Media 2014 july online file by lakshmi Anandhakrishnan

July 2014 | Vol. 3 | Issue 3 | Price ` 20

DISTRUST YOUR DATA

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Pqsse 2014 $ ]pkvXIw 3 $ e¡w 3 $ hne ` 20

06 How we make Mistakes with Data

Jacob Harris

Why there is no Indian voice in global media space B.R.P. Bhaskar

Sting Operations and the Ethics of Journalism

Shoma A. Chatterji

Election in the Time of Media Hype

K. V. Sudhakaran

Facebook arrests: Could you be next in line?

Tanvi Bhatikar

Fgp¯v Fó Zriy-am-[yaw

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FUntämdnbð ap³t] ]dóhÀ ]n. kpPm-X³

Lighthouse Ashok R Chandran

04 24 33

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Students’ Corner

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J. V. Vil’anilam

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Bookshelf

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FUntämdnbð

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am Editor N. P. Rajendran Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Chief News Editor, Mangalam, Kottayam N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan T. R. Madhukumar Editor In Charge, Deshabhimani Weekly, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Printer & Publisher V. R. Ajith Kumar Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Marketing In Charge Shainus Markose Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 20 Annual Subscription: ` 200 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 30,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside B&W: ` 20,000

Pqsse 2014

-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-s‑¯ _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p‑w‑, F-´‑p-s‑I‑mt‑ï‑m G-{‑]‑nÂ 24\‑v Dï‑m-b k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑nh‑n-[‑n h-e‑p-X‑m-s‑b‑m-¶‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑i-² B-I-À-j‑n-¨‑nÃ. N‑o-^‑v P-Ì‑n-k‑v ]‑n.k-Z‑m-i‑n-h-¯‑ns‑â t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n-e‑p-Å a‑q¶‑w-K s‑_-©‑v Ì‑n§‑v H‑m-]-t‑d-j³ \‑n-b-a-h‑n-c‑p-²-a‑mW‑v F-¶‑v {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡-b‑mW‑v. Ì‑n-§‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑nÂ GÀ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-hÀ B-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑me‑p‑w A-hÀ A-X‑v k‑z-´‑w D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-¯‑nÂ s‑N-t‑¿-ï‑n-h-c‑ps‑a-¶‑p‑w- A-X‑n-s‑â \‑n-b-a-]-ca‑m-b FÃ‑m {‑]-X‑y‑m-L‑m-X-§f‑p‑w A-\‑p-`-h‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n h-c‑p-s‑a-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑v k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑v \Â-I‑n-b-X‑v. b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ \-S-¯‑p-¶ Ì‑n-§‑v AÃ t‑I‑mS-X‑n ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¨X‑v. t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v B-Wt‑Ã‑m Ì‑n§‑v H‑m-]-t‑d-j³ X‑p-S-§‑n-s‑h-¨-X‑pXs‑¶. C-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-]-ca‑m-b ]‑n³-_-e-t‑¯‑m-s‑S t‑e‑m-I-s‑a§‑p‑w A-X‑p \-S-¯‑p-¶X‑p‑w t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v BW‑v. H-c‑p {‑]-t‑X‑y-I t‑I-Ê‑nÂ t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v- s‑]‑m-X‑pX‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y‑mÀ-°‑w \-S¯‑n-b Ì‑n-§‑v \-S-]-S‑n-s‑b i-c‑n-h-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n‑, A-X‑v FÃ‑m t‑I-Ê‑ne‑p‑w Ì‑n-§‑v \-S-¯‑m-\‑p-Å A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n I-ï‑pI‑q-S‑m F-¶‑v h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. "{‑I‑n-a‑n-\-e‑pI-s‑f ]‑n-S‑n-I‑q-S‑m-\‑p-Å H-c‑p c-l-k‑y-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-s‑a-¶ \‑n-e-b‑nÂ‑, Ì‑n§‑v H‑m-]-t‑d-j³ H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v [‑mÀa‑n-I t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä D-bÀ-¯‑p-¶‑pï‑v. A-]-c‑m[‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑nÃ‑m-¯ H-c‑m-s‑f A-X‑v s‑N-¿‑m³ t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-e‑m-W‑v Ì‑n-§‑v {‑]-hÀ¯\‑w. t‑{‑]-c-W CÃ‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑nÂ A-b‑mÄ B I‑p-ä-I‑rX‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p-a‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑nÃ. F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v C-X‑v H-c‑p \‑n-b-a-h‑nt‑[-b \-S-]-S‑n-b‑m-I‑pI?' C-X‑m-W‑v k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n D-bÀ¯‑n-b t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w. I‑p-ä-I‑rX‑y‑w I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m³ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p I‑p-ä-I‑rX‑y‑w \-S-¯‑p¶-X‑v F§-s‑\ [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-a‑mb‑n \‑y‑m-b‑o-Ic‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑p‑w F-¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑yh‑p‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n D-¶-b‑n¨‑p. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡ DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S N‑n-e c‑m-P‑y-§Ä C¯-c‑w \-S-]-S‑n-IÄ-¡‑v \‑n-b-a-]-c-a‑m-b \‑nÀ-h-N-\h‑p‑w A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-ch‑p‑w \Â-I‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e Ø‑n-X‑n AXÃ. H-c‑p k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-h‑yà‑n‑, he‑n-b I‑p-ä-h‑m-f‑n-s‑b I‑p-S‑p-¡‑m³ k‑z-b‑w H-c‑p I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑mÂ F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v \‑nb-a‑w AX‑n-s‑\ s‑s‑I-I‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑p-I F¶‑p‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p. h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-s‑S k‑z-I‑mc‑y-Xb‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑a¶‑p‑w k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-X‑n-·I-s‑f t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑m-s‑\-¶‑v ]d-ª‑v C-X‑v e‑w-L‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v \‑y‑m-b‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ F¶‑p‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¨‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä \-S-¯‑p-¶ Ì‑n-§‑n-s‑\ A-¸-S‑n \‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n¡‑p-I AÃ t‑I‑mS-X‑n s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. Ì‑n-§‑v H‑m-]-t‑d-j-s‑\ A-X‑n-\‑v C-c-b‑m-I‑p¶ B-f‑p-IÄ¡‑v t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b‑nÂ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑m³ C-X‑ph-s‑c {‑]-b‑m-k-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. I‑m-c-W‑w 2010Â H-c‑p h‑n-[‑n-b‑nÂ ZÂ-l‑n s‑s‑l-t‑¡‑mS-X‑n k‑v-ä‑n§‑v H‑m-]-t‑dj-s‑â t‑]-c‑nÂ cï‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ¡‑v F-X‑n-s‑c-b‑pÅ t‑I-k‑v X-Å‑n-bX‑v Ì‑n-§‑v H‑m-]-t‑dj-\‑v \‑n-b-a-]-ca‑m-b ]‑n³_-e‑w \Â-I‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑mW‑v. H-c‑p `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-h‑y-h-Ø-b‑ps‑S h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v t‑I‑mS-X‑n C§-s‑\ s‑N-b‑v-XX‑v. `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S 51 A(b) h-I‑p-¸‑nÂ ]‑u-c-·‑m-c‑p-s‑S D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-§Ä \‑n-c¯‑n-b I‑q-«-¯‑nÂ "k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-k-a-c-¯‑n-\‑v {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-\a‑m-b a-l¯‑m-b B-ZÀ-i-§Ä D-bÀ-¯‑n-¸‑nS‑n-¡‑p-I' F-¶‑v ]-d-ª‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. Ì‑n§‑v H‑m-]-t‑d-j-³ \-S¯‑n-b ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ C-X‑m-W‑v s‑N-b‑vX-X‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v t‑I‑m-SX‑n h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\‑n-¨X‑v. X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w Ì‑n§‑v H‑m-]-t‑d-j³ X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-h‑n-c‑p-²-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ \‑m‑w k‑z‑mK-X‑w s‑N¿‑p-I A-X‑n-\‑v \‑n-b-a-{‑]‑m-_-e‑y-a‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v t‑I‑mS-X‑n A‑w-K‑oI-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑mW‑v. F-¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b‑ps‑S C‑u h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\‑w X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w \‑nb-a-]-ct‑a‑m k‑z‑o-I‑m-c‑yt‑a‑m BW‑v F-¶‑v h‑m-Z‑n-¡‑m-³ \‑n-b-a-ÚÀ-¡‑v {‑]-b‑m-k‑w I‑m-W‑p‑w. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-t‑c-¡‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ B-ß-\‑nj‑vT h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\-§Ä

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\-S-¯‑p-¶-h-c‑m-W‑v \‑n-b-a-ÚÀ. Ì‑n-§‑v {‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S B-ZÀ-i-§Ä D-bÀ¯‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¡‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v F-¶ h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\‑w X‑oÀ-¯‑p‑w B-ß-\‑n-j‑vT-a‑mW‑v. Ì‑n-§‑v {‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w \-S¯‑n-b a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀX-s‑¶ A-{‑Xb‑p‑w D-t‑±-i‑n-¨‑p-I‑m-W‑nÃ. F-´‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w B h‑n-[‑n I‑p-d-¨‑p-I‑m-e-t‑¯-s‑¡-¦‑ne‑p‑w Ì‑n-§‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\‑v \‑n-b-a ]‑n-³_-e‑w \Â-I‑n-b‑nc‑p¶‑p. A-X‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ \-ã-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. B-[‑p\‑n-I I‑me-s‑¯ a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑nÂ H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ H-¶Ã k‑v-ä‑n-§‑v H‑m-]t‑dj³. ]‑pX‑n-b k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-‑, BÀ¡‑p‑w Ì‑n-§‑v \-S-¯‑m‑w F-¶ \‑n-e k‑w-P‑m-X-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p¶‑p. B-c‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-b‑n-e‑p-a‑p-ï‑mI‑m‑w H-c‑p c-l-k‑y-I‑y‑m-a-d. Z‑n-h-k-h‑p‑w s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j-\‑nÂ H-c‑n-Ss‑¯-¦‑ne‑p‑w k‑v-ä‑n§‑v H‑m-]-t‑d-j³ h‑mÀ-¯ I‑m-W‑m‑w. _-l‑p-`‑q-c‑n-]-£-¯‑ne‑p‑w `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S B-ZÀ-i-§Ä t‑]‑m-Is‑«‑, ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\¯‑n-s‑â k-a‑m-\‑y-a-c‑y‑m-Z-I-Ä t‑]‑me‑p‑w D-bÀ-¯‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¡‑p¶‑nÃ. h‑y-à‑n-b‑ps‑S k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-X‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-[‑mÀ-a‑nI-X‑, k-a‑m-\‑y-a-c‑y‑m-Z X‑p-S§‑n-b `-c-W-L-S-\b‑p‑w a‑m-\‑ya‑m-b k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-P‑o-h‑n-Xh‑p‑w A-\‑p-i‑m-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ FÃ‑m {‑]‑m-Y-a‑n-I X-¯‑z-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w e‑wL\‑w C-h-b‑nÂ I‑m-W‑m‑w. C¯-c‑w \-S-]-S‑nIÄ C-\‑n s‑]-c‑p-I‑pI-t‑b DÅ‑q. h‑y-à‑n-h‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑w X‑oÀ-¡‑m³‑, S‑m‑w s‑d-b‑v-ä‑n§‑v D-bÀ-¯‑m³‑, c‑m-j‑v{‑S‑o-b-e-£‑y-§Ä t‑\-S‑m³ þ C-h-b‑v-s‑¡Ã‑m-a‑m-b‑n C-\‑n hÀ-²‑n-¨ t‑X‑m-X‑nÂ Ì‑n-§‑v Z‑p-c‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-s‑¸S‑p‑w F-¶ I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ k‑w-i-b-a‑nÃ. \‑n-b-a-]-c-a‑mb‑n `‑m-K‑n-Ih‑p‑w _-e-a‑p-Å A-S‑n-¯-d CÃ‑m-¯-X‑pa‑m-b N‑n-e t‑I‑mS-X‑n h‑n-[‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S _-e-¯‑nÂ X-¸‑n-¯S-ª‑v t‑]‑m-t‑I-ï H-¶Ã a‑m-c-I-i-à‑n-b‑p-Å C‑u a‑m-[‑y-a‑m-b‑p[‑w. s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â X‑m-e‑v-]c‑y‑w C-X‑n-e‑qs‑S k‑w-c-£‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑nÃ‑, N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ X-IÀ-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m‑w. {‑^‑m-s‑s‑¦³-Ì‑o-s‑â I-Y t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, h‑n-\‑m-i-I‑m-c‑n-b‑p-a‑m-t‑b-¡‑m‑w. H-c‑p ]-c‑n-l‑mc-t‑a D-Å‑q. I‑p-ä‑m-t‑\‑z-j-W-¯‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯‑m-t‑\‑z-j-W-¯‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w Ì‑n-§‑v k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v ]-c-a‑mh-[‑n I‑r-X‑y-X-t‑b‑m-s‑S-b‑p-Å H-c‑p \‑n-ba-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W-¯‑n-\‑v X-¿‑m-d‑m-h‑p-I. A-X‑n-s‑e h‑y-h-Ø-IÄ F-s‑´Ã‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n¡-W‑w F-¶‑v C-h‑n-s‑S NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑nÃ. FÃ‑mXc‑w k‑v-ä‑n-§‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-s‑¯b‑p‑w i-c‑n-s‑h-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\ H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I³ D-]-a‑n¨-X‑v At‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-s‑e t‑X‑m-¡‑p-\‑n-b-a-t‑¯‑m-S‑m-W‑v. BÀ¡‑p‑w t‑X‑m-¡‑v s‑s‑Ih-i‑w s‑h-¡‑m‑w‑, A-X‑v B-ß-c£-¡‑p-Å a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-a‑mW‑v F-¶ I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑m-S‑v P‑o-h³ c-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑nÃ‑, e-£-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v \‑n-c-]-c‑m-[‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S P‑o-h³ \-i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑m-W‑v I-e‑m-i‑n-¨X‑v. X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯ A-{‑X h‑n-\‑m-i-I-ca‑m-b H-c‑p A-K‑m-[-KÀ-¯-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ k-a‑ql-s‑¯ C-X‑v F-¯‑n¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. A-X‑m-b‑n-¡‑q-S‑m \-½‑p-s‑S c‑oX‑n. A-]-I-S-k‑m-[‑y-Xb‑p‑w k-a‑q-l-X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y-k‑w-c-£W-k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p‑w H-c‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å C‑u C-c‑p-X-e a‑qÀ-¨-b‑p-Å B-b‑p[-s‑¯ a‑p³-I-c‑p-X-t‑e‑m-S‑p‑w Z‑oÀ-L-h‑o-£-W-t‑¯‑mS‑p‑w D-Å \‑n-b-a-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-bÃ‑m-s‑X \-a‑p-¡‑v s‑s‑I-I‑mc‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑m\‑m-h‑nÃ. a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w C-´‑y³ {‑]k‑v I‑u¬-k‑ne‑p‑w c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b-]‑mÀ-«‑n-I-f‑p‑w C‑u h‑nj-b‑w AX‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-t‑¯‑m-s‑S s‑s‑I-I‑mc‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑m³ C-\‑nb‑p‑w s‑s‑h-I‑n-¡‑qS‑m. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan) sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), UbdÎÀ (]»nIv dntej³kv), sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (FUnäÀ C³ NmÀPv, tZim`nam\n hmcnI, tImgnt¡mSv), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tIm«bw), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³, t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: F³. Fkv. A\nð IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

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Jacob Harris

How we make Mistakes with Data

All of which is to say that data journalism inherits a long tradition of journalists working with data, and that comes with the heavy responsibility to get it right. Specifically, to paraphase something I heard at a NICAR conference once: fear and paranoia are the best friends a data journalist can have. I think about this often when I work with data, because I am terrified about making a dumb mistake. The public has only a limited tolerance for fast-and-loose data journalism and we canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t keep fucking it up.

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ith the launching of 538, Vox and the New York Times’ Upshot, it seems like the age of data journalism is finally here, greeted with both acclaim and concern by media critics. But data journalism is not a new thing. These new sites are just the latest iteration of news applications, which were an iteration of computer-assisted reporting, which was an iteration of precision journalism, all of which are just names for specific techniques and approaches used in the service of reporting the truth and finding the story. In other words, it’s journalism that starts from interrogating the data—and applies the same skepticism and rigor that we apply to the testimony of an expert contacted by traditional phone-assisted reporting. All of which is to say that data journalism inherits a long tradition of journalists working with data, and that comes with the heavy responsibility to get it right. Specifically, to paraphase something I heard at a NICAR conference once: fear and paranoia are the best friends a data journalist can have. I think about this often when I work with data, because I am terrified about making a dumb mistake. The public has only a limited tolerance for fast-and-loose data journalism and we can’t keep fucking it up. Critique is always annoying when it’s expressed in indefinite terms. So, I’m going to do something I don’t normally like to do and pick a recent example of a data journalism story gone wrong. This is not to scold those who reported it—indeed, I’m well aware of how easy it is for me to make similar mistakes— but because a specific example provides an explicit illustration of how reporting on data can go wrong and what we can learn from it. And so, let’s begin by talking about porn. Specifically, a story about online pornography consumption in “red” vs. “blue” states that exploded onto social media a few weeks back. I first noticed it because of a story on Vox that reaggregated an Andrew Sullivan post which in turn reposted a chart made by Christopher Ingraham of the data provided by Pornhub for their study. That chain of links reflects how news spreads online these days, and yet none of those professional eyes caught some glaring flaws in the data. Before I continue, here’s a brief summary of the findings presented by Pornhub’s data scientists. Pornhub (which is apparently the third mostpopular pornography site on the Internet) was approached by Buzzfeed (which is probably the most-popular animated GIF distributor on the Internet) to analyze its traffic and determine whether “blue” states that voted for Obama in the last election consumed more pornography than “red” states that voted for Romney. And so, that’s what the statisticians at Pornhub did, pulling IP addresses from their website’s traffic logs, geocoding their likely locations and deriving a figure of total traffic for each state. They then divided the total hits from

(7) each state by that state’s population to derive a hitsper-capita number for each state. As a result, they were able to report that per-capita averages for each state and that blue states averaged slightly more hits per capita than red states.

How To Confuse Yourself With Statistics

Unfortunately, the study and the subsequent reporting derived from the Pornhub data serves as a vivid example of six ways to make mistakes with statistics: • Sloppy proxies • Dichotomizing • Correlation does not equal causation • Ecological inference • Geocoding • Data naivete The first issues begin with the selection of the proxy. In statistics, a proxy is a variable that is used when it’s impossible to measure something directly—for instance, using per-capita GDP as a measure of standard of living. Buzzfeed titled the

Critique is always annoying when it’s expressed in indefinite terms. So, I’m going to do something I don’t normally like to do and pick a recent example of a data journalism story gone wrong. This is not to scold those who reported it—indeed, I’m well aware of how easy it is for me to make similar mistakes—but because a specific example provides an explicit illustration of how reporting on data can go wrong and what we can learn from it. And so, let’s begin by talking about porn. article about the Pornhub study as “Who Watches More Porn: Republicans Or Democrats?”. Let’s assume that’s the question that Buzzfeed wanted to ask. How would they do it? In an ideal world, they could ask every single Democrat and Republican in the country about their porn watching preferences, but this is obviously unfeasible. So, the next best thing after that would be to conduct a survey of a randomly selected group of individuals that shares similar characteristics to the national population. But that takes time and money and math, so instead Buzzfeed turned to their friends at Pornhub to derive an answer using the data they had on hand. In this case, they used page requests to the third most-popular online porn site as a proxy for all pornography consumption and the percentage of the people who voted for Obama or Romney as proxies for registered Democrats and Republicans. These proxies are not the same thing, so distortion is inevitable. For instance, maybe in some states, people widely prefer to get their pornography via Pqsse 2014

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First, remember that skepticism is your truest friend if you want to call yourself a journalist. It’s not hard to see the flaws in a flimsy study if you are predisposed to contemplate all the ways in which the data is probably bad rather than tacitly accepting it as good and tested just because someone else reported on it too. on-demand cable or sketchy video store, so they would be undercounted in the Pornhub figures. Similarly, this study uses total pageviews as a proxy for site users; the two are not necessarily the same and it’s unclear if increased pageviews means a corresponding linear increase in users. In addition, given that a large number of Americans identify themselves as independents, is it accurate to classify those voters as red or blue depending on a single election? Proxies give us a means to derive answers, but they may not always be appropriate for the questions being asked. The problems continue from there. For their analysis, Pornhub sorted states into red and blue ones. This seems like it makes sense, but they’ve flattened a continuous variable (the percentage of the state population that voted for Obama) into a binary condition (Romney wins / Obama wins). It’s likely this dichotomizing had a palpable effect, since it makes a battleground state like Virginia seem closer to a Democratic stalwart like Vermont than its ideological “red state” neighbors in the South. Fortunately some statisticians identified and corrected for this issue, producing a more accurate scatter plot of the states vs their vote share for Obama. The result: a correlation that increased porn consumption in blue states accounted for about Pqsse 2014

16% of the variance of the state’s vote percentage for Obama. Success! But wait. Here we stumble into two of the most classic mistakes people make with statistics. First, correlation does not equal causation. You’ve probably heard that a hundred times before, but this here is an actual illustration of why that matters. It’s entirely possible that the suggested relationship between the two variables is a total coincidence. Far more likely though is that the variables are related but only through a confounding variable that connects the two variables observed. For instance, blue states might have greater broadband penetration that would favor Internet porn. Or it could be that people in urban areas consume more Internet porn and states with more urban areas also trend Democratic. Confounding variables are common, and this piece by Jonathan Stray contains a solid overview of them and other spurious correlations. Or if you’d prefer a sarcastic look, here are correlations of voting to herpes infection or Nickelback listening. Putting it bluntly, these red state-blue state comparisons are statistical fluff, often reflecting the whimsy of the reporter more than anything real. But what is the second mistake? For the sake of argument, let’s assume that we’ve avoided all these other problems above. Let’s decide Internet porn is

(9) a valid proxy for all pornography, that votes for a specific candidate in the last presidential election is a valid measure of party affiliation, that the correlation is not due to any hidden variables, then we can definitively say that Democrats consume more porn than Republicans, right? Wrong. Meet the ecological inference fallacy. In short, just because you’ve derived some average measure about a group that contains more of a subpopulation, that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s true for individuals in that group, especially when the difference is so slight. It’s possible that Democrats really do consume more porn and that’s what makes for the higher numbers per-capita in blue states. But it could also be that Republicans in Democrat-dominated states consume more porn than in Republican-dominated ones and that is what is pushing up the average. Or it could be that urban areas often consume more pornography and also tend to contain more Democrats but the two aren’t directly connected. We simply don’t have enough insight into the individual population to say. And we definitely don’t have any insight into specific people based on these broad statistics. Knowing that your neighbor is a Republican or a Democrat tells you nothing about their porn consumption, regardless of the averages they

derived for each population.

We’re Not in Kansas Anymore

Unfortunately, the worst error was yet to come. A lot of the early reporting on this study noticed a bizarre anomaly in the data: Kansas, a very red state, consumed an extremely high amount of porn per capita compared to the average for all other states. This is readily apparent when the numbers are graphed in a simple bar chart, but it really jumps out when the states are plotted on a scatterplot of Obama vote share vs. page hits. If you assumed, as Pornhub did, that average porn consumption was normally distributed across all states, Kansas’ average was highly unlikely. At more than 2.95 standard deviations above the average, there would be a 0.16% chance of that occurring if it were truly random. An extreme outlier like this should make you sit up and take notice as a data journalist, because it can only mean one of two things. Either you’ve really found an extreme case that reveals something bizarre and newsworthy. Or—as one reader of Andrew Sullivan’s website figured out while all the journalists shrugged their shoulders— the data is flawed. Pornhub’s writeup omitted any explicit

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(10) description of their methodology—this is never a good sign—but it seems to have involved mapping the IP addresses from which users visited the site to physical addresses and reverse geocoding those to get states. The statisticians at Pornhub (and the journalists who confidently reported their findings) assumed this was a clean process, but any programmer with experience can tell you the bitter truth: geocoding is often rubbish. What happened here was that a large percentage of IP addresses could not be resolved to an address any more specific than “USA.” When that address was geocoded, it returned a point in the centroid of the continental United States, which placed it in the state of—you guessed it—Kansas! Sadly, IP geocoding is prone to other distortions from networking architecture; for instance, at one time every user of AOL’s nationwide dialup service looked like they were connecting to the Internet from Reston, Virginia. Right now, my corporate VPN makes me look like I’m surfing the web from New Jersey even though I live in Maryland. Of course, if we shift Kansas’ average downwards, that doesn’t change Pornhub’s hypothesis that blue states consume more porn per capita than red states. I’ve already sufficiently argued my concerns with that, but I bring up this specific error because of the central failure it illuminated. If you want to call yourself a data journalist, there is one shortcut you can never take: you must validate your data. Even the cleanest looking data might contain flaws and omissions stemming from its methodology. It’s not enough to run checks on the data itself. You must also lift your nose out of the database, ask the serious questions about how the data was collected and even use the well-honed tools of a traditional reporter to call experts when— never an if—you find questions about the data.

Doing It Better*

I know I promised I wouldn’t be a scold. But this is important. You might argue why should I care so much about a bit of viral silliness from Buzzfeed? First, I would argue it’s never just “all in fun” when you’re declaring half of the electorate more perverted than the other half. But more importantly, I don’t think the errors illustrated here are an aberration. Here’s another example of blindly trusting data to reach wrong conclusions - https://source.opennews.org/en-US/articles/gdeltdecontextualized-data/. And another - http://www. imediaethics.org/News/4422/Latimes__time__ buzzfeed_cite_poll_10_america_thinks_html_is_a_ std.php. By the hand-waving measures of traditional journalism, that’s three, making this a bonafide trend! I fear it will only get worse as publishing cycles become faster and the data analysis is done by single reporters harried by deadline pressure and nobody to cross-check their work before publication. I don’t think we can slow this trend down, but what

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can data journalists do to avoid slamming into these sorts of problems at full speed?

