Venugopal

hn. thWptKm]mÂŹ

Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Cochin

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw hn. thWptKm]m¬

tIcf {]kv A°mZanbpsS klmbtØmsS \SØnb ]T\Øns‚ dnt∏m¿´v

tIcf {]kv A°mZan

Malayalam Title :

Kuttiyum Madhyamangalum By

V.Venugopal

Š Kerala Press Academy. Some rights reserved.

The e-book edition of this work is licensed by Kerala Press Academy under CC BY 4.0. The work is to be attributed to V.Venugopal.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, on paper or any non-electronic form, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.

V.Venugopal asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work.

Published by

Kerala Press Academy Kakkanadu, Kochi-30 Cover design:Saji Clarion

Published in May 2014 E-book edition not for sale.

\μn \μn ]dtb≠ Hcp]mSp t]cp≠v. AXn\m¬ t]scSpØp ]dbm≥ apXncp∂n√. th≠ hnhcßfpw a‰p klmbßfpw e`yam°nb am[ya kvYm]\߃, am[ya{]h¿ØI¿, hnZym`ymk hnZKv[¿, k¿th \SØm≥ klIcn® kplrØp°ƒ XpSßn Cu ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´ F√mh¿°pw \μn. H∏w ]T\Øn\p th≠ am¿K\n¿tZi߃ \¬Inb aebmf at\mca FUnt‰mdnb¬ s{Sbn\nMv B≥Uv dnk¿Nv UbdIvS¿ {io.sI. Dss_Zp≈tbmSp≈ IS∏mSv IqSn tcJs∏SpØp∂p. hn.thWptKm]m¬

D≈S°w {]km-[-I-°p-dn∏v BapJw A[ymbw 1 Ccn∏nSw F√mh¿°pw, ]t£...

2 aebmf am[ya temIwNne s]mXp \nco£W߃ 3 F¥psIm≠p Ip´nIƒ?

4 ]{Xw ho´nepw kvIqfnepw 5 am[yaßfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°mbn.....

6 Ip´nIsf dnt∏m¿´v sNøptºmƒ 7 Ip´nIfpsS AhImißfpw am[yaßfpw 8 NqjWw sNøs∏Sp∂ Ip´nIƒ 9 Ip‰hmfnIƒ, CcIƒ...

10 SnhnbpsS kzm[o\w 11 tdUntbmbpw Ip´nIfpw 12 ]ckyßfpsS ambmtemIw 13 C‚¿s\‰v am[yaßfpw Ip´nIfpw 14 F≥ sF C ]{Xhpw ]T\hpw ]pXnb _‘Øn15 Ip´nIfpsS t]Pv ]{X-ß-fn16 Ip´nIfpw c£nXm°fpw A[ym]Icpw ]dbp∂Xv 17 Is≠ØepIƒ, \n¿tZi߃ A\p_‘߃ 1. bp\nsk^v am¿K\n¿tZiw 2. C¥y≥ {]kv Iu¨kn¬ \n¿tZiw 3. ]{Xw sIm≠v Nne {]h¿Ø\߃ 4. k¿th tNmZymhenIƒ _nªntbm{K^n

6 9 13 16 20 25 29 32 36 42 49 51 62 70 76 82 87 92 101 109 113 113 117 119

{]km-[-I-°p-dn-∏v tIcf {]kv A°mZan kwÿm\ kc°mcns‚ [\klmbtØmsS \S∏m°nb KthjW ]≤XnbpsS ^eamWv Cu {]_‘w. 2008˛09 h¿jsØ kwÿm\ _P‰nemWv k¿°m¿ KthjW ]≤Xn°v XpI hIbncpØnbXv. ]{X{]h¿ØIcn\n∂v At]£ kzoIcn°m\pw A¿lcmbhsc Xncs™Sp°m\pw ka¿∏n® ]T\\nKa\߃ Ip‰a‰Xm°m\pw kabsaSpØp. 2012 am¿®n¬ ]T\w ]q¿Ønbm°n {]_‘w ka¿∏n®XmWv {io.hn.thWptKm]m¬ . 2013 P\phcnbn¬ £Wn°s∏´ kZ n\v apºmsI AhXcn∏n®v AwKoImcw t\Sn. ""Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw'' F∂XmWv {io.hn.thWptKm]mens‚ ]T\hnjbw. k-¶o¿-Wam-b H-cp ta-J-e-bm-Wv CXv. hy-Xykv-X P-\-hn-`m-K-߃°v th-≠ntbm hy-Xykv-X {]m-b-°m¿-°p-th-≠ntbm am-[y-aw hyXykv-X co-Xn-bn¬ \n¿-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F-∂-XmWv H-cp {]-[m-\ {]iv\w. {]m-b-]q¿-Ønbm-b B-fp-Iƒ hm-bn-°p-∂ A-tX ]-{X-amWv, A-s√-¶n¬ A-tX sS-en-hn-j-\m-Wv sIm-®p-Ip-´n-Ifpw hm-bn-°p-∂Xpw Im-Wp-∂-Xpw. Ip-´n-Iƒ A-dn-tb-≠m-Ø, hm-bn-t°-≠m-Ø, ImtW-≠m-Ø Im-cy-߃ A-h-cp-sS ap-∂n¬ hen-b X-e-s°-´p-I-fn{]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂-Xv F-¥p-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ {]-Xn-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv A-hcn¬ kr-„n-°p-I? A-h-cp-sS Nn-¥-I-sfbpw h-f¿-®-sbbpw kz-`m-hsØ-bp-sa√mw C-sXß-s\ _m-[n-°p-∂p ? A-Xp-t]m-se {]-[m-\am-Wv hm-¿-Ø-I-fn¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂, hm¿-Ø-bm-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Ip´n-I-fp-sS Im-cy-hpw. ]-e-t∏m-gpw am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS C-c-I-fm-bn Ip-´n-Iƒ am-dp∂p. k-¶o¿-Wam-b B-tcm-Ky˛hn-Zym-`ym-k˛a-\i - m-kv{- X˛km-aqlnI {]-Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂ Ku-c-h-tadn-b {]-iv-\-am-Wv {io thWp-tKm-]m¬ ssI-Im-cyw sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p∂Xv F-∂pIm-Wmw. A-t±-

l-Øn-s‚ \n-K-a-\-ß-fn-te-°v Rm≥ I-S-°p-∂n√. {]-ap-J-c-Sßn-b A-h-tem-I-\ k-an-Xn k-a-{Kam-b ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-°v ti-j-am-Wv Cu dn-t∏m¿-´n-\v Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-In-b-Xv. CØ-cw K-th-j-W {]-_-‘-߃ A-e-am-c-I-fn¬ A-S-®p-sh-°s∏-Sp∂-Xv i-cnb√. C-Xv P-\-ß-fn-te°pw {]-tXy-In-®v am-[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I-cn-te-°pw F-Ø-Ww. ]p-kv-X-I-am-bn A-®-Sn-®m¬ F-Øp-∂-Xnte-sd B-fp-I-fn-te-°v CsX-Øn-°m≥ Cu Ime-Øv km-[y-amWv. C˛ _p-°v B-bn {]-kv A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS sh-_v-ssk-‰n¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xv- sIm-≠v A-\m-bm-kw B¿-°p-an-Xv F-°m-eØpw hm-bn°m-\m-Ipw. {]-kv A-°mZ-an {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ B-Zy C--- ˛ _p-°p-I-fn¬ H∂m-Wv C-Xv. a-ebm-f am-[y-a-]T-\-ta-Je-sb Iq-Sp-X¬ A¿-∞-]q¿W-am°pw Cu kw-cw-`w F-∂ {]-Xo-£-tbm-sS Rm≥ B {K-Ÿw hm-b-\-°m¿-°v k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p.

F≥.]n.cm-tP-{μ≥ sN-b¿-am≥, tI-c-f {]-kv A-°mZan sIm-®n Pqsse 2014

BapJw C°meØv F√m IpSpw_ßfnepw BZy ]cnKW\ Ip´nIƒ°mWv . Ip´nIsf \∂mbn hf¿ØpIAXmWv ANv O \ΩamcpsS PohnXe£ywXs∂. Ip´nIƒ°p th≠ kuIcy߃, \√ hnZym`ymkw, ]Tt\Xc IgnhpIƒ hf¿Ø¬, BtcmKyw XpSßnbhbn¬ c£nXm°ƒ Gsd {i≤n°p∂p. kaqlsØ kw_‘n®pw k¿°mcpIsf kw_‘n®pw Ip´nIƒ Gsd {i≤ sImSpt°≠ hn`mKw Xs∂.

Ip´nItfmSp kmaqlnIamb IcpXepw ]cnKW\bpw \ΩpsS ]cºcmKX kwkvImcØns‚ `mKw IqSnbmWv. k¿°mcpIƒ Ip´nIƒ°mbn Ht´sd ]≤XnIƒ BhnjvIcn®p \S∏m°p∂p. am[yaßsf kw_‘n®pw Ip´nIƒ ap¥nb ]cnKW\ A¿ln°p∂ hn`mKamWv. c≠p XcØnemWv Cu ]cnKW\ th≠Xv. H∂v: Ip´nIƒ t\cnSp∂ {]iv\߃ _‘s∏´hcpsS {i≤bnsIm≠phcpIbpw kaqlØnepw IpSpw_Ønepw AhcpsS AhImi߃ ewLn°s∏Sp∂ns√∂v Dd∏m°pIbpw sNøpI, Ip´nIfpsS amXrIm]camb t\´ßfpw A\p`hßfpw P\ßfntes°Øn°pI. c≠v: Ip´nIsf ]{XtØmSv ASp∏n®p \n¿ØpI. C∂sØ Ip´nIƒ \msf ]{Xhmb\°mcmbn hf¿∂ns√¶nhcm≥ t]mIp∂ {]Xnk‘n hepXmWv. (AXp am[ya temIw Xncn®dn™Xn\p sXfnhmWp temIsaßpw Ip´nhmb\°msc (Young Readers) e£yam°n ]{X߃ \S∏nem°p∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ).

Cu c≠p Xeßfnepw tIcfØnse am[yaßfpsS CSs]S¬

F{XtØmfw ^e{]ZamsWt∂m AhbpsS kao]\ coXnbnF¥p am‰w thWsat∂m Hcp At\zjWw \S∂Xmbn Adnbn√. am[ya߃ ]cºcmKXamb Nne coXnIƒ ]n¥pScp∂X√msX amdnb kmlNcy߃°pXIp∂ XcØn¬ Cu hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xns\∏‰n N¿®Iƒ \S°p∂pan√. AØcsamcp ]T\Øn\v AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ {]kIvXntbsdbmWv. am[ya߃ F∂v Cu ]T\Øn¬ Dt±in°p∂Xv ]{Xßfpw Zriyam[yaßfpw Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\pIfpw tdUntbmbpw tN¿∂XmWv. Ip´nIƒ F∂p ]dbp∂Xv 1517 hbkp hscbp≈hscbpw (lb¿ sk°≥Udn hsc). hfsc hn]peamb Hcp taJebmWnXv .

AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ ]T\hnt[bamt°≠ taJeIƒ IrXyambn Nn´s∏SptØ≠Xp≠v.

Ip´nIƒ F∂p \mw s]mXphmbn ]dbp∂Xn¬ Xs∂ ]e hn`mKßfp≠v . DZmlcWw _methe sNtø≠n hcp∂h¿, sXcphpIp´nIƒ, ]mhs∏´ IpSpw_ßfnse Ip´nIƒ XpSßn ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´ hn`mKw, CSØcw IpSpw_ßfnse Ip´nIƒ, AanXamb kuIcyßfn¬ Ignbp∂h¿. ChcpsS {]iv\ßfpw ap≥KW\Ifpw kzm`mhnIambpw hyXykvXamWv. F√m hn`mKßsfbpw ]cnKWn°p∂ Hcp s]mXp kao]\w am{Xta CØcsamcp ]T\Øn¬ kzoIcn°m\mIq. Ip´nIƒ°p th≠n am{Xap≈ {]kn≤oIcWßsf Cu ]T\Øn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´n√. AXpt]mse Xs∂, kn\nabpw amKkn\pIfpw Cu ]T\Øns‚ ]cn[nbn¬ hcp∂n√. s]mXpam[ya߃ Ip´nIsf F{XtØmfw kzm[o\n°p∂p, Ip´nItfmSp≈ am[yaßfpsS kao]\w Fßs\, C\nbpw sa®s∏tS≠ taJeIƒ GsX√mw XpSßnbhbpambn _‘s∏´mWp ]T\w.

Xmsg∏dbp∂ hnjbßfn¬ am[yaßfpsS \ne]mSpIfpw dnt∏m¿´nMv coXnbpw ]T\hnt[bamt°≠Xp≠v.

1. bpF≥ AwKoIcn® Ip´nIfpsS AhImi߃ F{XtØmfw Ip´nIƒ°p e`n°p∂p, AhImiewL\w kw_‘n® {]iv \ ßfn¬ am[yaßfpsS \ne]mSv , AhImi kwc£WØn\v sNømhp∂ Imcy߃.

2. _methetbmSp≈ am[ya kao]\w.

3. Ip´nItfmSp≈ ssewKnI AXn{Ia߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ coXn. 4. Ip´n°p‰hmfnIsf kw_‘n°p∂ hm¿Ø kw_‘n® {]kv Iu¨kn¬ \n¿tZiw F{XtØmfw ]men°s∏Sp∂p.

5. FbnUvkv apXemb tcmKßfpsS CcIfmbpw a‰pw hnthN\w A\p`hn°p∂ Ip´nItfmSp≈ \ne]mSv (DZmlcWw amXm]nXm°ƒ \jv S s∏´, F®v s Fhn _m[nXcmb s_≥kWpw s_≥knbpw).

6. Ip´nIsf X´ns°m≠pt]mI¬, ZpcqlkmlNcyØnImWmXmI¬ (Be∏pgbn¬\n∂p ImWmXmb c≠mw mkv hnZym¿Yn cmlp¬), cmjv { Sob kwL¿jßfn¬s∏Sp∂ Ip´nIƒ (IÆqcn¬ Dt]£n°s∏´ t_mw_v s]m´n Iøpw IÆpw \jvSamb Aamhmkn F∂ A\mY_me≥, 2000¬ IqØp]dºnt_mwt_dn¬ Im¬]mZw \jv S s∏´ Akv \ ), Ip´nIfnse BfllXym{]hWX, ]mcnkv Y nXnI Zpc¥ßfn¬s∏Sp∂ Ip´nIƒ ( DZm: F≥tUmkƒ^m≥) XpSßnb {]iv\ßtfmSp≈

am[ya \ne]mS.v 7.Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymk ImcyØn¬ am[yaßfpsS ]¶v F) tIcfØn¬ ]mTy]≤Xn ]cnjv I cWw h∂tXmsS am[ya߃ ]T\klmbnIfpw Ip´nIƒ°pth≠nbp≈ {]tXyI ]cn]mSnIfpw Xbmdm°m≥ XpSßn. Ah F{XtØmfw ^e{]ZamWv Ip´nIƒ°pw, am[ya߃°pw. _n) bphPt\m¬khw, ImbnItaf, imkv{Xtaf XpSßnbhbpsS dnt∏m¿´nMv coXnIfn¬ h∂/ hcptØ≠ am‰w. kn) Fkv F kv F ¬knbn¬ \n∂v dm¶v t]mbtXmsS ^e{]Jym]\Ønse h¿Ws∏mena Ipd™p. Cu am‰w am[ya߃ Fßs\ ssIImcyw sNøp∂p.

Un) hnZym`ymk hm¿ØIfpw ]pckv I mcßfpw t\´ßfpw am[ya߃ AhXcn∏n°p∂ coXn. C)

"hnZym`ymkØn\v am[ya߃' (Newspaper in Education) F∂, a‰p cmPyßfn¬ Gsd {]m[m\yw e`n°p∂ Bibw

ChnsS F{XtØmfw hnPbIcamIp∂p.

8.

Ip´nhmb\°msc BI¿jn°m\p≈ a¬kcßfpsSbpw a‰p Imw]bn\pIfpsSbpw ^e{]m]vXn.

9.

am[yaßfpw hnZym¿YnIfpsS aqeyt_m[hpw.

apIfn¬ ]d™ Imcyßsf kw_‘n®v IrXyamb \bcq]oIcWw D≠mbn´n√.

am[ya

Cu taJeIfnse√mw am[yaßfpsS \bØnt\m {]NmcØnt\m FXncmImsX Xs∂ Ip´nIƒ°v A\pIqeamb Nne am‰ßƒ \ne]mSnepw AhXcWØnepw D≠m°mhp∂tXbp≈q. B hgn°p≈ Hcp At\zjWamWv "Ip´nbpw

am[yaßfpw' F∂ ]T\Øns‚ Dt±iyw. ]T\coXn aebmf at\mca, amXr`qan, tIcfIuapZn, Gjyms\‰v, kqcy, BImihmWn (Xncph\¥]pcw) XpSßnb am[ya kvYm]\ßfpsS Hm^nkv kμ¿in®v hnhc߃ tiJcn°¬, ]{Xkv Y m]\ßfnepw ]pdØpap≈ {]apJ am[ya {]h¿ØIcpambpw ]T\taJebnse hnZKv[cpambpw \nba hnZKv [ cpambpw Hs°bp≈ N¿®Iƒ, hnZym¿YnIfpsSbpw A[ym]IcpsSbpw kmw]nƒ {Kq∏pIƒ°v tNmZymhen \¬In hnhcw tiJcn°¬, a‰p cmPyßfn¬ kam\ taJeIfnse kvYnXn ]pkv X Ißfn¬\n∂pw am[ya ]T\ßfn¬\n∂psams° Is≠ج XpSßnbh Cu ]T\Øns‚ `mKambn \SØnbn´p≠v. kvYnXnhnhc °W°pIƒ°pw hkvXpXIƒ°pambn IqSpXB{ibn®n´p≈Xv tIm´bsØ aebmf at\mca FUnt‰mdnbsse{_dnsbbmWv. sN°v dn∏n°ns‚ XekvYm\amb {]mKn2010¬ \SØnb thƒUv bMv dotUgv k v tIm¨^dkn]s¶SpØXns‚ A\p`hßfpw ]T\Øn\p klmbIambn. hnhc߃ ]camh[n hkvXp\njvTam°m≥ {ian®n´p≠v. ka{Ktam ]q¿Wambpw B[nImcnItam BsW∂ AhImihmZØn\n√.

Cu hnjbsØ kw_‘n®v e`yamb BZy ]T\w F∂ \nebnHcp kqNItam XpS°tam Bbn am[ya߃°pw am[ya{]h¿ØI¿°pw Cu taJebn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ a‰p≈h¿°pw {]tbmP\s∏t´°pw F∂p {]Xo£n°p∂p.

A[ymbw: 1

Ccn∏nSw F√mh¿°pw, ]t£...

Hm^nkn\pw {]kn\pw Ah[nbmbXn\m¬ \msf ]{Xw {]kn≤oIcn°p∂X√' F∂ Adnbn∏v hmbn®mepw AsX√mw ad∂v ]nt‰Znhkw cmhnse ]{XØn\mbn ImØncn°pIbpw ZnhkØn¬ ]eh´w ]{Xw X∏pIbpw ]{Xw hmbn°m≥ IgnbmØXn¬ Akzkv Y cmIpIbpw sNøp∂ ]ckl{kw hmb\°mcp≈ \mSmWp \ΩptSXv. Adnbn°pI, hnt\mZn∏n°pI XpSßnb {]mYanI I¿Øhy߃°∏pdw kaqlØns‚ k¿hafießfpambpw _‘s∏Sp∂ NmeIiIvXnbmbn am[ya߃ hf¿∂p Ign™p.

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ am[ya߃ hnhn[ kmaqlnI hn`mKßfnsNepØp∂ kzm[o\sØ∏‰n ]Tnt°≠Xp≠v. cmjv{Sob, kmºØnI, {]mtZinI ASnkvYm\Øn¬ am{Xa√ hyIv X n]camb khntijXIfpsS ASnkv Y m\Ønepw am[yakzm[o\sØ hnebncpØWw. Ip´nIƒ, bphm°ƒ, h\nXIƒ, apXn¿∂ ]uc≥am¿, imcocnIambpw _p≤n]cambpw sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂h¿ XpSßnb hn`mKßsf s]mXpam[ya߃ F{XtØmfw {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂p F∂Xv am[ya ]T\ AP≠bnte°p Imcyambn IS∂ph∂n´n√. am[ya߃ F√m hn`mKßsfbpw {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂p F∂mWp hbv]v. Hcp ]cn[n hsc AXp bmYm¿YyamWp Xm\pw.

