Media 2014 march online file

March 2014 | Vol. 2 | Issue 11 | Price ` 20

P. Sainath on

Structural compulsions of crony journalism

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06 Structural compulsions of crony journalism

P. Sainath

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C.]‑n. j‑mP‑pZ‑o³

31

Are Social Networks the New Media?

34

Shoma A. Chatterji

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s‑I. c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mð

36

100 things to do in journalism

The Poynter Institute

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04 15

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28

tPmk^v BâWn

Students’ Corner

33

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41

J. V. Vil’anilam

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Bookshelf

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43 44

A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 45 temIw Iï hc 50

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FUntämdnbð

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"] Editor N. P. Rajendran Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Senior News Editor, Mangalam, Kottayam N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan T. R. Madhukumar Editor In Charge, Deshabhimani Weekly, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Printer & Publisher V. R. Ajith Kumar Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Marketing In Charge Shainus Markose Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 20 Annual Subscription: ` 200 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 30,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside B&W: ` 20,000

amˬv 2014

-{‑X-h‑y-h-k‑m-bs‑¯‑, {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v A-¡‑q-«-¯‑n-s‑e Z‑pÀ-_e-s‑c t‑Z‑mjIca‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S s‑h-Å‑n-b‑mg‑v-N k‑p-{‑]‑o‑wt‑I‑m-S-X‑n‑, a-P‑o-X‑n-b t‑h-P‑v-t‑_‑mÀ-U‑v i‑p-]‑mÀ-i-IÄ \-S-¸‑m-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑p‑w 2011 \-h‑w-_À a‑p-X-e‑p-Å {‑]‑m-_-e‑y-t‑¯‑m-s‑S ]‑p-X‑p¡‑n-b k‑v-s‑I-b‑n-e‑n i¼-f‑w \Â-I-W-s‑a-¶‑p‑w ]-{‑X-Ø‑m-]-\-§-t‑f‑m-S‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯‑m G-P³-k‑n-I-t‑f‑mS‑p‑w B-hi‑y-s‑¸«‑p.' a‑m-[‑y-a-k-a‑q-l‑w G-s‑d-b‑m-b‑n I‑m-¯‑n-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w-t‑I‑m-SX‑n h‑n-[‑nC-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e G-äh‑p‑w he‑n-b ]{‑X‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑vX-X‑v C-§-s‑\b‑mW‑v. h-k‑v-X‑p-X-IÄ ]-h‑n-{‑X-a‑mW‑v‑, A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w k‑z-X-{‑´-a‑m-W‑v X‑p-S§‑n-b a-l-Z‑vX-¯‑z§Ä C-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑m-[‑y-a-k-a‑q-l‑w I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-s‑b‑m¶‑p‑w F-S‑p-¡‑m-d‑n-s‑ö-X‑v a-\-Ê‑ne‑m-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑p‑w. ]-t‑£‑, c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ G-ä-h‑p‑w D-¶-Xa‑m-b \‑o-X‑n-]‑oT-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-[‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑]‑me‑p‑w h-k‑v-X‑p-X-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v \‑o-X‑n-]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p‑w t‑I-Ê‑n-s‑e H-c‑p I-£‑n-b‑p-s‑S þ A-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑e A-X‑n-{‑][‑m-\ h‑n-`‑mK-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-«‑p-I‑q-S‑n þ H-c‑p {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑]‑me‑p‑w A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡s‑¸-«‑n-«‑nà F-¶-X‑p‑w t‑h-Z-\‑m-P-\-I-a‑mW‑v. h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT‑w‑, k‑z-X{‑´‑w‑, \‑o-X‑n]‑qÀ-h‑w‑, \‑n-j‑v]-£‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-X ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\ a-c‑y‑m-Z-IÄ-¡‑v h³-I‑n-S t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v ]-{‑X-§Ä h‑n-e I-e‑v-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v h‑y-à‑w-. d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-§‑v X-¯‑z-§-fà C-h‑n-s‑S NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v. C-´‑y³ ]‑mÀ-e-s‑a-â‑v A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨ hÀ-¡‑n-§‑v t‑P-W-e‑n-Ì‑v B-I‑v-ä‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n \‑n-b-a‑n-Xa‑mb t‑h-P‑v t‑_‑mÀ-U‑n-s‑â i‑p-]‑mÀ-i-I-s‑f t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v C-¯-h-W-b‑p‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b‑n t‑I-k‑v ^-bÂ-s‑N-¿-s‑¸«‑p. C-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v G-s‑XÃ‑m‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-If‑n F-{‑X X-h-W t‑h-P‑v-t‑_‑mÀ-U‑v k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-‑w t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-s‑ï-¶‑p‑w G-s‑XÃ‑m‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v F-s‑´Ã‑m‑w h‑n-[‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v D-ï‑m-b-s‑X¶‑p‑w C-¯-hW-s‑¯ h‑n-[‑n-b‑n k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n A-¡-a‑n-«‑v h‑n-h-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. C-¯h-Wb‑p‑w t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«-X‑p‑w D-¶-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-«X‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑mb‑n a‑q-¶‑p-I‑m-c‑y§-f‑m-W‑v.

1. hÀ-¡‑n-§‑v t‑P-W-e‑n-Ì‑v B-I‑v-ä‑v `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-h‑n-c‑p-²-a‑mW‑v.

2. ]-{‑X-P‑o-h-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w t‑h-P‑v t‑_‑mÀ-U‑v \-S-¸‑m-¡‑p¶-X‑v k‑z‑m-`‑mh‑n-I \‑o-X‑n-s‑¡-X‑n-c‑p‑w I‑m-e-¯‑n-\‑v \‑n-c-¡‑m-¯-X‑p-a‑m-W‑v.

3. a-t‑ä-X‑v h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n-e‑p-s‑a-¶ t‑]‑m-s‑e ]-{‑X-h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑n-]-W‑nb‑m-W‑v s‑X‑m-g‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¡‑p-¶h-s‑â i¼-f‑w X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑v. k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n AÀ-°-i-¦-¡‑n-S-b‑nÃ‑m-¯ h‑n-[‑w ]-{‑X-a‑m-t‑\-P‑v-s‑aâ‑pI-f‑p-s‑S k‑w-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S- h‑m-Z-a‑p-J-§Ä X-Å‑n-¡-f-b‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v s‑N-b‑v-XX‑v.

G-s‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w H-c‑p t‑I-Ê‑n C§-s‑\ H-c‑p ]-£-¯‑n-s‑â h‑m-Z-a‑p-J-§Ä k-¼‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-c-k‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶-X‑v A-X‑y-]‑qÀ-h-a‑m-b‑mW‑v. C-X‑n-t‑e‑m-t‑c‑m-¶‑ne‑p‑w C-\‑n-b‑p-s‑a‑m-c‑p t‑I-Ê‑nt‑\‑m XÀ-¡-¯‑nt‑\‑m h-I _‑m-¡‑n-s‑h-¡‑m-s‑X FÃ‑m k‑w-i-b-§f‑p‑w X‑oÀ-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-[‑n-b‑m-W‑v t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑p-ï‑m-bX‑v. F-¶‑n-«‑p‑w‑, t‑I-Ê‑n-s‑e h‑m-Z‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑v t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-]-ca‑m-b ]-¦‑p-h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑m-[‑y-aØ‑m]-\‑w F-´‑p-k-a‑o-]-\-a‑m-W‑v X‑p-S-c‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v C‑u I‑p-d‑n-¸‑n-s‑â X‑p-S-¡-¯‑n D-²-c‑n-¨ h‑mÀ-¯‑m-e‑o-U‑v. h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\-h‑pa‑pÄ-s‑¸-s‑S 16 J-Þ‑n-I-IÄ A-S-§‑p-¶ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n cï‑v J-Þ‑n-I-I-f‑n a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v k‑p{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-[‑n-\‑y‑m-bh‑p‑w h-k‑v-X‑p-X-If‑p‑w D-ÅX‑v. _‑m-¡‑n 14 J-Þ‑n-I-If‑p‑w t‑I-Ê‑n-s‑e H-c‑p I-£‑n- a‑m-{‑Xa‑m-b \‑y‑q-k‑v-t‑]-¸À a‑m-t‑\-P‑v-s‑aâ‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-bh‑p‑w \‑n-e-]‑mS‑p‑w h‑m-Z-§-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑n¡‑p-¶X‑v. h-k‑v-X‑p-X-IÄ D-s‑ï-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶ cï‑v J-Þ‑n-I- t‑]‑me‑p‑w X‑oÀ-¯‑p‑wh-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v ]-d-ª‑p-I‑qS‑m. ]-c-t‑a‑m-¶-X \‑o-X‑n-]‑oT-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-[‑nb‑p-s‑S I‑m-¼‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I-S-¶‑p-s‑NÃ‑p-¶ H-c‑p J-Þ‑n-I t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-e‑nÃ.

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H-c‑p P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â a-\-Ê‑p- I‑p-f‑nÀ-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-t‑«-s‑d \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n h‑n-[‑n-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. ]t‑£‑, AX‑v s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â {‑i-²-b‑n s‑]-S‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ a‑m-[‑y-a§Ä ]-c-a‑mh-[‑n {‑i-a‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v ]-d-b‑m-s‑X h¿. ]-{‑X-h‑yh-k‑m-b-¯‑ne‑p‑w a-s‑äÃ‑m h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n-e‑p-s‑a-¶ t‑]‑m-s‑e s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ-h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑p-s‑S A-Z‑r-i‑y-I-c-§Ä t‑hX-\‑w \‑nÀ-W-b‑n-¡-Ws‑a-¶-X‑m-W‑v t‑I-Ê‑n-s‑e h‑m-Z‑n-IÄ G-äh‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n D-bÀ-¯‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¨X‑p‑w k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n k-a‑qe‑w X-Å‑n-¡-f-ª-X‑p-a‑m-b I‑m-c‑y‑w. a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑w a-ä‑p- h‑y-h-k‑m-b-§Ä t‑]‑m-s‑e H-c‑p k‑m-[‑m-c-W h‑y-h-k‑m-b-aà F¶‑v a‑m[‑y-a D-S-a-Ø-c‑nÂX-s‑¶ P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-t‑_‑m-[-a‑p-Å h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p h‑n-`‑m-K‑w F-¡‑m-eh‑p‑w A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v. R-§Ä h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-]-W\c‑wK¯Ã‑, ]-c-k‑y-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-e‑v-]-\-c‑w-K-¯‑m-W‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v F-¶‑v H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-a D-S-a ]-c-k‑y-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n¨-X‑v A-[‑n-I-I‑m-e-s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w a‑p-¼Ã. C‑u k-a‑o]-\‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ ]t‑£‑, \‑n-I‑p-X‑n- \‑nÀ-W-b-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w a-ä-t‑\-I‑w B-\‑p-I‑qe‑y§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w I‑mc‑y‑w h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑â P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h‑y-h-Ø-b‑n-s‑e {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑yh‑p‑w ]-{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-h‑p‑w ]‑uc-s‑â A-d‑n-b‑m-\‑p-Å A-h-I‑m-ih‑p‑w B-W‑v D-bÀ-¯‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ÅX‑v. h‑mÀ-¯-bÃ‑, ]-c-k‑y-a‑m-W‑v X-§Ä h‑nÂ-¡‑p¶-X‑v F-¶‑v h‑m-Z‑n¡‑p-¶-hÀ a-t‑ä-X‑v c‑w-K-¯‑p-a‑p-Å t‑k-h-\-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v F-´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-¸-ck‑y‑w H-g‑n-h‑m-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑pÅ-X‑v F-¶‑v h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ _‑m-[‑y-Ø-c‑m-W‑v. Hc‑p {‑]-a‑p-J- t‑\-X‑mh‑v S‑n¡-ä‑v s‑h-¨‑v \-S¯‑n-b c‑m-j‑v{‑S‑o-b-{‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n-\‑v \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-h-I‑p-¸‑v D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-ØÀ t‑k-h-\-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑v F-t‑¶‑mÀ-¡W‑w. ]-{‑X-]-c-k‑y-¯‑nt‑\‑m ]-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑p-X-s‑¶t‑b‑m \‑n-I‑p-X‑n N‑p-a-¯‑m-¯X‑p ]-{‑X-h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑w a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑w a‑m-{‑X-aà F-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑mW‑v. A-t‑\-I‑m-b‑n-c‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑p-s‑S K‑p-Wt‑`‑m-à‑m-¡-f‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑nIÄ F-¶ kX‑y‑w a-d-¨‑p-s‑h-¡‑m³ ]-{‑X-h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑n-IÄ {‑i-a‑n-t‑¨-¡‑m‑w. ]-t‑£‑, \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-Z‑m-bIÀ- A-X‑v I‑m-W‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v a-d-t‑¡ï. i-¼-f-\‑nÀ-W-b-¯‑n-\‑v C‑u t‑e‑mI¯‑v t‑h-P‑v t‑_‑mÀ-U‑v F-¶ H-c‑p a‑mÀK-t‑a D-Å‑q F¶‑m-c‑p‑w h‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑nÃ. ]t‑£‑, I‑q«‑m-b h‑n-e t‑]-i-e‑n-s‑â k‑w-LÀ-j‑m-ß-I-Xt‑¡‑m h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑ps‑S A-Z‑r-i‑y-I-c-§Ät‑¡‑m FÃ‑m‑w h‑n-«‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ F-´‑p-s‑I‑mï‑p‑w \Ã-X‑m-W‑v t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-t‑Ì-ä‑v c‑w-K-s‑¯-¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑h-P‑v-t‑_‑mÀ-U‑v k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-s‑a-¶-X‑v \‑n-j‑v-]-£c‑p‑w A‑w-K‑o-Ic‑n-¡‑p‑w. A-s‑X‑m-c‑p AÀ-² P‑p-U‑o-j‑y k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v. c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ a‑p-g‑p-h-³ P-\-§f‑p‑w FÃ‑m P‑o-h·-c-W {‑]-i‑v-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w P‑p-U‑o-j‑yÂþAÀ-²-P‑p-U‑o-j‑y k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-[‑n-X‑oÀ-¸‑p-IÄ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶X‑v. H-c‑p ]-c‑n-j‑v-I‑r-X- k-a‑q-lh‑p‑w C-Xà h-g‑n F-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑nÃ. h‑n]-W‑n s‑s‑Z-h-aÃ. ]-e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ-h‑n]-W‑n A-X‑n-{‑I‑q-c-a‑m-b‑mW‑v s‑]-c‑p-a‑md‑p-I. s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ t‑P-W-e‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ-¡‑v t‑h-P‑v-t‑_‑mÀ-U‑nÃ. A-h-c‑n I‑p-s‑d-t‑¸À a‑m-k‑w-t‑X‑md‑p‑w A-t‑\-Ie-£‑w c‑q-] i¼-f‑w ]-ä‑p-¶-h-c‑mW‑v. I‑p-s‑d-t‑¸À k‑m-c‑n-t‑I-{‑µ-§-f‑n-s‑e s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n-k‑v-{‑X‑o-I-t‑f-¡‑mÄ I‑p-d-ª t‑hX-\‑w ]-ä‑p-¶-h-c‑mW‑v. kÀ-¡‑mÀ \‑n-b-a‑w- _‑m-[-I-a‑m-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑n-s‑e A-[‑y‑m-]-IÀ-¡‑v \à t‑h-X-\-a‑p-ï‑v. \‑nb-a‑w _‑m-[-I-aÃ‑m-¯ k‑z-I‑m-c‑y- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k- Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑n-s‑e h‑n-Z‑y‑m-k-¼-¶c‑mb A-[‑y‑m-]‑n-I-a‑mÀ-¡‑v k‑z-I‑m-c‑y‑m-k‑v-]{‑X‑n s‑\-g‑v-k‑p-a‑m-t‑c-¡‑mÄ I‑p-d-ª i-¼-f-a‑m-W‑v ]-t‑e-S-¯‑p‑w. A-h-k‑m-\-h‑m-¡‑v h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑p-t‑S-X‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p ]-c‑n-j‑vI‑rX k-a‑q-lh‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I-¯‑nÃ. h‑o-«‑p-t‑h-e-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑n-\‑v C-{‑X c‑q-] t‑hX-\‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v \‑n-b-a-a‑p-Å c‑m-P‑y-a‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e G-äh‑p‑w h-e‑n-b h‑n-]-W‑n-k-¼-Z‑vh‑y-h-Ø-b‑p-Å c‑m-P‑y-s‑a¶‑v H‑mÀ-¡-W‑w.

X‑o-À-¨-b‑mb‑p‑w A-\‑n-Ý‑n-Xa‑m-b H-c‑p `‑m-h‑n-b‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-¶‑n-e‑p-ÅX‑v. A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-a‑w G-s‑d s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑nIs‑f t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. t‑h-P‑v t‑_‑mÀ-U‑v i‑p-]‑mÀ-i-{‑]-I‑m-c-a‑p-Å i-¼-f-hÀ-²-\- \S¸‑m-b‑me‑p‑w i-c‑n C-s‑Ã-¦‑ne‑p‑w ic‑n‑, ka‑o-]-`‑m-h‑nb‑n A-¨-S‑n-¸-{‑X‑w A-{‑]-X‑y-£-a‑m-t‑b-¡‑p-s‑a-¶ t‑]-S‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶ {‑]-hN-\‑w \-½‑p-s‑S a‑p-¶‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑v t‑\-c‑n-S‑m\‑p‑w X-cW‑w s‑N-¿‑m\‑p‑w t‑b‑m-P‑n-¨ {‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w A-\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀþ D-S-a-Øc‑p‑w s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑nIf‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p‑wþ i-{‑X‑p-X-b‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-I‑m-c-_‑p-²‑nb‑p‑w a‑m-ä‑n-s‑h-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n h‑n-[‑n-b‑p-s‑S k‑v-]‑n-c‑n-ä‑v DÄ-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-X‑p-\-S-¸‑m-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n-s‑â h-fÀ-¨-¡‑m-b‑n t‑b‑m-P‑n-¨‑p-{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ A-S‑n-b-´-c-a‑m-b‑n s‑N-t‑¿-ïX‑v. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan) sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), UbdÎÀ (]»nIv dntej³kv), sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (FUnäÀ C³ NmÀPv, tZim`nam\n hmcnI, tImgnt¡mSv), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (ko\nbÀ \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tIm«bw), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³, t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: hn. BÀ. APnXv IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

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P. Sainath

Structural compulsions H

ere is the situation on which we begin the ideas of structural compulsions of crony journalism.

Here is a supreme Court judgement of enormous importance, which directly affects the future Indian journalists who come under the Journalist’s act, and how come the newspapers are so silent about it? This SC judgement upholds the Majithia Wage Board for journalists. Look at the extent censorship is exercised to the point there is no discussion when the SC says it is valid, and the complaints by the newspapers against it are not, and dismiss the petitions by Newspaper owners. The wage board is organized officially with government intervention and all parties are guarded by it. It fundamentally changes the structure of wages in newspaper industry and you have not written a word about it.

The TOI had an article attacking the court decision, saying this is the damage it will do. The article was remarkable for the fact that it did not have a single quote from a journalist, or a union, and the newspapers that carried it only carried quotes from INS leadership, news owners, corporate CEOs, but not journalists. This is your introduction, welcome to the world of crony journalism.

The newspapers and TV channels are essentially corporations. It’s not about someone being a good or bad editor, it is not about an individual being a

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good reporter or a bad one. Those are the structural compulsions of corporate journalism. One of the expressions that anchors are freely in corporate media also, even in everyday Television- Crony capitalism- even Arnab uses it. You need to think a little bit- capitalism, we know. Here’s the question.

Who is the crony in crony capitalism? That’s us.

That’s what increasingly corporate ownership reduces us to cronies of capitalism. Of course, that’s a situation you resist and reject, and fight. But first you need to understand how the media are structured.

The world economic forum takes place in Davos, Switzerland. Here is one more thing to look about crony journalism. Switzerland is one of the costliest countries in the world as you know, Davos is the most expensive city in Switzerland, at the time of the World Economic forum- where the top CEOs and billionaires meet for a week.

Every major Indian media has been represented at Davos, covering Davos for ten days. The costs are enormous for sending a correspondent to Davos. At the time of the world Economic forum, your average millionaire finds it difficult to get a room, because the billionaires are gathering there! Yet, there are more journalists from India than any other country, than there are from any country in Europe or the

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of crony journalism US. How is it that the newspapers and channels that do not spend 10- 15k to send a reporter to cover the drought in Maratwada, have the money to spend 20- 30 lakhs to keep the anchors to hire a studio in Davos? We’re talking about millions of rupees, hotel rooms that are not less than $500 per night, where instead of one to cover the drought, you’re willing to spend a whole team to Davos. It costs a bloody fortune. Any guesses who pays for it? By the way, in the last two years, the coverage has gone down. Because two years ago, we wrote and printed a story on who’s paying for it. After that some of the sponsors developed cold feet. Before 2011, there were far more Indian journalists, even anchoring the panels in the Forum. So who pays for it? Confederation of Indian Industry, in conjunction with the Commerce ministry, and maybe with grants from the Finance ministry as well. But the first one is confirmed. I wrote it, published it, and they did not challenge me.

How did we know it? We got the internal ‘fatwas’ of the TV channels to their correspondents. The PR part is given concessions by the forums itself. “You will use the whole ‘WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM’, not the abbreviation WEF. Why? Because they think it’ll be confused with the Wrestling Entertainment Federation !. Throughout they are saying ‘agreement

with our partners CII, is for six hours of back to back coverage. Every second of TV coverage costs money, you know that. Yet, this is entirely paid for. These are people who are sponsored and funded by industry to go there and make a case for greater liberalization, greater privatization, and greater neo-liberalism.

All these brilliant entrepreneurs and businessmen join together- in 2008, they spoke in the forum just before Wall St collapsed, they said the situation had never been better. The world was going ahead, we were in a period of unprecedented prosperity. A little later it collapsed. After Wall St collapsed, nobody takes responsibility for having made utterly bogus claims. In fact, the people who made the predictions couldn’t show up at Davos because their companies were destroyed. They weren’t, in a corporate sense, alive to come and speak. Yet, year after year, we go through this thamasha ritual of hundreds of journalists covering it. There’s a good example for you of being structured cronies. You are brought into a signed agreement with corporate, and that is how it is covered in the media.

Which are the two major scandals you associate with journalism ?- let’s look at it in structural terms.

Radia tapes, and paid news. The Radia tapes as it appeared in the media was stupidity and call for ethics of a group of journalists. Look at how the amˬv 2014

(8) media covered the fact that Mr Ratan Tata went to SC to stop the release of the tapes. No journalists went to the court to stop the release of the tapes, none of the effected journalists were exposed as idiots and morons (which they are). It was a corporate guy, Mr Tata, who made the speech, “India is being like a banana republic where bodies are found in the trunks of cars”. I was sympathetic to Mr Tata, because he was a leading car manufacturer, you don’t want to find bodies in your car especially when you make big ones like Jaguars which can take two bodies in the trunk. Now, here is the country’s second most well-known brand name, and corporate leader quietly going to the SC to get an injunction for the release of the tapes.

What were the Radia tapes about? They were about a bunch of idiots making idiots of themselves, that’s one part of it. But they were not important to the scandal of the tapes. In a Bollywood movie, you have a hero, heroine, supporting actor, and villain, and comic relief, right? The journalists were the comic relief. They were the comedians in that film. What were the tapes really about? Four or five corporate leaders, The Ambanis, the Mittals, the Tatas… They could discuss on phone with Radia, and with each other, who should hold what portfolio on the Indian Cabinet, and then they could enforce that. They said Raja should be in charge, the other fellow should go, that happened. Four or five people who probably have never been to a voting booth could decide who should and shouldn’t be in the cabinet and their portfolio. That is the Radia tape scandal. Have you seen that angle of it covered in your press? No, because we had a crony journalism.

It is structural, because, you try writing in that angle, and some did and succeeded, but that remains microscopic comparatively. The Indian Express, for example, said the villain of the episode was Radia.

He didn’t say a word about the Ambanis or the Tatas reconstituting the Indian govt. It said Nira Radia – the lobbyist from hell. If you listen to the tapes closely, the only person who appears to have doing her job honestly was Radia. She is a lobbyist, she was lobbying. Now, the journalists, they were not doing journalism. They were lobbying. The industrialists, were interfering in the political system of a country and deciding who will be in the cabinet. Thirdly, Radia has no power by herself, her entire power to corrupt the Governmental process derives from who her clients are. Her clients are Ambani, Tata, Mittal- these sort of people. Mr Gupta thought it was entirely her power, the lobbyist from hell- Suppose Radia had the same power. That is the structural trouble of the corporate world. She derived her power from them, but her skills are another matter.

Mass media and mass reality

The growing disconnect between mass media on one hand and mass reality on the other. That is the first feature that strikes me when I look at

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it. The second and important point about this is that this disconnect is not accidental. It is a highly engineered disconnect. How do I prove it to you?

Every newspaper, like every corporation, has clear policies where they draw out what their priorities of coverage are. Like in a University, you have departments, in a newspaper for reporter, you have beats. Tomorrow you may be on the municipality beat, she may be on the sports beat, etc. Just look at what are the beats in the media. Today for instance there is - in a country with the most number of poor people in the world, than most of Africa combinednot a single full time correspondent on the beat of poverty. Even I do rural reporting, but it is not entirely about poverty. No full time correspondent on housing and homelessness, in a country with the most number of homeless people and the second largest housing problem in the world. Show me how many newspapers have a full time labour correspondent or employment correspondent.

When I joined journalism 33 years ago, most of the newspapers had at least one agricultural correspondent. Now there are people thinking they are agriculture correspondents because they are covering the ministry in Delhi and are writing what Sharad Pawar says. Mr Pawar does contract farming of a different kind, but covering Mr Pawar isn’t covering the whole field.

The old time agriculture correspondent was somebody who covered the whole process from the pre input credit season through the sowing season, the spraying and cultivation season, then he went with the farmer when the crop was there and noted the prices. All this was a part of their beat. Now they just take it from the Press Information release. Let me just give you an idea on how important it is to have a labour correspondent. How many people are in the employment exchanges in India, in a ten year period? What is the average? In India we don’t use impolite language like “unemployed”, we call them ‘job seekers’. We don’t say they’re jobless. There are a large number of unemployment exchanges in this country but they are primarily in urban areas. Very few exchanges are really rural. A limited number of people get covered by them. Even then, the number of ‘job seekers’ registered are between 36 and 40 million. That is just a fragment of the reality, it doesn’t capture the rural unemployment. Have you a sense of how much 40 million unemployed human beings are? It’s not the full figure- only those who have registered at the exchange. A fellow stands like ten years, doesn’t get a job, goes away, doesn’t show up for a while, his name is dropped- to the dead register. He is assumed to have gotten a job, which is why he doesn’t come. He actually got fed up of waiting for years in the exchange and given up.

So what exactly is 40 million people? That’s just a few million less than the population of South Africa. But let me do it differently. Suppose we take these 40 mil people, and put them in a single queue,

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At the height of farmer suicides in 2006 in Vidarbha, minimum six farmers were killing themselves every day. I did a count on how many journalists outside vidharba were covering the issue. We counted six. (That included me). If six of us were covering this, and at the same time in Mumbai, there were 512 covering the Lakme India Fashion Week.

That is not the decision of journalists, it is a policy decision taken by the corporation who runs the newspaper. Indeed the largest newspaper, Times of India put out a memo to its correspondents: “Dying farmers in Vidharba do not buy our newspapers”. how long will that queue be? If the minimum space required is one meter, when my nose would be in the collar of the guy in front of me. If you pack us like sardines, you can put two people in a meter.

Two to a metre is two thousand to a kilometre. So the length of a line of 40 Million unemployed? It will be three and a half times the Indian coastline, not counting the island coastlines. Mainland Indian coastline is about 6 lakh kilometres, where this is 20,000 kilometres. But there is not a single labour correspondent. In 1980, there was a designated labour correspondent, an industry correspondent today the guy who handles labour has a portfolio.

He’s the industrial relations correspondent. Which means the company PRO talks to him about what labourers need. He’s covering labour through the corporations, not through the trade union. The one I know in Bombay has not even spoken to a union, they don’t need to. They just speak to the CSR department, or the corporation itself. Even when there is a bloody wage board for journalists,

they don’t speak to the union. Is it difficult for you to find a journalist in your own paper to get a quote? That’s utter nonsense. And what does an education correspondent mean? It means a campus correspondent. Not primary or elementary education. It’s about the middle classes and the season coming when you are applying for college.

Journalism and stenography

When you have this kind of a situation, you have taken a policy decision. You’ve created a structure to report certain kinds of issues, but to exclude other types of issues. At the height of farmer suicides in 2006 in Vidarbha, minimum six farmers were killing themselves every day. I did a count on how many journalists outside vidharba were covering the issue.

We counted six. (That included me). If six of us were covering this, and at the same time in Mumbai, there were 512 covering the Lakme India Fashion Week.

That is not the decision of journalists, it is a policy decision taken by the corporation who runs the amˬv 2014

(10) newspaper. Indeed the largest newspaper, Times of India put out a memo to its correspondents: “Dying farmers in Vidharba do not buy our newspapers”.

The elites of South Mumbai do. They categorically laid down a line. The farmers are not buying my newspaper, why should I cover them? It gives you a very clear definition of what they understand to be journalism. Over a period of your career, you are going to realise there are two kinds of journalism.

There are multiple kinds within these two, but ideologically, there are two. One is journalism. The other is stenography. When you are just taking down dictation from corporate owners, that is corporate stenography. I use this analogy frequently- “Do you want to be a journalist or a stenographer?”

There’s nothing wrong in being a stenographer.

It’s a skill. And in the old days, journalists had to know stenography- compulsorily. But the question is whether you want to remain in that level or be a journalist? Once in Chennai, where I was criticizing, an old man put up his hand and said, “You keep making this analogy and it is unfair.” I asked, “Who are you?” He said, “I am a stenographer.”

“What is your problem with my analogy?” He said something very profound. He said I am a court room stenographer. I have retired from court four years ago. The good stenographer writes down accurately whatever is said and whoever says it. We write what the judge, witness, prosecution etc , say. You guys, you only write down what the powerful say. We are much better than you.” From that day on, I amended my analogy into stenography for the powerful.

Media and journalism are two different things.

Who owns media? The biggest owner today in the media is Mukesh Ambani. If you stay long enough in the profession, you’ll all be working for him. Apart from CNN-IBN, he owns, ETV and entire Network 18. Remember ETV? They have 22 channels, of which 18 are Indian. Except the Telugu ETV, the rest are owned by Network18, which is owned by Mukesh Ambani. Network18 bought the entire bouquet, before Ambani bought Network18, so he could remain in the background of the deal. So first, all the eggs were given to the goose, and then he bought the goose.

Please go on to the internet, go to each media company site, and look at who all the board of directors are. Please find me three journalists in the board. You will find real estate agents, corporate food caterers, aviation and electronics chiefs, banking, automobile people, but you’ll find it difficult to find journalists. Because after all, what does journalism have to do with the media? Mr Jain said almost thirty years ago, for him, the newspaper was like any other product. You’ve got to be able to sell soap if you want to sell soap, similar for newspapers. Actually, there’s a hell of a difference.

That is you can sell the same soap 365 days a year, but you can’t sell the morning newspaper in the evening. He made it clear that he approached the amÀ¨v 2014

media as just another product. It’s the difference between journalism as a calling, as a craft, a vehicle of information, and journalism as a revenue stream.

I’m not saying journalism should not have a revenue stream. I’m not saying newspapers should run on loss. Who will pay my salary? I want them to make a profit. But if the profit element is the only reason you’re running a newspaper, you’re doomed.

Then you will not have journalism, you will have stenography and paid news. The stenography part is like this. Which is the biggest newspaper in India?

The giant? The biggest group in terms of revenue and all. The Dainik Jagran which claims 53 million readers, 35 editions. It’s franchisee journalism. It means if I want to start an edition in Kochi, I pay a

franchisee fee to the owners of the Jagran, and I will have a newspaper of 12 pages from Kochi, they will supply the editorial, front pages, articles, news, and two pages will be mine to do what I want. I can run my dynasty on those two pages.

You will find the South Asian chief of McDonalds, (I suppose that’s because it’s franchisee journalism), two corporate tax lawyers, two of Delhi’s biggest real estate people, the one fellow connected to newspapers is Gavin o’Reary, president of World Association of Newspapers, who can’t read a single word in Hindi. But as I said, what does journalism have to do with newspapers? Mr Vineet Jain told the New Yorker in Oct. 2012, “We are in the

(11) advertising business, not the newspaper business.”

Now I salute him for his honesty. Once you have said that, the news will always be secondary, journalism will only be a supporting product-It is not the purpose of the newspaper, the mission or the vision. One lord Thompson who used to own the London Times, said more honestly thirty years ago when asked why he kept buying more and more newspapers- he was on an acquisition spree in every county of England, “Gentlemen, I buy more newspapers to make more money to buy more newspapers to make more money.” Today at the global level, six major companies control the world of media, including the internet- if you think the internet is special and there is no ownership- that

Newspapers and media are a business.

Conglomerates and corporations and TV channels are a business. Journalism is not a business. It is a calling. You do it from your heart. You do it because it is noble, and right, and because the greatest of Indians were all journalists during the freedom struggle. Mohandas Gandhi and Babasahib Ambedkar- Have you considered them as journalists? They have written 150 volumes of their collected journalistic writings.

They have founded newspapers. The entire history of the Indian freedom struggle is about people who became journalists from their heart. All your great freedom fighters doubled up as journalists. They didn’t talk about revenue streams; they talked about freedom, the liberation of the humankind.

That is your tradition. Our traditions are far greater than the traditions of European journalism where journalists, newspapers and agencies came up to supply commercial intellectuals to the stock market. is bullshit. The ownership concentration on the internet is far more dangerous than the monopolies of print or TV media. The extent to which a newspaper has monopoly is limited to a few cities, there is a limit to what it can it do. The monopolies on the internet- of Google, Facebook, Microsoft, are far more serious. The digital monopolies own your personal data. They follow your transactions.

The ads come to your email based on how you have used your card. If you write an email to your brother saying you’re thinking of buying a house, next day you see the ten ads of realtors. They sell, trade in, and profit from your data. The print and TV monopolies don’t have that. The largest spying

and espionage scandal in history- the Snowden revelation. One of the biggest target s was India, by the way. They know the metadata, who you are calling, how many times, etc. It is the most intrusive form of spying possible. But know this- a) they trade your data, b) they have collaborated with the spying, the NSA, and c) we have shouted and screamed over Khobragade, but we kept quiet about this. Our entire UN mission was bugged by the NSA. The entire consulate was bugged. The Government knows and acknowledges this, and Salman Khurshid says, “Arrey, all the countries do it.” The president of Brazil cancelled their official visit to the US in protest. She went to the UN and condemned this as intolerable. Dr. Manmohan Singh went like a poodle scratches on the door to be given entrance. And all your big ISPs are involved. They haven’t said a word about the spying. The minister said “Chalta hain”. Don’t think somehow the net has liberated you. There are liberated zones in all media, but don’t romanticize the internet.

Who owns our media?

You’ll see the dramatic changes from 1980s with the second press commission. You have over 200 industries in which Indian media has interest.

What was the least covered aspect of the Coalgate scam? That the fourth biggest newspaper owners- of Lokmat was the major allottees- Vijay and Jawaharlal Darda. All the files related to their allotment have disappeared from the ministry. One of them, Vijay Darda is a member of parliament. The same people were involved in the paid news scandal. Once you accept that news is only a commodity, then it is saleable. So the owners of Indian media have interests in industries from aviation to agriculture.

Those are the structures of ownerships in media. In the last twenty years, the number of media might have grown, but the number of owners is shrinking until today, one Mukesh Ambani (who twenty years ago didn’t have a single media presence) is the biggest media owner in the country.

Now we know the structural compulsions, but why the compulsion to lie? In 2002, the Indian newspaper world had a remarkable achievement.

Private treaties. It sounds like an agreement between India and Pakistan, but it’s an agreement between a large newspaper corporation and a private corporation. Now you’ve heard of Pantaloonsbiggest retailer of men’s trousers. Pantaloons owner Kishore Biyani is one of the biggest retailers in the country today. In 2000, he was a middle level retailer who wanted to break into the big league. He signed a private treaty with the Times of India- this is no secret, by the way, they’re also so proud of it that when another paper used the word, they threatened to sue them for infringement of copyright.

Something like Davood suing Chotta Rajan. It would be wrong to say TOI is doing this, the other guys are good. amˬv 2014

(12) The moment he signs a private treaty with me, I become owner of 7-10 % of his shares, the return will be paid by advertising in my paper. Suppose newspapers signs treaties with two hundred clientsand they have, many newspapers already have multiple private treaty clients. It means that your reporters cannot cover any of those companies negatively. If I am the owner, and Sri Rajendran is my biggest hotshot investigative reporter, how can he cover a company of which I own 10% shares negatively? That is your structural compulsion again. I am the owner of the company again, will I allow you to mess with it? So with 250 private treaties signed, the reporters cannot cover anything critically. They can only criticize Nehtas and Babus.

Now look at the latest developments in politicsthe Aam Aadmi Party. AAP was the darling of the media as long as they were attacking Babu and Nehta corruption. When they were attacking the bureaucrats and politicians, all the anchors, NDTV, CNN-IBN, were praising the AAP. From the day AAP extended its vision to corporate corruption, the AAP is the villain in the media. Notice when the turn takes place from being completely pro-AAP (which I am not), to being completely anti-AAP (which also I am not). For me when they appeared first, I criticized them strongly for not taking up corporate corruption. Today, when they’ve taken it up- then the media and I were on opposite sides, today too, the media and I are on opposite sides. They actually dared to use the word Mukesh Ambani. There was an interesting debate on CNN-IBN, where Harsh Vardhan, BJP leader, was fulminating against AAP and Yogendra Yadav was saying “would you have filed an FIR against Ambani?” Vardhan said, “We will file, we will punish.” Yogendra said, “I’m asking you can you just mention the name Mukesh Ambani on air?” He didn’t. That is the extent of crony journalism. If A is a crony of B, A is not necessarily uncritical of B. He’s a sycophant who’ll say everything nice on B, because he’s dependent on B. That’s the kind of crony we are. We know that B is a crook, but we’ll praise him to heavens because of structural compulsion and because freedom of the press has been replaced by freedom of the purse. Your money power decides how much you can get away with it. On the nuclear deal, when the Government of India was threatened with folly, how did Manmohan singh get the vote? He called the two Ambani brothers. They visited the PM. Each has their MPs who are dedicated admirers. So both were called to the PM’s office where he said you both are good boys, and should not fight with each other, you are brothers. One week later, all the MPs, even those who belonged to the opposition parties, aligned with the Ambanis voted in favour of Manmohan’s government. The media celebrated his victory- the same Manmohan Singh, who the media are now saying is a useless fellow, the worst PM we ever had.

A meeting with the Ambani brothers won a trust amˬv 2014

vote in the Parliament. Those are your structural compulsions.

Media is business, Journalism is not

I don’t want to discourage you, I want you to go into journalism. Mr Samir may believe journalism is a business, I don’t. Let me tell you what I believe. Newspapers and media are a business. Conglomerates and corporations and TV channels are a business. Journalism is not a business. It is a calling. You do it from your heart.

You do it because it is noble, and right, and because the greatest of Indians were all journalists during

In the last twenty years, the number of media might have grown, but the number of owners is shrinking until today, one Mukesh Ambani (who twenty years ago didn’t have a single media presence) is the biggest media owner in the country. If you stay long enough in the profession, you’ll all be working for him.

the freedom struggle. Mohandas Gandhi and Babasahib Ambedkar- Have you considered them as journalists? They have written 150 volumes of their collected journalistic writings. They have founded newspapers. The entire history of the Indian freedom struggle is about people who became journalists from their heart. You know a person who couldn’t get an article published, so he sent letter after letter under various names to have them published? His name was Bhagat Singh. All your great freedom fighters doubled up as journalists.

They didn’t talk about revenue streams; they talked about freedom, the liberation of the humankind.

(13) That is your tradition. Our traditions are far greater than the traditions of European journalism where journalists, newspapers and agencies came up to supply commercial intellectuals to the stock market.

Origin of journalism in the third world was for anti-colonial movements. Even the right wing Indians did some journalism from time to time.

India journalism in its true sense will be 200 years ago in 2016. I don’t count the Gazette and all which people say was the first newspaper. It was from an idiot in Britain who was full of gossip columnists who were covering who the Governor General’s wife was sleeping with. I don’t think that’s journalism.

The first Indian owned journals that we know of with an agenda comes out in 1816 from Rajaram Mohan Roy. In his newspaper, Mirat-ul-Akbar published in Persian (the then language of the elite), he addressed sati, child marriage, widow re-marriage, anti-infanticide. That is journalism.

You can be proud of your 200 year old tradition.

Look at the fact exposed things, created troubleultimately someone published the Radia tapes. You have people even today. How many of you joined journalism as a commercial proposition and how many of you joined it with idealism? How many are going into it because you believe it has a serious social role that connects you to a society which you can participate in making the lives of others better?

Almost every student has his or her hands up. That has been our history as journalists. Did Ambedkar go into journalism to earn money? He went to fight for the liberation of humans from caste and oppressions. Gandhi was driven by the anti-imperial uprising. All of them were driven by something other than commerce.

There will be the commercial in journalism, there will be the revenue idea, but if for you, it’s only about that, you are doomed. And I’m very glad to see how many hands went up for the opposite option. Many before you have done those great things. How do we solve the problem? How do you go into a major corporate newspaper tomorrow and function and survive? You have to be clever about it. There will be many times when you’ll have to cover rubbish. You don’t have a choice. That job is a trade-off. How many stories you publish that you actually want to, and how many you publish that your editor wants to? Let me put it this way. You join a newspaper and over the next year or two, you publish two stories that you want to do, in exchange for eight that your editor wants to do, that is an honourable ratio. If you made the ratio, 3:7, that is a big improvement. If you reach the ratio 4:6, you are doing very well. 5:5, you’re doing brilliantly. 6:4 in your favour, and you’re a genius. There is always going to be that element of trade-off. When I was a young Reporter at UNI, I did every damn story the editor wanted me to do, and the ratio of stories that I wanted to do rose rapidly, because the then editor (by the way, who was from Kerala, and is

still in contact with me) KPK Kutty of UNI, (Now in Palakkad at age 84, teaching young students classical music. Well he didn’t teach me singing, but he taught me something.) The more we delivered and showed our competence, the more freedom they give us to go out and do other kinds of stories. The point is to make yourself indispensable.