Distrust the Data

Sources also have agendas after all, and they don’t prevent reporters from interviewing them. It would make less sense to uncritically use data freely provided from an industry you were reporting on. Most reporters can decide on how much they want to trust their sources, it seems like similar reasoning might apply to data.

(11) to clean up ugly code and reverse the bloat added to programs over time. Simply put, it’s a listing of bad practices you might observe in code with suggested remedies on how to fix them. These have been called “code smells” because to an experienced coder, recognizing these problems becomes as innate as smelling something that has gone moldy in the fridge. Similarly, everyone who reports on data can name a few of their favorite “data smells”—e.g., Benford’s Law, large standard deviations, doublecounted or omitted records, category fields that are manually entered—but there is no central repository for this information.

Learn Statistics

Distrust the Motives

As journalists it’s also not enough to be skeptical of the data, you need to also be wary of the agenda that provided the data. What angered me the most about this study is that it was clearly framed from the start to go viral. You’d have to be willfully naive about the motivations of Pornhub and Buzzfeed to assume they wanted anything else here. And yet many sites acted as willing accomplices for a porn site that certainly didn’t mind seeing its name printed far and wide on the web. We mock publications that uncritically republish press releases, but how was this any different? Data usually comes with an agenda; few people collect data just for nothing. This doesn’t mean that you must avoid all data completely for fear of contamination. For instance, if you were reporting on water quality, it would make sense to partner with a nonprofit advocating on this issue if their data seems objective enough. Sources also have agendas after all, and they don’t prevent reporters from interviewing them. It would make less sense to uncritically use data freely provided from an industry you were reporting on. Most reporters can decide on how much they want to trust their sources, it seems like similar reasoning might apply to data.

Sniff Out The Problems

There is a concept from programming I’d also like to see applied to data analysis. As programmers add features to a system, this means writing more code and adding complexity to the system. Both of these usually mean that more bugs are added as well. Refactoring is the name for a toolkit of approaches

I know it sounds terrifying, but I’d also recommend learning statistics. I don’t know why I didn’t take that step in college, but I’m glad to have the option of learning with a MOOC now. Both Coursera and EdX seem to have great options. Learn statistics if you can. I don’t mean you need to learn about advanced topics like ANOVA or Monte Carlo simulations, but no journalist should report on data if they don’t understand the difference between a mean and median and what common measures of variance and spread are. If that still is too terrifying to contemplate, at least learn to think like a statistician and see how it changes your attitudes towards data.

Look Back to Go Forward

Ultimately I suspect that many mistake-riddled pieces of data journalism run aground in the same shallow seas—things like shoddy data, misapplied proxies, and botched statistics. But, I actually don’t have any data to answer that question. Greg Linch makes the important point that we should do the unpleasant job of cataloguing where the process went wrong in pieces of bad data journalism. Post-mortems are a common practice in computer programming to identify ways in which the best-laid plans go awry. That approach gives organizations insight into their own particular programming mistakes; maybe it would work for data too? As practitioners, we could start assembling a comprehensive list of data smells—of specific common problems—and gradually create a checklist of high-level classes of errors as a resource for data journalists and their editors.

Jacob Harris , a Senior Software Architect who works with a kickass team of newsroom developers at the New York Times, cautions on the pitfalls of overemphasising the importance of Data journalism. This article is taken from Source, a Knight-Mozilla Open News project designed to amplify the impact of journalism code and the community of developers, designers, journalists, and editors who make it

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B.R.P. Bhaskar

Why there is no Indian voice in global media space The newspapers, who own of the news agencies, are unwilling to make the investment needed to develop full-fledged international operations. They want the agencies to remain cheap sources of information and are not interested in their healthy growth. It is not unusual for a newspaper to be a shareholder of an agency and yet not subscribe to its service.

“T

he world is waiting for a digital-age voice from India – a BBC, a New York Times, or even a Chinese Central Television (CCTV). A voice with global interests, global sources, yet an Indian point of view,” said Robin Jeffrey, who has been studying India and the Indian media for decades, in his convocation address at the Asian College of Journalism, Chennai, in May. He listed certain advantages India has in this regard: unrivalled international connections – throughout Asia and Europe, in Africa and North America and even in South America; more English speakers than England itself; a vast film industry and a leading place in information technology. Several of these advantages were there even in the pre-digital age. Yet no global voice with an Indian point of view emerged. The reason why no Indian BBC emerged is obvious. Radio and television were under the control of the government which valued compliance more than professionalism. All India Radio and Doordarshan personnel possessed professional expertise but they looked upon themselves as officers of the government, not as media professionals. Let us, therefore, leave them out and find out why India could not produce an international news agency or newspaper. When the British government decided to hand over the colonial state apparatus to Indian (and

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Pakistani) hands, Britain’s international news agency, Reuters, persuaded Indian newspaper owners to form the Press Trust of India and take over its subsidiary, the Associated Press of India. It handed over operations in other Commonwealth countries like Australia and New Zealand also to local outfits. Lacking the resources to maintain global presence at previous levels, Reuters outsourced coverage of virtually all of Asia to PTI. Kasturi Srinivasan of The Hindu, who was Chairman of PTI, was inducted into the board of directors of Reuters. PTI set up a desk in London to select and if necessary re-edit Reuters copy for distribution in India. The arrangement provided PTI correspondents with the opportunity to gain international experience. It gave the agency the opportunity to develop the confidence to go out into the world on its own. However, it did not last long. PTI scrapped the agreement with Reuters following a virulent campaign by a group of newspaper owners, led by Ramnath Goenka of The Indian Express, who denounced it as collaboration with the former colonial masters. Srinivasan quit as Chairman of PTI and director of Reuters and recalled The Hindu’s G. Parthasarathy who had been deputed to PTI to head its London desk. The flag-waving nationalists did nothing to help PTI become an independent source of world news. It remained a carrier of Reuters and France’s AFP.

(13) The danger inherent in total reliance on these Western sources for foreign news became evident when Britain, France and Israel jointly attacked Egypt and blocked the Suez Canal in 1956. Identical communiqués issued in London, Paris and Tel Aviv, and circulated worldwide by Reuters and AFP, reached Indian newspapers through PTI. Egypt’s side of the story did not reach them. Relying on the Western version, many newspapers editorially justified the attack on Egypt, which Jawaharlal Nehru called a throwback to barbarism. A government subsidy enabled PTI to maintain a few correspondents abroad to supplement the Western agencies’ coverage with reports with an Indian perspective. There was no effort to expand the activity to a point where the agency could cater to the needs of a wider Non-aligned or AsianAfrican readership. In 1970, I had occasion to spend a pleasant evening with PTI correspondent A. Balu at his fabulous house on the banks of the Nile. The setting appeared to be conducive to productivity. “Why do

we get so little material from you?” I asked Balu. He said the agency had instructed him to avoid cables, as they were expensive, and send reports by air mail, which entailed heavy delays. A few years later PTI announced the setting up of a subsidiary named Press Trust International for global operations and named Balu as its head. The project did not take off. As satellite technology revolutionized communications, Shashi Kumar, head of PTI’s TV unit, backed by the agency’s General Manager, P. Unnikrishnan, drew up a plan to establish a satellite channel named Asianet. PTI’s board of directors threw it out. Shashi Kumar quit the agency and floated Asianet as the first Malayalam satellite channel. If the Unnikrishnan-Shashi Kumar plan had gone through India might have had a small international presence in the field of satellite television before the birth of Al Jazeera. When English language newspapers came up in the Gulf States in the wake of large-scale influx of foreign nationals, the Editor of The Khaleej Times

The reason why no Indian BBC emerged is obvious. Radio and television were under the control of the government which valued compliance more than professionalism. All India Radio and Doordarshan personnel possessed professional expertise but they looked upon themselves as officers of the government, not as media professionals. Let us, therefore, leave them out and find out why India could not produce an international news agency or newspaper.

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Kasturi Srinivasan

of Dubai, an Englishman, sensed that his Indian readers would want more home news than the international agencies could provide. He asked PTI and the United News of India to supply news by telex on a trial basis for two weeks. After assessing their performance during this period, he signed an agreement with UNI for supply of a 1,500-word package of Indian news daily for $2,000 a month. At that time the paper was getting the full Reuters service for just $450. UNI had asked for $2,000 as the monthly telex charges were estimated at $ 1,500. On visiting the Gulf States to explore the possibility of attracting more subscribers for UNI, I found that $2,000 was enough to hire a Delhi-Dubai teleprinter line, which would make it possible to push the daily wordage beyond 1,500. Also, an additional subscriber in any Gulf country could be serviced at a small extra cost. The Bahrain-based Gulf News Agency and the Kuwait Radio signed up for the UNI service. On a subsequent trip, I spoke to Editors of several Arabic newspapers and found that they were ready to buy a South Asian regional news package if it was in their language. As an experimental measure, UNI produced an Arabic package with the help of someone who had worked in AIR’s Arabic language division. The feedback from the editors was that it was in an archaic language which Arabic newspapers no longer used. Most of the Arab editors I met in the Gulf States were Egyptians or Syrians, and several of them Pqsse 2014

inquired about PTI’s Wilfred Lazarus. They were familiar with Willie Lazarus’s remarkable coverage of the West Asian and Congolese crises. In 1960 Time magazine had written: “Of the two dozen newsmen regularly covering the Congo, none has given his competitors more trouble than affable Wilfred Lazarus, 35, correspondent for the Press Trust of India. In a land where rumours flock like jungle fowl, communications are primitive and authorities both unreliable and distressingly perishable, Willie Lazarus regularly managed to uncover stories so breathtaking as to bring reporters for British and American wire services reproachful ‘callbacks’ from their home offices.” Sadly, in the late 1970s Lazarus was in the doghouse, having served as head of Samachar, created by the Emergency regime through the forced merger of all national agencies. If PTI had sent him to West Asia and Africa a few years earlier and offered a special package it might have been able to establish a firm base on which to build an international agency. The post-Emergency regime, on deciding to break up Samachar, asked a committee headed by Kuldip Nayar to make recommendations in this regard. The committee proposed the revival of the old agencies. It did not seriously consider the possibility of splitting Samachar into a domestic agency and an international agency. Following the 1970s debate on international information flow, news agencies of the Non-aligned

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Ramnath Goenka

nations established a pool. It was doomed to fail as most of the agencies were professionally weak and under total governmental control. PTI, which was the Indian member of the pool, was one of the few agencies equipped to draw material from the network and produce a professionally acceptable package which could help reduce reliance on Western sources for information. It did not make use of the opportunity. The newspapers, who own of the news agencies, are unwilling to make the investment needed to develop full-fledged international operations. They want the agencies to remain cheap sources of information and are not interested in their healthy growth. It is not unusual for a newspaper to be a shareholder of an agency and yet not subscribe to its service. The newspapersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; own interest in the global market is also extremely limited. In the 1950s The Hindu launched a weekly international edition in the tabloid form. It was meant for Indians abroad, not for a global readership. Some other newspapers also started similar editions. The Times of India group drew up a plan to publish an international newsmagazine. The plan envisaged posting 25 correspondents abroad to cover world developments. Nothing came of it. Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s abstention from the global and regional market enabled the British colony of Hong Kong to pose as an outpost of freedom and host a few Asian publications. UN agencies eager to assist in

the development of Third World media supported a Rome-based agency set up by an Italian journalist who also held Argentine nationality. One reason why Indian media owners have not ventured into the global market is that they are blessed with a huge domestic market, which is still growing. Another is that international operations are costly and few of them can raise the necessary resources. There is a third reason too: they have no serious problem with the Western voices that dominate the global space and do not feel the need for an Indian voice out there. The apathetic attitude of the Indian government and media leadership to the development of a global news market is in sharp contrast with the proactive role the US administration and media moghuls played at the end of World War II to break into the markets from which imperial Britain and France had kept Americans out to protect the interests of their own media. Declassified documents show that after the war in Europe ended, while fighting was still raging in the east, the War Department, at the request of the State Department, made available an aircraft for representatives of US news agencies, newspapers, magazines and the film industry to go round the world and plant the flag. The AP board of directors committed $1 million that year to expand its foreign operations. Writerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s E-Mail: brpbhaskar@gmail.com Pqsse 2014

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Shoma A. Chatterji

Sting Operations and the Ethics of Journalism Today, when political corruption is at its peak, it is difficult to ascertain which sting operations are politically motivated and which are designed to cleanse society.

hat is a sting operation? It is a part of what could be called “new age journalism,” with debatable ethical issues involved. It is more effective on television as a form of journalism, and in the print media it is generally referred to as an “expose.” In legal parlance, a sting operation is understood as a design concocted in collaboration with the editor, perhaps the publisher with vested interests, a journalist, and a videographer. The smartphone is now a viable alternative to the videocam which makes it easier for the journalist doing the story to retain his/her sole claim to the story as there is no videographer involved. But again, the videographer as the “second” person doing the operation along with the journalist can give the story the second “back-up” it needs to prove its authenticity. Sting operations are fraught with questions of authenticity, integrity, and objectivity that are difficult to sustain because the journalist is a normal human being filled with his biases for or against someone or something. Divya Kukreti, a concerned citizen says, “Sting operations provide us with evidence that can be used against a particular person or organisation to prove them guilty in court....[O]ur legal system works only on the basis of evidence, and in most of the cases due to lack of evidence, the suspect is not punished.” But the most ethical question is of integrity. How ethical is it for a journalist to conduct a sting operation on persons who do not have a clue about being videographed, because permission has

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not been taken because it would never have been given even if asked prior to the operation? Does not such sting violate the subject’s right to privacy? The right to privacy derives from an English Common Law maxim that asserts “Every man’s house is a castle.” According to The Hoot, “Every individual has a right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. However, the degree of the right to privacy varies from person to person. A public figure who functions under public gaze as an emissary/representative of the public cannot expect to be afforded the same degree of privacy as a private person. The press can bring the acts of these personalities to public knowledge.”1 Sadly, sting operations are mostly indulged in by television channels in cases of what the channel in question decides to be a case of moral turpitude. This may be a noted person in the public domain such as it happened in the case of Swami Paramahamsa Nithyananda, who was “allegedly caught on camera in a ‘compromising’ position with Tamil actress Ranjitha.” The video clips were run on a noted satellite channel in the south and “the actress had to go into hiding while the ashram was attacked by a mob.”2 Besides being a gross violation of two consenting adults’ right to privacy, there was no public cause behind this story. The only thing it offered was instant titillation through sensational

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and sensitive news. There was nothing to be gained through this so-called exposure at the local or national level. The only “good” that might have occurred was in the unmasking of the pretentious God Man with hundreds of disciples and followers. In the News blog observes, “The US Department of Justice’s Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services publishes a series of empirically based manuals for the police. On 3 December 2007, the manual in a story entitled ‘Sting Operations’ described the pros and cons of such undercover operations, and explained the various deceptive techniques and how they could be adapted to different kinds of crimes. The manual concludes as follows: ‘Sting operations can be expensive, are demanding on personnel and generally offer limited relief from crime and disorder problems. This is not to say that they should never have been used. They may be beneficial when used in concert with other police responses known to provide long-term solutions to the problem, such as a tool to collect information that will help in mounting other preventive operations. Clearly, they do provide some attractive benefits to police departments, particularly by facilitating investigation, increasing arrests and fostering a cooperative spirit between persecutors

and police, all of which result in favourable publicity. However, you need to assess these benefits against the negative ethical and legal problems associated with sting operations, especially the finding that in some cases they increase crime and in the long term, with some exception, generally do not reduce it.’”3 But this interpretation and analysis refers to the police departments and not to media functionaries or media practice. This is because in the United States, nobody except the Federal Bureau of Investigation is legally permitted to execute sting operations; the media is not. In India, the common link that the layman finds between a sting operation and the persons who carry it out is the media and not the police. Besides even if the police are involved, is “favourable publicity” what a sting operation is all about? Should sting operations by the police and related departments include “attractive benefits”? Does this not defeat the public welfare-oriented purpose behind sting operations? For the media in general, sting operations could be manufactured to raise the TRPs of a news channel with so-called sensational stories with pictures that are titillating. This reminds us of the widespread television expose of the affair between Professor Matuk Nath Chaudhary of Patna University and his young research student. The satellite channels were flooded with sensational and distasteful clips gobbled up by the television audience everywhere. Pqsse 2014

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Justice Shiv Narayan Dhingra

Did this serve any larger purpose except titillation? What kind of journalism was this? Why should the media care about the private affairs of private people? On the aftermath of this sting exposure, the media practically played into the hands of this adulterous couple who got the publicity they were probably looking for on a golden plate. They came on panel interviews on television, giving comments on the “spiritual” and “platonic” nature of their relationship. What did such a sting operation gain? In the long run, Chaudhary lost his job and the audience gained nothing. It was journalism reflecting very poor taste indeed. A Supreme Court ruling on April 24 this year by a three-judge bench headed by Chief Justice P. Sathasivam has made sting operations almost impossible for the media. According to this ruling, anyone who engages in a string operation does it at his own risk, and can be charged as an accused in the case by the investigating agency and face trial under Section 12 of the Prevention of Corruption Act for abetment to commit an offence. The Supreme Court placed a citizen’s right to privacy over exposing of social evils. This ruling stands in contrast to Justice Shiv Narayan Dhingra’s Delhi High Court ruling in a case accusing two journalists, Aniruddha Bahal and Suhasini Raj, who had “conducted a sting operation on some MPs in order to expose their corrupt ways.”4 Whether a sting operation is really a sting operation or whether it is a dramatised manipulation of truth is a delicate issue open to Pqsse 2014

debate. If a media organisation decides to keep away from sting operations when it is strongly needed, some valid truths might remain unexposed to the public. Alternately if a media organisation decides to execute a sting operation, this could: (a) lead to controversy; (b) invite prolonged and expensive law suits; and (c) raise questions about the authenticity of the operation among the viewers not linked to the story at all. Once the novelty of a sting operation story is over, the fascination fades. The term “sting” was popularised in the Robert Redford and Paul Newman-starred Hollywood film The Sting (1973). It was released in India at a time when no one understood the meaning of the term, and those who watched the film (which includes this writer) walked out of the theatre not having understood anything. It featured two men who attempt to con a mafia boss of a massive amount of money. But as viewers did not get a clue of what was happening, the meaning of the term remained unknown to Indian viewers. In India, it was Tehelka that augured the practice of sting operations and gained tremendous reader mileage, popularity, and circulation through these operations. Beginning with “Operation West End,” it went on with similar operations that resulted in public anger on the one hand and cleansing on the other. Operation West End was the brainchild of special correspondent Mathew Samuel. The sting videos of March 2001 showed several defence officials, officers, and politicians from the ruling coalition discussing and accepting bribes. Tehelka Justice P. Sathasivam

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placed two reporters as arms dealers peddling “fourth generation, thermal handheld cameras” on behalf of a British company (West End). The president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the mainstay of the government, was shown taking INR 100,000 (roughly USD 2,500). He resigned the next day. Another example which substantiates the efficacy of sting operations is that of NE Bangla, a Bengali news channel. Its news editor Biswa Majumdar organised a sting operation on Mohammad Ilyas, who was shown accepting a bribe of INR10,000 from reporters posing as NGO workers, in exchange for his raising questions in the state Assembly. This expose forced Ilyas to resign from the Assembly; he was also suspended from the party. But there were questionable offshoots to capture the eyeballs of a gossip-hungry television audience where the sting operations neither had any sting nor were they operations but were manufactured for sensationalism. One example is the sting operation conducted on actor Shakti Kapoor by a lady journalist. This journalist, whose name and credentials were never substantiated by the television channel concerned, posed as a wannabe star approaching Kapoor for roles in films. Kapoor was shown asking for sexual favours as quid pro quo. It created a furore and won on its sensationalising ticket but faded away when the journalist concerned disappeared into oblivion. The so-called sting operation had no flesh or blood

because the casting couch is a long-known entity in Bollywood cinema, and Shakti Kapoor hardly had a career of his own to be able to make careers for others. However, in the present scenario where political corruption is at its peak, it is difficult to even discover which sting operations are politically motivated, which are truly designed to cleanse the society, or which are actually the fruits of concocted journalism funded by different political parties, their corporate sponsors, or both. The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com 1. “Press Laws Guide”, The Hoot. Retrieved from http://www.thehoot.org/web/home/cyber2. php?cid=51&sid=6294. 2. Siddharth Narrain, “Sex Lies and Videotape: The Right to Privacy in India,” Infochange News and Features, March 2010. Retrieved from http://infochangeindia.org/ human-rights/analysis/sex-lies-and-videotape-the-right-toprivacy-in-india.html. 3. In The News blog. Retrieved from http:// forensicpsychologist.blogspot.in/2007/12/new-policemanual-on-sting-operations.html. 4. V. Venkatesan, “Sting is Legal,” Frontline, 23 October–5 November 2010. For details of the judgement, see the Frontline article. Pqsse 2014

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K. V. Sudhakaran

Election in the Time of Media Hype Malayalam news channels have only a brief history to boast of, but within this short span they seem to have assumed control of the election campaign.

lections play a pivotal role in a democracy. The democratic form of government is well-decided by the free and fair exercise of franchise by the voters in a democracy. The elections in our country too are conducted with such a spirit. India being the largest democracy in the world, the elections here always attract global attention. This has been the practice from the very beginning of electioneering in the country. The Election Commission of India (ECI), a Constitutional body, has the sole responsibility to conduct election. From the date of announcement to the declaration of results, all activities regarding the election process are administered and monitored by the ECI. Media being an integral part of the various estates of the democratic system, it has got the role of a facilitator in an election. Whatever the ECI wants to convey to the public is brought to attention by mediaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the message of election; instructions and announcements by the ECI; announcement of candidates by various political parties; manifestoes issued by political parties; various phases of election campaigns; the tug-of war between candidates and political parties; campaign tours of political parties; the voting euphoria; the announcement of results; and finally the formation of the Parliament, which culminates in the establishment of a new government. All these processes are to be facilitated and supported by the media. This is what is demanded from the media, and undoubtedly, that has been well performed by the media in various elections in our country. Pqsse 2014

(21) The 16th Lok Sabha election was conducted this year. From the very first Lok Sabha election that took place in 1952 up to the present election, each election had its own significance. But it is the latest election that has created history with many a record. It witnessed the highest turnout of voters. Even in the remotest and highly sensitive areas, voters came in plenty. It was the first election in which the None of the Above (NOTA) option was incorporated in the Electronic Voting Machine. All these records in the election, to a great extent, seem indebted to media coverage, or rather media hype. The media itself seemed to be glorified in this election. The visual media, which utilised its maximum technological advantages publicly, and Internet-related social media which did so silently, transformed the election coverage to an unprecedented level. Conventional print media seemed to be constrained to follow the extravaganza of the visual media. Rather, the print media had the added responsibility to compete with the visual media. In this context, the print media seemed to be resorting to all sorts of gimmicks to attract readers. The 24x7 exclusive news channels vied with one another to be in the forefront of election coverage. The major chunk of every news bulletin carried

political stories, especially election stories. Even serious and human-interest stories that triggered the conscience of readers were sidelined or were not elevated to the status of a lead story. For example, in Kerala, when a five-member family was found dead, allegedly after consuming poison, in their home in Peroorkada near Trivandrum, the story was taken to the inner pages by most of the newspapers. Even those who carried the story on the front page did not seem to be concerned much about its significance. But in earlier times, such stories always got honourable treatment. Even the splinter groups in various political parties seemed to get wider attention in the visual media. Those capable of performing well on television and those blessed with oratory were most-in-demand as far as the news channels were concerned. As a result of this, even small factions of a small party got disproportionate time and space on TV. The rhetorical brilliance of select leaders of such parties was an added advantage in this respect. This was very well seen in the case of the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP) in the state. No doubt, when RSP, an ally of the Left Democratic Front in the state for the last 34 years, left the Front, it was a major turn and shift in the political permutations and combinations in the state. 1

Pqsse 2014

(22) But apart from this, the party seemed fortunate in attracting media attention, especially by the rhetorical acumen displayed by leaders like N. K. Premachandran. If it was the ECI that was conducting the election, it was actually the media, especially the visual media, that was celebrating the election. Apart from simply carrying the message or giving publicity to the campaign programmes of candidates and political parties, the visual media took it as an opportunity to make the election a colourful extravaganza. Programmes of any sort seemed to be a part and parcel of this celebration. Political stories, articles, political and electoral history, politainment (political entertainment), political speeches, dialogues, discussions, war of words, entertaining politics and what not! Novel ideas and novel stories proved to be the main attraction of daily news coverage. In this respect, each news channel tried to compete with the other. Programmes such as “Nerkkuner” (Asianet), “Kurukshethram” (Manorama News), “Janapaksham” (Reporter TV), and Open Forum (People TV) arranged platforms for candidates, political parties and voters to express their views. Every day, the same programme was telecast at least twice, and during the week it was re-telecast three or four times. The same happened in the case of stories falling in the category of political entertainment— programmes such as “Democrazy” (Reporter TV), “Thiruva Ethirva” (Manorama News), “Politrics” (Indiavision), “Cocktail” (People TV), “Vikatakavi” (Asianet News), and “Dhim Tharikita Dhom” (Mathrubhumi TV). These programmes were also repeatedly telecast many a time a week. Regular viewers of news channels seemed to be eagerly

If it was the ECI that was conducting the election, it was actually the media, especially the visual media, that was celebrating the election. Apart from simply carrying the message or giving publicity to the campaign programmes of candidates and political parties, the visual media took it as an opportunity to make the election a colourful extravaganza. Programmes of any sort seemed to be a part and parcel of this celebration. Political stories, articles, political and electoral history, politainment (political entertainment), political speeches, dialogues, discussions, war of words, entertaining politics and what not! Novel ideas and novel stories proved to be the main attraction of daily news coverage. Pqsse 2014

watching these programmes too. Each channel was very particular to see that these political entertainment programmes contained the maximum level of comic entertainment. For this they resorted to the use of parody songs, and mashed-up comic dialogues and scenes from films. As a result, TV viewers had the feeling of watching an entertainer. A major chunk of the various political items that appeared on TV was live. Usually the channels take the risk of live telecast while doing a serious programme in which there is much scope for breaking news or which has got a large and deep impact on society. But during the time of election this year, anything could be the subject matter of live telecast, it seemed. Political actors too took advantage of television programming. Leaders from various political parties appeared to be grooming themselves up to suit the technical parameters of television. Just like actors, many of them began to seek the help of beauticians too. There are reports that a few leaders who regularly participate in TV discussions have their own personal beauticians. In short, election coverage was a colourful event for the visual media. The news channels in Malayalam have a brief history of just a decade. But within this short span itself, the news channels seem to have been successful in “manufacturing consent” and assuming control of the election campaign.2 It is against this background of glorified election coverage by news channels that the conventional print media have had to reach the reading public. So, the print media was tempted to give a re-orientation to news stories. Even for a one-shot news story, the channels are in an advantageous position. They can carry any item with a spectrum of colourful videos

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or photos. For a story running for three minutes, a large number of photos can be used. With the help of these photos, any news story can be made more attractive and comprehensive on TV. To meet this challenge, the newspapers followed the path of using more sidelight stories along with news stories.3 The number of photographs also rose. Newspapers carried photographs showing the various moods of leaders who took part in meet-the-press programmes. Such photographs of Chief Minister Oommen Chandy and the Leader of Opposition V. S. Achuthanandan got prominent display in almost all newspapers. Descriptions in political news stories also got a touch of drama. The language became more spicy and the tone dramatic. The scope of narrative journalism in political news items was made use of to the maximum by newspapers, with special reports such as “A Day with the Leader” and “A Day with the Candidate,” being carried by almost all newspapers. Those that appeared in the Malayala Manorama stood out in this respect. The newspapers were very particular to see that all the news stories had a tint of dramatic description. The conventional style of news stories– the Inverted Pyramid—was conspicuously absent in almost all the stories. By resorting largely to the narrative journalistic style, the newspapers tried to attribute various levels of meaning to the story, as Jonathan Franklin says.4 This also has helped the

newspapers to a great extent to meet the challenge of channel stories. The Bharatiya Janata Party–led National Democratic Alliance came out with flying colours in the 16th Lok Sabha election. But figuratively it can be said that it is the media, and that too the visual media, that has scored cent per cent marks in this election. Historians termed the Viet Nam War as the “first living-room war,” pointing out how television celebrated war reporting during the times of that war. It is said that people could experience war moments in their living rooms just like watching a firework. Likewise, it can be said of the 16th Lok Sabha election and the media, especially the visual media. K. V. Sudhakaran is Press Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition, Government of Kerala. E-mail: sudhakaranjournalist@gmail.com 1. News bulletins of various news channels in Malayalam, including Reporter, Indiavision, Manorama News, Mathrubhumi TV, Asianet News, and People TV. 2. Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky (1994). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, New York: Vintage Books. 3. Various issues of Malayala Manorama and Mathrubhumi during March and April 2014. 4. Jonathan Franklin (1986). Writing for Story: Craft Secrets of Dramatic Nonfiction, New York: Plume.