14 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

P\m[n]Xy]camWp ]{XßfpsS coXn. B¿°pw hm¿Ø \¬Im\mbn ]{Xßsf kao]n°mw. hnhmlw, acWw XpSßnb hyIvXn]camb hntij߃°pw ]{XßfnCSap≠t√m. cmjv{Sob, kmapZmbnI, hymhkmbnI kΩ¿Z {Kq∏pIsf Xr]v X ns∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn ]e aqeyßfpw am‰nhbv ° m≥ am[ya߃°p aSnbn√mXmbncn°p∂nStØmfw FØnbncn°p∂p Cu {]mXn\n[yw \¬I¬. ap≥KW\IfpsS ImcyØn¬ am[ya߃ hyIv X n F∂ \nebnep≈ hmb\°mcs‚ XmXv ] cysØ°mƒ a‰p ]e LSI߃°pamWv IqSpX¬ ]cnKW\ \¬Ip∂Xv. am[ya kv Y m]\ßfpsS XmXv ] cyßfpw {]NmchpamWv v ]et∏mgpw an° Xocpam\ßfpsSbpw t{]cIiIv X n F∂p h∂ncn°p∂p. apJw t\m°msX FgpXmt\m ]dbmt\m N¶q‰ap≈ am[ya߃ A]q¿hsa∂p ]dbmw. ]t£ Hmtcm ]{XØns‚bpw XmXv ] cy߃ hyXykv X amWv . AXn\m¬ Hcp am[yaw adbv°pItbm HXp°pItbm hfbv°pItbm sNøp∂ hm¿ØIƒ a‰p ]{X߃ \∂mbn sImSpsØ∂p hcmw. AXn\mam[yaßfpsS FÆw IqSpt¥mdpw Imcy߃ hkvXp\njvTambn ]pdØdnbm\p≈ km[yX IqSpw. {]Nmcw IqSpXtem Ipdthm BIs´, F√m am[yaßfpw \ne\n¬t°≠Xv kaqlØn\v BhiyamWv. Hcp ]{Xw am{Xw hmßp∂hcmWv _lp`qcn]£w hmb\°mcpsa∂Xn\m¬ F√m kXyßfpw ]{Xhmb°m¿ Adnbp∂n√. ]{X߃°v AhcptSXmb XmXv]cyw D≈Xpt]mse hmb\°m¿°pap≠v XmXv]cy߃. AXnt\mSv HØpt]mIp∂ ]{XamWv Ah¿ hmßp∂Xv F∂Xn\m¬ hmb\°m¿ an°hmdpw Adnbp∂XpsIm≠v Xr]vXcmIpIbpw sNøpw.

C\n Aßs\b√mØ hmb\°mcps≠¶n¬ Xs∂ an°hmdpw F√mhn`mKw P\Øn\pw th≠ Fs¥¶nepw hn`h߃ Znhkhpw ]{XØnep≠mIpsa∂Xn\m¬ sNdnb tXmXnse¶nepw Ghscbpw ]{Xw Xr]v X ns∏SpØpw. AXp Xs∂bmWp ]{XßfpsS km¿h{XnIamb kzoImcyXbv°p≈ Hcp ImcWw.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

15

hm¿Øm]camb {]mXn\n[yw ]cnKWn°ptºmƒ Zriyam[ya߃°v Iptd°qSn apdpInb LS\bmWv . B am[yaØns‚ {]tXyIX ]{XßfnteXp t]mse Abhp≈ {]mXn\n[ycoXn ]cnanXs∏SpØp∂p. AtXkabw hnt\mZw, hn⁄m\w XpSßnb hißfn¬ Zriyam[ya߃°v IqSpXhn`mKßsf Xr]vXns∏SpØm≥ ]‰p∂pap≠v.

amdnb ]{XtemIw hm¿ØIƒ Adnbn°pI F∂Xn\∏pdw sshhn[yØns‚ ]pØ≥]mXIfnte°v ]{X߃ k©cn°m≥ XpSßnbXv Zriyam[ya߃ sh√phnfn Db¿ØnbtXmsSbmWv. sshhn[yhXv I cWsØ°pdn®p≈ Dinc≥ Nn¥Iƒ hyXykv X amb Bibßfnte°p \bn®p. ]{XßfpsS te Hu´nepw Unssk\nepw am{Xa√, D≈S°Ønepw LS\bnepw hsc Cu am‰w {]Xn^en®p. CXns\m∏w hmb\°mcs‚ ap≥KW\Ifn¬ h∂ hyXymkßfpw am[ya߃°p ]cnKWnt°≠n h∂p. hm¿Ø AdnbpI F∂Xns\m∏w hyIv X n PohnXØnepw IpSpw_PohnXØnepw HutZymKnI PohnXØnepw D]Imcs∏Sp∂ F¥p≠v (≈‘≤≤‘Xv\ ‚±\p) F∂p IqSn hmb\°mc≥ At\zjn®p XpSßn.

Ip´nIƒ°p ]Tn°p∂Xn\v, tPmen In´p∂Xn\v, sa®s∏´ tImgv k pIƒ Xncs™Sp°p∂Xn\v , Hmlcnbn¬ ]Ww \nt£]n°p∂Xn\v,sImfkvt{Smƒ Ipdbv°p∂Xn\v F∂p XpSßn apJ°pcp C√mXm°p∂Xn\p hscbp≈ hnhc߃°mbn ]{Xßsfbpw B{ibn°mhp∂ kvYnXnbmWn∂v.

A[ymbw:2

aebmf am[ya temIw Nne s]mXp \nco£W߃ SnhnbneqsS X¬kabw kw`h߃ Adn™mepw hmbn®p IqSn Adn™mte Xr]vXn hcq F∂ hmb\°mcpsS at\m`mhw ]{XßfpsS \ne\n¬∏n\p sNøp∂ D]Imcw sNdpX√.

H∂mw t]Pnse eoUv (G‰hpw {][m\) hm¿ØapXAhkm\ t]Pnse ]cky߃°nSbn¬ Nn∂n®nXdn°nS°p∂ Ip™≥ hm¿ØIfpw ]ns∂ {]n‚¿, ]nj¿, No^v FUn‰¿ XpSßnbhcpsS t]cp kqNn∏n°p∂, Cw{]n‚ v F∂p ]{X`mjbnAdnbs∏Sp∂ Ahkm\ hcnbpw hsc hmbn°p∂hcpsS FÆw IpdbpIbmWv. `qcn]£w hmb\°mcpw C°meØv skeIv S ohv BWv .

Ahch¿°p Bhiyap≈Xpw XmXv ] cyap≈Xpw hniZambn hmbn°pw F∂p kmcw. `n∂ cpNn¿l temIw F∂Xp ]{Xhmb\°msc kw_‘n®pw {]kIvXamWv. {][m\ hm¿ØIƒ D≈ H∂mw t]Pnepw a‰pw GXm≠v F√m hmb\°mcpsSbpw {i≤ FØpw. AtXkabw hntZiw, hnZym`ymkw, hmWnPyw, ImbnIw, FUnt‰mdnb¬, Ncaw, kn\na, Snhn, hnhn[ knsa‚pIƒ XpSßnbh AXmXp taJeIfnXmXv]cyap≈h¿ am{Xta IqSpXembn hmbn°q.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

17

AXpsIm≠pXs∂bmWv F√m hn`mKw hmb\°mscbpw BI¿jn°pI F∂ e£ytØmsS ]eXcw knsa‚pIƒ ]{XØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv . IqSpX¬ knsa‚pIfpw kvs]j¬ t]PpIfpw XpSßp∂ ImcyØn¬ BtcmKyIcamb a¬kcw Xs∂ ]{X߃ XΩnep≠v. sXmgn¬]chpw Pohimkv{X]chpamb sshhn[yßsf°qSn bYm¿YØn¬ ]{X t]PpIfpw knsa‚pIfpw {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂p. hnZym`ymkw t]Pns‚ hmb\°m¿ hnZym¿YnIfpw A[ym]Icpw c£nXm°fpw Bbncn°pw. hmWnPyw t]Pv, _nkn\kv XXv]c¿ Bbncn°pat√m IqSpXembn hmbn°p∂Xv. ]{XØnse Pohimkv { X]camb sshhn[yw F∂XpsIm≠pt±in°p∂Xv Ip´nIƒ°p≈ t]Pv , tImfPv hnZym¿YnIƒ°p≈ t]Pv, bphm°ƒ°p≈ t]Pv, h\nXIƒ°p≈ t]Pv F∂nßs\bp≈hsbbmWv. Zriyam[yaßsf kw_‘n®pw, LS\m]camb hyXymkw am‰n\n¿Ønbm¬ apIfn¬ ]d™sXms° _m[IamWv. ]{Xw Ht∂m, Gdnbm¬ ct≠m am{Xta km[mcW hmb\°mc\p e`yamIq. AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ CjvS]{Xw Xncs™Sp°p∂XnHXpßp∂p hmb\°mcs‚ kzmX{¥yw. ]{XØnse CjvShn`hw Xncs™Sp°p∂ ImcyØnep≈ kzmX{¥yw ]cnanXamWv. Zriyam[ya cwKØmIs´ Xncs™Sp∏n\p≈ kzmX{¥yw ]q¿Wambpw t{]£I\mWv . GXp Nm\se∂Xpw GXp ]cn]mSnsb∂Xpsams° CjvSm\pkcWw Xocpam\n°mw. tIhew hnt\mtZm]m[n F∂ \nebn¬ am{XamWv Zriyam[ya߃ IqSpXembn D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂Xv. hm¿ØmNm\¬ hnhØn\p tijw Adnbm≥ Snhn D]tbmKn°p∂hcpsS D≠mbn´p≠v. ]t£ Snhn ImWp∂hcpsS XmcXays∏SpØptºmƒ hm¿Øm Nm\A{X hepX√.

hm¿Ø X¬kabw FÆØn¬ h¿[\ samØw FÆhpambn t{]£IcpsS FÆw

hm¿Øm Nm\epIfpw hnt\mZ Nm\epIfpw hnZym`ymk, ssh⁄m\nItaJeIƒ°p {]m[m\yw sImSpØpsIm≠p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ CubnsSbmbn IqSpX¬ kwt{]jWw sNøp∂p≠v.

18 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

tdUntbm BIs´ KXIme kph¿WImehpw Abhnd°n hoSpIfpsS aqeIfntem X´n≥]pdtØm Hs° s]mSn]nSn®p InS°pIbmbncp∂p. AtXkabw Xs∂ ]cºcmKXamb Hcp \yq\]£w t{imXm°ƒ F∂pw BImihmWn°v Dd® ]n¥pW sImSpØncp∂p. F^v F w ({^oIz≥kn tamUptej≥) Nm\epIfpsS hcthmsS tdUntbmbv ° v A£cm¿YØnim]tamjw e`n°pIbmbncp∂p. hml\ßfnepw ISIfnepsams° kZm ]ms´mgpInØpSßn. ]m´n\nSbv°p In´p∂ s]mSn hm¿ØIfpw Adnhns‚ \pdpßpIfpw t{imXm°ƒ°v IqSpX¬ BkzmZyambn. tdUntbm {]t£]W cwKØp≠mb \thm≥tajw BImihmWnbpsS ]cºcmKX ]cn]mSnItfmSp≈ XmXv]cyhpw Iq´n. hm¿Ømam[yaßsf kw_‘n® k¿h k¶¬]ßfpw s]mfns®gpXns°m≠mbncp∂p Hm¨sse≥ am[yaßfpsS hchv.

