine and Harvest) and “religious programmes telecast on secular channels” (like a Christian programme on Reporter and a Muslim programme on Jaihind). In print, she notices that in the Malayala Manorama’s Sunday spirituality column “in recent years, references to the Bible and Jesus Christ are increasingly being replaced by quotes and anecdotes from the lives of secular thinkers like Mahatma Gandhi or Norman Vincent Peale” (p 90). And, that while the newspaper published daily inspirational columns on Ramadan and Ramayana one month (“on the same page, with identical column inch and placed side by side ... daily features do not appear in the Christian-owned newspaper during Lent” (p 91). Fourth, Koshy argues that “good news receives in-depth coverage, irrespective of religious leanings, by mainstream media, while cases of conflict are treated superficially” (p 95). In other words, festivals of all religions are celebrated extensively without much editorialising, but conflicts

(27) (such as, a clash between two church factions, or clash between a community and the police, or between two communities) are subjectively twisted and presented to the reader. This is why she describes the Kerala media’s reporting on religion as a “skewed balance.” Fifth, Koshy feels that on the reporting of religion, there is dearth of responsible journalism in Kerala, and she attempts to explain why there is no critical coverage of religion in the region’s media. She quotes journalists

that has gathered in Kerala’s newsrooms. Compared to her success in putting this topic up for discussion in an international academic journal, however, the effort itself is modest in terms of rigour and analysis. News content of five TV channels was analysed for just a three-day period; there is no mention of how or how long print media was studied. Most of the sources cited are journalists’ impressions and news reports, and conclusions drawn in such fashion need systematic study for validation. Clumsy

and commentators, and compiles three reasons: globalisation (leading to sacrifice of national interest for financial gain), increased market orientation of the media (leading to journalists’ insecurity, dwindling editorial independence, and managements hesitant to invite buyers’ wrath) and “absence of regulations to protect journalists” reporting on religion (p 94).

classification (of religious groups’ media ownership), a minor error (PFI is wrongly expanded), an incorrect example (Shahina’s case) and loose usage of terms (“circulation” and “readership”) take a bit of the sheen away from the work. Whatever its research and presentation weaknesses, Koshy’s article is commentary that opens up possibilities for further inquiry. For example, the analysis does not mention Section 295A or other provisions in Indian law regarding freedom of expression

Scope for In-depth Analysis Koshy does a service by pointing to a mound of religion

on religion. Is it because the law has not been a constraint on journalists due to their legal illiteracy? Or is it that a mass newspaper wields great power and practically can report on religion more freely without fear of being legally targeted, unlike a publishing house? Consider also Koshy’s explanation of the changing content of Malayala Manorama’s weekly column on spirituality: “There is also no explicit reference to a particular god or religious leader—only a non-committal mention of the ‘almighty’. This seems necessary to maintain their circulation, which is currently highest in the state” (p 90). What exactly is happening here then? Put plainly, is Malayala Manorama trying to extend its reach beyond Christians and tolerant non-Christians to now attract intolerant non-Christians? Or is it that the number of tolerant non-Christians is shrinking, and Malayala Manorama is compelled by the market to calibrate its content to retain that segment of consumers? Interrogating such questions will enhance our understanding of not only Kerala media but also Kerala society. Recent coverage of news of irregularities in a religious ashram in Kollam District suggests that in the years ahead, reporting on religion in Kerala is likely to be led by that other child of globalisation—social media. Ashok R. Chandran is an independent researcher in Palakkad, Kerala. E-mail: studykeralamedia@ gmail.com 1. Swapna Koshy (2013), “A Skewed Balance: Religion Reporting in Kerala’s Media,” Asia Pacific Media Educator, 23 (1): 85–99. All page references in the article are to this work. 2. Cited in Koshy (p 88). Originallyin Joseph Tharamangalam (1998), “The Perils of Social Development without Economic Growth: The Development Debacle of Kerala, India,” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 30 (1): 23–34.

G{]nð 2014

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{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu

sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

‑aoUnbm Fó c£I³

am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

[\§Ä¡‑v a‑pS‑nª h‑ne. k‑m¼¯‑nI{‑]X‑nkÔ‑n? c‑mP‑y¯‑nt‑\‑m? \a‑pt‑¡‑m? CX‑v Hc‑p t‑¥‑m_Â ^‑nt‑\‑ma‑n\b‑m W‑v. t‑U‑m¬S‑v hd‑n. h‑ne¡‑qS‑pXe‑ns‑â ic‑nb‑mb I‑mcW‑w \½‑ps‑S k‑m¼¯‑nIc‑wKs‑¯ s‑s‑Zh§f‑mb AaÀX‑y‑ms‑k¶‑p‑w PKZ‑oi‑v `KhX‑nb‑p‑w X½‑ne‑pÅ hg¡‑p X‑oÀ¶‑me‑pS³ \a‑p¡‑p a\Ê‑ne‑mI‑p‑w. Cc‑phc‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡³ ]‑uc·‑mc‑mW‑v. ]s‑£ C´‑ys‑b \¶‑m¡‑nt‑b AS§‑q F¶ h‑mi‑nb‑ne‑mW‑v Cc‑phc‑p‑w. Chc‑ps‑S D]t‑Zi‑w t‑IÄ¡‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m³ \a‑p¡‑p \‑nhÀ¯‑nb‑nÃ. CX‑ns‑e AaÀX‑y‑ms‑k¶‑ns‑\ \a‑p¡d‑nb‑m‑w. C¡t‑W‑ma‑nI‑vk‑n\‑v t‑\‑m_Â k½‑m\‑w e`‑n¨ C´‑y³ h‑wiP³. {‑]h‑mk‑n aW‑nt‑b‑mÀUÀ Ct‑¡‑mWa‑nb‑nÂ P‑oh‑n¡‑p¶ t‑Icf‑m t‑a‑mUe‑ns‑â A{‑]J‑y‑m]‑nX {‑_‑m³U‑v A‑w_‑mkUÀ. PKZ‑oi‑v `KhX‑n K‑pPd‑m¯‑nb‑mW‑v. At‑±l¯‑n\‑p‑w t‑\‑m_Â s‑s‑{‑]k‑v I‑n«‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. ic‑n¡‑pÅXÃ. k‑n‑w]‑vk³k‑v F¶ t‑e‑mI{‑]ik‑vX s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ k‑oc‑nbe‑ns‑e Hc‑p F¸‑nt‑k‑mU‑nÂ Ft‑¶b‑pÅ‑p. ic‑n¡‑p ÅX‑v F¶‑p t‑hWs‑a¦‑ne‑p‑w I‑n«‑m‑w. ]s‑£ AX‑ne‑p‑w {‑][‑m\‑w At‑±l‑w

G{]nð 2014

k‑zX{‑´`‑mcX‑w Iï {‑]KÛc‑mb \‑y‑mb‑m[‑n]c‑nÂ a‑p³]´‑nb‑ne‑pÅ \½‑ps‑S a‑p³ k‑p{‑]‑n‑w t‑I‑mÀ«‑v N‑o^‑v PÌ‑nk‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑oS‑v A´‑mc‑mj‑v{‑S t‑I‑mSX‑nb‑nÂ PU‑vP‑nb‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶ ]‑n F³ `KhX‑nb‑ps‑S A\‑nb\‑mW‑v F¶X‑mW‑v. t‑N«³ k‑p{‑]‑n‑w t‑I‑mSX‑nb‑ns‑e Hc‑p h‑n[‑n\‑y‑mb¯‑nÂ ]ï‑v Fg‑pX‑n. \½‑ps‑S C´‑y³ `cWLS\b‑nÂ {‑]I‑oÀ¯‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ ]‑uc‑mhI‑mi‑w BÀ¡‑mW‑v? kX‑ykÔh‑p‑w \‑oX‑n\‑n j‑vTh‑pa‑mW‑v \½‑ps‑S t‑I‑mSX‑nIs‑f¶‑v FÃ‑mhc‑p‑w ]‑pIg‑v¯‑p¶X‑v Ft‑¸‑mg‑m W‑v? aZ‑yc‑mP‑m¡·‑mc‑p‑w ]©k‑mc h‑yhk‑mb‑nIf‑p‑w ]‑mhs‑¸«hs‑\ I_f‑n¸‑n¨‑v _‑nk‑n\k‑v \S¯‑p¶X‑n s‑\ kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑e Bß‑mÀ°Xb‑p‑w c‑mP‑yk‑vt‑\lh‑pa‑pÅ Hc‑p Dt‑Z‑y‑mK Ø³ FX‑nÀ¯‑mÂ DS³ A©¡þ Bd¡ k‑wJ‑yIÄ {‑]X‑n^e‑w ]ä‑p¶ h‑nZK‑v[c‑mb h¡‑oe·‑mc‑ps‑S kl‑mb t‑¯‑ms‑S AhÀ t‑I‑mSX‑nb‑nÂ X§Ä ¡‑p `cWLS\ \ÂI‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ a‑ue‑nI‑mhI‑mi‑w h‑mZ‑n¨‑v c£s‑¸S‑p‑w. C¯c¡‑mc‑mÂ N‑qjW‑w s‑N¿s‑¸«‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ C´‑y³ ]‑uc³‑, Ah\‑v C´‑y³ `cWLS\ Fs‑¶‑m ¶‑v Ds‑ï¶d‑nª‑p I‑qS‑m‑, Ahs‑â AhI‑mi‑w Ø‑m]‑n¨‑p I‑n«‑m³ k‑p{‑]‑n‑w

t‑I‑mSX‑nb‑p‑w s‑s‑lt‑¡‑mSX‑nIf‑pa‑ps‑ï ¶‑v Ad‑nª‑pI‑qS‑m‑, Ah\‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ AS‑nØ‑m\t‑hX\‑w \‑nÝb‑n¨‑n«‑ps‑ï ¶‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w Ad‑nª‑pI‑qS‑m‑, Ah\‑v h¡‑oe·‑mc‑ps‑S B^‑ok‑ns‑â hc‑m´ b‑nÂ Ibd‑m³ ]Wh‑pa‑nÃ. Ad‑nh‑pa‑n Ã. Ahs‑â ]‑uc‑mhI‑mi‑w Ø‑m]‑n¡‑p ¶X‑v Bc‑ps‑S ISab‑mW‑v ? PÌ‑nk‑v `KhX‑n ]c‑nNbs‑¸S‑p¯‑n b t‑aÂ¸dª C´‑y³ ]‑uc\‑v `£‑y ®b‑ps‑St‑b‑m I‑p¡‑n‑wK‑v K‑y‑mk‑ns‑ât‑b‑m h‑nehÀ²\s‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑v Bi¦b‑nÃ. Fs‑´¶‑mÂ Ch cï‑p‑w Ah³ D] t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶‑nÃ. ]ï‑p a‑pXt‑e Ah\‑v h‑ni¸‑p hc‑pt‑¼‑mÄ AX‑p a‑mä‑m³ _Pdb‑ps‑St‑b‑m t‑N‑mf¯‑ns‑ât‑b‑m XS‑n¨ cï‑p N¸‑m¯‑nb‑p‑w Ae‑v]‑w D¸‑p‑w Hc‑p kh‑mf DÅ‑nb‑p‑w aX‑n. Hc‑p ]¨a‑pfI‑p‑w I‑qS‑n I‑n«‑nb‑mÂ eI‑vj‑zd‑n. `£W¯‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w I‑pS‑n¡‑m³ Hc‑p s‑a‑m´ ]¨s‑hÅ‑w t‑hW‑w. X‑oÀ¶‑p. Ah³ C‑u `£W‑w I‑n«‑m³ t‑hï‑n F´‑p ]W‑n \ÂI‑nb‑me‑p‑w s‑N¿‑m³ Xb‑mÀ. Ah\‑v l‑rZb‑w a‑mä‑n hb‑v¡‑p ¶ ik‑v{‑X{‑I‑nbbÃ‑, Hc‑p I¡‑qk‑mW‑v Bhi‑y‑w. Ahs‑â I‑p«‑nIÄ ]T‑n¡‑p ¶ k‑v¡‑qf‑nÂ s‑I‑mb‑v¯‑nÃ‑m¯ kab s‑¯¦‑ne‑p‑w A£c‑w ]T‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ A²‑y‑m]IÀ t‑hW‑w. Chb‑mW‑v Ahs‑â a‑ue‑nI‑mhI‑mi‑w. Ah³ \½‑ps‑S k‑m¼¯‑nI¡W ¡‑ns‑e I‑ps‑d he‑nb iXa‑m\A¡ a‑mW‑v. A{‑X a‑m{‑Xt‑a Ah\‑v {‑]kà‑n b‑pÅ‑p. PÌ‑ok‑v `KhX‑n Cs‑Xg‑pX‑nb‑n«‑v

(29) a‑q¶‑p Zi‑m_‑vZ‑w Ig‑nª‑p. h¡‑oe·‑mc‑ps‑S ^‑ok‑v Bd¡¯‑n Â \‑n¶‑p‑w Gg‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w F«‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w DbÀ¶‑p. D¸‑v S‑mäb‑ps‑S AbUs‑s‑kU‑v k‑mÄ«‑mb‑n. kh‑mf D¯t‑c´‑y³ aW‑vU‑n F¶‑p h‑nf‑n¡‑p¶ s‑a‑m¯ h‑y‑m]‑mc¨´b‑nÂ CeI‑vj\‑v ]W‑w Dï‑m¡‑m\‑pÅ {‑][‑m\ t‑k‑mg‑vk‑mb‑n. s‑a‑m´b‑ns‑e s‑hÅ‑w ¹‑mÌ‑n¡‑v I‑p¸‑n

s‑â a‑qeI‑mcW‑w. A\‑nb³ At‑ac‑n¡b‑ne‑nc‑p¶‑v t‑N«³ Iï C‑u ]‑mh‑w C´‑y³ ]‑uc\‑v {‑]X‑nh‑n[‑n \ÂI‑n. B[‑mÀ I‑mÀs‑US‑p¡‑q. AX‑phg‑n _‑m¦‑v A¡‑uï‑nÂ ]Ws‑a¯‑p‑w. CÃ‑m¯ I‑ms‑iS‑p¯‑v s‑X‑mg‑ne‑pds‑¸ ¶‑p‑w k‑m£cXs‑b¶‑p‑w ]dª‑v \i‑n ¸‑n¡c‑pX‑v. BZ‑y‑w ]Wa‑pï‑m¡‑m³ ]T‑n¡W‑w.