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ap³t] ]dóhÀ

]n. kpPm-X³

-H‑ m ssa \yq-kv

]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ XqenIbv¡v, Iymad¡®n\v temIs¯ amän adn¡m\pÅ Ignhpïv. hmÀ¯bpsS temI¯v AÛpX§Ä krãn¨ temIam[yacwKs¯ A¯cw AXpeycmb {]Xn`Isf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pó ]wàn.

{‑_l‑m‑w k{‑]‑q-U³ At‑ac‑n-¡³ {‑]k‑n-Uâ‑v s‑P.-F-^‑v. s‑I¶U‑n s‑hS‑n-t‑bä‑v h‑og‑p¶ c‑wK‑w Xs‑â I‑y‑ma-d-b‑nÂ ]IÀ¯‑n a‑m[‑ya Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑nÂ CS‑w t‑\S‑n. 48 s‑I‑mÃ‑w

H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m Pqsse 2014

(25) t‑PW-e‑n-Ì‑ns‑â h‑n-Pbs‑¡‑mS‑n ]‑md‑n¨‑p. \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑ns‑e h‑mÄ k‑v{‑S‑oä‑v {‑] t‑£‑m`-IÀ hf-ª-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w 2013Â X‑pÀ¡‑n Ie‑m]‑w Dï‑m-b-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑mÀ ]{‑X-a‑m-[‑y-a-§s‑f k‑zt‑a-[b‑m h‑nh-c-§Ä A¸-t‑¸‑mÄ Ad‑n-b‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Gäh‑p‑w HS‑ph‑nÂ D{‑I-b‑n-\‑ns‑e ‑"b‑qt‑d‑ms‑ab‑vU³‑' k‑w`h-¯‑ns‑â h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑y‑m]-\¯‑ne‑p‑w k‑nä‑n-k¬ t‑PW-e‑n-Ì‑ns‑â {‑]`‑mh‑w t‑e‑mI‑w Iï‑p. At‑a-c‑n-¡b‑ns‑e s‑P^‑v P‑mÀh‑nk‑v a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä Ah-K-W‑n-¡‑p¶ ‑"A{‑][‑m\ h‑mÀ¯IÄ‑' d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v Bi-b-t‑e‑m-I¯‑v ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p hg‑n-X‑pd-¶‑p. AX‑n {‑]‑mt‑Z-i‑nI ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\-¯‑ns‑â D]-Ú‑m-X‑m-h‑m-Wt‑Ã‑m s‑P^‑vP‑mÀh‑n-k‑v. h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑ps‑S bY‑mÀ° a‑qe‑y‑w C\‑n-t‑aÂ ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-

"H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v‑' tlmw t]Pv

a‑p¼‑v \S¶ B k‑w`h‑w k‑nä‑n-k¬ t‑PÀW-e‑n-k-¯‑ns‑â Bc‑w-`-a‑mb‑n Bc‑p‑w t‑cJ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ]{‑X {‑] hÀ¯\‑w F¶ s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑nÂ k‑m[‑mc-W-¡‑mÀ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«Àa‑m-c‑ps‑S ‑"Cc' a‑m{‑Xa‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AS‑p-¯-I‑me‑w hs‑c. h‑mÀ¯‑m-h‑n-h-c-t‑i-J-c-W‑mÀ°‑w t‑eJI-·‑mÀ \S-¯‑p¶ A`‑n-a‑pJ k‑w`‑m-jW-¯‑n\‑v h‑nt‑[-b-a‑m-I‑p-¶-hÀ Cc-IÄ F¶‑p h‑nf‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. k‑m[‑m-c-W¡‑mÀ Z‑rI‑vk‑m-£‑n-I-f‑m-I‑p¶ k‑w`h-§-f‑ps‑S h‑ni-Z‑m‑w-i-§Ä t‑XS‑n ] S-s‑b‑m-g‑nª ]S-¡-f-¯‑nÂ s‑N¶‑mb‑v F¶t‑]‑ms‑e s‑s‑hI‑n-s‑b-¯‑p¶ t‑eJI-t‑\‑mS‑v Z‑rI‑vk‑m-£‑n-b‑mb k‑m[‑m-c-W¡‑m-c³ I‑mc‑y-§Ä h‑ni-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. AX‑n-\‑mb‑n d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À \S-¯‑p¶ A`‑na‑pJ k‑w`‑m-j-W-¯‑n\‑v "t‑I‑ma¬a‑m³ CâÀh‑y‑q‑' F¶‑p ]d-b‑p-¶‑p. t‑d‑mU‑v A]-I-S-a‑m-b‑me‑p‑w aZ‑y-Z‑p-c-´-a‑m-b‑me‑p‑w X‑o]‑n-S‑n-¯-a‑m-b‑me‑p‑w BZ‑y h‑nh-c§Ä s‑Xc‑p-h‑ns‑e k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c‑nÂ \‑n¶‑mW‑v t‑eJ-IÀ t‑iJ-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. h‑mÀ¯‑m-h‑n-h-c-t‑i-J-c-W-¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w ef‑n-X-a‑m-bX‑p‑w F¶‑mÂ as‑ä‑mc‑p Xc-¯‑nÂ k¦‑oÀ®-a‑m-b-X‑pa‑mb k‑w`‑m-j-W-a‑mW‑v t‑I‑ma¬a‑m³

CâÀh‑y‑q F¶‑v FÃ‑m t‑eJ-I·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w Ad‑n-b‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. Fs‑´¶‑mÂ F‑w.h‑n. I‑ma¯‑v ]d-b‑p-¶-X‑pt‑]‑ms‑e There is nothing commen among the commen men.

h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑nh-c-t‑i-J-cW c‑wK¯‑v "B‑w BZ‑va‑n' C¶s‑¯ I‑me¯‑v Ccb-Ã. ]Ic‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑v F¯‑n-¡‑p¶ t‑h«-¡‑mÀ Xs‑¶. k‑mt‑¦X‑nI k‑uIc‑y‑w h‑nI-k‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ A£-c‑m-`‑y‑m-kh‑p‑w AÂ¸‑w N‑pWb‑p-a‑pÅ GX‑p ]‑uc\‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya {‑] hÀ¯-I-\‑m-I‑m-s‑a-¶‑m-b‑n. Hc‑p k‑va‑mÀ«‑v t‑^‑m¬ s‑s‑Ih-i-a‑pÅ BÀ¡‑p‑w ] {‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-\‑m-I‑m‑w. A§s‑\ Cc‑p-]s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-ï‑nÂ ]{‑X {‑] hÀ¯-\-s‑a¶ s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑ns‑\ s‑hÃ‑p-h‑nf‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v DbÀ¶‑p-h¶ k‑nä‑n-k¬ t‑PÀW-e‑nÌ‑v ‑"k‑z´‑w t‑eJ-I³' F¶ hÀ¤s‑¯ A{‑]-k-à-a‑m-¡‑n. t‑eJI-·‑m-c‑n-Ã‑m-s‑Xb‑p‑w ]{‑X‑w \S-¯‑m‑w. 2004Â k‑p\‑ma‑n Z‑pc-´-¯‑ns‑â a‑nI¨ BZ‑y d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-If‑p‑w N‑n{‑X-§f‑p‑w k‑m[‑m-cW P\-§Ä s‑kÂt‑^‑m¬ hg‑n h‑nh‑n[ a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑nÂ F¯‑n-¨‑p. "Ad_‑v hk´‑w' F¶‑v h‑nh-£‑n-¡s‑¸-S‑p¶ a‑pÃ¸‑q h‑n¹h‑w k‑nä‑n-k¬

·‑m-c‑ps‑S Cj‑vS‑m-\‑n-j‑vS-§Ä¡‑p h‑nS-ï‑, AX‑v k‑ma‑m-\‑y-P\‑w X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡s‑« F¶‑mW‑v t‑ac‑n-eh‑v ^‑pÄ«¬ ]d-b‑p¶-X‑v. 2009Â Cd‑m³ s‑Xc-s‑ª-S‑p¸‑p‑w A\-´c Ie‑m-]-§f‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿‑m³ h‑nt‑Zi ]{‑X-{‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-IÄ¡‑v A[‑n-I‑r-XÀ h‑ne-t‑¡Às‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. ]t‑£ k‑nä‑n-k¬ t‑PW-e‑n-Ì‑pIÄ s‑Sl‑vd‑m-\‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v h‑mÀ¯-IÄ bY‑m-h‑n[‑n t‑e‑mI‑w a‑pg‑p-h³ ]c-¯‑n. I‑mc‑y-§Ä XI‑nS‑w ad‑n-b‑p-¶X‑v b‑mY‑mØ‑n-X‑nI t‑e‑mI‑w h‑nk‑va-b-t‑¯‑ms‑S Iï‑p-\‑n-¶‑p. P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-hÂ¡-cW‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob `c-W-I‑q-S-§s‑f k‑z‑m[‑o-\‑n-¨-X‑ne‑p‑w t‑hK-¯‑nÂ Bg-t‑a-d‑nb ]c‑n-hÀ¯-\§Ä C‑u \‑qä‑m-ï‑nÂ Dï‑m¡‑n-bX‑v a‑m[‑y-a-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑m-W‑v. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w for the people F¶t‑]‑ms‑e Ct‑¸‑mÄ by the people Bs‑W¶-X‑n\‑v Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb Z‑rj‑vS‑m´‑w Z£‑nW s‑I‑md‑nb-b‑nÂ I‑mW‑m‑w. cï‑mb‑n-c‑ma‑mï‑v s‑^{‑_‑p-hc‑n 22-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n a‑m[‑y-a-t‑e‑mIs‑¯ P\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y h‑n¹h‑w t‑k‑mf‑nÂ DZ‑vL‑m-S\‑w s‑N¿-s‑¸-«‑p. H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m F¶ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯-I³ Bc‑w`‑n¨ "H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v‑' t‑e‑mI-s‑a§‑p‑w Pqsse 2014

(26) {‑]N‑mc‑w t‑\S‑nb H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ \‑y‑qk‑v s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v Bb‑n hfÀ¶‑p. h‑mb\-¡‑m-c‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v h‑mÀ¯‑m-h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑iJ-c‑n¨‑v FU‑nä‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v {‑]k‑n-²‑oI-c‑n-¡‑p¶ BZ‑ys‑¯ k‑wc‑w-`-a‑mW‑v "H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v‑'. 55 Ø‑nc‑w P‑oh-\¡‑m-c‑pÅ H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑ns‑â DÅ-S-¡¯‑nÂ 80 iX-a‑m-\h‑p‑w t‑e‑mI-s‑a-§‑pa‑pÅ k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c‑mb Bf‑p-IÄ Ab-b‑v¡‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑nh-c-§Ä kaÀ°a‑m‑w-h‑n[‑w FU‑nä‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p t‑NÀ¯-h-b‑m-W‑v. Hc‑p e£‑w "t‑eJIÀ' A¯c-¯‑nÂ kl-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶ as‑ä‑mc‑p ]{‑X-Ø‑m-]-\h‑p‑w t‑e‑mI¯‑v t‑hs‑d-b‑nÃ. Ig‑nª 14 hÀj‑w s‑I‑mï‑v H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v s‑s‑Ih-c‑n¨ t‑\«-§Ä AÛ‑p-X‑mhl‑w Ft‑¶ ]d-t‑b-ï‑q.

Z£‑nW s‑I‑md‑n-b-b‑ns‑e b‑mY‑mØ‑nX `c-W-I‑q-Ss‑¯ P\-§Ä X‑qs‑¯-d‑n-ªX‑v H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v hg‑n e`‑n¨ Bib k‑z‑m[‑o-\‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p. ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p I‑mä-Ã‑, s‑I‑mS‑p-¦‑mä‑mb‑n C‑u \h a‑m[‑y-a-¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v h‑mÀ¯-If‑p‑w kt‑µ-i-§f‑p‑w k‑m[‑mcW P\-§-f‑nÂ F¯‑n-t‑¨À¶‑p. ""H‑mt‑c‑m ]‑uc\‑p‑w H‑mt‑c‑m t‑eJ-I\‑mW‑v‑'' F¶ H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑mb‑ps‑S e£‑y‑w h‑nh-c-t‑i-J-c-W-¯‑nÂ F¶t‑]‑ms‑e Bi-b-{‑]-N‑m-c-W-¯‑ne‑p‑w A{‑]-X‑o-£‑nX h‑nPb‑w s‑s‑Ih-c‑n-¨‑p. 2002Â Z£‑nW s‑I‑md‑n-b-b‑ps‑S ]‑pX‑nb {‑]k‑n-Uâ‑mb‑n t‑d‑ma‑q s‑s‑lb‑q‑w s‑Xcs‑ª-S‑p-¡-s‑¸-«-t‑¸‑mÄ BZ‑y‑w I‑rXÚX {‑]I-S‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑v H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v

D-dpZp, ]-©m_n, Cw-¥o-jv `m-j-I-fn-se IpÂ-Zo-]v \-bm-cp-sS ]w-ànIÄ "H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v‑' CâÀ\mjWð tlmw t]Pv

cï‑mb‑n-c‑ma‑mï‑v s‑^{‑_‑p-hc‑n 22-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n a‑m[‑y-a-t‑e‑m-Is‑¯ P\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y h‑n¹h‑w t‑k‑mf‑nÂ DZ‑vL‑m-S\‑w s‑N¿-s‑¸-«‑p. H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m F¶ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯-I³ Bc‑w-`‑n¨ "H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v‑' t‑e‑mIs‑a§‑p‑w {‑]N‑mc‑w t‑\S‑nb H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ \‑y‑qk‑v s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v Bb‑n hfÀ¶‑p. h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v h‑mÀ¯‑m-h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑iJ-c‑n¨‑v FU‑nä‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶ BZ‑ys‑¯ k‑wc‑w-`-a‑mW‑v "H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v‑'. 55 Ø‑nc‑w P‑oh-\-¡‑m-c‑pÅ H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑ns‑â DÅ-S-¡¯‑nÂ 80 iX-a‑m-\h‑p‑w t‑e‑mI-s‑a-§‑p-a‑pÅ k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c‑mb Bf‑pIÄ Ab-b‑v¡‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑nh-c-§Ä kaÀ°a‑m‑w-h‑n[‑w FU‑nä‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p t‑NÀ¯-h-b‑m-W‑v. Hc‑p e£‑w "t‑eJIÀ' A¯c-¯‑nÂ kl-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶ as‑ä‑mc‑p ]{‑X-Ø‑m-]-\h‑p‑w t‑e‑mI¯‑v t‑hs‑d-b‑n-Ã. Ig‑nª 14 hÀj‑w s‑I‑mï‑v H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v s‑s‑Ih-c‑n¨ t‑\«-§Ä AÛ‑p-X‑m-hl‑w Ft‑¶ ]d-t‑b-ï‑q. Pqsse 2014

{‑]hÀ¯-I-t‑c‑m-S‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. {‑]k‑n-Uâ‑v Xs‑â BZ‑y A`‑n-a‑pJ‑w A\‑p-h-Z‑n-¨X‑p‑w C‑u s‑h_‑v t‑PW-e‑n\‑v Xs‑¶. k‑w`‑mjW t‑hf-b‑nÂ {‑]k‑nUâ‑v s‑s‑lb‑q‑w ]dª‑p: ‑""a‑m[‑ya h‑n¹-h-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w ] S‑n-ª‑m-d³ c‑mP‑y-§-f‑nt‑e‑m At‑a-c‑n-¡b‑nt‑e‑m a‑m{‑Xt‑a \S¡‑q F¶‑v Hc‑p [‑mcW-b‑p-ï‑v. H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v B [‑mcW X‑nc‑p-¯‑n-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p. Gj‑y‑m h³I-cb‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v ]‑pX‑nb ]{‑X-k‑w-k‑v¡‑mc‑w DbÀ¶‑p-h-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. X‑nI¨‑p‑w P\-I‑ob‑w F¶‑p h‑nf‑n-t‑¡ï Hc‑p \‑nÈ_‑vZ h‑n¹-h‑w.‑'' H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v CâÀ \‑mj-WÂ F¶ C‑w¥‑oj‑v `‑mj‑m ]{‑X-¯‑nÂ \‑qd‑v iX-a‑m\‑w h‑mÀ¯-If‑p‑w k‑m[‑mc-W-¡‑mÀ t‑e‑mI-¯‑ns‑â h‑nh‑n[ t‑I‑mW‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v Ab-b‑v¡‑p-¶-h-b‑mW‑v. Ah at‑\‑m-l-c-a‑mb‑n FU‑nä‑v s‑Nb‑vXX‑v {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ t‑hï N‑pc‑p¡‑w Ø‑nc‑w P‑oh-\-¡‑mÀ k‑u¯‑v s‑I‑md‑nb³ Xe-Ø‑m-\-a‑mb t‑k‑mf‑nÂ Dï‑v. H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑ns‑â h‑nP-b-K‑mY P¸‑m-\‑ns‑e t‑k‑m^‑vä‑v _‑m¦‑v F¶ Ø‑m]-\s‑¯ BIÀj‑n-¨‑p. 110 e£‑w At‑a-c‑n-¡³ t‑U‑mfÀ a‑qe‑y‑w hc‑p¶ I‑q«‑p-k‑w-c‑w-`-¯‑n\‑v P¸‑m³ I¼\‑n H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑mb‑p-a‑mb‑n Ic‑m-d‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n. A§s‑\ P‑m¸-\‑nk‑v `‑mj-b‑nÂ H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v P¸‑m³ 2006Â Bc‑w`‑n¨‑p. 22 \h a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯-Ic‑p‑w P¸‑m\‑ns‑e Hc‑p {‑]ik‑vX ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-] c‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v \S-¯‑nb H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v P¸‑m³ {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨ h‑mÀ¯‑m-¡‑pd‑n-¸‑p-IÄ P¸‑m-\‑nÂ h‑nh‑mZ h‑nj-ba‑m-b‑n. \‑nb-a-§Ä s‑I‑mï‑v \‑nb-{‑´‑n¡-s‑¸-S‑m-¯X‑p‑w h‑ni‑z‑m-k‑y-X-b‑nÂ k‑wi-b-¯‑ns‑â \‑ngÂ h‑oW-X‑p-a‑mW‑v s‑h_‑v {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§-f‑ns‑e h‑mÀ¯-I-s‑f¶ h‑nN‑mc‑w P¸‑m-\‑ns‑e `c-W-I‑qS‑w \¶‑mb‑n a‑pX-s‑e-S‑p-¯t‑¸‑mÄ h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ ]‑n´‑n-c‑n-b‑m³ X‑pS-§‑n. A§s‑\ A©‑m‑w a‑mk‑w H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v P¸‑m³ {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w \‑nd‑p-¯‑n. 2008Â P¸‑m³ `‑mj‑m-]{‑X-¯‑ns‑e P‑oh-\-¡‑ms‑c a‑pg‑p-h³ ]‑nc‑n-¨‑p-h‑n-«‑p. s‑I‑md‑n-b³ `‑mj-b‑ne‑p‑w C‑w¥‑o-j‑ne‑p‑w I‑qS‑p-XÂ {‑i²-b‑q-¶‑m³ CX-c-k‑w-c‑w-`-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w \‑nd‑p-¯‑n-bX‑mb‑n H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m {‑]k‑vX‑m-h‑n-¨‑p. ""H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v P¸‑m³ ]c‑m-P-b-s‑¸« ]c‑o-£W‑w‑'' F¶‑mW‑v At‑±l‑w h‑nt‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v. AX‑n-\‑ns‑S cï‑p-XhW k‑nä‑n-k¬ t‑PW-e‑n-Ì‑p-I-f‑ps‑S A´‑m-c‑mj‑v{‑S kt‑½-f-\-§Ä H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m t‑k‑mf‑nÂ k‑wL-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. C³^Àt‑a-j³ s‑SI‑vt‑\‑m-f-P‑n-b‑ps‑S h‑n]‑pe k‑m[‑y-X-IÄ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\-§-f‑nÂ F§s‑\ h‑n\‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑ms‑a¶‑v NÀ¨-I-f‑p-s‑S-s‑bÃ‑m‑w t‑I{‑µ-_‑n-

(27) µ‑p-h‑mb‑n t‑l‑m Iï‑p. Xe-Ø‑m\ \K-c-¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v 90 a‑n\‑nä‑v s‑s‑{‑Uh‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑mÂ F¯‑p¶ {‑K‑ma-¯‑ns‑e Hc‑p k‑vI‑qf‑nÂ ‑"Ad‑nh‑ns‑â I‑q«‑mb‑va‑' F¶ t‑]c‑nÂ k‑nä‑n-k¬ t‑PW-e‑nk‑w k‑vI‑qÄ Ø‑m]‑n-¨‑p. t‑^‑mt‑«‑m-{‑K-^‑n‑, U‑nP‑n-äÂ I‑y‑ma-d‑, h‑mÀ¯‑m-c-N\ F¶‑o AS‑n-Ø‑m\ h‑nj-b-§-f‑nÂ ¢‑mÊ‑p-IÄ FS‑p-¡‑m³ s‑I‑md‑n-b-b‑ne‑p‑w ]‑pd¯‑p‑w {‑]i-k‑vX-c‑mb ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯Is‑c £W‑n-¨‑p. h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-IÄ¡‑p‑w A²‑y‑m-]-IÀ¡‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S X‑ma-k‑n¨‑v K‑pc‑p-I‑pe k{‑¼-Z‑m-b-¯‑nÂ A`‑y-k\‑w \S-¯‑m‑w. A§s‑\ h‑nZK‑v² ]c‑n-i‑oe\‑w e`‑n-¨-hs‑c D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n¨‑v H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v {‑]hÀ¯\‑w ià‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. Z£‑n-W-s‑I‑m-d‑n-b-b‑n-e‑p-Å-hÀ t‑e‑mII‑m-c‑y-§-f-d‑n-b‑m³ BZ‑y‑w B{‑i-b‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v A¨S‑n¸{‑X-§-s‑ft‑b‑m s‑Se‑n-h‑nj-s‑\t‑b‑m AÃ. H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v 95 iX-a‑m\‑w P\-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w BZ‑ys‑¯ B{‑i-b-a‑m-W‑v. {‑]N‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â h‑nk‑va-bI-c-a‑mb C‑u hfÀ¨b‑v¡‑v H¶‑m-as‑¯ I‑mcW‑w k‑z´‑w t‑eJ-IÀ CÃ‑m-¯X‑p‑w k‑ma‑m\‑y P\-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w t‑eJ-I-·‑mÀ BbX‑p‑w Bs‑W¶‑v H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m h‑ni‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. c‑mP‑ys‑¯ Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI A«‑n-ad‑n \ S¯‑n H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v h‑nP-b-]‑o-T-¯‑nÂ \‑nÂ¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑l‑m 2009 P‑qe‑mb‑v 8þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n P\-§s‑f a‑pg‑p-h³ \‑nc‑m-i-b‑n-e‑m-g‑v¯‑nb Hc‑p h‑nhc‑w ]‑pd¯‑p-h‑n-«‑p. AX‑m-bX‑v H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v he‑nb k‑m¼-¯‑nI {‑]X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑n-e‑mW‑v. h‑mÀj‑nI \j‑vS‑w I‑pa‑nª‑p I‑qS‑n P\-§-f‑ps‑S Cj‑vS-a‑m-[‑ya‑w I®-S-t‑¨¡‑m‑w. k‑zt‑a-[b‑m P\-§Ä hc‑n-k‑wJ‑y FS‑p¯‑v kl‑m-b‑n-¡-W‑w. {‑]X‑o-£‑n¨-X‑ne‑p‑w Gs‑d kl‑m-b-k-l-I-cW‑w h‑mb-\¡‑mÀ \ÂI‑n. I‑mcW‑w H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v P\-§-f‑ps‑S k‑z´‑w a‑m[‑y-a-a‑mW-t‑Ã‑m. F¶‑mÂ h‑naÀi-IÀ AS-§‑nb‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. k‑m¼-¯‑nI kl‑mb‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ h‑yh-k‑mb Ø‑m]-\-§-f‑ps‑S h‑og‑vN-IÄ¡‑p t‑\t‑c H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v I®-S-b‑v¡‑p-¶‑p. kÀ¡‑m-c‑ns‑\ ]‑p´‑pW¨‑v h³ ]ck‑y hc‑p-a‑m\‑w t‑\S‑p¶‑p. kX‑y-t‑¯‑mS‑v \‑oX‑n ]‑peÀ¯‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑m¯h‑n[‑w Ø‑m]\hÂ¡-c‑n-¡s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. F¶‑n-§s‑\ ]e h‑naÀi-\§f‑p‑w H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v t‑\c‑n-S‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w P\]¦‑m-f‑n-¯-¯‑ne‑p‑w P\ k½‑n-X‑n-b‑ne‑p‑w H«‑p‑w I‑pd-h‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑n-Ã. \‑mÄ¡‑p-\‑mÄ {‑]N‑mc‑w h‑n]‑p-e-s‑¸-S‑p-Ib‑m-W‑v. H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m h‑naÀi-I-t‑c‑mS‑v k‑ua‑y-a‑mb‑n {‑]X‑n-I-c‑n-¨‑p. ""H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑ns‑â hc‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑nÂ 80 iX-a‑m\‑w h³I‑nS h‑yh-k‑mb Ø‑m]-\-§-f‑ps‑S ]ck‑y‑w hg‑n-b‑m-W‑v. h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c‑nÂ