Dalits in media

When I said features of media, I left out one thing. They are the most exclusionist institution of the Indian democracy. In my opinion, the best president of India we ever had was KR Narayanan who stopped in this era, the business of Central governments dismissing state governments.

Narayanan sent back the NDA’s demand for dismissal of the Bihar government. And from that day, no government in India has been dismissed.

The federalism increased dramatically because of his bold judgement. He refused to give in to the NDA on three such occasions. I’m telling you, the greatest president of this country came from your state. If the community of Dalits, who produced a president of India, could produce the Chief justice of India, 30 Vice chancellors in the country, 10-15 governors, chief ministers like Mayawati and a deputy PM, why can’t they produce a chief subeditor in a major newspaper? Because our media are essentially casteist and exclusionist. Know this also. I’ve done a survey of it. They are discriminated against in the media. They try for government jobs, because there is at least a reservation, an affirmative action, a quota for them. Hamid Ansari put it very well.

He said, “Of the four estates of Indian Democracy, Only the fourth estate is explicitly based on for-profit activity.” Therefore the question of social liberalism doesn’t arise with us. I could tell you, some of my classmates- tribal students- who were far better students than I was, couldn’t make it to journalism.

The fact is that we are exclusionist. When it comes to anti-Mandal agitations, anti-reservations, the greatness of the freedom struggle journalists are that they rose above that. Ambedkar faced far more hostility that you ever will, but he rose above that.

But as citizens, you have to fight monopolies.

I don’t believe we should replace corporate monopolies with state monopolies, but I do believe one of the things we can do is to strengthen the public broadcasters. Today the so called public broadcasters are actually government broadcasters.

There is no private corporation in the US that gives you the coverage like BBC or Al Jazeera does. Every time the US is in a war, Al Jazeera viewership in the US shoots up. Incidentally, last July, Al Jazeera opened in the US and immediately got a good viewership. BBC’s viewership in the US doubles during times of a crisis, because people don’t trust their corporate media. They also have their own vested interests, but at least it is seen as a rival corporate showing something different. My last visit amÀ¨v 2014

(14) to Kerala was in Trivandrum, we had a discussion on ‘Deepening democracy, deepening decentralisation’.

My remarks to the audience who wanted to have panel discussion consisted of one line. Everybody wanted to know what the role of media was.

The first role is to democratize the media. The first necessity is to decentralize the media. We’re decentralizing the polity, but centralizing the media until one Mukesh Ambani will come to own everything. There are two kinds of decentralizationgenuine and fraud ones. I salute Kerala- this is the state that has shown us what decentralization can really be. Fraud decentralization is what happened in the last 20 years at the centre of this country.

most cases the big stories come out in little journals, before becoming national scandals. Kerala has a rich history of small library and journal movements.

Here is your basic principle in your struggle ahead as aspiring journalists. Sell your labour, not your soul. As journalists, we sell our labour to our capitalist owners, we don’t have to sell our souls with it. Too many journalists do that willingly. They become stenographers. What you do is a struggle to keep your soul. You do the world allotted to you, also try doing other things, and expand the freedom that you have. Also, as citizens, the role is to create more and more outlets, for ten and a half years I’ve worked in blitz weekly, many of the “scoops” we

If the community of Dalits, who produced a president of India, could produce the Chief justice of India, 30 Vice chancellors in the country, 10-15 governors, chief ministers like Mayawati and a deputy PM, why can’t they produce a chief subeditor in a major newspaper? Because our media are essentially casteist and exclusionist.

You decentralize the problem, but you centralize the resources and the power to make solutions. A bunch of bureaucrats decide what we say at the WTO. We say agriculture is a state subject. But is the Government of Kerala arguing its case against free trade zones in the WTO? When you centralize that power to make solutions, you destroyed the democratization.

You know who you would be if you were idealistic and is moved by those principles? You are not going to be citizen journalists. You are going to be guerrilla journalists. When they burn one forests, you come to another. At some point, they will burn your forests. Because that is the trend- less diversity. But it can be done. Remember that your predecessor journalists fought far greater odds and achieved it. While you are in the mainstream media, and you should be in the mainstream media, keep your connections with alternate media. Because in amˬv 2014

had, weren’t really done by us. Those were stories killed in the Times of India and the Indian Express.

The reporter would come to us, and say, “They killed my story”. We would disguise the reporter, change the wordings, language, and carry it front page. The reporter would tell his chief, “I gave you the story, now one week later, and the Blitz has got hold of it.”

Of course, he gave us the story. That’s also guerrilla journalism. You plant the bombs elsewhere, but you cannot fight this battle if you do not fight monopoly.

We need legislation, mass participation, and public action for that. It wasn’t easy, but it has been done. It won’t be easy, but it has to be done.

This is the unedited complete version of the N.N.Sathyavrathan Memorial talk made at the Kerala Press Academy, Kochi on 16.2.2014. Transcribed by Ananthu R. A.

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h‑nP-b-I-c-a‑mb‑n \S-¯‑nb F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ a‑pS-§‑n-t‑¸‑mb "k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m\‑n' Hc‑p a‑mk‑n-I-b‑mb‑n \‑mÂ]-¯‑n-\‑me‑p hÀj¯‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w ]‑p\‑x-{‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. ae-b‑mf ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\-¯‑ns‑â Nc‑n-{‑X-s‑a-g‑p-X‑n-b-h-c‑mc‑p‑w F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S Ah‑n-k‑va-c-W‑o-ba‑mb k‑w`‑m-h-\-Is‑f a‑m\‑n-¡‑p-It‑b‑m Hc‑p hc‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¦‑ne‑p‑w ]c‑m-aÀi‑n-¡‑pIt‑b‑m s‑Nb‑vX‑n-Ã. h‑nZ‑z‑m³ k‑n.-F-k‑v. \‑mbÀ B[‑p-\‑nI ae-b‑mf k‑ml‑nX‑y h‑naÀi-\-¯‑n\‑v Bc‑w`‑w I‑pd‑n-¨X‑v F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S ]{‑X-§-f‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p F¶ Nc‑n-{‑X-]-c-a‑mb hk‑vX‑p-Xb‑p‑w H‑mÀ¡‑p-¶-hÀ hfs‑c h‑nc-f‑w. Nc‑n{‑X‑w _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ ]‑nÅ-t‑b‑mS‑v Hc‑p aa-Xb‑p‑w I‑mW‑n-¡‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶-s‑X´‑v?

GX‑m\‑p‑w a‑mk-§Ä¡‑p a‑p¼‑v F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S aI³ s‑I. c‑ma-I‑rj‑vW³ t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑m«‑v \‑nc‑y‑m-X-\‑mb h‑r¯‑m´‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vX-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑]‑me‑p‑w BZÀi-¯‑ns‑â I‑pc‑n-i‑n cà-k‑m-£‑n-b‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ¶ al‑m-\‑p-`‑mh-\‑mb C‑u Nc‑n-{‑X-]‑p-c‑p-js‑\ Bc‑p‑w H‑mÀ¯‑n-Ã. "k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-b‑ps‑S aIÄ s‑I. t‑K‑ma-X‑n-b-½-b‑ps‑S ]‑p{‑X\‑p‑w {‑]ik‑vX ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-\‑p-a‑mb c‑maI‑rj‑vW³ A´-c‑n¨‑p‑' F¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v. a{‑Z‑m-k‑n \‑n¶‑v {‑]k‑n-²‑o-Ic‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ ]gb ‑"s‑ab‑nÂ‑'‑, "it‑¦g‑vk‑v h‑o¡‑n-e‑n‑', "N‑nÂ{‑U³k‑v _‑p¡‑v‑', "N‑mµ‑m-a‑ma' F¶‑n-h-b‑n t‑P‑me‑n s‑Nb‑vX‑n-c‑p¶ c‑ma-I‑r-j‑vW³ [‑oc-\‑mb k‑z‑mX--{‑´‑y-k-a-c-\‑m-b-I³ _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S ]‑p{‑X-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p F¶ hk‑vX‑pX ad¶‑v X‑mb‑vhg‑n a‑ml‑m-

ß‑y-§Ä¡‑mW‑v Nc-a-h‑mÀ¯-b‑n D‑u¶Â e`‑n-¨-X‑v. hk‑vX‑p-X-IÄ¡‑p‑w I‑rX‑y-Xb‑v¡‑p‑w Xs‑â ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\-¯‑n ]ca {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w I¸‑n¨ F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ \‑ma-c‑q-]-§-f‑n-Ã‑m¯ t‑e‑mI-¯‑n-c‑p¶‑v aIs‑â ac-W-h‑mÀ¯ h‑mb‑n¨‑v N‑nc‑n-¨‑p-I‑m-W‑pt‑a‑m?

Z£‑n-W‑m-{‑^‑n-¡-b‑n \‑n¶‑v X‑nc‑ns‑¨-¯‑nb F‑w.-s‑I. K‑mÔ‑n {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v `c-W-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c \‑nÊ-l-I-cW kac‑w {‑]J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p. ]‑qÀ® k‑zc‑mP‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑m-f‑n-IÄ ]W‑ni‑m-e-IÄ h‑n«‑n-d-§‑m\‑p‑w h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIÄ ]T‑n¸‑p a‑pS-¡‑m\‑p‑w Bl‑z‑m\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. B_‑m-e-h‑r²‑w P\-§Ä k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-k-a-c-¯‑n AW‑n-\‑n-c-¶‑p.

H‑mI‑vk‑vt‑^‑mÀU‑ns‑e C¶À s‑S¼‑nÄ t‑I‑mt‑f-P‑n _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ t‑I‑mg‑vk‑n\‑p ]T‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ. eï-\‑ns‑e h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n- P‑o-h‑n-X-I‑mes‑¯ k‑w`-h-§Ä C´‑y³ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y-k-ac ]Ý‑m-¯-e-¯‑n K‑rl‑mX‑p-c-X-t‑b‑ms‑S ]‑nÅ ‑"t‑_‑m‑ws‑_ t‑{‑I‑mW‑n-¡‑nÄ' F¶ ]{‑X-¯‑n Fg‑p-X‑n. I‑qS‑ms‑X t‑I‑w{‑_‑n-U‑vP‑ns‑eb‑p‑w H‑mI‑vk‑vt‑^‑mÀU‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w C´‑y³ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-Is‑f k‑wL-S‑n¸‑n¨‑v aP‑ve‑nk‑v Fs‑¶‑mc‑p t‑hZ‑n-b‑pï‑m-¡‑n. ‑"b‑ph-`‑m-c-Xh‑p‑w `‑mh‑nb‑p‑w' F¶ h‑nj-b-¯‑n _‑n.-P‑n. t‑l‑mÀW‑na‑m\‑p‑w F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅb‑p‑w {‑]k‑w-K‑n-¨‑p. t‑{‑i‑mX‑m-¡-f‑ps‑S I‑q«-¯‑n ]‑n¡‑me¯‑v \‑m\‑m-c‑w-K-§-f‑n {‑]i-k‑vX-c‑mb‑n-¯‑oÀ¶ s‑I.-]‑n.-F-k‑v. t‑at‑\‑m³‑, P‑n.s‑I. t‑eä‑qÀ‑, F‑w.-k‑n. NI‑vf‑, F‑w.-s‑I. ht‑Å‑mS‑n X‑pS-§‑n-b-hÀ Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑FÀe³U‑ns‑e k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-k-a-c-t‑k\‑m\‑n U‑nh‑m-e-d‑p-a‑mb‑n A¡‑m-e¯‑v ]‑nÅ k‑ul‑rZ‑w Ø‑m]‑n-¨‑p. t‑]‑mf‑nj‑v ]W‑vU‑n-X³ t‑a‑mk‑ns‑b k‑pt‑¸‑m-d‑pa‑mb‑n \S-¯‑nb Z‑oÀL NÀ¨-I-f‑n-e‑qs‑S amÀ¨v 2014

(16) ]‑nÅ t‑k‑mj‑y-e‑nÌ‑v Bi-b-K-X‑n-If‑n BI‑r-j‑vS-\‑m-b‑n. dj‑y³ h‑n¹h‑w \S-¶‑n«‑v a‑q¶‑p-hÀj‑w Ig‑n-ª-t‑X-b‑pÅ‑p. Câ‑n-s‑]ââ‑v t‑e_À ]‑mÀ«‑n-b‑ps‑S H‑mI‑vk‑vt‑^‑mÀU‑v i‑mJ-b‑n F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ A‑wK-X‑z-s‑a-S‑p-¯‑p.

K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n-b‑ps‑S \‑nÊ-l-I-cW {‑] Ø‑m-\-¯‑n ]¦‑m-f‑n-b‑m-I‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑m¯-X‑n ]‑nÅb‑v¡‑v IT‑n-\-a‑mb Z‑p‑xJ‑w t‑X‑m¶‑n. aP‑ve‑nk‑v F¶ k‑wL-S-\b‑ns‑e A‑wK-§-f‑mb \‑qd‑n-t‑es‑d t‑]À t‑NÀ¶‑v C´‑y³ k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-k-a-c-¯‑n ]¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-I-W-s‑a¶‑v \‑nÝ-b‑n-¨‑p. s‑I.-]‑n.-F-k‑v. t‑at‑\‑m³ Xs‑â Bß-IY-b‑n Fg‑p-X‑p-¶‑p: "Kh¬s‑aâ‑n-t‑\‑mS‑v \‑nÊ-l-I-c‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w t‑I‑mt‑f-P‑p-IÄ‑, t‑I‑mS-X‑n-IÄ X‑pS-§‑nb FÃ‑m Ø‑m]\-§-t‑fb‑p‑w ]c‑n-hÀÖ‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w

s‑N¿-W-s‑a¶‑v P\-§s‑f Bl‑z‑m\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑pÅ al‑m-ß-P‑n-b‑ps‑S I‑ml-f-[‑z\‑n a‑pg-§‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ AX‑ns‑â Ae-s‑b‑me‑n C‑wK‑vf-ï‑ne‑p‑w A\‑p-`h-s‑¸-S‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. Fs‑â ka-I‑m-e‑nI-c‑n Hc‑m-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ cW-`‑q-a‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑pÅ B £W‑w t‑I«‑v Cf-I‑n-h-i‑m-b‑n. C‑wK‑vf-ï‑n X‑ma-k‑n¡‑p¶ C´‑y³ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-IÄ¡‑p‑w _‑m[-I-a‑mt‑W‑m C‑u Bl‑z‑m\‑w F¶‑v At‑\‑z-j‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v At‑±l‑w al‑m-ß-P‑n¡‑v I¼‑n-b-S‑n-¨‑p. ‑"As‑X‑' F¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p ad‑p-]-S‑n. F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ ]‑ns‑¶‑m«‑p‑w i¦‑n-¨‑p-\‑n-¶‑n-Ã. At‑±l‑w ]T‑n¯‑w aX‑n-b‑m¡‑n C´‑y-b‑n-t‑e¡‑p aS-§‑n. k‑vt‑\l-a-k‑r-W-a‑mb Hc‑p b‑m{‑X-b-b-¸‑mW‑v R§Ä At‑±-l¯‑n\‑p \ÂI‑n-b-X‑v. h‑mN‑m-e-a‑mb {‑]

F.sI. ]nÅsb¡pdn¨v {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ {KÙw

amˬv 2014

k‑w-K-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S At‑±-ls‑¯ Ht‑«s‑d h‑mg‑v¯‑n b‑m{‑X-b‑m-¡‑n-b‑n«‑v R§Ä t‑\s‑c R§-f‑ps‑S ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑vX-I-§-f‑nt‑e¡‑p aS-§‑n.‑' ]T\‑w Dt‑]-£‑n¨‑v C‑wK‑vf-ï‑n \‑n¶‑v 1921 a‑mÀ¨‑n t‑_‑m‑ws‑_-b‑n h¶‑n-d-§‑nb F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑wI‑q-d‑n-t‑e¡‑v aS-§‑n-h-c‑ms‑X t‑{‑I‑mW‑n¡‑nÄ ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]À _‑n.-P‑n. t‑l‑mÀW‑na‑ms‑\ s‑N¶‑p Iï‑p. h‑nP-b-h‑m-U-b‑n F.-s‑F.-k‑n.-k‑n. kt‑½-f\‑w t‑Nc‑p-¶‑pï‑v. K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n¡‑v ]‑nÅs‑b ]c‑n-N-bs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑v t‑l‑mÀW‑n-a‑m³ \ ÂI‑nb I¯‑p-a‑mb‑n h‑nP-b-h‑m-Ub‑v¡‑v I‑pX‑n-¨‑p. A‑wK-§-f-Ã‑m-¯-hÀ¡‑v kt‑½-f-\-¯‑n {‑]t‑h-i-\-a‑n-Ã. Hc‑p k¶-²-`-Ss‑â s‑s‑Ib‑n K‑mÔ‑nP‑n-¡‑pÅ I¯‑v G¸‑n¨ t‑ij‑w ]‑nÅ {‑]t‑h-i\ Ih‑m-S-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p.

GX‑m\‑p‑w \‑na‑nj‑w Ig‑nª‑v a‑ue‑m\ a‑pl-½-Z‑me‑n "Fh‑ns‑S ]‑nÅ' F¶‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v ]‑pd¯‑p h¶‑p. 28 hb-Ê‑pÅ I‑ri-K‑m-{‑X-\‑mb ]‑nÅs‑b s‑]‑m¡‑ns‑b-S‑p¯‑v t‑ÌP‑n s‑I‑mï‑ph¶‑p \‑nd‑p-¯‑n. "X‑m¦-f‑mt‑W‑m I‑rj‑vW]‑nÅ?' F¶‑v t‑X‑mf‑n X«‑n K‑mÔ‑nP‑n t‑N‑mZ‑n-¨‑p. H‑mÀI‑vk‑vt‑^‑mÀU‑ns‑e \‑nba-]-T\‑w s‑hS‑nª‑v C´‑y³ k‑zX-{‑´‑yk-a-c-t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑nb X‑y‑mK-[-\-\‑mb h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-s‑b¶‑v a‑ue‑m\ a‑pl-½-Z‑me‑n {‑]k‑w-K-¯‑n ]‑nÅs‑b t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v A‑wK-§Ä¡‑v ]c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. ]´-e‑n-\‑p-Å‑n \‑oï Ic-t‑L‑m-j‑w. h‑nt‑Zi C´‑y³ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-I-f‑n \‑n¶‑v ]T‑n¸‑v Dt‑]-£‑n¨‑v BZ‑y‑w h¶ K‑mÔ‑n-i‑n-j‑y³ F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. e‑me‑m eP‑v]X‑v d‑mb‑n-b‑ps‑S "X‑neI‑v k‑v¡‑qÄ H‑m^‑v s‑]‑mf‑n-ä‑n-I‑vk‑n' t‑Nc‑m³ ]‑nÅb‑v¡‑v £W‑w e`‑n-s‑¨¦‑ne‑p‑w X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ \‑m«‑p-c‑m-P‑y¯‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v s‑I«‑n-¸-S‑p-¡‑m³ K‑mÔ‑nP‑n At‑±-ls‑¯ \‑nt‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p. t‑I‑m«‑p‑w k‑y‑q«‑p‑w s‑s‑Sb‑p‑w Ag‑n-¨‑p-a‑m-ä‑nb ]‑nÅ JZÀa‑pï‑p‑w P‑pºb‑p‑w K‑mÔ‑n-s‑¯‑m¸‑nb‑p‑w [c‑n¨‑v Ah‑n-s‑S-\‑n¶‑v P·-\‑m«‑n-t‑e¡‑v aS-§‑n. s‑I‑mÃ‑w P‑nÃ-b‑ns‑e Nh-db‑v¡‑p‑w a¬t‑{‑S‑m-¯‑p-c‑p-¯‑n\‑p‑w CS-b‑v¡‑pÅ t‑Xh-e-¡c {‑K‑ma-¯‑ne‑mW‑v I‑n«‑p-]‑nÅ F¶‑v \‑m«‑p-I‑mÀ h‑nf‑n¡‑p¶ A¿-¸³]‑nÅ I‑rj‑vW-]‑nÅ P\‑n¨‑p hfÀ¶-X‑v. A½ It‑ï‑m-e‑n D®‑n-¡‑m-f‑n. Aѳ c‑ma-]‑n-Å. ac‑p-a-¡¯‑mb k{‑¼-Z‑m-b-{‑]-I‑mc‑w A½‑m-h³ A¿-¸³]‑n-Å-b‑ps‑S t‑]c‑mW‑v C\‑nj‑yÂ. t‑Xh-e-¡-c-b‑n BZ‑ys‑¯ k‑v¡‑qÄ Ø‑m]‑n-¨X‑v ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S AÑ-\‑m-W‑v. B k‑v¡‑qf‑n \‑m\‑m-P‑mX‑n aX-¯‑nÂs‑¸« I‑p«‑n-IÄ¡‑v {‑]t‑h-i\‑w \ÂI‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑nh‑n[ P‑mX‑n-b‑n s‑]«-hÀ¡‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w ¢‑mk‑va‑p-d‑n-

(17) IÄ F¶ GÀ¸‑mS‑v ]‑n¶‑oS‑v F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ CS-s‑]«‑v Ah-k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w A½ D®‑n-¡‑m-f‑n-b‑ps‑S Ad‑p-]X‑m‑w ]‑nd¶‑mf‑n\‑v k‑v¡‑qf‑n a‑n{‑i-t‑`‑m-P\‑w \S-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. CX‑ns‑â t‑] c‑n kt‑l‑m-Zc‑nb‑ps‑S `À¯‑r-h‑o-«‑p-I‑mÀ ]‑nÅb‑v¡‑v {‑`j‑vS‑v Ie‑v]‑n-¨‑p.

X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑n t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v s‑I«‑n-¸-S‑p-¡‑m³ K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n-b‑ps‑S \‑nt‑b‑m-K-h‑p-a‑mb‑n h¶ F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑m«‑v s‑N¶‑v s‑I.-]‑n. t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ Iï‑p. ae-_‑mÀ t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v I½‑n-ä‑n-b‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y-ZÀi‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p At‑¸‑mÄ t‑at‑\‑m³. X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑wI‑qÀ LS-I-¯‑ns‑â I‑mc‑y-ZÀi‑n-b‑mb‑n ]‑nÅb‑p‑w N‑pa-X-e-t‑b-ä‑p. k‑n. \‑mc‑m-bW-]‑nÅ Fg-X‑p¶‑p: "\‑meW s‑a¼-d·‑mÀ A§‑n§‑v Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑ne‑p‑w X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑n t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n\‑v {‑] hÀ¯-\-s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w Iï‑n-Ã. k‑wL-S‑n-Xa‑mb {‑]hÀ¯\‑w Bc‑w-`‑n-¨X‑v F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S {‑ia-^-e-a‑m-b‑n-«‑mW‑v. Hc‑p \‑nj‑v¡‑ma IÀ½‑n-s‑b-t‑¸‑ms‑e c‑mP‑y‑w a‑pg‑p-h³ B b‑ph‑mh‑v Aeª‑v I½‑nä‑n Dï‑m-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w t‑b‑mK-§Ä k‑wL-S‑n¸‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p.' A¶‑v ae-b‑mf-¡-c-b‑n t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n\‑v 5 P‑nÃ‑m I½‑n-ä‑n-I-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p þ X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑wI‑qÀ‑, s‑I‑m¨‑n‑, t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑m-S‑v, ]‑me¡‑m-S‑v, Xe-t‑È-c‑n. FÃ‑m P‑nÃ‑m I½‑nä‑n-I-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w Gt‑I‑m-]‑n-X-a‑mb BZ‑y k‑wØ‑m\ kt‑½-f\‑w 1921 G{‑]‑n 23-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n Hä-¸‑m-e¯‑p \S-¶‑p.

F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S A²‑y-£-{‑]-k‑wK‑w DÖ‑z-eh‑p‑w Bt‑h-i-I-ch‑p‑w Bb‑n-c‑ps‑¶¶‑v kt‑½-f\ {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ h‑n.-S‑n. `«-X‑n-c‑n-¸‑mS‑v t‑cJ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. t‑Zi‑ob Xe-¯‑ne‑p‑w {‑]‑mt‑Z-i‑nI Xe-¯‑ne‑p‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n F´‑p k‑w`-h‑n-¡‑p¶‑p F¶‑v {‑]hÀ¯-Is‑c Ad‑n-b‑n-¡‑m³ FÃ‑m \‑m«‑ne‑p‑w t‑]‑mb‑n {‑]k‑w-K‑n-¨-X‑p-s‑I‑mï‑p a‑m{‑X‑w Ig‑n-b‑ns‑ö‑v ]‑nÅ a\-Ê‑n-e‑m¡‑n. {‑]k‑wK‑w \Ã-X‑p-Xs‑¶. I‑mc‑y-§Ä t‑\c‑n-«-d‑nb‑n¡‑m‑w. ]t‑£ Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w F{‑X t‑b‑mK-§f‑p‑w {‑]k‑w-K-§f‑p‑w \S-¯‑m\‑mh‑p‑w? AX‑n F{‑X t‑]À¡‑v ] s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p‑w? P\-§-f‑n ] I‑p-X‑n-t‑b‑mf‑w t‑]À h‑nZ‑y‑m-`‑y‑mk‑w e`‑n-¨-h-c‑mW‑v. Fg‑p¯‑p‑w h‑mb-\b‑p‑w Ad‑n-b‑p-¶-hs‑c c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob I‑mc‑y-§Ä ]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ ]{‑X-§Ä¡‑v Ig‑nb‑p‑w. \‑mS‑ns‑â ]e `‑mK¯‑p‑w Xe DbÀ¯‑n¯‑p-S-§‑nb ae-b‑mf h‑mÀ¯‑m-]-{‑X‑nIIÄ¡‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ \‑nb-{‑´-W-§-f‑ps‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w {‑]N‑m-cW ]c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-IÄ¡‑v ]{‑X‑w ^e-{‑]-Zh‑p‑w Ff‑p-¸-h‑p-a‑m-s‑W¶‑v ]e a‑mX‑r-I-IÄ a\-Ê‑n-t‑e‑mÀ¯‑ps‑I‑mï‑v ]‑nÅ Ic‑pX‑n. t‑Xh-e-¡-cb‑ns‑e I‑pS‑p‑w-_-h-k‑vX‑p-h‑n Hc‑p `‑mK‑w

h‑nä‑v 1921 ]‑nÅ s‑I‑mï‑p \‑n¶‑v "k‑zc‑m«‑v‑' F¶ Z‑n\-¸{‑X‑w X‑pS§‑n. t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑ns‑â BZ‑ys‑¯ a‑pJ-] {‑X‑w F¶ \‑ne-b‑v¡‑mW‑v X‑pS-§‑n-bs‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w AX‑n-\‑mb‑n ]W‑w ]‑nc‑nt‑h‑m H‑mlc‑n DS-a-Is‑f t‑NÀ¡t‑e‑m H¶‑p‑w Dï‑m-b‑nÃ. {‑i‑oc‑m-a-h‑n-e‑mk‑w {‑]Ê‑n A¨-S‑n¨‑p. B{‑i‑m-a¯‑v Hc‑p h‑oS‑v h‑mS-Ib‑vs‑¡-S‑p¯‑v H‑m^‑ok‑v Ø‑m]‑n¨‑p. {‑]X‑nh‑mc ]{‑X-a‑mb‑n X‑pS§‑n. h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ hÀ²‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ Bg‑vN-b‑n a‑q¶‑v F¶ {‑Ia-¯‑n-e‑mb‑n. HS‑p-h‑n Gg‑p Z‑nhkh‑p‑w a‑pS-§‑ms‑X {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶ A¡‑m-es‑¯ BZ‑y ]{‑X-a‑mb‑n k‑zc‑m«‑v hfÀ¶‑p. s‑I.P‑n. i¦À‑, t‑]‑m¡‑m«‑v c‑ma-I‑r-j‑vW-]‑nÅ‑, ]c‑oX‑p k‑ml‑n_‑v‑, I‑me‑m-b‑n I‑rj‑vW-]‑nÅ‑, ]‑n. t‑Iih-t‑Zh‑v‑, h‑nZ‑z‑m³ k‑n.Fk‑v. \‑mbÀ F¶‑n-h-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p k‑zc‑m-«‑ns‑e {‑][‑m\ {‑]hÀ¯-IÀ. A´‑m-c‑mj‑v{‑S k‑w`-h-§s‑f-¸ä‑n B[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-a‑mb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p‑w t‑eJ-\h‑p‑w BZ‑y‑w {‑]X‑y-£-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p¶ ]{‑X-s‑a-¶‑mW‑v k‑zc‑m-«‑ns‑\ s‑I.]‑n. i¦c-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ h‑nt‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑v. al‑m-\‑mb s‑e\‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ-s‑bg‑p-X‑nb t‑eJ\‑w ka-j‑vS‑n-h‑m-Z-X-¯‑z§s‑f C´‑y³ {‑]‑mt‑Z-i‑nI `‑mj-b‑n BZ‑y-a‑mb‑n ]c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n. Z‑n\-¸-{‑X¯‑n\‑v R‑mb-d‑mg‑vN ]X‑n¸‑v t‑h-W-s‑a¶‑v IÀi-\-a‑mb‑n Ic‑p-X‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶ BZ‑y ] {‑X‑m-[‑n-]c‑p‑w F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ-b‑mW‑v. k‑zc‑m«‑v ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â {‑]N‑m-cW {‑]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡‑v I‑qs‑S-¡‑qs‑S D¯c t‑Ic-f-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ b‑m{‑X s‑Nb‑vX‑n-c‑p¶‑p. ae-_‑m-d‑n t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v ià-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑ne‑p‑w k‑zc‑m«‑v Z‑n\‑w-{‑]X‑n s‑I‑mÃ-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑v F¯‑n-t‑¨-c‑m-\‑pÅ {‑]b‑mk‑w a‑qe‑w hS-¡³ {‑]t‑Z-i-§-f‑n hc‑n-¡‑mÀ I½‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. FU‑n-äÀ ]‑nÅ ] X‑n-h‑mb‑n I®‑q-c‑n F¯‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. b‑m{‑X‑m-at‑²‑y t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑m«‑v Cd§‑n t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³‑, a‑m[-h³ \‑mbÀ X‑pS§‑nb t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v t‑\X‑m-¡-s‑fb‑p‑w I‑mW‑p‑w. k‑zc‑m-«‑ns‑â {‑]N‑m-c-W-s‑a-¶-X‑n\‑p-]c‑n X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑n \‑n¶‑v 1910 \‑mS‑p-I-S-¯-s‑¸« k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m\‑n c‑ma-I‑r-j‑vW-]‑n-Å-b‑ps‑S I‑pS‑p‑w-_s‑¯ kµÀi‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S {‑][‑m\ e£‑y‑w.

C‑w¥-ï‑n ]T‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Xs‑¶ ]‑nÅ c‑ma-I‑r-j‑vW-]‑n-Å-b‑ps‑S h‑n[h _‑n. IÃ‑y‑m-W‑n-b-½-b‑p-a‑mb‑n I¯‑ne‑qs‑S AS‑p¸‑w Ø‑m]‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶‑p. aIÄ t‑K‑ma-X‑n-b-½s‑b h‑nh‑ml‑w s‑N¿‑m³ B{‑Kl‑w {‑]I-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v Xs‑â t‑^‑mt‑«‑mb‑p‑w Ab-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑n-«‑pï‑v. ]¯‑m‑w ¢‑mk‑v ]T\‑w Ig‑n-b‑ms‑X h‑nh‑m-l‑n-X-b‑m-I‑m³ B{‑K-l-a‑n-s‑ö‑v 13 hb-Ê‑p-I‑m-c‑n-b‑mb t‑K‑ma-X‑n-b½ iT‑n¨‑p.

\‑m«‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b-t‑ij‑w ]‑nÅ ]¿‑m-¼e‑w IS X‑ocs‑¯ k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-b‑ps‑S A´‑y h‑n{‑i-a-Øe‑w kµÀi‑n¨‑p.

IÃ‑y‑m-W‑n-b-½-t‑bb‑p‑w I‑pS‑p‑w-_-t‑¯b‑p‑w Iï‑p. t‑K‑ma-X‑n-b-½-b‑ps‑S ]T\‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m-I‑p‑w-hs‑c I‑m¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ ]‑nÅ k¶-²-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. k‑zc‑m-«‑n\‑v hc‑n-¡‑ms‑c t‑NÀ¡‑m-s‑\¶ t‑]c‑n I®‑q-c‑n-t‑e-¡‑pÅ \‑nc-´c b‑m{‑X-b‑n F{‑X-t‑]s‑c CX‑n-\I‑w I‑n«‑n-s‑b¶‑v ]‑nÅ-t‑b‑mS‑v I‑pd‑qÀ \‑oe-I-W‑vT³ \¼‑q-X‑n-c‑n-¸‑mS‑v If‑n-b‑m¡‑n t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ AX‑p-t‑I«‑v s‑]‑m«‑n-¨‑nc‑n¨‑p. ]‑nÅ Z‑rV-k‑z-c-¯‑n ad‑p-]S‑n \ÂI‑n. ""]X‑n-s‑\‑m¶‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w a‑p¼‑v X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ I‑m«‑nb s‑\d‑n-t‑I-S‑mW‑v

F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ-

k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-b‑ps‑S \‑mS‑p-I-S-¯Â.

At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â aI-s‑fb‑p‑w B ] {‑X-s‑¯b‑p‑w R‑m³ At‑§‑m«‑v X‑nc‑n-¨‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑mI‑p‑w. As‑X‑mc‑p {‑]‑mb-Ý‑n¯-a‑mb‑n Ic‑p-X‑n-t‑¡‑mf‑q.''

F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ h‑m¡‑p-]‑m-e‑n¨‑p. t‑K‑ma-X‑n-b½ Fk‑v.Fk‑v.FÂ.k‑n. ] c‑o£ Fg‑p-X‑n-¡-g‑nª DS³ Xs‑¶ hfs‑c ef‑n-X-a‑mb Hc‑p NS-§‑n h¨‑v 1922 G{‑]‑n a‑mk‑w k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m\‑n-b‑ps‑S aIs‑f At‑±l‑w hc‑n¨‑p.

I‑p-d‑q-c‑ns‑â {‑]‑mÀ°-\b‑p‑w t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑ms‑â k‑m¶‑n-²‑yh‑p‑w I®‑q-c‑n \ S¶ B h‑nh‑m-l-¯‑n\‑v Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. k‑zc‑m«‑v Z‑n\-¸-{‑X-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w k‑zt‑Z-i‑m`‑n-a‑m-\‑nb‑p‑w s‑I‑mï‑p \‑n¶‑v a‑mk‑nI-b‑mb‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p X‑pS§‑n. amÀ¨v 2014

(18) t‑K‑ma-X‑n-b-½-b‑v¡‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AX‑ns‑â N‑pa-Xe. Bb‑ns‑S {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v c‑mP-I‑p-a‑mcs‑â kµÀi-\-¯‑n {‑]X‑n-t‑j-[‑n¨‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v {‑]hÀ¯-IÀ s‑I‑mï‑v s‑]‑mX‑p-hg‑n XSª‑p. s‑]‑me‑ok‑v _e{‑]-t‑b‑mK‑w Dï‑mb‑n. ]‑nÅ-b-S¡‑w GX‑m\‑p‑w t‑\X‑m-¡Äs‑¡-X‑ns‑c t‑Is‑kS‑p¯‑p. t‑I‑mS-X‑n-b‑n Xs‑â `‑mK‑w k‑zb‑w h‑mZ‑n¨‑v i‑n£-b‑n \‑n¶‑v Hg‑nh‑mb‑n Cd-§‑nb ]‑nÅs‑b A`‑n-`‑m-jIÀ t‑]‑me‑p‑w {‑]i‑w-k‑n¨‑p. \‑nb-a-]-T\‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m¡‑n A`‑n-`‑m-jI t‑P‑me‑nb‑n a‑pg‑p-I‑n-¡‑qt‑S F¶‑v A`‑y‑p-Z-b-I‑m‑w£‑n-IÄ t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w \j‑vS-¡-¨-h-S-a‑mW‑v. P‑oh‑n-¡‑m-\‑pÅ `‑qk‑z¯‑v A¸‑m¸‑w h‑nä‑p t‑hW‑w s‑]‑mX‑p {‑]hÀ¯\‑w \S-¯‑m³. C‑u Ah-Ø-b‑n A`‑n-`‑m-jI t‑P‑me‑n Hc‑p Ø‑nc-h-c‑p-a‑m\‑w Dï‑m-¡‑n-¯-c‑pat‑Ã‑m F¶‑v t‑K‑ma-X‑n-b-½b‑p‑w \‑nÀt‑±i‑n¨‑p. a{‑Z‑m-k‑n t‑]‑mb‑n \‑nba‑w ] T‑n-¡t‑W‑m eï-\‑n h‑oï‑p‑w t‑]‑mb‑n _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ BIt‑W‑m F¶ N‑n´‑m-¡‑pg-¸h‑p‑w `‑mc‑y Xs‑¶-b‑mW‑v a‑mä‑n-bX‑v.

GX‑m-b‑me‑p‑w hk‑vX‑p- ]-W-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑pIt‑b‑m h‑n¡‑p-It‑b‑m t‑hW‑w. Hc‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w I‑qS‑n H‑mI‑vk‑vt‑^‑mÀU‑n ] T‑n-¨‑m _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ BI‑m‑w. \‑m«‑n AX‑n-s‑\‑mc‑p \‑neb‑p‑w h‑ne-b‑p-a‑pï‑v. ] t‑£ s‑s‑h¡‑w kX‑y‑m-{‑Kl‑w Ig‑nª‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n\‑v P\-k-½X‑n hÀ²‑n¨ kab‑w X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qÀ \‑nb-a-k-`b‑n-t‑e¡‑v X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p¸‑v {‑]J‑y‑m-]‑n¨‑p.

A¼X‑v A‑wK-§-f‑pÅ \‑nb-a-k-`-b‑n 25 A‑wK-§s‑f s‑]‑mX‑p-P-\-§Ä¡‑p s‑Xc-s‑ª-S‑p¡‑m‑w. A©‑p-c‑q] Ic‑w X‑oc‑ph DÅ-hÀ¡‑p a‑m{‑Xt‑a t‑h‑m«-hI‑m-i-a‑pÅ‑q. Ic‑p-\‑m-K-¸Å‑n X‑me‑q-¡‑n F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ Ø‑m\‑mÀ°‑n-b‑m-I-Ws‑a¶‑v k‑pl‑r-¯‑p-¡Ä \‑nÀt‑±-i‑n¨‑p. \‑m«‑p c‑mP‑y-§-f‑ns‑e \‑nb-a-k-`-I-f‑n t‑I‑m¬-{‑KÊ‑v aÕ-c‑n¨‑v A‑wK-§s‑f Dï‑m-¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑n-b‑nÃ. AX‑n-\‑m ]‑nÅb‑v¡‑p aÕ-c‑n-¡‑m³ X‑m¸c‑y‑w t‑X‑m¶‑n-b‑nÃ. "ae-b‑mf‑n‑' ]{‑X-¯‑n Bb‑ns‑S h¶ Bt‑£-]-I-c-a‑mb Hc‑p d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v ]‑nÅs‑b s‑N‑mS‑n-¸‑n¨‑p. t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w ]‑nÅ-s‑bb‑p‑w A]-I‑oÀ¯‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶ Xc-¯‑n c‑mP-`à‑n {‑]I-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑pÅ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n\‑v ad‑p-]-S‑n-s‑b-g‑p-X‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑v Hc‑p h‑mi‑n-t‑b‑ms‑S \‑nb-a-k-`-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v aÕ-c‑n¨‑p Pb‑n¨‑p. \‑nb-a-k-`‑m‑w-Ka‑m-b-t‑X‑ms‑S ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S X‑mak‑w X‑nc‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-c-t‑¯¡‑p a‑mä‑n. c‑ma-I‑rj‑vW-a‑p-{‑Z‑m-eb‑w F¶ t‑]c‑n Hc‑p A¨-S‑n-i‑me Ø‑m]‑n¨‑p. k‑zc‑m«‑p‑w k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑nb‑p‑w s‑I‑mÃ-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑v X‑nc‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-c-t‑¯¡‑p a‑mä‑n. k‑zt‑Zi‑m-`‑n-a‑m\‑n ]»‑n-t‑¡-j³ F¶ {‑] amÀ¨v 2014

k‑n-²‑o-I-cW Ø‑m]-\h‑p‑w X‑pS§‑n.

1912 c‑ma-I‑r-j‑vW-]‑nÅ Fg‑p-X‑nb I‑mÄa‑mÀI‑vk‑ns‑â eL‑p-P‑o-h-N-c‑n-{‑X¯‑ns‑â cï‑m‑w ]X‑n¸‑v Ah‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑v AS‑n-¨‑n-d¡‑n. "t‑e‑mt‑I‑m-]-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ' F¶ t‑]c‑n t‑e‑mI-{‑]-i-k‑vX-c‑mb h‑yà‑n-I-s‑f-¸ä‑n F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S ]c-¼-cb‑p‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p X‑pS§‑n.