Iw]yq´dneqsSbpw samss_¬ t^mWpIfneqsSbpw hm¿ØIfpw Zriyßfpw kZm HgpIns°mt≠bncn°p∂p.

B¿°p thWsa¶nepw hm¿ØIƒ sh_vssk‰n¬ t]mkv‰v sNøm\pw FUnddv sNøm\pw A∏t∏mƒ {]XnIcWw Adnbn°m\pw km[n°pw. am[yaßsf kw_‘n® LS\m]camb {]tXyIXIfpw Hm¨sse≥ tPWenkw XI¿Øp. ]{Xw hmbn°p∂Xp t]mse Xs∂ C t]∏¿ hmbn°mw.

Snhn ImWp∂ t]mse ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWmw. Npcp°Ønhmbn°m\pw ImWm\pw tIƒ°m\psams°∏‰p∂ Hcp GI PmeI (knwKnƒ hn≥tUm) am[ya taJebmWv

C‚¿s\‰v.

Gsd°psd GIZnim tI{μoIrXambncp∂ am[yaßsf XpS¿®bmbn CSs]´v _lpZnim]cam°pIbmWv Hm¨sse≥ am[ya߃ sNbvXXv. a[y]q¿htZiØv AebSn®pb¿∂ P\m[n]Xy hnhØn\v hgnacp∂nSm\pw Du¿Pw ]Icm\pw t^kv _p°pw Szn‰dpw bp Syq_pw t]mep≈ Hm¨sse≥ CS߃°p km[n®p. Xo¿®bmbpw hcpwImeØv sR´n∏n°p∂ ]cnh¿Ø\߃°pw hnh߃°pw hgnacp∂nSm≥ Ignhp≈hbmWv Hm¨sse≥ am[ya߃.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

19

hensbmcp hn`mKw km[mcW°m¿°v t\cn´p≈ Iw]yq´¿ e`yXtbm Iw]yq´¿ km£cXtbm Cs√∂p≈XmWv ChbpsS Hcp ]cnanXn . F∂m¬ Ht∂m ct≠m ZiIØn\∏pdw Cu ]cnanXnIsf A{]kIv X am°m≥ X° IcptØmsSbmWp Hm¨sse≥ am[ya߃ hym]n°p∂Xv. am[yacwKsØ Cu am‰w I≠dn™p Xs∂bmWv h≥InS am[ya kvYm]\߃ ]cºcmKX coXnIƒ hn´v _lphn[ am[yaßfpsS πm‰vt^mambn hfcp∂Xv. F√m ]{X߃°pw Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\pIfp≠v . ]{XkvYm]\߃ hm¿ØmNm\epIfpw hnt\mZNm\epIfpw F^v F w tdUntbmIfpw XpSßp∂ Xnc°nemWv . ]e kvYm]\ßfpw CXn\p XpS°an´p Ign™p. \ne\n¬∏n\mbp≈ Cu h≥ hf¿®bv°nSbn¬ AXnPoh\tijn Ipd™ sNdpInS am[ya߃ sRcpßnbacm\pw km[yXbp≠v . CØcsamcp am[ya A¥co£Øn¬\n∂mWv Ip´nIfpw am[yaßfpw F∂ Cu At\zjWw Bcw`n°p∂Xv.

A[ymbw 3

F¥psIm≠p Ip´nIƒ ap≥]v ]{Xhmb\°mcpsS Iq´Ønse {][m\ LSIambncp∂n√ Ip´nIƒ. ]{Xw hmbn°mt\m hmßmt\m tijnbp≈hcmbn Ip´nIƒ ]cnKWn°s∏´ncp∂n√ F∂Xmhmw ImcWw. Zriyam[yaßfpsS kv Y nXnbpw hyXykv X ambncp∂n√.

Ip´nIfpambn kwhZn°p∂Xv ]cky߃ am{Xambncp∂p.

AtXkabw BImihmWn BZyw apXte Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ hnZym`ymk cwKw, _metemIw, civ a n XpSßnb ]cn]mSnIƒ {]t£]Ww sNbv X p. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ BZyImeØv IqSpX¬ inipkulrZ]camb am[yaw tdUntbm Bbncp∂p .

Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ {]kn≤oIcW߃ kzX{¥amb as‰mcp taJebmbnØs∂ \n∂p. apJym[mcm am[ya߃ Ip´nIsf XßfpsS Sm¿K‰v {Kq∏ns‚ GgbeØpt]mepw k¶¬]n®ncp∂n√. amdnb kmlNcy߃ Ip´nIsf apJy[mcm am[ya cwKsØ kp{][m\ LSIßfnsem∂m°nbncn°p∂p. aebmf am[ya cwKØpw A¬]w sshInbmsW¶nepw am‰w Zriyambn. ]{Xßfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°mbn {]tXyI t]PpIƒ, Snhn Nm\epIfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ XpSßnbh CXns‚ `mKamWv.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

21

F¥mWv Cu am‰Øn\p ImcWw? kmt¶XnI hnZy hnIkn®tXmsS am[yaßfpsS sshhn[yhpw ssh]peyhpw Gdn. A®Sn, sSenhnj≥, tdUntbm am[yaßfpsS kwKatI{μambn Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\pIfp≠mbn. hmb\°m¿ kzoI¿Ømhv F∂ \nebn¬\n∂v am[ya {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ kPoh CSs]SepIƒ \SØp∂hcmbn. am[ya߃ Ip´nIfpsS IsøØpwZqcØmWv. Ah Ip´nIfpsS am\knI hnImksØ kzm[o\n°p∂ G‰hpw henb LSIambncn°p∂p. AXp sIm≠p Xs∂ IcpXtemSpw {i≤tbmSpw IqSn am[yaßsf ssIImcyw sNtø≠Xv am[ya {]h¿ØIsc kw_‘n®pw hmb\°msc kw_‘n®pw kp{][m\ambn.

F∂m¬ aebmf am[ya cwKØv Cu Znibnep≈ ]T\w IpdhmWv . B\pImenIßfn¬ CSbv ° p {]Xy£s∏Smdpff teJ\߃ am{XamWv A]hmZw. `mhnhmb\°mcpw t{]£Icpambn Ip´nIsf hf¿Øns°m≠p htc≠Xns‚ {]m[m\yw am[yakvYm]\߃ Xncn®dn™p XpSßnbnt´bp≈q.

Pm{KX thWw Ip´nIfpsS AhImi߃ kvIqfnepw s]mXpkaqlØnepw ho´n¬t∏mepw ewLn°s∏Sp∂ kmlNcyamWp≈Xv. _methe tIcfØnepw Ipdh√. AXpt]mse Xs∂ imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb sh√phnfnIƒ (¶≤{’\p μ≤‘ Ÿ◊\py≤‚ \p\p{Ÿ) t\cnSp∂ Ip´nIfpsS {]iv\ßfpw GsdbmWv. F∂mCØcw {]iv \ ߃ aebmf am[ya߃ F{XtØmfw ^e{]Zambn ssIImcyw sNøp∂p F∂Xv Bflhna¿i\]cambn Nn¥nt°≠XmWv. AXpt]mse Xs∂ Ip´nIsf _m[n°p∂ hm¿ØIfnepw a‰p ]cn]mSnIfnepw th≠{X {i≤ ]pe¿Øp∂n√. ]{X߃, amknIIƒ, Snhn Nm\epIƒ, tdUntbm, C‚¿s\‰v, samss_¬ t^m¨ F∂nßs\ LS\bnepw cq]Ønepw sshhn[yam¿∂ am[yaßfneqsS Adnhns‚bpw hnt\mZØns‚bpw hnkv a b temIamWv bphXeapdbv ° p Xpd∂pIn´p∂Xv . \nb{¥W߃ Akm[yam°pw hn[w hnhcßfpsS IpsØmgp°mWv.

22 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

Hcp `mKØv kn\naIfpw a‰pw sk≥k¿ sNbv X pw dnt∏m¿´nßn\v am¿K\n¿tZi߃ G¿s∏SpØnbpsams° Ip´nIƒ°v A\`nejWobamb {]hWXIsf \nb{¥n°m≥ {ian°ptºmƒ adphiØv ho´nsebpw C‚¿s\‰v Is^Ifnsebpw kzImcyXIfn¬ Iw]yq´dpw samss_¬t^mWpw hgn Ip´nIƒ Xpds∂Sp°p∂ temIw AcpXpIƒ H´pan√mØXmWv. kmºØnIambpw kmaqlnIambpw ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hensbmcp hn`mKw Ip´nIƒ°v C∂pw Snhnbpw tdUntbmbpw Xs∂bmWv apJyambpw B{ibn°m\mIp∂ am[ya߃.

C‚¿s\‰v t]mep≈ ]pXpam[ya߃ kaqlØns‚ XmtgØ´nte°v Cdßnh∂psIm≠ncn°p∂tXbp≈q.

Snhn t]mep≈ am[yaßfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°p tbmPn°p∂ KpWta≥abp≈ ]cn]mSnIfpsS Ipdhv hensbmcp {]iv\amWv. AXn\p ]Icw apXn¿∂ icmicn t{]£I¿°p th≠n D≠m°p∂ A{Iahpw Ielhpw Bimkya√mØ aqeyßfpw IpØnØncpInb, sshhn[yw H´pan√mØ ]cn]mSnIƒ Ip´nIfpw ImtW≠nhcp∂p. (Snhn Ip´nIfnep≠m°p∂ kzm[o\w CØcsamcp ]T\Øn¬ hniZ ]cnKW\ A¿ln°p∂Xn\m]Ømw A[ymbØn¬ hniZambn N¿® sNøp∂p≠v).

am[yaßfpsS tamiw kzm[o\w am[ya߃ Ip´nIfn¬ Hcp]mSp KpW]camb am‰ßƒ D≠m°p∂psh∂Xn¬ X¿°an√. AtXkabw am[ya kzm[o\w aqew {]iv\ßfpap≠mIp∂p≠v. AØcw Nne {]hWXIƒ°v DZmlcW߃: * Ip´nIfpsS kz`mhcq]oIcWØnse \n¿WmbI LSIßfmb IpSpw_w, kv I qƒ, kaqlw XpSßnbhbpsS kzm[o\w Ipdbm\nSbm°p∂p. *kmaqlnI klIcWw Ipdbm\nSbm°p∂p. *PohnXaqeyßsf kw_‘n®v Bib°pg∏ap≠mIm\nSbp≠v. {]tXyIn®v ]e cmPyßfn¬\n∂p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWptºmƒ. *]ckyßfpw hm¿Ø As√¶n¬ ]cn]mSnIfpw XΩnep≈