\‑n¶‑v I‑n«‑p-¶X‑v s‑a‑m¯‑w hc-h‑ns‑â A©‑p iX-a‑m\‑w a‑m{‑X‑w. ]ck‑y‑w k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¡‑ms‑X F§s‑\ \S-¯‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑p-t‑]‑mI‑p‑w?‑'' s‑I‑md‑n-b³ kÀ¡‑m-c‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v Ah‑n-l‑n-X-a‑mb Hc‑p kl‑mbh‑p‑w ]ä‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã¶‑v t‑l‑m BW-b‑n-«‑p. F¶‑mÂ 2009Â Z£‑nW s‑I‑md‑n-b³ t‑Zi‑ob \‑nba \‑nÀ½‑m-W-k-`-b‑nÂ s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-s‑¸« IW¡‑p {‑]I‑mc‑w hÀj‑w Dt‑±i‑y‑w Hc‑p e£‑w b‑p.-Fk‑v. t‑U‑mf-d‑ns‑â kÀ¡‑mÀ ]ck‑y‑w H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑n\‑v e`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. I‑qS‑ms‑X k‑m‑wk§‑v I¼\‑n H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑nÂ 20

k‑n-¡‑p-It‑b a‑mÀ¤-a‑p-Å‑q. CX‑p-hs‑c NX‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑nÃ.‑'' þ H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m ]d-b‑p-¶‑p. H‑mt‑c‑m ]‑uc\‑p‑w t‑eJI³ F¶ e£‑y‑w {‑]‑m_-e‑y-¯‑nÂ h¶‑p. h‑mÀ¯-If‑p‑w t‑eJ-\-§f‑p‑w X‑nc‑p¯‑ns‑bg‑pX‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW t‑b‑mK‑y-a‑m-¡‑m³ I‑pä-aä k‑wh‑n-[‑m-\-a‑pï‑v. Z£‑nW s‑I‑md‑n-b-b‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI aW‑vU-e-¯‑nÂ as‑ä‑mc‑p a‑m[‑y-a-¯‑n\‑p‑w CX‑p-hs‑c s‑N¿‑m³ ] ä‑m¯ ]c‑n-hÀ¯\‑w H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v s‑s‑Ih-c‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑m[‑ya t‑e‑mI-¯‑n\‑p Xs‑¶ AX‑v N‑qï‑p-]-e-

iX-a‑m\‑w H‑mlc‑n ]¦‑m-f‑n¯‑w t‑\S‑nb-X‑mb‑p‑w ]d-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. C¶s‑¯ a‑m[‑ya t‑e‑mI¯‑v Cs‑X‑ms‑¡ ]‑m]-a‑ms‑W¶‑v Bc‑p ]db‑p‑w? Z‑nh-kh‑p‑w ic‑m-ic‑n 225 t‑eJ-\§f‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯-If‑p‑w H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v t‑I{‑µ H‑m^‑o-k‑nÂ F¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. Hc‑p-e£‑w k‑nä‑n-k¬ t‑PW-e‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ Ø‑nc-a‑mb‑n kl-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. Chs‑cÃ‑m‑w \ÂI‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯‑m-h‑n-h-c-§Ä kX‑y-a‑mt‑W‑m F¶‑v ]c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑m³ k‑wh‑n-[‑m-\-s‑a‑m-¶‑p-a‑n-Ã. ""Ahs‑c h‑ni‑z-

I-b‑mb‑n a‑md‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑p. Fg‑p-]-X‑n-\‑mb‑nc‑w b‑p.-F-k‑v. t‑U‑mf-d‑n\‑v X‑pe‑y-a‑mb X‑pI h‑mÀj‑nI e‑m`‑w t‑\S‑p-¶-X‑n-\¸‑pd‑w P\-§-f‑nÂ h‑ne-a-X‑n-¡‑m-\‑mh‑m¯ h‑ni‑z‑m-k‑y-Xb‑p‑w BÀP‑n-¨‑p. C\‑n F´‑v F¶‑v P\-§Ä h‑n[‑n-¡s‑« F¶‑mW‑v H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑mb‑ps‑S \‑ne-]‑mS‑v. I‑mcW‑w H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v P\-§Ä‑, AhÀ¡‑p t‑hï‑n \S-¯‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑n\‑n-ab k‑wh‑n-[‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v. Cc‑p-]-s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-ï‑n-s‑\‑m¸‑w ]‑nd¶ C‑u \‑qX\ a‑m[‑ya k‑wc‑w-`Pqsse 2014

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‘for the people, by the people!'

¯‑ns‑â D]-Ú‑m-X‑m-h‑mb H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m 1964Â Z£‑n-W-s‑I‑m-d‑n-b-b‑ns‑e t‑K‑mI‑vk‑n-t‑b‑m§‑v {‑]h‑n-i‑y-b‑nÂ P\‑n¨‑p. s‑I‑md‑n-b³ k‑ml‑n-X‑y-¯‑nÂ _‑nc‑pZh‑p‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑nÂ _‑nc‑p-Z‑m-\´c _‑nc‑p-Zh‑p‑w t‑\S‑n Xe-Ø‑m-\-a‑mb t‑k‑mf‑nÂ s‑X‑mg‑nÂ t‑XS‑n-s‑b-¯‑n. Dt‑±-i‑n¨ ]W‑n-s‑b‑m¶‑p‑w Xc-s‑¸-S‑ms‑X h¶-t‑¸‑mÄ s‑k‑mK‑m§‑v kÀh-I-e‑m-i‑me-b‑nÂ t‑NÀ¶‑v a‑mk‑v Ia‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡-j\‑nÂ Kt‑h-jW‑w \S-¯‑n. AX‑n-\‑ns‑S s‑hf‑n-]‑mS‑v t‑]‑ms‑e h‑oW‑p-I‑n-«‑nb Bi-b-a‑mW‑v H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v. k‑nä‑nk¬ t‑PW-e‑nÌ‑v F¶ k¦Â¸s‑¯ D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n¨‑v Z£‑nW s‑I‑md‑n-b-b‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob P‑oÀ®-Xs‑b ^e-{‑]-Z-a‑mb‑n t‑X‑mÂ¸‑n-¨‑p. X‑nI¨‑p‑w P\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y k‑z`‑m-h-¯‑ne‑pÅ kÀ¡‑m-c‑ns‑\ {‑]X‑nj‑vT‑n-¨‑p. AX‑n-\‑ns‑S 2006Â t‑k‑mK‑m§‑v kÀh-I-e‑m-i‑me H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑mb‑ps‑S {‑]_-Ô-¯‑n\‑v ]‑n.-F¨‑vU‑n Ah‑mÀU‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p. ka‑q-ls‑¯ DS-¨‑p-h‑mÀ¯ IÀ½ t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w A‑wK‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v h‑mÀ«¬ C³t‑^‑m-k‑nk‑v t‑l‑m s‑b _l‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. Hc‑p h‑yà‑n¡‑v N‑pc‑p-§‑nb-I‑m-e‑w-s‑I‑mï‑v a\‑pj‑y ka‑q-l-¯‑n\‑p Pqsse 2014

s‑N¿‑m-h‑p¶ he‑nb I‑mc‑y-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m¶‑mW‑v H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v. s‑I‑mf‑m-_-t‑d-ä‑oh‑v‑, Ia‑y‑q-W‑n-ä‑n‑, k‑nh‑nI‑v t‑PW-e‑nk‑w Fs‑¶Ã‑m‑w ]d-b‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya k‑wc‑w`s‑¯ P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â DbÀ¶ a‑qe‑y-§Äs‑I‑mï‑v DS-¨‑p-h‑mÀ¯ k‑nä‑nk¬ t‑PÀW-e‑nÌ‑v F¶ Bi-b-¯‑n\‑v H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑ms‑b-t‑¸‑ms‑e ià-\‑mb Hc‑p {‑]t‑b‑m-à‑mh‑v C¶‑v t‑e‑mI¯‑v t‑hs‑d-§‑p-a‑n-Ã. 1988Â At‑a-c‑n-¡³ {‑]k‑n-Uâ‑v s‑Xc-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑nÂ DbÀ¶‑p-t‑I« {‑] t‑b‑m-K-a‑mW‑v k‑nä‑n-k¬ t‑PW-e‑n-Ì‑v. t‑hÄU‑v t‑{‑SU‑v H‑mÀK-s‑s‑\-t‑k-j\‑ns‑e X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\-§Ä I‑rX‑y-a‑mb‑n Ad‑n-b‑n-¡‑m³ s‑]‑mX‑p a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä ] c‑y‑m-]‑vX-a-s‑Ã¶‑v h¶-t‑¸‑mÄ P\-§Ä hk‑vX‑p-X-IÄ¡‑p t‑hï‑n s‑Xc‑p-h‑n-e‑nd-§‑n. t‑PÀW-e‑nk‑w s‑s‑_ Z ]‑o¸‑nÄ F¶ a‑p{‑Z‑m-h‑m-I‑y-¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v H‑mt‑c‑m ]‑uc\‑p‑w t‑eJ-I³ F¶ Bib‑w ]‑nd-h‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑p. I‑mhÂ]-«‑n¡‑v Bc‑v I‑mhÂ F¶X‑v 2004Â h‑oï‑p‑w At‑ac‑n-¡³ {‑]k‑n-Uâ‑v Ce-£³ I‑me¯‑v a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑v FX‑ns‑c DbÀ¶ h‑naÀi-\‑m-ß-I-a‑mb t‑N‑mZ‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-

¶‑p. At‑¸‑mÄ Gj‑y‑m h³I-c-b‑nÂ H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m F¶ I‑ri-K‑m-{‑X-\‑mb a\‑p-j‑y³ \‑me‑p-hÀj‑w a‑p¼‑v AX‑n\‑v D¯c‑w ]d-ª‑p-I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. AX‑mW‑v H s‑s‑a \‑y‑qk‑v. t‑e‑mI-s‑a§‑p-a‑pÅ k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-cs‑â a\‑xk‑m-£‑n. B‑w BZ‑va‑n ]‑mÀ«‑n F¶ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob {‑]Ø‑m\‑w P\‑n¨ P\‑m-[‑n-] X‑y C´‑y-b‑nÂ F´‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v AX‑pt‑]‑m-s‑e‑m¶‑v Dï‑m-b‑nÃ? a‑m[‑ya ] c‑o-£-W-¯‑nÂ C´‑y-¡‑mÀ C¶‑p‑w b‑mY‑m-Ø‑n-X‑n-I-c‑m-W‑v. t‑Ic-f-¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑nÂ D]-c‑n-]-T\-¯‑n\‑v IÂ¡-¯-b‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n I½‑y‑qW‑nÌ‑v X‑o{‑h-h‑m-Z‑n-b‑mb‑n aS§‑nh¶ k‑p`‑mj‑vN{‑µ-t‑_‑mk‑v 1970Â "k‑v{‑S‑oä‑v‑' F¶ a‑mk‑nI X‑pS-§‑n. Hc‑p ]‑qh‑v t‑]‑ms‑e t‑_‑mk‑v I‑me-¯‑ns‑â Cc‑pï hg‑n-b‑nÂ s‑I‑mg‑nª‑p h‑oW‑p. As‑Ã¦‑nÂ t‑Ic-f-¯‑ns‑e H t‑b‑m³ t‑l‑m BI‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑pt‑¶‑m t‑_‑mk‑v? BÀ¡d‑nb‑m‑w? teJIsâ Cþsabvð: sujaathan@gmail.com

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Tanvi Bhatikar

Facebook arrests: Could you be next in line? The increasing application of the loosely framed Section 66A of the IT Act and consequent police action raises a critical concern. Tanvi Bhatikar finds that its frequent clubbing with laws related to other cognizable offences poses a grave threat to the freedom of all citizens.

hen Devu Chodankar claimed on a social networking site that, if elected, Narendra Modi was likely to unleash a ‘holocaust’, little did he know that his staunch opinions would land him behind bars. “If Modi is elected as PM this election, Christians will lose their identity in South Goa. Mark these words”, the marine engineer from Goa, based in Mumbai, had posted on Goa+, a Facebook group, before deleting the post. Chodankar was booked under sections 153A (promoting enmity between different groups), 295-A (injuring or defiling place of worship with intent to insult the religion of any class) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), section 125 of the People’s Representation Act (promoting enmity between classes in connection with election) and 66-A of the Information Technology Act. While he managed to

delete the post, Chodankar justified his actions on another popular forum, ‘Goa Speaks’ by calling it his crusade against the “tyranny of fascists”. While the Constitution already provides for sufficient laws against defamation, insults and inflammatory speeches, Section 66-A is the latest addition to the Information Technology (Amendment) Act (2008) initiated to scrutinize the use of offensive language through communication services, mainly the Internet.

The fuzziness of Section 66-A

As per this section of the Act, “any person who sends, by means of a computer resource or a communication device, a) any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character; Pqsse 2014

(30) b) any information which he knows to be false, but for the purpose of causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger, obstruction, insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity, hatred, or ill will, persistently by making use of such computer resource or a communication device, c) any electronic mail or electronic mail message for the purpose of causing annoyance or inconvenience or to deceive or to mislead the addressee or recipient about the origin of such messages shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and with fine.” Perhaps the greatest danger of a provision such as 66-A, and what also generates widespread criticism and uproar, is its loose definition. To begin with, phrases such as “grossly offensive”, “menacing character” or “annoyance/inconvenience/insult” have been privy to subjective interpretations and misuse. Chodankar is not the only one to have faced the brunt of the obscure nature of the law. In 2012, two girls were arrested in Palghar under the same section of the Act for their comments on Facebook against the closure of shops in Mumbai in the wake of Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray’s death. Although the duo was later released on bail, the incident brought to surface the draconian nature of the law. In more recent cases, Congress loyalist Amaresh Mishra was arrested by the UP police for his objectionable posts on social networking and microblogging sites against BJP’s prime ministerial nominee Narendra Modi and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Yet another 23-year-old youth from Bhatkal in Karnataka was arrested in Bangalore for spreading morphed photos, perceived to be anti-Modi, on instant messaging service Whatsapp. Section 66-A has faced widespread criticism from civil society activists, lawyers and citizens who consider it to be a violation of the freedom of expression. Several Public Interest Litigations (PIL)

Perhaps the greatest danger of a provision such as 66-A, and what also generates widespread criticism and uproar, is its loose definition. To begin with, phrases such as “grossly offensive”, “menacing character” or “annoyance/inconvenience/insult” have been privy to subjective interpretations and misuse. In 2012, two girls were arrested in Palghar under the same section of the Act for their comments on Facebook against the closure of shops in Mumbai in the wake of Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray’s death. Although the duo was later released on bail, the incident brought to surface the draconian nature of the law. Pqsse 2014

have also been filed seeking the amendment of this act, one of the prominent cases being that of Delhibased law student Shreya Singhal. In November 2012, Singhal along with her counsel Mukul Rohatgi, filed a PIL in the Supreme Court challenging Section 66-A, asserting that “the phraseology of Section 66A of the IT Act, 2000 is so wide and vague and incapable of being judged on objective standards that it is susceptible to wanton abuse” and hence, could be seen as violating Articles 14 (equality before law), 19 (freedom of speech and expression) and 21(protection of life and liberty) of the Constitution. Among the other petitioners is the People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), which has, in its petition to the Supreme Court, stated that the provision is unconstitutional as it offends several fundamental rights. Baijayant “Jay” Panda, a member of parliament belonging to the BJD in Odisha, had also introduced a Private Members’ Bill seeking amendments to Sec 66-A. In his policy positions stated on his website, the MP draws attention to the need to “to narrowly delineate the contours of situations under which free speech on the internet may be restricted. In its original form, Section 66(A) uses expressions such as ‘grossly offensive’ which are highly subjective and leave immense scope for misinterpretation by law enforcement agencies.” The erstwhile UPA government, in response to Singhal’s petition in the Supreme Court, maintained the constitutionality of Section 66-A; it cited the “Advisory on Implementation of Section 66A of the Information Technology Act 2000” issued by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology on January 9, 2013 to the Chief Secretaries and the Director General of Police of all States/UTs. As per the advisory, the police cannot make arrests under Section 66-A of the IT Act, without prior approval from an officer not

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below the rank of Inspector General of Police in the metropolitan cities or Deputy Commissioner of Police, or Superintendent of Police at the district level. But this, in itself, has become a matter of contention. While the move was expected to reduce the number of frivolous complaints and cases brought to the court, one cannot deny the possible abuse of power it brings with it. Secondly, it places within the discretion of each senior official the decision on what could be interpreted as ‘menacing character’ or ‘grossly offensive’, thus adding an element of personal bias. T.N Mohan, the Director General of Police (DGP) in Goa told India Together, “As a result of the Supreme Court verdict, the police have been presented with a large amount of discretionary power to whet complaints. It falls upon the official in charge to decide which complaint can qualify as a case. A law cannot give too much power in the hands of government officials. You cannot control the situation by hiking the amount of power given to the police“. Mohan ascertains the fact that there is no particular limitation to the kind of complaints that make it to the Police, which is an added constraint for them while evaluating cases. “The complaints are too many and we find it difficult to separate the wheat from the chaff. Secondly, due to the vague nature of the law, even frivolous cases like those against the girls in Palghar can be registered. Such a law affects the freedom of speech and the law makers need to really put their heads together to amend it,” he states. The Centre also sought to justify the legality of

Section 66-A on the ground that it has been taken from Section 127 of the U.K. Communications Act, 2003. However, there are clear discrepancies between both the laws. For example, punishment as per the UK law is a maximum of six months’ imprisonment while in India, this term can go up to three years. Apar Gupta, lawyer and partner with the law firm Advani and Co. and a frequent commentator on issues of media, technology and civil liberties states, “Due to the vague and undefined purported offences contained within the Section 66-A of the IT Act, the power to punish speakers and writers through arrest and threat of criminal trial is granted to complainants with offended sentiments and police officials. Such criminalisation of speech over the Internet and mobile phone communication is contrary to Articles 14, 19 and 21.” Gupta points out that the section penalises and restricts online speech to a much greater degree than offline speech, restricts it in an unreasonable manner contrary to Article 19 (1) (2) of the Constitution of India and that a significant proportion of the offences in Section 66-A do not even fall within the permissible categories of restriction in Article 19 (2). Anja Kovacs, who heads the Internet Democracy Project in Delhi, echoes Gupta’s sentiments. “The section is framed in a way that is far too vague to be acceptable in a democracy, and runs the clear danger of coming in contradiction with the Constitution. There is a possibility that the Supreme Court will narrow the reading of the section. However, especially for a law that touches on one of the core freedoms in a democracy, that of the right to freedom of expression, this is not sufficient from the perspective of a citizen,” she states. Pqsse 2014

(32) Getting arrested is easy!

There have been a plethora of gag cases over the recent past and with the growing influence and use of social media, the frequency with which the Section 66-A of the IT Act is being deployed, is also increasing. But it is not just the fuzzy wording of the law that is moot here. An issue of equal concern is that the 66-A is often used in conjunction with other sections of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), such as Sections 504 (intentional insult to with intent to provoke breach of the peace), 153-A, 499 (defamation) etc. These laws usually cover major offences and most of the times, the application of the 66-A is found to be redundant in these. The fact that the procedure to lodge a complaint is the same as any other procedure i.e, by filing a First Information Report (FIR), adds to the ease with which this section can be used. “The only differentiation between 66-A and the rest of the laws is the use of medium of communication,” Mohan mentions. Speaking about the recent case in Goa, he mentions that Devu Chodankar was charged under Section 66-A only due to the use of the Internet, while the actual offence was registered under 153-A, 295-A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and section 125 of the People’s Representation Act. Kovacs points out that all these sections of the IPC deal with cognizable offences, that is, where no warrant is needed for an arrest. 153A and 295A are also non-bailable. “By clubbing 66A, with its broad, rather vague ambit, with sections such as these, you thus ensure that people can end up being arrested without bail even for relatively minor offences. 66A allows the boundaries of sections such as 153A and 295A to be stretched in that sense. Whether the courts will uphold the charges is of course another matter.” Kovacs is also vocal about the repressive nature of the sections of the IPC dealing with defamation. As she points out, these sections do not recognise the importance of unequal power relations. “Where a poor person from a lower caste offends the sensibilities of a rich person from a high caste, this is given the same weight as the reverse situation. What we really require therefore, is a restructuring of the law to take such unequal power relations into account,” she says. According to her, for the time being, section 66-A can safely be scrapped, as there are sufficient other provisions to deal with similar offences. The reason why some like to keep it on the books is because it allows for more stringent action immediately, even for merely voicing personal opinions on sensitive issues on the Internet or by electronic mail. “The purpose of law is to help citizens understand what they need to do to stay on the right side of the law. Where the law says one thing but is understood by the Courts to mean another,

Pqsse 2014

it provides insufficient guidelines for citizens’ behaviour,” Kovacs states. So what should the common man, who is not attuned to the law or legalese, be watchful against? “Anything or everything,” says Apar Gupta. “There is no determinacy to the law which leaves it open for arbitrary application. This is one of the very reasons that the petitioners of PUCL have been forced to approach the court,” he adds. Like many other tough laws in India, 66-A too requires certain amendments. The Section needs to be clearly defined and the citizenry along with police officials need to be educated about the law, so that it is not subject to personal interpretations and misuse. But Kovacs also stresses on the need to have a greater emphasis on non-legal ways to combat hate speech and not just rely on the law or the police. “Many of the offensive speeches visible on the Internet, such as the misogynistic swear words often directed at vocal women, are sufficient to create an environment online that is not welcoming of particular groups of people and even makes the Internet an unsafe environment for them. Instead, we need to create a different culture online, one that is respectful of differences and the fundamental human rights all people have. The government can play an important role in this, for example through education and awareness, but it needn’t be the only actor. Users and social organisations, for example, can also make a difference, to start with by simply speaking up when they see someone else being abused,” she states. On a positive note, Shreya Singhal’s counsel Mukul Rohatgi, who had filed the PIL in the Supreme Court along with her, has been recently appointed the Attorney General of India. One can only hope that he will attempt to steer the law along an appropriate course of action towards the amendments required to ensure justice. Devu Chodankar meanwhile has learnt his lesson the hard way. He appeared before the Cyber Crime Branch in Goa on 2 June, and was subsequently quizzed by the police on the motives behind his original post. Whatever the motive may have been, the ensuing chain of events had certainly rendered him mellow, as is evident from his Facebook post on the day of the election results: “Despite all ideological differences, this victory of Narendra Modiji revives hopes for a stable and effective government at the centre. Congratulations to Narendra Modi for this massive victory. Verdict of the people of India has to be respected by all.” Tanvi Bhatikar is a Goa-based freelance writer with research experience in the field of electoral and political reforms.This article was first published in India Together (www.indiatogether.org)and is republished here with permission.

(33) Lighthouse

Ashok R Chandran

Old is Not Gold

A column that throws light on studies about Kerala media, and explores the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala media

n a rapid survey of international journals from 2008–2012, we found that, on the topic of Kerala journalism, only one article had been published, and that too by a foreign scholar based abroad1. It told us two things: that studies on Kerala journalism were nearabsent at the international level, and that Kerala’s universities were producing zero research output of international quality. Last month, I decided to explore how Kerala’s universities had managed to achieve this feat after 25+ years of existence. My journey began at the oldest university department for journalism in the state.