AX‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p h‑n.s‑F. s‑e\‑ns‑â P‑oh-N-c‑n{‑X‑w. C‑u P‑oh-N-c‑n{‑X-s‑a-g‑pX‑n GX‑m\‑p‑w \‑mf‑p Ig‑n-ª‑v s‑e\‑n³ A´-c‑n¨‑p. k‑zc‑m«‑v A¶s‑¯ \‑ne-b‑n s‑e\‑ns‑â h‑nt‑b‑m-K-s‑¯-¸ä‑n Gäh‑p‑w a‑nI¨ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p‑w t‑eJ-\§f‑p‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p. ]t‑¯‑mf‑w ] {‑X-§Ä A¡‑m-e¯‑v X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑qd‑n Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. P\-§-f‑n h‑mb\‑m-i‑oe‑w Cc-«‑n¨‑p. c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b‑m-i-b§Ä X‑o]‑m-d‑p‑w-t‑]‑ms‑e ]SÀ¶‑p I¯‑n. ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S ]{‑X-§Ä¡‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p Gs‑d k‑z‑m[‑o\ ià‑n. kÀ¡‑mÀ P‑ma‑y¯‑pI hÀ²‑n-¸‑n¨‑p‑w i‑n£‑m-\-S-]-S‑n-IÄ IÀ¡-i-a‑m-¡‑nb‑p‑w {‑]Ê‑v dK‑p-t‑e-j³ F¶ ]{‑X-a‑m-cW \‑nba‑w s‑I‑mï‑p h¶‑p. \‑nb-a-k-`-b‑n AX‑ns‑\ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑Nb‑vs‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w kÀ¡‑mÀ hg-§‑n-b‑nÃ. A`‑n-{‑]‑mb k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y¯‑n\‑p \‑nb-{‑´W‑w GÀs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶X‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c h³ {‑]X‑n-t‑j[‑w DbÀ¶‑p. al‑m-d‑m-W‑n¡‑v \‑nt‑h-Z\‑w kaÀ¸‑n¨‑v kÀ¡‑m-c‑ns‑\ ]‑n´‑n-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-s‑a¶‑v C.h‑n. I‑rj‑vW-]‑n-Åb‑p‑w a¶¯‑p ] ß-\‑m-`\‑p‑w aä‑p‑w A`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-s‑¸-«‑p. ]‑nÅb‑p‑w I‑q«c‑p‑w AX‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v {‑] t‑b‑m-P-\-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑mW‑v h‑mZ‑n-¨X‑v.

F¦‑ne‑p‑w `‑qc‑n-]-£‑m-`‑n-{‑]‑mb‑w a‑m\‑n¨‑v \‑nt‑h-Z-\-h‑p-a‑mb‑n s‑N¶-t‑¸‑mÄ Z‑nh‑ms‑\ I‑mW‑m³ d‑mW‑n \‑nÀt‑±-i‑n¨‑p. Z‑nh‑m\‑m-Is‑« Hg‑p-¡³ a«‑n "t‑\‑m¡‑m‑w‑' F¶‑v ]dª‑v \‑nt‑h-Z\‑w h‑m§‑nh¨‑p. i‑n£‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-t‑ij‑w h‑nN‑m-cW F¶ \‑nb-a-a‑mW‑v {‑]Ê‑v dK‑p-t‑e-j³ F¶‑v ]‑nÅ h‑mZ‑n¨‑p. \‑nb-a-k-`-b‑ns‑e H‑ut‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I‑m‑w-K-§-f‑ps‑S `‑qc‑n-]£ ]‑n´‑p-W-t‑b‑ms‑S kÀ¡‑mÀ FÃ‑m Ic‑n\‑n-b-a-§f‑p‑w hg‑n P\-X‑m¸-c‑ys‑¯ AS‑n-¨-aÀ¯‑p¶‑p. C§-s‑\‑mc‑p \‑nb-a\‑nÀ½‑m-W-k-`-s‑I‑mt‑ï‑m Ah-b‑ns‑e A‑wKX‑z‑w s‑I‑mt‑ï‑m \‑mS‑n\‑v b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p {‑]t‑b‑m-P-\h‑p‑w Cs‑ö‑v ]d-ª‑ps‑I‑mï‑v cï-c-s‑¡‑mÃ‑w a‑m{‑X‑w \‑oï \‑nb-a-k-`‑m‑w-KX‑z‑w ]‑nÅ c‑mP‑n-h¨‑p. ]‑pX‑nb {‑]Ê‑v dK‑p-t‑e-j³ {‑]I‑mc‑w he‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p X‑pI kÀ¡‑m-c‑n AS¨‑m a‑m{‑Xt‑a ]{‑X‑w X‑pSÀ¶‑p t‑]‑mI‑m\‑mI‑q. k‑zc‑m«‑p‑w k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑nb‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑n-e‑mb‑n. Bd‑p-s‑I‑m-á‑me‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑ns‑â a‑pJ-]-{‑X-a‑mb‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m¶ k‑zc‑m«‑v 1927 {‑] k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w \‑nd‑p¯‑n. k‑zt‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-

a‑m\‑n a‑mk‑n-I-b‑ps‑S s‑s‑ek³k‑v a‑m{‑X‑w \‑ne-\‑n-d‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑v {‑]hÀ¯-\-N‑p-aXe `‑mc‑y t‑K‑ma-X‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w t‑Iiht‑Zh‑ns‑\b‑p‑w G¸‑n¨‑v ]‑nt‑ä-s‑¡‑mÃ‑w _‑mc‑nÌÀ ]T\‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑m-\‑mb‑n ]‑nÅ eï-\‑n-t‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mb‑n. ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S b‑uh-\-X‑o-£‑vWa‑mb {‑]t‑£‑m` Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑ns‑e H¶‑m‑w A²‑y‑mb‑w At‑X‑ms‑S Ah-k‑m-\‑n¨‑p. _‑mc‑n-Ì-d‑mb‑n cï‑p-s‑I‑mÃ‑w Ig‑nª‑v aS-§‑n-h¶ F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob h‑o£-W-§Ä ka‑qe‑w a‑md‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. al‑m-ß-P‑n-b‑ps‑S kl\ ka-c-c‑o-X‑n-t‑b-¡‑mÄ k‑p`‑m-j‑vN-{‑µt‑_‑m-k‑ns‑â X‑o{‑h-s‑s‑i-e‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑mW‑v ]‑nÅb‑v¡‑v X‑m¸c‑y‑w t‑X‑m¶‑n-bX‑v. t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n Hc‑p t‑k‑mj‑y-e‑nÌ‑v t‑Nc‑n DbÀ¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶X‑p‑w ]‑nÅ {‑i²‑n¨‑p. F¶‑m "t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v t‑k‑mj‑y-e‑nÌ‑v‑' F¶ {‑]t‑b‑m-K-¯‑ns‑â AÀ°-i‑q-\‑y-X-b‑n-e‑q¶‑n \‑nc-h[‑n t‑eJ\-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S AX‑ns‑\ h‑naÀi‑n¨ ]‑nÅb‑ps‑S Bi-b-§Ä F‑w.F³. t‑d‑mb‑nb‑ps‑S {‑i²-b‑nÂs‑¸«‑p. I‑p¼-f¯‑p i¦‑p-¸‑n-Å-s‑b-t‑¸‑ms‑e \‑nc-h-[‑n-t‑] s‑c t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v s‑s‑I]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h¶ F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ k‑z‑m`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑mb h‑ni‑z‑m-k-]-c‑nW‑ma‑w t‑]‑ms‑e t‑d‑mb‑n-b‑ps‑S a‑m\-h-]-c‑nhÀ¯\ h‑mZ-¯‑n BI‑r-j‑vS-\‑mb‑n. t‑Zi‑ob k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w c‑mP‑y-¯‑ns‑â h‑n`P-\-t‑¯‑ms‑S h‑n^-e-a‑m-b-X‑mb‑n h‑ni‑zk‑n¨‑p. A[‑n-I‑m-c-a‑m-ä-¯‑n\‑v d‑mU‑n-¡Â C³U‑n-s‑]ââ‑v e‑oK‑v Iï k‑z]‑v\-§Ä h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. 1947 BKÌ‑v 15þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n FÃ‑m BË‑m-Z‑m-t‑L‑mj-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w Hg‑nª‑v t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m h‑mÀ¯ t‑IÄ¡‑m³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w X‑m¸c‑y‑w I‑m«‑ms‑X A´Àa‑p-J-s‑\t‑¸‑ms‑e h‑o«‑n At‑±l‑w IX-I-S-¨‑nc‑p-¶-‑p. Xs‑â BZ‑ys‑¯ t‑{‑]a-`‑m-P\‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b-a‑m-s‑W¶‑v Fg‑p-X‑nb ]‑nÅ C´‑y-b‑ns‑e h‑yh-Ø‑m-]‑nX c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob ]‑mÀ«‑n-I-t‑f‑m-s‑SÃ‑m‑w AIe‑w ]‑me‑n-¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y‑m-\-´c‑w A`‑n`‑m-j-I-h‑r-¯‑n-b‑n a‑pg‑pI‑n. a{‑Z‑mk‑v s‑s‑lt‑¡‑m-S-X‑n-b‑n Hc‑p t‑Ik‑n l‑mP-c‑m-I‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p‑w hg‑n 56þ‑m‑w hbÊ‑n Z‑pc‑ql k‑ml-N-c‑y-¯‑n F.s‑I. ]‑nÅ ac‑n¨‑p. Hc‑p k‑z‑m`‑m-h‑nI ac-Wa‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nà As‑X¶‑v At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â I‑pS‑p‑w-_‑m‑w-K-§Ä h‑ni‑z-k‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑n ]‑nÅ-b‑ps‑S t‑kh-\-s‑s‑ZÀL‑y‑w s‑Nd‑p-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p.

F¦‑ne‑p‑w AX‑n\‑v k‑z´-a‑mb Hc‑p h‑ni‑p²‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: sujaathan@gmail.com

(19)

C.]‑n. j‑mP‑pZ‑o³

k‑zX{‑´ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â I‑mhe‑mÄ ]{X[À½¯nsâbpw am[yaaqeyt_m[¯ntâbpw Imhemfmbn XpScpó "KmÀUnb³' ]{X¯nsâ Ncn{Xw

1819

-s‑e Hc‑p k‑mb‑mÓ‑w. {‑_‑n«\‑n a‑m©Ìd‑ns‑e Hc‑p h‑o«‑n ka‑m\ a\Ø‑nX‑n¡‑mc‑mb GX‑m\‑p‑w t‑]c‑ps‑S Hc‑p I‑q«‑mb‑va t‑Nc‑p¶‑p. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e Hc‑p {‑][‑m\ h‑y‑mhk‑m b‑nI \Kca‑ms‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w P\{‑]‑mX‑n\‑n[‑y k`b‑mb t‑I‑ma¬k‑v k`b‑n a‑m©Ìd‑n\‑p‑w e‑oU‑vk‑n\‑p‑w _‑nÀa‑n‑wK‑m a‑n\‑ps‑a‑m¶‑p‑w {‑]‑mX‑n\‑n[‑ya‑nÃ‑m¯X‑n {‑]X‑nt‑j[a‑pÅ hc‑mW‑v- t‑b‑mK¯‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¡‑p¶X‑v. t‑e_À ]‑mÀ«‑n t‑\X‑mh‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑oS‑v F‑w.]‑nb‑pa‑mb t‑P‑m¬ t‑]‑m«d‑ps‑S h‑o«‑ne‑mW‑v- t‑b‑mK‑w t‑Nc‑p¶X‑v. t‑]‑m«s‑d I‑qS‑ms‑X t‑X‑mak‑v‑, d‑n¨‑mÀU‑v F¶‑o cï‑p a¡f‑p‑w t‑P‑mj«‑nÂhÀ¯‑v‑, t‑P‑m¬ Ft‑U‑zU‑v s‑Sb‑veÀ‑, BÀ¨‑n_‑mÄU‑v s‑{‑]s‑s‑âk‑v‑, t‑P‑mk^‑v {‑_ZÀS¬‑, A_‑vkt‑e‑m‑w h‑mS‑vI‑n³‑, h‑ne‑y‑w I‑ut‑{‑U F¶‑n-hc‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p k‑wL¯‑nÂ. h‑ne‑y‑w I‑ut‑{‑U a‑m©ÌÀ Kkä‑v F¶ ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â DSab‑mW‑v-.

C‑u s‑]‑mX‑p k‑wL¯‑n\‑v- X§f‑ps‑S Bib§Ä Fg‑pX‑n¸‑nS‑n¸‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ GI B{‑iba‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p a‑m©ÌÀ Kkä‑v. s‑Sb‑ved‑p‑w s‑{‑]s‑s‑âk‑p‑w Ø‑nca‑mb‑n Kkä‑n Fg‑pX‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

C‑w¥ï‑ns‑e B‑w¥‑n¡³ k`s‑b FX‑nÀ¡‑p¶ s‑{‑]‑m«Ìâ‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑nt‑\‑mS‑v A\‑p`‑mha‑pÅhc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Chs‑cÃ‑m‑w. a‑m©ÌÀ s‑]‑mX‑pt‑h s‑{‑]‑m«Ìâ‑v a‑p³X‑q¡ a‑pÅ Øea‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑ps‑h¶X‑n\‑m CX‑v Ak‑m[‑mcWa‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. kÀ¡‑mÀ B‑w¥‑n¡³ k`b‑pa‑mb‑n AS‑p¯ _Ô¯‑ne‑mbX‑n\‑m k‑vI‑qf‑pIf‑ne‑qs‑S h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑nIs‑f aX]ca‑mb‑n k‑z‑m[‑o\‑nt‑¨¡‑m³ CSb‑ps‑ï¶ kt‑µl¯‑n e‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AhÀ. t‑P‑mk^‑v e¦‑mÌd‑ps‑S t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑ne‑p Å s‑{‑]‑m«Ìâ‑v k‑vI‑qÄ {‑]Ø‑m\s‑¯ ]‑n´‑pWb‑v¡‑p¶ hc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Chs‑cÃ‑m‑w. a[‑yhÀK e‑n_d N‑n´‑mKX‑n¡‑mc‑mb‑nc‑ps‑¶¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nhÀK N‑n´‑mKX‑nIf‑pÅhc‑pa‑mb‑n ChÀ _Ô‑w ]‑peÀ¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. F¶‑m Ahc‑ps‑S FÃ‑m \b§s‑fb‑p‑w C‑u k‑wL‑w A‑wK‑oIc‑n¨X‑pa‑nÃ. s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nhÀKt‑¯‑mS‑v B`‑na‑pJ‑y‑w ]‑peÀ¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶ t‑P‑m¬ s‑s‑\ä‑v‑, Pb‑n‑wk‑v t‑{‑h‑m‑, t‑P‑m¬ k‑mI‑v̬ F¶‑nhÀ t‑NÀ¶‑v 1818- Z‑v a‑m©ÌÀ H_‑vkÀhÀ F¶ ]{‑X‑w Bc‑w`‑n¨‑p.

P\]£t‑¯‑mS‑v t‑NÀ¶‑p \‑nÂI‑p¶ Bib§f‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p ]{‑X¯‑nt‑âs‑X¶X‑n\‑m hfs‑c s‑]s‑«¶‑mW‑v- {‑]N‑mc‑w hÀ[‑n¨X‑v. Hc‑phÀj¯‑n\‑pÅ‑n Xs‑¶ ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â {‑]N‑mc‑w 4000 t‑I‑m¸‑n Ih‑nª‑p. 1819 Bbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w a‑m©Ìd‑n\‑p s‑hf‑nb‑n {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e a‑n¡ \Kc§f‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X‑w {‑]N‑mc‑w t‑\S‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

]{‑X¯‑ns‑â {‑]N‑mchÀ[\ ]‑pX‑ns‑b‑mc‑p ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑pï‑m ¡‑m³ ChÀ¡‑v t‑{‑]cW \ÂI‑n. A§s‑\b‑mW‑v- 1819 a‑mÀ¨‑n ChÀ t‑]{‑S‑nt‑b‑m«‑nI‑v b‑qW‑nb³ s‑k‑ms‑s‑kä‑n F¶ k‑wLS\b‑v¡‑v c‑q]‑w \ÂI‑nbX‑v. P\‑m[‑n]X‑y \h‑oIcWa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p k‑wLS\b‑ps‑S e£‑y‑w. t‑P‑mk^‑v t‑P‑m¬ s‑k{‑I«d‑nb‑p‑w Pb‑n‑wk‑v t‑{‑h‑m k‑wLS\b‑ps‑S {‑Sjdd‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. k‑wLS\b‑v¡‑v P\]‑n´‑pW Ds‑ï¶‑p a\k‑ne‑m¡‑nb AhÀ a‑m©Ìd‑n he‑nb Hc‑p t‑b‑mK‑w h‑nf‑n¨‑p t‑NÀ¡‑m³ X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨‑p. a‑m©Ìd‑ns‑â a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, e¦‑mjbd‑ns‑â s‑a‑m¯‑w t‑b‑mKa‑mIWs‑a¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Chc‑ps‑S X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑w. CSX‑p]£ t‑\X‑m¡f‑p‑w DP‑ze {‑]‑mk‑wK‑nIc‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶ t‑aPÀ t‑P‑m¬ I‑mÀ«‑vs‑s‑dä‑ns‑\ b‑p‑w s‑l³d‑n lï‑ns‑\b‑p‑w {‑]k‑wK‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w £W‑n¨‑p.

I‑mÀ«‑vs‑s‑dä‑n\‑v- ]s‑¦S‑p¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n¨‑nÃ. F¶‑mÂ‑, lï‑v ]s‑¦S‑p¡‑ms‑a¶‑p k½X‑n¨‑p. H‑mKÌ‑v 16-\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p t‑b‑mK‑w. t‑P‑m¬ Ft‑U‑zU‑v s‑Sb‑ved‑n\‑p‑w BÀ¨‑n_‑mÄU‑v s‑{‑]s‑s‑âk‑n\‑p‑w k‑wLS\b‑ps‑S ]e \‑ne]‑mS‑pIt‑f‑mS‑p‑w FX‑nÀ¸‑pï‑mb‑nc‑ps‑¶¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑b‑mK¯‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¡‑m³ Xs‑¶b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ahc‑ps‑S X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑w. a‑m©Ìd‑ns‑e P\X ]‑mÀes‑aâd‑n k‑wh‑n[‑m\¯‑ns‑e a‑mä‑w F{‑Xa‑m{‑X‑w B{‑Kl‑n¡‑p¶‑ps‑ï¶‑v kÀ¡‑mc‑n\‑p t‑_‑m[‑ys‑¸S‑m³ CX‑p kl‑mb‑n¡‑ps‑a¦‑n A{‑Xb‑pa‑mIs‑« F¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AhÀ Ic‑pX‑nbX‑v. s‑kâ‑v ]‑ot‑äg‑vk‑v ^‑oÂU‑ns‑e t‑b‑mK‑w h³ h‑nPba‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p. AÂ]t‑\c‑w Ah‑ns‑S s‑Nehg‑n¨ t‑ij‑w s‑Sb‑ved‑p‑w s‑{‑]s‑s‑âk‑p‑w aS§‑n. F¶‑m AX‑n\‑p t‑ija‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ah‑ns‑S {‑][‑m\s‑¸« ]eX‑p‑w k‑w`h‑n¨X‑v. I‑m¯‑nc‑p¶ s‑s‑k\‑y‑w P\¡‑q«s‑¯ B{‑Ia‑n¨‑p. h‑o«‑ns‑e¯‑nb t‑ija‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AhÀ B{‑IaWs‑¯ I‑pd‑n¨‑v Ad‑nªX‑v.

At‑¸‑mÄ Xs‑¶ s‑kâ‑v ]‑ot‑äg‑vk‑v ^‑oÂU‑nt‑e¡‑v AhÀ aS§‑n. Ah‑ns‑S s‑N¶t‑¸‑mf‑mW‑v- Ad‑nb‑p¶X‑v‑, Øe¯‑p ï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ GI t‑Zi‑ob]{‑X {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ s‑s‑S‑wk‑v t‑eJI³ t‑P‑m¬ S‑y‑mk‑v AdÌ‑v s‑N¿s‑¸«‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. kt‑½f\¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p h‑nhch‑p‑w ]‑pd¯‑v hcc‑ps‑X¶‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ Dd¸‑n¨‑nc‑ps‑¶¶‑p h‑yI‑vX‑w. Chc‑ps‑S ]{‑Xa‑mb a‑m©ÌÀ Kkä‑ns‑â AS‑p¯e¡‑w ]‑ns‑¶b‑p‑w GX‑m\‑p‑w Z‑nhk‑w Ig‑nª‑v i\‑nb‑mg‑vNt‑b ]‑pd¯‑nd§‑q. ]‑ns‑¶ C‑u k‑w`h‑w ]‑pd‑wt‑e‑mIs‑¯¯‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ GI a‑mÀK‑w eï\‑ns‑e ]{‑X§f‑ms‑W¶‑v AhÀ a\k‑ne‑m¡‑n. eï\‑ns‑e s‑s‑S‑wk‑v ]{‑X¯‑n\‑v- AhÀ h‑mÀ¯ Ab¨‑p. s‑kâ‑v ]‑ot‑äg‑vk‑v ^‑oÂU‑n Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ht‑c‑mS‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑v h‑nhc§Ä t‑iJc‑n¨‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p h‑mÀ¯ amÀ¨v 2014

(20) Xb‑md‑m¡‑nbX‑v. s‑s‑S‑wk‑n t‑]c‑p h¶‑ns‑æ‑ne‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑nbX‑v s‑Sb‑ved‑ms‑W¶‑v Gs‑d¡‑pt‑d h‑yI‑vXa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

I‑mcW‑w‑, AS‑p¯b‑mg‑vN Cd§‑nb a‑m©ÌÀ Kkä‑ns‑e d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p‑w CX‑n\‑p ka‑m\a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. s‑Sb‑veÀ‑, s‑{‑]s‑s‑âk‑v‑, j«‑nÂhÀ¯‑v F¶‑nhc‑ps‑S N‑n´‑mKX‑n ]c‑nj‑vIcWh‑mZ ¯‑nt‑e¡‑v a‑md‑m³ C‑u k‑w`h‑w hg‑ns‑Xf‑n¨‑p. a‑m©ÌÀ Kkä‑n\‑p ]Ic‑w as‑ä‑mc‑p ]{‑X‑w t‑hWs‑a¶ N‑n´ ChÀ¡‑nSb‑ne‑pï‑mbX‑v Ct‑X‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v-. X‑pSÀ¶‑v X‑pW‑nh‑yhk‑mbh‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôa‑pÅ 11 t‑]À t‑NÀ¶‑v ]‑pX‑nb {‑]k‑n²‑oIcW I¼\‑n¡‑p X‑pS¡a‑n«‑p. 1050 ]‑uï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p H‑mt‑c‑mc‑p¯c‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w H‑mlc‑n. t‑P‑m¬ Ft‑U‑zU‑v s‑Sb‑veÀ Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p BZ‑y FU‑näÀ. s‑PÀa‑nb‑m K‑mÀs‑\ä‑v BZ‑y {‑]‑nâd‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«d‑pa‑mb‑n. t‑S‑md‑n ]‑mÀ«‑nt‑b‑mS‑v B`‑na‑pJ‑y‑w ]‑peÀ¯‑p¶ a‑m©ÌÀ t‑{‑I‑mW‑n¡‑nf‑n d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«d‑mb‑nc‑p¶ K‑mÀs‑\ä‑v ]‑pX‑nb ]{‑X ¯‑ns‑e¯‑nbX‑n\‑p ]‑n¶‑n s‑kâ‑v ]‑ot‑äg‑vk‑v ^‑oÂU‑ns‑e I‑q«s‑¡‑meb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]‑oäÀe‑q I‑q«s‑¡‑mes‑b¶‑v a‑m©ÌÀ H_‑vkÀhÀ t‑]c‑n« B{‑IaW¯‑n\‑ns‑S K‑mÀs‑\ä‑n s‑â I‑p-d‑n¸‑v ]‑pk‑vXI‑w t‑]‑me‑ok‑v ]‑nS‑ns‑¨S‑p¯‑nc‑p¶‑p.

F¦‑ne‑p‑w H‑mÀab‑n \‑n¶‑v k‑w`h§s‑fÃ‑m‑w K‑mÀs‑\ä‑v h‑nk‑vXc‑ns‑¨g‑pX‑n. F¶‑m t‑{‑I‑mW‑n¡‑nf‑ns‑â FU‑näÀ N‑mÄk‑v h‑oeÀ AX‑p {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑m³ h‑nk½X‑n¨‑p.

AX‑n {‑]X‑nt‑j[‑n¨‑p c‑mP‑nh¨‑mW‑v- K‑mÀs‑\ä‑v C‑u ]{‑X ¯‑ns‑e¯‑nbX‑v. aW‑n¡‑qd‑n 200 t‑I‑m¸‑na‑m{‑X‑w A¨S‑n¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p ¶ Ì‑m³t‑l‑m]‑v {‑]k‑pa‑mb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p X‑pS¡‑w. A¡‑me¯‑v eï\‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ t‑Zi‑ob ]{‑X§Ä aW‑n¡‑qd‑n Ab‑nc‑w t‑I‑m¸‑n A¨S‑n¡‑mh‑p¶ {‑]k‑pIf‑mW‑v- D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v. aW‑n¡‑qd‑n ]X‑n\‑mb‑nc¡W¡‑n\‑p t‑I‑m¸‑nIÄ A¨S‑n¡‑m ³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p¶ C¶s‑¯ {‑]k‑pIf‑ps‑S a‑pX‑pa‑p¯Ñ·‑mc‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p C‑u {‑]k‑pIÄ \‑me‑p t‑]P‑pÅ a‑m©ÌÀ K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â BZ‑y ]X‑n¸‑v 1821 t‑ab‑v A©‑n\‑mW‑v- ]‑pd¯‑nd§‑nbX‑v. BKat‑\‑mt‑±i‑y‑w BZ‑y ]‑pd¯‑p Xs‑¶ ]db‑p¶‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. "CX‑p k‑ma‑ql‑yh‑p‑w aX]ch‑pa‑mb k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y¯‑ns‑â XX‑z§Ä i‑pj‑vI‑m´‑nt‑b‑ms‑S \S¸‑m¡‑p‑w. CX‑p ]c‑nj‑vIcW¯‑ns‑â e£‑y§Ä {‑]Nc‑n¸‑n¡‑p‑w. c‑m{‑ã‑ob k¼-Z‑v h‑yhØb‑ps‑S \‑y‑mb-b‑pI‑vXa‑mb XX‑z§Ä {‑]Nc‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ CX‑p ]‑n´‑pW \ÂI‑p‑w.‑' X‑pS¡¯‑n Gg‑p s‑]\‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Hc‑p t‑I‑m¸‑nb‑ps‑S h‑ne. CX‑n \‑me‑p s‑]\‑nb‑p‑w kÀ¡‑mÀ GÀs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb \‑nI‑pX‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. k‑zX{‑´a‑mb A`‑n{‑]‑mbc‑q]‑oIcW §Ä \S¡‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m³ kÀ¡‑mÀ Is‑ï¯‑nb a‑mÀKa‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p C‑u I\¯ \‑nI‑pX‑n. CX‑p I‑qS‑ms‑X H‑mt‑c‑m ]‑uï‑v \‑y‑qk‑v {‑]‑nâ‑n\‑p‑w ]{‑X§Ä a‑q¶‑p s‑]\‑n t‑hs‑d ASb‑v¡ W‑w. H‑mt‑c‑m ]ck‑y¯‑n\‑p‑w a‑q¶‑p j‑nÃ‑n‑wK‑v Bd‑p s‑]³k‑v kÀ¡‑mc‑n\‑p \ÂIWa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. I\¯ h‑ne I‑mcW‑w hfs‑c I‑pd¨‑v BÄ¡‑ms‑c ]{‑X‑w h‑m§‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑pÅ‑q. eï\‑p]‑pd¯‑p \‑n¶‑v A¨S‑n¡‑p¶ aä‑p ]{‑X§s‑f t‑¸‑ms‑e Bg‑vNb‑n Hc‑p XhW a‑m{‑Xt‑a a‑m©ÌÀ K‑mÀU‑nb\‑p‑w A¨S‑n¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n¨‑pÅ‑q. BZ‑y I‑ps‑d hÀj§Ä {‑]N‑mc‑w 1000 t‑I‑m¸‑nb‑n HX‑p§‑n. F¶‑mÂ‑, CX‑n \s‑Ã‑mc‑p ]¦‑v h‑mb\i‑m-e-I-f‑nt‑e¡‑mW‑p t‑]‑mb‑nc‑p ¶X‑v. AX‑n\‑m h‑mb\¡‑mc‑ps‑S F®‑w hfs‑cb[‑nIa‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p. Z‑qc{‑]t‑Zi§f‑mb ¥‑mk‑vt‑K‑m‑, lÄ‑, FI‑vs‑ks‑äÀ X‑pS§‑nb Øe§f‑ns‑e h‑mb\i‑meIf‑n hs‑c ]{‑X‑w F¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p F¶X‑v AX‑ns‑â P\{‑]‑oX‑n s‑Xf‑nb‑n¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m©ÌÀ K‑mÀU‑nb³ {‑]k‑n²‑oIcW‑w X‑pS§‑nb kab ¯‑v Ah‑ns‑S t‑hs‑d Bd‑p ]{‑X§Ä I‑qS‑nb‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. a‑m©ÌÀ s‑aÀ¡‑pd‑n‑, t‑{‑I‑mW‑n¡‑nÄ‑, FI‑vk‑vt‑N©‑v amÀ¨v 2014

s‑ld‑mÄU‑v‑, {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v hfâ‑nbÀ F¶‑nh t‑S‑md‑nIs‑f ]‑n´‑pWb‑v¡‑p¶h. a‑m©ÌÀ Kkä‑v BIs‑« ]c‑na‑nXa‑mb ]c‑nj‑vIcWs‑¯ ]‑n´‑pWb‑v¡‑p¶X‑v. ]c‑nj‑vIcWh‑mZ‑nI f‑ps‑S ]{‑Xa‑mb a‑m©ÌÀ H_‑vkÀhÀ 4000 t‑I‑m¸‑n {‑]N‑mc a‑pÅ P\{‑]‑nb ]{‑Xa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]t‑£ ]ck‑yhc‑pa‑m\‑w hfs‑c I‑pdh‑v. kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑â t‑h«b‑mS AX‑nc‑q£h‑p‑w. a‑n¡ Z‑nhkh‑p‑w a‑m\\ãt‑¡k‑v \ÂI‑n ]{‑Xs‑¯ h‑nja‑n ¸‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑â X{‑´‑w. kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑\ h‑naÀi‑n¨‑v t‑eJ\s‑ag‑pX‑nbX‑n\‑v- t‑P‑m¬ t‑{‑h‑ms‑bb‑p‑w t‑P‑m¬ k‑mI‑vÌs‑Wb‑p‑w Pb‑ne‑neSb‑v¡‑pI hs‑c s‑Nb‑vX‑p. ]‑nS‑n¨‑p \‑ne‑v¡‑m³ ]‑mS‑ps‑]S‑p¶X‑n\‑nSb‑ne‑mW‑v- ka‑m\ N‑n´‑mKX‑nb‑pa‑mb‑n a‑m©ÌÀ K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â hch‑v. At‑X‑ms‑S c‑wK‑w h‑nS‑m\‑mb‑n H_‑vkÀhd‑ns‑â X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑w. Ahk‑m\ ]X‑n¸‑n ]{‑X‑m[‑n]À Fg‑pX‑n- "]‑qÀW k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w F¶ XX‑zh‑p‑w ]c‑nj‑vIcW‑w F¶ e£‑yt‑¯‑mS‑pÅ IdX‑oÀ¶ aaXb‑p‑w kP‑oha‑mb a‑mt‑\P‑vs‑aâ‑p‑w H¯‑nW§‑nb a‑m©ÌÀ K‑mÀU‑nb³ \‑n§f‑ps‑Ss‑b‑ms‑¡ h‑ni‑z‑mk¯‑n\‑p‑w ]‑n´‑pWb‑v¡‑p‑w AÀla‑ms‑W¶‑v R‑m³ _l‑pa‑m\]‑qÀh‑w \‑nÀt‑Zi‑n¡‑p¶‑p'. ]‑pX‑p¡¡‑mc\‑v- Hc‑p Ic‑p¯\‑mb {‑]X‑n t‑b‑mK‑nb‑ps‑S _l‑pa‑m\‑w \‑ndª ]‑n´‑pWb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p CX‑ne‑qs‑S h‑yI‑vXa‑mbX‑v.

X‑mak‑nb‑ms‑X {‑]N‑mc‑w 2000 IS¶‑v 3000- F¯‑n. a‑m©Ìd‑ns‑e hÀ[‑n¨‑p hc‑p¶ P\k‑wJ‑yb‑p‑w CX‑n\‑p I‑mcWa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. a‑m©Ìd‑n\‑v- ]‑mÀes‑aâ‑n {‑]‑mX‑n\‑n[‑y‑w

(21) t‑hWs‑a¶ s‑Sb‑ved‑ps‑S Bhi‑y¯‑n\‑v- Ic‑pt‑¯I‑p¶ Hc‑p I‑mc‑ya‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑v.

CX‑n\‑nSb‑n K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â Xe¸¯‑v N‑ne Ak‑z‑mck‑y §Ä DSs‑eS‑p¯‑v X‑pS§‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. t‑P‑m¬ s‑Sb‑veÀ heX‑p ]£t‑¯¡‑p I‑qd‑pa‑md‑pIb‑ms‑W¶‑v I‑q«‑mf‑nIÄ¡‑v k‑wib a‑pWÀ¶‑p. BÀ¨‑n_‑mÄU‑v s‑{‑]s‑s‑âk‑v‑, t‑X‑mak‑v t‑]‑m«À‑, t‑P‑m¬ j«‑nÂhÀ¯‑v F¶‑nhÀ s‑Sb‑v-eÀ¡‑v FX‑nc‑mb‑n. a‑m©Ìd‑ns‑e X‑pW‑n h‑yhk‑mb i‑meIf‑n _‑met‑he hÀ[‑n¨‑phc‑p¶X‑ns‑\X‑ns‑c t‑P‑m¬ t‑l‑m_‑vl‑uk‑p‑w s‑s‑a¡‑nÄ k‑mU‑ved‑p‑w {‑]t‑£‑m`‑w X‑pS§‑nbt‑¸‑mÄ ]‑n´‑pW b‑v¡‑m³ s‑Sb‑v-eÀ h‑nk½X‑n¨‑p. ‑"_‑met‑he FX‑nÀ¡s‑¸t‑S ïX‑ms‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w ]«‑nW‑nI‑nS¡‑p¶X‑ne‑p‑w \ÃX‑m‑'s‑W¶X‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑Sb‑v-ed‑ps‑S \‑ne]‑mS‑v. ^‑mÎd‑nIf‑n 10 aW‑n¡‑qÀ j‑n^‑vä‑v GÀs‑]S‑p¯Ws‑a¶ Bhi‑yh‑pa‑mb‑n d‑n¨‑mÀU‑v H‑mÌ‑veÀ {‑]t‑£‑m`‑w X‑pS§‑nbt‑¸‑mg‑p‑w s‑Sb‑v-eÀ ]‑n´‑pW ¨‑nÃ. ‑"CX‑p X‑pW‑n h‑yhk‑mbs‑¯ k‑mh[‑m\¯‑n CÃ‑mX‑m¡‑p‑'s‑a¶ A`‑n{‑]‑mb¡‑mc\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v he‑nb a‑mä§f‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â Xe ¸¯‑v IïX‑v. s‑Sb‑veÀ I‑qS‑pX heX‑p]£¡‑mc\‑mb‑n. a‑m©ÌÀI‑mc‑ps‑S t‑h‑m«hI‑mi‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ At‑±l¯‑n s‑â \‑ne]‑mS‑n\‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w a‑mäa‑pï‑mb‑n. 1824- s‑{‑]s‑s‑âk‑v 1600 ]‑uï‑n\‑v- a‑m©ÌÀ Kkä‑v h‑m§‑n. j«‑nÂhÀ¯‑p‑w t‑]‑m«d‑ps‑S a¡f‑mb t‑X‑mak‑p‑w d‑n¨‑mÀU‑p‑w CX‑n\‑v- At‑±l s‑¯ kl‑mb‑n¨‑p. s‑{‑]s‑s‑âk‑p‑w j«‑nÂhÀ¯‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑mX‑m bt‑X‑ms‑S K‑mÀU‑nb³ I‑qS‑pX heX‑p]£‑w N‑mb‑pIb‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p. 1826 Bbt‑X‑ms‑S ]c‑nj‑vIcWh‑mZ‑n t‑S‑md‑n t‑\X‑m¡ f‑mb t‑P‑mÀP‑v I‑m\‑n‑wK‑v‑, h‑ne‑y‑w lk‑vI‑nk¬ X‑pS§‑nbhÀ ¡‑v K‑mÀU‑nb³ ]‑n´‑pW \e‑vI‑p¶X‑p Iï‑v ]gb I‑q«‑mf‑n IÄ A´‑n¨‑p t‑]‑mb‑n.

AX‑nt‑es‑d Ahs‑c AX‑nib‑n¸‑n¨X‑v t‑P‑ml‑mÀe³U‑v F¶ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À Xb‑md‑m¡‑nb Hc‑p d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]‑mÀes‑aâd‑n ]c‑nj‑vIcWs‑¯¸ä‑n \S¯‑nb Hc‑p t‑b‑mK¯‑n {‑]‑mk‑wK‑nIÀ ]dªX‑v A¸S‑n l‑mÀe³U‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p. Ahs‑cs‑b‑ms‑¡ kÀ¡‑mÀ Pb‑ne‑ne‑paS¨‑p. CX‑n\‑p I‑mcW¡‑mc\‑mb l‑mÀe³U‑ns‑\ Xs‑â ]¦‑pI‑mc\‑m¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑Sb‑veÀ s‑Nb‑vXX‑v. ]gb I‑q«‑mf‑nIs‑f‑ms‑¡ h‑n«‑p t‑]‑mb‑n«‑p‑w {‑]N‑mc‑w hÀ[‑n¨‑v {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w {‑]N‑mca‑pÅ a‑q¶‑mas‑¯ {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI ]{‑Xa‑mbt‑X‑ms‑S s‑Sb‑ved‑ps‑S Bt‑hi‑w hÀ[‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p.

1836- ]{‑X¯‑n\‑v- D‑uÀP‑w ]Ic‑p¶ X‑oc‑pa‑m\h‑pa‑mb‑n kÀ¡‑mÀ \‑nI‑pX‑n I‑pd¨‑p. Ct‑X‑ms‑S ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â h‑ne ]I‑pX‑n I‑pd¨‑v \‑me‑p s‑]\‑n B¡‑n. Bg‑vNb‑n cï‑pXhW {‑]k‑n²‑oIcWh‑p‑w X‑pS§‑n. {‑It‑aW {‑]N‑mc‑w hÀ[‑n¡‑m³ Bc‑w`‑n¨‑p.

1844- s‑Sb‑v-ed‑ps‑S acWt‑¯‑ms‑S K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â \‑ne]‑mS‑n h‑oï‑p‑w a‑mäa‑mb‑n. ]‑pX‑nb FU‑näÀ PÀa‑nb K‑mÀs‑\ä‑v e‑n_d ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S A\‑p`‑mh‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â X‑pS¡¯‑n ]‑n´‑pW¨‑nc‑p¶ \b§s‑fs‑b‑m s‑¡ K‑mÀs‑\ä‑v ]‑n´‑pWb‑vI‑m³ X‑pS§‑n. 1861- Ct‑±l‑w h‑nca‑n¨ t‑ij‑w ]{‑X‑m[‑n]c‑mbX‑v BZ‑y ]{‑X‑m[‑n]À t‑P‑mFt‑U‑zU‑v s‑Sb‑ved‑ps‑S aI³ t‑P‑m¬ s‑Sb‑ved‑mW‑v-. Ct‑X‑ms‑S X‑pS¡¯‑ne‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ ]c‑nj‑vIcWh‑mZ‑w A¸‑ms‑S ]{‑X¯‑nt‑e¡‑p X‑nc‑ns‑¨¯‑n. eï\‑n X‑mhfa‑pd¸‑n¨ s‑Sb‑veÀ a‑m©Ìd‑ns‑e FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb h‑n`‑mKs‑¯ \b‑n¡‑m³ Is‑ï¯‑nbb‑m f‑mW‑v- Xs‑â Ik‑n\‑mb 27 hbk‑pI‑mc³ N‑mÄk‑v s‑{‑]Ì‑z‑n¨‑v k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v.

K‑mÀU‑nb\‑v- t‑e‑mIs‑a¼‑mS‑p‑w _l‑pa‑m\‑yXb‑pÅ Ø‑m\‑w Dd¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑ns‑â AS‑nØ‑m\‑w ]‑mI‑nbX‑v k‑n.]‑n.

k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p. hfs‑c h‑yI‑vXa‑mb e£‑y¯‑nt‑e¡‑v Dd¨ I‑mÂhb‑v]‑pIt‑f‑ms‑S k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v ]{‑Xs‑¯ \b‑n¨‑p.