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

23

AXn¿hcºpIƒ Xncn®dnbm≥ sNdnb Ip´nIƒ°p IgnbmsX t]mIp∂p. *Snhnbnepw a‰pap≈ AXn`mhpIXzw \nd™ temIw \nc¥cw ImWp∂ Ip´nIƒ PohnX bmYm¿Yyßsf a\knem°m≥ sI¬]n√mØhcmbn amdntb°mw. *klnjvWpXbpw £abpw Ipdbm\pw km[yXbp≠v. *k¿KmflIX, kwkv I mcw F∂nhbn¬ \n∂v Ip´nIƒ AIem≥ CSbm°ntb°mw. *c£nXm°fpambn {]iv \ ߃ t\cn´p N¿® sNøm\p≈ A¥co£w C√mØ IpSpw_ßfnse Ip´nIƒ hyIvXn_‘߃, ssewKnIX, FbnUvkv, elcn XpSßnbhsb kw_‘ns®ms° Bib cq]oIcWw \SØp∂Xv am[yaßfn¬\n∂p In´p∂ A]q¿Wtam Nnet∏mƒ hnIetam Bb [mcWIfpsS shfn®ØnemImw. Adnhns‚bpw A\p`hØns‚bpw N{Ihmfw hnIkn°m\pw hna¿i\mflIambn Nn¥n°m\pw Ip´nIsf klmbn°p∂p F∂Xv am[ya kzm[o\Øns‚ \√ hiamWv. 2001¬ bp\kvtIm {]kn≤oIcn® Cb¿_p°v Hu´vep°vkv Hm¨ Nn¬{U≥ B≥Uv aoUnbbn¬ Cßs\ ]dbp∂p; Ip´nIfpsS Bflm`nam\hpw iIv X nbpw Nn¥Ifpw {]ISn∏n°s∏SpIbpw AwKoIcn°s∏SpIbpw thWw. kaqlØns‚ `mKamWv Ip´nIfpw F∂ t_m[w hf¿ØWw. kz¥w \mSns‚ kwkvImcsØ∏‰n Adnhp≠mIWw. a‰p≈hsc a\knem°p∂Xn\p≈ Xncn®dnhpw Ip´nIfn¬ D≠mIWw. Ip´nIfpsS kz¥w kz]v \ ßfpw {]mtZinIamb kwkvImchpsams° am[ya߃ GgpXpItbm ImWn°pItbm sNøWw. Ip´nIfpsS IgnhpIfpw Pn⁄mkbpw h¿[n∏n°pIbpw am[yaßsf kw_‘n®p hna¿i\mflIambn Nn¥n°m\p≈ tijn hf¿ØpIbpw thWw. kaqlØn¬ IqSpX¬ kPohambn CSs]Sm≥ Ip´nIsf {]m]vXcm°Ww.Ip´nIfpsS {]iv\߃ kw_‘n® IhtdPv

24 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

sa®s∏SpØpIbpw thWw. tIcfØn¬ am[yaßfpw Ip´nIfpw F∂ hnjbsØ∏‰n Kuchamb ]T\߃ D≠mbn´ns√¶nepw temIØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfnam[yaßsf Fßs\ IqSpXinipkulrZ]cam°mw F∂ BtemN\Iƒ \S∂n´p≠v. Cu hnjbhpambn _‘s∏´ cmPym¥c ktΩf\ßfpw kwLSn∏n°p∂p≠v.

A[ymbw 4

]{Xw ho´nepw kvIqfnepw ]{XØn¬ Ip´nIƒ Fßs\ {]Xn\n[oIcn°s∏Sp∂p F∂Xpt]mse Xs∂ {][m\amWv Ip´nIƒ ]{Xßsf Fßs\ D]tbmKn°p∂p F∂Xv. A£cw Iq´nhmbn°p∂ {]mbØn¬ Xs∂ Ip´nIsf ]{Xhmb\bnte°p \bn°p∂Xv Gsd KpWw sNøpw. (F¬]n ¢mkv apXte ]{XØnte°v Ip´nIsf \bnt°≠Xp c£nXm°fpsSIqSn ISabmWv). ]{Xhmb\ ioeamb Ip´nIƒ a‰p Ip´nIsf°mƒ `mjbpsS ImcyØnepw s]mXphn⁄m\Øns‚ ImcyØnepw Gsd ap∂nemsW∂Xv ]e ]T\ßfnepw sXfn™n´p≠v.

(Ip´nIfnse ]{Xhmb\sb∏‰n Cu ]T\Øn\p th≠n \SØnb k¿thbpsS ^e߃ 16mw A[ymbØnep≠v.) ]t£ ]e hoSpIfnepw ]{Xw apXn¿∂h¿°p≈ hmb\mkma{KnbmWv. hnZym`ymkw Itºmfh¬°cWØn\p h¿[n® tXmXn¬ hnt[bam°s∏´p sIm≠ncn°p∂ C°meØv Syqj\pw ImWm∏mTw ]Tn°p∂Xn\pamWv htcWyw F∂p IcpXs∏Sp∂ an°hmdpw kvIqfpIfn¬ {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂Xv. inipa\»mkv{Xhpw hnZym`ymkØns‚ bYm¿Y e£yamb ka{K hyIvXn hnImkhpsams° G´n¬ am{XamIp∂p. ss{]adn kvIqƒ ]T\Øn\p t]mepw _m¶v hmbv] FSp°m≥ c£nXm°ƒ

26 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

XbmdmIp∂ XcØnte°v hnZym`ymkw kw_‘n® ImgvN∏mSv A[x]Xn®ncn°p∂p. ^etam, Ip´n sNdp{]mbØn¬ Xs∂ Syqjs‚bpw ImWm∏mTw ]Tn°ens‚bpw ]nSnbnemIp∂p. Ifn®pw Nncn®pw hfcm\p≈ Ip´nbpsS AhImiw \ntj[n°s∏Sp∂p. Adnhns‚ hnimeamb temIw sIm´nbSbv°s∏Sp∂p.

ho´n]{Xhmb\sb kw_‘n® s]mXp Nn{Xw Xs∂ hoSns‚ DΩdØncp∂p NqSpNmbbv s °m∏w ]{Xw hmbn®ncn°p∂ ho´pImct‚XmWt√m. ]{Xw ho´nse apXn¿∂ BfptSXmWv F∂ B at\m`mhw amdntb Xocq. ]¶n´p hmbn°m\p≈XmWp ]{Xw. kvIqfn¬ t]mIp∂Xn\p ap≥]v ]{Xw H∂v HmSn®phmbn°p∂Xns\¶nepw Ip´n°v Ahkcw e`n°Ww. cmhnse kabw e`n®ns√¶n¬ sshIpt∂csa¶nepw Ip´nIƒ ]{Xw hmbn°p∂psh∂v ho´pIm¿ Dd∏m°Ww. ImcWw GXp Syqjs\°mfpw ^ew Xcp∂ ]T\ kma{KnbmWp ]{Xw. tIcfØnse kv t ‰‰v kne_kv kv I qfpIfn¬ hnZym`ymk ]cnjvIcWØns‚ ^eambn ]pXnb ]mTy]≤Xn h∂tXmsS ]T\Øn\pw AXn\p≈ XbmsdSp∏nepw ]{X߃°pw ]pkvXI߃°pw {]m[m\yw ssIh∂p. hm¿ØmUbdn FgpXp∂ ioew h∂p. kvIqƒ Akwnbnhm¿Ø hmbn°m≥ th≠n Ip´nIƒ ]{Xw hmbn°m≥ XpSßn. anI® A[ym]I¿ D≈ kv I qfpIfn¬ AXp XpScp∂pap≠v .

AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ ]T\ kma{Kn IqSnbmWv F∂ Xncn®dnthmsS thWw ho´nepw ]{XsØ ssIImcyw sNøm≥. temIØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfnep≈ Bbnc°W°n\p t]cpsS A[zm\Øns‚ ^eamWv Hmtcm ZnhksØ ]{Xhpw. temIØns‚ IÆmSnbmWXv . s]mXphn⁄m\hpw hmb\bnse thKhpw am{Xa√, kmaqlnI Aht_m[hpw A£cs؉n√msX FgpXm\p≈ Ignhpw ]ZkºØpw Hs° ]{Xhmb\bneqsS hfcpw.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

27

kvIqfnIgn™ ]Øp h¿jØn\p≈ntIcfØnse kvIqfpIfn¬({]tXyIn®v s]mXphnZymebßfn¬) ]{XØns‚ {]m[m\yw Gsd h¿[n®p. ]{Xw mkv apdnbnse kPoh ]T\kma{Knbmbn amdn. ]pXnb ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ ]{Xhpambn _‘s∏´ ]T\{]h¿Ø\߃°v {]apJ kvYm\w e`n®p. Akwªnbnepw mknepw Znhtk\ hm¿Ø AhXcn∏n°pI, hm¿Ømt_m¿Unhnhn[ {Kq∏pIfmbn Ip´nIƒ hm¿Ø FgpXnbnSpI XpSßnb {]h¿Ø\߃ kvIqfpIfn¬ \S°mdp≠v.

FUnt‰mdnb¬ FgpXpI, hm¿Ø Xbmdm°pI, Xes°´nSpI, ASn°pdn∏v Xbmdm°pI, IsøgpØp amknI D≠m°pI, Nph¿ amknI Xbmdm°pI XpSßn sshhn[yam¿∂ Ht´sd {]h¿Ø\߃°p≈ ASnkv Y m\ kma{KnbmWp ]{Xw. sslkvIqƒ, lb¿ sk°≥Udn ¢mkpIfn¬ ]{Xm[njvTnX ]T\{]h¿Ø\߃°v kp{][m\ ]¶p≠v . (]{Xhpambn _‘s∏´ Nne ]T\{]h¿Ø\߃ A\p_‘w 3¬ ImWpI). hnZym`ymkØn]{XßfpsS ]¶p h¿[n®Xpw ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬t∏mepw ]{X߃ kv Y m\w t\SnbXpw tIcfØn¬ am{Xw kw`hn® Imcya√. cmPym¥c XeØn¬ Xs∂ D≠mb am‰amWXv . XmcXtay\ Xmßmhp∂ hnebp≈Xpw In´m≥ Ffp∏ambXpamb ]{Xw hnZym`ymkØn¬ IqSpXD]tbmKn°s∏´p. Cu Ahkcw ]{XßfpsS {]Nmc h¿[\bv ° p≈ h≥ Ahkcw Xpd∂nSp∂Xmbn ]{X kvYm]\ßfpw Xncn®dn™p. \yqkvt]∏¿ C≥ FPypt°j≥ Fs∂mcp {]kvYm\w Xs∂ cmPym¥cXeØn¬ Bcw`n°s∏´p (CtX∏‰n 14mw A[ymbØn¬ N¿® sNøp∂p≠v.) ]{Xßfpw kv I qfpIfpambn tN¿∂v Ht´sd ]cn]mSnIƒ kwLSn∏n°m≥ XpSßn. kvIqfpIfn¬ ]{XßfpsS kzoImcyX h¿[n®p. ]e ]{Xßfpw {]Nmc h¿[\ e£yan´v am¿°‰nMv ]cn]mSnIfpw Bcw`n®p. kv I qfpIfn¬ kv t ]m¨k¿amcpsS klmbtØmsS ]{XßfpsS IqSpXtIm∏nIƒ e`yam°p∂Xn\p≈ ]cn]mSnIfpw CXns‚ `mKambn Bcw`n®p.