Infrastructure

The University of Kerala’s Department of Communication and Journalism was founded in 1976 in Thiruvananthapuram. It offers a PhD programme in journalism. The focus of the department, however, is on its two-year Masters programme in Communication and Journalism

(MCJ). Research is at the margin here, quite literally, with the researchers’ room doubling up as a utility room next to a toilet. It is poorly ventilated and accommodates buckets, water cooler, and a wash basin which is also used for cleaning lunch boxes. Nowadays, in this room, there is a computer with Internet connection, and two tables and chairs for the two full-time researchers in the Department. Is it really difficult for the Department to arrange proper work spaces for researchers? Does it also not reflect the priority attached to research? The neglect of researchers extends beyond basic physical amenities and stationery. I interacted briefly with the researchers individually, and both suffered from poor guidance and orientation regarding research. The Department should seriously consider offering a good, oneweek orientation programme for new researchers, including in the use of computers for research.

One researcher reported paying thousands of rupees a year to buy journal articles. This led me to know more about the Department library, which houses a good collection (5,200+) of books on communication, journalism, and related subjects. About 80 new books are bought each year, and these include Indian and foreign books from reputed publishers. The journals section, however, was less impressive. The journal racks displayed the latest issues of Malayalam newspapers and magazines, but academic journals—both national and international—were out-ofdate. The personnel I spoke to could not confirm whether the university offered digital access to these once-subscribed journals. (It revealed how little these journals were being accessed by faculty and students.) Considering that the Department library alone has a budget of INR 250,000, it can do more to facilitate research, including ensuring digital subscription to good journals, and guiding scholars towards digital access and other contemporary tools. Pqsse 2014

(34) Research

Typically there are three kinds of research that university faculty can engage in: consulting (advising external clients like media firms), degree-centric (guiding scholars who work towards PhD), and academic (self-driven by curiosity in the subject). The first kind of research is negligible in India, and the Department in Thiruvananthapuram has not had external clients in recent decades. The second kind, leading to a degree, constitutes the bulk of the research done here. Subash K., Head of the Department, informed me that the Department has produced five PhDs so far. The most recent work was by M. V. Thomas on the role of Malayalam newspapers in the freedom movement. Topics that are now being researched in the Department include the adoption of new communication technologies in the media, modern trends in Indian advertising, media-use pattern in Kerala, and communication aspects of computer graphics. Also, rudimentary studies are done as part of the research component of the MCJ course. Three PhD theses and 500+ Masters theses are available in the Department library. The third kind of research, driven by faculty members themselves, is not visible in the Department. Even though the University comes up with regulations once-in-a-while to incentivise research, the faculty in the Department do not respond favourably. The faculty are reluctant to submit research proposals to bodies like UGC (which are flush with funds) because of fear of subsequent harassment by the university administration, in the name of financial accountability. With audit objections sometimes linked to granting of pension, the faculty choose to play safe than sorry. Indeed, if the University is serious about promoting research and knowledge generation,

Pqsse 2014

it must think of performance audit and other methods for research projects, in lieu of the conventional financial audit methods in vogue. One of the positive developments in recent years has been greater academic freedom to the faculty, resulting in updated syllabi and other gains. On the research front, however, the freedom seems to have been abused a bit over the years. Rather than encouraging the publication of scholarly articles in good, international and national journals, the faculty have set the bar low with a questionable list of “Standard Journals in Communication and Journalism”; publication in these journals is considered fine for meeting publication targets2. Lowering of standards in this fashion, by no means peculiar in our state to this particular Department or University, will not improve the quality of research here. Such manipulation shows the lack of seriousness with which research is viewed in the University, by the faculty. No scope for blaming audit objections and university clerks here! The Department’s new website (www.dcjku.in) says “As a part of publicising the research work done in the Department, an Indian research journal, Communication and Media Studies is produced.” At best, this is a half-truth. At the Department library, one could see only a journal issue from 2005 and one from 2008. Another journal that the Department published—the Indian Journal of Communication— was not sustained either. Dr Subash informed me that journal publications were irregular because “it is difficult to get research articles.” There is no shortage of funds for publishing a journal, he said. It is evident from all of the above that the Department lacks a research culture. Can we do something about it? Definitely, if there is a will. For decades, we have let our state

universities slide on the research front. Getting this Department back on the research rails will require a huge effort, but does not appear impossible. There are already a few signs of hope. Look at the number of PhDs, for instance. Between 1976 and 2013, the Department produced five PhDs. But in the next five years alone, it is on track to produce seven more. That is an impressive doubling of output. Kerala University has, practically, only one PhD guide in Journalism, and each guide is allowed only up to eight scholars, as per University regulations. With fresh PhDs emerging from the Department in the next five years, the number of available guides too will rise, thus further increasing the intake of research scholars. Degree-oriented research

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www.dcjku.in

The University of Kerala’s Department of Communication and Journalism was founded in 1976 in Thiruvananthapuram. Research is at the margin here, quite literally, with the researchers’ room doubling up as a utility room next to a toilet. It is poorly ventilated and accommodates buckets, water cooler, and a wash basin which is also used for cleaning lunch boxes. Nowadays, in this room, there is a computer with Internet connection, and two tables and chairs for the two full-time researchers in the Department. Is it really difficult for the Department to arrange proper work spaces for researchers? Does it also not reflect the priority attached to research? The neglect of researchers extends beyond basic physical amenities and stationery. I interacted briefly with the researchers individually, and both suffered from poor guidance and orientation regarding research. The Department should seriously consider offering a good, one-week orientation programme for new researchers, including in the use of computers for research.

is poised for growth here. The faculty and other personnel I met in the Department were fine individuals—friendly and helpful. When viewed through the lens of research, they are valuable human resources that can be utilised to promote a healthy research culture. Greater collaboration among the faculty, state-wide networking, more attention to the PhD programme, revamping of the list of standard journals, thoughtful filling up of the two faculty vacancies—all these and more will put the Department on a good research track in the years ahead. A two-day visit like mine can throw up only partial glimpses of what goes on there. A thorough and honest introspective study of current departmental practices will yield a better analysis and more solutions. The Department is wellknown for its MCJ programme. As a University Department, it is time to step up and strengthen its research credentials. It would do well to take advantage of the Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan, through which the central government is pumping funds into higher education like never before. Ashok R. Chandran is an independent researcher in Palakkad, Kerala. E-mail: studykeralamedia@ gmail.com 1. Ashok R. Chandran (2013). “Who is Studying Kerala Media?,” Media, pp 18–20. 2. The list puts Media (Kerala Press Academy, Kochi), RIND Magazine (RIND, Chennai), Journal of Communication Studies (Makhanlal Chaturvedi University, Bhopal), Media India (Department of German, Guru Jambheshwar University, Rohtak), Communication and Journalism Research (University of Calicut), along with Columbia Journalism Review, Journal of Communication (Wiley), Public Opinion Quarterly (Oxford University Press), Journal of Advertising Research (Cambridge University Press) and other internationally reputed publications. Pqsse 2014

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am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

1893

e‑mW‑v... t‑b‑mt‑¡‑ml‑mab‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v h‑m³t‑I‑mhd‑nt‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p ¶ b‑m{‑X¡¸e‑nÂ h¨‑v cï‑p `‑mcX‑ob À Iï‑p a‑p«‑n. Cc‑phc‑p‑w Ahchc‑ps‑S X«I§f‑ns‑e AZ‑z‑nX‑obc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. BZ‑ya‑mb‑mW‑v AhÀ X½‑nÂ Iï‑p a‑p«‑p¶X‑v. H¶‑v Hc‑p k\‑y‑mk‑n. aäX‑v Hc‑p h‑yhk‑mb‑n. k\‑y‑mk‑nb‑ps‑S t‑]c‑v k‑z‑ma‑n h‑nt‑hI‑m\µ³. `‑mcX‑obXb‑ps‑S Bß‑obh‑p‑w X‑mX‑z‑nIh‑pa‑mb ]‑mc¼c‑y s‑¯b‑p‑w A´Ê¯s‑bb‑p‑w ]‑mÝ‑mX‑y ka‑ql¯‑ns‑\ ef‑nXa‑mb A]{‑KY\ ¯‑ne‑qs‑S ]c‑nNbs‑¸S‑p¯‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p Ib‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. At‑±l¯‑n s‑e P‑vR‑m\‑n¡‑v B[‑p\‑nI a‑m\h‑nIX s‑b a‑qS‑p¶ I‑mS‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑Xf‑nt‑¡ï X‑v. a‑mÀ¤Z‑o]‑w k\‑mX\ [À½h‑p‑w. I¸e‑nÂ Iï‑p a‑p«‑nb klb‑m{‑X‑n I³ {‑]k‑n² k‑wc‑w`I³ C´‑y³ h‑yhk‑mb¯‑ns‑â ]‑nX‑rØ‑m\‑ob\‑mb P‑wjU‑vP‑n S‑mä‑m F¶ al‑m\‑p‑w. Ic I‑mW‑m¯ ]k‑n^‑n¡‑ns‑e H‑mf§f‑ps‑S X‑mf‑w Ahs‑c AS‑p¸‑n¨‑p. h‑nt‑hI‑m\µk‑z‑ma‑nIÄ Xs‑â Z‑uX‑y‑w h‑nhc‑n¨‑p. F\‑n¡‑v At‑ac‑n¡¡‑ms‑c Ah‑ns‑S b‑pÅ FÃ‑m aX§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w k‑mÀh e‑uI‑nIXs‑bb‑p‑w B´c‑nIa‑mb

Pqsse 2014

GIX‑m\Xs‑bb‑p‑w a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑n¡ W‑w. Fs‑â k‑z]‑v\‑w k\‑mX\[À½‑w F¶ `‑mcX‑ob Bß‑obXb‑ps‑S iàn Ahc‑nt‑e¡‑p ]IÀ¶‑v a‑m\h‑obXb‑p s‑S at‑\‑mlca‑mb Xe¯‑nt‑e¡‑v Gh t‑cb‑p‑w s‑I‑mï‑p hc‑nI F¶X‑mW‑v. P‑wjU‑vP‑n S‑mä‑m ]dª‑p. Fs‑â k‑z]‑v\‑w C´‑y t‑e‑mI¯‑n s‑e Gäh‑p‑w iàa‑mb c‑mj‑v{‑Sa‑mIW‑w F¶XmW‑v. C\n hcpw Ime¯v iànb‑ps‑S AS‑n¯d h‑y‑mhk‑mb‑nI c‑wKs‑¯ k‑zb‑w ]c‑y‑m]‑vXXb‑mW‑v. AX‑n\‑v BZ‑y‑w t‑hïX‑v FÃ‑m h‑yhk‑mb§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w AS‑nØ‑m\ LSIa‑mb Ì‑oÂ \‑nÀ½‑mWa‑mW‑v. \a‑p¡‑p t‑hï{‑X Cc‑p¼‑paWe‑pï‑v. C´‑yb‑v¡‑v k‑z´a‑mb‑n Cc‑p¼‑v Dc‑p¡‑p h‑yhk‑mb t‑aJe Ø‑m]‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ AX‑y‑m[‑p\‑nI k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑yb‑p‑w b{‑´§f‑p‑w t‑XS‑m\‑mW‑v R‑m³ At‑ac‑n¡b‑nt‑e¡‑v t‑]‑mI‑p¶X‑v. k‑z‑ma‑nIÄ S‑mäs‑b A\‑p{‑Kl‑n¨‑p. ]dª‑p. \a‑p¡‑v C‑u ]‑mÝ‑mX‑yc‑ps‑S i‑mk‑v{‑Xk‑mt‑¦X‑nIc‑wKs‑¯ t‑\«§ f‑p‑w \½‑ps‑S Bß‑oba‑m\h‑nIc‑wK s‑¯ k‑m\‑mX\ ]‑mc¼c‑yh‑p‑w I‑qS‑n H¶‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑pt‑]‑mI‑m³ k‑m[‑n¨‑mÂ AX‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑nt‑Ã‑, Gäh‑p‑w al¯‑mb IÀ½‑w? At‑Ã?

AhÀ B b‑m{‑Xb‑v¡‑p t‑ij‑w X½‑nÂ Iï‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. ]s‑£ P‑wjU‑vP‑n S‑mäb‑ps‑S a\Ê‑nÂ C‑u k‑w`‑m-jW‑w a‑mb‑v¡‑m\‑mI‑m¯ Hc‑p H‑mÀ½b‑mb‑n I‑nS¶‑nc‑p¶‑p. A©‑p hÀj¯‑n\‑pt‑ij‑w At‑± l‑w k‑z‑ma‑n h‑nt‑hI‑m\µ\‑v Is‑¯g‑pX‑n. ]ï‑v P¸‑m\‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v N‑n¡‑mt‑K‑mb‑n t‑e¡‑pÅ b‑m{‑X¡‑nS-b‑nÂ A§‑v ]dª Hc‑p I‑mc‑y‑w R‑m³ Ft‑¸‑mg‑p‑w H‑mÀ¡‑md‑pï‑v. `‑mcX¯‑ns‑â Bß‑ob a‑mb {‑hX\‑nj‑vTs‑b \i‑n¡‑m³ A\‑p hZ‑n¡‑ms‑X k‑mÀht‑Zi‑oba‑mb‑n a‑m\h c‑mi‑n¡‑v D]I‑mc{‑]Za‑mb c‑oX‑nb‑nt‑e¡‑v s‑I‑mï‑pt‑]‑mIWs‑a¶‑v A¶‑v A§‑v ]dª‑nc‑p¶t‑Ã‑m. C‑u B-ib‑w‑, A§‑v t‑I«‑nc‑n¡‑m\‑nSb‑pÅ Fs‑â d‑nkÀ¨‑v C³Ì‑nä‑y‑q«‑v t‑^‑mÀ C´‑y F¶ h‑nZ‑y‑m `‑y‑mk ]²X‑nb‑ps‑S `‑mKa‑m¡Ws‑a¶‑v R‑m³ B{‑Kl‑n¡‑p¶‑p. ]‑mTi‑meIÄ‑, B{‑iac‑oX‑nb‑ne‑pÅ N‑n´‑mt‑I{‑µ§Ä‑, Ah‑ns‑S k‑m[‑mcW c‑oX‑nb‑nÂ FÃ‑m k‑uIc‑y§t‑f‑ms‑Sb‑p‑w‑, ]s‑£ BU‑w _ca‑nÃ‑ms‑X‑, P‑oh‑nX‑w {‑]I‑rX‑nb‑pa‑mb‑n AS‑p¯‑v a‑m\h‑nIh‑nI‑mk¯‑ne‑q¶‑n i‑mk‑v{‑Xk‑mt‑¦X‑nI c‑wKs‑¯ At‑\‑z jWh‑pa‑mb‑n ]‑qÀ®a‑mb‑n X‑mZ‑mß‑y‑w {‑]‑m]‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ h‑nZ‑y‑meb§Ä. A§‑v C‑u k‑wc‑w`¯‑n\‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¡ W‑w. k\‑mX\ ]‑mc¼c‑y¯‑n\‑p‑w k‑wk‑vI‑rX‑n¡‑p‑w B[‑p\‑nI i‑mk‑v{‑X ¯‑n\‑p‑w \½‑ps‑S `‑mcX¯‑ns‑â ià‑n ¡‑p‑w kÂt‑¸c‑n\‑p‑w CX‑v Bhi‑ya‑mW‑v Fs‑¶\‑n¡‑v t‑X‑m¶‑p¶‑p. AX‑n\‑v t‑hï‑n hc‑p¶ FÃ‑m N‑neh‑pIf‑p‑w

(37) R‑m³ AX‑oh \µ‑nt‑b‑ms‑S Gs‑äS‑p¡‑p ¶X‑mW‑v. k‑z‑ma‑nIÄ A¶‑v c‑maI‑rj‑vW‑m a‑nj³ Bc‑w`‑n¡‑p¶ X‑nc¡‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p. ]s‑£ At‑±l‑w Xs‑â i‑nj‑y k‑nÌÀ \‑nt‑hZ‑nXs‑b P‑wjU‑vP‑nb‑ps‑S AS‑pt‑¯¡b¨‑p. AhÀ S‑mäb‑p‑w At‑±l¯‑ns‑â D]t‑ZiI³ ]‑mZ‑vk‑m b‑mb‑pa‑mb‑p‑w _Ôs‑¸«‑v Gs‑d \‑mf s‑¯ {‑ia¯‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w h‑ni-Za‑mb Hc‑p ]T\]²X‑n Xb‑md‑m¡‑n. ]s‑£ AX‑n\‑v A¶s‑¯ s‑s‑h{‑k‑mb‑n IÀk³ {‑]`‑p {‑]hÀ¯\‑m\‑paX‑n \ÂI‑nb‑nÃ. F-¦‑ne‑p‑w S‑mäb‑p‑w I‑q«c‑p‑w Ahc‑ps‑S {‑ia‑w X‑pSÀ¶‑p. h‑nt‑hI‑m\µk‑z‑ma‑nIÄ 1902Â

k‑z‑ma‑n h‑nt‑hI‑m\µ³

Z‑nh‑wKX\‑mb‑n. 1904Â P‑wjU‑vP‑nb‑p‑w A´c‑n¨‑p. A©‑p hÀj‑w Ig‑nª‑v 1909Â S‑mäb‑ps‑S k‑z]‑v\‑w b‑mY‑mÀ°‑ya‑mb‑n. 1909Â S‑mä‑m C³Ì‑nä‑y‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v kb³k‑v Ø‑m]‑nXa‑mb‑n. i‑mk‑v{‑Xk‑mt‑¦X‑nIa‑nIh‑pIÄ `‑uX‑nIXb‑ps‑S k‑n‑w_e‑pIf‑mW‑v. ]s‑£ AX‑n\‑v a‑m\h‑nIXb‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôa‑nÃ‑mX‑mb‑mÂ AX‑v a\Ê‑ns‑â h‑ni¸‑ns‑\ a‑mä‑pI‑nÃ. cï‑p Xc‑w Bä‑w t‑_‑m‑w_‑p Iï‑p ]‑nS‑n¨ i‑mk‑v{‑X‑w Ah cï‑p‑w F{‑X t‑¯‑mf‑w C^I‑vS‑oh‑ms‑W¶‑v ]c‑o£‑n

¡‑m³ cï‑m‑w t‑e‑mIal‑mb‑p²I‑me¯‑v At‑ac‑n¡³ kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑\ \‑nÀ_Ô‑n Xc‑m¡‑n. l‑nt‑c‑mj‑na \Kc¯‑nÂ BZ‑y t‑_‑m‑w_‑p h‑oW‑v Hc‑p e£t‑¯‑mf‑w acWh‑p‑w ]¯‑nc«‑n A‑wK`‑wKh‑p‑w \Kc¯‑ns‑â ]‑qÀ®\‑mih‑p‑w k‑w`h‑n ¨‑p. At‑¸‑mÄ¯s‑¶ P¸‑m³ N{‑IhÀ¯‑n t‑X‑mÂh‑n k½X‑n¡‑m³ Xb‑md‑mb‑n kJ‑yI£‑nIf‑mb PÀ½\‑n bpw Cäenbpa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«‑p. ]s‑£‑, Hu]NmcnIamb IogS§Â Xocpam \w hc‑p¶‑p F¶d‑nb‑ma‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑n-«‑p‑w‑, AS‑p¯ Z‑nhk‑w P¸‑m\‑nÂ cï‑ma s‑¯ t‑_‑m‑w_‑p I‑qS‑n C«‑p. \‑mKk‑m¡‑n \Kc‑w I‑qS‑n N‑m¼e‑mb‑n. BZ‑ys‑¯ t‑_‑m‑w_‑v Bhi‑ys‑a¶‑v Ic‑pX‑nb‑mÂ

ic‑n¡‑pÅ c£I³ a‑oU‑nb‑mb‑mW‑v. a\‑pj‑ya\Ê‑ns‑\ I‑ogS¡‑m³ h‑nhc k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑nZ‑yb‑ps‑S FÃ‑m kl‑mblk‑vX§f‑p‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m ³ {‑]‑m]‑vX‑nb‑pÅ GI t‑aJe. aÀt‑U‑m ¡‑p‑w Ak‑m‑ws‑Kb‑p‑w t‑I‑mÀ¸t‑dä‑v hà‑m¡f‑p‑w t‑e‑m_‑nb‑nÌ‑pIf‑p‑w DÄs‑¸S‑p¶ ià‑n t‑I{‑µ‑w. h‑nt‑hI‑m\µk‑z‑ma‑nIf‑p‑w P‑wjU‑vP‑n S‑mäb‑p‑w Biba‑mb‑n C¶‑p‑w \½t‑f‑m s‑S‑m¸a‑pï‑v. C\‑n ka‑m\a‑mb N‑n´I Ä ]‑nd¡‑m³ ]k‑n^‑n¡‑ns‑â A\´ a‑mb GI‑m´X I‑n«‑nÃ. C´‑yb‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡b‑p‑w X½‑nÂ C¶‑v aW‑n¡‑qd‑p If‑ps‑S AIet‑ab‑pÅ‑p. ]s‑£ `‑uX‑nIXb‑p‑w Bß‑obX

P‑wjU‑vP‑n S‑mä‑m

¯s‑¶ e£¡W¡‑n\‑v k‑m[‑mcW a\‑pj‑ys‑c cï‑mas‑¯ t‑_‑m‑w_‑ns‑â C^I‑vS‑oh‑vs‑\k‑v Iï‑p ]‑nS‑n¡‑m³ Cc If‑m¡‑nt‑b i‑mk‑v{‑X‑w AS§‑nb‑pÅ‑p. C¶‑p‑w C‑u {‑]hWX \‑ne\‑nÂ¡‑p ¶‑p F¶X‑mW‑v Z‑p‑xJIca‑mb kX‑y‑w. h‑nt‑hI‑m\µk‑z‑ma‑nIf‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w P‑wjU‑vP‑n S‑mäb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w k‑z]‑v\N‑n´ IÄ {‑]‑mhÀ¯‑nIc‑q]¯‑ns‑e¯‑m³ C\‑nb‑p‑w \‑m‑w I‑m¯‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. Ch‑ns‑S Hc‑p t‑aPÀ N‑meIià‑nb‑mb‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑nt‑¡ï a‑oU‑nbb‑v¡‑v C‑u c‑wK¯‑v F{‑Xt‑¯‑mf‑w h‑nPb‑w t‑\S‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p¶‑p? C¶‑v a‑m\h‑nIXb‑ps‑S

b‑p‑w a\‑pj‑ys‑â h‑ni¸‑mW‑v. hbd‑ns‑â b‑p‑w a\Ê‑ns‑âb‑p‑w. Ahb‑v¡‑v ia\‑w e`‑n¨‑mt‑e a\‑p-j‑yP‑oh‑nX‑w k‑mÀ°I a‑mI‑q. a‑oU‑nb‑m BIW‑w C‑u Bl‑mc ¯‑ns‑â I‑q«‑v \‑nÝb‑nt‑¡ïX‑p‑w AX‑v ]‑mI‑w s‑Nt‑¿ïX‑p‑w h‑nft‑¼ïX‑p‑w. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com

Pqsse 2014

(38)

tPmkv ]\-¨n-¸pdw

Fgp¯v Fó Zriy-am-[yaw ]gb Zn\-]-{X-añ Ct¸m-gs¯ Zn\-]-{Xw. kÀKm-ß-I-X-bpsS kphÀW hÀ¯-am-\-amWv ]{X-§Ä \t½mSp ]d-bp-ó-Xv. s]m«n-hogpó s{_bv¡nMv \yqkv hn`mKw hmÀ¯-IÄ BtLm-jn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw Zn\-]-{X-§-fnð\nóv Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-§Ä IhÀsó-Sp¯ C¡m-e¯v Zriy-kmón-[yhpw kón-th-i-hp-apÅ Fgp-¯nsâ {]kàn Gdn-tbdn hcn-I-bm-Wv. ASnØm-\-hmÀ¯-bpsS Snhn ]pd-¸mSp Iï-dnª hmb-\¡mÀ¡p ap¼nð ]{Xw A¨p-\n-c-¯p-óXv aqey-hÀ²nX Zriy-§Ä ImWn-¡m-\mWv; sSen-hn-jsâ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fn-ñm¯ AZriy Zriy-§Ä.