AaÀX‑y‑ms‑k¶‑p‑w PKZ‑oi‑v `KhX‑nb‑p‑w

P\‑m[‑n]X‑yc‑oX‑nb‑nÂ `cWLS\ {‑]I‑mc‑w s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¯‑v \½s‑f `c‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ IÀ¯h‑y‑w \‑m‑w GÂ¸‑n¨hc‑mW‑v \½‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¡‑mÀ. Ahs‑c F§‑ns‑\ `c‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑v D]t‑Zi‑n¨‑v \i‑n¸‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ {‑]KÛaX‑nIf‑mW‑v ka‑qlt‑¯‑mS‑v t‑\c‑n«‑p _Ôt‑a‑m {‑]X‑n_²Xt‑b‑m Bhi‑ya‑nÃ‑m¯ C¡t‑W‑ma‑nÌ‑pIf‑p‑w a‑mÀ¡ä‑n‑wK‑v a‑m{‑´‑nIc‑p‑w \‑nba]W‑vU‑nXc‑p‑w _‑p²‑nP‑oh‑nIf‑p‑w i‑mk‑v{‑XÚc‑p‑w k\‑y‑mk‑na‑mc‑p‑w. Chs‑cÃ‑m‑wI‑qS‑n I‑qS‑n k‑m[‑mcW¡‑mcs‑\ `bs‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶ X§f‑pt‑SX‑mb h‑njb¯‑ns‑e IT‑n\]Z§Ä \‑nj‑v¡c‑pW‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¡‑ms‑c he¨‑v \‑nj‑v{‑I‑nbc‑m¡‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. ]‑mh‑w ]‑uc\‑v `£‑yk‑pc£ Ac‑n¡‑p‑w t‑K‑mX¼‑n\‑p‑w ]Ic‑w c‑q]b‑ne‑mW‑p t‑hïs‑X¶‑p‑w‑, I‑pS‑ns‑hÅ‑w I‑n«‑m³ \½Ä N{‑µ\‑nÂ t‑]‑mt‑b ]ä‑q F¶‑p‑w aä‑p‑w h‑ni‑zk‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑p‑w C¯c¡‑mc‑mW‑v. If‑nÂ h‑mb‑p IS¡‑m¯h‑n[‑w AS b‑v¡s‑¸«‑p. k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w FÃ‑mä‑n \‑p‑w h‑ne hÀ²‑n¨‑p. C´‑y³ {‑K‑ma‑oW³ t‑I‑m¬{‑I‑oä‑v \Kch‑nIk\¯‑n\‑v t‑hï‑n A²‑z‑m\‑n¡‑m³ {‑K‑ma‑w h‑n«‑p. \Kc{‑]‑m´§f‑nÂ I‑qt‑Sd‑n. Ahs‑â I‑qe‑nb‑ns‑e s‑Nd‑nb \‑mWbhÀ²\ h‑ns‑\ C‑u h‑ne¡bä‑w ad‑nISó‑v Ah s‑\ Z‑mc‑n{‑Z‑y¯‑nÂ ]‑nS‑n¨‑p \‑nÀ¯‑n. C‑u `KhX‑na‑mÀ t‑N«\‑p‑w A\‑nb \‑p‑w X½‑ne‑pÅ h‑o£W¯‑ns‑â h‑yX‑y‑mka‑mW‑v ic‑n¡‑p‑w C´‑yb‑ps‑S k‑m¼¯‑nIhfÀ¨b‑ps‑S s‑s‑hI‑rX¯‑n

(CSb‑v¡‑v I‑pd¨‑p i‑ni‑p¡Ä ac‑n ¨‑mÂ k‑mca‑nÃ. P‑n.U‑n.]‑n.b‑ps‑S ic‑m ic‑n¡‑v AX‑p \ÃX‑mW‑v.‑) P\‑m[‑n]X‑yc‑oX‑nb‑nÂ `cWLS\ {‑]I‑mc‑w s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¯‑v \½s‑f `c‑n ¡‑m\‑pÅ IÀ¯h‑y‑w \‑m‑w GÂ¸‑n¨h c‑mW‑v \½‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¡‑mÀ. Ah s‑c F§‑ns‑\ `c‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑v D]t‑Zi‑n ¨‑v \i‑n¸‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ {‑]KÛ aX‑nIf‑mW‑v ka‑qlt‑¯‑mS‑v t‑\c‑n«‑p _Ôt‑a‑m {‑]X‑n_²Xt‑b‑m Bhi‑ya‑n Ã‑m¯ C¡t‑W‑ma‑nÌ‑pIf‑p‑w a‑mÀ¡ä‑n‑w K‑v a‑m{‑´‑nIc‑p‑w \‑nba]W‑vU‑nXc‑p‑w

_‑p²‑nP‑oh‑nIf‑p‑w i‑mk‑v{‑XÚc‑p‑w k\‑y‑mk‑na‑mc‑p‑w. Chs‑cÃ‑m‑wI‑qS‑n I‑qS‑n k‑m[‑mcW¡‑mcs‑\ `bs‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶ X§f‑pt‑SX‑mb h‑njb¯‑ns‑e IT‑n\ ]Z§Ä \‑nj‑v¡c‑pW‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¡‑ms‑c he¨‑v \‑nj‑v{‑I‑nbc‑m ¡‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. PÌ‑nk‑v `KhX‑n ]dª ]‑mh‑w ]‑uc\‑v `£‑yk‑pc£ Ac‑n¡‑p‑w t‑K‑mX¼‑n\‑p‑w ]Ic‑w c‑q]b‑ne‑mW‑p t‑hïs‑X¶‑p‑w‑, I‑pS‑ns‑hÅ‑w I‑n«‑m³ \½Ä N{‑µ\‑nÂ t‑]‑mt‑b ]ä‑q F¶‑p‑w aä‑p‑w h‑ni‑zk‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑p‑w C¯c¡‑m c‑mW‑v. \a‑p¡‑v FÃ‑m‑w Dï‑v. \‑nba§Ä. ]c‑n]‑meIÀ. \‑oX‑n e`‑nt‑¡ï Zc‑n{‑Z t‑I‑mS‑nIÄ. ]s‑£ Chs‑c X½‑neS‑p¸‑n ¡‑p¶ Hc‑p ]‑me‑w. AX‑mW‑nÃ‑m¯X‑v. P\{‑]X‑n\‑n[‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¸‑mÀ «‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w A[‑nI‑mc‑w t‑hW‑w. AX‑n\‑v t‑h‑m«‑p t‑hW‑w. t‑h‑m«‑n\‑pt‑hï‑n AhÀ ¡‑v ]e \‑o¡‑pt‑]‑m¡‑pIf‑p‑w s‑Nt‑¿ï‑n hc‑p‑w. Ahs‑c I‑pä‑w ]db‑p¶X‑nÂ AÀ°a‑nÃ. B \‑o¡‑pt‑]‑m¡‑pIf‑ns‑e s‑hÅ‑w t‑NÀ¡Â FI‑vk‑nI‑y‑q«‑nh‑ne‑p‑w‑, F´‑n\‑v‑, P‑pU‑nj‑yd‑nÂt‑¸‑me‑p‑w hc‑p‑w. Ch‑ns‑S Bc‑mW‑v c£I³? s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑n k‑z´a‑m¡‑nb a‑oU‑nb‑m? AX‑n\‑v F{‑Xt‑¯‑mf‑w a‑oU‑nb‑m Xb‑md‑mI‑p‑w? C´‑yb‑ns‑e ]‑mhs‑¸«hs‑â ]‑pdt‑¯¡‑p hc‑m¯ t‑N‑mZ‑ya‑mW‑nX‑v. a‑oU‑nb‑m a‑oU‑nt‑b‑m{‑Ik‑nb‑ps‑S s‑s‑I¸‑nS‑nb‑ne‑mIc‑pX‑v. PÌ‑ok‑v `KhX‑n N‑qï‑n¡‑m«‑nb {‑]i‑v\‑w C¶‑p‑w I‑mc‑ya‑mb b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p a‑mäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑ms‑X \‑ne\‑nÂ¡‑p¶‑p. [\h‑m·‑mc‑ps‑S F®¯‑nÂ C´‑y t‑e‑mI\¼À h¬ BI‑md‑mb‑n. Zc‑n{‑Z c‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y¯‑nÂ \‑m‑w t‑\ct‑¯Xs‑¶ t‑e‑mI\¼À h¬ BW‑v. AX‑v Ct‑¸‑m Ä ià‑nb‑mb‑n \‑ne\‑nÀ¯‑p¶‑pa‑pï‑v. s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑nÌ‑pIf‑ps‑S k‑wJ‑yb‑nÂ \‑m‑w t‑e‑mI¯‑nÂ H¶‑mac‑mW‑v. At‑X kab‑w \‑nc£cc‑ps‑S F®¯‑ne‑p‑w \‑m‑w t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑e H¶‑mac‑mW‑v. k‑ma‑q l‑y \‑oX‑n \S¸‑ne‑m¡‑m³ a‑oU‑nb‑m c£I\‑mb‑n a‑mdW‑w. AX‑ns‑â a‑mÀ¤ §s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ DZ‑m¯a‑mb N‑n´ IÄ {‑]‑mhÀ¯‑nIa‑m¡‑m\‑pÅ Xe¯‑n t‑e¡‑v a‑oU‑nb‑mb‑ps‑S a‑ue‑nIià‑n {‑]hl‑n¡W‑w. C´‑yb‑ns‑e Zc‑n{‑Zt‑I‑mS‑nIÄ I‑m¯‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com G{]nð 2014

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tPmk^v BâWn

'am-lo-s¯ s]-¼n-tÅ-cpw' hm-«v-kv-B¸pw

Cóv temI¯v Gsd hmÀ¯IÄ {]Xy£s¸SpóXpw ]e Ne\§fpw krãn¡póXpw \yqaoUob Fópw tkmjyð aoUnb Fópsams¡ Adnbs¸Spó sskäpIfnse P\§fpsS t\cn«pÅ CSs]SepIfneqsSbmWv. Cu cwKs¯ ]pXnb kw`hhnImk§sf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS

2013

Â t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ a‑oU‑n-b X‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n-b a-e-b‑m-f‑ns‑b a‑n-¡-hÀ-¡‑p-a-d‑n-b‑m‑w. ]¯-\‑w-X‑n-« P‑nÃ-b‑nÂ hSt‑Èc‑n¡cb‑v¡S‑p¯‑pÅ I‑p¼f‑m‑ws‑]‑mb‑vIb‑ns‑e ]d¦‑n-a‑m-a‑q«‑nÂ N{‑µ-t‑e-J. ‑"N-ab‑w' F-¶ k‑n-\‑n-a-b‑nÂ N‑n-{‑X ]‑mS‑n-b ‑"c‑m-P-l‑w-k-t‑a...‑' F-¶‑v X‑p-S-§‑p¶ {‑]-i-k‑v-X-K‑m\‑w‑, a-I³ {‑i‑o-d‑m-a‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w H-¡-¯‑p-s‑h-¨‑v A-\‑mb‑m-k-a‑m-b‑n ]‑m-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, Z-c‑n-{‑Zb‑mb B h‑o«-½-t‑b‑m‑, A-X‑v s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_-e‑nÂ d‑n-t‑¡‑mÀ-U‑p-s‑Nb‑vX `À-¯‑r-k-t‑l‑mZ-c³ ZÀ-it‑\‑m H‑mÀ-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑nÃ‑, t‑e‑mI-s‑a-§‑p-a‑p-Å a-e-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ \‑n-d-ª a-\-t‑k‑m-s‑S G-s‑ä-S‑p-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶

G{]nð 2014

K‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-a-s‑X¶‑v. h-S-t‑È-c‑n-¡-c-b‑n-s‑e t‑X-¨‑p-a‑n-\‑p¡‑m-¯ A-S‑p-¡-f N‑p-a-c‑n-\‑p-Å‑nÂ A-h-k‑m-\‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ N-{‑µ-t‑e-Jb‑p-s‑S K‑m-\‑w 2012Â ZÀ-i³ b‑q-S‑y‑q-_‑nÂ A-]‑v-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-b‑v-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, 2013s‑e a-e-b‑m-f‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ a‑oU‑n-b B-t‑L‑m-j-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n I‑m-e‑w I-c‑p-X‑ns‑h-¨ H-¶‑m-b‑n- A-X‑v ]-c‑n-W-a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mb‑n-c‑p¶‑p. s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n-Â B-t‑c‑m AX‑v s‑j-bÀ s‑N-¿‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S-b‑mW‑v‑, B b‑q-S‑y‑q-_‑v h‑oU‑n-t‑b‑m-b‑ps‑S- \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑w a‑m-ä‑n-s‑b-g‑p-X-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. N-{‑µ-t‑e-J-b‑ps‑S K‑m-\‑w I‑m-«‑p-X‑o t‑]‑m-s‑e s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-

_‑p-¡‑nÂ ]-SÀ¶‑p. \‑nÀ-[-\b‑mb B h‑o-«-½ G-h-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w t‑h-Z-\b‑p‑w {‑]‑mÀY-\-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n. k‑m-£‑mÂ N‑n-{‑X X-s‑¶- Ah-s‑c t‑X-S‑n-s‑b¯‑n. N-e-¨‑n-{‑X ]‑n-¶-W‑nK‑m-\ c‑wK-¯‑v N-{‑µ-t‑e-J-s‑bt‑¯-S‑n A-h-k-c-§-s‑f-¯‑n. s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p¡‑p‑w A-Ú‑m-Xc‑m-b B-b‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v ae-b‑m-f‑n-If‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¶‑v N-{‑µ-t‑e-J-s‑b-¶ h‑o-«-½-b‑p-s‑S i‑n-t‑c‑m-e‑n-J‑n-X‑w a‑m-ä‑n-s‑bg‑p-X‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. a‑ne³ Pe‑oÂ \‑nÀa‑n¨‑v F‑w. {‑]i‑m´‑v k‑wh‑n[‑m\‑w s‑N-¿‑p¶ "e‑u k‑vt‑ä‑md‑n‑' F¶ N‑n{‑X¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n N-{‑µt‑e-J B-e-]‑n-¨ ‑"I¬If‑m-s‑e‑m-c‑p...‑' F-¶‑v X‑p-S-§‑p-¶ K‑m-\‑w b‑q-S‑y‑q-_‑nÂ h³-l‑n-ä‑m-I‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑mW‑v G-äh‑p‑w H-S‑p-h‑ne-s‑¯ h‑mÀ¯. X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w 2013Â t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ a‑oU‑n-b-b‑ns‑e a-e-b‑m-f‑n N-{‑µt‑e-J X-s‑¶b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. A-§-s‑\-s‑b-¦‑nÂ‑, 2014Â t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ a‑oU‑n-b-b‑n-s‑e a-e-b‑mf‑n X‑m-c‑w B-c‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w‑!