28 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

aebmf at\mcabpsS hmb\°fcn, amXr`qanbpsS a[pcw aebmfw XpSßnbh DZmlcWw. F∂m¬ ]{X{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ hnhn[ hißsf∏‰nbpw ]{X߃ Fßs\ ]T\Øn¬ IqSpX¬ ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKn°msa∂Xns\ kw_‘n®pw A[ym]I¿°pw hnZym¿YnIƒ°pw [mcW°pdhp≠v. ]pXpXeapd ]{XØn¬ \n∂Iep∂psh∂ ]cntZh\߃ C√mXm°n ]{XßfpsS tim`\amb `mhn Dd∏m°p∂Xn\mbn ]{X kv Y m]\߃ Cu taJebn¬ h¿[n® tXmXnep≈ CSs]SepIƒ \StØ≠Xmbn´p≠v.

A[ymbw 5

am[yaßfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°mbn..... ]{XØns‚ hnhn[ `mK߃ ]cntim[n®mtem? Ip´nIƒ°p {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂Xpw Ah¿ Adntb≠Xpamb hm¿ØIfpambn hnZym`ymk t]Pv an° ]{X߃°pap≠v. ]T\Imcyßfnt\cn´p klmbw \¬Ip∂ kv I qƒ t]PpIfpw an° ]{X߃°pap≠v .

Ip´nIƒ ]{XsØ h≥tXmXnB{ibn°p∂Xn\v Ch klmbn®p. a‰p hm¿ØIfnepw Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ hnjb߃°v tamia√mØ kvYm\w Xs∂bp≠v.

Fkv F kv F ¬kn, lb¿ sk°≥Udn XpSßnb ]co£m^e߃, hnZym`ymk cwKØp≠mIp∂ am‰ßƒ, bphPt\m¬khw, ImbnItaf, imkv { Xtaf XpSßnbh hm¿ØIfpsS kv Y ncw hnjbßfmWv . A]ISßfnepw a‰p Zpc¥ßfnepsams° Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ BwKnfpIƒ°v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw e`n°p∂p. ]{X߃ BtLmj]q¿hw dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXncp∂ Nne kvIqƒ hm¿ØIfn¬ h∂ am‰hpw {it≤bamWv. kvIqfpIfn¬ am¿°n\p ]Icw t{KUv hcpIbpw FkvFkvF¬kn°v dm¶v C√mXmIpIbpw sNbv X tXmsS ]Ømw mkv ] co£m^ew dnt∏m¿´v sNbv X ncp∂Xns‚ ]In´v Ipd™ncn°p∂p. ap≥]v ]{Xw Hm^nkpIfn¬ Xs∂ dnkƒ´v H´n°p∂ ]Xnhp≠mbncp∂p. AXp t\m°m≥ ]{Xw Hm^nkpIfn¬ h≥ P\{]hmlambncp∂p. H∂mw t]Pnse {][m\ hm¿Ø Xs∂ dm¶v tPXm°fpsS hnhcßfmbncp∂p. aq∂mw \mepw t]Pp \ofp∂ hntijßfpw _m°n Pbn®hcpsS dPnkv ‰ ¿ \ºcpIfpambncp∂p. a‰p

30 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

hm¿ØIƒ B Znhkw Xosc°pdhmbncp∂p.

Ct∏mtgm, ^ew {]Jym]n®p F∂Xn\p ]pdsa dnkƒ´v In´p∂ sh_vssk‰v hnemkßfpw Nne kvYnXnhnhnc°W°pIfpw am{Xw. ]{XØns‚ 80% kvYew A]lcn®ncp∂ kw`hw GdnbmHcp t]Pv F∂ \nebnembn.

AXpt]mse Xs∂ lb¿ sk°≥UdnbpsS {]m[m\yw IqSnbn´p≠v . F∂m¬ am[ya߃°v Ct∏mgpw {][m\w Fkv F kv F ¬knbmWv .

Ip´nIƒ°p≈ t]PpIfn{]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xv ]Ømw mkv ]T\klmbnbmWv. F∂mamdnb kmlNcyØn¬ lb¿sk°≥UdnbmWv kv I qƒ ss^\se∂pw hgnØncnhmIp∂ tImgvsk∂pap≈ [mcW s]mXp kaqlØn¬ D≠m°m\pw AXn\v A\pkrXambn hm¿ØIƒ AhXcn∏n°m\pw am[ya߃ ap≥IsøSp°Ww. lb¿ sk°≥Udn Ign™p≈ tImgvkpIsf kw_‘n®v IqSpXhnhc߃ \¬IWw. tIcfob kaqlsØ _m[n®ncn°p∂ as‰mcp {]hWXbmWv F≥{S≥kv Pzcw. kzm{ib tImfPpIƒ ap°n\v ap°n\v Db¿∂p h∂tXmsS 12 Ign™m¬ F≥Pn\obdnMv As√¶n¬ saUnkn≥ F∂XmWp kv Y nXn. sacns‰¶n¬ sacn‰v , Imsi¶n¬ Imiv CXn\nSbn¬ ]Wan√mØ amXm]nXm°ƒ°v P\n®p F∂ Ip‰w sIm≠v CjvSap≈ tImgvkv ]Tn°m≥ IgnbmsX t]mIp∂hcpsS k¶Sw Bcp ImWm≥. Cu F≥{S≥kv Pzcw a\knem°nbmWp am[ya߃ AXpambn _‘s∏´ hm¿ØIƒ°v Gsd {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂Xv. AXns\mØv Cu {]hWX IqSpIbpw sNøpw. CØcw Imcyßfn¬ hmb\°m¿°v ]n∂mse ]mbp∂Xn\p ]Icw ap≥]n¬ Ibdn hmb\°msc icnbmbn \bnt°≠Xp am[yaßfpsS kmaqlnIamb DØchmZnØamWv. bphPt\m¬khw, ImbnI taf, imkv{Xtaf F∂nhbnsebpw dnt∏m¿´nMv coXnIƒ°p am‰w h∂n´p≠v. Chbn¬ Imcyamb am‰w hcmØXv kv I qƒ ImbnItaf dnt∏m¿´nßn\mWv . bphPt\m¬khßfn¬ t{KUnMv h∂tXmsS h¿Ws∏mena Ipds™¶nepw IqSpX¬ BtcmKyIcambn. am[yaßfmIs´ a¬kc®qSn\p ]Icw Iebnse am\hnImwi߃ Xnc™p≈ lypa≥ C‚dkv‰v kvt‰mdnIƒ°p ]n∂msebmWp ]m®n¬. Xo¿®bmbpw AXp \√ am‰amWv.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

31

Nne¶bpw \rØ hkv { Xßfpw ISwhmßn h∂v IøSnt\SnbhcpsSbpw a‰pw IYIƒ BthiapW¿Øpw.

AtXkabw hr° hn‰pt]mepw Ip´nsb bphPt\m¬kh thZnbnseØn® AΩamsc t•mdnss^ sNøp∂Xv sX‰mb ktμiamInt√ \¬Ip∂Xv. bphPt\m¬kh dnt∏m¿´nßn\pw t]Pv Unssk\nepsams° BtcmKyIcamb a¬kcamWv am[ya߃ XΩnep≈Xv . ]pXpatbdnb ]e a¬kcßfpw CXns‚ `mKambn kwLSn∏n°p∂p. AtXkabw, bphPt\m¬khw ImWm≥ hcp∂hcpsS hkv { Xw ]{Xw \n¿tZin°p∂ \ndØnep≈XmsW¶n¬ kΩm\w \¬Ip∂ t]mep≈h _meniamb a¬kcßft√ F∂pw Ip´nIfn¬ F¥p ktμiamWh ]Icp∂sX∂pw IqSn BtemNn°Ww. ImWmXmIp∂ Ip´nIsf kw_‘n® dnt∏m¿´nMv ]et∏mgpw Ip´nIsf XncnsI In´m≥ klmbIamImdp≠v. Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ Zpc¥ßfp≠mIptºmƒ AØcw Zpc¥ßƒ Bh¿Øn°mXncn°p∂Xn\p≈ hgnIƒ {]kn≤oIcn°p∂ hfsc KpWIcamb {]hWX CubnsSbmbn ]{Xßfn¬ ImWp∂p≠v.

AØcw aqeyh¿[nX dnt∏m¿´nMv ]{XßfpsS kmaqlnI {]Xn_≤X h¿[n∏n°pw. sSenhnj\nepw Ip´nIsf e£yan´p≈ ]cn]mSnIfpsS FÆØn¬ h¿[\ D≠mbn´p≠v. (AtX∏‰n hniZambn ]Ømw A[ymbØnep≠v). Ip´nIƒ°p am{Xambn aebmfØn¬ Nm\Bcw`n°p∂nStØmfw FØn B hf¿® (kqcybpsS sIm®p Snhn). inipkulrZ ]cn]mSnIfpsS ImcyØn¬ tdUntbm ]t≠ IcpØp sXfnbn®n´p≠v . F∂m¬ _metemIØns‚bpw civanbpsSbpsams° ImeØp\n∂v Imcyamb apt∂m´p t]m°v D≠mbn´n√ F∂Xv BImihmWnbpsS ]cnanXn Xs∂bmWv. ]pXpXeapd am[yaamb Hm¨sse\nepw Ip´nIfpsS ]¶mfnØhpw {]tbmKhpw Gsd h¿[n®phcp∂p. ]e ]{Xßfpw AhcpsS Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\n¬ Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ {]tXyI Nm\epIƒ Hcp°nbn´p≠v. (hniZambn 13mw A[ymbØn¬ N¿® sNøp∂p≠v.)

A[ymbw 6

Ip´nIsf dnt∏m¿´v sNøptºmƒ Ip´nItfm AhcpsS {]iv \ ßtfm Dƒs∏´ hm¿ØIfpw kw`hßfpw Znhtk\ Ft∂mWw am[yaßfn¬ hcmdp≠v .