FI‑vk‑v¢‑qk‑oh‑v h‑mÀ¯If‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑mh‑niIe\§f‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â a‑pJa‑p{‑Zb‑mbX‑v At‑±l‑w FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w Gs‑äS‑p¯ t‑ija‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. FÃ‑m Z‑nhkh‑p‑w aä‑p ]{‑X§f‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob t‑\X‑rX‑zh‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑pP\§f‑ms‑I b‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nb\‑v- F´‑p ]db‑m\‑pï‑v‑, Fs‑´‑ms‑¡ ]‑pX‑nb h‑mÀ¯IÄ ]{‑X‑w ]‑pd‑wt‑e‑mIs‑¯¯‑n¡‑p¶‑p F¶d‑nb‑m³ Dt‑Z‑zK‑w ]‑qï‑nc‑p¶‑p. K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â a‑pJ{‑]k‑wK§Ä k‑vt‑I‑m«‑ns‑â hct‑h‑ms‑S B[‑nI‑mc‑nIXbne‑pd¨ \‑ne]‑mS‑p If‑ps‑S s‑hf‑ns‑¸S‑p¯e‑pIf‑mb‑n. ]‑mÀes‑aâd‑n \h‑oIcW¯‑ns‑â hI‑vX‑mh‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p k‑n.]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v. a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, k‑v{‑X‑oIÄ¡‑v t‑h‑m«hI‑mi‑w t‑hWs‑a¶ A`‑n{‑]‑mb¡‑mc\‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. C¡‑mc‑y‑w ]dª‑v k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v ]e XhW ]{‑X¯‑ns‑eg‑pX‑nbX‑v s‑Sb‑veÀ¡‑p ]‑nS‑n¨‑nÃ. ‑"R‑m³ P‑oh‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ C‑u \‑ne]‑mS‑v ]{‑X ¯‑n\‑p t‑hï‑' F¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑Sb‑veÀ CX‑p k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v Xs‑â FU‑näÀ¡‑v Fg‑pX‑nbX‑v. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v CX‑n\I‑w ]{‑X ¯‑ns‑â 25% H‑mlc‑nb‑p‑w e‑m`h‑nl‑nXh‑p‑w t‑\S‑ns‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑Sb‑v-eÀ¡‑v Xs‑¶b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p {‑]‑ma‑pJ‑y‑w. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v 1895- t‑\‑mÀ¯‑v C‑uÌ‑v a‑m©Ìd‑n \‑n¶‑v e‑n_d ]‑mÀ«‑n Ø‑m\‑mÀY‑nb‑mb‑n aÂkc‑n¨‑v ]‑mÀes‑aâ‑ns‑e¯‑n. {‑_‑n«³ Z£‑nW‑m{‑^‑n¡b‑n \S¯‑nb t‑_‑mhÀ b‑p²s‑¯ ]ck‑y a‑mb‑n s‑Sb‑v-eÀ FX‑nÀ¯t‑X‑ms‑S At‑±l¯‑ns‑â h‑oS‑n\‑p‑w a‑m©ÌÀ K‑mÀU‑nb³ H‑m^‑ok‑n\‑p‑w I‑mht‑eÀs‑¸S‑pt‑¯ï‑n

"kX‑ykÔX‑, s‑s‑[c‑y‑w‑, \‑oX‑n-b‑pI‑vXX‑, h‑mb\ ¡‑mt‑c‑mS‑p‑w ka‑qlt‑¯‑mS‑pa‑pÅ N‑paXe‑mt‑_‑m[‑w' F\‑nhb‑mb‑nc‑n¡W‑w ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â I-S-aIs‑f¶‑v k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨‑p. CX‑p h‑yI‑vXa‑m¡‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â iX‑mÐ‑n t‑hfb‑n 1921- k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v Fg‑pX‑nb t‑eJ\¯‑ns‑e `‑mKa‑mW‑v- ]‑n¶‑oS‑v {‑]ik‑vXa‑mb ‑"A`‑n{‑]‑mb‑w k‑zX{‑´a‑mW‑v-‑, ]t‑£ hk‑vX‑pXIÄ h‑ni‑p²a‑mW‑v-‑' (comment is free, but facts are sacred‑) F¶ D²cW‑n. h¶‑p. P\§f‑n `‑qc‑n]£h‑p‑w b‑p²¯‑n\\‑pI‑qea‑ms‑W ¶‑nc‑ns‑¡ P\a\k‑n\\‑pI‑qea‑mb‑n Fg‑pX‑n {‑]N‑mch‑p‑w P\ {‑]‑nbXb‑p‑w hÀ[‑n¸‑n¡‑pI F¶ hg‑nb‑nt‑e¡‑v K‑mÀU‑nb³ t‑]‑m-b‑nÃ. C§s‑\s‑b‑ms‑¡b‑ms‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w 1900s‑e s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¸‑n k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v h‑oï‑p‑w Pb‑n¨‑p. ]‑mÀes‑aâ‑v A‑wKa‑mb‑nc‑ns‑¡b‑p‑w k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v Xs‑¶ ]{‑X‑m[‑n]c‑mb‑n X‑pSÀ¶‑p. k‑n.C. s‑a‑mï‑ms‑K‑, FÂ.S‑n t‑l‑m_‑vl‑uk‑v F¶‑nhc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p C¡‑me¯‑v k‑vt‑I‑m«‑ns‑\ FU‑nä‑n‑wK‑n kl‑mb‑n¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v.

1905- t‑P‑m¬ s‑Sb‑v-eÀ acWaSªt‑X‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v- ]{‑X ¯‑ns‑â \‑nb{‑´W‑w k‑n.]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑ns‑â ]¡s‑e¯‑n bX‑v. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑n\‑v- 10000 ]‑uï‑n\‑v- ]{‑X‑w h‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p s‑Sb‑v-ed‑ns‑â h‑nÂ]{‑X¯‑n ]dª‑nc‑p¶X‑v.

F¶‑mÂ‑, AX‑n\‑p aä‑v H‑mlc‑nb‑pSaIÄ Xb‑md‑mb‑nÃ.

HS‑ph‑n 2‑,42‑,000]‑uï‑v ka‑mlc‑n¨‑p \ÂI‑nb‑mW‑v- k‑vt‑I‑m«‑n \‑p ]{‑X‑w k‑z´a‑m¡‑m\‑mbX‑v. B hÀj‑w ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â e‑m`‑w s‑hd‑p‑w 1200 ]‑uï‑v a‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑nc‑ns‑¡b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v C‑u k‑mlk¯‑n\‑p a‑pX‑nÀ¶s‑X¶X‑v ]{‑X¯‑n At‑±l¯‑n\‑pÅ h‑ni‑z‑mk‑w h‑yI‑vXa‑m¡‑p¶X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â Ø‑m]IÀ a‑p¶‑n Iï‑nc‑p¶ e£‑y¯‑n \‑n¶‑v Hc‑p I‑mcWhi‑me‑p‑w h‑yX‑nNe‑n¡‑ns‑ö‑v k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v DSaØ‑mhI‑mi‑w t‑\S‑nb t‑ij‑w BZ‑yt‑a s‑hf‑ns‑¸S‑p¯‑n. ]{‑X‑w k‑zX{‑´ \‑ne]‑mS‑v X‑pSc‑pI Xs‑¶ s‑N¿‑ps‑a¶‑v amÀ¨v 2014

(22) At‑±l‑w Dd¸‑n¨‑p. "kX‑ykÔX‑, s‑s‑[c‑y‑w‑, \‑oX‑n-b‑pI‑vXX‑, h‑mb\¡‑mt‑c‑mS‑p‑w ka‑qlt‑¯‑mS‑pa‑pÅ N‑paXe‑mt‑_‑m[‑w' F\‑nhb‑mb‑nc‑n¡W‑w ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â I-S-aIs‑f¶‑v k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨‑p. CX‑p h‑yI‑vXa‑m¡‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â iX‑mÐ‑n t‑hfb‑n 1921- k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v Fg‑pX‑nb t‑eJ\¯‑n s‑e `‑mKa‑mW‑v- ]‑n¶‑oS‑v {‑]ik‑vXa‑mb ‑"A`‑n{‑]‑mb‑w k‑zX{‑´ a‑mW‑v-‑, ]t‑£ hk‑vX‑pXIÄ h‑ni‑p²a‑mW‑v-‑' (comment is free, but facts are sacred‑) F¶ D²cW‑n.

H¶‑m‑w t‑e‑mIal‑mb‑p²s‑¯ FX‑nÀ¡‑p¶ \‑ne]‑mS‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p ]{‑X‑m[‑n]c‑mb‑nc‑p¶ k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v FS‑p¯X‑v. {‑_‑n«³ b‑p²¯‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¡‑p¶X‑ns‑\b‑p‑w At‑±l‑w FX‑nÀ¯‑p.

F¶‑mÂ‑, b‑p²‑w X‑pS§‑nbt‑ij‑w {‑_‑n«s‑â ]¦‑mf‑n¯s‑¯ FX‑nÀ¯X‑pa‑nÃ.

Xs‑â aIf‑ps‑S `À¯‑mh‑mb k‑n.C. s‑a‑mï‑ms‑Ks‑b BW‑v- Xs‑â ]‑n³K‑ma‑nb‑mb‑n ]{‑X‑m[‑n]Ø‑m\¯‑v k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v Iï‑ph¨‑nc‑p¶s‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w 1929 P‑qW‑n s‑a‑mï‑ms‑K acW aSª‑p. AS‑p¯a‑mk‑w Xs‑¶ 57 hÀjs‑¯ ]{‑X‑m[‑n] t‑P‑me‑nb‑n \‑n¶‑p h‑nSh‑m§‑m³ k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¡‑pI b‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. a‑q¯aI³ t‑e‑md³k‑ns‑\ ]‑n³K‑ma‑nb‑m¡‑m\‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p k‑vt‑I‑m«‑ns‑â Bt‑e‑mN\s‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w At‑±l‑w S‑n._‑n. ]‑nS‑ns‑]«‑v acWaSªt‑X‑ms‑S CfbaI³ Ft‑U‑zU‑ns‑\ N‑paXet‑bÂ]‑n¨‑p. H‑ut‑Z‑y‑mK‑nIa‑mb‑n h‑nca‑n¨‑ps‑h¦‑ne‑p‑w 1932 P\‑phc‑n H¶‑n\‑p acWaSb‑p‑w hs‑c ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb \b¯‑n k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v Ft‑¸‑mg‑p‑w t‑a t‑\‑m«‑w hl‑n¨‑nc‑p¶‑p. k‑n.]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑ns‑â t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p K‑mÀU‑nb³ {‑_‑n«\‑ne‑p‑w c‑mP‑y‑m´c Xe¯‑ne‑p‑w {‑]ik‑vX‑n b‑p‑w _l‑paX‑nb‑p‑w t‑\S‑ns‑bS‑p¯X‑v. ‑"k‑pl‑r¯‑p¡f‑ps‑S iЯ‑n \‑n¶‑v H«‑p‑w I‑pdb‑ms‑X FX‑nc‑mf‑nIf‑ps‑S iЯ‑n\‑p‑w t‑IÄ-¡s‑¸S‑m³ AhI‑mia‑pï‑v‑' F¶X‑v \ba‑mb‑n Iï‑nc‑p¶ k‑vt‑I‑m«‑n\‑v- a‑m©Ìd‑ns‑âb‑p‑w C‑w¥ï‑ns‑âb‑p‑w ]{‑Xt‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w Nc‑n{‑X¯‑n Aa‑qe‑ya‑mb Ø‑m\a‑mW‑pÅX‑v. a‑m©ÌÀ K‑mÀU‑nb\‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I\‑mb‑nc‑p¶ I‑n‑wK‑vÉ‑n a‑mÀ«‑n³ k‑vt‑I‑m«‑ns‑\ I‑pd‑n¨‑v Fg‑pX‑nbX‑v C§s‑\: "{‑it‑²ba‑mb h‑yI‑vX‑nX‑za‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p k‑n.]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑nt‑âX‑v.

F¬]X‑ns‑e¯‑nbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w hÃ‑ms‑X I‑q\‑p ]‑nS‑n¡‑pI b‑p‑w Hc‑p I®‑ns‑â I‑mg‑vN t‑]‑mh‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑ps‑¶¦‑n e‑p‑w F\‑n¡‑v Ad‑nb‑ma‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑n Gäh‑p‑w X‑o£‑vWa‑mb {‑]X‑nIcW s‑s‑ie‑n Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ Bf‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. {‑S‑m‑w ]‑mXIÄ¡‑nSb‑ne‑qs‑S A¡‑me¯‑p‑w At‑±l‑w s‑s‑k¡‑nÄ Nh‑n«‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. agt‑b‑m t‑d‑mU‑ns‑e X‑nct‑¡‑m H¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w Ad‑nªt‑Xb‑ns‑ö‑p t‑X‑m¶‑p‑w. a‑m©Ìd‑n s‑e Hc‑mÄ t‑]‑me‑p‑w Xs‑¶ D]{‑Zh‑n¡‑ns‑ö‑v At‑±l¯‑n\‑vDd¸‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.' k‑n.]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v ac‑n¨‑v \‑me‑pa‑mk‑w ]‑n¶‑n«t‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w Ft‑U‑zU‑v Hc‑p t‑_‑m«‑v A]IS¯‑n ac‑n¨‑p. At‑X‑ms‑S A¶‑p a‑mt‑\Pc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑, k‑n.]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑ns‑â as‑ä‑mc‑p aI³ t‑P‑m¬ dk k‑vt‑I‑m«‑ns‑â ]¡e‑mb‑n ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â N‑paXe. X§f‑ns‑e‑mc‑mÄ ac‑n¨‑m at‑äb‑mÄ s‑a‑m¯‑w H‑mlc‑nb‑p‑w h‑m§‑n ]{‑X‑w I‑pS‑p‑w_¯‑ns‑â ]¡Â Xs‑¶b‑n c‑n¡‑ps‑a¶‑v Dd¸‑n¡‑ps‑a¶‑v Cc‑phc‑p‑w a‑p³t‑] X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨‑nc‑p ¶X‑mW‑v-.

A¡‑mes‑¯ C‑w¥ï‑ns‑e s‑U¯‑v U‑y‑q«‑n \‑nba{‑]I‑mc‑w ac‑n¡‑p¶b‑mf‑ns‑â k‑z¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p ]¦‑v dh\‑y‑q hI‑p¸‑ns‑â \‑nb{‑´W¯‑n hc‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Xs‑â acW t‑ij‑w C§s‑\ k‑w`h‑n¨‑m K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â k‑zX{‑´ k‑z`‑mh‑w CÃ‑mX‑mI‑ps‑a¶‑v a\k‑ne‑m¡‑nb k‑n.]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v Xs‑âb‑p‑w cï‑p a¡f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w t‑]c‑ne‑m¡‑n H‑mlc‑n. C§s‑\ hc‑pt‑¼‑m Ä k‑vt‑I‑m«‑ns‑â ]¡Â H‑mlc‑n I‑pdh‑mI‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑n\‑m amÀ¨v 2014

s‑U¯‑v U‑y‑q«‑n \‑nba‑w _‑m[Ia‑mI‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. F¶‑m k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v acW-aSb‑pIb‑p‑w cï‑v H‑mlc‑n DSaIÄ a‑m{‑Xa‑mh‑p Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vXt‑¸‑mf‑mW‑v- Ft‑U‑zU‑v acWaSb‑p¶X‑v. C§ s‑\ k‑w`h‑n¨‑m s‑U¯‑v U‑y‑q«‑n \‑nbas‑¯ ad‑nIS¡‑m\‑m b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p cï‑ma³ _‑m¡‑n H‑mlc‑nIÄ h‑m§‑ms‑a¶‑v AhÀ [‑mcWb‑pï‑m¡‑nb‑nc‑p¶X‑v. k‑n.]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v hfs‑c I‑pdª i¼faÃ‑ms‑X as‑ä‑m ¶‑p‑w ]{‑X¯‑n \‑n¶‑p k‑z‑oIc‑n¨‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. a¡f‑p‑w At‑X ]‑mX ]‑n´‑pSÀ¶‑p. ]{‑X a‑pXe‑mf‑na‑mÀ F¶‑p h‑nf‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑w [\‑nIc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nà AhÀ. [\‑nIc‑pt‑SX‑n\‑p ka‑m\ a‑mb P‑oh‑nXa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nà AhÀ \S¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶X‑v.

GI H‑mlc‑n DSab‑mb X‑m³ I‑qS‑n ac‑n¨‑m s‑U¯‑v U‑y‑q«‑n \‑nba‑w ]‑qÀWa‑mb‑p‑w _‑m[Ia‑mI‑ps‑a¶X‑n\‑m Hc‑p {‑SÌ‑v Dï‑m¡‑n ]{‑Xs‑¯ AX‑n\‑p I‑og‑ne‑m¡‑m³ t‑P‑mk‑vt‑I‑m«‑v X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨‑p. a‑m{‑Xh‑paÃ‑, k‑n.]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑n\‑p ]{‑X‑w s‑s‑Ia‑md‑nb t‑P‑m¬ Ft‑U‑zU‑v s‑Sb‑v-ed‑ns‑â h‑nÂ]{‑X ¯‑n ]db‑p¶-X‑v "Ø‑m]IÀ \‑nÝb‑n¨ At‑X hg‑nt‑b `‑mh‑nb‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p t‑]‑mIW‑'s‑a¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]‑nX‑mh‑v s‑Sb‑v-eÀ¡‑p \ÂI‑nb h‑m¡‑v ]‑me‑nt‑¡ïX‑v Xs‑â ISab‑ms‑W-¶‑v Dd¸‑pÅX‑n\‑m AX‑n\‑pÅ GIa‑mÀK‑w {‑SÌ‑v c‑q]‑oIcWa‑ms‑W¶‑v t‑P‑m¬ k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v Ic‑pX‑n. s‑]‑mX‑p X‑mÂ]c‑y¯‑n\‑p t‑hï‑nb‑pÅ X‑y‑mK¯‑ns‑â al\‑ob a‑mX‑rIb‑mW‑v- ]‑n¶‑oS‑v IïX‑v. Xs‑âb‑p‑w I‑pS‑p‑w_¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w t‑]c‑ne‑pÅ ]¯‑p e£‑w ]‑uï‑ns‑â H‑mlc‑n A¸‑ms‑S k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v {‑SÌ‑n\‑p s‑s‑Ia‑md‑m³ t‑P‑mX‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨‑p. A§s‑\ k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v {‑SÌ‑v a‑m©ÌÀ K‑mÀU‑nb s‑â DSaIf‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. C¶‑p‑w ]{‑Xs‑¯ \b‑n¡‑p¶X‑v k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v {‑SÌ‑v BW‑v-.

1936 ]{‑X‑w k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v {‑SÌ‑ns‑â \‑nb{‑´W¯‑ne‑mb‑n. ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â k‑m¼¯‑nI \‑ne `{‑Za‑ms‑W¶‑v Dd¸‑p hc‑p¯‑m \‑pÅ N‑paXe {‑SÌ‑n\‑mW‑v-. Ø‑m]IÀ a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑ph¨ ]‑pt‑c‑mKa\]ca‑mb Bib§Ä a‑pd‑ps‑I ]‑nS‑n¡‑p¶X‑ns‑\‑m ¸‑w e‑m`‑w a‑pg‑ph³ ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â ^ï‑n k‑q£‑n¨‑v h‑nIk\ h‑p‑w `{‑ZXb‑p‑w Dd¸‑phc‑p¯‑pI F¶X‑mW‑v- {‑SÌ‑na‑mc‑ps‑S Z‑uX‑y‑w. C¶‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb ]{‑X‑m[‑n]À hc‑pt‑¼‑mÄ {‑SÌ‑v \ I‑p¶ GI \‑nÀt‑Zih‑p‑w CX‑pa‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v-.

1984 hs‑c k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v I‑pS‑p‑w_‑w Xs‑¶b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p {‑SÌ‑n s‑â \‑nb{‑´W‑w hl‑n¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v. 70-þ‑m‑w hbk‑n h‑nca‑n¨ d‑n¨‑mÀU‑v F^‑v. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p I‑pS‑p‑w_¯‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ Ahk‑m\ s‑NbÀa‑m³.

Ak‑m[‑mcWa‑mb C‑u X‑y‑mKs‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑v {‑SÌ‑ns‑â Ct‑¸‑mgs‑¯ s‑NbÀa‑m³ e‑nk‑v t‑^‑mÀK³ ]db‑p¶‑p: "C‑u {‑SÌ‑v AX‑ns‑â \‑ne\‑nÂ]‑n\‑v- k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v I‑pS‑p‑w_¯‑ns‑â Ak‑m[‑mcWa‑mb ]t‑c‑m]I‑mcN‑n´b‑v¡‑v \µ‑n ]db‑p¶‑p. ka‑o]I‑me Nc‑n{‑X¯‑n Gs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w I‑pS‑p‑w_‑w \S¯‑nb‑n «‑pÅ al‑ma\k‑vIXb‑v¡‑v Gäh‑p‑w \à DZ‑mlcWa‑mW‑nX‑v.'

1944- F.]‑n. h‑mU‑vk‑zÀ¯‑v ]{‑X‑m[‑n]Ø‑m\‑w Gs‑äS‑p ¯t‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w {‑_‑n«\‑n B[‑p\‑nI ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ s‑s‑ie‑n c‑q]s‑¸«‑p hc‑nIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]t‑£‑, a‑m©ÌÀ K‑mÀU‑nb³ At‑¸‑mg‑p‑w ]gb b‑pK¯‑n Xs‑¶b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. t‑]P‑pIÄ I‑pdh‑v‑, A¨S‑n X‑os‑c t‑a‑mi‑w A§s‑\ t‑]‑mb‑n ]c‑m[‑o\XIÄ. F¶‑mÂ‑, \b]c‑n]‑mS‑nb‑n \‑n¶‑v IS‑pI‑ns‑S a‑md‑nbX‑pa‑nÃ. h‑mU‑vk‑zÀ¯‑v BW‑v- ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â a‑p³t‑]P‑nt‑e¡‑v h‑mÀ¯s‑b F¯‑n¨X‑v‑, 1952Â. AX‑phs‑c ]ck‑y§f‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p BZ‑yt‑]P‑n Ø‑m\‑w ]‑nS‑n¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v.

1964- ]{‑X‑w eï\‑nt‑e¡‑v BØ‑m\‑w a‑mä‑n. C‑u kaba‑mbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w k‑m¼¯‑nI ]c‑m[‑o\X hfs‑c hÀ[‑n¨‑nc‑p¶‑p. e‑m`Ica‑mb‑n \S¶‑nc‑p¶ a‑m©ÌÀ C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v \‑y‑qk‑v Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ahc‑ps‑S Bhi‑y§Ä AÂ]s‑a¦‑ne‑p‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v. 1868- a‑n¨Â s‑l³d‑n

(23) Bc‑w`‑n¨ a‑m©ÌÀ C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v \‑y‑qk‑v 1879 a‑pX K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â At‑X s‑I«‑nS¯‑n \‑n¶‑mW‑v- ]‑pd¯‑nd§‑n s‑¡‑mï‑nc‑p¶X‑v. 1924 t‑P‑m¬ k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v C‑u ]{‑X‑w h‑m§‑n K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â kt‑l‑mZc Ø‑m]\a‑m¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. \à e‑m`¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑¶ C‑u ]{‑X‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v. k‑m¼¯‑nI {‑]X‑nkÔ‑n hÀ[‑n¨t‑¸‑mÄ Ad‑p]X‑pIf‑p s‑S ]I‑pX‑n Bbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w ]{‑X‑w s‑s‑S‑wk‑pa‑mb‑n eb‑n¸‑n ¨‑mt‑e‑m F¶ Bt‑e‑mN\ t‑]‑me‑pa‑pï‑mb‑n. CX‑n\‑mb‑n {‑SÌ‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ t‑e‑md³k‑v k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â DSaØs‑c I‑mW‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. ]t‑£‑, F´‑ps‑I‑mt‑ï‑m B Bt‑e‑m N\ ^e{‑]‑m]‑vX‑nb‑ns‑e¯‑nb‑nÃ. A¶s‑¯ ]{‑X‑m[‑n]À Aek‑vs‑s‑äÀ s‑ls‑Xc‑n‑wK‑vSW‑ns‑â \‑ne]‑mS‑p‑w eb\‑w \S ¡‑ms‑X t‑]‑mbX‑n\‑v- Hc‑p I‑mcWa‑mb‑n. Hc‑p I‑mcWhi‑me‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â k‑zX{‑´ \‑ne]‑mS‑pIs‑f _e‑nIg‑n¡c‑ps‑X¶‑m

k‑n.]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑v.

b‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑ls‑Xc‑n‑wK‑vSW‑ns‑â IS‑p‑w]‑nS‑p¯‑w. Ø‑m]I a‑qe‑y§s‑f a‑pd‑ps‑I¸‑nS‑n¨‑v C¶‑p‑w \‑ne\‑n¡‑m³ K‑mÀU‑n bs‑\ kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶X‑n Ct‑±l¯‑ns‑â \‑ne]‑mS‑n\‑pÅ ]¦‑v hfs‑c he‑pX‑mW‑v-. 1956 hs‑c FU‑näd‑mb‑nc‑p¶ h‑mU‑vk‑zÀ¯‑ns‑â ]‑n³K‑ma‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑ls‑Xc‑n‑wK‑vS¬. a‑m©Ìd‑n\‑p ]‑pd¯‑p‑w _l‑pa‑m\‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ ]{‑Xa‑mb t‑X‑ms‑S s‑ls‑Xc‑n‑wK‑vSW‑ns‑â I‑me¯‑v 1959-e‑mW‑v- ]{‑X¯‑n s‑â t‑]c‑pa‑mä‑m³ X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨X‑v. t‑]c‑n \‑n¶‑v a‑m©ÌÀ F¶X‑p a‑mä‑n‑, ‑"Z‑v K‑mÀU‑nb³‑' a‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑n. cï‑phÀj¯‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w eï\‑n \‑n¶‑p I‑qS‑n A¨S‑n X‑pS§‑n. 1975 hs‑c FU‑näd‑mb‑nc‑p¶ s‑ls‑Xc‑n‑wK‑vSW‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w cï‑v FU‑näÀ a‑mt‑c K‑mÀU‑nb\‑v- Dï‑mb‑n«‑pÅ‑q. ]‑oäÀ s‑{‑]ÌW‑p‑w (1975--þ1995‑) Ae³ dk‑v{‑_‑nU‑vPd‑p‑w. 1995 a‑pXÂ

dk‑v{‑_‑nU‑vPd‑mW‑v- FU‑näÀ.

1976 eï\‑ns‑e H‑m^‑ok‑v \h‑oIc‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb {‑]k‑v Ø‑m]‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w \S¯‑nb \‑o¡§f‑mW‑v- t‑Zi‑ob ]{‑Xs‑a¶ \‑neb‑n K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â Ø‑m\‑w Dd¸‑n¨X‑v. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mÌ‑v‑, {‑^‑m³k‑ns‑e s‑e t‑a‑ms‑ï F¶‑nh b‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ DÅS¡§Ä DÄs‑¸S‑p¯‑n K‑mÀU‑nb³ h‑o¡‑ne‑n BIÀjIa‑m¡‑nbX‑p‑w ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â \‑ne s‑a¨ s‑¸S‑p¯‑m³ kl‑mb‑n¨‑p. 70If‑ps‑S Ahk‑m\h‑p‑w 80If‑ps‑S X‑pS¡¯‑ne‑p‑w CSX‑p]£¯‑ns‑â Dd¨ iÐ‑w t‑Iĸ‑n¡‑m ³ K‑mÀU‑nbt‑\ Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑pÅ‑q. t‑k‑mj‑y s‑Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑mä‑nI‑v ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S ]‑nd-h‑n¡‑p I‑mcWa‑mbX‑v K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â H]‑o\‑nb³ t‑]P‑ns‑e t‑eJ\§f‑ms‑W¶‑p ]db‑m‑w. ]‑mÀ«‑n c‑q]‑oIc‑n¨t‑¸‑mÄ K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â \‑me‑p a‑pJ{‑]k‑wKs‑ag‑p¯‑pI‑mÀ ]‑mÀ«‑n t‑\X‑m¡f‑mb‑n. t‑e_À ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S ]‑nÂI‑mes‑¯ ]e X‑oc‑pa‑m\§Ä¡‑p‑w hg‑n s‑Xf‑n¨X‑v K‑mÀU‑nb\‑ns‑e I¯‑pIf‑p‑w t‑eJ\§f‑pa‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p. t‑S‑mW‑n s‑»bÀ t‑e_À ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑n t‑e¡‑v F¯‑m\‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑oS‑v {‑][‑m\a{‑´‑nb‑mI‑m\‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑n b³ \ÂI‑nb ]‑n´‑pW hfs‑c he‑pX‑mW‑v-. h‑y‑mhk‑mb‑nI XÀ¡§f‑ps‑S Iht‑dP‑p‑w 1984-þ85 I‑meL«¯‑ns‑e J\‑n s‑¯‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nIf‑ps‑S kac¯‑ns‑â d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑p‑w ]{‑X¯‑n s‑â \‑neb‑p‑w \‑ne]‑mS‑p‑w Dd¸‑n¡‑m³ hg‑ns‑Xf‑n¨‑p.

CSX‑p ]£¯‑ns‑â k‑zc‑w F¶ K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â Ø‑m\ ¯‑n\‑v- `‑ojW‑n DbÀ¯‑n 1986- ‑"Z‑v C³U‑ns‑]³Uâ‑v‑' {‑]k‑n ²‑oIcW‑w X‑pS§‑n. heX‑p]£¯‑ns‑â hI‑vX‑m¡f‑mb‑n s‑s‑S‑wk‑p‑w s‑Se{‑K‑m^‑p‑w \‑nÂs‑¡ ad‑p]£¯‑ns‑â B{‑ib a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p K‑mÀU‑nb³. B Ø‑m\t‑¯¡‑mW‑v- C³U‑ns‑] ³Uâ‑v IS¶‑p h¶X‑v. A¡‑mes‑¯ {‑]a‑pJc‑mb Fg‑p¯‑p I‑ms‑cs‑b‑ms‑¡ AhXc‑n¸‑n¨ C³U‑ns‑]³Uâ‑v hfs‑c s‑]s‑«¶‑mW‑v- {‑it‑²ba‑mbX‑v. a‑m{‑Xh‑paÃ‑, B[‑p\‑nI U‑ns‑s‑k\‑p‑w a‑nI¨ h‑nXcW k‑wh‑n[‑m\h‑p‑w ]{‑Xs‑¯ BIÀjIa‑m¡‑n. BZ‑y cï‑p hÀj¯‑n\‑pÅ‑n Xs‑¶ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑âb‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nbs‑âb‑p‑w kÀ¡‑pt‑ejs‑â H¸‑w C³U‑ns‑]³Uâ‑v hfÀ¶‑p. I‑me¯‑ns‑\‑m¯‑v c‑q]IÂ]\ \S¯‑n C‑u {‑]X‑nkÔ‑ns‑b ad‑nIS¡‑m\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p K‑mÀU‑n bs‑â X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑w. 1988 K‑mÀU‑nb³ ]‑pX‑nb U‑ns‑s‑k³ k‑z‑oIc‑n¨‑p a‑pJ‑wa‑n\‑p¡‑n c‑wK{‑]t‑hi‑w \S¯‑n. CX‑v P\ §s‑f BIÀj‑n¨‑p hcs‑hb‑mW‑v- 1993 s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑n h‑neI‑pd¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑pÅ b‑p²‑w X‑pS§‑p¶X‑v. s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â h‑ne 45 s‑]³k‑n \‑n¶‑v 30 s‑]³k‑v Bb‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑oS‑v 20 s‑]³k‑v Bb‑p‑w I‑pd¨‑p. s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â C‑u \‑o¡‑w ^e‑w Iït‑X‑ms‑S s‑Se{‑K‑m^‑n\‑p‑w C³U‑ns‑]³Uâ‑n\‑p‑w h‑ne I‑pdb‑vt‑¡ï‑nh¶‑p. F¶‑mÂ‑, C‑u kaba{‑Xb‑p‑w h‑ne I‑pdb‑v¡‑ms‑X a‑nI¨ h‑mÀ¯IÄ Is‑ï¯‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â \‑ne\‑nÂ]‑v. C‑u kab¯‑v K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â kÀ¡‑pt‑ej³ hÀ[‑n¨‑ps‑h¶X‑mW‑v- Gs‑d {‑it‑²b‑w.

2005- s‑s‑S‑wk‑p‑w C³U‑ns‑]³Uâ‑p‑w S‑mt‑»‑mb‑vU‑v c‑q] ¯‑nt‑e¡‑p a‑md‑nbt‑¸‑mg‑p‑w B hg‑n ]‑n´‑pSc‑m³ K‑mÀU‑nb³ Xb‑md‑mb‑nÃ. ]Ic‑w s‑_Àe‑n\À c‑q]¯‑nt‑e¡‑p a‑md‑pIb‑m W‑v- K‑mÀU‑nb³ s‑Nb‑vXX‑v. t‑{‑_‑mU‑vj‑oä‑n\‑p‑w S‑mt‑»‑mb‑vU‑n \‑p‑w CSb‑ne‑pÅ c‑q]a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑v. {‑][‑m-\ ]{‑X‑w a‑m{‑X a‑mW‑v- s‑_Àe‑n\À c‑q]¯‑ne‑m¡‑nbX‑v. aä‑p s‑kI‑vj\‑pIÄ S‑mt‑»‑mb‑vU‑v he‑n¸¯‑ne‑p‑w AX‑ne‑p‑w I‑pdª he‑n¸¯‑n e‑p‑w hs‑c a‑md‑n. a‑m{‑Xh‑paÃ‑, {‑_‑n«\‑n BZ‑ya‑mb‑n a‑pg‑ph³ t‑]P‑p‑w IfÀ A¨S‑nb‑pÅ ]{‑Xs‑a¶ s‑]c‑pab‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑n b³ C‑u a‑mä¯‑ne‑qs‑S k‑z´a‑m¡‑n. B hÀj‑w {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e \‑y‑qk‑vt‑]¸À H‑m^‑v Z‑v CbÀ Ah‑mÀU‑v K‑mÀU‑nb\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â R‑mbd‑mg‑vN¸X‑n¸‑mb Z‑v H_‑vkÀhÀ s‑_Àe‑n s‑\À c‑q]¯‑nt‑e¡‑v a‑md‑n AS‑p¯hÀj‑w Ct‑X Ah‑mÀU‑v t‑\S‑n. 2006Â- At‑ac‑n¡b‑n s‑k‑ms‑s‑kä‑n t‑^‑mÀ \‑y‑qk‑v amÀ¨v 2014

(24) U‑ns‑s‑k³ t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w a‑nI¨ c‑q]IÂ]\b‑pÅ ]{‑Xa‑mb‑n K‑mÀU‑nbs‑\ s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¯‑p. 44 c‑mP‑y§f‑n \‑n¶‑mb‑n 389 ]{‑X§f‑mW‑v- aÂkc¯‑n\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑v.

FÃ‑m¡‑me¯‑p‑w {‑it‑²ba‑mb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIf‑m ka‑r² a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p K‑mÀU‑nb³. aä‑p ]{‑X§Ä B a‑nIh‑v t‑\S‑m\‑m b‑n F¶‑p‑w Aht‑c‑mS‑v aÂkc‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑p¶‑p. 1997- I¬kÀt‑hä‑oh‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ c‑mP‑nhb‑v¡‑m\‑nSb‑mb k‑w`h§ Ä¡‑v hg‑ns‑Xf‑n¨‑v s‑hf‑ns‑¸S‑p¯e‑pIÄ \S¯‑p¶X‑n K‑mÀU‑nb³ a‑p¶‑ne‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. s‑P‑m\‑mX³ s‑Fä‑vI³‑, \‑o l‑ma‑nÂS¬ F¶‑nhcS¡a‑pÅ t‑S‑md‑n F‑w.]‑na‑mÀ¡‑v Bb‑p[ h‑y‑m]‑mc‑nIf‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôa‑pÅ t‑I‑mS‑oi‑zc³ a‑pl½Z‑v A ^t‑bZ‑pa‑mb‑n AS‑p¸a‑ps‑ï¶ h‑mÀ¯k‑w_ Ô‑n¨ At‑\‑zjW‑mßId‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIf‑ps‑S ]c¼cXs‑¶ K‑mÀU‑nb³ {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨‑p. F‑w.]‑na‑mÀ ]W‑w h‑m§‑n ^t‑bZ‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n ]‑mÀes‑aâ‑n t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑ps‑h¶ K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â h‑mÀ¯ s‑R«t‑e‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v- {‑_‑n«³ h‑mb‑n¨X‑v. t‑P‑m\‑mX³ s‑Fä‑vI³ ^t‑bZ‑ns‑â s‑Neh‑n ]‑mc‑ok‑ns‑e d‑nä‑vk‑v t‑l‑m«e‑n X‑mak‑n¨‑ps‑h¶‑p‑w Bkab¯‑v k‑uZ‑n Bb‑p[ h‑y‑m]‑mc‑nIÄ t‑l‑m«e‑ne‑pï‑mb‑nc‑ps‑¶¶‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑m À«‑v s‑Nb‑vX ]{‑X¯‑ns‑\X‑nt‑c \ÂI‑nb a‑m\\ãt‑¡k‑v XÅ‑nt‑¸‑mbX‑v K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX hÀ[‑n¸‑n¡‑p Ib‑mW‑p s‑Nb‑vXX‑v. cï‑phÀj¯‑n\‑pt‑ij‑w t‑I‑mSX‑nb‑n IÅ kX‑yh‑mM‑va‑qe‑w \ÂI‑nbX‑n\‑v- s‑Fä‑vI\‑v- cï‑phÀj‑w XSh‑p i‑n£ h‑n[‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. FX‑nc‑mf‑nIf‑n \‑n¶S¡‑w K‑mÀU‑nb\‑v- A`‑n\µ\‑w I‑n«‑nb k‑w`ha‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p A-X‑v.1 997‑, 1998 hÀj§f‑n \‑y‑qk‑vt‑]¸À H‑m^‑v Z‑v CbÀ Ah‑mÀU‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nbs‑\ t‑XS‑ns‑b¯‑n. {‑_‑n«\‑ne‑mZ‑ya‑mb‑n d‑ot‑Ug‑vk‑v FU‑näs‑d GÀs‑]S‑p¯‑nb X‑v K‑mÀU‑nb\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p‑, 1997-Â. Z‑nhkh‑p‑w s‑Xä‑pX‑nc‑p¯‑m \‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑niZ‑oIcW‑w \ÂI‑m\‑pa‑p Å t‑I‑mf‑w s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑p¶X‑p‑w d‑ot‑Ug‑vk‑v FU‑näd‑m W‑v-. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v C´‑yb‑n Z‑v l‑nµ‑ph‑p‑w BZ‑ya‑mb‑n d‑ot‑Ug‑vk‑v FU‑näs‑d \‑nba‑n¨‑p.

CX‑n\‑nSb‑n H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ c‑wKt‑¯¡‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ N‑phS‑pa‑mä‑w \S¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. 1995- ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mf P‑n s‑kI‑vj³ H‑m¬s‑s‑e\‑ns‑e¯‑n. AS‑p¯ a‑q¶‑p hÀj‑w s‑I‑mï‑v s‑X‑mg‑nehkc§Ä‑, k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑v, \‑y‑qk‑v F¶‑o s‑kI‑vj\‑pIf‑p‑w H‑m¬s‑s‑e\‑ne‑mb‑n. K‑mÀU‑nb³ ]{‑Xs‑a‑m ¶S¦‑w H‑m¬s‑s‑e\‑ns‑e¯‑nbX‑v 1999-e‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. K‑mÀU‑n b³ A¬e‑na‑näU‑v F¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑ns‑â t‑]c‑v-.

2008- guardian.co.uk F¶‑p‑w 2013 theguardian.com F¶‑p‑w s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â A{‑Uk‑v a‑mä‑n. 2001 Xs‑¶ K‑mÀU‑nb s‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w P\{‑]‑oX‑nb‑pÅ s‑s‑kä‑mb‑n a‑md‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. B hÀj‑w a‑mÀ¨‑n 24 e£‑w D]t‑b‑mI‑vX‑m¡f‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑s‑kä‑n\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑v.

C¶‑v {‑_‑n«\‑n Gäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑pX kµÀiIc‑pÅ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v s‑Ub‑ve‑n s‑ab‑ne‑nt‑âX‑ms‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w K‑ucha‑p Å h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑mb‑n h‑mb\¡‑ms‑c¯‑p¶ s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ K‑mÀU‑nbt‑âX‑p‑w H_‑vkÀhd‑nt‑âX‑pa‑mW‑v-. Chc‑ps‑S h‑mÀ¯‑mh‑n`‑mK¯‑ne‑p‑w 30 e£‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ AS§‑p¶ BÀs‑s‑¡h‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑ne‑p‑w k‑uP\‑ya‑mb‑n h‑mÀ¯ h‑mb‑n ¡‑m‑w. Z‑nhkh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\ h‑mÀ¯IÄ AS§‑p¶ F4 he‑n ¸¯‑ne‑pÅ ]‑n.U‑n.F^‑v. ]{‑X‑w s‑s‑kä‑n \‑n¶‑v U‑ut‑e‑mU‑v s‑N¿‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p‑w. t‑e‑mI¯‑v Gäh‑p‑w P\{‑]‑oX‑n b‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯‑m s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑n H¶‑mW‑v- K‑mÀU‑nbt‑â X‑v. At‑ac‑n¡b‑v¡‑p t‑hï‑nb‑p‑w H‑mk‑vt‑{‑Se‑nbb‑v¡‑p t‑hï‑n b‑p‑w cï‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nb\‑v- Dï‑v. ]{‑X‑w a‑m©Ìd‑n X‑nf§‑n \‑n¶ kab¯‑v a‑m©ÌÀ C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v \‑y‑qk‑v (F‑w.C.F³‑) F¶ ]{‑Xs‑¯ h‑m§‑n bX‑v a‑p³]‑v ]dª‑nc‑p¶‑p. Cc‑p]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑ns‑â BZ‑y amÀ¨v 2014

ZiI§f‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑v. Ig‑nª \‑qä‑mï‑ns‑â BZ‑y ]I‑pX‑n ]‑n¶‑n« t‑ij‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ aä‑v [‑mc‑mf‑w Ø‑m]\ §s‑f k‑z´a‑m¡‑n hfÀ¶‑p he‑pX‑mI‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v \‑y‑qk‑ns‑\ k‑z´a‑m¡‑nbt‑ij‑w I¼\‑n K‑mÀU‑n b³ B³U‑v a‑m©ÌÀ C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v \‑y‑qk‑v (P‑n.F‑w.C.F³‑) F¶‑p t‑]c‑pa‑mä‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. 1993 hs‑c C‑u t‑]c‑p X‑pSÀ¶‑p.

B hÀj‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ a‑oU‑nb‑m {‑K‑q¸‑v (P‑n.F‑w.P‑n‑) F¶‑p t‑]c‑pa‑mä‑n. [‑mc‑mf‑w a‑m[‑ya Ø‑m]\§Ä Chc‑ps‑S I‑pS¡‑o g‑ne‑mbt‑X‑ms‑Sb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p B a‑mä‑w.