(31) A-X‑n\‑v 2014 X‑p-S-§‑n-b‑n«-t‑Ã D-Å‑q F-¶‑v t‑X‑m-¶‑m‑w. i-c‑n-b‑mW‑v‑, X‑p-S-§‑nb‑n-t‑«-b‑p-Å‑q. ]t‑£‑, C‑u t‑e-JI-s‑â A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-¯‑nÂ t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ a‑o-U‑n-bb‑n-Â C‑u hÀjs‑¯ a-e-b‑mf‑n X‑m-c‑w A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ X‑m-c-§Ä C-X‑n\-I‑w ]‑nd¶‑p-I-g‑n-ª‑p. ‑"a‑m-l‑o-s‑¯ s‑]-¼‑nt‑Å-c‑m‑'W-X‑v!‑!‑! h-S-¡³ a-e-_‑mÀ s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑nÂ Bt‑c‑m ]‑m-S‑n-b ]‑m-«‑v, ]‑m-e-b‑m-S‑v I‑y‑m¼-k‑n-s‑e FÂ.FÂ._‑n. s‑k-¡³-U‑v C-bÀ h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-Y‑n-If‑m-b A-k‑v-\‑n‑, d‑w-e¯‑v‑, d‑m-j F-¶‑o a‑q-hÀ-k‑wL‑w ‑"a‑m-l‑os‑¯ s‑]-¼‑n-t‑Å-s‑c I-ï‑v-¡‑m‑' F-¶‑v d‑o-t‑a¡‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v h-g‑n ]‑p-d¯‑n-d-¡‑nb-X‑v B-j‑n-¡‑v A-_‑p-h‑n-s‑â ]‑pX‑n-b k‑n-\‑n-a-b‑v-¡‑p-Å h‑nj-b‑w h-s‑c B-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-e‑q-s‑S \‑q-d‑p-I-W-¡‑n-\‑mf‑p-IÄ s‑j-bÀ s‑N-b‑v-X-t‑X‑m-s‑S-b‑mW‑v "a‑m-l‑o-s‑¯ s‑]-¼‑n-t‑ÅÀ‑' X‑m-c-a‑m-bX‑v. C-h‑n-s‑S {‑i-²‑n-¡‑p-I‑, 2013 t‑]‑m-s‑e ]‑m-«‑v ]‑m-S‑n-b- BfÃ X‑m-c-a‑m-bX‑v‑, ]Ic‑w ]‑m«‑n-Â {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¡‑p¶ s‑]¬-I-c‑p-¯‑mW‑v X‑m-c-]Z-h‑n t‑\-S‑n-b-X‑v! "a‑m-l‑o-s‑¯ s‑]-¼‑n-t‑Å-c‑p‑'s‑S U-k¬ I-W-¡‑n-\‑v ]‑m-c-U‑n-IÄ b‑p-S‑y‑q-_‑ne‑p‑w s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p¡‑ne‑p‑w Z‑n-h-k-§Ä¡-I‑w \‑ndªX‑v‑, B ]‑m-«‑n-\‑v e-`‑n-¨ h-¼‑n-¨ {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W¯‑n-s‑â s‑X-f‑n-h‑mb‑n. C-{‑X-I‑m-e-h‑p‑w ‑"\‑m-h‑nÃ‑m-¯-h-c‑p-s‑S i-Ð‑'s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä A-d‑n-bs‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶-s‑X-¦‑nÂ‑, B-c‑m-e‑p-a-d‑n-bs‑¸-S‑m-s‑X I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ X‑o-s‑¸‑m-c‑nIÄ B-f‑n-¡-¯‑n-¡‑p¶ A-{‑]-X‑o£‑n-X D‑uÀ-P-{‑]-h‑m-l-a‑m-b‑n \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä a‑m-d‑p-¶ I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑m-W‑v C-h‑n-s‑S I‑m-W‑p¶X‑v. 2013Â- \‑n-¶‑v 2014t‑e-s‑¡-¯‑pt‑¼‑mÄ‑, t‑aÂ-¸-d-ª D-Z‑m-l-c-W-§f‑nÂ I‑m-W‑m-h‑p-¶ H-c‑p {‑][‑m-\ a‑mä‑w‑, t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ a‑oU‑n-b ¹‑mä‑v-t‑^‑m-a‑p-I-f‑nÂ h-¶ h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-a‑m-W‑v. 2013Â s‑^-b‑v-k‑v_‑p-¡‑m-W‑v N-{‑µ-t‑eJ-s‑b X‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑nb-s‑X-¦‑nÂ‑, "a‑m-l‑o-s‑¯ s‑]-¼‑n-t‑ÅÀ‑' X‑m-c-a‑mb-X‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v. H-cÀ-Y-¯‑nÂ 2014Â X‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n a‑md‑nbX‑v "a‑m-l‑o-s‑¯ s‑]-¼‑n-t‑ÅÀ‑' a‑m-{‑X-aÃ; h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑p‑w (WhatsApp‑) I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v. h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v X‑m-c-a‑mb-X‑v X‑n-I¨‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-Xa‑m-b a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p I‑mc-W-¯‑m-e‑m-s‑W-¶‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w. s‑SI‑vN-c‑n{‑X-¯‑nÂ C-X‑ph-s‑c \-S-¶‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑nÂ G-äh‑p‑w h-e‑n-b G-s‑ä-S‑p-¡-e‑n-e‑q-s‑S h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑ns‑\ s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v k‑z-´a‑m-¡‑n-. A-§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-\‑v X‑m-c-]Z-h‑n e-`‑n-¨X‑v. t‑IÄ-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ X-e-N‑p-ä-e‑p-ï‑m¡‑m³ t‑]‑m¶-{‑X `‑o-aa‑m-s‑b‑mc‑p X‑p-I(1900 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-fÀ‑, F-¶‑p-s‑h-¨‑mÂ

1‑,17‑,800 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]‑) \Â-I‑n- k‑z-´-a‑m¡‑m³ t‑]‑m¶-{‑X he‑n-b {‑]-t‑e‑m-`-\a‑m-b‑n s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n\‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v a‑m-d‑nb-X‑v F´‑p-s‑I‑m-s‑ï¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y-¯‑n\‑v H-c‑p¯c‑w ‑"a‑m-l‑o-s‑¯ s‑]-¼‑n-t‑ÅÀ' \Â-I‑p‑w‑! 1992Â B-c‑w-`‑n¨ s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â

I-W-¡‑v {‑]-I‑m-c‑w‑, 45 t‑I‑m-S‑n A‑w-K-§f‑p-Å h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-e‑q-s‑S H-c‑p Z‑nh-k‑w h‑n-\‑na-b‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p¶-X‑v i-c‑m-i-c‑n 5000 t‑I‑m-S‑n k-t‑µ-i-§-f‑mW‑v‑! s‑S-I‑vk‑v-ä‑p‑w t‑^‑m-t‑«‑mb‑p‑w h‑oU‑n-t‑b‑mb‑p‑w {‑K‑m-^‑n-I‑vk‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ C-X‑nÂ s‑]-S‑p¶‑p. a‑m-{‑XaÃ‑, H‑mt‑c‑m a‑m-kh‑p‑w ]-¯‑pe-£‑w

s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v X‑m-c-a‑m¡‑nb N-{‑µt‑eJ

A-k‑v-\‑n‑, d‑w-e-¯‑v, d‑m-j þ h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑nÂ ‑"a‑m-l‑o-s‑¯ s‑]-¼‑n-t‑Ås‑c‑' l‑n-ä‑m-¡‑n-b-hÀ

"t‑j‑mÀ-«‑v s‑a-t‑k-P‑v kÀ-h‑ok‑v‑' AYh‑m F-k‑vF‑wF-k‑n-s‑â ]‑n³-K‑m-a‑n-s‑b-¶‑v h‑nt‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑v, t‑k‑mj‑yÂ s‑a-t‑k-P‑n-M‑v c‑wK-¯‑v \-S-¯‑p-¶ a‑p-t‑¶-ä-a‑mW‑v s‑SI‑v-t‑e‑mI-s‑¯ ]‑pX‑n-b X‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n A-X‑n-s‑\ a‑m-ä‑n-b-X‑v. 2014 P-\-h-c‑n-b‑nÂ ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-¶

b‑q-kÀ-a‑mÀ h‑o-X-‑w h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑nÂ I‑q-S‑pX-e‑m-b‑n t‑N-c‑p-¶-‑p. "k‑o-{‑I«‑v‑' (Secret‑‑)‑, ‑"I‑nI‑v‑' (Kik‑)‑, ‑"h‑n N‑mä‑v‑' (WeChat‑‑)‑, "s‑s‑e³' (Line‑)‑, "II‑m-s‑h‑m-t‑S‑m¡‑v‑' (KakaoTalk‑)‑, "k‑v-t‑\-¸‑v-N‑mä‑v‑' (Snapchat‑‑) F-¶‑n§s‑\ ]‑m-Ý‑mX‑y-t‑e‑mI-¯‑v k‑z‑m-[‑o-\-a‑p-Å G{]nð 2014

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h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-s‑â Ø‑m-]-Ic‑mb {‑_‑n-b‑m³ B-Î-¬‑, P‑m³ I‑u¬ F-¶‑nhÀ

H-cÀ-Y-¯‑nÂ 2014Â X‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n a‑md‑nbX‑v "a‑m-l‑o-s‑¯ s‑]-¼‑n-t‑ÅÀ‑' a‑m-{‑X-aÃ; h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v. h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v X‑m-c-a‑mb-X‑v X‑n-I¨‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-Xa‑m-b a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p I‑m-c-W¯‑m-e‑m-s‑W-¶‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w. s‑SI‑vN-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑nÂ C-X‑ph-s‑c \-S-¶‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑nÂ G-äh‑p‑w h-e‑n-b G-s‑ä-S‑p-¡-e‑n-e‑q-s‑S h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑ns‑\ s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v k‑z-´-a‑m-¡‑n-. A-§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-\‑v X‑m-c-]Z-h‑n e-`‑n-¨X‑v. t‑IÄ-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ X-e-N‑p-ä-e‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m¶-{‑X `‑o-aa‑m-s‑b‑mc‑p X‑p-I- (1900 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-fÀ‑, F-¶‑p-s‑h-¨‑mÂ 1‑,17‑,800 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]‑) \Â-I‑nk‑z-´-a‑m-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m¶-{‑X he‑n-b {‑]-t‑e‑m-`-\-a‑m-b‑n s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n\‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v a‑m-d‑nb-X‑v F´‑p-s‑I‑m-s‑ï¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y-¯‑n-\‑v H-c‑p¯c‑w ‑"a‑m-l‑o-s‑¯ s‑]-¼‑n-t‑ÅÀ' \Â-I‑p‑w‑! 1992Â B-c‑w-`‑n¨ s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â "t‑j‑mÀ-«‑v s‑a-t‑k-P‑v kÀ-h‑ok‑v‑' AYh‑m F-k‑vF‑wF-k‑n-s‑â ]‑n³-K‑m-a‑n-s‑b-¶‑v h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑v, t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ s‑a-t‑k-P‑n-M‑v c‑wK-¯‑v \-S-¯‑p-¶ a‑p-t‑¶-ä-a‑mW‑v s‑SI‑v-t‑e‑mI-s‑¯ ]‑pX‑n-b X‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n A-X‑n-s‑\ a‑m-ä‑n-b-X‑v. G{]nð 2014

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k-t‑µ-i-kÀ-h‑o-k‑p-IÄ ]-e-X‑p-a‑p-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w‑, A-h-b‑v-s‑¡‑m-¶‑p‑w P-\-{‑]‑o-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-s‑â G-g-be¯‑v F-¯‑m-\‑m-b‑n-«‑nÃ. F-´‑n\‑v‑, s‑^b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n-s‑â s‑a-t‑k-P‑v kÀ-h‑o-k‑mb s‑a-k-©-d‑n-\‑v t‑]‑me‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ s‑a-t‑k-P‑n-M‑v c‑wK-¯‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-\‑v s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n-b‑m-I‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¨‑n-Ã. b‑m-l‑q-h‑n-s‑e c-ï‑v a‑p³-P‑o-h-\¡‑mc‑m-b P‑m³ I‑u¬‑, {‑_‑n-b‑m³ B-Î¬ F-¶‑n-hÀ t‑NÀ-¶‑v 2009Â Ø‑m-]‑n-¨ h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B¸‑v‑, B-t‑K‑m-f-X-e¯‑nÂ C-{‑X-h-e‑n-b k‑q-¸À-l‑n-ä‑m-I‑p-s‑a¶‑v A-hÀ {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¨‑n-t‑« D-ï‑m-I‑nÃ.