]

{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑ns‑e kÀK‑m-ßX F¶ ]Z-t‑¨À¨b‑nÂ aj‑n-b‑p-W-§‑m¯ AÇ‑o-e-a‑p-ï‑v. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\-¯‑n\‑p‑w kÀK‑m-ß-I-X-b‑v¡‑p-a‑n-S-b‑nÂ IS‑p-¸‑n-s‑¨‑mc‑p hc hc-b‑v¡‑m³ BÀt‑¡‑m X‑nS‑p-¡-a‑p-Å-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e. ]{‑Xs‑a-g‑p-¯‑ns‑e GX‑p-Xc‑w Fg‑p¯‑p‑w h‑nhc‑w \ÂIe‑n-\-¸‑pd‑w IS-¶‑p-\‑n¶‑v Bk‑z‑m-Z‑y-I-c-a‑m-I‑p-s‑¶-¦‑nÂ AX‑p kÀK‑m-ß-I-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ h‑y‑m]-I-a‑m-I‑p-¶-t‑X‑ms‑S hÀ¯-a‑m-\-]{‑X‑w IY‑m-h-t‑i-j-a‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p BZ‑y- {‑]-h-N-\‑w. B {‑] h-N-\-¯‑n\‑p a‑p¼‑n-e‑n-c‑p¶‑v Bf‑p-IÄ ]{‑X‑w h‑mb‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w S‑nh‑n I‑mW‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑nÂ s‑h_‑v ]{‑X-§Ä h¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑m-s‑e‑, s‑a‑ms‑s‑_Â k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑nZ‑y A¨S‑n ] {‑X-§Ä¡‑p‑w ]c-k‑y-§Ä¡‑p‑w ]‑mc-h-¨‑p -X‑p-S-§‑n. \‑m‑w Fg‑pX‑n-¯-Å‑nb t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m aS-§‑n-h-¶‑p. ]S‑n-ª‑m-d³ c‑mP‑y-§-f‑ne‑p‑w aä‑p‑w N‑ne Z‑n\-]-{‑X-§Ä ]‑q«‑n-t‑¸‑m-b‑n-«‑pï‑v F¶X‑p ic‑n- X-s‑¶. C´‑y-b‑ne‑p‑w dj‑yb‑ne‑p‑w s‑s‑N\-b‑ne‑p‑w {‑_k‑o-e‑n-e‑p-s‑a‑ms‑¡ Z‑n\-]-{‑X-§Ä \‑ndª‑m-S‑p-I-b‑mW‑v; {‑]N‑mc‑w I‑pX‑n-¨‑p-I-b-d‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. ]t‑£‑, ]gb Z‑n\-]-{‑X-aÃ Ct‑¸‑m-gs‑¯ Z‑n\-]-{‑X‑w. kÀK‑m-ß-I-X-b‑ps‑S k‑phÀW hÀ¯-a‑m-\-a‑mW‑v ]{‑X-§Ä \t‑½‑mS‑p ]d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑]‑m«‑n-h‑og‑p¶ s‑{‑_b‑v¡‑nM‑v \‑y‑qk‑v h‑n`‑mK‑w h‑mÀ¯-IÄ Bt‑L‑m-j‑n-¡‑m-\‑pÅ Ah-I‑mi‑w Z‑n\-]-{‑X-§-f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v CeI‑vt‑{‑S‑m-W‑nI‑v a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä IhÀs‑¶-S‑p¯ C¡‑m-e¯‑v Z‑ri‑yk‑m-¶‑n-[‑yh‑p‑w k¶‑n-t‑h-i-h‑p-a‑pÅ Fg‑p-¯‑ns‑â {‑]kà‑n Gd‑n-t‑bd‑n hc‑n-I-b‑m-W‑v. AS‑nØ‑m-\-h‑mÀ¯-b‑ps‑S S‑nh‑n ]‑pd-¸‑mS‑p Iï-d‑nª h‑mb-\¡‑mÀ¡‑p a‑p¼‑nÂ ]{‑X‑w A¨‑p-\‑n-c-¯‑p-¶X‑v a‑qe‑yhÀ²‑nX Z‑ri‑y-§Ä I‑mW‑n-¡‑m-\‑mW‑v; s‑Se‑n-h‑n-js‑â ]c‑n-a‑nX‑n-I-f‑n-Ã‑m¯ AZ‑ri‑y Z‑ri‑y-§Ä. Fg‑p¯‑v I‑mg‑vN- I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-h‑p¶ I‑me‑w h¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-

Pqsse 2014

s‑h-¶À°‑w. A£-c-§f‑p‑w h‑m¡‑p-If‑p‑w t‑Nt‑X‑m-l-c-a‑mb‑n s‑\b‑vX‑p-t‑NÀ¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-cs‑â a\Ê‑v I‑y‑madb‑p‑w h‑mb-\-¡‑m-cs‑â a\Ê‑v I‑mg‑vN-b‑ps‑S Ac-§‑p-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S I‑me¯‑v X‑qe‑n-Ib‑p‑w Z‑ri‑y-s‑a-g‑p-X‑p-¶‑p. Vis‑‑ual ‑w‑rit‑i‑ng F¶‑p k‑mb‑v]‑v ]d-b‑p‑w. cï‑p- h‑m-¡‑p-IÄ s‑I‑mï‑v a‑q¶‑m-a-s‑X‑m¶‑p X‑oÀ¡‑p¶-X‑n\‑p ]Ic‑w \£-{‑X-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v cN-\-b‑ps‑S k‑phÀW-hg‑n F¶‑p ]dª Ih‑n t‑d‑m_À«‑v {‑_‑uW‑n-§‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v Hc‑p I‑mg‑vN-¸‑mS‑v a‑p¶‑nÂ \‑nÂ¡‑p¶‑p Fg‑p-¯‑ns‑â C‑u Z‑o]-¡‑m-g‑vN. ""U‑n]‑n-C]‑n t‑Ic-f-¯‑ns‑e ]Å‑n-¡‑q-S-§-f‑n-t‑e¡‑p If‑n¨‑p‑w N‑nc‑n¨‑p‑w ]‑ns‑¶ h‑nh‑m-Z-§-f‑ps‑S t‑I‑m´-e-b‑nÂ X‑q§‑nb‑p‑w‑'' Ib-d‑n-h-¶‑p-s‑h¶‑v Fg‑p-X‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ \‑m‑w h‑mb‑n¡‑pI a‑m{‑X-a-Ã‑, If‑n¨‑p N‑nc‑n¨‑p hc‑p¶ I‑p«‑n-Is‑f I‑mW‑pIb‑p‑w t‑I‑m´-e-b‑nÂ X‑q§‑n-b‑m-S‑p¶ N‑nW‑p-§-e‑p-IÄ t‑IÄ¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w I‑qS‑n-b‑m-W‑v. Z‑ri‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑nÂ I‑mW‑p-¶-X‑ns‑\-¡‑mÄ Bb‑pÀ_e-a‑pÅ I‑mg‑vN. \‑m«‑p-I‑m-c‑ps‑S s‑s‑hZ‑y‑p-X‑n-_‑nÂ AS-b‑v¡‑m\‑pÅ _‑m[‑yX k‑zb‑w Gs‑ä-S‑p¯ Hc‑m-s‑f-¸ä‑n ""N‑ne-s‑c‑ms‑¡ k‑wi-b-¯‑ns‑â s‑Nd‑p-t‑j‑m-¡‑p-a‑mb‑n t‑\‑m¡‑p‑w'' F¶ h‑mb-\-b‑nÂ s‑Nd‑ns‑b‑mc‑p s‑s‑hZ‑y‑pX‑n {‑]h‑m-l-¯‑ns‑â I‑nc‑p-I‑n-c‑p-¸‑nt‑Ã? ""I‑pS-a-d-b‑v¡‑p-Å‑ns‑e I®‑o-c‑p-X‑p-S-¨‑v, kl-\-¯‑ns‑â h‑mX‑n-e‑p-IÄ X‑pd-¶‑v, \¼‑q-X‑nc‑nP‑oh‑nX‑w ]‑pd-t‑¯-¡‑p-h¶ I‑me-¯‑ns‑â H‑mÀa-IÄ ]¯‑mb‑w \‑nds‑bb‑ps‑Å‑mc‑p h‑os‑S‑''¶‑v Hc‑p a\s‑b h‑nt‑i-j‑n¸‑n¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Hc‑p he‑nb ]¯‑mb‑w \‑nds‑b I‑mg‑vN-IÄ Fs‑â a\-Ê‑nÂ \‑nd-b‑p¶‑p; Ah-b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p I‑me-¯‑ns‑â C‑uS‑p-h-b‑v]‑p-I-f‑nÂ s‑X‑m«‑p-hc‑p¶ A\‑p-c-W-\-§Ä t‑IÄ¡‑p-¶‑p. ""hÅ‑p-h-\‑m-«‑n-t‑e¡‑p I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob‑w ]«‑n-W‑n-¡e-h‑p-a‑mb‑n hc‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑'' F¶ IÂ]-\-b‑nÂ i‑q\‑y‑w ]‑nS‑n¨ B hch‑v \‑m‑w h‑mb‑n-¡‑p-I-b-Ã‑, I‑mW‑pI X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v.

(39) B Ie‑w A{‑X-t‑bs‑d kX‑y‑w \‑nd¨‑v \½‑ps‑S a‑p¼‑nÂ h‑m X‑pd¶‑p \‑nÂ¡‑p-¶‑p. Hc‑p s‑]¬I‑p-«‑n-b‑ps‑S {‑]k-c‑n-¸‑pÅ _‑me‑ys‑¯ hÀ®‑n¡‑m³ ""I‑p«‑n-¡‑me‑w Hc‑p ]‑m«‑p-]‑p-k‑vX-I‑w-t‑]‑ms‑e `‑wK‑n-b‑pÅX‑v‑'' F¶-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ Z‑ri‑y-k‑w-K‑oX‑w t‑NÀ¯‑v F§s‑\ ]d-b‑m-\‑mh‑p‑w? B ]‑m«‑p-]‑p-k‑vXI‑w X‑pd-¶‑p-h-b‑v¡‑p-¶X‑v h‑mb-\-¡‑m-cs‑â `‑mh-\-t‑b‑mf‑w ]‑m«‑p‑w X‑mf-§-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v. ae-b‑mf at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ns‑e b‑ph-k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡-f‑mb at‑\‑mP‑v s‑Xt‑¡-S-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w s‑I. k‑pÄ^‑n-¡-d‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w N‑ne ] {‑X-s‑a-g‑p-¯‑p-I-f‑nÂ \‑ns‑¶-S‑p¯ DZ‑m-l-c-W-§-f‑mW‑v a‑pI-f‑nÂ D²-c‑n-¨-X‑v. C‑u kÀK‑m-ß-I-Xb‑p‑w Z‑ri‑y‑m-ß-I-Xb‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb I‑mc‑ya‑m-s‑W¶‑p Ic‑p-X-c‑p-X‑v. CX‑p ]{‑X-§-f‑nÂ ]t‑ï-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p. s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ hc‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p a‑p¼‑v ]{‑X-§Ä hÅ‑w-If‑n d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑n-c‑p-¶-t‑X‑mÀ¡‑pI. `‑mh-\b‑v¡‑p X‑pg-]‑n-S‑n-¸‑n¨ hÅ‑w-If‑n d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-IÄ h‑mb‑n¨‑v \‑m‑w H‑mf-§-f‑nÂ I‑pX‑n-¨‑p-bÀ¶‑n-c‑p¶ I‑me‑w. AW‑ns‑X-ä‑ms‑X h‑og‑p¶ X‑pg-b‑ps‑S i_‑vZ-¯‑n\‑p‑w \½‑ps‑S s‑\©‑nS‑n-¸‑n\‑p‑w Ht‑c X‑mf-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nt‑Ã? B X‑mfh‑p‑w X‑oc¯‑p X‑n§‑n-\‑n-dª P\-¯‑ns‑â Bc-hh‑p‑w t‑]\-b‑nÂ Gä‑p-h‑m§‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p ]gb ]{‑X-s‑a-g‑p-¯‑v. Be-¸‑pg s‑\l‑vd‑p t‑{‑S‑m^‑n-b‑nÂ I‑pX‑n-s‑¨¯‑n h‑nP-b‑n¡‑p¶ N‑pï\‑v \½‑ps‑S a\Ê‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ Xe-s‑b-S‑p¸‑v H¶‑m-t‑e‑m-N‑n¨‑p t‑\‑m¡‑q. ]{‑X-s‑a-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-cs‑â kÀK‑m-ß-I-X‑, h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c³

At‑X kÀK‑m-ß-I-X-s‑I‑mï‑p ]‑qc‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑mk‑vX-h-¯‑nÂ S‑nh‑n-b‑ps‑S hch‑v h‑mb-\-¡‑m-cs‑â kÀK‑m-ß-I-Xb‑v¡‑p‑w Z‑ri‑y-t‑_‑m-[-¯‑n\‑p‑w ]c‑n-[‑nb‑p‑w ]c‑n-a‑nX‑nb‑p‑w \‑nÝ-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v. I‑pX‑n-¨‑p-]‑m-b‑p¶ N‑pï³ t‑¢‑mk-¸‑nÂ I‑mW‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, AX‑phs‑c h‑mb-\-¡‑m-cs‑â a\-Ê‑nÂ Bt‑h-i-¯‑n-c-b‑n-f¡‑nb H‑mf-§Ä s‑]s‑«¶‑p s‑I«-S-§‑p-¶‑p. C{‑X-b‑p-t‑a-b‑pt‑Å‑m Fs‑¶‑mc‑p t‑N‑mZ‑y-`‑m-h‑w. hÀj-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S Fg‑p-¯‑ns‑e N‑n{‑X-s‑a-g‑p¯‑v I‑qS‑p-XÂ aÕc-£-a-a‑m-b‑n. N‑n{‑X-§Ä¡‑p I‑qS‑p-XÂ a‑ng‑nh‑p h¶‑p. as‑ä‑mc‑p kl-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³ k‑m¡‑nÀ l‑ps‑s‑k³ Xa‑n-g‑v\‑m«‑nÂ s‑PÃ‑n-s‑¡«‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿‑m³ t‑]‑mb‑n hs‑¶-g‑p-X‑nb ] {‑X-I-Y-b‑ns‑e Hc‑p Z‑ri‑y‑w Ct‑¸‑m-g‑p-a‑pï‑v Fs‑â a\-Ê‑nÂ. s‑PÃ‑n-s‑¡-«‑ns‑â k‑wL-‑mS\\‑mb-Is‑â c‑wK-{‑]-t‑hi‑w Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v t‑eJ-I³. \‑mb-I\‑p s‑I‑m¼³ a‑oi-b‑m-W‑v. s‑I‑m¼³a‑oi F¶‑p ] d-ª‑mÂXs‑¶ h‑mb-\-¡‑m-cs‑â a\Ê‑nÂ Hc‑p a‑oi- h‑n-c‑nb‑p‑w. h‑mb-\-¡‑m-cs‑â `‑mh-\b‑p‑w kÀK‑m-ß-I-X-b‑p-a-\‑p-k-c‑n¨‑v B a‑oib‑v¡‑p he‑p-¸h‑p‑w "s‑I‑m¼¯'h‑p‑w Gd‑nb‑p‑w I‑pdª‑p-a‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑p- a‑m-{‑X‑w. F¶‑mÂ k‑m¡‑nÀ l‑ps‑s‑k³ Fg‑p-X‑n-b-s‑X-´‑ms‑Wt‑¶‑m? ""Ic‑n-¼‑q-¨s‑b IS‑n-¨‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¨-X‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑pÅ a‑oi‑'' F¶‑v. C‑u Id‑p-¸-g-I‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p h‑mb-\-¡‑m-cs‑â a\-Ê‑nÂ h‑nc‑nb‑p-¶‑, h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c\‑p s‑s‑I\‑o«‑n s‑X‑mS‑p-Ib‑p‑w ]‑nc‑n-¨‑p-c-k‑n-

2012þÂ \½‑ps‑S XIg‑n i‑nh-i-¦-c-¸‑n-Å-b‑ps‑S P·i-X‑m-_‑vZ‑n¡‑v Pb-N-{‑µ³ Ce-¦¯‑v ae-b‑mf at‑\‑mc-a-b‑nÂ Fg‑p-X‑nb ^‑o¨-d‑ns‑e N‑ne Z‑ri‑y‑m-\‑p-`-h§Ä Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Fs‑â a\-Ê‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. ""\‑oÀ¡‑p¶‑w IS-¸‑pd‑w Bs‑I a‑md‑n-t‑¸‑mb‑n; IS-¸‑pd-¯‑p-I‑m-c‑p‑w. C‑u ISe‑p‑w C§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ; IS-e‑ns‑e hÅ-§f‑p‑w. \‑na‑nj‑w{‑]X‑n-s‑b-t‑¶‑mW‑w X‑oc‑w IhÀ¶‑v ISÂ t‑Id‑n-t‑¡d‑n hc‑p-¶‑p. s‑I‑m¶t‑]‑ms‑e ]‑q¯ s‑X§‑p-IÄ IS-e‑n-t‑e¡‑p a‑q¡‑pI‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. AX‑p -Iï‑p t‑]S‑n¨‑p I‑qä³ Ic‑n-¦-Ã‑pI-f-S‑p¡‑n k‑wc-£-W-`‑n¯‑n X‑oÀ¯‑p. h‑ni‑z‑mk‑w t‑]‑mc‑mª‑v `‑n¯‑n¡‑p ]‑n¶‑nÂ I‑mä‑m-S‑n-a-c-§Ä h¨‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. F¶‑n«‑p‑w As‑¶‑mc‑p ]«‑m-¸-IÂ ISÂ k‑p\‑m-a‑n-b‑mb‑n k‑wl‑m-c-X‑m-Þ-h-a‑m-S‑n. A©c ]X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑n-t‑es‑d a‑p¼‑v Ct‑X IS-¸‑p-d¯‑p-\‑n¶‑p XIg‑n Id‑p-¯-½-s‑bb‑p‑w ]c‑o-¡‑p-«‑ns‑bb‑p‑w s‑N¼³I‑p-ª‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w N¡‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w ] f-\‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w Is‑ï-S‑p-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ISe‑p‑w "IS‑m-¸‑pdh‑p‑w' C§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. s‑hb‑nÂ F¯‑nt‑\‑m-¡‑p¶ s‑N¼³I‑p-ª‑ns‑â I‑pS‑nÂt‑]‑m-s‑e‑mc‑p I‑pS‑nÂ Ct‑¸‑mÄ Ch‑n-s‑S-§‑p-a‑n-Ã. a‑n¡X‑p‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑I‑oä‑v h‑oS‑p-IÄ‑, b‑qW‑n-t‑^‑m-a‑n« I‑p«‑n-I-s‑ft‑¸‑ms‑e kÀ¡‑mÀ ]W‑n-X‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p¯ k‑p\‑ma‑n h‑oS‑p-IÄ. hÅh‑p‑w heb‑p‑w ]‑ns‑¶ I‑ps‑d N¦‑p-d¸‑p-a‑mb‑n IS-e‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n-c‑p¶ a‑p¡‑phÀ¡‑v C¶‑v A{‑X-b‑v¡§‑p s‑s‑[c‑y‑w t‑]‑mc‑m. hÅ-§-f‑ps‑S AW‑n-b¯‑p‑w Aa-c¯‑p‑w ]«‑p-]‑q-P‑n¨‑p s‑I«‑nb‑p‑w N‑nÓ-§Ä ]X‑n-¸‑n¨‑p‑w AhÀ h‑ni‑z‑m-ks‑¯ a‑pd‑ps‑I-¸‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p... ''

XIgn inh-i-¦-c-¸n-Å

Pqsse 2014

(40) ¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑m-h‑p¶ a‑oiZ‑ri‑y-¯‑ns‑â i‑mt‑J‑m-]-i‑m-J-IÄ t‑\‑m¡‑q. 2012þÂ \½‑ps‑S XIg‑n i‑nh-i-¦-c-¸‑n-Å-b‑ps‑S P·-i-X‑m_‑vZ‑n¡‑v Pb-N-{‑µ³ Ce-¦¯‑v ae-b‑mf at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑nÂ Fg‑pX‑nb ^‑o¨-d‑ns‑e N‑ne Z‑ri‑y‑m-\‑p-`-h-§Ä Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Fs‑â a\-Ê‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. ""\‑oÀ¡‑p¶‑w IS-¸‑pd‑w Bs‑I a‑md‑n-t‑¸‑mb‑n; IS-¸‑p-d¯‑p-I‑m-c‑p‑w. C‑u ISe‑p‑w C§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ; IS-e‑ns‑e hÅ-§f‑p‑w. \‑na‑nj‑w{‑]X‑n-s‑b-t‑¶‑mW‑w X‑oc‑w IhÀ¶‑v ISÂ t‑Id‑n-t‑¡d‑n hc‑p-¶‑p. s‑I‑m¶- t‑]‑ms‑e ]‑q¯ s‑X§‑p-IÄ IS-e‑n-t‑e¡‑p a‑q¡‑p-I‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. AX‑p -Iï‑p t‑]S‑n¨‑p I‑qä³ Ic‑n-¦-Ã‑p-I-f-S‑p¡‑n k‑wc-£-W-`‑n¯‑n X‑oÀ¯‑p. h‑ni‑z‑mk‑w t‑]‑mc‑mª‑v `‑n¯‑n¡‑p ]‑n¶‑nÂ I‑mä‑m-S‑n-a-c-§Ä h¨‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¸‑n¨‑p. F¶‑n«‑p‑w As‑¶‑mc‑p ]«‑m-¸-IÂ ISÂ k‑p\‑m-a‑n-b‑mb‑n k‑wl‑m-c-X‑m-Þ-h-a‑m-S‑n. A©c ]X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑n-t‑es‑d a‑p¼‑v Ct‑X IS-¸‑p-d-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑p XIg‑n Id‑p-¯-½-s‑bb‑p‑w ]c‑o-¡‑p-«‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w s‑N¼³I‑p-ª‑ns‑\b‑p‑w N¡‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w ]f-\‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w Is‑ï-S‑p-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ISe‑p‑w "IS‑m-¸‑p-dh‑p‑w' C§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. s‑hb‑nÂ F¯‑n-t‑\‑m-¡‑p¶ s‑N¼³I‑p-ª‑ns‑â I‑pS‑nÂt‑]‑m-s‑e‑mc‑p I‑pS‑nÂ Ct‑¸‑mÄ Ch‑n-s‑S-§‑p-a‑n-Ã. a‑n¡X‑p‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑I‑oä‑v

h‑oS‑p-IÄ‑, b‑qW‑n-t‑^‑m-a‑n« I‑p«‑n-I-s‑f-t‑¸‑ms‑e kÀ¡‑mÀ ]W‑nX‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p¯ k‑p\‑ma‑n h‑oS‑p-IÄ. hÅh‑p‑w heb‑p‑w ]‑ns‑¶ I‑ps‑d N¦‑p-d-¸‑p-a‑mb‑n IS-e‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n-c‑p¶ a‑p¡‑phÀ¡‑v C¶‑v A{‑X-b‑v¡§‑p s‑s‑[c‑y‑w t‑]‑mc‑m. hÅ-§-f‑ps‑S AW‑n-b¯‑p‑w Aa-c¯‑p‑w ]«‑p-]‑q-P‑n¨‑p s‑I«‑nb‑p‑w N‑nÓ-§Ä ]X‑n-¸‑n¨‑p‑w AhÀ h‑ni‑z‑m-ks‑¯ a‑pd‑p-s‑I-¸‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p... F¶‑n«‑p‑w a‑mä-a‑n-Ã‑ms‑X X‑pS-c‑p¶ H¶‑p-ï‑v. X‑oc¯‑p h‑nbÀ¸‑m-ä‑m³ \‑nc-¶‑p-I‑n-S-¡‑p¶ hÅ-§Ä. Ah-b‑ps‑S C‑u XW-e-¯‑n-c‑p¶‑v s‑I‑m¨‑p-hÀ¯-a‑m\‑w ]d-b‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑mW‑v ] c‑o-¡‑p«‑n BZ‑y-a‑mb‑n Id‑p-¯-½-b‑ps‑S s‑\©¯‑v Ad‑n-b‑ms‑X t‑\‑m¡‑n-t‑¸‑m-b-X‑v. Ch‑n-s‑S-\‑n-¶‑mW‑v s‑\©¯‑p s‑s‑I s‑I‑mï‑v K‑pW-\-N‑nÓ‑w X‑oÀ¯‑v Id‑p-¯½ H‑mS‑n-t‑¸‑m-b-X‑v... i¦-c-a‑w-Ke‑w Xd-h‑m-«‑p-a‑p-äs‑¯ a‑mh‑v C¡‑pd‑n hÃ‑ms‑X ]‑q¯‑p. a‑me t‑I‑mÀ¯-t‑]‑ms‑e I®‑n-a‑m-§-IÄ \S‑p-a‑p-äa‑ms‑I. aª-s‑¨-¼-c-¯‑nb‑p‑w \‑nds‑b ]‑qh‑n-«‑p. AI¯‑v ] g-aW‑w X‑qI‑p¶ I‑nS-¸‑p-a‑pd‑n C¶‑p kÀ¡‑mÀ hI XIg‑n k‑va‑mc-I-a‑m-W‑v. XI-g‑n-t‑¨-«s‑â jÀ«‑p‑w a‑pï‑p‑w t‑]\b‑p‑w s‑hä‑n-e-s‑¨-Ãh‑p‑w X‑p¸Â t‑I‑mf‑m-¼‑nb‑p‑w D‑u¶‑p-h-S‑n-b‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ At‑X-]-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑v. aS-§‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Iï‑p‑, A¼-e-¸‑pg t‑£{‑X-¯‑ns‑â I‑ng-t‑¡-\-S-b‑nÂ I‑p©³ k‑va‑mc-I-¯‑nÂ XIg‑n \« s‑X§‑p‑w \‑nds‑b I‑mb‑v¨‑p-I‑n-S-¡‑p¶‑p; XI-g‑n-t‑¨-

ae-b‑m-f- a-t‑\‑m-ca k‑vI‑qÄ I‑p-«‑n-IÄ¡‑p-t‑hï‑n 2005þÂ Hc‑p t‑]P‑v X‑pS-§‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ AX‑n-s‑\‑m-c‑p t‑]c‑v Bt‑e‑m-N‑n-¨‑p; Bt‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑m³ ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-k-a‑n-X‑nb‑wK-§-t‑f‑ms‑SÃ‑m‑w \‑nÀt‑±-i‑n-¨‑p. HS‑p-h‑nÂ X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p¯ t‑]c‑v: ]T‑n¸‑pc. k®‑n t‑P‑mk^‑v F¶ kl-{‑]-hÀ¯-Is‑â k‑w`‑m-h-\. ]T-\-¯‑n\‑p ]S‑n-¸‑p-c- X‑oÀ¯ B t‑]c‑nÂ ]T‑n¸‑p‑w Dcb‑p‑w DS-b‑ms‑X t‑NÀ¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. \‑nLï‑p-h‑ns‑e ]S‑n-¸‑p-cb‑v¡‑p I‑p«‑n-IÄ ]T‑n-¸‑pc Fs‑¶-g‑p-X‑nt‑Ã F¶‑p t‑N‑mZ‑n-¨-h-c‑p-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w "]T‑n-¸‑pc‑' F¶ ]Z-¯‑ns‑â t‑k‑mt‑±i‑y AÀ°-`‑w-K‑n-IÄ¡‑p a‑mÀ¡‑v s‑I‑mS‑p-¡‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ã.