1961- a‑m©Ìd‑ns‑e as‑ä‑mc‑p k‑mb‑mÓ Z‑n\]{‑Xa‑mb Z‑v t‑{‑I‑mW‑n¡‑nf‑ns‑\ K‑mÀU‑nb³ k‑z´a‑m¡‑n. Cs‑X‑mc‑p X‑pS¡‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. t‑d‑mj‑vt‑U AU‑zÀs‑s‑SkÀ k‑oc‑ok‑ns‑e ]{‑X§s‑f 1974 K‑mÀU‑nb³ h‑m§‑n. 1977 k‑vt‑ä‑m¡‑vt‑]‑mÀ«‑v AU‑zÀs‑s‑SkÀ k‑oc‑ok‑p‑w h‑m§‑n. 1979 kt‑d AU‑zÀs‑s‑Skd‑ns‑â `‑qc‑n]£‑w H‑mlc‑nIf‑p‑w I¼\‑n h‑m§‑n. 1990 B{‑I‑n‑wK‑vS¬ H_‑vkÀhÀ K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â \‑nb{‑´W¯‑ne‑mb‑n. d‑oU‑n‑wK‑v C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v t‑]‑mÌ‑ns‑â ]¡ e‑mb‑nc‑p¶ t‑X‑wk‑v h‑me‑n \‑y‑qk‑vt‑]¸À I¼\‑nb‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑n b³ k‑z´a‑m¡‑n. aä‑p a‑m[‑ya§f‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w CX‑n\‑ns‑S K‑mÀU‑nb³ X‑mÂ] c‑y‑w I‑mW‑n¨‑nc‑p¶‑p. Ad‑p]X‑pIf‑ps‑S ]I‑pX‑nb‑n Xs‑¶ B‑w¥‑nb s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â H‑mlc‑nIÄ K‑mÀU‑nb³ {‑K‑q¸‑v h‑m§‑n. 1973- t‑{‑Kä‑v a‑m©ÌÀ C³U‑ns‑]³Uâ‑v t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m b‑ps‑S 10 iXa‑m\‑w H‑mlc‑nIÄ h‑m§‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m KmÀUnb³ sh_vsskäv

(25) c‑wKt‑¯¡‑p‑w I¼\‑n IS¶‑p. cï‑p s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ I¼\‑nI f‑n I‑qS‑n {‑K‑q¸‑v H‑mlc‑n h‑m§‑ns‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w AX‑p ]‑n¶‑oS‑v h‑ns‑ä‑mg‑nª‑p. F¶‑mÂ‑, t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m c‑wK¯‑v K‑mÀU‑nb³ I¼\‑n X‑me‑v]c‑y‑w X‑pSÀ¶‑p. s‑hb‑nÂk‑n 2000- d‑nb t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m X‑pS§‑nbt‑X‑ms‑S K‑mÀU‑nb³ {‑K‑q¸‑v h‑mW‑nP‑y {‑]t‑£]W c‑wKt‑¯¡‑p‑w IS¶‑p. 2002- d‑nb t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m k‑vt‑I‑mS‑ve³U‑ne‑p‑w t‑b‑mÀ¡‑vt‑jbd‑ne‑p‑w Bc‑w`‑n¨‑p. P‑mk‑v F^‑v.F‑w F¶ I¼\‑n h‑m§‑n k‑va‑q¯‑v F^‑v.F‑w F¶t‑] c‑n {‑]t‑£]W‑w \S¯‑nbX‑v 2005-e‑m-W‑v-. 2006 s‑k©‑pd‑n F^‑v.F‑w‑, k‑mK‑m t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m F¶‑nh I‑qS‑n h‑m§‑nbt‑X‑ms‑S {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e a‑q¶‑mas‑¯ he‑nb t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m {‑K‑q¸‑mb‑n a‑md‑n K‑mÀU‑nbt‑âX‑v.

1982- t‑\‑mÀ¯‑v s‑hÌ‑v H‑mt‑«‑ma‑mÀ«‑ns‑â `‑qc‑n]£ H‑mlc‑nIf‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ {‑K‑q¸‑v h‑m§‑n ]‑pX‑nb Hc‑p t‑aJe b‑nt‑e¡‑p I‑qS‑n N‑phS‑ph¨‑p‑, 1989 Bbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w H³]X‑v H‑mt‑«‑m t‑{‑SUÀ a‑mKk‑n\‑pIÄ K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â \‑nb{‑´W¯‑n e‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. C‑u a‑mKk‑n\‑pIf‑n H‑mt‑c‑m¶‑p‑w h³e‑m`¯‑n e‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑n\‑m Ah t‑NÀ¯‑pï‑m¡‑nbX‑mW‑v- t‑{‑SUÀ a‑oU‑nb‑m {‑K‑q¸‑v. a‑m©ÌÀ C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v \‑y‑qk‑v h‑m§‑nb t‑ij‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ Gs‑äS‑p¯ Gäh‑p‑w e‑m`Ica‑mb I¼\‑n b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p t‑{‑SUÀ a‑oU‑nb‑m {‑K‑q¸‑v. CX‑ns‑â I‑og‑n 1996 Bc‑w`‑n¨ autotrader.co.uk F¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v b‑qt‑d‑m¸‑n s‑e Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb H‑mt‑«‑mt‑a‑m«‑oh‑v ¢‑mk‑ns‑s‑^U‑v s‑s‑kä‑mW‑v-.

CX‑nt‑\¡‑ms‑f‑ms‑¡ he‑nb Gs‑äS‑p¡Â K‑mÀU‑nb³ \S¯‑nbX‑v 1993- H_‑vkÀhÀ Z‑n\]{‑Xs‑¯ k‑z´a‑m¡‑nb t‑¸‑mg‑mW‑v-. as‑ä‑mc‑p t‑Zi‑ob Z‑n\]{‑X‑w K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â H¸‑w t‑NÀ¶ BZ‑y k‑w`ha‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑v. t‑e‑mIs‑¯ BZ‑y R‑mbd‑mg‑vN¸{‑Xa‑mb H_‑vkÀhÀ BW‑v- Ct‑¸‑mÄ K‑mÀU‑n bs‑â R‑mbd‑mg‑vN¸X‑n¸‑mb‑n ]‑pd¯‑nd§‑p¶X‑v. ]t‑£‑, Gs‑d hÀja‑mb‑n K‑mÀU‑nb\‑p‑w H_‑vkÀhd‑p‑w e‑m`a‑pï‑m¡‑p¶t‑Xb‑nÃ. t‑{‑SUÀ a‑oU‑nb‑m {‑K‑q¸‑n \‑n¶‑p Å e‑m`‑w s‑I‑mï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p \‑y‑qk‑vt‑]¸À U‑nh‑nj³ {‑]hÀ ¯‑n¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v. {‑]hÀ¯\s‑¨eh‑v X‑m§‑m\‑mI‑ms‑X h¶ t‑¸‑mÄ 2010 a‑mÀ¨‑n {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S h‑n`‑mK‑w (K‑mÀU‑nb\‑p‑w H_‑vkÀhd‑p‑w t‑Zi‑ob ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S h‑n`‑mK ¯‑ne‑mW‑v- K‑mÀU‑nb³ {‑K‑q¸‑v DÄs‑]S‑p¯‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v.‑) FX‑nc‑mf‑nIf‑mb {‑S‑n\‑nä‑n a‑ndÀ {‑K‑q¸‑n\‑p h‑nä‑p. Hc‑pI‑me¯‑v I¼\‑ns‑b k‑m¼¯‑nIa‑mb‑n X‑m§‑n\‑nÀ¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶ a‑m© ÌÀ C‑uh\‑n‑wK‑v \‑y‑qk‑p‑w h‑näX‑n s‑]S‑p¶‑p. K‑mÀU‑nbs‑\ AX‑ns‑â Dt‑±ie£‑y§t‑f‑ms‑S ]‑nS‑n¨‑p \‑nÀ¯‑m³ Ct‑X a‑mÀKa‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑pÅ‑q F¶‑mW‑v- I¼\‑n h‑yI‑vXa‑m¡‑nbX‑v.

2011 Bbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w \ã‑w X‑m§‑m\‑mI‑ms‑X hc‑nIb‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p. {‑]N‑mc‑w I‑pdª‑phc‑p¶X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p I‑mcW‑w. 2012 U‑nk‑w_d‑n 2‑,04‑,222 t‑I‑m¸‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p kÀ¡‑pt‑ej³.

At‑XhÀj‑w P\‑phc‑nt‑b¡‑mÄ 11.25 % I‑pdh‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑v. C¡‑me¯‑v Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w ic‑mi‑mc‑n Hc‑p e£‑w ]‑uï‑v \ã¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p ]{‑X‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v. {‑]X‑nhÀj‑w 3.3 t‑I‑mS‑n ]‑uï‑v \ã¯‑ne‑pÅ I¼\‑n F§s‑\ ]‑nS‑n¨‑p \‑nÂI‑ps‑a¶‑v FÃ‑mhc‑p‑w k‑wib‑n¨‑p. h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑n`‑mK‑w ]‑qÀWa‑mb‑p‑w H‑m¬s‑s‑e\‑nt‑e¡‑v a‑mä‑n ^‑o¨d‑pIf‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑mh‑niIe\§f‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑w {‑]‑nâ‑v FU‑nj\‑n \ÂI‑m\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p A¡‑me¯‑v K‑mÀU‑nb³ X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨X‑v. {‑]N‑mc‑w h‑oï‑p‑w I‑pdª‑v 2013 a‑mÀ¨‑n 1‑,93‑,586 t‑e¡‑p ]X‑ns‑¨¦‑ne‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ Hc‑n¡Â t‑]‑me‑p‑w kÀ¡‑pt‑e j³ hÀ[‑n¸‑n¡‑m\‑mb‑n {‑]J‑y‑m]‑nX e£‑y§f‑ns‑e‑m¶‑p‑w s‑hÅ‑w t‑NÀ¯‑nÃ. \b‑w h‑n«‑v Hc‑p \‑ne]‑mS‑n\‑p‑w AhÀ Xb‑mdÃ‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Gäh‑paS‑p¯ kab¯‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ ]‑pd¯‑ph‑n« h‑mÀ¯IÄ C‑u \b‑w H¶‑pI‑qS‑n Dd¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. 2011- P‑qe‑nb³ Ak‑ms‑© At‑ac‑n ¡³ h‑nt‑ZiI‑mc‑y hI‑p¸‑ns‑â clk‑y t‑cJIÄ h‑n¡‑n e‑o¡‑vk‑ne‑qs‑S ]‑pd¯‑ph‑n«t‑¸‑mÄ B h‑mÀ¯ t‑e‑mIs‑¯ Ad‑nb‑n¡‑m³ Is‑ï¯‑nbX‑v K‑mÀU‑nb\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. At‑X hÀj‑w Xs‑¶ {‑_‑n«s‑\ ]‑nS‑n¨‑pe¨ t‑^‑m¬ t‑N‑mÀ¯Â t‑e‑mIad‑nªX‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nb\‑ne‑qs‑S Xs‑¶. t‑e‑mIs‑¯ Gäh‑p‑w iI‑vX\‑mb a‑m[‑ya DSaس d‑p]À«‑v aÀt‑U‑m¡‑n\‑vXs‑â \‑y‑qk‑v H‑m^‑v Z‑v t‑hÄU‑v ]{‑X‑w ]‑qt‑«ï‑nh¶‑p C‑u h‑mÀ¯b‑ne‑qs‑S. t‑e‑mIs‑¯ Gäh‑p‑w {‑]N‑mca‑pÅ ]{‑X§ f‑ns‑e‑m¶‑mb‑n \‑ne‑v¡s‑hb‑mW‑v- \‑y‑qk‑v H‑m^‑v Z‑v t‑hÄU‑v ]‑q«‑nbX‑v. At‑ac‑n¡³ k‑pc£‑m GP³k‑nb‑ps‑S N‑mc{‑]hÀ ¯§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑v Ft‑U‑zU‑v k‑vt‑\‑mU³ t‑e‑mI¯‑n\‑p h‑nhc‑w \ÂI‑nbX‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nb\‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑mW‑v-. {‑]k‑n²‑oIcW¯‑ns‑â 200 hÀj§Ä X‑nIb‑v¡‑m³ C\‑n Gg‑p hÀj‑w a‑m{‑X‑w t‑ij‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mg‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ a‑qe‑y‑m[‑nj‑vT‑nX a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â a‑p³\‑nc hI‑vX‑m ¡f‑mb‑n X‑pSc‑pIb‑mW‑v-. {‑]N‑mc¯‑n CS‑nh‑pï‑mI‑p¶t‑X‑m \ã¡W¡‑v s‑]c‑pI‑p¶t‑X‑m AX‑n \‑n¶‑v Ahs‑c XSb‑p ¶‑nÃ. It‑¼‑mf iI‑vX‑nIÄ Bt‑K‑mfa‑mb‑n a‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑v ]‑nS‑na‑pd‑p¡‑pt‑¼‑mg‑p‑w K‑mÀU‑nb³ k‑zX{‑´ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ ¯\¯‑ns‑â I‑mh a‑me‑mJb‑mb‑n \‑ne\‑nÂI‑p¶‑p. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ ko\nbÀ \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com amÀ¨v 2014

(26)

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µ‑nb‑ne‑mW‑v C´‑y³ `‑mj If‑n Gäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑pX s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ N‑m\e‑pIf‑pÅX‑v. ]‑ns‑¶ Xa‑ng‑p‑w. ]s‑£ `‑mj k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑p¶h c‑ps‑S F®‑w t‑\‑m¡‑n N‑m\e‑pIf‑ps‑S F®‑w s‑I‑mï‑p lc‑n¨‑m ic‑mic‑n b‑n aeb‑mfa‑mW‑v a‑p¶‑nÂ. h‑mÀ¯‑m N‑m\e‑pIÄ a‑m{‑Xs‑aS‑p¯‑m C‑u IW¡‑nÃ‑ms‑X Xs‑¶ aeb‑mf‑w a‑p¶‑n e‑mW‑v. hÀ¯a‑m\¸{‑X§f‑n aeb‑mf a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p C‑ub‑ns‑S l‑nµ‑n a‑p¶‑n Ibd‑p¶X‑p hs‑c a‑p¼³. AX‑n\‑p I‑mcW‑w \½‑ps‑S k‑m£cXb‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p. ]{‑X‑w h‑mb‑n¡Ws‑a¦‑n A£ c‑m`‑y‑mk‑w I‑qS‑nt‑b X‑oc‑q. k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nI a‑mb‑p‑w ]{‑Xh‑mb\b‑n \a‑p¡t‑à a‑p¶‑ne‑mI‑m³ ]ä‑q. ]s‑£ S‑n h‑n N‑m\e‑pIÄ? s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ Bk‑zZ‑n¡‑m³ A£c‑m`‑y‑mk‑w t‑hï. ]{‑X‑w {‑][‑m\a‑mb‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ ¡‑pÅX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Z‑nhkh‑p‑w c‑mh‑ns‑e Xt‑e Z‑nhk‑w AÀ²c‑m{‑X‑nhs‑c Dï‑m b k‑w`h§f‑n X§f‑ps‑S h‑mb\ ¡‑mcs‑\ I‑qd‑p a‑md‑ms‑X H¸‑w \‑nÀ¯‑m ³ ]‑mI¯‑n FU‑nä‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑v a‑n\‑p ks‑¸S‑p¯‑n \ÂI‑p¶h Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p ]{‑Xh‑mÀ¯IÄ. ]{‑X\‑nÀ½‑mW¯‑n s‑â N‑neh‑p hÀ²‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w ]ck‑y ¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑obþt‑I‑mÀ¸t‑dä‑v

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ià‑nIf‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w k‑z‑m[‑o\h‑p‑w X‑mX‑v] c‑yh‑p‑w \‑nÀ®‑mbIh‑pa‑mb‑n h¶‑p‑w X‑pS §‑nbt‑¸‑mÄ h‑mÀ¯If‑ps‑S kX‑y‑w t‑XSe‑ne‑p‑w FU‑nä‑n‑wK‑ne‑p‑w k‑mca‑mb a‑mä‑w k‑w`h‑n¨‑p. h‑mb\¡‑mc³ Ah‑n s‑S \‑nÊl‑mb\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ h‑nt‑\‑mZ¯‑n\‑p‑w t‑ei‑w h‑nÚ‑m\¯‑n\‑p‑w Bs‑W¶‑m W‑v [c‑n¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v. h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑mb‑n t‑hWs‑a¦‑n Z‑nhkh‑p‑w cï‑v Ac aW‑n¡‑qÀ t‑É‑m«‑pIÄ. AX‑n I‑qS‑pX  P\‑w kl‑n¡‑nÃ. ]s‑£ A£c‑m`‑y‑mka‑pÅ‑, h‑mÀ ¯ Ad‑nb {‑]`‑mX¯‑ns‑e ]Ã‑pt‑X ¸‑ns‑\b‑p‑w N‑mbs‑b¡‑mf‑p‑w l‑m_‑nä‑mb‑n a‑md‑nb‑nc‑p¶ aeb‑mf‑n k½X‑n¨‑nÃ. aeb‑mf‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ N‑m\e‑pIÄ \à \à X‑pSc³ k‑oc‑nbe‑pIÄ \a‑p ¡‑p I‑me‑mI‑me§f‑mb‑n Xc‑p¶‑pï‑v.

Icb‑n¸‑n¨‑p‑w klX]‑n¸‑n¨‑p‑w Dt‑Z‑zK‑w \‑ne\‑nÀ¯‑p¶ I‑pS‑p‑w_ k‑wLÀj§ Ä. ]‑ns‑¶ Hc‑p a‑mX‑nc‑nb‑pÅ l‑nµ‑pþ s‑s‑{‑Ik‑vXhþ\‑mS³ `à‑n\‑nÀ`c ]‑pW‑y ]‑pc‑mW k‑ma‑ql‑y IYIÄ. t‑{‑]X‑, b£‑n‑, `‑qX‑, `‑oIc IYIÄ. t‑Icf¯‑ns‑e {‑]k‑n² IÅ·‑mc‑ps‑S b‑p‑w s‑I‑mÅ¡‑mc‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w c‑mP‑m¡·‑mc‑p s‑Sb‑p‑w Ie‑v]‑nXIYIÄ. CX‑p s‑I‑ms‑ï‑m¶‑p‑w aX‑nb‑mI‑m¯hÀ¡‑mb‑n d‑nb‑me‑nä‑n ]‑m«‑v‑, \‑r¯ t‑j‑mIÄ.

a‑na‑n{‑I‑n. a‑mb‑mP‑me‑w. ]‑ns‑¶ \‑nÀ¯‑m s‑X ]gbX‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nbX‑pa‑mb AS‑ns‑]‑m f‑n k‑n\‑naIf‑p‑w. Chs‑b‑ms‑¡b‑pÅ ] X‑n\t‑©‑mf‑w FâÀs‑Sb‑n³s‑aâ‑v N‑m\ e‑pIÄ Dï‑mb‑n«‑p‑w Ahs‑bs‑b Ã‑m‑w b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p {‑]i‑v\h‑pa‑nÃ‑ms‑X AS‑n¨‑p a‑mä‑n t‑dä‑n‑wK‑n a‑pt‑¶d‑ns‑¡‑m ï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v aeb‑mf‑w \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\ e‑pIf‑mW‑v.

C¶‑v t‑Icf¯‑ns‑e {‑][‑m\ h‑yh k‑mb‑w A¼eþh‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mkþBi‑p] {‑X‑n _‑nk‑n\Ê‑pIf‑mWt‑Ã‑m. ]s‑£ C‑u h‑yhk‑mb‑nIf‑n ]ec‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb t‑aJeb‑mb \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\ _‑nk‑n\ Ê‑ns‑â A\´k‑m²‑yXIÄ a\Ê‑ne‑m ¡‑n¯‑pS§‑nbX‑v k‑ze‑v]‑w X‑mak‑n¨‑m W‑v. AS‑p¯‑p Xs‑¶ X§f‑ps‑S _‑nk‑n \Ê‑ns‑â s‑s‑hh‑n²‑oIcW‑w Fs‑¶‑m s‑¡ ]dª‑v C¡‑q«c‑ns‑e I‑ps‑dt‑bs‑d t‑¸À ]‑pX‑nb \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\e‑pIf‑pa‑mb‑n DS³ \½‑ps‑S ka£‑w F¯‑ps‑a¶‑v `‑ojW‑nb‑pï‑v. C‑u \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\ _‑nk‑n\Ê‑n\‑v Bïd‑pX‑nb‑n I¼\‑n cP‑nk‑v{‑X‑mÀ¡‑p IW¡‑p t‑_‑m[‑n¸‑n¡‑p ¶ _‑me³k‑v j‑oä‑ns‑e e‑m`¯‑ns‑â A¡§Ä¡¸‑pd‑w Hc‑p e‑m`‑w I‑qS‑n Dï‑v. \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\e‑ns‑â k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w A[‑nI‑mct‑I{‑µ§f‑n \ÂI‑p¶ ]‑nS‑n ]‑mS‑v. P\a\Ê‑pIs‑f X‑nc‑n¨‑p h‑nS‑m\‑p Å Ig‑nh‑v. Bs‑cb‑p‑w t‑Zt‑h{‑µ\‑m¡‑m \‑p‑w ]‑ni‑mN‑m¡‑m\‑p‑w \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\e‑pI f‑ps‑S XÕab¡‑mÀ {‑i²‑n¨‑v I‑z‑n¡‑m b‑n FU‑nä‑v s‑Nb‑vX _‑nä‑pIf‑p‑w Ahb‑p s‑S s‑s‑e{‑_d‑n t‑iJch‑p‑w A\‑mb‑mk a‑mb t‑h‑mb‑vk‑vþh‑nj‑z k‑q¸d‑n‑wt‑]‑mk‑v

(27) k‑uIc‑yh‑p‑w d‑n¸‑oä‑v {‑XÌ‑p‑w kl‑mb‑n ¡‑p¶‑p. CX‑v \‑m‑w kkt‑´‑mj‑w DÄ s‑¡‑mÅ‑p¶‑p. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑v \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\e‑pIf‑ps‑S C‑u Ig‑nh‑n\‑v Hc‑p C¡ t‑W‑ma‑n¡‑v h‑me‑y‑q IW¡‑m¡‑m³ Hc‑p k‑m¼¯‑nIh‑nZK‑v²\‑p‑w k‑m²‑yaÃ. aeb‑mf‑n¡‑v a‑m{‑X‑w F´‑mW‑v C‑u \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\e‑pIt‑f‑mS‑v C{‑X t‑{‑]a‑w ? \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\e‑pIf‑ps‑S t‑{‑]‑m{‑K‑ma‑p IÄ k‑q£‑vaa‑mb‑n ]c‑nt‑i‑m[‑n¨‑mÂ

t‑]‑me‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑S CÃ. AX‑p s‑I‑mï‑v Hc‑p Ag‑naX‑n h‑mÀ¯s‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w CÃ‑m ¯ Hc‑p {‑]`‑mXs‑¯ \a‑p¡‑v A‑wK‑oI c‑n¡‑m³ ]ä‑pI‑nÃ. c‑mh‑nes‑¯ Ag‑n aX‑n Z‑ri‑yh‑p‑w NÀ¨b‑p‑w t‑]‑me‑ok‑ns‑â H‑m«h‑p‑w Ig‑nª‑v D¨b‑mI‑pt‑¼‑mt‑g¡‑v t‑{‑_¡‑v h‑mÀ¯ hcW‑w. AS‑p¯ Ag‑naX‑nb‑ps‑S ]ck‑y‑w. kÔ‑yb‑mI‑p t‑¼‑mt‑g¡‑v Ag‑naX‑nb‑ps‑S Z‑ri‑y§Ä ]¯‑p XhWs‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w BhÀ¯‑n¨‑n

t‑Icf‑ob\‑v Ag‑naX‑n a\Ê‑ns‑â Bl‑mca‑mW‑v. a‑q¶‑p t‑\c‑w Cs‑à ¦‑n cï‑p t‑\cs‑a¦‑ne‑p‑w Bl‑mc‑w Ig‑n¡W‑w. F¶‑mt‑e h‑ni¸‑p a‑md‑q. Fh‑ns‑Sb‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑v Ag‑naX‑n t‑hW‑w. Z‑nhkh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb ]‑pX‑nb XÂkab Ag‑naX‑n t‑hW‑w. Ag‑naX‑nb‑mW‑v \a‑p¡‑v Gäh‑p‑w Cj‑vSs‑¸« k‑w`h‑w. Z‑nhkh‑p‑w Gäh‑p‑w I‑pdªX‑v cï‑v Ag‑naX‑n h‑mÀ¯Is‑f¦‑ne‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑p t‑hW‑w. X‑m\‑p‑w Xs‑â I‑pS‑p‑w_h‑p‑w Hg‑ns‑I as‑äÃ‑mhc‑p‑w Ag‑naX‑n¡‑mc‑mW‑v F¶‑v \‑m‑w ]‑qÀ®a‑mb‑n h‑ni‑zk‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Ag‑naX‑n CÃ‑ms‑X Hc‑p aW‑n¡‑qÀ t‑]‑me‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑S CÃ. AX‑p s‑I‑mï‑v Hc‑p Ag‑naX‑n h‑mÀ¯s‑b ¦‑ne‑p‑w CÃ‑m¯ Hc‑p {‑]`‑mXs‑¯ \a‑p¡‑v A‑wK‑oIc‑n¡‑m³ ]ä‑pI‑nÃ.

D¯c‑w I‑n«‑p‑w.

Ag‑naX‑n.

Ag‑naX‑nb‑mW‑v \a‑p¡‑v Gäh‑p‑w Cj‑vSs‑¸« k‑w`h‑w.

Z‑nhkh‑p‑w Gäh‑p‑w I‑pdªX‑v cï‑v Ag‑naX‑n h‑mÀ¯Is‑f¦‑ne‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑p t‑hW‑w. X‑m\‑p‑w Xs‑â I‑pS‑p‑w_h‑p‑w Hg‑ns‑I as‑äÃ‑mhc‑p‑w Ag‑naX‑n¡‑mc‑mW‑v F¶‑v \‑m‑w ]‑qÀ®a‑mb‑n h‑ni‑zk‑n¡‑p ¶‑p. Ag‑naX‑n CÃ‑ms‑X Hc‑p aW‑n¡‑qÀ

c‑n¡W‑w. c‑mh‑nes‑¯ Ag‑naX‑n s‑s‑hI‑n«‑mI‑pt‑¼‑mt‑g¡‑v I‑w¹‑oä‑ve‑n H‑u«‑v. cï‑ma³ dU‑n. `‑mK‑ya‑ps‑ï¦‑n AÀ²c‑m{‑X‑n¡‑v Hc‑p ]‑pX‑nb Ag‑naX‑n b‑ps‑S t‑{‑_¡‑v \‑y‑qk‑v I‑qS‑n hc‑m‑w. t‑Icf‑ob\‑v Ag‑naX‑n a\Ê‑ns‑â Bl‑mca‑mW‑v. a‑q¶p t‑\c‑w Cs‑æ‑n cï‑p t‑\cs‑a¦‑ne‑p‑w Bl‑mc‑w Ig‑n¡ W‑w. F¶‑mt‑e h‑ni¸‑p a‑md‑q. Fh‑ns‑S b‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑v Ag‑naX‑n t‑hW‑w. Z‑nhk

h‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb ]‑pX‑nb XÂkab Ag‑n aX‑n t‑hW‑w. c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¡‑mc‑ps‑S Ag‑n aX‑n¡‑v N‑m\e‑pI‑mÀ H‑mS‑n \St‑¡ï. ]‑mÀ«‑nIf‑ns‑e {‑K‑q¸‑pIÄ Xs‑¶ Bhi‑y¯‑n\‑v Ag‑naX‑n a‑mäÀ Xc‑p‑w. ak‑meb‑pÅX‑v t‑\‑m¡‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n ¡‑m‑w. If‑n¡f¯‑ns‑e Ag‑naX‑n‑, t‑]‑me‑ok‑v Ag‑naX‑n‑, kÀ¡‑mÀ Dt‑Z‑y‑mK Øc‑ps‑S Ag‑naX‑n‑, k‑n\‑na‑m¡‑mc‑ps‑S Ag‑naX‑n‑, AS‑n]‑nS‑nb‑ns‑e Ag‑naX‑n‑, t‑I‑mSX‑nb‑ns‑e Ag‑naX‑n‑, IÅ‑v Ag‑n aX‑n‑, h‑ml\ Ag‑naX‑n‑, e‑m³U‑vþI©‑m h‑vþh‑y`‑nN‑mcþs‑I‑z‑mt‑«j³ a‑m^‑nb‑m c‑wKs‑¯ Ag‑naX‑n. F´‑n\‑v al‑m·‑mÀ ac‑n¨‑m t‑]‑me‑ok‑v s‑hS‑n hb‑v¡‑p¶ F®¯‑ns‑eb‑p‑w ]t‑cXc‑ps‑S A´‑y IÀ½‑w \S¯‑p¶ Øe‑w s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p ¯X‑ns‑eb‑p‑w Ag‑naX‑n¡‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w \‑m‑w I‑m¯‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. Ag‑naX‑nb‑n Ã‑ms‑X Hc‑p h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w ]‑qÀ®a‑mI‑nÃ. t‑d‑mU‑n I‑pg‑n hc‑p¶X‑v Ag‑naX‑n s‑I‑mï‑ms‑W¶‑v \a‑p¡d‑nb‑m‑w. I‑pg‑n a‑qS‑nb‑m AX‑n Ag‑naX‑n Dï‑mI‑p s‑a¶‑p‑w \a‑p¡d‑nb‑m‑w. aeb‑mf‑w \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\e‑pIf‑ps‑S {‑]N‑mc‑w {‑]h‑mk‑nIÄ¡‑nSb‑n I‑qS‑n hc‑p¶X‑v \a‑p¡‑p a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑m‑w.

AhÀ \‑m«‑ne‑nÃ‑m¯X‑mW‑v C‑u Ag‑n aX‑n hÀ²\h‑n\‑v I‑mcWs‑a¶‑v AhÀ Bß‑mÀ°a‑mb‑n h‑ni‑zk‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

AhÀ \‑mS‑p h‑n«X‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w Ch‑ns‑S Ag‑naX‑n I‑pdª‑p F¶d‑nb‑p¶X‑v Hc‑p {‑]h‑mk‑nb‑p‑w kl‑n¡‑nÃ. AhÀ ]‑nW§‑nb‑m t‑Icf¯‑ns‑â KX‑n F´‑mI‑ps‑a¶‑v ]‑mg‑qÀ ]S‑n¸‑pcb‑n t‑]‑mb‑n {‑]i‑v\‑w hb‑v¸‑n¡‑ms‑X Xs‑¶ \a‑p¡d‑nb‑m‑w. t‑Icf¯‑ns‑â aW‑nt‑b‑mÀ UÀ Ct‑¡‑mWa‑n XIc‑p‑w. C¶‑v Hd‑nb ¡‑mc\‑p‑w _‑wK‑mf‑nb‑p‑w Bk‑m‑wI‑mc \‑p‑w Xa‑ng\‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑p t‑hï‑n FS‑p¡‑p ¶ N‑qe‑p‑w X‑q¼b‑p‑w \‑m‑w Xs‑¶ FS‑p t‑¡ï‑n hc‑p‑w. t‑\‑m¡‑p I‑qe‑n t‑]‑me‑p‑w \‑n¡‑p‑w. \a‑ps‑¡‑mt‑¶ ]db‑m\‑pÅ‑p. aeb‑mf‑n F¡‑meh‑p‑w hg‑nI‑m«‑n Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

B ]‑mc¼c‑y‑w \a‑p¡‑v s‑s‑Ih‑nS‑m³ ]ä‑nÃ. \a‑p¡‑p C\‑n hc‑p¶ \‑y‑qk‑v N‑m\ e‑pIÄ I‑qS‑pX BIÀjIa‑mb Ag‑n aX‑n¡YIÄ I‑m«‑n aä‑p `‑mj¡‑mÀ¡‑p‑w Dt‑¯P\‑w \ÂIs‑« F¶‑v {‑]‑mÀ°‑n¡‑m‑w. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com

amˬv 2014

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\yq thhvkv

tPmk^v BâWn

`mhn I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡m-\p-Å h-gnIÄ Cóv temI¯v Gsd hmÀ¯IÄ {]Xy£s¸SpóXpw ]e Ne\§fpw krãn¡póXpw \yqaoUob Fópw tkmjyð aoUnb Fópsams¡ Adnbs¸Spó sskäpIfnse P\§fpsS t\cn«pÅ CSs]SepIfneqsSbmWv. Cu cwKs¯ ]pXnb kw`hhnImk§sf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS

k-X‑y \‑m-s‑Zà þ s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑n-s‑â ]‑pX‑n-b t‑a-[‑mh‑n amÀ¨v 2014

tem

I-s‑¯ G-äh‑p‑w he‑nb t‑k‑m-j‑y s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ¡‑mb s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n-\‑v ]-¯‑p-hb-Ê‑v X‑nI-ª-X‑p‑w `‑q-a‑pJs‑¯ G-äh‑p‑w he‑nb t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-t‑hÀ I-¼-\‑nb‑mb s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑mt‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑n-s‑â ]‑pX‑n-b t‑a-[‑m-h‑n-b‑m-b‑n C-´‑y-¡‑m-c\‑m-b k-X‑y \‑m-s‑Zà X‑n-cs‑ª-S‑p-¡-s‑¸-«X‑p‑w H-t‑c Z‑n-h-k-a‑m-W‑v þ 2014 s‑^-{‑_‑ph-c‑n \‑m-e‑n-\‑v. s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n-s‑â t‑a-[‑m-h‑n a‑mÀ¡‑v k-¡À-_À-K‑p‑w‑, s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑vä‑n-s‑â ]‑pX‑n-b t‑a-[‑m-h‑n \‑m-s‑ZÃb‑p‑w A¶‑v H‑mt‑c‑m I-¯‑p-IÄ {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-Ic‑n¨‑p. k-¡À-_À-K‑n-s‑â I-¯‑v s‑^-b‑v-k‑v_‑p-¡‑v A‑w-K-§-s‑f A‑w-`‑n-k‑w-t‑_‑m-[-\ s‑N-b‑vX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑pÅ-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑ps‑h¦‑nÂ‑, s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v P‑o-h-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑m-b‑n X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p \‑ms‑ZÃ-b‑p-s‑S I¯‑v. h‑y-X‑yk‑v-X k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§-f‑nÂ‑, h‑yX‑yk‑v-X S‑mÀP-ä‑v {‑K‑q-¸‑n-\‑v t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑v s‑N¿-s‑¸« B c-ï‑v I-¯‑ne‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑mb‑n-«‑p-Å H-c‑p k‑w-K-X‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p.

A-X‑v A-S‑p-¯ ]-¯‑p-hÀ-j-t‑¯-¡‑v t‑\-c‑n-S‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n-I-s‑f¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e s‑a‑m-¯‑w P-\-k‑w-J‑y-b‑v¡‑v X‑p-e‑y-a‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p¡‑v A‑w-K-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑w-J‑y þ 123 t‑I‑mS‑n‑! ]-¯‑p-hÀ-j‑w-a‑p¼‑v‑, l‑mÀ-h‑m-U‑n-s‑e t‑l‑m-k‑v-äÂ-a‑p-d‑n-b‑nÂ-s‑h-¨‑v \‑m-e‑v k-l]‑mT‑n-IÄ-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n-\‑v X‑p-S-¡-a‑n-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, C‑u \‑n-e-b‑v¡‑v t‑e‑mI‑w- I‑o-g-S-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n-`‑m-k-a‑m-b‑n A-X‑v a‑m-d‑p-s‑a-¶‑v k-¡À-_À-K‑v I-c‑p-X‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑mI‑p-t‑a‑m?

I-g‑n-ª s‑^-{‑_‑ph-c‑n \‑m-e‑n\‑v s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n t‑]‑m-k‑v-ä‑p-s‑Nb‑v-X I-¯‑n k-¡À-_À-K‑v A-X‑n-\‑v a-d‑p]-S‑n ]-d-b‑p¶-X‑v C§s‑\: ‑"CÃ. s‑^-b‑v-k‑v_‑p-¡‑v X‑p-d¶ t‑i-j‑w k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡Äs‑¡‑m-¸‑w t‑I‑m-t‑f-P‑n ]‑n-k I-g‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑mb-X‑v R‑m-t‑\‑mÀ-¡‑p¶‑p. t‑I‑m-t‑f-P‑v

(29) h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-Y‑n-Is‑f ]-c-k‑v]-c‑w _-Ô-‑n-¸‑n¡‑p-¶ I‑mc‑y‑w B-t‑h-i-a‑p-WÀ-¯‑p-¶X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v R‑m³ A-h-t‑c‑m-S‑v ]-dª‑p‑'.

F-¶‑p-s‑h-¨‑mÂ‑, k-¡À-_À-K‑n-s‑â t‑]‑me‑p‑w {‑]-X‑o-£-b‑v-¡-¸‑p-d-t‑¯-¡‑m-W‑v s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v h-fÀ-¶-X‑v. I-g‑n-ª ]-¯‑p-hÀ-j-s‑¯-¡‑mf‑p‑w X-s‑¶ B-t‑h i‑w -s‑I‑m-Å‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v h-c‑p-¶ ]-¯‑p-hÀj-§-f‑m-s‑W-¶‑v k-¡À-_À-K‑v I-¯‑n ]-dª‑p. X‑oÀ-¨-b‑mb‑p‑w A-X‑v s‑hÃ‑p-h‑nf‑n-IÄ \‑n-dª-X‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑p-d-¸‑v. ‑"s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ-¡‑n-s‑\ N‑p-h-S‑p-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-

a‑mÀ-K-§-t‑f-b‑pÅ‑q. F-¶‑mÂ‑, hc‑p‑w Z-i-I-¯‑n ]‑pX‑n-b A-\‑p-`-h-§Ä t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ- s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ-¡‑p-I-f‑n ]-¦‑nS‑m³ k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y \h‑o\ h-g‑n-IÄ X‑p-d¡‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w k-¡À-_À-K‑v {‑]-X‑y‑m-i‑n¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡Ã s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m^‑vä‑v. A-X‑n-\‑mÂ‑, s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v t‑a-[‑mh‑n-b‑p-s‑S B-i-¦-I-fà s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m^‑v-ä‑v t‑a-[‑m-h‑n \‑m-s‑Zà ]-¦‑n-S‑p-¶-X‑v. `‑m-h‑n-b‑n-s‑e I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ÅX‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â N‑n-´-IÄ. Ht‑c‑m

_‑n t‑K-ä‑v-k‑v þ s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v a‑p³ t‑a-[‑mh‑n

a‑mÀ-¡‑v k-¡À-_À-K‑v þ s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v k-l-Ø‑m-]-I\‑p‑w t‑a-[‑m-h‑nb‑p‑w

X‑n-\‑p-Å-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p B-Z‑y- ]-¯‑p-hÀj-§Ä. {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-t‑ad‑n-b {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä ]-c‑n-l-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å t‑i-j‑n C-t‑¸‑mÄ \-a‑p-¡‑p-ï‑v. ]-¦‑p-s‑h-b‑v-¡-e‑n-\‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ-s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ-¡‑p-IÄ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-¦‑nÂ‑, t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä¡‑v D¯-c‑w t‑X-S‑m-\‑p‑w k-¦‑oÀ-W-{‑]-i‑v\-§Ä ]-c‑n-l-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-a‑mI‑p‑w A-S‑p-¯ Z-i-I-¯‑n t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ-s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ-¡‑p-IÄ {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-I'. \‑n-e-h‑n A-\‑p-`-h-§Ä ]-¦‑n-S‑m³ \-a‑p-¡‑v a‑p-¶‑n ]-c‑n-a‑n-Xa‑m-b G-X‑m\‑p‑w

h‑o-«‑ne‑p‑w H‑mt‑c‑m s‑U-k‑v-I‑n-e‑p‑w t‑]-g‑v-kW I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑p-I-s‑f-¯‑n-¡‑p-I-s‑b-¶ a-l¯‑m-b e-£‑y-a‑m-W‑v s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m^‑v-ä‑n-\‑v X‑p-S-¡-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-s‑X-¶ I‑m-c‑y‑w \‑m-s‑Zà X-s‑â I-¯‑n H‑mÀ-a‑n¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

C-¶‑v I-Y a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. h‑y-X‑yk‑v-Xa‑m-b H-t‑«-s‑d D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑n \-½‑p-s‑S {‑i-² X‑n-c‑n-t‑b-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v t‑a-[‑m-h‑n ]-d-b‑p¶‑p. t‑]-g‑v-k-W I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑n-\‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑q-]-]-c‑n-W‑m-a‑w hg‑n‑,

s‑U-k‑vI‑v-t‑S‑m-¸‑p-If‑p‑w e‑m]‑v-t‑S‑m-¸‑p-I-f‑p‑w‑, S‑m-_‑v-e-ä‑p-IÄ¡‑p‑w k‑v-a‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m-W‑p-IÄ¡‑p‑w k‑v-a‑mÀ-«‑v-h‑m-¨‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å i-c‑o-c¯‑n-e-W‑n-b‑m-h‑p-¶ D-]-I-c-W-§Ä¡‑p‑w h-g‑n-a‑m-d‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-W‑v I-g‑n-ª Zi-I‑w k‑m£‑y‑wh-l‑n-¨-X‑v.