i-c‑n-¡‑p ]-d-ª‑mÂ‑, 2009 P-\-h-c‑nb‑nÂ P‑m³ I‑u-W‑n-s‑â ]-¡-s‑e¯‑n-b ]‑pX‑n-b s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑nÂ -\‑n-¶‑m-W‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-s‑â I-Y X‑p-S-t‑§-ïX‑v. A-X‑n-\‑v H³]-X‑v a‑m-k‑w-a‑p-¼‑v B-¸‑nÄ B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ B-¸‑v t‑Ì‑mÀ‑, ]‑p-X‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ -t‑a-J-e- k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v A-t‑±-l-¯‑n\‑v X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m-³ I-g‑n-ª-X‑m-W‑v B h‑n-P-b-K‑m-Y-b‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y a‑p-t‑¶-ä \‑n-a‑nj‑w. A-X‑p-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p B-¸‑v k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w I¼\‑n Ø‑m-]‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w {‑_‑n-b‑m³ B-Î-W‑ns‑\‑m-¸‑w P‑m³ I‑u¬ \-S¯‑n-b \‑o-¡-‑w‑, s‑S-I‑v-N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e G-äh‑p‑w he‑n-b h‑n-P-b-K‑m-Y-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-W-a‑n¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. "F-I‑v-Ì³-k‑n-_‑nÄ s‑a-t‑k-P‑n-M‑v B³-U‑v s‑{‑]-k³-k‑v t‑{‑]‑m-t‑«‑m-t‑¡‑mf‑n‑' (XMPP‑)s‑â H-c‑p I-k‑vä-a-s‑s‑d-k‑v s‑Nb‑v-X t‑hÀ-j-\‑m-W‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-Â D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n-«‑pÅX‑v. b‑q-kÀ-\‑m-a-a‑m-b‑n \-½‑ps‑S t‑^‑m¬ \-¼-d‑m-W‑v h‑m-«‑vk‑vB-¸‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑pI. s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ B-¸‑v B-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v BZ‑y‑w h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w B³-t‑{‑U‑m-b‑vU‑v, »‑m-¡‑v-_d‑n‑, k‑n-¼‑nb³‑, h‑n³-t‑U‑m-k‑v t‑^‑m¬ X‑pS-§‑n FÃ‑m {‑]a‑pJ s‑a‑ms‑s‑_Â ¹‑mä‑v-t‑^‑m-a‑ne‑p‑w h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p‑w. 25 F-©‑n-\‑n-bÀ-a‑mÀ DÄ¸-s‑S s‑hd‑p‑w 55 P‑o-h-\-¡‑m-c‑p-Å h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑v A-©‑p-hÀj‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¨ t‑\«‑w G-XÀ-Y-¯‑ne‑p‑w A-X‑n-i-b‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑m-W‑v. 1900 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-fÀ \Â-I‑n h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-s‑\ G-s‑ä-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n 2014 s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 19\‑v s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n¨-X‑v B A-X‑n-i-b-¯‑n-s‑â h‑y‑m-]‑v-X‑n hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n¨‑p. H-c‑p c‑m{‑X‑n C-c‑p-ï‑v s‑h-f‑p-¯-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v k‑n-C-H P‑m³ I‑u¬ 680 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-f-d‑p‑w‑, k-l-Ø‑m-]-I³ {‑_‑nb‑m³ B-Î¬ 300 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-fd‑p‑w k-¼‑m-Z‑y-a‑p-Å-h-c‑m-b‑n a‑md‑n. a‑p-¼‑v t‑P‑me‑n \Â-I‑m-s‑X s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v X‑n-c-k‑v¡-c‑n-¨ h‑y-à‑n-I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v BÎ¬. B \‑n-e-b‑v-¡‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v G-s‑ä-S‑p-¯-t‑¸‑mÄ H-c‑p a-[‑p-c-{‑]-X‑n-I‑m-c‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v \‑n-d-t‑h-ä-s‑¸-«-X‑v. s‑S-I‑v N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑nÂ C-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v G-äh‑p‑w he‑n-b X‑p-I-b‑v-¡‑p-Å c-ï‑v G-s‑ä-S‑p-¡-e‑p-IÄ \-S-¯‑nb-X‑v K‑q-K‑nf‑p‑w s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑p-a‑mW‑v. c-ï‑p-hÀ-j‑wa‑p-¼‑v t‑a‑m-«-t‑d‑mf s‑a‑m-_‑n-e‑n-ä‑n-s‑b K‑qK‑nÄ G-s‑ä-S‑p¯X‑v 1250 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-fÀ a‑p-S-¡‑n-b‑mW‑v (A-S‑p-¯-b‑n-s‑S t‑a‑m-«-t‑d‑mf-s‑b 291 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-f-d‑n-\‑v s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v I-¼-\‑nb‑m-b s‑e-t‑\‑m-h-b‑v-¡‑v K‑q-K‑nÄ h‑n-ä‑p‑). CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v s‑Se‑n-t‑^‑m-W‑n I-¼\‑nb‑m-b k‑v-s‑s‑I-¸‑n-s‑\ 850 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑mf-d‑n-\‑m-W‑v s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v k‑z-´‑w

N‑n-d-I‑n³ I‑o-g‑n-e‑m¡‑nb-X‑v. A-X‑ns‑\-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ I-S-¯‑n-s‑h-«‑n h³X‑p-I a‑pS-¡‑n h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑n-s‑\ F´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v G-s‑äS‑p-¯‑p F-¶- t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w {‑]-k-à-a‑m-W‑v. AX‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v t‑NÀ-¯‑p-h‑m-b‑n-t‑¡-ï I‑mc‑y-a‑mW‑v‑, s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p¡‑p‑w S‑z‑n-äd‑p‑w K‑qK‑nÄ ¹Ê‑p‑w C³-Ì-{‑K‑ma‑p‑w b‑q-S‑y‑q_‑p‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ a‑oU‑nb kÀ-h‑ok‑p-IÄ-¡‑n-S-b‑v-¡‑v h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v t‑]‑ms‑e‑m-c‑p k‑z-I-‑m-c‑y kt‑µi kÀ-h‑o-k‑n-\‑v F§-s‑\ C-{‑X- he‑n-b h‑n-P-b-a‑m-I‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¨‑p F-¶- I‑m-c‑y‑w. A-h‑n-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v h‑y-à‑n-]-ca‑m-b B-i-b-h‑n-\‑n-a-b-¯‑n-\‑v H‑m-t‑c‑m-c‑p-¯-c‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-e‑p-Å {‑]-k-à‑nb‑p‑w {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑yh‑p‑w I-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. \‑n-§Ä ]‑p-c-¸‑p-d-¯‑p-Ib-d‑n h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-]-d-b‑p-¶X‑p‑w‑, Hc‑m-t‑f‑m-S‑v t‑\-c‑n-«‑v k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p¶X‑p‑w X-½‑nÂ h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-a‑p-ï‑v. s‑^b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n-s‑e t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑n-M‑v i-c‑n¡‑p‑w ]‑p-c-¸‑pd-¯‑p I-b-d‑n-b‑p-Å A-e-a‑p-d-b‑nS‑oe‑mW‑v. A-t‑X-ka-b‑w‑, h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B¸‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p-ÅX‑v t‑\À¡‑p-t‑\-s‑cb‑pÅ I-½‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡-j-\‑p‑w. s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p¡‑v‑, S‑z‑n-äÀ X‑p-S§‑n-b kÀ-h‑o-k‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑nØ‑m-\ Z‑uX‑y‑w B-f‑pI-s‑f X-½‑nÂ IW-Î‑v s‑N-¿‑pI-s‑b-¶-X‑m-W‑v. s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑nÂ 500 k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡-f‑p-Å H-c‑mÄ H-c‑p t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑n-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, B 500 t‑]À-¡‑v a‑p¶‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v A-s‑X-¯‑p-¶X‑v. A-X‑nÂ F-{‑X-t‑]À F-§s‑\-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ A-X‑v k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑n-S‑p-¶-b‑mÄ-¡‑v D-d-¸‑nÃ. "U‑n-P‑n-äÂ b‑p-K-¯‑n-s‑e C¯c‑w I-½‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡-j³ H-cÀ-Y-¯‑nÂ X‑n-c-t‑¡d‑n-b H-c‑p X‑o-t‑b-ä-d‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-I‑q-h‑p-¶ A-h-Ø-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v A-[]-X‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v' þ H-c‑p h-‑m«‑v-k‑vB¸‑v b‑q-kÀ ]-d-ª-X‑m-b‑n \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑S‑w-k‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑vX-X‑v C-§-s‑\. F-¶‑mÂ‑, h‑m-«‑v-k‑v-B-¸‑nÂ A-§-s‑\-bÃ I‑m-c‑y-§Ä. _-Ô-§-f‑p-s‑S Z‑rV-X D‑u-«‑n-b‑pd-¸‑n-¡‑p‑w-h‑n-[-a‑pÅ h‑y-à‑n-]-ca‑m-b B-i-b-h‑n-\‑n-a-b-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-h‑n-k‑m[‑yX- i-c‑n-s‑h-b‑v-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v‑, h³X‑p-I a‑pS-¡‑n h‑m-«‑v-k‑vB-¸‑v G-s‑ä-S‑p¡‑p-I h-g‑n s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v. (I-S-¸‑m-S‑v : h‑nh‑n-[ h‑mÀ-¯‑m-d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑pIÄ‑, h‑n-¡‑n]‑o-U‑nb‑) amXr`qan Hm¬sse\nð No^v k_v FUnädmWv teJI³.teJIsâ Cþsabvð: jamboori@gmail.com

G{]nð 2014

(34) Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

Mobilization and Democratic Participation

Only a judicious combination of interpersonal and mass communication channels can be effective in mobilising people for democratic participation.

he fifth and sixth functions of the media are mobilization and democratic participation.

Mobilization

It is essential in any country to get people’s support and cooperation for collective action. This is especially true in ‘developing’ countries engaged in developing new systems of administration and modes of economic and political action aimed at the removal of bottlenecks in popular participation in developmental action. Mobilizing people towards socially productive activities that lead to the overall betterment of people’s lives is essential. Sometimes earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and other such national or international natural disasters occur, and people’s immediate mobilization for popular work, evacuation, and emergency relief become most essential. The mass media serve in informing millions of people almost instantaneously about relief work and national emergencies, and about evacuation plans and relief camps. Many thousands of people

G{]nð 2014

stranded in affected areas have to be physically and morally motivated. The media of mass communication can mobilize and enthuse people to organise worthy action. But all media workers and opinion leaders have to understand the political and social priorities in the catchment area of the media. Again, local, regional, national, and international priorities have to get full attention in the media, and for this, proper perspectives have to become ingrained in the intrapersonal base of media proprietors and media workers.

Democratic Participation

The system of democracy can be successfully operated only when people participate in their thousands at the time of local and national elections. Similarly, democracy can succeed only when smaller local groups—in fact, every citizen—can take action that supports the tax and revenue collection systems, observance of national norms in environmental protection, cleanliness, health and hygiene, sanitary drives, and immunisation

programmes such as pulse polio. National efforts through ads are to be supplemented by local efforts through local media. Even door-to-door campaigning may be needed. Similarly, the support of village panchayat meetings, employees’ unions, and forums of men, women and children, will be needed to popularise certain ideas and successfully implement plan objectives. Interpersonal channels will be greatly strengthened by group discussions conducted on local channels (TV, radio, and newspapers), email, blogs, SMS, land telephone, printed notices, discussion groups, citizens’ town meetings, and educational institutions. One idea proposed by the P. C. Joshi Committee in the 1980s was the conversion of all the Low-Power Transmitting (LPT) stations into production centres. That would certainly have enhanced local people’s participation in programmes that had a bearing on local problems. But the idea was not tried out in any major way, and the Kheda (Pij) experiments of Doordarshan were stopped. Now, with the opening of airwaves to many foreign channels and with the strengthening of cable TV systems, all TV programmes on almost all channels are following

(35) more or less the same commercial formula of sensational and cine-based programming with an eye on the selling of commercial time to advertisers of consumer products such as gold, diamonds, costly saris, chocolates, and other sweets. That only a judicious combination of interpersonal and mass communication channels can be effective in mobilising people for democratic participation needs no underlining. If the economic situation of the average citizen does not improve, access to the new media

Chengara in the last decades of the 20th century are still burning.

of interpersonal communication technology and the availability of mass media will not help much in conscientising people about national development. The media alone will not suffice since structural changes are essential to improve the socio-economic situation and solve problems confronting the poorer sections of the population who form the large majority. Land reforms, for example, have not received any major and sustained attention in India, so far. Even the reforms in Kerala have not solved the land problem satisfactorily, especially for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The problems at Attappady, Muthanga, and

without raising the literacy rate and without providing 12 years of liberal arts and technical school education to all children born in the country? The last four of the school years throughout the country should concentrate on vocational and technical education that helps the young men and women to become useful citizens who can stand on their own feet. Are the media giving this aspect of education any importance today?

Other Functions of the Media

The Internet and New Technologies

It is estimated that the number of Internet users in India is 30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;40 million. It may rise to 100 million by 2030, forming just 10 per cent of the total population of over a billion. Will this have any significant impact on the communication scene in India? Can we think of any major communication revolution

The Ad Sales Function

Mass communication as it is organised now is entirely dependent on advertising, particularly on cable and satellite

channels. The terrestrial channels of Doordarshan also depend on advertising, but to a lower extent than the private channels. Advertising has become a sine qua non of mass communication but not for interpersonal communication (email), although the Internet, the CDs and DVDs depend on ads to some extent. Can we organise interpersonal and mass communication without excessive dependence on commercial advertising? Can we make use of the modern techniques of interpersonal communication without leaning on advertising? Is it ethical to use the public sphere for selling products not essential to the large majority of the people? Are the airwaves (that really belong to the public) to be used by private entrepreneurs who have no inclination to public service but utilise the airwaves solely for private profit-making? Can a public facility be exploited for private profit? There is now no restriction on the number of minutes of commercial advertising a broadcaster must carry on his or her channel. In some extreme cases, half the time in a 30-minute programme is taken up by advertising! In many Western countries, not more than seven minutes are taken up for commercials in a 30-minute programme; certainly not more than 10 minutes are set apart for advertising. TV being still a novelty in India, private channels are trying to make hay while the sun shines! See you later, communicator! Professor Dr. J. V. Vilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (19821992) at the University of Kerala. As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards. Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

G{]nĂ° 2014

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K. S. R. Menon

Social Media as a Powerful New Communication Tool Social media has challenged the monopoly and supremacy of mainstream media. We no longer search for news; the news finds us.

nformation is power, and communication is the art of transmitting information effectively for the empowerment of society. Media as a tool plays an important role in communication. The media in its current form has broadly evolved over three phases: traditional media, mainstream media of the 20th century, and the emerging social media of the 21st century.