Pqsse 2014

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Bi-b-k-¼-¶-c‑mb I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ \a‑p-¡‑ps‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑n¡ ]{‑X-t‑a‑m-^‑o-k‑p-I-f‑ne‑p‑w Fg‑p-¯‑pI‑mc‑p‑w I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-If‑p‑w X½‑nÂ Bi-b-]-c-a‑mb Hc‑p s‑I‑mS‑p-¡Â h‑m§Â \S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. kÀK[-\-c‑mb ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ \ÂI‑p¶ Bi-b-§f‑nÂ ]‑nS‑n¨‑p-I-bd‑n I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ H¶‑m‑w-Xc‑w I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑p-IÄ k‑rj‑vS‑n-¡‑p¶‑p; Ah kÀK‑m-ß-IX-b‑ps‑S kl-I-cW hc-{‑]-k‑m-Z-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑o-c‑p-¶‑p. ae-b‑m-f -a-t‑\‑m-c-a-b‑nÂ Hc‑p- Z‑n-h-k‑w -t‑]‑me‑p‑w a‑pS§‑ms‑X I‑p©‑p-¡‑p-d‑p¸‑v t‑]‑m¡ä‑v I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n\‑p ka-I‑m-e‑n-Ih‑p‑w AÀ°-]‑qÀWh‑p‑w kc-k-a-t‑\‑m-lc-h‑p-a‑mb I‑m´‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-d‑n-¸‑p-IÄ Fg‑p-X‑p-¶-X‑ns‑e kÀK‑m-ß-IX H¶‑m-t‑e‑m-N‑n¨‑p t‑\‑m¡‑q. hÀj§-f‑mb‑n Cs‑X-g‑p-¶-X‑ns‑â ]‑n¶‑ns‑e kÀK-h‑y‑m]‑m-ch‑p‑w Bt‑e‑m-N-\b‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m-t‑_‑m-[‑yh‑p‑w s‑Nd‑p-X-Ã. Ia‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡-j³ F¶ Bi-b-h‑n-\‑n-ab-Ie AS‑n-Ø‑m-\-]-c-a‑mb‑n Z‑ri‑y‑m-ß-I‑w -Xs‑¶; A¨-S‑n-b‑ns‑e h‑n\‑n-a-b-I-eb‑v¡‑p‑w I‑mXÂk‑z-`‑mh‑w as‑ä‑m-¶-Ã.

«\‑v Hc‑p a‑m«‑w A´‑n-¡Å‑v \ÂI‑m³ s‑I‑mX‑n-¡‑p‑w-t‑]‑m-s‑e...‑'' kÀK‑m-ß-I-X-b‑ps‑S h‑nf-b‑m«‑w Fg‑p-¯‑ns‑â a‑mk‑va-c‑n-I-Xb‑nÂ a‑m{‑X-a‑mb‑n HX‑p-§‑n-\‑nÂ¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. CX‑v Xe-s‑¡-«‑p-If‑n-e‑mh‑m‑w; h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m-X‑oX Fg‑p-¯‑p-I-f‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w \b‑n-¡‑p¶ Bi-b-§-f‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y-¯‑n-e‑p-a‑m-h‑m‑w. ae-b‑m-f- a-t‑\‑m-ca k‑vI‑qÄ I‑p-«‑n-IÄ¡‑p-t‑hï‑n 2005þÂ Hc‑p t‑]P‑v X‑pS-§‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ AX‑n-s‑\‑m-c‑p t‑]c‑v Bt‑e‑m-N‑n-¨‑p; Bt‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑m³ ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-k-a‑n-X‑nb‑wK-§-t‑f‑m-s‑SÃ‑m‑w \‑nÀt‑±i‑n-¨‑p. HS‑p-h‑nÂ X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p¯ t‑]c‑v: ]T‑n¸‑pc. k®‑n t‑P‑mk^‑v F¶ kl-{‑]-hÀ¯-Is‑â k‑w`‑m-h-\. ]T-\-¯‑n\‑p ]S‑n-¸‑p-c- X‑oÀ¯ B t‑]c‑nÂ ]T‑n¸‑p‑w Dcb‑p‑w DS-b‑ms‑X t‑NÀ¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. \‑nLï‑p-h‑ns‑e ]S‑n-¸‑p-cb‑v¡‑p I‑p«‑n-IÄ ]T‑n-¸‑pc Fs‑¶g‑p-X‑nt‑Ã F¶‑p t‑N‑mZ‑n-¨-h-c‑p-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w "]T‑n-¸‑pc‑' F¶ ]Z¯‑ns‑â t‑k‑mt‑±i‑y AÀ°-`‑w-K‑n-IÄ¡‑p a‑mÀ¡‑v s‑I‑mS‑p-¡‑mX‑n-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ã. Bi-b-k-¼-¶-c‑mb I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ \a‑p-¡‑p-s‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑n¡ ]{‑X-t‑a‑m-^‑o-k‑p-I-f‑ne‑p‑w Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑mc‑p‑w I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-If‑p‑w X½‑nÂ Bi-b-]-c-a‑mb Hc‑p s‑I‑mS‑p-¡Â h‑m§Â \S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. kÀK-[-\-c‑mb ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ \ ÂI‑p¶ Bi-b-§-f‑nÂ ]‑nS‑n¨‑p-I-bd‑n I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ H¶‑m‑w-Xc‑w I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑p-IÄ k‑rj‑vS‑n-¡‑p¶‑p; Ah kÀK‑m-ß-IX-b‑ps‑S kl-I-cW hc-{‑]-k‑m-Z-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑o-c‑p-¶‑p. ae-b‑m-f -a-t‑\‑m-c-a-b‑nÂ Hc‑p- Z‑n-h-k‑w -t‑]‑me‑p‑w a‑pS-§‑ms‑X I‑p©‑p-¡‑p-d‑p¸‑v t‑]‑m¡ä‑v I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑n\‑p ka-I‑m-e‑n-Ih‑p‑w AÀ°-]‑qÀWh‑p‑w kc-k-a-t‑\‑m-l-c-h‑p-a‑mb I‑m´‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-d‑n-¸‑pIÄ Fg‑p-X‑p-¶-X‑ns‑e kÀK‑m-ß-IX H¶‑m-t‑e‑m-N‑n¨‑p t‑\‑m ¡‑q. hÀj-§-f‑mb‑n Cs‑X-g‑p-¶-X‑ns‑â ]‑n¶‑ns‑e kÀK-h‑y‑m-]‑mch‑p‑w Bt‑e‑m-N-\b‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m-t‑_‑m-[‑yh‑p‑w s‑Nd‑p-X-Ã. Ia‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡-j³ F¶ Bi-b-h‑n-\‑n-a-b-Ie AS‑n-Ø‑m\-]-c-a‑mb‑n Z‑ri‑y‑m-ß-I‑w -Xs‑¶; A¨-S‑n-b‑ns‑e h‑n\‑n-a-b-Ieb‑v¡‑p‑w I‑mXÂk‑z-`‑mh‑w as‑ä‑m-¶-Ã. ]{‑X-s‑a-g‑p-¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑mb-\¡‑mÀ h‑mb‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v‑, AYh‑m I‑mW‑p-¶X‑v‑, Z‑ri‑y-§-f‑mW‑v; t‑Ihe‑w A£-c-§f‑p‑w Ah t‑NÀ¶‑p-ï‑m-I‑p¶ h‑m¡‑p-If‑p‑w Ah s‑I‑mc‑p-¯‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p¶ h‑mI‑y-§f‑p‑w a‑m{‑X-a-Ã. h‑m¡‑p-I-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w Ah-b‑ps‑S kÀK‑mßI I‑qS‑n-t‑¨-c-e‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w ^e‑w Z‑ri‑y-§-f-Ã‑ms‑X as‑ä‑m-¶‑pa-Ã. C‑u I‑qS‑n-t‑¨-ce‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-ï‑m-I‑p¶ Z‑ri‑y-`‑m-h-¯‑n\‑v k‑ml‑n-X‑y-¯‑n-e‑m-s‑W-¦‑nÂ _‑n‑w_-§Ä F¶‑mW‑p ]d-b‑p-I. a‑qe‑y-hÀ[‑nX ]{‑X-`‑m-j-b‑ne‑p‑w kÀK‑m-ßI ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯IÀ _‑n‑w_-§Ä X‑oÀ¡‑p-¶‑p. A§s‑\ ]{‑X-s‑a-g‑p-¯‑ns‑e "t‑Ì‑md‑n‑' _‑n‑w_-[-\‑y-a‑mb IY-]-d-bÂ Xs‑¶-b‑mb‑n a‑md‑p-¶‑p. C\‑n-b‑pÅ I‑me¯‑v ]{‑X-s‑a-g‑p-¯‑ns‑â Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb Ic‑p-¯‑m-I‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p-¶X‑v Fg‑p-¯‑ns‑â Z‑ri‑y-k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ Xs‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. AÃ‑, A§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑p. _‑n‑w_-§f‑ps‑S N‑n{‑X-\‑nÀh‑n-t‑i-j-a‑mb k¶‑n-t‑h-i-a‑mW‑v Z‑ri‑y‑m-ßI Fg‑p-¯‑ns‑â h‑y‑mI-c-W-¯-d. h‑mb-\-¡‑m-cs‑â a\-Ê‑ns‑e s‑hÅ‑n-¯‑n-c-b‑nÂ AZ‑ri‑y Z‑ri‑y-§Ä s‑Xf‑n-b‑n-¡‑p¶ c‑mkh‑nZ‑y. B Fg‑p-¯‑n\‑p ]t‑£‑, kÀK‑m-ß-IX a‑m{‑X‑w t‑]‑mc‑m‑, kÀK‑m-ßI `‑mj -I‑qS‑n t‑hW‑w. ae-b‑mf at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑nð At‑k‑m-k‑n-t‑bä‑v F-U‑n-äd‑p‑w IY‑mI‑r¯‑p‑w t‑\‑mh-e‑n-Ì‑p‑w t‑I‑mf-a‑n-Ì‑p-a‑m-W‑v t‑e-JI³. (tIc-f {]-kv A-¡mZ-an {]-kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n-b "am[ya{]hÀ¯-\hpw kÀKm-ß-I-Xbpw' F-ó ]p-kv-X-I¯nð \nóv) Pqsse 2014

(42) Studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Corner

J. V. Vilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;anilam

A Glance at the History of the Print Media

The technique of printing was not received in India with the same enthusiasm with which it was received in different parts of Europe.

radle of an ancient civilisation that is at least five millennia old, India had been blessed with a treasure-house of religious, philosophical, and literary learning even before her famous universities of Nalanda, Vikramsila, Takshsila, Kanchi, and Vallabhi were established. Traditional beliefs and ideas were handed down orally from time immemorial. Eventually, folk tales, myths, epic stories, and hymns evolved into a large collection of conventional wisdom recorded in the oral tradition first, and then on palm leaves. How did knowledge travel in ancient India? Perhaps orally first through peripatetic philosophers and ballad singers, and later through palm leaves. Modern systems of communication through the print media started with the arrival of the early European communicators during the Pqsse 2014

Mughal period. The first printing press was set up by Portuguese missionaries in the College of St. Paul in Goa, on 6 September 1556. The next few decades saw the establishment of printing presses in different towns in the southwestern and southern parts of India. Some of these presses were established by German, Dutch, Spanish, and British religious workers who spread the message of Christianity through leaflets, pamphlets, Bible translations, hymns and worship service, and prayer books. Some of the European missionaries translated Indian classics from Sanskrit and Tamil into English; with the help of Indian pundits, some others prepared dictionaries and proverb collections in different languages. We in Kerala are familiar with the works of Hermann Gundert of the Basel Mission. Gundert was the first lexicographer in Malayalam; he

lived and worked in Thalassery and other parts of Malabar. It is unfortunate that the new technique of printing was not received in India with the same enthusiasm with which it was received in different parts of Europe. Some writers (for example, A. K. Priolkar in Marathi) have conjectured that many elite social leaders were against printing because they believed that the printing ink contained animal fat that was mlechha and polluting! It took almost two-and-a-half centuries for a printed newspaper to appear since the establishment of the first printing press in India, and that too was in a foreign language. The first printed newspaper was the Bengal Gazette or the Calcutta General Advertiser edited and published by James Augustus Hicky. It appeared on 29 January 1780. The stunted growth of newspapers in India was due to the historical truth that there was no single, common language for the entire country. The

(43) first newspaper in India was a newspaper of the Englishmen living in Calcutta; it was established by an Englishman for the English residents in the city.

of newspapers in English that served as the major opinion formers, opinion reflectors, and information dispensers. There were also newspapers

economic and administrative matters emerged much later in the mid-19th century. The fact that following the so-called Sepoy Mutiny in 1857 (now called the First War of Independence), the Vernacular Press Regulation Act was imposed by the British rulers, is evidence enough that by the middle of the 19th century, educated Indians who were running newspapers in English and various Indian languages had raised several issues about the need for administrative reforms and self-rule (Swarajya). Though the East India Company was established as a trading company, it expanded its activities into the political sphere, and by the middle of the 18th century, it had become virtual rulers in Bengal, Bombay, and Madras, except for the areas in those provinces that were under native rulers. By 1876, Queen Victoria became the Empress of India. When the number of European settlers increased and the natives received English education following Lord Macaulayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s famous Education Minute of 1835, the number of printed English books and periodicals increased. But there were some Indian thinkers, editors, and social reformers who used the medium of newspaper journalism to reform Indian society. We shall look at those important Indians in the next article. See you later, communicator!

Later on, every major language of India saw the emergence of newspapers, although in the capital of every British province there were a couple

and magazines in local languages for every major linguistic area, but they were more literary and social than political or economic. Political newspapers dealing with

Professor Dr. J. V. Vilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (19821992) at the University of Kerala. As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards. Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

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s‑]‑mX‑ps‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¸‑ns‑â ]Ý‑m¯e ¯‑nÂ‑, 1987þ'99 I‑mes‑¯ _‑n.s‑P.]‑n. a‑pt‑¶ä¯‑ns‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI Nc‑n{‑X a‑mb‑n a‑md‑nb C‑u ]T\¯‑ns‑â ]‑p\À h‑mb\¡‑v AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑pXs‑¶ Gs‑d Politics after Television Aravind Rajagopal Cambridge University Press, 2001

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t‑I‑mU‑v h‑nh‑mZ‑whs‑cb‑pffh Fc‑nX‑ob‑n Â F® ]IÀ¶‑p. c‑ma‑mbW]c¼c b‑ps‑S k‑wt‑{‑]jW‑w‑, cYb‑m{‑X‑, _‑m_‑vd‑nak‑vP‑nZ‑ns‑â XIÀ¡Â‑, s‑Xc s‑ªS‑p¸‑ph‑nPb‑w F¶‑n§s‑\ C¡‑m ebfh‑ne‑pï‑mb l‑nµ‑pX‑z c‑m{‑ã‑ob ¯‑ns‑â t‑hc‑pdb‑v¡e‑n\‑p ]‑n¶‑nÂ a‑m[‑ya§Ä‑, h‑nt‑ij‑n¨‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ hl‑n¨ ]¦‑ns‑â h‑niIe\a‑mW‑v c‑mP t‑K‑m]‑me‑ns‑â e£‑y‑w. k‑ma‑ql‑nIX s‑¡‑m¸‑w a‑m[‑ya]cXb‑p‑w aX‑mßIX s‑¡‑m¸‑w h‑n]W‑n]cXb‑p‑w C‑u {‑[‑ph‑o IcW¯‑ns‑â KX‑n \‑nÀWb‑n¨‑p. k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI t‑Zi‑obXs‑b¶ \‑neb‑n t‑e¡‑v l‑nµ‑pX‑zh‑mZ‑w ]c‑nWa‑n¨X‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob þ k‑m¼¯‑nI þ k‑ma‑ql‑nI a‑m\§f‑p‑w AX‑v k‑wL]c‑nh‑md‑n\‑p s‑]‑mX‑ph‑ne‑p‑w _‑n.s‑P.]‑n¡‑p h‑nt‑ij‑n ¨‑p‑w t‑\S‑ns‑¡‑mS‑p¯ P\k½X‑nb‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya{‑]‑oX‑nb‑p‑w c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ NÀ¨ s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑nb‑pff c‑m{‑ã‑ob þ k‑ma‑ql‑nI h‑niIe\¯‑n s‑â N‑ne c‑oX‑ni‑mk‑v{‑X§Ä Ba‑pJ ¯‑nÂ N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶‑pï‑v {‑KÙ I‑mc³. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ k‑ma‑ql‑nI {‑]`‑mhs‑¯ ¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff s‑db‑vaï‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑â {‑]h‑ml (flow‑) k¦e‑v]‑w‑, a‑mÀjÂ aI‑ve‑qls‑âb‑p‑w t‑¢‑mZ‑vs‑et‑^‑md‑ns‑â b‑p‑w N‑ne s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]T\k¦e‑v]\ §Ä {‑K‑m‑wj‑nb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w t‑_‑mÀZ‑nb‑ph‑n s‑âb‑p‑w A¸‑mZ‑ps‑s‑cb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya t‑I{‑µ‑nX k‑ma‑ql‑nIk‑n²‑m´§Ä‑,

s‑KÂ\d‑ps‑S t‑Zi‑obX‑mXX‑z§Ä‑, Ì‑phÀ«‑vl‑mf‑ns‑â kt‑¦X\ þ h‑nkt‑¦ X\ XX‑z‑w‑, U‑m\‑nbÂ t‑eWd‑ps‑S k‑ma‑ql‑nIk‑n²‑m´§Ä‑, _\S‑nÎ‑v B³t‑Ug‑vk¬s‑â A¨S‑na‑pXe‑mf‑n¯ k¦e‑v]\‑w‑, t‑l_Àa‑mk‑ns‑â s‑]‑mX‑p aÞek‑n²‑m´‑w F¶‑n§s‑\ A¡‑m Za‑nI ]T\]²X‑nIf‑ps‑S h‑n]‑pea‑mb Hc‑p ]Ý‑m¯e‑wXs‑¶ c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ Xs‑â At‑\‑zjW¯‑n\‑m[‑mca‑m¡‑p¶‑p. H¸‑w‑, Cb‑m³ B‑wK‑ns‑â {‑]ik‑vXa‑mb s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]c¼c]T\¯‑ns‑â a‑mX‑rIb‑nÂ c‑ma‑mbW]c¼c t‑{‑]£ Ic‑ps‑S I¯‑pIf‑p‑w Ahc‑pa‑mb‑n \S ¯‑nb A`‑na‑pJ§f‑p‑w aä‑p‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ ¯‑nb‑pff h‑niIe\§f‑p‑w. a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯Ic‑pa‑mb‑pff A`‑na‑pJ§f‑m W‑v C‑u ]T\¯‑ns‑â as‑ä‑mc‑p c‑oX‑n i‑mk‑v{‑X‑w. 1987þ99 I‑mes‑¯ k‑w`h _l‑pea‑mb \‑nch[‑n kµÀ`§f‑ne‑m W‑v C‑u A`‑na‑pJ§Ä {‑KÙI‑mc³ \S¯‑p¶X‑v. C´‑yb‑nÂ \‑ns‑¶¶ t‑]‑ms‑e At‑ac‑n¡b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑pa‑pff k‑wL]c‑nh‑mÀ {‑]hÀ¯Ic‑pa‑mb‑pff k‑w`‑mjWa‑mW‑v as‑ä‑mc‑p BIc‑w. N‑pc‑p¡¯‑nÂ‑, t‑Zi‑obX‑, aX a‑ue‑nIh‑mZ‑w‑, hÀK‑obc‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI t‑Zi‑obX‑, Bt‑K‑mf hÂ¡cW‑w‑, k‑whcW h‑nc‑p²kac §Ä‑, a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S aXc‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w F¶‑n§s‑\ \‑nch[‑n aÞe§f‑ne‑m b‑n ]SÀ¶‑pI‑nS¡‑p¶ 1987þ99 I‑me s‑¯ C´‑y³ c‑m{‑ã‑ob¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w t‑Zi‑obX‑m]‑p\Àh‑n\‑y‑mk¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w

k‑q£‑vaa‑mb Nc‑n{‑XcN\b‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p C‑u ]T\‑w. 2014s‑e A¼c¸‑n ¡‑p¶ t‑Zi‑obc‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w ]T‑n¡‑m\‑m {‑Kl‑n¡‑p¶hÀ \‑nÝba‑mb‑p‑w h‑mb‑n¨‑n c‑nt‑¡ï {‑KÙ‑w. {‑][‑m\a‑mb‑p‑w Bd[‑y‑mb§f‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ne‑pffX‑v. "l‑nµ‑pt‑Zi‑o bXb‑p‑w C´‑y³ c‑m{‑ã‑ob¯‑ns‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI c‑q]§f‑p‑w' F¶ H¶‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w a‑q¶‑p {‑]a‑pJ Xe§f‑n Â BÀ.Fk‑v.Fk‑v‑, h‑n.F¨‑v.]‑n‑, _‑n.s‑P.]‑n F¶‑o k‑wLS\IÄ h‑y‑m] Ia‑mb‑n \S¯‑p¶ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI c‑m{‑ã‑ob {‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â a‑m[‑ya a‑m\§Ä NÀ¨s‑Nb‑vXhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Bt‑K‑mfhÂ¡cW¯‑ns‑â Gäh‑p‑w kaÀYa‑mb a‑pXs‑eS‑p¸‑p\S¯‑ns‑¡‑m ï‑pXs‑¶ k\‑mX\ l‑nµ‑pX‑z¯‑ns‑â hà‑m¡Ä C´‑y³ c‑m{‑ã‑obs‑¯ F§s‑\ ^‑mj‑nk¯‑ns‑â h‑mÄa‑p\ ¯‑p¼‑nÂ {‑]X‑nj‑vT‑n¡‑p¶‑ps‑h¶‑v c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. l‑nµ‑pX‑zh‑mZ‑nIÄ a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑ph¨ DZ‑mc hÂ¡cW¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w X‑pd¶ h‑n]W‑n b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w k‑m¼¯‑nI c‑m{‑ã‑obs‑¯ ¡‑pd‑n¨‑v ‑'90 If‑ps‑S ]Ý‑m¯e¯‑nÂ c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ \S¯‑p¶ \‑nc‑o£W §f‑nÂ \t‑c{‑µt‑a‑mZ‑nb‑p‑w K‑pPd‑m¯‑p‑w b‑ms‑X‑mc‑pXc¯‑ne‑p‑w {‑]kàa‑mI‑p¶‑n s‑Ã¦‑ne‑p‑w ]‑nÂ¡‑me¯‑v C‑u `cW‑m[‑n I‑mc‑nb‑p‑w k‑wØ‑m\h‑p‑w k‑z‑oIc‑n¨ ]‑mXb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w s‑s‑Ihc‑n¨ {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y ¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w {‑]hN\ka‑m\a‑mb h‑niIe\a‑mb‑n C‑u \‑nc‑o£W§Ä Pqsse 2014

(46) a‑md‑p¶‑ps‑h¶‑p I‑mW‑m‑w. cï‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w‑, ‑"s‑s‑{‑]‑w s‑s‑S‑w aX‑w‑'‑, c‑ma‑mbW ]c¼cb‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. c‑maP·`‑qa‑n {‑]Ø‑m\¯‑ns‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI `‑qa‑ni‑mk‑v{‑Xh‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑nI a\‑xi‑m k‑v{‑Xh‑p‑w c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑nbX‑n\‑v C‑u s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]c¼cb‑v¡‑pff ]¦‑v Ak‑m[‑mcWa‑mb DÄ¡‑mg‑vNt‑b‑ms‑S c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. ]c ¼cb‑v¡‑p ]‑n¶‑ns‑e c‑ma‑mbW]‑mT‑w‑, AX‑ns‑â aX‑mßIX‑, Z‑ri‑ya‑m[‑ya k‑m[‑yXIÄ‑, c‑wK§f‑ps‑S AhXc W‑w‑, Ahb‑ps‑S `‑mj‑mc‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w‑, k‑ma‑q l‑nIX F¶‑n§s‑\ H‑mt‑c‑m Xeh‑p‑w AX‑nk‑q£‑vaa‑mb]{‑KY‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑mW‑v

b‑nt‑e¡‑v C´‑y³ P\Xb‑v¡‑pï‑mb ]c‑nW‑mas‑¯b‑p‑w c‑maP·`‑qa‑n{‑]Ø‑m \¯‑nt‑e¡‑pff Hc‑p h‑n`‑mK¯‑ns‑â I‑pX‑n¸‑ns‑\b‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ c‑ma‑m bW‑w F§s‑\ X‑zc‑n¸‑n¨‑p F¶‑v C‑ub[‑y‑mb‑w NÀ¨s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. Häb‑v¡ Ã‑, s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ c‑ma‑mbW‑w C‑u [Àa‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¨X‑v. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³Xs‑¶b‑p‑w Hc‑p P\{‑]‑nbk‑wk‑vI‑mca‑mb‑n a‑md‑n¯‑p S§‑nb I‑me‑w. c‑ma‑mbW]c¼c ]{‑X §f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w a‑pJ‑yh‑nt‑\‑mZc‑q]§f‑n s‑e‑m¶‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. h‑ni‑z‑mkh‑p‑w h‑nt‑\‑mZ h‑yhk‑mbh‑p‑w H¶‑mb‑n¯‑oÀ¶ a‑m[‑y a‑m\‑p`h‑w. A©‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w‑, c‑maP·`‑qa‑n {‑]Ø‑m\¯‑ns‑â {‑]X‑oI‑mßI ^e

Ach‑nµ‑v c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mð

ASnb´cmhØs¡Xnsc \S¶ sNdp¯p\nÂ¸nÂ tkmjyen ÌpIÄ¡pw P\m[n]XyhmZnIÄ¡psam¸w AWn\nc¶Xphgn Xo{hlnµpXz¯nsâ hàm¡Ä¡v ]pXnsbmcp cm{ãobemhWw Xpd¶pIn«pIXs¶ sNbvXp. F¬]XpIfpsS HSphnÂ Cubh Ø Ipsd¡qSn {]ISambn. cmaP·`qanXÀ¡¯nsâ ]Ým¯ ew C´y³ cm{ãob¯nÂ lnµpXz {[phoIcW¯nsâ kphÀW Ime¯n\p XpS¡an«p. aÞÂI½oj³ dnt¸mÀ«p apXÂ GIo IrX knhnÂtImUv hnhmZwhscbpffh FcnXobnÂ F® ]IÀ ¶p. cmambW]c¼cbpsS kwt{]jWw, cYbm{X, _m_vdn akvPnZnsâ XIÀ¡Â, sXcsªSp¸phnPbw F¶n§s\ C¡m ebfhnepïmb lnµpXz cm{ãob¯nsâ thcpdbv¡en\p ]n¶n Â am[ya§Ä, hntijn¨pw sSenhnj³ hln¨ ]¦nsâ hniIe \amWv cmPtKm]mensâ e£yw. kmaqlnIXs¡m¸w am[ya ]cXbpw aXmßIXs¡m¸w hn]Wn]cXbpw Cu {[phoIcW ¯nsâ KXn \nÀWbn¨p. kmwkvImcnI tZiobXsb¶ \nebn te¡v lnµpXzhmZw ]cnWan¨Xnsâ cm{ãobþkm¼¯nIþkmaq lnI am\§fpw AXv kwL]cnhmdn\p s]mXphnepw _n.sP.]n ¡p hntijn¨pw t\Sns¡mSp¯ P\k½Xnbpw am[ya{]oXnbpw cmPtKm]mÂ NÀ¨sN¿p¶p.