A-X‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑n-[‑z-\‑n `‑m-h‑n-s‑b-¡‑pd‑n-¨‑p-Å \‑m-s‑ZÃ-b‑p-s‑S B-i-¦-I-f‑n Dï‑mh‑p-I k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑nI‑w. A-S‑p-¯ Z-i-I¯‑n I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑v kÀ-Æ-h‑y‑m-]‑n-b‑m-I‑p‑w. \‑nÀ-a‑n-X-_‑p-²‑n AY-h‑m BÀ-«‑n-^‑n-j‑y Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑n\‑p‑w s‑\-ä‑vhÀ-¡‑n-M‑n\‑p‑w i-à‑n-]-I-c‑p‑w þ\‑m-s‑Zà N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p-¶‑p. ‑"t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-t‑h-d‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w l‑mÀ-U‑v-t‑hd‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w k-l-]-c‑n-W‑m-a‑w h-g‑n‑, _‑nk‑n-\-k‑ne‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-e‑p‑w \-½‑p-s‑S t‑e‑m-I¯‑p‑w C-X‑ph-s‑c k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-I‑m-X‑nc‑p-¶ H-t‑«-s‑d k‑w-K-X‑n-IÄ U‑n-P‑n-äÂ-c‑q]-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ k‑m-[‑n¡‑p‑w' þ I-¯‑n \‑m-s‑Zà ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. ]-c-k‑v-]-c-_Ô‑n-X D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w ¢‑u-U‑v hg‑n hÀ[‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑v t‑i-j‑n-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w h³-t‑X‑m-X‑n-e‑p-Å t‑U-ä‑m-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ DÄ-¡‑m-g‑v-¨-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w s‑aj‑o³ t‑e-W‑n-§‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑ms‑S-b‑mI‑p‑w C-X‑v k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-h‑p-I-s‑b¶‑p‑w A-t‑±l‑w H‑mÀ-a‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-t‑h-d‑n-s‑â i-à‑n-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p¶ t‑e‑m-I-a‑mI‑p‑w \‑m-s‑ft‑¯-X‑v. \-½‑p-s‑S t‑e‑mI-s‑¯ C-X‑phs‑c k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-I‑m-¯ h‑n-[‑w I‑m-W‑m-\‑p‑w {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w ]-¦‑n-S‑m\‑p‑w I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ h‑n[‑w‑, k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡f‑p‑w I‑pS‑p‑w-_‑m‑w-K§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n \-½Ä _-Ô‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ I‑m-e-a‑m-W‑v h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. _‑n-k‑n\-k‑v c‑wK¯‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-à‑m-¡-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n I‑q-S‑p-X AÀ-Y-h¯‑m-b h‑n-[‑w C-S-s‑]-S‑m³ h-g‑n s‑X-f‑n-b‑p‑wþ\‑m-s‑Zà ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. *** s‑SI‑vt‑e‑mI-s‑¯ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶ c-ï‑v h³-I‑n-S- I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑a-[‑m-h‑nIÄ H-t‑c Z‑nh-k‑w ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-« I-¯‑pI-f‑nÂ‑, `‑m-h‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v G-X‑m-ï‑v k-a‑m-\a‑mb k‑w-K-X‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v I-S-¶‑p-hc‑p-¶-s‑X¶-X‑v I‑u-X‑p-a‑p-WÀ-¯‑p-¶‑p. b-Y‑mÀ-Y-¯‑n k-¡À-_ÀK‑p‑w \‑m-s‑ZÃb‑p‑w {‑]-h-N‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑eb‑mI‑pt‑a‑m A-S‑p-¯ ]-¯‑p-hÀ-j-§Ä?

2025 B-I‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g¡‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I‑w C-hÀ D-t‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑n ]-c‑n-W-a‑n¡‑pt‑a‑m? D-d-¸‑nÃ. I‑m-cW‑w‑, `‑m-h‑n {‑]-h-N‑n¡‑p-I-s‑b¶-X‑v hf-s‑c d‑n-k‑v-¡‑p-Å H-c‑p GÀ-¸‑mS‑m-W‑v. \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e k‑q-N-\-IÄ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w t‑e‑m-I‑w `‑m-h‑n-b‑n F-§s‑\-b‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑v G-X‑m-ï‑v I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-h-N‑n-¡‑m³ hf-s‑c N‑p-c‑p-¡‑w-t‑]À-t‑¡ I-g‑n-ª‑n-«‑pÅ‑q. `‑m-h‑n- {‑]-h-N‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v ]I-c‑w "`‑m-h‑n I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m³' B-¸‑n-f‑n-s‑â amÀ¨v 2014

(30) k-l-Ø‑m-]-I\‑p‑w a‑p³-t‑a-[‑m-h‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶ Ì‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑v-k‑n-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-e‑p-Å-hÀ {‑i-a‑n-¨-X‑v AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v! ]-¯‑p-hÀ-j‑w-a‑p¼‑v‑, A-¶-s‑¯ Ø‑n-X‑n-K-X‑n-IÄ-¡-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v `‑m-h‑n {‑]-h-N‑n-¡‑m³ Ì‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑v-k‑v {‑i-a‑n-¨‑nc‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n H-c‑p]-t‑£‑, s‑F-t‑^‑m-t‑W‑m s‑F-]‑mt‑U‑m B-¸‑nÄ ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-¡‑nÃ‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A¯-c‑w D-]-I-c-W-§Ä t‑e‑m-I‑w- I‑o-g-S-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶ I‑m-c‑ya‑m-b k‑q-N\-I-s‑f‑m-¶‑p‑w 2004 D-ï‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. A¶s‑¯ k‑q-N-\IÄ-¡-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑m-s‑W-¦‑nÂ‑, s‑F-t‑]‑m-U‑v F-¶ a‑y‑q-k‑n-I‑v D-]-Ic-W‑w I‑q-S‑p-X ]-c‑n-j‑v-¡-c‑n-¨‑v B-¸‑nÄ C¶‑p‑w I-g‑n-¨‑pI‑q-«‑n-t‑bs‑\‑! s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-M‑n S‑m-_‑ve-ä‑v b‑p-K‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¨-X‑v 2010 B-¸‑n-f‑ns‑â

t‑{‑]‑m-P-Î‑n DÄ-s‑¸-« B-¸‑nÄ F-©‑n\‑ob-s‑d D-²-c‑n-¨‑v s‑{‑^-U‑v s‑h‑m-KÂÌ‑o³ (Dogfight (2013‑) F-¶ {‑K-Ù¯‑nÂ‑) d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑vX-X‑v C-§-s‑\: "I-¡‑q-k‑n-e‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mg‑p‑w C‑u-s‑a-b‑n t‑\‑m-¡‑m³ I-g‑nbW‑w‑'‑!

C-S-b‑v¡‑v s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ t‑{‑]‑m-P-Î‑n-\‑v A-S‑nb-´-c {‑]‑m-[‑m\‑y‑w e-`‑n-¨-X‑n-\‑mÂ‑, s‑F-]‑m-U‑v ]-²-X‑n B-¸‑nÄ \‑nÀ-¯‑ns‑h¨‑p. s‑F-]‑m-U‑n-\‑m-b‑n A-X‑n\-I‑w c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n-b ]-e k-t‑¦-X-§-f‑p‑w (aÄ«‑nS-¨‑v t‑]‑m-e‑pÅh‑) s‑F-t‑^‑m-W‑n-\‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. 2007 s‑F-t‑^‑m]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-§‑n. A-X‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w k‑v-ä‑oh‑p‑w B-¸‑nf‑p‑w s‑F-]‑m-U‑n-t‑e-¡‑v ]‑qÀ-W-{‑i-² X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p.

H-c‑p k‑v-{‑I‑o³ a‑m-{‑X-a‑p-Å I-¼‑y‑q-«s‑d-¶‑v s‑F-]‑m-U‑n-s‑\ h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m‑w.

Ì‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑v-k‑v s‑F-]‑m-U‑p-a‑mb‑n

s‑F-]‑m-U‑v c‑w-K-s‑¯-¯‑n-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S-b‑mW‑v. t‑e‑mI-s‑¯ k‑v-a‑mÀ«‑v-t‑^‑m¬ b‑p-K¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v X-Å‑n-b‑n«‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v, 2007 s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨ t‑i-j-a‑m-W‑v B-¸‑nf‑p‑w Ì‑oh‑p‑w s‑F-]‑m-U‑n-t‑e-¡‑v X‑n-c‑nª-X‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v ]-ec‑p‑w I-c‑pX‑p-¶X‑v. ]t‑£‑, A-X‑v s‑X-ä‑m-s‑W-¶‑v Ì‑o-h‑n-s‑â P‑o-h-N-c‑n-{‑X-I‑m-c³ h‑mÄ-«À C-k‑m-I‑v-k¬ k‑m-£‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. s‑F-t‑^‑m¬ F-¶ Bi-b‑w h-c‑p-¶X‑n-\‑v hf-s‑c a‑p-t‑¼‑, 2002 s‑F-]‑m-U‑v t‑{‑]‑mP-Î‑v B-¸‑nÄ B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-ht‑{‑X. s‑s‑Ì-e-k‑nÃ‑m-s‑X D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑mh‑p-¶ H-c‑p S‑m-_‑ve-ä‑v t‑h-W-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v k‑v-ä‑o-h‑v X-s‑â h‑n-i‑z-k‑vX-s‑c 2002 A-d‑n-b‑n-¨X‑v. D-]-I-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â k‑vs‑]-k‑n-^‑n-t‑¡-j³ Ì‑o-h‑v \Â-I‑n-b-X‑v F-§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v, A-¶‑v B amÀ¨v 2014

A¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p I-¼‑y‑q-«À t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑v B-h-i‑y-a‑p-s‑ï-¶‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I-s‑a-¼‑mS‑p‑w B-f‑p-IÄ s‑U-k‑vI‑v-t‑S‑m-¸‑n\‑p‑w e‑m]‑v-t‑S‑m¸‑n\‑p‑w ]I-c‑w S‑m-_‑pI-s‑f s‑\-©‑n-t‑eä‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w H-c‑p k‑q-N-\b‑p‑w k‑v-ä‑oh‑nt‑\‑m s‑F-]‑m-U‑v k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m³ A-[‑z‑m-\‑n-¨hÀt‑¡‑m A-¶‑v e-`‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ.

A-t‑X-k-ab‑w‑, B-f‑p-IÄ AX‑n-ãs‑¸S‑p‑w F-¶ I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n Ì‑o-h‑n-\‑v k‑w-i-b-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. B-f‑p-IÄ-¡‑v A-X‑v A-\‑m-b‑mk‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑nb-W‑w F-¶- I‑m-c‑y-¯‑ne‑p‑w XÀ-¡a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. C‑u I‑m-g‑v-N¸‑m-t‑S‑m-s‑S k‑v-ä‑o-h‑v b-Y‑mÀ-Y-¯‑n `‑m-h‑n-s‑b I-ï‑p]‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h-c‑p‑w-I‑m-e‑w s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ I-¼‑y‑q-«‑n-§‑n-t‑â-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑ps‑a-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, t‑e‑m-I‑w A-X‑nt‑e-s‑¡-¯‑n-b-X‑n he‑nb t‑X‑m-X‑nÂ

I-S-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v "`‑m-h‑n I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¨' k‑v-ä‑oh‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑m-W‑v. b-Y‑mÀ-Y-¯‑n A-S‑p-¯ Zi-I‑w F-§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v B-t‑e‑m-N‑n¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ BZ‑y‑w a-\-k‑n-s‑e-¯‑p¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w‑, A-S‑p-¯ Z-i-I-¯‑n-s‑e k‑v-ä‑o-h‑v t‑P‑m-_‑v-k‑v B-c‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑mW‑v.

A-¯-c-¯‑n `‑m-h‑n I-ï‑p-]-‑n-S‑n-¡‑m³ t‑i-j‑n-b‑p-Å {‑]-X‑n-`-IÄ c‑w-K-s‑¯-¯‑nb‑mÂ‑, s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑ns‑ât‑b‑m s‑s‑at‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑ns‑ât‑b‑m t‑a-[‑m-h‑n-IÄ I-c‑p-X‑p-¶X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e B-b‑n-s‑¡‑mÅ-W‑w `‑m-h‑n F-¶‑nÃ. {‑]-ik‑v-X A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ _‑n-k‑n\-k‑v t‑PÀ-W-e‑n-Ì‑v s‑I³ H‑u-t‑e-ä ('Googled (2009‑) F-¶ {‑K-Ù-¯‑nÂ‑) h‑n-h-c‑n-¨‑n«‑p-Å k‑wK-X‑n ]-dª‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v C‑u t‑eJ-\‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m‑w. 1998 h‑m-j‑n-M‑v-S-W‑n s‑dU‑v-t‑a‑m-ï‑n-e‑pÅ s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v I‑y‑m-¼-k‑nÂ-s‑h-¨‑v A¶-s‑¯ s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v t‑a-[‑mh‑n _‑n t‑K-ä‑v-k‑p-a‑m-b‑n \-S¯‑n-b I‑q-S‑n-¡‑mg‑v-¨-b‑m-W-X‑v.

I‑q-S‑n-¡‑m-g‑v-¨-b‑v-¡‑n-s‑S H‑u-t‑e-ä t‑N‑mZ‑n-¨‑p: "X‑m-¦Ä G-ä-h‑p-a-[‑n-I‑w `-b-s‑¸S‑p-¶ s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n F-´‑mW‑v?'

AÂ-¸-k-ab-s‑¯ B-t‑e‑m-N-\- t‑hï‑nh-¶‑p _‑n t‑K-ä‑v-k‑n-\‑v a-d‑p]-S‑n \Â-I‑m³. s‑F-S‑n c‑wK-¯‑v A¶‑v s‑s‑at‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑n-s‑â a‑pJ‑yF-X‑n-c‑m-f‑n-If‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑\-ä‑v-k‑v-Is‑^‑, H-d‑m-¡‑nÄ‑, B-¸‑nÄ X‑p-S§‑n-b I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑ps‑Ss‑b‑m¶‑p‑w t‑]-c‑v A-t‑±-l‑w ]-d-ª‑nÃ. ]Ic‑w A-t‑±-l‑w ]-dª-X‑v C-§-s‑\b‑mW‑v: "Gt‑X‑m H-c‑p K‑y‑m-t‑c-P‑n X‑nI¨‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑p-a-b‑mÀ-¶ H-¶‑v Bt‑c‑m h‑mÀs‑¯-S‑p-¡‑p¶X‑v‑!' C-¶-t‑h-j-\‑m-W‑v G-X‑v h‑y-h-Ø‑m]‑n-X _‑n-k‑n-\-k‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w i-{‑X‑p-s‑h-¶‑v _‑n t‑K-ä‑v-k‑n-\‑v \-¶‑mb‑n A-d‑n-b‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â t‑]-S‑n-k‑z-]‑v\‑w.

B A-`‑n-a‑p-J-¯‑n-s‑â k-ab-¯‑v k‑n-e‑n-¡¬ h‑m-e‑n-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p K‑y‑m-t‑cP‑n e‑m-d‑n t‑]P‑p‑w s‑kÀ-P‑n {‑_‑n¶‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¶‑v, _‑n t‑K-ä‑v-k‑n-s‑â t‑]-S‑n-k‑z]‑v-\-¯‑n\‑v "K‑q-K‑nÄ' F-¶-t‑]-c‑n a‑qÀ¯‑o-`‑m-h‑w \Â-I‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶ I‑mc‑y‑w H‑u-t‑e-ä N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p¶‑p.

C-t‑¸‑mÄ s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p¡‑p‑w s‑s‑at‑{‑I‑m-t‑k‑m-^‑vä‑p‑w `‑m-h‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v B-i¦-t‑b‑m-s‑S-b‑p-Å {‑]-h-N-\-§Ä \-S-¯‑pt‑¼‑mÄ‑, B {‑]-h-N-\-§Ä-¡-‑ns‑S 16 hÀ-j‑w-a‑p-¼‑v _‑n t‑K-ä‑v-k‑v k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨ t‑]-S‑n-k‑z-]‑v-\-s‑¯ \-a‑p¡‑v h‑m-b‑n-s‑¨-S‑p¡‑m-\‑m-I‑p‑w. amXr`qan Hm¬sse\nð No^v k_v FUnädmWv teJI³.teJIsâ Cþsabvð: jamboori@gmail.com

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Shoma A. Chatterji

Are Social Networks the New Media?

Online activist subcultures have materialized as a vital new space of politics and culture in which a wide diversity of individuals and groups have used emergent technologies in order to help to produce new social relations and forms of political possibility.

‘S

ocial networks like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn to mention just a few have become powerful tools of communication,’ says Kiran Agarwal of Dum Dum Road, Kolkata. They are meant to connect people, enabling them to interact, revive childhood friendships, keep in touch with distanced friends and family, and keep aware about current changes and so on. Anyone can be a part of it, provided ethics of internet etiquette is maintained.

Danah M. Boyd and Nicole B. Ellisson in their essay Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship in Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication (Volume 13, Issue 1, pages 210–230, October 2007) have defined Social network sites as ‘web-based services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. The nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site.’

The term ‘social networking sites’ also appears in public discourse, and the two terms are often used interchangeably. Boyd and Ellisson chose not to employ the term ‘networking’ for two reasons: emphasis and scope. ‘Networking’ emphasizes relationship initiation, often between strangers.

While networking is possible on these sites, it is not the primary practice on many of them, nor is it what

differentiates them from other forms of computermediated communication (CMC) These most popular websites across the world are also promotional and marketing platforms for corporate firms, production houses, film releases, book promos and even political campaigning.

In fact, in one recent case, a hit-and-run case of negligent driving in Mumbai that took the life of a very young man has snowballed into a massive man-hunt thanks to the victim’s friends who reached out globally to find the identity of the hit-and-run culprit who left the young man to bleed to death, lying unattended for six hours on the street. On 25th January this year, Vinit Sancheti (38), a young man, who was riding his Yamaha RX 100 bike at around four was hit by a car on JNPT Road in Panvel, Greater Mumbai.

Five friends from his school and college, namely Dhawal Ojha, Hrishikesh Joshi, Ravi Gaur, Prashant Sampat and Roland Gottur not only began a website with the title Justice For Vinit Sancheti but also opened separate accounts in Facebook and Twitter where they got more than 400 hits within a few weeks. A prize of Rs.25000 has been announced for the person who will identify the driver of a killer car. If and when nabbed, the driver will have to face charges under IPC Section 279 (reckless driving), Section 307A (culpable homicide not amounting to murder), Section 427 (mischief causing damage) besides several charges under different sections of amˬv 2014

(32) the Motor Vehicles Act. A downloadable PPS called Online Campaigning for Social Justice is available for those who might wish to use Facebook and Twitter and other similar social networking sites for social justice campaigns.

It has been prepared by Nana Moe that aims at ‘Equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex people in Europe’. But the slides are flexible enough to lend themselves to many causes other than the target groups described.

There are other activism-centred functions too.

Though only seven years old, Charity:Water, a nonprofit organization has had tremendous success with their fundraising strategy with over 100 million dollars raised from over 500,000+ people. On Twitter, Charity:water, the founders claim, is the most followed charity with over 1 million followers. They were one of the first 20 brands ever to use Instagram and were also quick to try on Vine, Twitter’s new 6 sec video service. On Facebook they have close to 300,000 followers.

Charity:Water claims to spend zero dollars on marketing. “Our focus at Charity: Water is on building a grassroots movement of inspired people actively giving, fundraising and influencing their peers. We have amazing major donors, but the real power of the movement is delivered by thousands of normal people running their own word-of-mouth marketing campaigns for the water cause,” Says Paull Young, Director of Digital, Charity:Water. Social media is clearly the fuel that powers their growth, they excel at using the web to communicate the importance of their cause and produces high quality content for distribution through their various social media channels.

In India, since Anna Hazare’s campaign against corruption followed now by Kejriwal, thousands of people including celebrities signed up online to the India Against Corruption feeds via Facebook and Twitter. They tweeted, shared, commented and raised an army of online supporters that spread the word about peaceful offline support actions happening worldwide. Information could be exchanged easily and instantly, and the movement gathered momentum within hours as the mobile phone has become the modern day version of the clandestine printing presses of the 1940s.

Paula Ray of the University of Auckland in her extremely well-informed paper, SNS in India – Gossip as a Vehicle of Activism cites the unique but controversial case of how women took the social network to spread the good word. On February 5 2009, the Pink Chaddi campaign launched in India found an expression for the nationwide outrage against Shri Ram Sene, an extremely conservative Hindu political group, when their activists beat up a group of young women at a Mangalorean pub.

The Hindu group claimed that women who wear western clothes and drink alcohol at pubs violate Indian tradition. amˬv 2014

By coincidence, a local journalist, Nisha Susan, was also present at the incident. She decided to set up a Facebook group called ‘The Consortium of Pubgoing, Loose, and Forward Women’, and urged women to gift pink chaddis (panties) to Pramod Mutalik, who heads the political outfit, to stop him from disrupting the then forthcoming Valentine’s Day celebrations. It became so successful that today it is considered one of the best examples of digital activism in India. It brought together Indian women from across the world to take collective action using social media tools.

The global internet, then, is creating the base and the basis for an unparalleled worldwide anti-war/ pro-peace and social justice movement during a time of terrorism, war, and intense political struggle.

It would be apt to conclude with what Richard Kahn and Douglas Kellner of the University of

Califorina say in their article - New media and internet activism: from the ‘Battle of Seattle’ to blogging. They conclude that ‘online activist subcultures have materialized as a vital new space of politics and culture in which a wide diversity of individuals and groups have used emergent technologies in order to help to produce new social relations and forms of political possibility. Many of these subcultures may become appropriated into the mainstream, but no doubt ever-new oppositional cultures and novel alternative voices and practices will appear as we navigate the ever-more complex present toward the always-receding future.’

The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com

(33) Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

Entertainment (Media Functions - iv)

Social objectives of TV and radio, once upheld by DD and AIR are now at a discount even in State and National broadcast media, not to mention private channels that have proliferated in recent years.

I

t was Charles Wright who added the function of entertainment to Lasswell’s three functions listed above.

The function of entertainment is achieved through TV, Radio, Internet and new media technologies such as video and audio discs. (Cassettes, tapes and cartridges are things of the past now; they have been replaced by discs, CDs, DVDs). Humorous “Sitcoms” (situation comedies) have earned a permanent place in the Western media; here in India, we have tear-jerking serials, shouting matches between men and women, and physical abuse of women and girls portrayed as normal! Harassment of women has become commonplace in all serials. Does such entertainment offer mental relaxation or mental disturbance? Entertainment and enlightenment are replaced by semi- or soft-porn, sexploitation and mindless violence against the fairer or weaker sex?

Another recent development is the plentifulness of films and filmy entertainment.

The TV has become a “minimusic mansion” in many channels, where talented boys, girls, men and women prove their merit for fabulous prizes – very costly apartments, cars and diamonds --. Singing competitions last for several weeks. Sponsors indulge in endless ads, the real reason for “reality shows.”!!!

Filmy programmes, fulllength movies, abridged films, art films, songs and dances and

talent shows fill 90 per cent of TV broadcasting. Film songs occupy 60 per cent of radio broadcasting.

Social objectives of TV and radio, once upheld by DD and AIR are now at a discount even in State and National broadcast media, not to mention private channels that have proliferated in recent years. The channels (almost five hundred of them) are all competing for commercial revenue. Half the time or more on TV is now taken up by ads. There is little citizen education through the media. What little of politics appears on the air is fully devoted to trivial controversies and personality-oriented discussions.

The upper, upper middle and even the middle classes have become big votaries of mediated entertainment.

The literature on the origin of TV in India shows that mass communication scholars (both indigenous and foreign) had advanced cogent reasons for investing in nationwide TV infrastructure to promote social and economic development among a technologically and sociologically backward population. Traditional media also were seen as useful tools in the development of agriculture, industries, avenues of employment, promotion of a scientific spirit among the people, and a national view of things particularly among the rural people. In practice, however, we find that the big media, with all modern facilities are totally geared to the revival

of superstitious practices and the portrayal of dead old social habits, communal and narrowly casteist rites and rituals through serials and cinemas. Secular, scientific and progressive ideas are relegated to the background.

The big thrust to filmy entertainment, games shows and 24-hour “politicking” celebrated

by TV is likely to vitiate the thinking capacity of young minds.

The role of serious political aspect of life in a developing society confronted with serious problems of unemployment, unscientific attitudes and revival of religious superstitions, poverty in many pockets and lack of investments in rural industries is not highlighted through the TV channels but lifestyles in developed rich countries of the world and affluence of auto-based ‘modernity’ spreading in rich pockets of India are presented.

Mediated communication is almost 100 per cent entertainment in modern India ever since the advent of LPG. Denis McQuail in his Introduction to Mass Communication (SAGE, 1995) speaks of two more functions: Mobilization and Democratic participation.

See you later, communicator!

Professor Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (19821992) at the University of Kerala.

As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards.

Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

amˬv 2014

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s‑I. c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mð

\‑neh‑ns‑e a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\ ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w I‑me‑m\‑pk‑rXa‑mt‑W‑m?

Cs‑X‑mc‑p A¡‑mZa‑nI ]T\aÃ. A\‑p`h§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w \‑nc‑o£W§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w A\‑p`h§Ä ]¦‑ps‑h¡e‑ns‑âb‑p‑w AS‑nØ‑m\¯‑n c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑nbX‑mW‑v. CX‑v NÀ¨¡‑pÅ Ba‑pJ‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w.

B

t‑K‑mf Xe¯‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk ¯‑n\‑v \‑qd‑p hÀj¯‑nt‑es‑d Nc‑n{‑Xa‑pï‑v. 1908 ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w Hc‑p s‑X‑mg‑n h‑yhl‑mc‑w (s‑{‑]‑m^j³‑) F¶ c‑oX‑nb‑nt‑e¡‑v hfÀ¶‑p F¶‑v At‑ac‑n¡³ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ ¯\ Nc‑n{‑XI‑mc³a‑mÀ t‑cJs‑¸S‑p-¯‑p¶‑p. h‑mW‑nP‑y X‑me‑v]c‑y§Ä k‑wc£‑n¡‑m³ DXI‑p¶ H¶‑mt‑W‑m ]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯\‑w F¶‑p‑w Hc‑p P\‑mb¯ {‑Ia-¯‑n\‑v Bhi‑y a‑mb k‑ma‑ql‑y D¯ch‑mZ‑n¯‑w \‑nÀÆl‑n¡‑m³ t‑ij‑nb‑p ï‑mt‑¡ï H¶‑mt‑W‑m AX‑v F¶‑p‑w A¶‑p‑w (Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w X‑pSÀ¶‑v hc‑p¶‑) NÀ¨ s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑p¶‑p. BZ‑y ]{‑X{‑]hÀ ¯\ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w a‑ns‑Ê‑uc‑n kÀÆIe‑mi‑meb‑n BW‑v Bc‑w`‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. Cc‑p]X‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑ns‑â BZ‑y¯‑n Bc‑w`‑n¨ B ]T\ t‑I{‑µ‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ c‑oX‑nb‑n I‑mXe‑mb a‑mä§Ä¡‑v hg‑ns‑b‑mc‑p¡‑n.

C´‑yb‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n\‑v cï‑p \‑qä‑mï‑ne[‑nI‑w ]g¡a‑pÅ Nc‑n{‑Xa‑pï‑v F¦‑ne‑p‑w As‑X‑mc‑p {‑]t‑X‑yI k‑maÀ°‑y‑w Bhi‑ys‑¸S‑p¶ s‑X‑mg‑n Bb‑n a‑md‑p¶X‑v hfs‑c AS‑p¯ I‑me¯‑mW‑v. Ac \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑Xt‑a Dï‑mI‑q. t‑Icf¯‑ne‑p‑w Cs‑X‑mc‑p s‑{‑]‑m^j³ Bb‑n«‑v hfs‑c I‑pd¨‑pI‑met‑a Bb‑pÅ‑q. AX‑n ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w \ÂI ]‑nt‑¶b‑p‑w I‑pt‑d¡‑me‑w Ig‑nª‑mW‑v Bc‑w`‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. kÀÆIe‑mi‑meIÄ Ahb‑ps‑S ]T\ h‑njb§f‑n H¶‑mb‑n CX‑ns‑\ k‑z‑oIc‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n A-X‑ns‑â a‑pJ‑y Z‑uX‑ya‑mb‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. AX‑n\‑p a‑p³]‑v Ø‑m-]-\hÂI‑rX c‑q]¯‑n As‑æ‑n-e‑p‑w {‑lk‑zI‑me ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ ]c‑ni‑oe\ Ifc‑nIÄ k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¡s‑¸«‑nc‑p¶‑p F¶‑v Nc‑n{‑X‑w ]db‑p¶‑p. ]{‑X{‑] k‑n²‑oIcWs‑a¶X‑v Hc‑p t‑kh\‑w F¶X‑n \‑n¶‑v Hc‑p h‑yhk‑mbh‑p‑w h‑mW‑nP‑y {‑]Ø‑m\h‑p‑w Bb‑n a‑md‑nbt‑X‑ms‑S ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â c‑oX‑nIf‑p‑w k‑z`‑mhh‑p‑w a‑md‑n. s‑X‑mg‑n FS‑p¡‑p¶ CSs‑¯ ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w t‑]‑mc‑, AX‑n\‑p {‑]t‑X‑yI ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w t‑hW‑w F¶ Bhi‑yIX h¶‑p.

AX‑y‑mhi‑y‑w Fg‑pX‑m\d‑nb‑p¶‑, h‑mb\‑mi‑oe‑w DÅ Hc‑mÄ¡‑v- ]c‑n-N-b‑ns‑¨S‑p¡‑mh‑p¶ AhØb‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w ]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯\h‑p‑w a‑md‑n. k‑ma‑ql‑y{‑]X‑n_²Xs‑b¡‑mÄ s‑{‑]‑m^jW t‑a·¡‑v a‑p³-X‑q¡‑w h¶‑p. ]{‑X§Ä h‑yhk‑mb c‑q]‑w s‑s‑Ihc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. h‑mW‑nP‑y

amˬv 2014

AS‑nØ‑m\¯‑n \‑ne\‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑m¯h c‑wK¯‑v \‑n¶‑v ]‑n·‑mt‑dï AhØb‑n F¯‑n. s‑{‑]‑m^jW Bb‑n t‑P‑me‑ns‑bS‑p¡‑pI F¶X‑v B h‑yhk‑m-b-¯‑ns‑â Bhi‑ya‑mb‑n. CX‑mhW‑w A¡‑mZa‑nI ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w F¶X‑v A\‑nh‑mc‑yXb‑mb‑n X‑oÀ¯‑nc‑n¡‑pI. Ch‑ns‑S A¡‑mZa‑nI ]c‑ni‑oe\h‑p‑w s‑X‑mg‑n ]c‑ni‑oe \h‑p‑w a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\s‑¯ k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑nSt‑¯‑mf‑w h‑yX‑yk‑vXa‑mW‑v. Hc‑p {‑]t‑X‑yI Ad‑nh‑v t‑aJeb‑n a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\s‑¯ HX‑p¡‑m³ Bh‑nÃ. Hc‑p t‑PWe‑nk‑w Aà DÅX‑v‑, \‑nch[‑n t‑PWe‑nk§Ä BW‑v. Fg‑p¯‑v‑, h‑mb\‑, aä‑p k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑nZ‑yIÄ F¶‑nh A-X‑ns‑â {‑]t‑b‑mKs‑¯ s‑a¨s‑¸S‑p¯‑m³ a‑m{‑Xt‑a kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶‑pÅ‑q. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\ ]c‑ni‑o e\‑w F¶X‑v I‑mad s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑m\‑pÅ k‑maÀ°‑y‑w BÀÖ‑n¡t‑e‑m (Ch‑nSs‑¯ Ct‑¸‑mgs‑¯ c‑oX‑nb‑n AX‑n\‑p I‑mada‑m³ Dï‑v‑) FU‑nä‑v- s‑N¿‑m\d‑nbt‑e‑m (FU‑näÀ t‑hs‑d k‑maÀ°‑y§Ä Bhi‑ys‑¸S‑p¶ s‑X‑mg‑n t‑aJeb‑mW‑v‑) aä‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑w AÃ. I‑mad¡‑p a‑p¶‑n \‑n¶‑v h‑mK‑vt‑[‑mcW‑n \S¯‑p¶hÀ a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ Bh‑p¶‑nÃ. h‑yX‑yk‑vX c‑oX‑nb‑n I‑mc‑y§Ä I‑mW‑m\‑p‑w h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m\‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w DÅ Ig‑nh‑mW‑v a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n a‑pJ‑y‑w. CX‑n\‑p t‑ij‑n Dï‑m¡‑p‑w h‑n[‑w a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\ ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w \S¯s‑¸S‑p¶‑pt‑h‑m F¶X‑mW‑v {‑][‑m\‑w. a‑n¡h‑md‑p‑w FÃ‑m kÀÆIe‑mi‑meIf‑ne‑p‑w a‑m²‑ya ]T\ h‑n`‑mK‑w Dï‑v. cï‑p hÀj‑w \‑oï _‑nc‑pZ‑m\´c _‑nc‑pZ t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ \S¯‑p¶X‑n HX‑p§‑p¶‑p Ahb‑ps‑S {‑]hÀ ¯\‑w. a‑m²‑ya§Ä {‑][‑m\ h‑yhk‑mba‑mbt‑X‑ms‑S‑, ]e t‑I‑mt‑fP‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w h‑nh‑n[ c‑q]¯‑ne‑pÅ a‑m²‑ya t‑I‑mg‑vk‑p IÄ Bc‑w`‑n¨‑p. _‑nc‑pZXe¯‑ne‑p‑w kÀÆIe‑mi‑meIÄ t‑I‑mg‑v-k‑pIÄ¡‑p c‑q]‑w \ÂI‑n. kÀÆIe‑mi‑meIÄ Bc‑w`‑n¨ t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\-¯‑n\‑v Hc‑ms‑f kÖa‑m¡‑p¶‑nà F¶X‑mW‑v b‑mY‑mÀY‑y‑w. A-X‑ns‑â ]‑mT‑y]²X‑nb‑p‑w ]T\ k{‑¼Z‑mbh‑p‑w DÅS¡h‑p‑w a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯-\-¯‑ns‑â s‑s‑hh‑n[‑y§s‑ft‑b‑m‑, {‑]hÀ¯\ k‑z`‑mh§s‑ft‑b‑m H¶‑p‑w DÄs‑¡‑mÅ‑p¶XÃ. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑p‑w {‑]k‑v ¢º‑pIf‑p‑w (t‑I‑mg‑nt‑¡‑mS‑v‑, t‑I‑m«b‑w. X‑nc‑ph\´]‑pc‑w‑) \S¯‑p¶ _‑nc‑pZ‑m\´c U‑nt‑¹‑ma t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ‑, t‑Icf¯‑n\‑p ]‑pd¯‑p \‑n¶‑pÅ

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\‑nch[‑n kÀÆIe‑mi‑meIf‑ps‑S ]‑n.P‑n. t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ‑, aä‑p h‑nh‑n[ Ø‑m]\§Ä \S¯‑p¶ U‑nt‑¹‑ma t‑I‑mg‑v-k‑pIÄ F-¶‑n§-s‑\ [‑m-c‑m-f‑w t‑I‑m-g‑v-k‑p-IÄ C-¶‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑ne‑pï‑v. a‑m\ZWU§Ä ]eÀ¡‑p‑w ]eh‑n[‑w. GI‑oI‑rX k‑z`‑mh‑w CÃ. Hc‑p kÀÆIe‑mi‑meb‑nt‑eb‑p‑w t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ t‑PWe‑nk‑w F¶ s‑X‑mg‑ne‑n s‑s‑h-Z-K‑v[‑y¯‑n\‑p Ahkc‑w \ÂI‑p¶‑nà F¶‑v ]db‑m‑w. ]c‑o£‑mh‑nPb‑w B-W‑v FÃ‑mb‑nS-t‑¯b‑p‑w {‑][‑m\ e£‑y‑w. a‑m²‑ya ]T\t‑a‑m‑, t‑PWe‑nk‑w ]T\t‑a‑m h‑ni‑mea‑mb AÀ°¯‑n \S¡‑p¶‑nÃ. H«‑p‑w ka{‑Kaà ]‑mT‑y]²X‑nb‑p‑w \‑nÀÆlWh‑p‑w. a‑m²‑ya§f‑ps‑S k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑nZ‑yb‑n DÅ hfÀ¨t‑b‑m‑, AX‑n\‑v A\‑pk‑rXa‑mb‑n Dï‑mb‑n«‑pÅ a‑mä§t‑f‑m H¶‑p‑w AX‑n {‑]X‑n^e‑n¡‑p¶‑nÃ. a‑m²‑ya {‑]hÀ-¯-\-¯‑ns‑â `‑mh‑ns‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ NÀ¨IÄ¡‑v Hc‑p]s‑£ ZiI§t‑f‑mf‑w ]g¡a‑pï‑v.

F¶‑m ]ït‑¯¡‑mÄ kP‑oha‑mW‑v AX‑v Ct‑¸‑mÄ. a‑m²‑ya§f‑ps‑S k‑m¼¯‑nI c‑q]‑w a‑md‑ns‑¡‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ X‑n\‑m h‑mÀ¯s‑b I‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ c‑q]Ie‑v]\If‑p‑w a‑mä¯‑n\‑v h‑nt‑[ba‑mI‑p¶‑p. a‑m²‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\‑w F¶ s‑X‑mg‑n t‑aJeb‑n X‑nIª A\‑nÝ‑nX‑mhØ BW‑v \‑neh‑nÂ. a‑m²‑ya {‑]hÀ¯Is‑â s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑n\‑v Hc‑p Dd¸‑p‑w CÃ. s‑X‑mg‑n kab‑w I‑rX‑yt‑a‑m‑, \‑nÝ‑nXt‑a‑m AÃ. i‑mc‑oc‑nI ]‑oU\t‑¯¡‑mÄ c‑q£a‑mW‑v a‑m\k‑nI ]‑oU\‑w.

Bt‑K‑mf‑oIcW s‑X‑mg‑n k‑wk‑vI‑mc‑w Gäh‑p‑w _‑m[‑n¨X‑v a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Is‑c BW‑v.

Hc‑p a‑m²‑yaØ‑m]\¯‑nt‑e¡‑v P‑oh\¡‑ms‑c X‑ncs‑ªS‑p-t‑¡ï‑n hc‑pt‑¼‑mÄ CX‑p {‑]X‑n^e‑n¡‑p¶X‑v I‑mW‑m‑w. a‑n¡h‑md‑p‑w t‑]À¡‑v aä‑p s‑X‑mg‑n k‑m²‑yX C-s‑æ‑n DÅ s‑X‑mg‑n F¶ at‑\‑m`‑mha‑mW‑v DÅX‑v. C‑u s‑X‑mg‑n t‑aJet‑b‑mS‑v X‑mÂ]c‑yt‑¯‑ms‑S ]T‑n¡‑m³ F¯‑n‑, AX‑n Xs‑¶ {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶hÀ I‑pdh‑v. s‑X‑mg‑n t‑aJeb‑nt‑e¡‑v {‑]t‑hi‑n¨ t‑ij‑w AX‑v Dt‑]£‑n¨‑p t‑]‑mI‑p¶hÀ AX‑ne‑p‑w Gs‑d. Hc‑p IWs‑¡S‑p¸‑p‑w Bc‑p‑w \S¯‑nb‑n«‑nÃ. ]‑pd¯‑p \‑n¶‑v I‑mW‑p¶ ]I‑n«‑v CX‑n\I¯‑v Cà F¶‑v ]ec‑p‑w s‑]s‑«¶‑v X‑nc‑n¨d‑nb‑p¶‑p. Gäh‑p‑w t‑a‑mi‑w s‑X‑mg‑ne‑pIf‑n H¶‑mb‑n a‑m²‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\‑w a‑md‑p¶X‑p‑w AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑mW‑v. a‑m²‑ya s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nb‑ps‑S k‑wLS\‑m k‑z`‑mh‑w Xs‑¶ h‑yX‑yk‑vXa‑mW‑v. a-ä‑p s‑X‑mg‑ne‑pIs‑ft‑]‑ms‑e

Ic‑mÀ h‑yhØ AX‑ns‑\ k¦‑oÀ®a‑mb H¶‑m¡‑p¶‑p. s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nb‑ps‑S K‑pWt‑a· s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑ns‑â alX‑z‑w hÀ²‑n¸‑n¡‑pI a‑m{‑Xaà s‑N¿‑pI. s‑X‑mg‑n t‑ij‑n s‑a¨s‑¸S‑p¯‑pI I‑qS‑n s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. s‑X‑mg‑n k‑maÀ°‑y‑w DÅ H-c‑ms‑f ({‑]t‑X‑yI‑n¨‑p‑w Cs‑X‑mc‑p _‑u²‑nI s‑X‑mg‑n BbX‑n\‑mÂ‑) b‑m{‑´‑nIa‑mb‑n s‑X‑mg‑n s‑N¿‑p¶ Hc‑mf‑pa‑mb‑n X‑mcXa‑y‑w s‑Nb‑v-X‑m CX‑p a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑m\‑mh‑p‑w. a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯I³ F¶ s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑ns‑â bY‑mÀ° A\‑p`hAhI‑miI‑mc³ a‑m²‑ya DSab‑mW‑v. It‑¼‑mf¯‑n s‑a¨s‑¸« Nc¡‑pIf‑ps‑S e`‑yX {‑][‑m\a‑mW‑v F¶‑v X‑nc‑n¨d‑nª‑n«‑p‑w DSa CSs‑]S‑p¶‑nà F-¶X‑v I‑uX‑pIIca‑mW‑v. h‑nh‑n[ c‑m{‑ã‑ob a‑m\§Ä Dï‑v CX‑n\‑v.