Traditional Media in India

Traditional media was very popular at a time when there was no television, cinema, or printed newspapers and magazines. The foremost feature of traditional media was that it was based on interpersonal communication. It was people to people, and the performers travelled from place to place to entertain and educate audiences. Traditional media comprised four segments.

Folk Theatre

Folk theatre was the primary mode of entertainment in Indian villages and small towns, and was patronized by city dwellers as well. Jathra of West Bengal, tamasha of Maharashtra, bhavai of Gujarat, nautanki of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, ramlila of north India during Dussehra, yakshagana of Karnataka, karagattam and therukkoothu of Tamil Nadu, and theyyam and kathaprasangam of Kerala were some of the popular folk theatre forms.

G{]nĂ° 2014

Folk Songs

Bhakti songs, ceremonial songs, and tribal songs were prominent among folk songs. Villadichan pattu of Kerala can be included in this segment.

Narrative Forms

Then there were the narrative forms, mainly with religious content. Harikatha was among the forms in Kerala that was generally staged in the temples during festivals.

Puppetry

There are several types of puppets such as string puppets, rod puppets, and shadow puppets. Troupes used to travel around the country during festivals and give performances. India has a rich tradition of puppetry. Many of the traditional media forms now face extinction. A few survive only on state support. Some artists are promoted by tourism departments, but this type of promotion rather diminishes the worth of the art as it is not appreciated or remembered as part of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture and instead is treated as a form of exotic entertainment.

Mainstream Media of 20th Century

With the advent of print media, cinema, radio and television, and the Internet, traditional media lost popular patronage. The novelty of the new

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media and the fact that they were available within the home hastened the decline of traditional media.

Print Media

The print media held sway in the century gone by. Newspapers and magazines were very influential and provided maximum jobs for media professionals. Newspapers sell millions of copies daily.

Radio

There was a time when radio was a powerful medium. It was a major source of news and entertainment for many years, but suffered a decline after the advent of television. However, radio made a comeback with FM radio. Once the radio was played mainly within the house, but there it was replaced by television. When the number of people who drove to work surged, listening to the radio while driving became popular, and FM stations put together a peppy mix of music, news, and other programmes for their growing audience. FM radio has even had an impact on language, as the style adopted is conversational, and the local language is often peppered with English.

Cinema

India continues to be the producer of the largest number of movies. Indian films continue to be

popular despite the reach of television. In fact, instead of being a competitor, television has now come to support cinema as many channels pay hefty amounts for rights to telecast movies.

Television

In the beginning, state-owned Doordarshan had a monopoly over TV in India. Now a vibrant private television industry drives the sector and often sets the agenda for news and other programmes. There are at least 700 TV channels in India today.

Internet

With the advent of online newspapers, print media in the West went into decline. The website newspaperlayoffs.com gives an annual list of newspapers that closed down in the United States. Some newspapers have switched exclusively to online editions. While this is yet to happen in India so far, a new trend that is visible on the Indian scene is the slow rise of online newspapers, such as firstpost.com, niticentral.com, and thenewsminute. com. Online papers have the advantage that they can be constantly updated. All major Indian newspapers, therefore, have online editions now as they try to attract readers with the latest news. In the late-20th century, it seemed that online media was pushing out print media. The tech-savvy young generation began depending more and more G{]nรฐ 2014

(38) on online newspapers to keep abreast of happenings. Subsequently, cash-rich online companies began diversifying into other businesses, including print media. In mid-2013, billionaire Jeff Bezos, founder of amazon.com, paid USD 250 million for The Washington Post and several smaller newspapers.

Social Media Enters the Scene

Social media has been defined as a “platform whereby content and applications are no longer created and published by individuals, but instead are continuously modified by all users in a participatory and collaborative fashion.” As the Internet gained currency, particularly among the younger generation, personal web pages, reference works like the Encyclopedia Britannica Online, and the idea of content publishing became popular. Then, more interactive blogs and wikis emerged. As social media evolved further, it allowed the creation and exchange of user-generated content. It can be said that rudimentary social media made its appearance in 2000 when Open Diary, that allowed people who noted down personal experiences to get together online as one community, became popular (it is not possible to set an exact date to it, though). At about the same time, the term web log (logging on the Web) came into being. This noun was split into two words and used as a verb by some members of the online community, and “web log” became “we blog,” thus giving rise to the new terms “blog” and “blogging.” A first milestone in social media was the launch of MySpace, a social networking site. Then came Orkut (of Google) in 2004, which grew in popularity so fast that in some of the Middle Eastern countries it was briefly banned as the authorities thought it promoted fissiparous tendencies. However, it was the advent of Facebook in 2004 that gave social media a kickstart. Facebook’s story needs to be told as it changed the social media scene as nothing else did.

students could vote to decide which one was more attractive. Despite the popularity of Facemash, it was banned by the university administration, which thought it was inappropriate. A student of Indian origin, Divya Narendra, and twins Cameron and Tyler Windlevoss were then working on an idea for a networking site for students of Harvard. It was called Harvard Connection, and they sought out Zuckerberg to

Facebook

Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, born in 1984, was a whiz in coding and writing software. When he was only 12, he wrote a messaging program that he named “Zucknet.” His father, Edward Zuckerberg, a tech-savvy dentist, used the program in his office, so that the receptionist could inform him of a new patient quietly, without shouting across the room. The family also used Zucknet to communicate with each other within the house. After graduation in 2002, Zuckerberg enrolled at Harvard University. By his second year at the university, he had made a name in software development. During this period, one of the programs that he made—Facemash—became immensely popular. Facemash compared the pictures of two students on campus, and other

G{]nð 2014

develop it further. But after the initial association, Zuckerberg dropped out of Harvard to develop it independently and launched Facebook in 2004. When Facebook became popular, Divya and the twins dragged Zuckerberg to court saying he was using their idea, and after some litigation, Zuckerberg settled the dispute, making an initial payment of USD 65 million to his former associates.

(39) In May 2013, Facebook made the Fortune 500 list for the first time, making 28-year-old Zuckerberg the youngest Chief Executive Officer on the list. He has pledged 50 per cent, if not more, of his wealth for charity. In February 2014, Facebook bought the world’s biggest messaging service Whatsapp for a whopping USD 19 billion. The free service Whatsapp had already severely dented revenues of the telecom

companies which earned USD 120 billion from text messaging in 2013. Facebook’s plans to introduce voice calls through Whatsapp will have far reaching consequences for the business as well as promoting the concept of cheap international communication.

Twitter

Twitter, an online social networking and

microblogging service, was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams, Biz Stone, and Noah Glass, and by July 2006, the site was launched. Initially, doubts were expressed as to the potential of the service but Twitter rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with 500 million registered users in 2012, who posted 340 million tweets per day. Dorsey also owns Square, which provides software and devices that allow users to process credit- and debit-card

payments. Square has also turned into a money spinner for its inventor. Twitter enables users to send and read “tweets,” which are text messages limited to 140 characters. Registered users can read and post tweets, but unregistered users can only read them. Users access Twitter through the website interface, SMS, or mobile device applications. G{]nð 2014

(40) YouTube

YouTube was launched in 2005 by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal. Later, in 2006 it was bought by Google. YouTube is a video-sharing website where users can upload, view, and share videos. It uses several applications to display a wide variety of user-generated video content, including video clips, TV clips, and music videos. YouTube is today the third most visited site after Google and Facebook. YouTube is used to project an idea, promote a book, or popularise an artist as well as for educative purposes and for entertainment. This author has used a YouTube trailer to popularise his novel Desert Hunt. SlideShare is similar to YouTube but uploads PowerPoint presentations. You can share books at Bookcrossing or share images at Flickr.

Linked in

LinkedIn, a resume-sharing website, was founded by Reid Hoffman who formally launched it in 2003. This networking site for professionals is now immensely popular, and a large number of employers worldwide are now looking at LinkedIn for recruiting suitable candidates. It has millions of registered users worldwide in several languages. More than anything else, it has globalised the recruitment process.

Google

Larry Page and Sergei Brin, two computer software professionals, met at Stanford as PhD students in 1995, and the rest is history. They launched Google in 1998 as a company with the motto “to organise the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.” Interestingly, the name was derived from googol, a mathematical term denoting a number 1 followed by 100 zeros. And Google is indeed today the source for infinite information. The two had also launched the then popular social networking site Orkut in 2004, which did not survive the competition from Facebook. However, Google then came up with many new ventures, such as Gmail, Google Earth, Google Drive and Google Translate. Google, like many other software giants, has a strong presence in India. As mentioned earlier, YouTube also belongs to Google.

Impact of Social Media

• Social media has introduced the common man into the media scene. His voice can now be heard in political, economic, and social discourses. • Anyone can chat, share photos, upload links, post comments, or search for friends. Sharing, sending greetings on occasions, or congratulating somebody has become much easier. In this way, it has brought people closer. • Aware of social media’s power, some politicians have tried to restrict it, while others have used it to

G{]nð 2014

their advantage. Unlike mainstream media, banning social media is easier said than done. • Facebook has connected the world in a way it has never been connected before. People can now see and read and listen to the creation of another person anywhere in the world. They can also learn of the atrocities of rulers in other nations and the struggles of those fighting for a better life. People can support resistance movements across boundaries. It was through social network outlets such as Facebook and Twitter that the recent protest movements in Tunisia and Egypt caught global attention. These led to the eventual fall of Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia and Hosni Mubarak of Egypt. This was something unimaginable a decade ago. • Often it is assumed that it is the young generation which is addicted to Facebook and other social media. However, some statistics show that the fastest growing segment on Facebook is women in the age group of 55–65 years. • Statistics show that one out of eight people married in the United States in 2012 after getting to know each other via social media. • It took radio 38 years to reach 50 million users, television 13 years, and the Internet 4 years. But Facebook added 100 million users in less than nine months. • A 2009 study in the United States showed that online students outperformed those getting face-toface instruction. One in six higher course students are enrolled online. • Eighty per cent of companies in the United States use LinkedIn for recruitment. • People widely use Twitter to exchange ideas

(41) and opinion and information minute-to-minute. Politicians effectively use tweets as press releases as an increasing number of reporters monitor Twitter for news. • Social media is now an integral part of many people’s personal lives. People are so glued to social media that terms like Facebook addict have gained currency. Many depend on social media like Facebook for interpersonal communication. • Personal lives are no longer private. People are more than willing to upload personal details like photos on social media. The youth should be aware of the potential for abuse of the information they upload. Even as social media allows people anywhere in the world to interact with each other at any time and reach out to new friends, it exposes them to new dangers. Facebook has gone on record that close to 10 per cent of its members had fake identities. • Social media has become an essential part of one’s professional life. It is now almost mandatory for authors, journalists, politicians, and other intellectuals to have a blog to share their ideas. There are more than 200 million blogs. • Politicians use social media extensively. Obama’s election campaign was driven partly by social media. So is Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi’s. Modi’s decision to give an interview on Facebook has been widely discussed. The mainstream media will have to pick up the interview from social media. • Social media revelations have resulted in solving crimes. Some criminals boast about their escapades on social media networks like Facebook,

which then leads to their arrest and investigation. • Business houses use social media for marketing. Podcasts are also used to communicate with people at large. New launches of products are made on social media. How this will evolve and how this will affect the ad revenues of mainstream media are to be closely watched. • As many as 35 per cent book sales of Amazon are online on Kindle. Online sales already form a substantial part of revenue for many companies. • We no longer search for news; the news finds us. Similarly, products will also find us in the near future. • Tweeting and messaging are influencing the way language is written. Words are compressed to meet tweeting and messaging requirements, and how this will impact language remains to be seen. • Social media, however, has further cut faceto-face communication, particularly within the family. The younger generation is becoming lost in the virtual world, and this situation is further aggravated when the parents also get too involved in social media. It may impact the emotional development of young minds, an aspect which needs to be studied. • The job profile of journalism and communication students is changing drastically. Until recently, computer proficiency would have been enough, but the changing technological requirements of the emerging media may now decide what it takes to be in the profession. “Social media is no longer a fad, it is a fact. It is a fundamental shift in the way we communicate.” It has brought in another communication revolution. Where once mass media communication was mainly one-way and was usually controlled by certain groups or special interests, social media allows mass communication to be interactive. In a way, it has democratised the media. Anyone can upload their thoughts, opinions, and suggestions, and communicate to a wider audience through a blog, Facebook, or Twitter. Social media has challenged the monopoly and supremacy of mainstream media, forcing them to sit up and take note of the many voices that have emerged. What direction these communication tools will take is beyond prediction. As much of the Net operations get compressed into the mobile, the ordinary man or woman has these tools in the palm of his hand. That will certainly influence the shape of things to come, in a way it never did before. K. S. R. Menon was the Middle East Correspondent of the Press Trust of India in Dubai. This article is based on a talk given by the author at a media workshop at the Amrita Vidyapeetham University, Ernakulam on 19 February 2014. The two-day workshop, “Media Ecology in Transition,” was organised by the Department of Visual Media and Communication, Amrita College of Arts and Sciences. For details please visit ksrmenon.com. G{]nð 2014

(42)

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{‑]`‑mh§s‑f Bg¯‑ne‑p‑w ]c¸‑ne‑p‑w ] T‑n¡‑p¶‑, s‑s‑k²‑m´‑nI ]‑n³_e a‑pff a‑p¸s‑¯«‑p t‑eJ\§f‑ps‑S ka‑ml‑mca‑mW‑v t‑d‑m_À«‑v k‑n Ae\‑p‑w A\ä‑vl‑ne‑p‑w FU‑nä‑ps‑Nb‑vX ‑"Z The Television Studies Reader Eds: Robert. C. Allen, Annette Hill Routledge, 2004.