C‑u h‑niIe\‑w \S¡‑p¶X‑v. ]‑pc‑mW IYs‑b ]‑p\c‑p°‑m\h‑mZ]ca‑mb‑n ]‑p\c‑mh‑nj‑v¡c‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w as‑ä‑mc‑p ]‑qÀh]‑mT¯‑n\‑p‑w Ig‑nb‑m¯h‑n[‑w P\{‑]‑nba‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p‑, s‑Se‑nh‑nj³. AX‑ns‑\ l‑nµ‑pt‑Zi‑obX b‑ps‑S k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI]‑mTa‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑n‑, k‑wL]c‑nh‑mÀ. ‑"]c¼cb‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â t‑{‑]£Ic‑p‑w‑' F¶ a‑q¶‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w‑, C‑u a‑mä¯‑ns‑â a‑m[‑yac‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w NÀ¨s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. at‑X Xc]‑mT§f‑ps‑S k‑m[‑yXIÄ H¶S¦‑w XIÀ¯‑ps‑I‑mï‑v Hc‑p aX‑mßI]‑mT ¯‑ns‑â P\{‑]‑nb c‑q]¯‑nt‑e¡‑v c‑ma‑m bWs‑¯ Dc‑p¡‑ns‑b‑mg‑n¨‑p‑, s‑Se‑nh‑nj ³. C‑u aX‑mßI a‑m[‑ya]‑mTh‑p‑w c‑q] h‑p‑w Hc‑p aX‑mßI t‑Zi‑obX¡‑p P·‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¯X‑ns‑â h‑niIe\a‑mW‑v \‑me‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w. "Hc‑p h‑n`P‑nXs‑]‑mX‑p ka‑ql‑w' (A Split Public‑) F¶ \‑ne

{‑]‑m]‑vX‑nb‑v¡‑v c‑ma‑mbW ]c¼cb‑ps‑S {‑]X‑oI§Ä l‑nµ‑pX‑zià‑nIÄ F§s‑\ D]t‑b‑mKs‑¸S‑p¯‑n F¶‑p h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. c‑ma‑mbW¯‑ns‑â ]‑uc‑mW‑nI _‑n‑w_§Ä B[‑p\‑nI C´‑y³ a\Ê‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob _‑n‑w_ §f‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑m³ k‑wL]c‑nh‑mÀ k‑wLS\IÄ¡‑v AX‑nt‑hK‑w Ig‑nª‑p. Bd‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w "Bt‑K‑mf l‑nµ‑pX‑z‑' s‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑mW‑v. At‑ac‑n¡ DÄs‑¸s‑S b‑pff ]‑mÝ‑mX‑y c‑mP‑y§f‑nÂ k‑wL ]c‑nh‑md‑n\‑pff s‑\S‑nb i‑r‑wJeIÄ C‑ub[‑y‑mb‑w X‑pd¶‑pI‑m«‑p¶‑p. [\ ka‑mlcW‑w‑, \ha‑m[‑yahÂ¡cW‑w‑, c‑m{‑ã‑ob{‑]N‑mcW‑w F¶‑o Xe§f‑n s‑eÃ‑m‑w k‑wL]c‑nh‑mÀ I£‑nIs‑f i‑mà‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶X‑nÂ Bt‑K‑mfhÂ¡ cWI‑mes‑¯ l‑nµ‑pX‑zh‑y‑m]\¯‑n\‑p ff Ø‑m\‑w C‑ub[‑y‑mb‑w N‑qï‑n¡‑m W‑n¡‑p¶‑p. s‑s‑k_À l‑nµ‑pX‑z¯‑ns‑â k‑m[‑yXIÄ \t‑c{‑µt‑a‑mZ‑nb‑ps‑S I‑me

Pqsse 2014

¯‑v k‑wL]c‑nh‑mÀ D]t‑b‑mKs‑¸S‑p¯‑p ¶X‑ns‑â BZ‑y k‑qN\IÄ C‑u `‑mK ¯‑p I‑mW‑m‑w. _‑m_‑vd‑nak‑vP‑nZ‑v XÀ¡¯‑ns‑â `‑qXI‑meNc‑n{‑X‑w h‑nhc‑n¡‑p¶ Hc\‑p_ Ô‑w I‑qS‑n C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ne‑pï‑v. `cW I‑qS§f‑p‑w t‑I‑mSX‑nIf‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob I£‑nIf‑p‑w aXk‑wLS\If‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ ]¦‑pt‑NÀ¶‑, Hc‑p \‑qä‑ms‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w ]g¡a‑pff Hc‑p XÀ¡¯‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑X a‑mW‑nX‑v. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ F¶ P\{‑]‑nb a‑m[‑y a¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w c‑ma‑mbWs‑a¶ ]‑uc‑m W‑nI ]‑mT¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob k‑m[‑y XIÄ C{‑Xt‑aÂ h‑n]‑peh‑p‑w k‑q£‑va h‑pa‑mb]{‑KY‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ as‑ä‑mc‑p

C´‑y³ ]T\a‑nÃ. AÛ‑pXIca‑mb P\]‑n´‑pWt‑b‑ms‑S \t‑c{‑µt‑a‑mZ‑n A[‑nI‑mc¯‑nt‑ed‑nb 2014s‑e c‑m{‑ã‑ob I‑me‑mhØs‑b Nc‑n{‑X]ca‑mb‑n a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑m³ \s‑½ kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya]T\s‑a¶X‑ns‑\‑m¸‑w l‑nµ‑pX‑z t‑Zi‑obXb‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑m]{‑KY\ a‑mb‑p‑w l‑nµ‑pX‑zc‑m{‑ã‑ob k‑wLS\ If‑ps‑S P‑ohNc‑n{‑Xa‑mb‑p‑w C‑u ]T\‑w a‑md‑p¶‑p. Bt‑K‑mfhÂ¡cWI‑mes‑¯ C´‑yb‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑obNc‑n{‑Xs‑a¶ \‑ne b‑nÂ C{‑Xt‑aÂ k‑q£‑vaa‑mb‑n Hc‑p a‑m[‑ya{‑]X‑n`‑mk‑w h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ as‑ä‑mc‑p ]T\a‑nÃ. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com

(47) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

Indian Polity

The Television Handbook

M. Laxmikanth McGraw-Hill Education 696 Pages; Price Rs. 495.00

Jeremy Orlebar Routledge 336 Pages; Price Rs. 2,222.00

An excellent book for academicians, aspiring civil servants and people with keen interests in matters concerning politics, the Indian Polity serves as a Bible for gaining an in depth perspective on the features and trends of the Indian political system. The book is broadly divided into eleven parts. Part one focuses on the Indian constitutional framework while Part two provides information regarding the system of the government in India. The details concerning the three levels of government, namely, the Centre, State and the Local governments are mentioned respectively in part three, four and five. The rest of the two sections of Indian Polity are concerned with the various Constitutional bodies and Union Territories respectively. The information relating to ‘Nonconstitutional bodies’ and ‘Other Constitutional Dimensions’ are given in parts eight and nine respectively. ‘Political Dynamics’ and ‘Working of the Constitution’ constitute the remaining two parts.

The Television Handbook is a critical introduction to the practice and theory of television. The book examines the state of television today, explains how television is made and how production is organised, and discusses how critical thinking about programmes and genres can illuminate their meanings. This book also explores how developments in technology and the changing structure of the television industry will lead the medium in new directions. This book gives practical advice on many aspects of programme making, from an initial programme idea through to shooting and the post-production process. The Handbook offers chapters on the vigorous debates about what is meant by quality television, how news and factual programmes are responding to interactive technologies, and how formats such as Reality/Talent TV have risen in prominence. It also considers how drama, sport and music television can be discussed and interpreted.

Excellence in Online Journalism

David A. Craig SAGE 179 Pages; Price Rs. 1,711.00 For today’s students and journalists, knowing how to build a website is not enough - knowing how to craft a news story for maximum impact via the web is a must in today’s mediasaturated world. Drawing on interviews from more than 30 award-winning online journalists, editors, and producers (from the likes of NYTimes.com and washingtonpost.com), David Craig helps students understand the meaning, importance, and elements of journalistic excellence in today’s online environment. Organized around four elements of online excellence - comprehensiveness, speed and accuracy, open-endedness in story development, and conversation with users - the book provides detailed discussions of multimedia projects, blogs, usergenerated content, and breaking news. In addition, it examines the connection between ethics and excellence in order to more critically evaluate the work and practices of online journalism. Pqsse 2014

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\yqkv s\äv C.]n.jmPpZo³ BtKmf am[yacwKs¯ ]pXnb {]hWXIfpw hmÀ¯Ifpw a\Ênem¡m\pXIpó anI¨ aoUnb sh_vsskäpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wàn. am[yacwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ¡pw am[yahnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse {]tbmP\{]Zambncn¡pw Cu sskäpIfnð \nópw e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä.

a‑oU‑nb‑m N‑m\ð e‑mt‑`Ñ I‑qS‑ms‑X a‑m[‑ya Aht‑e‑mI \§Ä s‑N¿‑p¶ i‑r‑wLeb‑ps‑S s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v- mediachannel. org. s‑Nd‑pX‑p‑w he‑pX‑pa‑mb a‑m[‑ya Ø‑m]\§f‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m c‑nI‑, k‑ma‑ql‑y k‑v]µ\§s‑f CX‑nÂ A]{‑KY‑n¡‑p¶‑p. D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑z t‑_‑m[a‑pÅ a‑m[‑ya t‑aJes‑b k‑rã‑ns‑¨S‑p¡‑pI F¶X‑mW‑v- X§ f‑ps‑S e£‑ya‑mb‑n k‑wLS\ ]db‑p¶ X‑v. CX‑n\‑mb‑pÅ NÀ¨IÄ‑, kl IcW‑w‑, P\§f‑ps‑S I‑q«‑mb‑va F¶‑nh s‑s‑kä‑v e£‑y‑w hb‑v¡‑p¶‑p.

t‑e‑mI¯‑v GX‑m\‑p‑w I‑p¯I I¼\‑nIf‑mW‑v- ]{‑Xt‑aJes‑b \‑nb{‑´‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. t‑I‑mS‑n¡W¡‑n\‑p t‑U‑mfÀ \‑nt‑£]‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ C‑u t‑aJe h‑mW‑nP‑y X‑me‑v]c‑y¯‑n\‑p I‑og‑vs‑]S‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m\‑mW‑v- X§Ä {‑i²‑n¡‑p¶s‑X¶‑v s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v h‑yI‑vXa‑m¡‑p¶‑p. FÃ‑m P\§Ä¡‑p‑w CSs‑]S‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya k‑wk‑vI‑mc¯‑ne‑qs‑St‑b k‑zX{‑´ a‑m[‑ya§s‑f k‑rã‑n¡‑m\‑mh‑q. ]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya k‑wLS\If‑p‑w k¶²{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w ]Þ‑nXc‑p‑w k‑m[‑mcW P\§f‑ps‑aÃ‑m‑w k‑zX{‑´ a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S k‑uIc‑y‑w k‑z´a‑m¡‑p I F¶X‑mW‑v- e£‑ya‑mb‑n ChÀ DbÀ¯‑n¡‑m«‑p¶X‑v. \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v BØ‑m\a‑m¡‑nb‑m W‑p {‑]hÀ¯\s‑a¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑e‑mIs‑a¼‑m S‑p‑w i‑mJIf‑mb‑n hfc‑m\‑mW‑v- C‑u k‑wLS\b‑ps‑S e£‑y‑w. FÃ‑mb‑nS¯‑p Pqsse 2014

\‑n¶‑p‑w ka‑m\a\k‑vIÀ¡‑p k‑z‑mKX s‑a¶‑v s‑s‑kä‑v ]db‑p¶‑p. a‑m[‑yac‑wK s‑¯ \‑nc‑o£‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w At‑X¸ä‑n Fg‑pX‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p¶hÀ¡‑v CX‑nÂ Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑p‑w ]¦‑mf‑nIf‑pa‑mI‑m‑w. a‑m[‑ya t‑aJes‑b k‑w_Ô‑n¨ [‑mc‑mf‑w t‑eJ\§f‑mÂ ka‑r²a‑mW‑vt‑l‑m‑w t‑]P‑v. At‑ac‑n¡s‑b N‑pä‑n¸ä‑nb‑p ÅX‑mW‑v- `‑qc‑n]£‑w t‑eJ\§s‑f¦‑n e‑p‑w Ah a‑m[‑ya t‑aJes‑b \‑nc‑o£‑n ¡‑p¶ Hc‑mÄ¡‑v D]I‑mc{‑]Za‑mW‑v-. t‑U‑mï‑v a‑nk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑ns‑e t‑eJ\§Ä {‑it‑²b‑w. {‑][‑m\ t‑eJ\§s‑fÃ‑m‑w U‑ns‑k³j³ F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑nÂ I‑mW‑m‑w. t‑UÀ«‑n U‑oU‑vk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK‑w a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v I‑q¨‑ph‑ne§‑nS‑m³ \S¯‑p¶ {‑ia§s‑f s‑hf‑n¨¯‑p s‑I‑mï‑phc‑p¶‑p. N‑ne clk‑y‑mt‑\‑zjW d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ AïÀIt‑hU‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑nÂ I‑mW‑m‑w. a‑m[‑ya t‑aJes‑b k‑w_ Ô‑n¨ _‑nk‑n\k‑v h‑nhc§Ä Z‑v _‑nk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑ne‑pï‑v. F¶‑mÂ CX‑v a‑mÀ¡ä‑n‑wK‑v k‑z`‑mha‑pÅXÃ. t‑eJ\§Ä t‑]‑mÌ‑v s‑N¿‑m³ t‑I‑mï‑m Î‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑nÂ k‑uIc‑ya‑pï‑v.

k‑w`h§Ä k‑w_Ô‑n¨ ]-Ý‑m ¯e h‑nhc§Ä‑, A`‑na‑pJ§Ä‑, h‑nZK‑v[c‑ps‑S t‑»‑mK‑pIÄ F¶‑nhb‑p ï‑v. ]Ý‑m¯e h‑nhc§Ä hfs‑c ka{‑Ka‑mW‑v-. GX‑mï‑v FÃ‑m Z‑nhkh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑p¡‑p¶‑p F¶X‑mW‑vCX‑ns‑â {‑]t‑X‑yIX. ]»‑nt‑¡j³k‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK‑w Gs‑d {‑]t‑b‑mP\{‑]Z‑w. [‑mc‑mf‑w t‑eJ\§Ä CX‑ne‑pï‑v. Chc‑ps‑S k‑z´‑w a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, aä‑p {‑][‑m\ {‑]k‑n²‑oIcW§f‑nÂ h¶ t‑eJ\§f‑p‑w CX‑nÂ Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. CX‑nÂ Xs‑¶ aÌ‑v d‑oU‑vk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑nÂ AXX‑v Bg‑vNb‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\s‑¸« h‑njb§s‑f

k‑n.F^‑v.BÀ.

k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑niIe\§Ä h‑mb‑n¡‑m‑w. {‑]X‑nt‑c‑m[‑w‑, k‑pc£‑, k‑m¼¯‑n I c‑wK‑w‑, D‑uÀP‑w‑, ]c‑nØ‑nX‑n‑, t‑e‑mI c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w‑, Bt‑c‑mK‑y‑w‑, a\‑pj‑y‑mhI‑m i‑w‑, k‑wLÀj t‑aJeIÄ‑, \bX{‑´‑w‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nIc‑wK‑w‑, X‑o{‑hh‑mZ‑w‑, k‑mt‑¦X‑nI i‑mk‑v{‑X‑w F¶‑nhb‑mW‑vCX‑nÂ s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ h‑njb §Ä. C´‑yb‑ns‑e `cWa‑mäs‑¯ k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑niZa‑mb h‑niIe\§ Ä s‑s‑kä‑ne‑pï‑v.

h‑nh‑n[ t‑aJeIs‑f k‑w_Ô‑n¨ Bg ¯‑ne‑pÅ h‑niIe\§Ä \S¯‑p¶ Khs‑×t‑âXc k‑wLS\b‑mW‑v- I‑u¬ k‑nÂ H‑m¬ t‑^‑md‑n³ d‑nt‑ej³k‑v. Chc‑ps‑S s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑mb cfr.org ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v D]I‑mc{‑]Za‑mW‑v-. At‑ac‑n¡³ k‑wLS\s‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w DÅS¡¯‑nÂ At‑ac‑n¡³ N‑m-b‑vt‑h‑m ]£]‑mX‑nX‑zt‑a‑m H¶‑p‑w {‑]X‑y£¯‑n Â I‑mW‑m\‑mb‑n«‑nÃ. t‑d‑m¡‑vs‑^ÃÀ ÌU‑ok‑v t‑{‑]‑m{‑K‑ma‑n s‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ Fg‑p] X‑ne[‑nI‑w a‑pg‑ph³ kab Kt‑hjIc‑m W‑v- CX‑ns‑e ]T\§Ä \S¯‑p¶X‑v. C¯c‑w h‑niIe§Ä h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m‑, H‑mU‑nt‑b‑m c‑q]¯‑ne‑p‑w t‑eJ\a‑mb‑p‑w CX‑nÂ I‑n«‑p‑w. N‑ne ]T\§Ä h‑mb‑n¡‑m³ k_‑vk‑v{‑I‑n]‑vj³ t‑hW‑w.

awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

KmUvKnð-þIkvXqcncwK³ dnt¸mÀ«v: FXnÀ¡póXv bmYmÀ°yw Adnbm¯-hÀ þ- tUm.t¢mUv Aðhmdnkv

K‑mU‑vK‑nÂ-þIk‑vX‑qc‑nc‑wK³ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p Is‑f I‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ bY‑mÀ° [‑mcW CÃ‑m¯hc‑mW‑v \‑nÀt‑±i§Ä \S¸‑m ¡‑p¶X‑ns‑\ FX‑nÀ¡‑p¶s‑X¶‑v {‑]a‑p J ]c‑nØ‑nX‑n k‑m¼¯‑nI i‑mk‑v{‑X Ú³ t‑U‑m.t‑¢‑mU‑v AÂh‑md‑nk‑v. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑ps‑S B`‑na‑p J‑y¯‑nÂ \S¶ {‑]`‑mjW ]c¼c b‑nÂ a‑m[‑y-a‑w-þP\‑m[‑n]-X‑y‑wþ-]c‑nØ‑n X‑n F¶ h‑njbs‑¯I‑pd‑n¨‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n ¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. ]Ý‑naL« ae\‑ncIf‑ne‑pï‑mI‑p¶ ]‑mc‑nØ‑nX‑nI BL‑mX‑w IW¡‑ns‑eS‑p¯‑v {‑]‑mt‑b‑m K‑nI \‑nÀt‑±i§Ä \S¸‑m¡W‑w.

CX‑n\‑v a‑pt‑¶‑mS‑nb‑mb‑n {‑]t‑Zih‑mk‑n If‑ps‑S Bi¦IÄ AIä‑p¶X‑n\‑pÅ \S]S‑nIÄ s‑s‑Is‑¡‑mÅW‑w. CX‑n\‑v a‑m[‑ya§Ä a‑p³s‑s‑I FS‑p¡W‑w. I\¯ ]c‑nØ‑nX‑nI‑mL‑mXa‑pï‑m¡‑p ¶ {‑]hÀ¯‑nIs‑f a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v FX‑nÀ¡‑p¶X‑v. {‑K‑mak`IÄ¡‑v I‑qS‑pXÂ A[‑nI‑m c‑w \ÂI‑n X§f‑ps‑S A`‑n{‑]‑mb§Ä ]db‑m\‑p‑w X‑oc‑pa‑m\¯‑ne‑nSs‑]S‑m\‑p‑w Ig‑nbW‑w. d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v \S¸‑m¡‑p¶X‑n s‑\ ]‑qÀ®a‑mb‑n FX‑nÀ¡‑p¶X‑nÂ AÀ°a‑nÃ. t‑aJeb‑nÂ I‑rj‑n \S ¯‑p¶X‑n\‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v FX‑ncÃ. I\

¯t‑X‑mX‑ne‑pÅ c‑mkhf-I‑oS\‑mi‑n\‑n {‑]t‑b‑mK§Ä Hg‑nh‑m¡‑n I‑rj‑n \S ¯‑m‑w. d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑ns‑e bY‑mÀ° hk‑vX‑pXIf‑nÂ A[‑nj‑vT‑nXa‑mb NÀ¨If‑mW‑v \S¯‑p¶s‑X¶‑v Dd¸‑p hc‑p¯‑pIb‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya§Ä s‑Nt‑¿ ïX‑v -þ t‑U‑m.t‑¢‑mU‑v AÂh‑md‑nk‑v ]dª‑p. A¡‑mZa‑n \‑nÀh‑mlI ka‑nX‑n b‑wK‑w F³.c‑mt‑Pj‑v‑, C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ UbdÎÀ c‑mP‑p d‑mt‑^Â‑, eI‑vNdÀ s‑I.t‑laeX F¶‑nhÀ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p.

hmb\ hmcmNcWw hmb\ hmcmNcW¯nsâ FdWm Ipfw PnÃmXe kam]\ kt½f\w Pq¬ 25\v tIcf {]kv A¡mZan HmUntämdnb¯nÂ \S¶p. PnÃm IfÎÀ Fw. Pn. cmPamWnIyw DZvLm S\w sNbvXp. C³^Àtaj³ Bâv ]»nIv dntej³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv, {KÙimemkwLw, s]mXp hnZym`ym k hIp¸v, ]n. F³. ]Wn¡À ^utïj³, Xt±i kzbw`cWØm ]\§Ä XpS§nbhbpsS kwbpàm `napJy¯nembncp¶p hmcmNcWw kwLSn¸n¨Xv. hmcmNcW¯nsâ `mKambn Iznkv aÕchpw A¡mZan bnÂ \S¶p. hnPbnIÄ¡v kam]\ kt½f¯nÂ k½m\§Ä hnXcWw sNbvXp. Pqsse 2014

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

BZ‑w s‑s‑k¥‑nk‑v \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑ns‑e _^t‑ñ‑m \‑y‑qk‑ns‑â FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nbð I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑mb BZ‑w s‑s‑k¥‑nk‑nt‑âX‑mW‑v CdmJnse B`yć bp²s¯ N‑n{‑X‑oIc‑n¡‑pó C‑u I‑mÀ«‑q¬. Atacn¡bpsS CdmJv CSs]SepIfmWv Cós¯ òIcsc krãn¨sXóv ImÀ«qWnÌv hnaÀin¡póp. Atacn¡ CdmJnte¡v ansskð ag s]¿n¨t¸mÄ AXnð InfnÀ¯Xv Cóv CdmJns\ Aimám¡pó òIccmsWóv ImÀ«qWnÌnsâ Xo£vWamb hcIÄ XpdópIm«póp. s‑s‑k¥‑nk‑ns‑â I‑mÀ«‑qW‑pIÄ t‑IK‑nÄ I‑mÀ«‑q¬k‑v hg‑n At‑ac‑n¡b‑ms‑I k‑nï‑nt‑¡ä‑v s‑N¿s‑¸S‑pó‑pa‑pï‑v. _^t‑ñ‑m \‑y‑qk‑nð t‑Nc‑póX‑n\‑p a‑p¼‑v I‑m\‑nk‑nbk‑v t‑I‑mt‑fP‑ns‑e Ì‑pUâ‑v \‑y‑qk‑v t‑]¸d‑mb Z‑n {‑K‑n^‑n\‑ns‑e I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑mb‑nc‑pó‑p Ct‑±l‑w. Ch‑ns‑S \‑nó‑mW‑v 2004ð s‑s‑k¥‑nk‑v _‑nc‑pZ‑w t‑\S‑póX‑v. h‑o¡‑ne‑n BÄ«Àt‑\ä‑oh‑v BÀ«‑vt‑h‑mb‑vk‑n\‑mb‑n {‑^‑oe‑m³k‑mb‑n I‑mc‑nt‑¡¨d‑pIf‑p‑w I‑mÀ«‑qW‑pIf‑p‑w ]T\I‑me¯‑v hc¨‑nc‑pó‑p. At‑k‑mk‑nt‑bäU‑v t‑I‑mt‑fP‑v {‑]k‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v‑, b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vkð {‑]k‑v k‑nï‑nt‑¡ä‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v \mjWð {]kv ûtïjsâ 2013se ¢nt^mÀUv sI. Bâv sPbnwkv Sn. s_dnam³ AhmÀUv Fó‑o {‑]a‑pJ Ah‑mÀU‑pIÄ t‑\S‑nb‑n«‑pÅ s‑s‑k¥‑nk‑v 2007tebpw 2011tebpw \‑mjWð s‑lU‑vs‑s‑e\À Ah‑mÀU‑v ]«‑nIb‑ns‑e a‑qó‑m‑w Ø‑m\¡‑mc\‑pa‑mb‑nc‑pó‑p. tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

Media Monthly | July 2014 | ` 20/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676