X-§Ä¡‑v Bhi‑ya‑mb K‑pWt‑a·b‑pÅ s‑X‑mg‑ne‑mf‑nIs‑f I‑n«‑p¶‑nà F¶ ]c‑mX‑n D¶b‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mg‑p‑w a‑m²‑ya{‑] hÀ¯\ ]T\¯‑n kP‑oha‑mb ]¦‑mf‑n¯‑w AhÀ Bhi‑ys‑¸S‑p¶‑nÃ. a‑m²‑ya§f‑ps‑S \‑neh‑ne‑pÅ AhØb‑n \‑n¶‑v Gs‑d a‑md‑n\‑n¡‑m³ a‑m²‑ya{‑] hÀ¯\ ]T\¯‑n\‑p Ig‑nb‑nÃ. Gäh‑p‑w s‑a¨s‑¸« s‑X‑mg‑nÂ‑, k‑wX‑r]‑vX‑n \ÂI‑m³ AX‑n\‑pÅ t‑ij‑n F¶‑nhb‑mW‑v AX‑n-t‑e¡‑v Hc‑ms‑f BIÀj‑n¡‑pI. Gäh‑p‑w kaÀ°À AX‑n-t‑e¡‑v BIÀj‑n¡s‑¸SWs‑a¦‑n B a‑m\‑yXb‑n B s‑X‑mg‑n F¯‑ns‑¸SW‑w. a‑m²‑ya§f‑ps‑S k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w Gäh‑p‑w Gs‑db‑pÅ ka‑qla‑mW‑v aeb‑mf‑nb‑ps‑S. h‑nIk‑nX c‑mP‑y§f‑nt‑e¡‑mÄ a‑m²‑ya ]‑qc‑nXa‑mW‑v t‑Icf¯‑ns‑e k‑ma‑ql‑y c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑mhØ. aeb‑mf‑nb‑ps‑S k‑ma‑ql‑y c‑m{‑ã‑ob k‑m¼¯‑nI \‑nÀ½‑nX‑nb‑n \‑nÀ®‑mbIk‑z‑m[‑o\‑w s‑Ne‑p¯‑p¶ H¶‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya§Ä. F¶‑m A-X‑ns‑â k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w aeb‑mf‑n P‑oh‑nX¯‑n F{‑Xa‑m{‑X‑w F¶X‑n\‑v ]T\s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w CÃ. t‑Icf¯‑ns‑e a‑m²‑ya AhØs‑b I‑pd‑n¨‑v h‑mÀj‑nI d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v- F¦‑ne‑p‑w AX‑y‑mhi‑ya‑mW‑v. t‑e-JI-s‑â Cþs‑a-b‑vð: rajagopal99@rediffmail.com

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The Poynter Institute

100 things to do in journalism The expertise of renowned media research institute Poynter have suggested 100 thoughts to improve efficiency of journalist and media institutions.

Vicky Krueger

Director of Interactive Learning, vkrueger@poynter.org 1. Pick out and highlight the who, what, when, where, why and how in a story. You’ll see whether you’ve left out any key facts and whether the facts are in a logical order.

2. Know what you don’t know- and prepare to conquer your weaknesses. Whether you have trouble with subject-verb agreement, tense shifts or spelling, listen to your inner alarm and have a stylebook or website handy to double-check yourself.

3. Print out a copy of your story and read it aloud, touching every word with a pen or pencil to catch those editing mistakes that you might miss with just a cursory reading.

4. Print out your story with different margins, fonts or colors to trick your brain into thinking it is seeing something new. You will often find mistakes you would otherwise have missed.

5. Do not multitask when copyediting. Prioritize the list of errors you are looking for and then work down the list, hitting the most important ones first. You can’t find all the spelling and grammar errors in a story in one pass.

6. Sweat the small stuff Articles – “a”, “an” and “the” – are often misused. And it’s easy to overlook “or” when you mean “of” or “it” when you mean “is”.

Roy Peter Clark

Vice President and scholar and Reporting, Writing and Editing Faculty. rclark@poynter.org 7. Want shorter stories in your publication? amˬv 2014

Don’t give reporters mixed messages. If you want shorter stories, don’t give the longest and flabbiest stories the best play.

8. Reward writers for creating shorter stories by giving them better play. Getting good play is as rewarding to reporters as pay and the freedom to write stories of their choosing.

9. If you edit by merely finding holes in a story, you will end up with a longer and less coherent story as the reporter struggles to answer all of your questions. Look at the big picture.

10. Honor and develop the short but important pieces of writing on a page: the headline, the subhead, the blurb, the digest item and the photo caption. Those are the first things a reader sees.

11. Instead of running one long, complex, story, break it up into a series of short pieces that can be serialized and run over several days.

12. Want to write better short-form writing?

Read better short form writing (and not just in journalism): sonnets, haikus, slogans, jokes and, of course, clever Facebook posts and Twitter tweets.

Aly Colon

Instructor, Poynter’s News University alycolon@gmail.com 13. To find and tell untold stories, look for a place where people congregate. Immerse yourself in that environment. Listen, absorb and get a real feel for what is going on.

14. Under-covered communities have a treasure trove of stories that no one has ever told. Get into those communities, study the history and find local guides.

15. Be aware of the stereotypes and assumptions

(37) we all have that are based on our personal life experiences. Get new angles and real stories by going below the surface and looking at the life behind the labels you have put on things.

16. Journalists don’t have to share beliefs or have a commonality with the people they are covering.

Interview across differences by showing that you care, researching your subject’s background, admitting ignorance, asking for help and treating subjects with respect.

17. To understand others, understand yourself first. Authenticity occurs when you know where you are coming from before you try to figure out someone else.

18. Get comfortable being uncomfortable. Find out as much as you can, then go in with an open mind.

Chip Scanlan

Affiliate, Reporting, Writing and Edition chipscan@poynter.org 19. Don’t suck up to the people you are interviewing. They will recognize it and they won’t like it. Be genuine and honest.

20. Take charge of interviews. Asking good questions is the key that opens the doors that shed light on a person’s life or beliefs.

21. Ask open-ended questions if at all possible during an interview. These are helpful for people who’ve never been interviewed before.

22. Think of an interview as a canoe. The source should do the hard work- the paddling-of answering the questions. The interviewer should do the steering.

23. Closed-ended questions are good when you need an unequivocal answer to a specific questions, but they don’t allow the source to expand on the topic.

24. Double-barreled questions (asking more than one question at a time) confuse the subject. They also let your source decide which question to answer.

25. Front-loaded questions have a long statement at the beginning, with a question tucked at the end. These kinds of questions slow the pace of your interview.

26. Statements masquerading as questions sound like editorializing. They can cause the source to suspect you may be fishing for a quote and the person may mistrust you.

27. Be a better interviewer by writing questions in advance, making them short and sweet, sticking to your script and never losing sight of what you want to learn during your interview.

28. When the subject of an interview hesitates or pauses, resist the temptation to jump in and finish the thought for him or her. Count to IO, and the person will likely jump in, rewarding your silence with richer answers.

Sara Quinn

Visual Journalism Faculty squinn@poynter.org 29. The basic building blocks for good design are grid, typography and color.

30. The grid allows you to set products apart and highlight them.

31. Typography is the voice of design. You want to create a consistent voice that people can identify with.

32. Color broadcasts meaning and unifies elements. If you use color without meaning, you make it harder for readers to navigate the page.

t‑]‑mb‑vâÀ C³-Ì‑nä‑y‑q«‑v s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑nð a‑m[‑ya i‑ne‑v]i‑me \S¯‑pó‑p t‑e‑mt‑I‑m¯c a‑m[‑ya ]T\ Kt‑hjW Ø‑m]\a‑mb t‑]‑mb‑vâÀ C³-Ì‑nä‑y‑q«‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑pa‑mb‑n klIc‑n¨‑v a‑mÀ¨‑v 23‑,24‑,25 X‑n¿X‑nIf‑n s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑n a‑m[‑yai‑ne‑v]i‑me \S¯‑p¶‑p. At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e {‑]a‑pJ c‑mb a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ C´‑y³ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯I c‑pa‑mb‑n I‑meL«¯‑ns‑e a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\‑w t‑\c‑nS‑p¶ s‑hÃ‑ph‑nf‑nIs‑fb‑p‑w k‑m[‑yXIs‑fb‑p‑w I‑pd‑n¨‑v Bib h‑n\‑nab‑w \S¯‑p¶X‑n\‑v Z£‑nt‑W´‑yb‑n \S¯‑p¶ a‑q¶‑p I‑y‑m¼‑pIf‑n H¶‑mW‑v s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑nt‑eX‑v. a[‑y\‑neb‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ‑, ]{‑X‑m[‑n]·‑mÀ‑, a‑oU‑nb a‑mÀ¡ä‑n§‑v c‑wK¯‑pÅ a‑pX‑nÀ¶ Dt‑Z‑y‑mKØÀ‑, t‑PWe‑nk‑w A[‑y‑m]IÀ F¶‑nhs‑c Dt‑±i‑n¨‑pÅX‑mW‑v i‑ne‑v]i‑me. Ak‑zØ I‑mes‑¯ a‑m[‑yat‑\X‑rX‑z‑w‑, \‑y‑qk‑v d‑qa‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w ¢‑mk‑v d‑qa‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nb‑, FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb -_‑nk‑n\k‑v _Ô‑w‑, a‑m[‑ya[‑mÀa‑nIXb‑ps‑S {‑]i‑v-\ §Ä‑, U‑nP‑nä I‑mes‑¯ h‑mÀ¯‑mcN\‑, a‑m[‑ya h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w AÀ°]‑qÀWa‑m¡Â‑, h‑yàXb‑v¡‑v t‑hï‑nb‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯‑mcN\b‑p‑w FU‑nä‑n§‑p‑w F¶‑o h‑njb§f‑mW‑v i‑ne‑v]i‑meb‑n NÀ¨¡‑v hc‑nI. s‑I‑m¨‑n S‑mP‑v t‑Kä‑v t‑hb‑n \S¡‑p¶ i‑ne‑v]i‑me b‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¡‑m³ X‑me‑v]c‑ya‑pÅhÀ \‑nÝ‑nX t‑^‑md ¯‑n At‑]£‑nt‑¡ïX‑pï‑v. www.poynterevents. org/poynterindia  i‑ne‑v]i‑meb‑ps‑S k‑ne_Ê‑p‑w h‑niZ‑m‑wi§f‑p‑w At‑]£‑mt‑^‑mdh‑p‑w e`‑n¡‑p‑w.

Al Tompkins

Senior Faculty, Broadcast and Online atompkins@poynter.org 33. Put the camera on the shadow side to record better video. Have your source facing 20 or 30 degrees away from the key source of light, not toward it.

34. Stop all that panning and zooming when shooting video. Shoot in sequenced shots, the way your eyes see. When you needlessly zoom and pan, you add distraction. When the eye and the ear compete, the eye wins.

35. Pay attention to Рand capture- natural sound when shooting video. It immerses the listener in the story and enriches it in a way that words amˬv 2014

(38) can’t.

36. Pay attention to framing when shooting video.

A TV story should be shot differently than a story that people will watch on a smartphone. Get rid of visual distractions and movements in the background by changing the depth of field.

Kenny lrby

Senior Faculty, Visual Journalism and Director of Diversity Kirby@poynter.org 37. Do some reporting so you know something about your subject. Feel free to ask questions such as, “where are you most comfortable?” and “Where do you spend most of your time?”

38. Connect with the person you are photographing to make a better portrait.

Approach sources with the desire to help them relax and be natural during your time together.

39. When shooting portrait photography, do not introduce unnatural light unless absolutely necessary. Do not force unnatural flash lighting into your portrait.

40. Make your photographic compositions deliberate. Compose in the camera, remembering that all items in the viewfinder are relevant.

Zoom with your feet if not your lens.

41. Don’t give up after the first frame. It takes three advances of the shutter release to just get started. Be patient and keep at it.

42. If your pictures aren’t good enough, you’re not close enough.

43. Document three images for each moment you capture. That will make it much likely that you will get a good, usable photograph.

44. Backgrounds should be an asset, not a distraction. Avoid having your source too close to a reflective surface, bright window, light source or complex pattern, unless it is important to the message of the portrait.

Regina McCombs

Faculty, Multimedia and Mobile regina@poynter.org 45. Log all video shoots to save a ton of time.

46. Log your best shots and your best sound bites so you know exactly what you have – and then use that log to put your piece together.

47. Use a “straight cut” to say that this shot has a relationship to the next shot to the next shot, etc.

48. A “dissolve” signals that something is changing or something new is happening.

49. Audio is more important than video when creating a video story. You can get away with weak video, but you can’t get away with bad audio.

50. Genuine moments trump technique. Don’t let amÀ¨v 2014

www.poynter.org - Website of Poynter institute

photography – good or bad-dictate the story.

51. With a split audio and video edit, use J cuts to start audio before video. Or use L cuts to trail audio.

52. A “fade to black” tells people something enormous is changing.

53. Review your work. Give it some time, go back and look at it, and get someone to look at it.

Critique sessions will improve your work.

Butch Ward

Senior Faculty, Leadership and Management bward@poynter.org 54. Don’t waste time wondering what your boss wants of you. Stop guessing what he or she wants and ask. Ask as many times as needed to clarify your role.

55. Make it clear to your staff members what you want and expect from them. Give feedback on how their work is going. Get people involved early, and reinforce your expectations often.

56. Use a schedule, and schedule important things. Don’t rely on good intentions to remember a task on your to-do list. Scheduled events are harder to cancel than informal ones.

57. Make interaction with your staff more

(39)

Paul Pohiman

Poynter senior faculty member and adviser (Died on January 23, 2013) 63. Day-to-day coaching should be a one-on-one process that helps staff members focus on an idea, develop a plan and stay on track.

64. Day-to-day coaching enables a manager to catch missteps early and is a source of satisfaction when it allows the manager to recognize good work immediately and genuinely.

65. The best way to do long-form coaching is to schedule a conversation, ask a lot of questions and actively listen to the staffer during the conversation.

66. Long-form coaching improves performance, helps staff develop new skills and enhances working relationships.

67. Look for the opportunity to do front-end coaching when a staffer is starting to develop a project or story idea.

Jill Geisler

productive and meaningful by making a conscious effort to upgrade every routine interaction you have. Applaud good writing.

Attack a reporting problem. Take the extra minute. It will pay off.

58. Work the room. Take time to ask the most dangerous question of all. How are you doing?

Stephen Buckley

Dean of Faculty sbuckley@poynter.org 59. Do better work by working well with other people – including difficult colleagues.

60. Don’t take it personally when colleagues seem difficult to work with. It’s not about you: it’s about them.

61. Don’t rage at a difficult colleague. Engage.

Try to engage the person in meaningful conversation, figure out a way to motivate him or her, and be patient.

62. Even the best relationships are challenging, and they take time to work through. Ride through the ups and downs. Be supportive and totally honest.

Senior Faculty, Leadership and Management jgeisler@poynter.org 68. Fight for fair pay for your staff. It’s importantnot because money is a motivator but because its absence is demoralizing and unjust.

69. There are two kinds of motivation: Intrinsic, the best kind, comes from within each person, extrinsic comes from outside forces, such as rewards and punishments.

70. Competence is an intrinsic motivator. It feels good to do things we do well, and all journalists want to do more of what they are good at.

Reinforce what staffers are doing well, tell them why and give assignments that play to their strengths.

71. Great bosses don’t take motivation away by micromanaging, they know how to convey their expectations and give their employees maximum latitude on how to reach goals.

72. Great bosses help people see and feel the meaning in all sorts of work, from the most mundane to the most heroic.

73. Managers who believe humiliation is a motivator generally motivate people to look for better managers.

74. Fear can be a great motivator- as long as it is the fear of letting others down and not the fear of being yelled at or humiliated.

75. Boost intrinsic motivators by knowing each person’s personality, preferences and life experiences and then playing to his or her strengths.

76. As a boss, don’t think that what motivates you is also what motivates others. Take the time to try to understand each person’s prescription for motivation.

77. There is a difference between loyalty to a boss amˬv 2014

(40) and loyalty to a company. People leave bosses, not companies. Conversely, bosses are the ones who can get them to stay.

Rick Edmonds

Media Business Analyst redmonds@poynter.org 78. Business trends suggest where opportunities are. Magazines, digital startups and local TV stations have had more of a recovery than newspapers, and they offer more employment opportunities- especially for those who are adept at producing content for both old and new media.

79. Routine content is not going to cut it with readers – of newspapers or digital content – in the future. The heat is on to make all stories local, well-reported and well-written.

80. Political writing, especially in Washington, D.C., is an area that continue to boom in the news business.

81. There is a bidding war on for talented business writers in the big cities.

82. Create a balance between journalism skills and tech-savvy to make yourself a player in the digital media world.

83. The new newspapers business model, multiple new revenue streams, most of them digital.

84. The new qualification for news executives is a media background-but not a newspaper background. Private equity owners have concluded that newspaper thinking slows the transition to a digital-first future.

Wendy Wallace

Faculty, Entrepreneurship wwallace@poynter.org 85. Identify a need. Entrepreneurs come up with a business idea that someone will buy.

Journalists find the stories in their communities that need to be told.

86. Know your audience. Entrepreneurs tailor their business to what their customers want and need. Journalists tell stories that engage readers, viewers and listeners.

87. Find the money. Entrepreneurs and journalists need money to survive.

88. Form strategic partnerships. Entrepreneurs can’t succeed alone. Journalists seek partnerships within boundaries of ethics.

89. Play to your strengths. Entrepreneurs and journalists can use their professional passion and interests as a competitive advantage.

Bill Mitchell

Affiliate, Entrepreneurial amˬv 2014

and international programs bmitch@poynter.org 90. The first steps in finding revenue using social media are to develop your strategy and guidelines, then use those to help trusted clients develop theirs.

91. Help your customers create their own content using social media. You’ll build engagement and revenue.

92. To be credible with your social media content, disclose your loyalties and be genuine.

Kelly McBride

Senior Faculty, Ethics, Reporting and Writing kmcbride@poynter.org 93. To keep reader comments on your site from getting nasty, participate in the dialogue. Identify yourself as someone who represents the news organization, you’ll find that people are more civil when a newsroom representative takes part in the conversation.

94. Instead of encouraging readers to “sound off” in your comment section, ask a pointed question.

Do it to start the feedback stream or in the middle of the stream. You will keep your interactive viewers on topic and eliminate many nasty personal comments.

95. Tell your audience why you allow online comments. Put a comment policy on your website. If you tell people the good reasons you allow and encourage comments, they won’t assume that you are just looking for hateful, hurtful comments. People behave better when you set the tone.

96. Get rid of anonymity in your reader comments section to keep the interactive comments more civil. You can do that by writing a program that requires registration that can be verified, or you can do it by using Facebook Connect.

Ellyn Angelotti

Faculty, Digital Trends and Social Media eangelotti@poynter.org 97. Publishing is no longer the last step in reporting the news. Social media take those published stories and make them interactive.

98. Collaborative relationships online build your credibility and relevance.

99. Incentives will rally your online troops.

Empower your users to spread the word about projects or businesses, and reward your users for referring their friends.

100. Develop stories with your audience by using online questions forums. Ask questions, then crowd source the answers. This approach will help you find ideas, sources, experts and insight.

(41)

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(42) Wh‑p‑w Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑ya I‑p¯IIf‑p‑w‑' F¶X‑mW‑v. Bt‑K‑mfh¡cWs‑a¶ k¦e‑v]\¯‑ns‑â \‑m\‑maÞe§s‑f b‑p‑w Ahb‑ps‑S s‑]‑mX‑pk‑z`‑mh§s‑f b‑p‑w kaÀYa‑mb‑n k‑w{‑Kl‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑p‑w Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑ya I‑p¯IIf‑ps‑S k¼Z‑vi‑mk‑v{‑Xh‑p‑w LS\b‑p‑w k‑q£‑va a‑mb‑n h‑nhc‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m c‑nI k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y¯‑w (Cultural Imperia-lsim) F¶ \‑neb‑n Ch k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya þ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI {‑]`‑mh§s‑f C‑ub[‑y‑mb‑w h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. 1990IÄ s‑X‑m«‑pff I‑me¯‑v‑, a‑md‑nb k‑mt‑¦X‑nI þ k‑m¼¯‑nI þ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI ka‑o]\§f‑n _l‑p c‑m{‑ã a‑m[‑yaI‑p¯IIÄ k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ Bt‑K‑mfk‑wk‑vI‑mc¯‑ns‑â h‑niIe \‑w Xs‑¶b‑mW‑nX‑v. ]{‑X‑w‑, t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m F¶‑nhs‑b¡‑mÄ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³‑, CâÀ s‑\ä‑v F¶‑nhb‑ps‑S DSaIf‑mb

¡‑mÄ Bibk‑z¯‑p¡Ä¡‑p ]‑pX‑nb k‑m¼¯‑nI h‑yhØb‑n {‑]‑ma‑pJ‑y‑w s‑s‑Ihc‑p¶ AhØb‑mW‑v Ú‑m\k¼Z‑vLS\. Ad‑nh‑ns‑â \‑nÀa‑mW¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑nXcW¯‑ne‑p‑w D] t‑b‑mK¯‑ne‑pa‑pï‑mb h³I‑pX‑n¸‑mW‑v CX‑n\S‑nØ‑m\‑w. i‑r‑wJe‑mka‑ql‑w (network society‑) F¶ a‑m\‑ph I‑mÌek‑ns‑â k¦e‑v]\‑w Ch‑ns‑S h‑n]‑pea‑mb‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶‑pï‑v. ]c¼cIf‑p‑w d‑nb‑me‑nä‑nt‑j‑mIf‑p‑w t‑]‑me‑pff s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑pÄ s‑¸s‑Sb‑pffh k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m c‑nI k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y¯s‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff NÀ¨b‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑Sb‑pï‑v.

A©‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w‑, "Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑ya k‑wk‑vI‑mc§Ä‑' F¶X‑mW‑v. k‑wk‑vI‑mcs‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff s‑db‑vaï‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑âb‑p‑w Ì‑phÀ«‑v l‑mf‑ns‑â b‑p‑w t‑P‑mÀP‑v b‑pU‑nk‑ns‑âb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w

"]ca‑m[‑nI‑mc¯‑n \‑n¶‑v t‑k‑m^‑vä‑vs‑hbd‑n-t‑e¡‑v: Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑ya I‑mes‑¯ t‑Zi‑oba‑m[‑ya\b§Ä' F¶ Bd‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w Bt‑K‑mf a‑m[‑yaI‑me¯‑v t‑Zi‑obk‑wk‑vI‑mcs‑¯ Bt‑K‑mfk‑wk‑vI‑mc‑w ad‑nIS¡‑p¶s‑X§s‑\ F¶X‑mW‑v NÀ¨s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. A¨S‑n‑, {‑i‑mh‑y‑, Z‑ri‑y a‑m[‑ya§f‑n t‑Zic‑m{‑ã§Ä¡‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ \b ]ch‑p‑w `cW]ch‑pa‑mb A[‑nI‑mc‑w Ak‑vXa‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w Bt‑K‑mf h¡cW¯‑ns‑â k‑m¼¯‑nI‑, h‑n]W‑n‑, `cWI‑qS \b§Ä a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S c‑wK¯‑v t‑Zic‑m{‑ã¯‑ns‑â a‑pg‑ph³ \‑nb{‑´W §f‑p‑w AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p X‑pS§‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI \b§s‑f¶X‑v k‑m¼¯‑nI \b§Ä I‑qS‑nb‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p. A þ Pk‑od s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ DZ‑mlcWa‑m¡‑n‑, h³I‑nS c‑m{‑ã§f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p Xs‑¶b‑mhWs‑a¶‑nà Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S hch‑v F¶ \‑nc‑o£W‑w kaÀY‑n¡‑p¶‑p Ch‑ns‑S {‑KÙI‑mc³. a[‑y]‑qÀt‑hj‑yb‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑ns‑â X‑mck‑zc‑wt‑]‑ms‑e c‑q]‑ws‑I‑mï C‑u a‑m[‑ya‑w k‑uZ‑n At‑d_‑yt‑b‑mS‑pff J¯À `cW‑m[‑nI‑mc‑nb‑ps‑S \b]ca‑mb AIe‑w a‑pX k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y¯ s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â A[‑n\‑nt‑hit‑¯‑mS‑pff FX‑nÀ¸‑phs‑c \‑nch[‑n c‑m{‑ã‑ob§s‑f Ht‑ckab‑w k‑m£‑mX‑vIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑ya `‑oa·‑mc‑ps‑S I‑me‑w Xs‑¶b‑mW‑nX‑v. d‑q]À«‑v aÀt‑Z‑m¡‑ns‑â \‑y‑qk‑v t‑I‑mÀ¸t‑dj³ F¶ Ø‑m]\ ¯‑ns‑â k‑q£‑va‑mht‑e‑mI\h‑p‑w C‑u A[‑y‑mb¯‑ne‑pï‑v. ‑"Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑ya‑w‑, Ú‑m\k¼Z‑v LS\‑, ]‑pX‑nb aÕc§Ä' F¶ \‑me‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w‑, Cc‑p]s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑n Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑p \S¡‑p¶ h‑n]W‑naÕc¯‑ns‑â ]‑pX‑n s‑b‑mc‑p a‑pJ‑w A\‑mhcW‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. h‑yhk‑mbk¼Z‑vLS\ (Industrial economy)b‑n \‑n¶‑v Ú‑m\k¼Z‑v LS\ (Knowledge economy‑)b‑nt‑e ¡‑pff a‑mäa‑mW‑v Ig‑nª \‑qä‑mï‑ns‑â A´‑yZiI§f‑n k‑w`h‑n¨ {‑]hW XIf‑ns‑e‑m¶‑v. `‑uX‑nIk‑z¯‑p¡s‑f amÀ¨v 2014

[‑mcWIs‑f {‑]a‑mWh¡c‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑mW‑v s‑Sd‑n^‑vf‑q C‑ub[‑y‑mb¯‑n  Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑ya§t‑f‑mS‑v AX‑ns‑\ CW¡‑p¶X‑v. a‑m[‑ya‑oI‑rX‑w (Mediated‑) F¶ k‑wk‑vI‑mc¯‑ns‑â AS‑nØ‑m\k‑z`‑mhs‑¯ h‑niZa‑mb‑n NÀ¨s‑N¿‑p¶‑p C‑u A[‑y‑mb‑w. U¥k‑v s‑IÂ\À‑, P‑o³ t‑_‑mZ‑ne‑mZ‑v‑, a‑mÀ¡‑v t‑]‑mÌÀ‑, s‑P._‑n. t‑X‑m‑w]‑vk¬‑, Cb‑m³ B‑wK‑v‑, t‑P‑m¬ t‑X‑m‑we‑n³kF¶‑n§s‑\ \‑nch[‑nt‑]s‑c B{‑ib‑n ¡‑p¶‑p Ch‑ns‑S {‑KÙI‑mc³. t‑Zic‑m{‑ã§Ä¡‑p {‑]‑ma‑pJ‑ya‑pï‑mb‑n c‑p¶ B[‑p\‑nIXb‑n \‑n¶‑p `‑n¶ a‑mb‑n AX‑nÀ¯‑n \‑nÀa‑mÀP\‑w (deterritorialisation) a‑pJ‑y APï b‑mb‑n a‑md‑pIb‑p‑w ]‑ucX‑z‑w‑,

k‑wk‑vI‑mc‑w‑, k‑zX‑z‑w X‑pS§‑nbh {‑]i‑v\h¡c‑n¡s‑¸S‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p ¶‑p. \‑me‑v ka‑o]\§f‑n k‑wk‑vI‑m cs‑¯ ]T‑n¡‑p¶‑p‑, C‑u A[‑y‑mb‑w. kP‑ohh‑p‑w ]¦‑phb‑v¡s‑¸S‑p¶X‑pa‑mb A\‑p`h§Ä‑, a‑m[‑ya‑oIc‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ {‑]X‑oI‑mßI h‑n\‑nab§Ä‑, t‑{‑k‑mXk‑v‑, \bh‑yhl‑mc‑w F¶‑o ka‑o]\§f‑nÂ. "]ca‑m[‑nI‑mc¯‑n \‑n¶‑v t‑k‑m^‑vä‑vs‑hbd‑n-t‑e¡‑v: Bt‑K‑mf a‑m[‑yaI‑mes‑¯ t‑Zi‑oba‑m[‑ya\b §Ä' F¶ Bd‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w Bt‑K‑mf a‑m[‑yaI‑me¯‑v t‑Zi‑obk‑wk‑vI‑mcs‑¯ Bt‑K‑mfk‑wk‑vI‑mc‑w ad‑nIS¡‑p¶s‑X §s‑\ F¶X‑mW‑v NÀ¨s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v.

A¨S‑n‑, {‑i‑mh‑y‑, Z‑ri‑y a‑m[‑ya§f‑n t‑Zic‑m{‑ã§Ä¡‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ \b]c h‑p‑w `cW]ch‑pa‑mb A[‑nI‑mc‑w Ak‑vXa‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w Bt‑K‑mfh¡c W¯‑ns‑â k‑m¼¯‑nI‑, h‑n]W‑n‑, `cWI‑qS \b§Ä a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S c‑wK¯‑v t‑Zic‑m{‑ã¯‑ns‑â a‑pg‑ph³ \‑nb{‑´W§f‑p‑w AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p X‑pS§‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI \b§s‑f¶X‑v k‑m¼ ¯‑nI \b§Ä I‑qS‑nb‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p.

A þ Pk‑od s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ DZ‑mlcWa‑m¡‑n‑, h³I‑nS c‑m{‑ã§f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p Xs‑¶b‑mhWs‑a¶‑nà Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑ya §f‑ps‑S hch‑v F¶ \‑nc‑o£W‑w kaÀY‑n¡‑p¶‑p Ch‑ns‑S {‑KÙI‑mc³. a[‑y]‑qÀt‑hj‑yb‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v P\‑m[‑n]X‑y ¯‑ns‑â X‑mck‑zc‑wt‑]‑ms‑e c‑q]‑w s‑I‑mï C‑u a‑m[‑ya‑w k‑uZ‑n At‑d_‑y t‑b‑mS‑pff J¯À `cW‑m[‑nI‑mc‑nb‑ps‑S \b]ca‑mb AIe‑w a‑pX k‑m{‑a‑m P‑y¯ s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â A[‑n\‑nt‑hi t‑¯‑mS‑pff FX‑nÀ¸‑phs‑c \‑nch[‑n c‑m{‑ã‑ob§s‑f Ht‑ckab‑w k‑m£‑mX‑v Ic‑n¡‑p¶‑p. 1997 t‑Z‑mlb‑n \‑n¶‑m c‑w`‑n¨ Ad_‑nN‑m\e‑p‑w 2006 Bc‑w `‑n¨ C‑w¥‑oj‑vN‑m\e‑p‑w Bt‑K‑mfh¡ cW I‑me¯‑v t‑e‑mI¯‑pï‑mb Gä h‑p‑w {‑][‑m\s‑¸« k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y¯h‑nc‑p² a‑m[‑yah‑n¹ha‑mW‑v.

Z‑oÀLa‑mb {‑KÙk‑qN‑nb‑p‑w Bt‑K‑m fh¡cWI‑mes‑¯ a‑m[‑ya§s‑f ¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff N‑ne ]‑p\ÀN‑n´If‑p‑w C‑u ]T\¯‑ne‑pï‑v. {‑I‑nk‑v _‑mÀ¡À cN‑n¨ "Bt‑K‑mf s‑Se‑nh‑nj³‑' F¶ {‑KÙ‑w Ig‑nª‑m Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑yak‑wk‑vI‑mc s‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑pï‑mb {‑it‑²ba‑mb Hc‑pZ‑ya‑w Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v s‑Sd‑n^‑vf‑qh‑ns‑â C‑u ]T\‑w. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com

(43) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

Research Methodology in Media studies

The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography

Vandana Jyotirmayee Kanishka Publishers 344 Pages; Price Rs. 1,595.00

Editor: Michael R. Peres Focal Press 880 Pages; Price Rs. 5,359.00

This book titled, “Research Methodology in Media studies” provides readers with an introduction to media, mass communication and journalism.

It describes, besides general aspects, fields of studies in investigative journalism, analytic journalism, online journalism, data driver journalism and database journalism. An introductory overview of research methodology is given with details of steps in conducting research and research qualitative research, quantitative research and comparative historical research are dealt. Similarly, methodology is described with focus on scientific inquiry and model building. This book also provides readers with on overview of research methods and techniques used in media studies with additional focus on understanding of role analysis, axiom, logical reasoning.

The role and value of the picture cannot be matched for accuracy or impact. This comprehensive treatise, featuring the history and historical processes of photography, contemporary applications, and the new and evolving digital technologies, will provide the most accurate technical synopsis of the current, as well as early worlds of photography ever compiled. This Encyclopedia, produced by a team of world renown practicing experts, shares in highly detailed descriptions, the core concepts and facts relative to anything photographic. This Fourth edition of the Focal Encyclopedia serves as the definitive reference for students and practitioners of photography worldwide, expanding on the award winning 3rd edition. In addition to Michael Peres (Editor in Chief), the editors are: Franziska Frey, J. Tomas Lopez, David Malin, Mark Osterman, Grant Romer, Nancy M. Stuart, and Scott Williams

Voice & Vision: A Creative Approach to Narrative Film and DV Production Mick Hurbis-Cherrier Focal Press 600 Pages; Price Rs. 3,644.00

Voice & Vision is a comprehensive manual for the independent filmmakers and film students who want a solid grounding in the tools, techniques, and processes of narrative film in order to achieve their artistic vision. This book includes essential and detailed information on relevant film and digital video tools, a thorough overview of the filmmaking stages, and the aesthetic considerations for telling a visual story.

The ultimate goal of this book is to help you develop your creative voice while acquiring the solid practical skills and confidence to use it. Unlike many books that privilege raw technical information or the line-producing aspects of production, Voice & Vision places creativity, visual expression, and cinematic ideas front and center.

amˬv 2014

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\yqkv s\äv C.]n.jmPpZo³ BtKmf am[yacwKs¯ ]pXnb {]hWXIfpw hmÀ¯Ifpw a\Ênem¡m\pXIpó anI¨ aoUnb sh_vsskäpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wàn. am[yacwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ¡pw am[yahnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse {]tbmP\{]Zambncn¡pw Cu sskäpIfnð \nópw e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä.

b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ t‑PWe‑nk‑w s‑kâÀ t‑PWe‑nk‑w c‑wK¯‑v ]c‑ni‑oe\¯‑n \‑p‑w Kt‑hjW¯‑n\‑p‑w {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w \ÂI‑p¶ b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ t‑PWe‑nk‑w s‑kâd‑ns‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑mW‑v- ejc.net. c‑mP‑y‑m´c t‑PWe‑nk‑w Kt‑hjW c‑wKs‑¯ t‑\‑m¬ t‑{‑]‑m^‑nä‑v ^‑ut‑ï j\‑mW‑v- CX‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Is‑c

s‑â {‑]hÀ¯\§f‑ps‑S c‑oX‑nb‑p‑w k‑z`‑mhh‑p‑w a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m³ ]ä‑nb h‑n`‑mKa‑mW‑v- CX‑v. s‑{‑Sb‑v\‑n‑wK‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑ne‑pÅX‑v C\‑n \S¯‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p¶ ]c‑ni‑oe\ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIs‑f ¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ Ad‑nb‑n¸‑pIf‑mW‑v-. Ch b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ c‑mP‑y§f‑ne‑mW‑v- k‑wLS‑n ¸‑n¡‑p¶s‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑kâd‑ns‑â ]c‑ni‑o e\]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ Gs‑X‑ms‑¡ Xc¯‑ne‑mW‑v F¶‑v a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m³ CX‑p kl‑mb‑n¡‑p‑w. a‑mKk‑n³ h‑n`‑mK¯‑n s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â a‑mKk‑n\‑n h¶ {‑][‑m\ t‑eJ\§f‑p‑w BÀs‑s‑¡h‑pa‑pï‑v. d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vk‑v h‑n`‑mK‑w hfs‑c {‑]t‑b‑mP\ {‑]Za‑mW‑v-. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v D] t‑b‑mK{‑]Za‑mb h‑nh‑n[ h‑mÀ¯If‑p‑w ]‑p¯³ k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑nhc§f‑p‑w aä‑p‑w C‑u h‑n`‑mK¯‑n \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w.

s‑b¶‑v t‑l‑mS‑v t‑S‑m]‑nI‑vk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK ¯‑n \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï-¯‑m‑w. {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e t‑PWe‑nÌ‑pIÄ¡‑v a‑m{‑X‑w D]I‑mc {‑]Za‑mbhb‑mW‑v- CX‑ns‑e a‑n¡ h‑n`‑mK §fpsa¦‑ne‑p‑w N‑ne I‑mc‑y§Ä FÃ‑m hÀ¡‑p‑w {‑]t‑b‑mP\{‑]Za‑mW‑v-.

DZ‑mlcW¯‑n\‑v- UbdÎd‑ok‑v h‑n`‑mK‑w. CX‑n \‑n¶‑v {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e a‑nI¨ t‑PWe‑nk‑w k‑vI‑qf‑pIÄ Is‑ï ¯‑m‑w. s‑]Às‑^Î‑v ]‑n¨‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK ¯‑n \‑n¶‑v hfs‑c {‑][‑m\s‑¸« {‑]k‑n

{‑]k‑v Kkä‑v I‑qS‑ms‑X a‑oU‑nb‑m FI‑vk‑nI‑y‑q«‑oh‑p IÄ¡‑p‑w aä‑v a‑oU‑nb‑m {‑]^jWe‑pI Ä¡‑p‑w kl‑mbIca‑mW‑v- Chc‑ps‑S t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIf‑p‑w ]c‑ni‑oe\§f‑p‑w. {‑][‑m\a‑mb‑p‑w b‑qt‑d‑m¸‑ns‑\ A[‑nIc‑n ¨‑mW‑v- Chc‑ps‑S {‑]hÀ¯\s‑a¦‑ne‑p‑w aä‑p c‑mP‑y§f‑ne‑p‑w ]c‑ni‑oe\¯‑n\‑p‑w k‑uIc‑y§Ä s‑N¿‑md‑pï‑v. t‑l‑m‑w t‑]P‑n \ÂI‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ e‑n¦‑pIf‑n \‑n¶‑v [‑mc‑mf‑w h‑nhc§Ä e`‑n¡‑p‑w. s‑kâd‑ns‑â d‑ne‑ok‑pIÄ‑, s‑{‑]‑mPÎ‑v k‑w_Ô‑n¨ Ad‑nb‑n¸‑pIÄ‑, h‑nh‑n[ s‑^t‑Ã‑mj‑n¸‑v s‑{‑]‑m{‑K‑ma‑pIÄ‑, h‑nh‑n[§f‑mb ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ t‑aJe If‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑m³ t‑PWe‑nÌ‑pI s‑f Hc‑p¡‑p¶ ]‑p¯³ h‑nhc§Ä F¶‑nh I‑qS‑ms‑X {‑]a‑pJ a‑m[‑ya§f‑n  t‑PWe‑nk‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑p h¶ h‑mÀ¯If‑ps‑S e‑n¦‑pIf‑p‑w CX‑ne‑pï‑v. s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â s‑{‑]‑ms‑PÎ‑vk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑n \‑n¶‑v s‑kâd‑ns‑\ k‑w_ Ô‑n¨ h‑mÀ¯IÄ‑, s‑kâÀ \S¯‑p¶ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ‑, a‑p³ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ X‑pS §‑nb h‑nhc§Ä Ad‑nb‑m‑w. s‑kâd‑n amÀ¨v 2014

{‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e a‑m[‑ya t‑aJes‑b k‑w_ Ô‑n¨ h‑mÀ¯If‑p‑w h‑nhc§f‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w AS§‑p¶ ka{‑K s‑s‑kä‑mW‑v‑www.pressgazette.co.uk.

1965- X‑pS§‑nb {‑]k‑n²‑oIcW‑w Ct‑¸‑mÄ H‑m¬s‑s‑e\‑ne‑m¡‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p ¶‑p. {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e FÃ‑m¯c‑w {‑]{‑X§ f‑p‑w t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m‑, S‑nh‑n‑, H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ F¶‑n§s‑\ FÃ‑m a‑m[‑ya t‑aJeIs‑f b‑p‑w ]ä‑nb h‑nhch‑p‑w CX‑n \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v t‑PWe‑nk‑w Ah‑mÀU‑v k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑p‑w {‑]k‑v Kkä‑ns‑â t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑ne‑mW‑v-.

H‑mt‑c‑m t‑aJeb‑p‑w X‑nc‑n¨‑mW‑v- CX‑n  a‑m[‑ya§s‑f e‑nÌ‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑n¡‑p ¶X‑v. H‑mt‑c‑m¶‑n ¢‑n¡‑v s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑m t‑g¡‑p‑w B t‑aJe k‑w_Ô‑n¨ Gä h‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb h‑mÀ¯IÄ I‑mW‑m‑w. ]{‑X§s‑fb‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Is‑cb‑p s‑a‑ms‑¡ k‑w_Ô‑n¨ [‑mc‑mf‑w h‑nhc §Ä s‑s‑kä‑v Xc‑p¶‑p. {‑][‑m\s‑¸« FÃ‑m h‑mÀ¯b‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w t‑l‑m‑w t‑]P‑n  \‑n¶‑v e‑n¦‑pa‑pï‑v. \‑neh‑n {‑_‑n«‑o j‑v a‑m[‑yac‑wKs‑¯ Gäh‑p‑w kP‑oh NÀ¨b‑ne‑pÅ h‑njb§Ä Gs‑X‑ms‑¡

²‑oIcW§Ä¡‑v F§s‑\ t‑eJ\§ Ä kaÀ¸‑n¡‑m‑w‑, Ahc‑ps‑S FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑n b c‑oX‑nIÄ Fs‑´‑ms‑¡ F¶‑p X‑nc‑n¨d‑nb‑m‑w. {‑^‑oe‑m³k‑v S‑n]‑vk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK‑w {‑][‑m\a‑mb‑p‑w {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e {‑^‑oe‑m³k‑v t‑PWe‑nÌ‑pIs‑fb‑mW‑vDt‑±i‑n¨‑n«‑pÅs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w aä‑nS§f‑ns‑e FÃ‑m¯c‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑p‑w kl‑mbIca‑mb h‑nhc§Ä AS§‑nb‑n «‑pï‑v. ]‑pX‑nb k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑y k‑w_ Ô‑n¨ Ad‑nh‑pIf‑mW‑v- CX‑n {‑][‑m\‑w. l‑u s‑F U‑nU‑v Cä‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK ¯‑n {‑]a‑pJ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ X§ f‑ps‑S N‑ne {‑][‑m\ As‑s‑ks‑·â‑pIs‑f ¡‑pd‑n¨‑v h‑nhc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. {‑]a‑pJc‑mb [‑mc‑mf‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S t‑»‑mK‑p If‑nt‑e¡‑v CX‑n \‑n¶‑p e‑n¦‑v Dï‑v.