s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ÌU‑ok‑v d‑oUÀ-‑'. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]T\¯‑ns‑â A¡‑mZ a‑nI c‑oX‑ni‑mk‑v{‑X§s‑f¡‑pd‑ns‑¨g‑p Xs‑¸« Gäh‑p‑w {‑]k‑n²a‑mb {‑KÙ‑w t‑d‑m_À«‑v k‑n. Aet‑âX‑mW‑v þ Channels of discourse : Reassembled (1992‑). s‑Se‑nh‑nj³

t‑{‑]£Is‑c t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑ns‑¨g‑pXs‑¸« H¶‑ne[‑nI‑w {‑KÙ§Ä A\ä‑vl‑ne‑n t‑âX‑mb‑pï‑v. a‑m[‑yat‑I{‑µ‑nXa‑mb‑, h‑nt‑ij‑n¨‑p‑w Z‑ri‑ya‑m[‑yat‑I{‑µ‑nXa‑mb k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI ]T\¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w P\ {‑]‑nb k‑wk‑vI‑mc]T\¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w ka‑o]I‑me a‑mX‑rIIf‑nÂ Gäh‑p‑w {‑it‑²b§f‑mW‑v Chc‑ps‑S I‑rX‑nIÄ. "s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]T\§Ä‑' F¶ {‑KÙ ¯‑nÂ ka‑ml‑rXa‑mI‑p¶X‑mIs‑«‑, t‑k‑mW‑nb‑m e‑nh‑n‑wK‑vÌ¬‑, t‑Uh‑nU‑v t‑a‑mÀe‑n‑, a‑mÀ¡‑v t‑]‑mÌÀ‑, t‑P‑m¬ l‑mÀ«‑ve‑n‑, t‑I‑mf‑n³ k‑v]‑mÀI‑vk‑v F¶‑n§s‑\ C¶‑p c‑wK¯‑pff Gäh‑p‑w {‑]k‑n²c‑mb s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ þ \h a‑m[‑ya ]T‑nX‑m¡f‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI s‑s‑k²‑m´‑nIc‑pa‑pÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pffhc‑ps‑S cN\If‑pa‑mW‑v. t‑d‑m_À«‑v k‑n. Ae³ C‑u {‑KÙ ¯‑ns‑\g‑pX‑p¶ Ba‑pJ¯‑nÂ‑, C‑u ka‑ml‑mc¯‑ns‑â {‑]X‑y£X‑mÂ]c‑y‑w F¶ \‑neb‑nÂ s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]T\¯‑ns‑â k‑m‑wKX‑y s‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w k‑qN‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ N‑ne s‑]‑mX‑p\‑nc‑o£W§f‑pï‑v. Cet‑{‑Î‑mW‑nI‑v k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑y

(43) k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ \‑m\‑mXc‑w kt‑µic‑q] §f‑ps‑S ØeI‑me k‑wb‑pàs‑a¶ \‑neb‑nÂ s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑pff k‑m[‑yXIÄ‑, CXc a‑m[‑ya§Ä k‑rã‑n¨‑n«‑pff Ie‑m‑, a‑m[‑ya {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑m\§f‑ps‑S Bh‑nj‑v¡‑mc c‑q]s‑a¶ \‑neb‑ne‑p‑w "XÕab]cX‑'b‑ps‑S {‑i‑mh‑y‑, Z‑ri‑y a‑m[‑ya‑m\‑p`hs‑a¶\‑neb‑ne‑p‑w s‑Se‑n h‑nj\‑pff k‑m[‑y-XIÄ‑, \‑nÀ½‑mW ¡¼\‑nIÄ a‑pXÂ k‑wt‑{‑]jW‑, h‑nX cW Ø‑m]\§f‑p‑w ]ck‑ya‑pÄs‑¸s‑S b‑pff a‑pg‑ph³ a‑m[‑yaØ‑m]\§f‑p‑w `cWI‑qSh‑p‑w hs‑cb‑pffhb‑ps‑S {‑]`‑mh‑w \‑m\‑mXc¯‑nÂ {‑]ISa‑mI‑p¶ a‑m[‑yas‑a¶ \‑neb‑nÂ s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑pff k‑m[‑yXIÄ‑, h‑n]‑pea‑mb Hc‑p k‑ma‑q l‑nI‑m\‑p`hs‑a¶ \‑neb‑nÂ k‑rã‑n¡‑p ¶ h‑nh‑n[§f‑mb k‑wt‑hZ\‑, h‑n\‑nab c‑m{‑ã‑ob§f‑ps‑S c‑q]Ia‑mb‑n s‑Se‑nh‑n j\‑pff k‑m[‑yXIÄ F¶‑n§s‑\. Ch X‑nc‑n¨d‑nb‑p¶X‑n\‑pff H¶‑m´c‑w ]T\kl‑mb‑nb‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ‑w. ‑"s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ Ø‑m]\§Ä‑' F¶ H¶‑m‑w `‑mK¯‑v s‑]‑mX‑pt‑aJeb‑nÂ \‑ne\‑n¶‑nc‑p¶ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ k‑wt‑{‑] jW k‑wk‑vI‑mc‑w‑, At‑ac‑n¡³ s‑Se‑n h‑njs‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI \b§Ä‑, ]‑uc‑mhI‑mi k‑wc£Wh‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑n j\‑p‑w‑, H‑mk‑vt‑{‑Se‑nb³ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ k‑wk‑vI‑mc‑w‑, At‑ac‑n¡³ t‑I_‑nÄ N‑m\e‑mb ‑"s‑s‑e^‑v s‑s‑S'a‑nÂ 1984þ97 I‑me¯‑p c‑q]‑ws‑I‑mï "s‑Se‑ns‑^a‑n \‑nk‑w' F¶‑o h‑njb§f‑mW‑v NÀ¨ s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. 1920 þ 30 I‑me¯‑p c‑q]‑ws‑I‑mï‑v 1950 It‑f‑ms‑S Xs‑¶ ]‑mÝ‑mX‑yt‑e‑mI s‑¯ Gäh‑p‑w P\{‑]‑nba‑mb a‑m[‑yaa‑m b‑n a‑md‑nb s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ AX‑ns‑â Ø‑m]\]ca‑mb Ak‑vX‑nX‑z‑w Dd¸‑ns‑¨ S‑p¡‑p¶X‑nÂ as‑äÃ‑m a‑m[‑ya§s‑fb‑p‑w ]‑n´ff‑n. `cWI‑qS‑w a‑pXÂ aX§Ä hs‑c; _l‑pc‑m{‑ãI‑p¯IIÄ a‑pXÂ h‑nt‑a‑mN\t‑¸‑mc‑mf‑nIÄ hs‑c s‑Se‑nh‑n js‑â DSaIf‑p‑w hà‑m¡f‑p‑w {‑]N‑mc Ic‑pa‑mb‑n. \‑ne\‑n¶ a‑pg‑ph³ Ie‑m‑, a‑m[‑ya‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI c‑q]§s‑fb‑p‑w Bt‑Zi‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑ps‑I‑mï‑v hfÀ¶ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]‑nÂ¡‑me k‑mt‑¦X‑nIþ a‑m[‑ya k‑m[‑yXIs‑fb‑p‑w as‑ä‑mc‑p a‑m[‑ya¯‑n\‑p‑w Ig‑nb‑m¯h‑n[‑w DÄ s‑¡‑mï‑p. C‑uh‑n[‑w h‑nIk‑n¨ s‑Se‑nh‑n js‑â `cWI‑qS]ch‑p‑w k‑m¼¯‑nIh‑p a‑mb Ø‑m]\]cXs‑b ]e\‑neIf‑nÂ k‑v]Ài‑n¡‑p¶hb‑mW‑v t‑ae‑v]dª A©‑p ]T\§f‑p‑w. Cc‑p]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑m ï‑ns‑â Ahk‑m\ ZiI§f‑nÂ "s‑]‑mX‑paÞe‑'s‑a¶ \‑neb‑nt‑e¡‑v s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑p s‑s‑Ih¶ h³ k‑m[‑yX IÄ N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w ]e ]T\ §f‑p‑w {‑ia‑n¡‑p¶‑pï‑v. Hc‑p hi¯‑v

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‑s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ t‑{‑]£Is‑c t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ ]T\§f‑mW‑v Bd‑m‑w `‑mK¯‑pffX‑v. a‑p³s‑]‑mc‑p a‑m[‑ya¯‑n\‑pa‑nÃ‑m¯h‑n[‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑v t‑{‑]£I t‑I{‑µ‑nXa‑mb h‑naÀi\ k‑m[‑yXIÄ c‑q]s‑¸«‑p h¶‑n«‑pï‑v. h‑nt‑ij‑n¨‑p‑w K‑mÀl‑nIa‑m[‑yas‑a¶ \‑neb‑nÂ. k‑v{‑X‑oIÄ‑, I‑p«‑nIÄ X‑pS§‑nb h‑n`‑mK§s‑f t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑n¨‑v 1980 If‑nÂ c‑q]‑ws‑I‑mï t‑{‑]£It‑I{‑µ‑nX Kt‑hjW]T\¯‑ns‑â c‑oX‑ni‑mk‑v{‑X‑w ]c‑nNbs‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶ cN\ a‑pXÂ ‑"s‑Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑ms‑äb‑v³s‑aâ‑v‑' F¶ \‑neb‑nÂ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ c‑q]s‑¸S‑p ¯‑p¶ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI ]‑ucX‑z‑w (Cultural Citizenship) h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ t‑P‑m¬ l‑mÀ«‑ve‑nb‑ps‑S cN\hs‑c C‑u `‑mK¯‑pï‑v. k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI]T\c‑wK¯‑pï‑mb P\‑m[‑n]X‑y]ca‑mb Hc‑p Z‑ni‑mh‑yX‑nb‑m\a‑mb‑mW‑v s‑]‑mX‑ph‑nÂ t‑{‑]£It‑I{‑µ‑nX ]T\§s‑f I‑mW‑md‑pffX‑v. Ch‑ns‑Sb‑p‑w AX‑v A§s‑\ Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v. t‑{‑]£Ic‑ps‑S/D]t‑`‑mà‑m¡f‑ps‑S A`‑nc‑pN‑n \‑nÀWb‑n¡‑pIs‑b¶X‑v ]c¼c‑mKXa‑mb‑n ]Þ‑nX \‑nc‑q]Ic‑ps‑S a‑m{‑X‑w A`‑nc‑pN‑n \‑nÀWb‑n¡s‑¸«‑nc‑p¶ Ø‑m\¯‑p\S¶ P\‑m[‑n]X‑y]ca‑mb Hc‑p s‑]‑mf‑ns‑¨g‑p¯‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. a‑m[‑ya‑w. A¡‑mZa‑nI ]T\c‑wK¯‑v Gäh‑p‑w h‑n]‑pea‑mb‑n \S¸‑mI‑p¶ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ h‑naÀi\ ]²X‑nb‑mW‑v A©‑m‑w `‑mK ¯‑pffX‑v. s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑ns‑e k‑ma‑ql‑y {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑m\§f‑ps‑S ]T\‑w. k‑v{‑X‑oI f‑ps‑S e‑n‑wK]Zh‑nb‑p‑w s‑s‑e‑wK‑nI-X-b‑p‑w‑, k‑zhÀKcX‑n‑, h‑wi‑obX F¶‑n§s‑\ {‑]a‑pJ§f‑mb k‑ma‑ql‑yk‑zX‑z§f‑ps‑S {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑m\‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑nÂ F§s‑\ \S¡‑p¶‑ps‑h¶‑mW‑v Ch At‑\‑zj‑n¡‑p ¶X‑v. b‑mY‑mÀY‑ys‑a¶X‑v \‑nÀa‑nX‑nb‑m s‑W¶‑p‑w AX‑v `‑n¶§f‑mb {‑]X‑yb i‑mk‑v{‑X X‑mÂ]c‑y§f\‑pkc‑n¨‑v a‑md‑n s‑¡‑mt‑ïb‑nc‑n¡‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w s‑Xf‑nb‑n¡‑p ¶ ]T\§Ä. h‑mÀ¯ a‑pXÂ ]c¼c hs‑c; t‑S‑mI‑vt‑j‑m a‑pXÂ ]ck‑y‑w hs‑c þ H‑mt‑c‑m s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]‑mT¯‑ne‑p‑w G{]nð 2014

c‑q]s‑¸«‑p h¶‑n«‑pï‑v. h‑nt‑ij‑n¨‑p‑w K‑mÀl‑nIa‑m[‑yas‑a¶ \‑neb‑nÂ. k‑v{‑X‑oIÄ‑, I‑p«‑nIÄ X‑pS§‑nb h‑n`‑mK §s‑f t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑n¨‑v 1980 If‑nÂ c‑q]‑w s‑I‑mï t‑{‑]£It‑I{‑µ‑nX Kt‑hjW ]T\¯‑ns‑â c‑oX‑ni‑mk‑v{‑X‑w ]c‑nNb s‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶ cN\ a‑pXÂ ‑"s‑Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑ms‑äb‑v³s‑aâ‑v‑' F¶ \‑ne b‑nÂ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI ]‑ucX‑z‑w (Cultural Citizenship) h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ t‑P‑m¬ l‑mÀ«‑ve‑nb‑ps‑S cN\hs‑c C‑u `‑mK¯‑pï‑v. k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI]T\c‑wK¯‑pï‑mb P\‑m[‑n]X‑y]ca‑mb Hc‑p Z‑ni‑mh‑yX‑n b‑m\a‑mb‑mW‑v s‑]‑mX‑ph‑nÂ t‑{‑]£I t‑I{‑µ‑nX]T\§s‑f I‑mW‑md‑pffX‑v. Ch‑ns‑Sb‑p‑w AX‑v A§s‑\ Xs‑¶b‑m

W‑v. t‑{‑]£Ic‑ps‑S/D]t‑`‑mà‑m¡f‑ps‑S A`‑nc‑pN‑n \‑nÀWb‑n¡‑pIs‑b¶X‑v ]c ¼c‑mKXa‑mb‑n ]Þ‑nX \‑nc‑q]Ic‑ps‑S a‑m{‑X‑w A`‑nc‑pN‑n \‑nÀWb‑n¡s‑¸«‑nc‑p¶ Ø‑m\¯‑p\S¶ P\‑m[‑n]X‑y]ca‑mb Hc‑p s‑]‑mf‑ns‑¨g‑p¯‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. Ahk‑m\`‑mK‑w s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑p‑w LS\‑m]ch‑p‑w DffS ¡]ch‑p‑w aä‑pa‑mb ]c‑nW‑ma§s‑f¡‑p d‑n¨‑pff ]T\§f‑mW‑v. s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â `‑mh‑ns‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff t‑N‑mZ‑y§f‑p¶b‑n ¡‑p¶‑p‑, Chb‑nÂ ]eX‑p‑w. _l‑pc‑m{‑ã I‑p¯IIf‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w \ha‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S b‑p‑w hct‑h‑ms‑S‑, a‑m[‑ya k‑web\¯‑n s‑â k‑m[‑yXIf‑p]t‑b‑mKs‑¸S‑p¯‑n s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ \S¯‑p¶ AX‑nP‑oh\ ¯‑ns‑â k‑m[‑yXIf‑p‑w Chb‑nÂ h‑nhc‑n ¡s‑¸S‑p¶‑p. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ AX‑n\‑p a‑p³]‑pff a‑pg‑ph³ a‑m[‑ya§s‑fb‑p‑w Bt‑Zi‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑ps‑I‑mï‑mW‑v \‑neh‑n Â h¶‑n«‑pffs‑X¶‑v a‑mÀjÂ aI‑ve‑ql³ ]dªX‑v 1960 If‑ne‑mW‑v. s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑pt‑ija‑pff a‑pg‑ph³ a‑m[‑ya§s‑fb‑p‑w BK‑ncW‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p s‑I‑mï‑mW‑v C¶‑v AX‑p \‑ne\‑nÂ¡‑p ¶X‑v. B[‑p\‑nIX \‑nÀ½‑n¨ b‑mY‑mÀ Y‑y¯‑ns‑â ]Sh‑pIÄ ad‑nIS¶‑p‑w k‑zX‑z¯‑ns‑â {‑]c‑q]§Ä ]eX‑p‑w d±‑m¡‑nb‑p‑w B[‑p\‑nI‑m\´cX k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ "{‑]X‑oX‑n‑'If‑ps‑S Gäh‑p‑w a‑qÀ¯a‑mb c‑q]Is‑a¶ \‑neb‑nÂ a‑mÀ¡‑vt‑]‑mÌÀ s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑\ h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m \‑n¡‑p¶‑pï‑v. Ch‑ns‑S\‑n¶‑p a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p t‑]‑mb‑n t‑U‑m¬t‑ÉäÀ‑, H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ þ H‑m^‑vs‑s‑e³ AhØIf‑ns‑e k‑ma‑ql‑y _Ô§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p ]T‑n¡‑p¶‑p‑, Ahk‑m\ t‑eJ\¯‑nÂ. H‑mt‑c‑m ]T\t‑eJ\¯‑n\‑p‑w h‑niZ a‑mb AS‑n¡‑pd‑n¸‑pIf‑p‑w kl‑mbI {‑KÙ§f‑ps‑S ]«‑nIb‑pa‑pï‑v. CX‑n\‑p ]‑pds‑ab‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p s‑]‑mX‑ph‑ne‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑p h‑nt‑ij‑n¨‑p‑w 2004 hs‑c ]‑pd¯‑ph¶‑n «‑pff {‑it‑²b§f‑mb b‑qt‑d‑m þ At‑ac‑n¡³ ]T\{‑KÙ§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya]T\‑w \S¯‑p¶ t‑PWe‑pIf‑p s‑Sb‑p‑w AX‑nh‑n]‑pea‑mb Hc‑p ]«‑nI Xs‑¶ C‑u {‑KÙ‑w \ÂI‑p¶X‑v. s‑Se‑n h‑njs‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff A¡‑mZa‑nI þ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI]T\¯‑n\‑v Gs‑d kl‑m bIa‑mI‑p¶ Hc‑p _‑rlX‑vka‑ml‑mcs‑a ¶ \‑neb‑nÂ "s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ÌU‑ok‑v‑'‑, C‑u c‑wK¯‑p X‑mÂ]c‑ya‑pffhÀ¡‑v Gs‑d {‑]t‑b‑mP\Ica‑mW‑v F¶‑p ]dt‑bïX‑nÃ-t‑Ã‑m. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com

(45) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

History of the World in Photographs

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Getty Images Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers 559 Pages; Price Rs. 1,295.00 The history of the world comes to life in a brand-new way in a groundbreaking visual reference from two trusted leaders in the information industry. This stunning guide is a fact-filled and visual journey like no other through the last 150+ years of world history. A comprehensive chronology from Encyclopædia Britannica, the worldwide authority in knowledge and education, includes more than 6,000 time line entries organized into the following categories: Science, Medicine, and Technology; Religion, Philosophy, and Education; History and Politics; Business and Commerce; Daily Life and Society; and The Arts. In addition to the timeline, numerous spotlight articles delve deeper into specific subjects. The thousands of historical photos in the book are drawn from the incomparable collection of Getty Images.

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Journalism Next: A Practical Guide to Digital Reporting and Publishing

hnZymÀ°nbmbncn¡pt¼mtg, Iznän ´ym {]t£m`¯nte¡v FSp¯p NmSn kzmX{´y kaccwK¯p {]Xy £s¸«v XpSÀóv s]mXpcwK¯v ]e Xc¯nepw {]hÀ¯n¨Xnsâ kzm[o \w, amXr`qansbt¸mse tZiob ]mc ¼cyapÅ Hcp ]{X¯nsâ hfÀ¨bp tSbpw hnImk¯nsâbpw \nÀ®mb I L«§fnð D¯chmZs¸« ]Zhn bnencpóv tkh\a\pjvTn¨Xnsâ A\p`hk¼¯v, sI.tIf¸sâbpw sI.]n.tIihtat\msâbpw IqsS {]hÀ¯n¨XpsImïv t\Snb hyàn Xzþt\XrXzKpW§Ä þ CsXñmw sImïv A\p{KloX\mbncpó hn.Fw.sImdm¯nsâ BßIY. hn.Fw.sImdm¯v F¶v Adnbs¸ «ncp¶ thembp[tat\m³ sIm-dm¯v 1947Â amXr`qanbnÂ {]q^v do-Udmbn tPm-en-bnÂ {]-th-in¨v 1896Â U]yq«n FUnädmbmWv hncan¨Xv. XpSÀ¶v \mev hÀj¡mew P·`qan ]{X¯n sâ FUnädmbn {]hÀ¯n¨p. ]{X{] hÀ¯I bqWnb³ cwK¯pw kPoh ambncp¶ A-t±-l-¯n\v {]kv A¡mZ anbpsS Fw.hn.ss]en AhmÀUv, tIkcn AhmÀUv Xp-S§n-b ]p-c -kv-Im-c§Ä e`n¨n«p-ïv. C§s\ kw-`-h-_-lp-eam-b H-cp Im-e-L-«-s¯bm-Wv sIm-dm¯v Cu {K-Ù-¯n-eq-sS ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv.

Theres never been a more challengingyet excitingtime to be a journalist. But in order to survive and thrive, journalists need to master new tools. Timely, to-the-point, and tested, Journalism Next updates Mark Briggs popular online guide Journalism 2.0 and explains how to use the latest software, tools, and concepts, empowering journalists to harness technology and take control of their futures in journalism. Journalism Next is required reading for both seasoned journalists seeking a digital roadmap and digital natives looking to connect their technological know-how to the professions best practices. Learn how to use blogs, crowdsourcing, mobile applications, databases, audio, and video to report with immediacy, cultivate community, and tell compelling stories. Journalism Next will improve digital literacy, fast.

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G{]nð 2014

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{]kv A-¡mZ-an {]-kn-²o-I-c-W§Ä 1. hr¯m´]{X{]hÀ¯\w kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW]n-Å 2. kztZim`nam\n þ cmPt{Zmlnbmb cmPykvt\ln Sn.thWptKm]me³ 3. F.sI.]nÅ: BZÀi§fpsS càkm£n F.cm[mIrjvW³ 4. s\òenbpsS I¼n sI.sI.taml\³ 5. Im¼ntÈcn þ Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À sI.kpµtci³ 6. hmÀ¯bpsS inð]ime F³.F³.kXy{hX³ 7. aebmf ]{X`mj þ hnImk ]cnWma§Ä hn.]n.kpss_À 8. hmÀ¯ IY hyhlmcw BâWn kn tUhnkv 9. dnt¸mÀ«À {]ikvXcmb apXnÀó 18 ]{X{]hÀ¯-IÀ, FUnäÀ : C.]n.jmPp±o³ 10. hn]nBÀ dohnknäUv A¦nX NocI¯nð

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{]km[IcpsS ]pkvXI§fpw A¡mZan {]kn²oIcW§Ä¡v 30% Dw aäp {]km[IcpsS ]pkvXI§Ä¡v 20% iXam\ hpw Ingnhpw e`n¡pw. Im¡\ms« A¡mZan Hm^oknð \nóv t\cnt«m X]mð hgntbm ]pkvXI§Ä e`yamWv. IqSpXð hnhc§Ä¡v t^m¬: 0484 2422275

tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZan 21. ]{X{]hÀ¯\w hgnbpw hkvXpXbpw 22. ]{Xw Ncn{Xw ]h\³ 23. BZyIme amknIIÄ 24. h\nXm ]{X{]hÀ¯\w Ncn{Xhpw hÀ¯am\hpw 25. tIcf ]{X{]hÀ¯\ Ncn{Xw 26. ktlmZc³ A¿¸³ {]t£m`Imcnbmb ]{X{]hÀ¯I³ 27. sISmhnf¡v 28. Ipamc\mimsâ apJ{]kwK§Ä 29. Fsâ aebmfw 30. Im¼nticn 31. sI.kn.am½³ am¸nf 32. ]n.{io[csâ teJ\§Ä 33. tIcf ]{X{]hÀ¯\ {]mcw` kzcq]w 34. am[ya§fpw aebmf kmlnXyhpw 35. kn.]n.{io[c³ aebmf kmlnXy¯nð

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\‑y‑qk‑v b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑n {‑]ik‑vX a‑m[‑ya ]c‑ni‑oe\ Ø‑m]\ a‑mb t‑]‑mb‑nâd‑ns‑â hfs‑c D]I‑mc{‑] Za‑mb ]c‑ni‑oe\¡fc‑nb‑mW‑v- \‑y‑qk‑v b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑n- www.newsu.org. t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w \‑qX\a‑mb H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑PWe‑nk‑w s‑{‑Sb‑v\‑n‑wK‑v s‑kâd‑mW‑v- CX‑v. d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑v‑, t‑PW e‑nk‑w k‑w_Ô‑nb‑mb h‑nh‑n[ ^‑o¨À Fg‑p¯‑v‑, aÄ«‑na‑oU‑nb h‑nZ‑yIÄ F¶‑n

A`‑nc‑pN‑n¡‑v H¯‑nW§‑nbh‑, Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nbX‑v F¶‑n§s‑\ h‑nh‑n[ h‑n`‑mK §Ä \ÂI‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ ]eXc¯‑ne‑pï‑v. Häb‑v¡‑p ]T‑n¡‑mh‑p ¶h‑, s‑ka‑n\‑md‑pIÄ‑, s‑h_‑n\‑mÀ F ¶‑n§s‑\ Ah Xc‑w X‑nc‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vk‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑nÂ \‑y‑qk‑v b‑q W‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑n‑, t‑]‑mb‑nâÀ‑, aä‑p {‑][‑m\ C³Ì‑nS‑y‑q«‑pIÄ F¶‑nhb‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p Å t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑nhc §f‑mW‑v-. t‑PWe‑nk‑w A[‑y‑m]IÀ¡‑m b‑n S‑qÄk‑v t‑^‑mÀ FP‑qt‑¡t‑äg‑vk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mKh‑pa‑pï‑v.

t‑aJeb‑v¡‑v kl‑mbIa‑mb {‑]hÀ¯ \§Ä \S¯‑pIs‑b¶X‑mW‑v- C‑u s‑kâd‑ns‑â e£‑y‑w. s‑kâd‑nÂ Kt‑hj W¯‑n\‑p t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w \ÂI‑p¶hÀ‑, Kt‑hjW‑w s‑N¿‑p¶hÀ X‑pS§‑nb I‑mc‑y§Ä C‑u s‑s‑kä‑nÂ \‑n¶d‑nb‑m‑w. C´‑y‑m s‑kâd‑nÂ Kt‑hjW¯‑n\‑pÅ k‑uIc‑y§Ä k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v C´‑y³ h‑n`‑mK¯‑ns‑â d‑nkÀ¨‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK ¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m‑w.