AX‑p‑w D]I‑mc{‑]Za‑mW‑v-. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ ko\nbÀ \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ t‑I‑mÀ¸t‑dä‑pIf‑ps‑S t‑Is‑«g‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑mIc‑pX‑v: ]‑n.k‑mb‑v-\‑mY‑v

t‑I‑mÀ¸t‑dä‑pIf‑ps‑S t‑Is‑«g‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑m b‑n a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ a‑mdc‑ps‑X¶‑v {‑]ik‑vX ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I³ ]‑n. k‑mb‑v\‑mY‑v ]dª‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n b‑n F³.F³.kX‑y{‑hX³ k‑va‑mcI {‑]`‑mjW‑w \S¯‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑± l‑w. t‑e‑mI a‑m[‑ya§Ä ]eX‑p‑w h³ I‑nS a‑pXe‑mf‑na‑mc‑ps‑S s‑s‑I¸‑nS‑nb‑ne‑m I‑p¶ C¡‑me¯‑v a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ {‑K‑ma‑oW C´‑yb‑ps‑S {‑]i‑v-\§Ä Iï‑ns‑ö‑v \S‑n¡c‑pX‑v. s‑]b‑vU‑v \‑y‑q k‑pIf‑ps‑S I‑me¯‑v `‑qc‑n]£h‑mÀ¯ If‑p‑w a‑pXe‑mf‑na‑mÀ¡‑v t‑hï‑nb‑pÅX‑m W‑v. CX‑n\‑nSb‑n a‑m\‑pj‑nI a‑qe‑y§

Ä DbÀ¯‑n¸‑nS‑n¡‑p¶ I‑pd¨‑p h‑mÀ¯ Is‑f¦‑ne‑p‑w X§f‑pt‑SX‑mb‑n Dï‑mI‑m³ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ {‑i²‑n¡W‑w. ]‑pX‑pXea‑pd a‑m[‑ya§f‑n t‑I‑mÀ¸t‑d ä‑v d‑nt‑ej\‑pIÄ¡‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI t‑eJI c‑ps‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w ]«‑nW‑n‑, s‑X‑mg‑ne‑nÃ‑mb‑va X‑pS§‑nb h‑njb§s‑f‑m¶‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ «‑v s‑N¿‑m³ Hc‑mÄ t‑]‑me‑pa‑nÃ. Ø‑m] \§Ä¡‑v X‑mX‑v]c‑ya‑nÃ‑m¯ t‑aJeI f‑ns‑e {‑]i‑v-\§Ä H¶‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿s‑¸S‑ns‑ö AhØb‑mW‑v. CX‑n \‑nSb‑n \‑n¶‑v H‑mt‑c‑m a‑m[‑ya h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ °‑nIf‑p‑w k‑z´‑w l‑rZb¯‑ns‑â iÐ‑w t‑IÄ¡W‑w. ka‑ql¯‑ns‑â {‑]

i‑v-\§Ä s‑hf‑n¨¯‑p s‑I‑mï‑phc‑m³ Ig‑nb‑pIs‑b¶X‑mW‑v {‑][‑m\‑w F¶‑v k‑mb‑v-\‑mY‑v ]dª‑p. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I³‑, k‑wL‑mSI³‑, A[‑y‑m]I³ F¶‑o \‑neIf‑n F³.F³.kX‑y{‑hXs‑â k‑w`‑mh\I Ä h‑nk‑vac‑n¡‑m\‑mh‑ns‑ö‑v A\‑pk‑va cW {‑]`‑mjW‑w \S¯‑nb a‑pX‑nÀ¶ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I³ ]‑n. c‑mP³ ]dª‑p.

A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P {‑µ³ A[‑y£X hl‑n¨‑p. A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ.AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w Ak‑n.s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³.]‑n. kt‑´‑mj‑v \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

]{‑X§Ä h‑nj‑zð d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑nt‑e¡‑v a‑md‑pó‑p h‑nj‑z I‑mW‑p¶‑ps‑h¶‑p t‑X‑m¶‑p¶ Xc¯‑n h‑nj‑z d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑nt‑e¡‑v ]{‑X§Ä a‑md‑pIb‑ms‑W¶‑v aeb‑mf at‑\‑mca FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb UbdÎÀ t‑X‑mak‑v t‑P¡_‑v A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. s‑lÀa³ K‑pïÀ«‑ns‑â Cc‑p\‑qd‑m‑w P· Z‑n\‑mt‑L‑mj¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑n Xet‑È c‑n _‑n.C.F‑w.]‑n. k‑v-I‑qf‑n t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑ps‑S B`‑na‑pJ‑y¯‑n e‑pÅ a‑m[‑ya s‑ka‑n\‑mÀ DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑N¿‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. \a‑p¡‑v Bt‑e‑mN‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑m¯ \‑neb‑ne‑mW‑v ]{‑X§Ä a‑md‑p¶X‑v. ]‑pX‑nb s‑hÃ‑ph‑nf‑n¡\‑pkc‑n¨‑v DÅS ¡¯‑ne‑p‑w I‑mg‑vNb‑ne‑p‑w a‑mä‑whc‑p¶‑p.

I‑qS‑pX FU‑nj\‑pIÄ h¶t‑X‑ms‑S cï‑paW‑n¡‑qd‑n\I‑w ]{‑X§Ä h‑mb\ ¡‑mc\‑ns‑e¯‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p¶‑p. ae b‑mf¯‑n BZ‑ya‑mb‑n cï‑maX‑v FU‑n j³ X‑pS§‑nbX‑v s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑n a‑mX‑r`‑q a‑nb‑ms‑W¶‑v At‑±l‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p.

FU‑nj\‑pIÄ I‑qS‑nbt‑X‑ms‑S c‑m{‑X‑n ]¯‑paW‑nb‑v¡‑pt‑ija‑pÅ, CeI‑v-t‑{‑S‑m W‑nI‑v- a‑oU‑nbb‑n hc‑m¯, h‑mÀ¯I Ä ]{‑X§Ä¡‑v H¶‑m‑wt‑]P‑n \ðI‑m

³ Ig‑nb‑p¶‑p.

CeI‑v-t‑{‑S‑mW‑nI‑v- a‑oU‑nb h¶‑n«‑p‑w Ad‑p]X‑p iXa‑m\‑w ]ck‑y§Ä ]{‑X §Ä¡‑v e`‑n¡‑p¶X‑mb‑n At‑±l‑w ]d ª‑p. CeI‑v-t‑{‑S‑mW‑nI‑v- a‑oU‑nbb‑ps‑S IS‑p¯ aÕc¯‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S {‑] N‑mc‑w hÀ[‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. CX‑v ]T‑n¡‑m ³ h‑nt‑Zi§f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑pÄs‑¸s‑S Bf‑p Is‑f¯‑pIb‑mW‑v. a‑p¼‑v h‑mÀ¯b‑mI‑m ¯ ]eX‑pa‑n¶‑v h‑mÀ¯b‑mI‑pIb‑m s‑W¶‑v At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A[‑y£Xhl‑n¨‑p.

A¨S‑n Z‑ri‑ya‑m[‑y§s‑f s‑hÃ‑ph‑nf‑n ¡‑pI a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, P‑oh‑nX I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑ns‑\ ¯s‑¶ a‑mä‑nad‑n¡‑p¶ H¶‑mb‑n t‑k‑mj‑yÂa‑oU‑nb a‑md‑nbX‑mb‑n "\h a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S ic‑nb‑p‑w s‑Xä‑p‑w‑' F¶ h‑njbs‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¨ \‑nc‑q ]I\‑p‑w a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n I®‑qÀ b‑qW‑nä‑v \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑näd‑pa‑mb t‑U‑m. ]‑n.s‑I. c‑mPt‑iJc³ A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. t‑\c s‑¯ h‑mb\¡‑mc³ H‑mU‑nb³k‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p. t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nbb‑ps‑S hc t‑h‑ms‑S h‑mÀ¯IÄ k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶hc‑m

b‑n. Hc‑pXc‑w GI‑m´Xb‑ne‑p‑w Bß cX‑nb‑ne‑p‑w t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nbIs‑f¯‑n ¡‑p¶X‑mb‑n At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. t‑\c‑n«Ã‑ms‑X {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nIa‑m[‑ya §Ähs‑c I‑p¯IIÄ h‑neb‑v-s‑¡S‑p ¡‑p¶X‑mb‑n s‑P.t‑K‑m]‑oI‑rj‑vW³ (]b\‑oÀ‑, UÂl‑n‑) a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S t‑I‑mÀ¸t‑dä‑v-hX‑vIcW‑w F¶ h‑njb ahXc‑n¸‑n¨‑v A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. t‑Icf ¯‑n a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S t‑I‑mÀ¸t‑dä‑vhX‑vIcW‑w h¶‑n«‑ns‑ö‑v At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. a‑m[‑yah‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX \ãs‑¸ «‑n«‑ns‑ö‑v "a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX h‑os‑ïS‑p¡Â‑' F¶ h‑njb¯‑n k‑wk‑mc‑n¨ s‑I.F‑w.t‑d‑mb‑v A`‑n{‑]‑mb s‑¸«‑p. AX‑p k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v Ai‑p`‑m]‑vX‑n h‑ni‑z‑mk‑nbà X‑ms‑\¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. s‑I.b‑p.U»‑y‑p.s‑P. {‑]k‑nUâ‑v s‑I.t‑{‑]‑w\‑mY‑v‑, k‑n.]‑n.lc‑o{‑µ³ F¶‑n hÀ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. t‑U‑m. F.F³.]‑n.

D½ÀI‑p«‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑p. AU‑z. F.F‑w. h‑ni‑z\‑mY‑v k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w P‑nÃ‑m C³^À t‑aj³ H‑m^‑okÀ C.h‑n.k‑pKX³ \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p. amÀ¨v 2014

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

]‑pX‑pXea‑pd a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v h‑n.]‑n.BÀ a‑mX‑rI: hbe‑mÀ ch‑n

t‑Zi‑ob c‑m{‑ã‑ob¯‑ns‑â DĨ‑pg‑nIÄ h‑yàa‑mbd‑nb‑p¶ h‑n.]‑n.BÀ h‑mÀ¯ IÄ s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¡‑p¶X‑n I‑mW‑n¨ a‑mX‑rI C¶s‑¯ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ ]‑n´‑pSt‑cïX‑ms‑W¶‑v t‑I{‑µ {‑]h‑mk‑n I‑mc‑ya{‑´‑n hbe‑mÀ ch‑n ]dª‑p. k‑v-I‑q¸‑pIÄ¡‑p ]‑n¶‑ms‑e ]‑mb‑p¶ ]‑pX‑pXea‑pd h‑n]‑nBd‑ns‑\t‑¸‑me‑pÅ hc‑ps‑S c‑oX‑nIÄ Iï‑p]T‑n¡W‑w. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n a‑p³ s‑NbÀa‑m\‑p‑w a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n FU‑näd‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶ h‑n.]‑n c‑maN{‑µs‑â A\‑p`h§Ä Bk‑v]Z a‑m¡‑n t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n {‑]k‑n ²‑oIc‑n¨ BZ‑y C‑w¥‑oj‑v ]‑pk‑vXIa‑mb

"h‑n]‑nBÀ d‑oh‑nk‑näU‑v‑, Z s‑s‑e^‑v B³U‑v s‑a½d‑ok‑v H‑m^‑v B³ FI‑v-k‑v{‑S‑m H‑mÀU‑n\d‑n t‑PÀWe‑nÌ‑n‑' s‑â {‑]I‑mi\‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n ¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. aeb‑mf at‑\‑mca FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb UbdÎÀ t‑X‑mak‑v t‑P¡_‑v ]‑pk‑vXI‑w Gä‑p h‑m§‑n.

UÂl‑n c‑m{‑ã‑ob¯‑ns‑e ]e k‑w` h§Ä¡‑p‑w k‑m£‑nb‑mb h‑n]‑nBÀ‑, ] s‑£ GX‑p h‑mÀ¯b‑mW‑v {‑]k‑n²‑oI c‑nt‑¡ïhs‑b¶‑p‑w GX‑mW‑v X‑nck‑v-¡ c‑nt‑¡ïs‑X¶‑p‑w h‑yàa‑mb‑n Ad‑nb‑p ¶b‑mf‑mW‑v. A¡‑me¯‑v ]‑mÀes‑aâ‑n

s‑e¯‑p¶ t‑Icf¯‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ A‑wK§Ä¡‑v c£‑mIÀ¯‑mh‑v Xs‑¶ b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p h‑n.]‑n.Bs‑d¶‑v hbe‑mÀ ch‑n ]dª‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀ a‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A²‑y£X hl‑n¨‑p. ]‑pk‑vXI cNb‑nX‑mh‑v A¦‑nX N‑ocI¯‑n ]‑pk‑vXI ]c‑nNb‑w \S ¯‑n. {‑]a‑pJ k‑ml‑nX‑yI‑mc³ s‑I. FÂ. t‑a‑ml\hÀ½‑ F¶‑nhÀ Bi‑w kIÄ AÀ¸‑n¨‑p. h‑n.]‑n.BÀ ad‑p]S‑n {‑]k‑wKh‑p‑w \S¯‑n. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ.AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w Ak‑n.s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³.]‑n. kt‑´‑mj‑v \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

STATEMENT ABOUT OWNERSHIP AND OTHER PARTICULARS ABOUT NEWSPAPER (FORM IV) MEDIA

1. Place of publication : Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 2. Periodicity of its publication : Monthly 3. Printer’s Name : V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Nationality : Indian Address : Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 4. Publisher’s Name : V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Nationality : Indian Address : Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 5.Editor’s Name : N. P. Rajendran, Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Nationality : Indian Address : Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 6. Names and addresses of individuals who own the newspaper and partners or shareholders holding more than one per cent of the total capital: NA

I, V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Date 01.03.2014 Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Publisher amˬv 2014

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ • knw 2014

I‑qS‑pXð D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑zt‑_‑m[a‑pÅ a‑m[‑yah‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIs‑f k‑rã‑n¡W‑w: a{‑´‑n s‑I.k‑n. t‑P‑mk^‑v

s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑ns‑e BZ‑y a‑m[‑yt‑a‑mÕh‑w k‑n‑w-2014 t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑n {‑K‑mah‑nIk\ h‑nhc s‑]‑mX‑pP\ k¼ À¡ hI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑n s‑I.k‑n.t‑P‑mk^‑v DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. s‑kâÀ H‑m^‑v FI‑v-ke³k‑v ]Zh‑nb‑nt‑e¡‑v N‑phS‑phb‑v¡‑p¶ A¡‑mZa‑n C‑u c‑wKs‑¯ a‑mä§Ä NÀ¨ s‑N¿s‑¸S‑m\‑pÅ t‑hZ‑n I‑qS‑n b‑mb‑n a‑mdW‑w. ]c‑na‑nX‑nIs‑f AX‑nP‑oh‑n¨‑v \‑qX\c‑wKt‑¯¡‑pÅ I‑mÂhb‑v]‑mb‑n a‑md‑m³ C‑u s‑^Ì‑n\‑v Ig‑nbs‑«s‑b¶‑v a{‑´‑n Bi‑wk‑n¨‑p.

Z‑ri‑ya‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑v aÕc¯‑ns‑â I‑mea‑mW‑v. h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S \‑nPØ‑nX‑n ]c‑nt‑i‑m[‑n¡‑m³t‑]‑me‑p‑w kaba‑nÃ.

CX‑n\‑mb‑n I‑qS‑pXÂ D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑z

t‑_‑m[h‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nI a‑nIh‑pa‑pÅ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIs‑f k‑rã‑n¡‑m³ A¡‑mZ a‑n¡‑v Ig‑nbW‑w. B[‑p\‑nI kt‑¦X§ t‑f‑mS‑p I‑qS‑nb a‑oU‑nbk‑nä‑n t‑]‑me‑pÅ k‑wc‑w`§s‑f I‑pd‑n¨‑v Bt‑e‑mN‑n¡‑m³ kÀ¡‑mÀ ka‑nX‑ns‑b \‑nt‑b‑mK‑n¨‑n«‑p s‑ï¶‑v a{‑´‑n ]dª‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A[‑y£X hl‑n ¨‑p. Z h‑o¡‑v k‑v-s‑]j‑y Idk‑v-t‑]‑m ïâ‑v k¿Z‑v \k‑m¡¯‑v‑, A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n.c‑mPt‑K‑m ]‑m F¶‑nhÀ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ.AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w Ì‑pUâ‑v t‑I‑mH‑mÀU‑nt‑\äÀ P‑n]‑v-k¬ t‑P‑m\µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

`‑mjb‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y¯‑nð k¦‑pN‑nXX‑z‑w ]‑mS‑nñ: t‑U‑m. F‑w e‑oe‑mhX‑n a‑m[‑ya§Ä a\‑p j‑ys‑\ `c‑n¡‑p¶ C‑u I‑meL«¯‑n  d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À \‑nj‑v ]£\‑mb‑nc‑n¡ W‑w F¶‑v t‑U‑m.

F‑w. e‑oe‑mhX‑n.

AX‑ n s‑ s ‑ h I‑ m c‑ n I Xb‑mW‑v C¶s‑¯ ]e h‑mÀ¯If‑n e‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya NÀ¨I f‑ne‑p‑w I‑mW‑p¶X‑v. `‑mjs‑b k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v k¦‑pN‑nXa‑mb N‑n´IÄ ]‑mS‑nÃ. Fs‑â `‑mj F¶ N‑n´ s‑Xä‑mW‑v. k‑n‑w a‑oU‑nb‑m s‑^Ì‑n t‑\‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n¨‑v `‑mjb‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§ f‑p‑w F¶ h‑njb¯‑n k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pI b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p S‑o¨À. s‑s‑hI‑mc‑nIa‑mb LSI§Ä D¨‑m cW`‑mjb‑ne‑qs‑S a‑m{‑Xt‑a Bh‑nj‑v-I c‑n¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑pIb‑pÅ‑p. Bt‑K‑mf `‑mjb‑mb‑n b{‑´`‑mj IS¶‑ph¶X‑v

Bd‑mb‑nct‑¯‑mf‑w hc‑p¶ aä‑v `‑mjI s‑f _‑m[‑n¡‑ns‑à ¶‑v S‑o¨À N‑qï‑n ¡‑m«‑n. a‑m[‑ya{‑] hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v `‑m j‑m ]c‑nÚ‑m\‑w A\‑ n h‑ m c‑ y a‑ m s‑ W ¶‑p‑w Hc‑p `‑mjb‑n s‑e¦‑ne‑p‑w Bg¯‑n  Ad‑nh‑pt‑hW s‑a¶‑p‑w S‑o¨À ]d ª‑p. s‑s‑hI‑mc‑nIa‑mb N‑n´IÄ B h‑nj‑v-Ic‑n¡‑m³ b{‑´`‑mjb‑v¡‑v k‑m[‑n ¡‑nÃ. `‑mjb‑v¡‑p‑w k‑ml‑nX‑y¯‑n\‑p‑w t‑a i‑mk‑v{‑X]T\¯‑n\‑v {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w I¸‑n¡‑p¶ N‑n´‑mKX‑n hfÀ¶‑p h¶‑n«‑pï‑v. C‑u {‑]hWX a\‑pj‑ys‑â a‑m\k‑nI LS\s‑b s‑Xä‑mb‑n _‑m[‑n ¡‑p‑w. k‑ml‑nX‑y`‑mjb‑p‑w ]{‑X`‑mjb‑p‑w X½‑ne‑pÅ A´c‑w hfs‑c I‑pdh‑mW‑v. ]{‑X`‑mj a‑nXh‑p‑w k‑mch¯‑pa‑mIW‑w.

X‑pdó a\t‑Ê‑ms‑S {‑]i‑v-\§s‑f ka‑o]‑n¡W‑w: k¿Z‑v \k‑m¡¯‑v

a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ X‑pd¶ a\t‑Ê‑ms‑S {‑]i‑v-\§s‑f ka‑o]‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑v Z h‑o¡‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI t‑eJI³ k¿Z‑v \k‑m¡¯‑v. k‑n‑w-2014 t‑\‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n¨‑v \S¶ a‑m[‑ya s‑ka‑n\‑md‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p k¿Z‑v \k‑m¡¯‑v. a\‑pj‑y‑mhI‑mi e‑wL\ §Ä ]et‑¸‑mg‑p‑w ]‑pd‑wt‑e‑mIad‑nb‑p¶ X‑v Gs‑d s‑s‑hI‑nb‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. Gs‑X¦‑n e‑ps‑a‑mc‑p a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯Is‑â BI‑m‑w£b‑mW‑v C¯c‑w k‑w`h§Ä s‑hf‑n¨¯‑v s‑I‑mï‑phc‑p¶X‑v. ]e t‑e‑mIc‑m{‑ã§t‑fb‑p‑w At‑] £‑n¨‑v Gs‑d AhI‑mi§Ä A\‑p`h‑n ¡‑p¶hc‑mW‑v C´‑yb‑ns‑e P\§Ä.

P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑ns‑â C‑u K‑pW^e§ Ä¡‑nSb‑ne‑p‑w N‑ne t‑aJeIf‑n a\‑pj‑y‑mhI‑mie‑wL\§Ä \S¡‑p ¶‑p. F´‑ps‑I‑mï‑mW‑v N‑ne {‑]t‑X‑yI t‑aJeIf‑ns‑e P\§Ä \‑neh‑ne‑pÅ h‑yhØ‑nX‑ns‑¡X‑ns‑c {‑]X‑nIc‑n¡‑p¶ s‑X¶‑v N‑n´‑n¡‑m³ Hc‑p ]{‑X{‑]hÀ ¯I\‑v Ig‑nbW‑w. B P‑m{‑KXb‑n \‑n¶‑mI‑p‑w N‑net‑¸‑mÄ he‑nb a\‑pj‑y‑m hI‑mi e‑wL\§f‑ps‑S N‑pc‑pÄ \‑nhc‑pI. ]Waà ka‑qlt‑¯‑mS‑pÅ P‑m{‑KXb‑mIW‑w H‑mt‑c‑m a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ ¯Is‑\b‑p‑w \‑nb{‑´‑nt‑¡ïX‑v. t‑e‑mI ad‑nª a\‑pj‑y‑mhI‑mi e‑wL\§f‑p s‑S IYIs‑fÃ‑m‑w C¯c‑w P‑mKc‑qIc‑m b a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S k‑w`‑mh\ If‑mW‑v.

K‑z‑mï\‑mt‑a‑m Z‑z‑o]‑n At‑ac‑n¡³ t‑k\ \S¯‑nbX‑v s‑R«‑n¡‑p¶ a\‑p j‑y‑mhI‑mi e‑wL\§f‑mW‑v. A^‑vK‑m \‑nØ‑m³‑, ]‑m¡‑nØ‑m³‑, t‑I‑m‑wt‑K‑m F¶‑o c‑mP‑y§f‑ns‑eÃ‑m‑w C¯c‑w k‑w`h§Ä Act‑§d‑p¶‑pï‑v. Chb‑n  ]eX‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿s‑¸S‑p¶‑nÃ.

K‑z‑mï\‑mt‑a‑m Pb‑ne‑ns‑e a\‑pj‑y‑mh I‑mi e‑wL\§Ä d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vX \k‑m¡¯‑v ]dª‑p. amÀ¨v 2014

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ • knw 2014

a‑m[‑ya§Ä a‑qe[\ià‑nb‑v¡‑v I‑og‑v-s‑¸S‑pó‑p: F‑w.P‑n c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³ a‑m[‑ya§Ä a‑qe[\ià‑nIÄ¡‑v I‑og‑v-s‑¸S‑ps‑¶¶‑v a‑pX‑nÀ¶ a‑m[‑ya{‑] hÀ¯I³ F‑w.P‑n c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³ A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. k‑n‑w s‑^Ì‑n _l‑pP\ a‑m[‑ya§f‑ns‑e _l‑pk‑zcX F¶ h‑njb¯‑n \S¶ NÀ¨b‑n k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. \‑ne\‑n¸‑n\‑pt‑hï‑n k‑m¼¯‑nI \‑nba§f\‑pkc‑n¨‑v {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya§Ä \‑nÀ_Ôa‑mI‑p¶ Ah Øb‑mW‑pÅX‑v. Bt‑K‑mfXe¯‑n a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\‑w a‑q¶‑m‑wL«¯‑n F¯‑n\‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. ]X‑n\‑md‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑n Bc‑w`‑n¨ H¶‑m‑w L«¯‑n  h‑yà‑nIt‑f‑m‑, P\h‑n`‑mK§t‑f‑m Ahc‑ps‑S aX‑, Bib‑, h‑ni‑z‑mk§s‑f {‑]Nc‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya§s‑f D]t‑b‑m K‑n¨‑p. cï‑m‑w L«¯‑n k‑m[‑mcW ¡‑mcs‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑, k‑ma‑ql‑nI {‑]i‑v-\ §Ä I‑rX‑ya‑mb‑n AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑nS t‑¯¡‑v a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\‑w a‑md‑n. F

¶‑m Ahk‑m\ L«¯‑n F¯‑nb t‑¸‑mg‑mW‑v t‑e‑mI‑mS‑nØ‑m\¯‑n Xs‑¶ a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v ]W¯‑ns‑â ià‑nIÄ¡‑v I‑og‑v-s‑¸S‑p¶ k‑mlNc‑y a‑pï‑mbX‑v.

At‑Xkab‑w a‑m[‑ya¯‑ns‑â D] t‑`‑mà‑mh‑v F¶ Xc¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v \‑nÀ½‑mX‑mh‑v F¶ \‑neb‑nt‑e¡‑v k‑m[‑mcW¡‑mcs‑â a‑mä‑w k‑m[‑ya‑m¡‑n b \‑qX\ k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑yIÄ C‑u

a‑m[‑ya§Ä `cWI‑pS¯‑ns‑â X‑pSÀ¨: K‑uc‑oZ‑mk³ \‑mbÀ a‑m[‑ya§Ä `cWI‑qS¯‑n s‑â X‑pSÀ¨b‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w t‑hÀX‑nc‑nª‑m \‑ne\‑n ¸‑ns‑ö‑v X‑nc‑n¨d‑nbWs‑a ¶‑p‑w Z l‑nµ‑p t‑Icf _‑y‑qt‑d‑m N‑o^‑v k‑n.K‑uc‑o Z‑mk³ \‑mbÀ ]dª‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑p s‑S B`‑na‑pJ‑y¯‑n \S¶ a‑m[‑yt‑a‑mÕht‑¯‑mS\‑p_ Ô‑n¨‑v "a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w k‑ma‑q l‑y a‑mäh‑p‑w' F¶ k‑wh‑mZ ¯‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n ¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. k‑ma‑ql‑nI a‑mä§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑v NÀ¨ s‑N¿‑p¶hÀ ]et‑¸‑mg‑p‑w ka‑ql¯‑nt‑e¡‑v Cd§‑n s‑NÃ‑ms‑X Z´ t‑K‑m]‑pc§f‑ne‑nc‑n¡‑p¶hc‑mW‑v. k[‑mcW¡‑mc‑ps‑S H‑mt‑c‑m Z‑nhkh‑p‑w t‑]‑mc‑m«a‑mW‑v - CX‑n\‑nS b‑n k‑ma‑ql‑nI a‑mäs‑¯ I‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ N‑n´IÄ Ahs‑â a‑p¶‑ne‑nÃ. s‑X‑mg‑ne‑nS§f‑n a‑mäa‑ns‑ö‑v a‑m{‑Xaà A[‑z‑m\¯‑n\‑p‑w I‑pdh‑p hc‑p¶‑nÃ. CX‑n\‑pt‑ij‑w h‑o«‑ns‑e¯‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Ab‑mÄ a[‑yhÀK {‑] X‑n\‑n[‑nb‑mI‑p¶‑p. S‑nh‑nb‑ps‑S hct‑h‑ms‑S h‑oS‑ns‑â AI¯f‑w Ab‑m s‑f a[‑yhÀK X‑mX‑v]c‑y¯‑nt‑e¡‑v s‑I‑mï‑phc‑p¶‑p. CX‑n\‑nSb‑n \‑n¶‑mW‑v \‑m‑w k‑ma‑ql‑nI a‑mäs‑¯I‑pd‑n¨‑v a‑m[‑ya§f‑ne‑qs‑S NÀ¨ s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. a‑m[‑ya NÀ¨IÄ {‑]t‑X‑yI‑n¨‑v s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ NÀ¨IÄ ]et‑¸‑m g‑p‑w a‑p³h‑n[‑nIf‑ps‑S AS‑nØ‑m\¯‑ne‑pÅhb‑mW‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯ \¯‑ns‑â ¥‑maÀh¡cW‑w C‑u t‑aJeb‑nt‑e¡‑v I‑qS‑pXÂt‑]s‑c k‑z‑mKX‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. F¶‑m H‑mt‑c‑m ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w ‑"s‑ac‑p¡e‑p‑'If‑ne‑qs‑S IS¶‑p t‑]‑mI‑m³ _‑m[‑yØc‑mW‑v. CX‑n\‑p t‑ijh‑p‑w \½‑ps‑S DÅ‑ne‑pÅ I\e‑pIÄ s‑IS‑ms‑X k‑q£‑n¡‑pI b‑mW‑v {‑][‑m\s‑a¶‑v At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. amÀ¨v 2014

s‑b‑mc‑p h‑yhk‑mbhX‑vIcW¯‑ns‑â ^ea‑ms‑W¶ I‑mc‑y‑w h‑nk‑vac‑n¨‑pI‑qS‑m. t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â GX‑p `‑mK¯‑p\‑n¶‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ a‑n\‑nä‑pIÄ¡I‑w {‑]k‑n²‑o Ic‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p¶ AÛ‑pXIca‑mb a‑pt‑¶äa‑mW‑nX‑v. A§s‑\ h‑neb‑nc‑p ¯‑pt‑¼‑mÄ _l‑pP\ a‑m[‑ya§f‑ns‑e _l‑pk‑zcX X‑nc‑n¨‑phc‑p¶‑p F¶‑p Xs‑¶ ]db‑m‑w. t‑Icf¯‑ns‑â a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\‑w P\§f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v AI¶‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑n ¡‑pIb‑ms‑W¶‑v C´‑y‑mh‑nj³ FI‑v-k‑n I‑y‑q«‑oh‑v FU‑näÀ F‑w.]‑n _j‑oÀ ]d ª‑p. t‑\X‑m¡Ä¡‑p‑w h‑nh‑mZ§Ä ¡‑p‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v h‑mÀ¯‑m {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w e`‑n¡‑p¶s‑X¶‑p‑w _j‑oÀ A`‑n{‑]‑mb s‑¸«‑p. h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑ps‑S t‑N‑mZ‑y§Ä ¡‑v Cc‑phc‑p‑w ad‑p]S‑n \ÂI‑n.

C³Ì‑näy‑q«‑v UbdÎÀ c‑mP‑p d‑mt‑^ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w k‑o\‑nbÀ ^‑m¡Âä‑n t‑laeX.s‑I \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

t‑I‑mÀ]t‑dä‑v ià‑nIÄ a‑m[‑ya k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w a‑pXs‑eS‑p¡‑pó‑p: s‑P.t‑K‑m]‑oI‑rj‑vW³ ]{‑X§Ä¡‑v P\a\Ê‑ns‑e k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w a‑pXs‑eS‑p¯‑mW‑v t‑I‑mÀ]t‑dä‑v ià‑nIÄ C‑u t‑aJeb‑n ]‑nS‑na‑pd‑p¡‑p¶ s‑X¶‑v ]b\‑oÀ {‑]t‑X‑yI t‑eJ I³ s‑P.t‑K‑m]‑o I‑rj‑vW³ ]d ª‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n a‑m[‑yt‑a‑mÕht‑¯‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n¨‑v ‑"a‑oU‑nb F¯‑nI‑vk‑v C³ Z‑n a‑mÀ¡ä‑v GP‑v‑' F¶ h‑njb¯‑n \S ¶ s‑ka‑n\‑md‑n k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑± l‑w. {‑]t‑e‑m`\§Ä ]eX‑pa‑pï‑mI‑m‑w. CX‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v a‑pàc‑mI‑m\‑pÅ a‑m\k‑nI \‑neb‑mW‑v BÀP‑nt‑¡ ïX‑v. N§‑m¯ a‑pXe‑mf‑n¯‑w ]et‑¸‑mg‑p‑w ka‑pl s‑¯ _‑m[‑n¡‑p¶ Xc¯‑ne‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯IÄ k‑rã‑n ¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Is‑\ t‑{‑]c‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p. »‑m¡‑vs‑ab‑n a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\h‑p‑w hÀ[‑n¡‑p¶‑pï‑v.

CX‑v a‑m[‑ya ka‑ql¯‑ns‑â A]Nb¯‑nt‑e¡‑v \b‑n ¡‑p‑w. F¶‑m t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nb hg‑n C¶‑v h‑mÀ ¯IÄ t‑e‑mIs‑¯ Ad‑nb‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ Ahkch‑pa‑p ï‑v. CX‑v D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑m³ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I³ ‑"s‑{‑]‑m^jWe‑pIf‑ps‑S s‑\ä‑v hÀ¡‑v‑' Dï‑m¡‑pI Xs‑¶ t‑hW‑w. CX‑ne‑qs‑S adb‑v¡s‑¸« ]e kX‑y §f‑p‑w t‑e‑mIs‑¯ Ad‑nb‑n¡‑m\‑mI‑ps‑a¶‑v t‑K‑m]‑oI‑rj‑vW³ ]dª‑p.

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ • knw 2014

‑ka‑m]\kt‑½f\‑w a{‑´‑n s‑I. _‑m_‑p DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p

a‑q¶‑pZ‑nhk§f‑mb‑n \S¶ a‑m[‑yt‑a‑m Õh‑w k‑n‑w 2014 ka‑m]\ kt‑½f\‑w FI‑v-s‑s‑kk‑v X‑pda‑pJ hI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑n s‑I._‑m_‑p DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. t‑{‑_¡‑n‑wK‑v \‑y‑qk‑pIf‑ps‑S I‑me¯‑v ]c‑na‑nX‑nIÄ¡‑pÅ‑n \‑n¶‑v kX‑ykÔX ]‑peÀ¯‑m³ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v Ig‑nbWs‑a¶‑v DZ‑vL‑mS\ {‑]k‑wK¯‑n a{‑´‑n ]d ª‑p. I‑me¯‑ns‑â a‑mä¯‑n\\‑pkc‑n¨‑v B[‑p\‑nI k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑nZ‑yIÄ k‑z‑mb¯a‑m¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯ IÀ¡‑v Ig‑nbW‑w. NS§‑n s‑_¶‑n

_l¶‑m³ F‑wFÂF A[‑y£X hl‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑ps‑S I¼‑y‑q «À e‑m_‑v \h‑oIc‑n¡‑m³ F‑w.FÂ.F ^ï‑n \‑n¶‑v X‑pI A\‑phZ‑n¡‑ps‑a¶‑v F‑w.FÂF Ad‑nb‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑m Za‑n Ak‑n.s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³.]‑n.kt‑´‑mj‑v k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑n _‑nt‑\‑mb‑v F‑w. \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p. a‑m[‑yt‑a‑mÕht‑¯‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n¨‑v h‑nh‑n[ aÕc§f‑n h‑nPb‑nIf‑mbhÀ ¡‑v a{‑´‑n k½‑m\§Ä h‑nXcW‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. t‑Icf¯‑ns‑e h‑nh‑n[ a‑m[‑ya

aÕc^e§Ä

(Imen¡äv {]kv ¢_v) 6. BÎv Hu«v B³ BUv Hómw Øm\w: Aen Sn.sI. & \nYn³cmPv BÀ. (aebmfw kÀÆIemime) cïmw Øm\w: Ban\ ssk\p, ]ZvaIpamÀ {]Imiv, kpZÀi³ ]n. kPoh³, tcjva Fðk sdPn, {ipXn sI.hn.

(Fw.kn.sP., Fw.Pn. kÀÆIemime) 7. tam¡v {]Êv Hómw Øm\w: sd\ojv IrjvW³ (Xncph\´]pcw {]kv ¢_v) cïmw Øm\w: Aen Sn.sI (aebmfw kÀÆIemime) 8. hnhÀ¯\w k‑n‑ws‑^Ì‑v Ie‑mkÔ‑ybnð \nóv Hómw Øm\w: Ban\ F.Fkv. (Xncph\´]pcw {]kv ¢_v) apl½Zv Pm_nÀ cïmw Øm\w: {ipXn sI.hn.

(Imen¡äv {]kv ¢_v) (Fw.kn.sP., Fw.Pn. kÀÆIemime) cïmw Øm\w: Acp¬ emð & 9. t^mt«m{K^n IpamÀ jm\p Hómw Øm\w: A`nPn¯v Fkv. (Imen¡äv {]kv ¢_v) (Imen¡äv {]kv ¢_v) 11. tIm¸n FUnän§v cïmw Øm\w: {ipXn sI.hn.

Hómw Øm\w: {imh¬ IrjvW (Fw.kn.sP., Fw.Pn. kÀÆIemime) (Imen¡äv {]kv ¢_v) 10. Iznkv cïmw Øm\w: cmtPjv t\mbð Hómw Øm\w: {imh¬ IrjvW & (Xncph\´]pcw {]kv ¢_v)

1. ASn¡pdn¸v cN\ Hómw Øm\w: Acp¬ emð (Imen¡äv {]kv ¢_v) cïmw Øm\w: {imh¬ IrjvW (Imen¡äv {]kv ¢_v) 2.ImÀ«q¬ & Imcnt¡¨À Hómw Øm\w: {iotZhv Sn.Fkv. (Xncph\´]pcw {]kv ¢_v) cïmw Øm\w: Aen Sn.sI. (aebmfw kÀÆIemime) 3. hmÀ¯mhXcWw Hómw Øm\w: tcjva Fðk sdPn (Fw.kn.sP., Fw.Pn. kÀÆIemime) cïmw Øm\w: AseIvkv cmPv (Xncph\´]pcw {]kv ¢_v) 4. kzn¨v HmhÀ Hómw Øm\w: {]kmZv kn.Sn. (aebmfw kÀÆIemime) cïmw Øm\w: Imhy Fw.sP. (aebmfw kÀÆIemime) 5. Unt_äv Hómw Øm\w: Ban\ ssk\p & tcjva Fðk sdPn (Fw.kn.sP., Fw.Pn. kÀÆIemime) cïmw Øm\w: tPm^n sI.sP. & {imh¬ IrjvW

h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk Ø‑m]\§f‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ Cc‑p¶‑qt‑d‑mf‑w h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIÄ a‑m[‑y t‑a‑mÕh¯‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑p. h‑nh‑n[ h‑njb§f‑n \S¶ s‑ka‑n\‑md‑pI f‑n k¿Z‑v \k‑m¡¯‑v‑, s‑P.t‑K‑m]‑oI‑r j‑vW³‑, t‑U‑m.F‑w.e‑oe‑mhX‑n‑, F‑w.P‑n. c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³‑, k‑n.K‑uc‑oZ‑mk³ \‑mbÀ‑, F‑w.]‑n._j‑oÀ‑, k‑v-s‑s‑]kk‑v t‑_‑mÀU‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ t‑U‑m. F. PbX‑neI‑v‑, k‑n\‑na k‑wh‑n[‑mbI³ P‑n¯‑p t‑P‑mk^‑v F¶‑nhÀ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n If‑pa‑mb‑n Bib§Ä ]¦‑p-h¨‑p.

amˬv 2014

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

sP{^n Umgvkn 17 hÀjambn ¢ohvem³Unse s¹bv³ UoeÀ ]{X¯nse FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWnÌmb sP{^n UmgvknbmWv D¯c sImdnbbnse ]pXnb kw`hhnImk§fpsS ]Ým¯e¯nepÅ Cu ImÀ«q¬ hc¨ncn¡póXv. D¯c sImdnbbnse a\pjymhImiewL\§sf¡pdn¨pÅ bp.F³. dnt¸mÀ«v, AhnSps¯ A[nImcnIÄ Ku\n¡ptóbnñ Fóv ImÀ«qWnÌv \nco£n¡póp. dnt¸mÀ«v aq¡n\p Iosg h¨v, AXp hót¸mÄ Xm³ apXnÀóh\mbn Fóv Xami ]dbpIbmWv D¯csImdnbbpsS ]cam [nImcnbmb ap¸XpImc³ Inw tPm§v D³. {]mbw sImïv \tó sNdp¸amb D³ sImdnb³ ]cam[nImcnbmbXv temIcm{ã§Ä hnkvabt¯msSbmWv IïXv. D³sâ ImeL«¯nepw D¯c sImdnb a\pjymhImi ewL\§fpsS ]mX Xsó ]n´pScpIbmsWóv CubnsS ]pd¯phó sFIycm{ãk`m dnt¸mÀ«v ISp¯ `mjbnð Ipäs¸Sp¯nbncpóp. Fómð AXv X\ns¡mcp Ae¦mcamsWómWv D³sâ `mhw Fóv XpSÀópÅ At±l¯nsâ kao]\§Ä hyàam¡póXmbn ImÀ«qWnÌv \nco£n¡póp. sP^nsâ ImÀ«qWpIÄ \yqkv ho¡v, ssSw, \yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkv, temkmôekv ssSwkv, hmjn§vS¬ t]mÌv, Nn¡mtKm {Sn_yq¬ XpS§nb ]{X§fnepw KpUv tamWn§v Atacn¡, aoäv Zn {]kv XpS§nb sSenhnj³ t{]m{KmapIfnepw knF³F³ Nm\enepw FwF³_nknbpsS ImÀ«q¬ sh_v t]Pnepw ]Xnhmbn ]p\x{]kn²oIcn¡s¸Spóp. tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

Media Monthly | March 2014 | ` 20/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676