I‑ma‑v-d‑n

h k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v a‑p¶‑qd‑nt‑es‑d k‑uP \‑yh‑p‑w AÃ‑m¯X‑pa‑mb t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ C‑u s‑s‑kä‑nÂ cP‑nÌÀ s‑Nb‑vX‑mÂ ]T‑n¡‑m‑w. t‑e‑mIs‑a¼‑mS‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ ¯\¯‑nÂ h‑nZK‑v[ ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w \Â I‑p¶ Ø‑m]\a‑mW‑v- t‑]‑mb‑nâÀ. ]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯IÀ‑, ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ Y‑nIÄ‑, A[‑y‑m]IÀ F¶‑nhs‑c I‑qS‑m s‑X C‑u s‑{‑]‑m^j\‑nÂ X‑me‑v]c‑ya‑p Å BÀ¡‑p‑w D]I‑mc{‑]Za‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w C‑u s‑s‑kä‑v F¶‑mW‑v- t‑]‑mb‑nâd‑ns‑â AhI‑mih‑mZ‑w. \‑neh‑nÂ 290‑,000 t‑]À C‑u s‑s‑kä‑n s‑â t‑kh\‑w e`‑ya‑m¡‑p¶‑pï‑v. CX‑nÂ cP‑nÌÀ s‑N¿‑p¶hÀ¡‑v I‑qS‑pXÂ h‑nh c§Ä I‑n«‑p‑w. X‑mak‑nb‑ms‑X \S¡‑p ¶ ]c‑ni‑oe\ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ Gs‑X‑m s‑¡s‑b¶‑v t‑l‑m‑w t‑]P‑nÂ Xs‑¶ \Â I‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. {‑][‑m\ t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIs‑f k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑nhc§f‑p‑w t‑l‑m‑w t‑]P‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. t‑I‑mg‑vkk‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑nÂ FÃ‑m¯ c‑w t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIf‑p‑w e‑nÌ‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑n¡‑p ¶‑p. CX‑nÂ Xs‑¶ Gäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑pXÂ t‑]À t‑NÀ¶h‑, D]t‑b‑mI‑vX‑mh‑ns‑â G{]nð 2014

a‑m[‑ya c‑wK‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v t‑e‑mI¯‑n s‑e Gäh‑p‑w a‑nI¨ Kt‑hjW‑w \S¡‑p ¶ Ø‑m]\a‑mW‑v- Z‑v Ia‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ B³U‑v a‑oU‑nb‑m d‑nkÀ¨‑v C³Ì‑nS‑y‑q «‑v(k‑n.F.F‑w.BÀ.s‑F‑). C‑w¥ï‑ns‑e s‑hÌ‑va‑n³ÌÀ kÀhIe‑mi‑meb‑ps‑S t‑PWe‑nk‑w-þa‑mk‑v Ia‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ hI‑p¸‑ns‑â I‑og‑nÂ {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ s‑kâd‑ns‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v http://www. westminster.ac.uk/camri/home. t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑e h‑nh‑n[ c‑mP‑y§f‑ns‑e a‑m[‑yac‑wKs‑¯ k‑w_Ô‑n¨ Kt‑hj Wa‑mW‑v- s‑kâd‑nÂ \S¡‑p¶X‑v. C‑u Kt‑hjW§Ä Fs‑´¶‑p a\k‑ne‑m ¡‑m³ C‑u s‑s‑kä‑v kl‑mb‑n¡‑p‑w. Kt‑h jW d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ ka‑mlc‑n¨‑v {‑]k‑n ²‑oIc‑n¨ ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑ps‑S h‑nhc§Ä s‑s‑kä‑ne‑pï‑v. C‑u {‑]a‑pJ Ø‑m]\‑w Gs‑X‑ms‑¡ t‑aJeIf‑nÂ Kt‑hjW‑w \S¯‑p¶‑p‑, t‑U‑mÎdÂ t‑{‑]‑m{‑K‑ma‑pIÄ‑, A-X‑n\‑pÅ k‑uIc‑y§Ä Fs‑´‑ms‑¡ F¶‑o I‑mc‑y§Ä s‑s‑kä‑nÂ \‑n¶d‑nb‑m‑w. C‑u Ø‑m]\¯‑nÂ C´‑yb‑ns‑e a‑m[‑yac‑w Ks‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ ]T\¯‑n\‑p a‑m{‑X‑w Hc‑p s‑kâd‑pï‑v. Ct‑XI‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ h‑nh c§Ä http://www.westminster.ac. uk/camri/researchcetnres/india mediacetnre F¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑nÂ

\‑n¶d‑nb‑m‑w. C´‑y³ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\

I‑ma‑v-d‑nb‑nÂ \SI‑p¶ {‑][‑m\ NÀ¨‑m kt‑½f\§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ h‑nh c§Ä {‑][‑m\ s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â Châ‑vk‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑nÂ \‑n¶d‑nb‑m‑w. t‑e‑mIs‑¯ {‑][‑m\ a‑m[‑ya Kt‑hjW Ø‑m]\ ¯‑nÂ \S¡‑p¶ NÀ¨If‑ps‑S s‑s‑h]‑p e‑yh‑p‑w s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¡s‑¸S‑p¶ h‑njb §f‑p‑w Fs‑´‑ms‑¡s‑b¶‑v CX‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m‑w. \‑y‑qk‑v h‑n`‑mK‑w ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc§ Ä \ÂI‑p¶‑p. {‑_‑n«\‑nÂ D¶X \‑ne h‑mc¯‑ne‑pÅ a‑m[‑yaKt‑hjW¯‑n\‑vB{‑Kl‑n¡‑p¶hÀ¡‑v DN‑nXa‑mb t‑I‑m g‑vk‑pIÄ CX‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. k‑vt‑I‑mfÀj‑n¸‑v k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑nhc§ Ä http://www.westminster.ac.uk/ study/prospective-students/feesand-funding/scholarships F-¶

e‑n-¦‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w I‑n-«‑p‑w. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ ko\nbÀ \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

‑{XnZn\ t]mbnâÀ inev]-im-e \Sóp

inev]imebnð ]s¦Sp¯hÀ t]mbvâÀ {]Xn\n[nIÄs¡m¸w

t‑e‑mI{‑]ik‑vXa‑mb t‑]‑mb‑nâÀ C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑pa‑mb‑n klIc‑n¨‑v s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑nÂ a‑m[‑yai‑ne‑v-]i‑m-e \-S¯‑n. a‑q-¶‑p Z‑n-h-k-a‑m-b‑n \-S-¶ i‑n-e‑v-]i‑me a‑mÀ-¨‑v 23\‑v X‑pS§‑n 25\‑v ka‑m]‑n¨‑p. BZ‑ya‑mb‑mW‑v t‑]‑mb‑nâÀ C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v C´‑yb‑nÂ C¯cs‑a‑mc‑p i‑ne‑v]i‑me k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. t‑l‑m«Â S‑mP‑v t‑Kä‑vt‑hb‑nÂ \S¶ i‑ne‑v]i‑meb‑nÂ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w t‑PÀWe‑nk‑w A[‑y‑m]Ic‑pa‑mb‑n \‑qt‑d‑mf‑w t‑]c‑mW‑v ]s‑¦S‑p¯X‑v. a‑md‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya`‑mh‑n‑, h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yXb‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\ h‑p‑w‑, \‑y‑qk‑v-d‑qa‑pIf‑ns‑e U‑n-P‑näÂ c‑oX‑nIÄ‑, ]‑pX‑nb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n§‑v c‑oX‑nIÄ‑, aÄ«‑na‑oU‑nb DÅS¡§Ä‑, ]c¼c‑mKX a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S `‑mh‑n‑, \‑y‑qk‑v-d‑q‑w LS\b‑ns‑e a‑mä§Ä‑, FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑n-bÂ-þ_‑nk‑n\k‑v _Ô‑w‑, a‑m[‑yah‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑ps‑S ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w‑, t‑e‑m¡Â\‑y‑qk‑v c‑wK‑w‑, U‑nP‑näÂ c‑oX‑nIf‑ps‑S ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w‑, U‑nP‑näÂ I‑mes‑¯ a‑m[‑ya[Àa‑w X‑pS§‑nb h‑njb§f‑mW‑v I‑y‑m¼‑nÂ NÀ¨ s‑N¿s‑¸«X‑v.

t‑]‑mb‑nâÀ C³-Ì‑nä‑y‑q«‑v UbdÎÀ H‑m^‑v s‑{‑Sb‑v-\‑n§‑v ]‑mÀ«‑vWÀj‑n¸‑v Bâ‑v Aeb³kk‑v t‑l‑mh‑mU‑v ^‑n³s‑_ÀK‑v‑, UÃ‑mk‑v t‑a‑mW‑nM‑v \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑näÀ t‑S‑m‑w l‑ph‑m§‑v‑, b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑v-k‑nä‑n H‑m^‑v s‑\{‑_‑mk‑v-I At‑k‑mk‑nt‑bä‑v s‑{‑]‑m^kÀ k‑y‑q _‑pÀk‑n³k‑v-I‑n _‑pÃ‑mÀU‑v‑, \‑y‑qk‑v Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑mä‑v FI‑vk‑nI‑y‑q«‑oh‑v FU‑näÀ s‑P^‑v-d‑n t‑I‑m¨‑v‑, s‑kâ‑v ]‑ot‑äg‑v-k‑v_ÀK‑v b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑n H‑m^‑v k‑u¯‑v t‑^‑md‑nU h‑nk‑nä‑nM‑v s‑{‑]‑m^kÀ t‑Ik‑n s‑{‑^j‑vs‑ä‑, a‑m[‑ya _‑nk‑n\k‑v I‑mc‑y h‑nZK‑v² s‑kÃ‑m t‑{‑_k‑n‑, t‑]‑mb‑nâÀ C³Ì‑nä‑y‑q«‑v ^‑m¡Â«‑n h‑nZ‑nj {‑]‑nb¦ F¶‑nhc‑mW‑v h‑nh‑n[ h‑njb§Ä AhXc‑n¸‑n¨‑v NÀ¨IÄ-¡‑v t‑\-X‑rX‑z‑w hl‑n¨X‑v. k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑n-Z‑y¡‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb Xea‑pdb‑ps‑S A`‑nc‑pN‑nIÄ¡‑ps‑a‑m¯‑v a‑m[‑ya c‑oX‑nIf‑nÂ a‑mä‑w hc‑p¯‑pIb‑mW‑v \‑ne\‑ne‑v¸‑n\‑v A\‑nh‑mc‑ys‑a¶‑v t‑]‑mb‑nâÀ UbdÎÀ t‑l‑mh‑mU‑v ^‑n³s‑_ÀK‑v Ba‑pJ`‑mjW¯‑nÂ A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. C´‑yb‑ne‑p‑w aä‑v Gj‑y³ c‑mP‑y§f‑ne‑p‑w A¨S‑n¸{‑X¯‑ns‑â

k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w hfc‑p¶‑p F¶X‑nÂ Aa‑nX{‑]X‑o£ ]‑peÀ¯‑p¶X‑v A]ISa‑mh‑ps‑a¶‑v At‑±l‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. b‑qt‑d‑m¸‑ne‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡b‑ne‑p‑w Ct‑¸‑mÄ k‑w`h‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v hfs‑cs‑b‑m¶‑p‑w s‑s‑hI‑ms‑X C´‑yb‑ne‑p‑w k‑w`h‑n¡‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w U‑nP‑näÂ a‑oU‑nbb‑ps‑S k‑m[‑yXIÄ¡‑v Ct‑¸‑mÄXs‑¶ {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w \ ÂIWs‑a¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. Ba‑pJ t‑b‑mK¯‑nÂ s‑Ns‑s‑¶b‑ns‑e b‑pFk‑v t‑I‑m¬k‑pt‑eä‑v IÄ¨dÂ A^t‑bg‑vk‑v H‑m^‑okÀ j‑m\ U‑oä‑v-k‑v k‑pt‑cµ‑, t‑Icf {‑]k‑vA¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑Pµ³ F¶‑nhÀ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. s‑N‑mÆ‑mg‑vN ka‑m]\ t‑b‑mK¯‑nÂ k‑o\‑nbÀ t‑PWe‑nÌ‑v F.klt‑Zh³ i‑ne‑v]i‑meb‑nÂ ] s‑¦S‑p¯hÀ¡‑v t‑hï‑n t‑]‑mb‑nâÀ {‑] hÀ¯It‑c‑mS‑v \µ‑n {‑]IS‑n¸‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑ps‑S D]l‑mc‑w s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ t‑]‑mb‑nâÀ UbdÎÀ t‑l‑mh‑mU‑v ^‑n³s‑_ÀK‑n\‑v k½‑m\‑n-¨‑p.

G{]nð 2014

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

Umcntbm ImÌnsñtPm bpss{I³ {]hniybmb {Inanbbnð lnX]cntim[\ \S¯n B {]tZis¯ djytbmSv tNÀ¡m³ Xocpam\n¨Xns\XnscbmWv {]ikvX saIvkn¡³ ImÀ«qWnÌmb Umcntbm Cu ImÀ«q¬ hc¨ncn¡póXv. "djy³ IeymWw' Fóp t]cn«ncn¡pó Cu ImÀ«qWnð I¿pw Imepw sI«n hmbnð ¹mÌdpsam«n¨v \nð¡pó {Inanb Fó s]¬Ip«nbpsS hncenð djy³ {]knUâv ]pSn³ _emð¡mcambn tamXncw AWnbn¡pIbmWv. bYmÀ° P\lnXañ {Inanbbnð \S¸m ¡pósXópw bpss{I\p taepÅ djybpsS _e{]tbmKamsWópapÅ Atacn¡bptSbpw aäp ]mÝmXy cm{ã§fptSbpw hnaÀi\t¯mSv ImÀ«qWnÌpw tNÀóp \nð¡póp. saIvkntImbnse HmIvkmIbnð 1974ð P\n¨ Umcntbm saIvkn¡³ ]{X§fmb Fð Cw]mÀjyð, Fð sk³t{Sm Fóo ]{X§fnse FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWnÌpw emän³ Atacn¡ ³ ImÀ«q¬ ¢_ntebpw Atacn¡bnse tIKnÄ ImÀ«qWntebpw AwKhpamWv. 1997, 1999, 2005 Fóo hÀj§fnse HmIvkmI kÀ¡mcpw HmIvkmI tPWenÌv Atkmkntbj\pw tNÀóp \ðIpó tPWenkw AhmÀUS¡w \nch[n ]pckvImc§fpw t\Snbn«pïv.

tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

New Book from Kerala Press Academy

VPR REVISITED The Life and Times of an Extra Ordinary Journalist

Media Monthly | April 2014 | ` 20/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676

{]kv A¡mZan ]pkvXI§Ä 30% iXam\w hne¡ngnhnð

hr¯m´]{X{]hÀ¯\w þ kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjv W ]n- Å þ hne: 40.00 cq] kztZim`nam\n: cmPt{Zmlnbmb cmPykv t \ln þ Sn.thWptKm]me³ þ hne: 260.00 cq] F.sI.]nÅ: BZÀi§fpsS càkm£n þ F.cm[mIrjv W ³ þ hne: 200.00 cq] s\òenbpsS I¼n þ sI.sI.taml\³ þ hne: 75.00 cq] Im¼ntÈcn: Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À þ sI.kpµtci³ þ hne: 75.00 cq] hmÀ¯bpsS inð]ime (cïmw ]Xn¸v ) þ F³.F³.kXy{hX³ þ hne: 150.00 cq] aebmf ]{X`mj: hnImk ]cnWma§Ä þ hn.]n.kpss_À þ hne: 200.00 cq] hmÀ¯, IY, hyhlmcw þ BâWn kn. tUhnkv þ hne: 125.00 cq] dnt¸mÀ«À þ {]ikvX cmb apXnÀó 18 ]{X{]hÀ¯- IÀ, FUnäÀ: C.]n.jmPp±o³ þ hne: 100.00 cq] hn]nBÀ dohnknäUv -þ A¦nX NocI¯nð þ hne: 140.00 cq]

tIm¸nIÄ¡v: sk{I«dn, tIcf {]kv A¡mZan, Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682 030; t^m¬: 0484 2422275 sNt¡m UnUntbm aWntbmÀUtdm Ab¡pI