AØcw hm¿ØIfn¬ hmb\°mcs‚ ]£Øp\n∂p Nn¥n®v Ah¿°v G‰hpw Cjv S amIp∂ XcØn¬ Imcy߃ AhXcn∏n°pI F∂ ]Xnhp dnt∏m¿´nMv , FUn‰nMv \bw Xs∂bmWv ]n¥pScp∂Xv. Zpc¥apJßfn¬s∏Sp∂ Ip´nIsf sslsse‰v sNbvXp hm¿Ø sImSp°p∂Xv Zpc¥Øns‚ `oIcX P\lrZbßfnseØn°m≥ D]Imcs∏Spsa¶nepw AXv B Ip´nIƒ°pw _‘p°ƒ°p ap≠m°p∂{]bmkwIqSn ]cnKWn°s∏tS≠Xp≠v.

Imk¿tIms´ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ _m[nX {]tZißfnP\n°p∂ sshIeyw _m[n® Ip´nIfpsS Nn{Xhpw Zriyhpw am[yaßfn¬ Bh¿Øn®mh¿Øn®p hcp∂Xv DZmlcWw. Ip´nIƒ {]tXyI {i≤ A¿ln°p∂ hn`mKamsW∂pw Ah¿ Dƒs∏´ kw`hßfpw hm¿ØIfpw AhXcn∏n°ptºmƒ ]men°s∏tS≠Xv {]tXyI am\ZfißfmsW∂pap≈ [mcW am[ya{]h¿Ø\ ]cnioe\ßfntem am[ya kvYm]\ßfntem \¬Ip∂n√. hml\m]ISØn¬ amXm]nXm°ƒ \jvSs∏´ Ip™ns‚ tm¨ A]v sNbv X Zb\ob apJhpw BcpsSbpw Icfenbn°p∂

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

33

`mjbnep≈ k¶SNn{XoIcWhpw Ip´nbpsS GsX¶nepw XcØnepff AhImiewL\amIp∂pt≠m F∂v Bcpw ]cntim[n°mdn√.

F∂p am{Xa√, H‰s∏´p t]mb B Ip´nbpsS hm°pIfpw Nn¥Ifpambn AhXcn∏n°p∂ Imcy߃ an°t∏mgpw teJIcpsS `mh\mhnemkßfpambncn°pw. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw thdn´ Hcp hyIv X nbmsW∂pw \nba]cambnØs∂ Ht´sd AhImi߃ Ahƒt°m Aht\m Ds≠∂pap≈ hkvXpX am[yatemIw C\nbpw {i≤n®p XpSßnbn´n√. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw kzX{¥ hyIvXnbmsW∂p≈ _lpam\w \¬In thWw AhtcmSv kwkmcn°m\pw Nn{XsaSp°m\pw am[yaßfnAhXcn∏n°m\pw. AXnkq£vaamWv C°mcyØn¬ ]ment°≠ AXn¿hcºpIƒ.

Ip´nIfpsS kΩXw C√msX AhcpsS t^mt´m FSp°p∂Xv AhImiwewL\amsW∂p hmZn°p∂hcp≠v. 1972¬ hnb‰v\mw bp≤ImeØv Atacn°bpsS t_mw_v h¿jap≠mbt∏mƒ \·bmbn \nehnfn®psImt≠mSp∂ H≥]XpImcn Inw ^p°ns‚ ]Sw F√mhcpsSbpw Hm¿abnep≠mIpw. AhnsS \nIv DSv F∂ s^mt´m{K^¿ InΩns‚ kΩXsam∂pw hmßnbn´√ ]SsaSpØXv F∂p hyIvXw.

34 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

\nehnfnt®mSp∂ s]¨Ip´nbpsS \·Nn{Xw {]kn≤oIcn®Xv AhfpsS AhImißfnep≈ IS∂pIb‰ambn Xo¿®bmbpw hymJym\n°mw.

F∂mAXns‚ kμ¿`w IqSn ]cnKWn°s∏tS≠Xp≠v . bp≤Øn\v FXnsc Atacn°bn¬t]mepw iIvXamb P\hnImcap≠m°m≥ Cu Hscm‰ s{^bnan\p Ign™p. bp≤ `oIcX Bbncw hcnIsf°mƒ iIvXambn hn\nabw sNøm\pw km[n®p. t\∏mw t_mw_v krjv S n°p∂ AhImiewL\߃°p ap∂n¬ F{X \nkmcamWv t^mt´m {]kn≤oIcn®XneqsS D≠mb AhImi ewL\w. F∂m¬ Ifn®psImt≠m Ipfn®psImt≠m \n¬°ptºmgmWv Cu s]¨Ip´nbpsS ]Sw FSpØsX¶ntem? am¿K\n¿tZi߃°pw \nba߃°pa∏pdw am[ya {]h¿ØI¿ ]pe¿tØ≠ D∂Xamb \oXnt_m[Øn\pw hnthN\ _p≤n°pw DZmlcWamWv CXv . ]Sw FSpØ kμ¿`w t]mse Xs∂ {][m\amWv AXv GXp kμ¿`Øn¬ D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂p F∂Xpw. km[mcW kμ¿`Øn¬ FSpØ ]p©ncn°p∂ s]¨Ip´nbpsS Nn{Xw Hcp ]t£ Ip´nIfpsS ]oU\sØ∏‰nbp≈ ^o®dn^b]Sambn D]tbmKn°s∏t´°mw. t^mt´mKm^¿ AXdnbWsa∂p t]mepan√.

AXpt]mse Xs∂ Ip´nIfpambn A`napJw \SØptºmgpw AtX∏‰n FgpXpItbm AhXcn∏n°pItbm sNøptºmgpw Gsd {i≤ ]pe¿tØ≠Xp≠v. GXp `mKw Fßs\ {]kn≤oIcn°p∂p (kwt{]jWw) sNøp∂p F∂dnbm≥ Ip´n°pw AhImiap≠v. c£nXmthm A[ym]It\m t]mse th≠s∏´ apXn¿∂ HcmfpsS km∂n[yØn¬ am{Xta Ip´nIfpambn A`napJw \SØm≥ ]mSp≈q. sNdnb Ip´nIfpsS ImcyØn¬ c£nXmhns‚ kΩXw AXymhiyamWv . CØcw \nb{¥W߃ hm¿Øm dnt∏m¿´nßns‚ t]cnD≠mIm\nSbp≈ AhImiewL\߃°p XSbnSpI F∂Xp e£yan´mWv. t]mkn‰ohmb Imcyßfn¬ t]mepw hm¿Ø FSp°pwap≥]v c£nXmhns‚ kΩXw hmtß≠XmWv . DZmlcWambn, CcpssIIfpw \jvSamb Ip´n Im¬ D]tbmKn®v FgpXpIbpw

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

35

hcbv°pIbpw Iw]yq´¿ D]tbmKn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. ]Ømw ¢mkv ]co£bv°v Ahƒ G‰hpw anI® hnPbw t\Sptºmƒ AXp kw_‘n® hm¿Ø {]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xv Xo¿®bmbpw Hcp]mSp t]¿°v Bthiw \¬Ip∂Xmbncn°pw. tIcfØnse am[ya kwkv I mcw A\pkcn®v CØcw hm¿ØIƒ P\ßfnseØn°m≥ am[ya߃ XΩna¬kcambncn°pw. F∂m¬ C‚¿\mj\¬ s^Utdj≥ Hm^v tPWenkv ‰ ns‚ am¿K\n¿tZiw A\pkcn®v Ip´nbpsS c£nXmhn\v GsX¶nepw XcØnep≈ XmXv]cy°pdhps≠¶nAØcw hm¿Ø t]mepw {]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xp [m¿anIambn icnb√.

AXpt]mse Xs∂ NqjWØn\v CcbmIp∂ Ip´nIsf°pdn®p≈ hnhc߃ dnt∏m¿´v sNøptºmƒ ({]tXyIn®v At\zjWmflI hm¿ØIƒ) hm¿ØbpsS DdhnSßfpsS kzImcyX ImØpkq£n°p∂ ImcyØn¬ AXohPm{KX ]pe¿ØWw. As√¶n¬ AXnepƒs∏Sp∂ Ip´nIƒ°v `ojWnbmtb°mw. Nnet∏mƒ DdhnS߃ shfns∏Sp∂Xp ]{X{]h¿ØI¿°p Xs∂bpw `ojWn BIpw. ]{X{]h¿ØIcpsS hnizmkyXtbbpw AXp_m[n°pw.

Npcp°Øn¬ Ip´nIsf dnt∏m¿´v sNøptºmƒ AhcpsS hyIvXn kzmX{¥yhpw AhImihpw l\n°s∏SmsX kq£vaXtbmsS ssIImcyw sNøm\p≈ IcpX¬ am[ya{]h¿ØI¿°v D≠mIWw.

A[ymbw 7

Ip´nIfpsS AhImißfpw am[yaßfpw Nne {]tXyI AhImi߃ Ip´nIƒ°p e`yamtI≠Xps≠∂Xv F√mhcpw AwKoIcn°p∂p. ho´nepw hnZymebØnepw kaqlØnepw Ip´n°p e`nt°≠ AhImi߃ bpF≥ ]´nIs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.(A\p_‘w1 ImWpI). 1990emWv Zn bpssW‰Uv t\j≥kv I¨h≥j≥ Hm¨ Zv ssd‰vkv Hm^v Zv ssN¬Uv (UNCRC) AwKoIcn°s∏´Xv. an°hmdpw F√m cmPyßfpw CXn¬ H∏ph®n´pap≠v . temIsaßpap≈ Ip´nIfpsS AhImikwc£WØns‚ am·mIm¿´bmbn Cu I¨h≥js\ AwKoIcn°p∂Xn¬ sX‰n√. am[ya߃ Ip´nIfpsS {]iv\߃ ^e{]Zambn ssIImcyw sNøp∂XneqsS D≠mtI≠Xp aq∂pXcØnep≈ am‰ßfmWv. 1) Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ kwc£W \nbaßsfbpw iIvXns∏Spج

kwhn[m\ßsfbpw

2) a\pjyhImi XXz߃°\pkcWambn Ip´nIfpsS AhImi߃ kwc£n°¬.

3) bp≤w, Zpc¥ßƒ XpSßnb ASnb¥c kmlNcyßfnIp´nIfpsS kwc£Ww Dd∏m°¬.

Ip´nIfpsS AhImi kwc£WØnse {][m\ C\ßfnsem∂mWv P\\w dPnkv‰¿ sNtø≠Xv. Ip´nIfpsS

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

37

AhImiw kw_‘n® cmPym¥c I¨h≥j\nse B¿´n°nƒ 7 {]Imcw CXv ASnkvYm\ a\pjymhImiamWv. temIØv {]Xnh¿jw Zie£°W°n\v Ip´nIfpsS P\\w dPnkv ‰ ¿ sNøs∏SmsX t]mIp∂p≠v . tIcfØn¬ ]t£ _lp`qcn]£w P\\ßfpw dPnkv‰¿ sNøs∏Sp∂p. sXcphnepw a‰pw {]khn°p∂Xpƒs∏sS sNdnsbmcp iXam\w am{XamWv dPnkv‰¿ sNøs∏SmØXv. a\pjycminbpsS \ne\n¬∏ns‚bpw ]ckv]cm{inXXzØn s‚bpw ASnkv Y m\inebmWp a\pjymhImi߃. apXn¿∂h¿°p≈ a\pjymhImißtfmfw {]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂ XmWp Ip´nIƒ°p≈ AhImißfpw. F∂m¬ kz¥ambn AhImi߃ t\SnsbSp°m\p≈ {]m]vXn Ip´nIƒ°n√mØXn \m¬ apXn¿∂hcpsS ]n¥pW an°t∏mgpw th≠n hcp∂p.

AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ temIsaßpw F√m kmlNcyØnepw hfcp∂ tImSn°W°n\p Ip´nIƒ°v AhcpsS AhImi߃ \ntj[n°s∏Sp∂ AhkvYbp≠v. Ip´nIfpsS AhImi߃ kw_‘n® bpF≥ I¨h≥j\n¬ am[ya{]h¿Ø\hpambn _‘s∏´ Nne `mK߃ t\m°q.

(A\p_‘w 4 ImWpI) I¨h≥js‚ 12mw B¿´n°nƒ Cßs\ ]dbp∂p. [mcWIƒ cq]oIcn°m≥ X° tijnbp≈ Ip´nIƒ°v Ahsc _m[n°p∂ F√m {]iv \ ßfnepw \ne]mSpIƒ kzX{¥ambn {]ISn∏n°p∂Xn\v AhImiap≠v. Ip´nIfpsS {]mbØn\pw ]IzXbv°pw A\pkcn®v AhcpsS ho£WØn\v {]m[m\yw \¬IpIbpw thWw. B¿´n°nƒ 13 Cßs\ ]dbp∂p.

Ip´nIƒ°v A`n{]mb kzmX{¥yw D≠v. `qanimkv{X]camb AXncpIƒ°XoXambn Bibßfpw Adnhpw At\zjn°p∂Xn\pw kzoIcn°p∂Xn\pw ]¶phbv°p∂Xn\pw D≈ kzmX{¥yw CXn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. ]dt™m FgpXntbm A®Snt®m Ip´nbpsS XmXv]cya\pkcn®p≈ a‰p am[ya߃ hgntbm BImw CXv. Ip´nIƒ°pw AhcpsS kzImcyX kwc£n°s∏Sp∂Xn\v

38 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

A[nImcap≠v. CXn\mbn cmPy߃ {]tXyI \nba \n¿amWw \SØWsa∂pw I¨h≥j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp∂p.

Ip´nIƒs°Xnsc A]Io¿Øn]camb ]cma¿i߃ ]mSn√. am[ya{]h¿ØI¿ {]tXyI {i≤]pe¿tØ≠ \n¿tZiamWnXv. Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ {]iv\ßtfm Ahcpƒs∏´ kw`hßtfm dnt∏m¿´v sNøptºmgpw AXn\mbn Ip´nIfpambn kwkmcn°ptºmgpw C°mcyØn¬ Pm{KX ]pe¿tØ≠Xp≠v. am[ya߃ hlnt°≠ ]¶ns\∏‰nbpw ]dbp∂p≠v .

Ip´nIfpsS AhImi kwc£WØn¬ am[ya߃°v ]ptcmKa\]camb Imgv N ∏mSp≠mIWsa∂v I¨h≥j≥ \n¿tZin°p∂p. Ip´nIfpsS ka{K hnIk\Øn\v klmbIamb hnhc߃ am[yaßfneqsS e`yam°p∂Xn\pw Ah kzoIcn°p∂Xn\pw Ahkcap≠mIWw. CXn\mbn Ip´nIfpsS A`nhr≤n°v DXIp∂ XcØnep≈ hnhc߃ am[ya߃ {]kn≤oIcn°Ww. cmPym¥cXeØnep≈ klIcWØneqsS temIsaßpw e`yamb CØcw AdnhpIƒ Ip´nIfntes°ØWw. Ip´nIƒ°mbn ]pkvXI߃ [mcmfambn {]kn≤oIcn°s∏SWw. Ip´nIƒ hmbn®pIqSmØ, I≠pIqSmØ Imcyßsf∏‰n hyIvXamb am¿K\n¿tZi߃ cq]oIcn°s∏SWw. bpF≥ I¨h≥j\nse \n¿tZi߃ IrXyambn ]men°s∏Sp∂psh∂v Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw hyhkv Y bp≠v . ]Øph¿jw IqSptºmƒ I¨h≥j≥ \S∏m°nbXp kw_‘n® dnt∏m¿´v AwKcmPy߃ bpF∂n\p \¬IWw. Fs¥ms° Imcy߃ Hmtcm cmPyhpw sNøp∂p≠v. sa®s∏tS≠ taJeIƒ XpSßnbh Is≠Øp∂Xn\v Cu dnt∏m¿´v klmbn°p∂p. am[yaßfpw Ip´nIfpsS AhImißfpw F∂Xp c≠p XcØn¬ ]cnKWn°s∏tS≠Xp≠v . s]mXp kaqlØnIp´nIfpsS AhImiw kw_‘n®v t_m[hXvIcWw \SØpIbpw AhImi ewL\߃ {i≤bn¬ sIm≠phcpIbpamWv H∂v. c≠matØXv am[ya߃ AhcpsS dnt∏m¿´nßn\nSbntem hm¿ØIƒ \¬Ip∂Xntem Ip´nIfpsS AhImiewL\w D≠mImXncn°p∂Xn\p ]pe¿tØ≠ Pm{KXbmWv. F∂m¬ Ip´nIfpsS AhImißsf∏‰n t_m[hXvIcn°pI

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

39

bpw AhImi߃ t{]m¬kmln∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv am[ya {]h¿ØIsc kw_‘n®v H´pw Ffp∏ap≈ Imcya√. ImcWw Cu {]iv\Øns‚ {]kIvXnbpw {]m[m\yhpw kaqlØn\v C\nbpw ]q¿Wambn t_m[ys∏´n´n√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ t_m[hXvIcWØn\v IqSpX¬ Du∂¬ e`nt°≠Xp≠v.

AtXkabw Ip´nIfpsS AhImißsf kw_‘n®v IrXyamb [mcW am[ya {]h¿ØI¿°p≠mbncn°Ww. Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ Imcyßfn¬ kq£vaX ]pe¿Øt≠Xp≠v. Ip´nIƒ°v AhcpsS hiw ]dbp∂Xn\pw AXp {]kn≤oIcn°s∏Sp∂Xn\pw AhImiap≠v . Ip´nIƒ tIƒ°p∂Xpw a\knem°p∂Xpw ]dbp∂Xpw apXn¿∂hcpsS \nehmcØnes√∂ t_m[ytØmsS thWw AhtcmSp kwkmcn°m≥. CcIfm°s∏Sp∂ Ip´nIfpsS XI¿∂ am\knImhkvY IW°nseSp°Ww. AXn\p ]Icw Ccsb In´nb BmZØnse∂ t]mse AhcpsS IÆocpw ssZ\yXbpsa√mw tmkv A]v hnjzepIfneqsS, AXncpIS∂ hntijWßfneqsS AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂ coXn Nnet∏msg¶nepap≠v.

AXpt]mse Xs∂ {]kIv X amWv Snhnbnse dnbmen‰n, ^mj≥, ayqknIv tjmIƒ, ]cky߃ F∂nh Ip´nIfnD≠mIp∂ sX‰mb kzm[o\w. Ip´nIfpsS hkv{X[mcWsØbpw kwkmccoXnsbbpw am\knI hf¿®sbbpw Snhn ]cn]mSnIƒ ]et∏mgpw tZmjIcambn _m[n°p∂p F∂Xp kq£vam¿YØnIp´nIfpsS AhImi ewL\w IqSnbmWv. ]et∏mgpw Snhn°p th≠nbpw a‰pw Ip´nIƒ Ah¿ Hm¿°m\njv S s∏SmØ Imcy߃ Hm¿Øp]dbpIbpw Nnet∏msgms° A`n\bn®p ImWn°pIbpw sNtø≠nhcp∂p≠v.

DZmlcWambn Hcp ss_°]ISØn¬ amXm]nXm°sf \jvSs∏´v H‰bv°mbnt∏mb H≥]XpImcnsb∏‰n Nm\en¬ h∂ ^o®dn¬ Ip´n ANvO\pw AΩbpw D]tbmKn®ncp∂ hkvXp°ƒ FSpØp IcbpIbpw Ah¿ A]ISØn¬s∏´ kvYeØv \n∂v A]ISsØ∏‰n hnhcn°pIbpw sNtø≠n hcp∂p≠v .

Xo¿®bmbpw CØcw ]cn]mSnIƒ Ip´nbpsS AhImiewL\w Xs∂bmWv. At_m[]q¿hamb {IqcXbmbn thWw CØcw ]cn]mSnIsfbpw hm¿ØIsfbpw ImWm≥.

40 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

CXpt]mep≈ kw`h߃ kqNn∏n°p∂Xv Ip´nIfpsS AhImi߃ kw_‘n®v am[ya{]h¿ØI¿°v Iptd°qSn sa®s∏´ ]cnioe\hpw [mcWbpw D≠mtI≠Xp≠v F∂Xp Xs∂bmWv. Ip´nIfpsS AhImi kwc£Ww kw_‘n®v am[ya Aht_m[w hf¿Øm≥ klmbIamb Nne \n¿tZi߃: am[ya ]T\tImgv k pIfn¬ Cu hnjbw Dƒs∏SpØWw. Ip´nIfpsS AhImiw kw_‘n® bpF≥ I¨h≥j≥ tcJIfpw AhImi kwc£WsØ kw_‘n® anI® amXrIIfpw N¿®bv°p hnt[bam°Ww. am[ya \bcq]oIcWØn¬ Ip´nIsf {][m\LSIambn Xs∂ ]cnKWn°Ww. Ah¿°mbp≈ t]PpIƒ, Ip´nIƒ Dƒs∏Sp∂ hm¿ØIƒ F∂nh ]cnKWn°ptºmƒ Ip´nIfpsS AhImiewL\w D≠mIp∂ns√∂v Dd∏p hcpØWw. am[ya Iq´mbvaIfnepw N¿®Ifnepw Cu hnjbw Dƒs∏SpØWw. tIcfØns‚ kmlNcyßfn¬ {]kIvXamb Imcy߃ IqSn Dƒs∏SpØn Ip´nIfpsS AhImikwc£Ww kw_‘n® Hcp am¿KtcJ Xbmdm°n \¬IWw. am[ya{]h¿ØIcpsSbpw hnhn[ hn`mKßfn¬\n∂p≈ hnZKv [ cpsSbpw t\XrXzØnemIWw am¿KtcJ Xbmdmt°≠Xv. Ip´nIfpsS hf¿®bpw hnImkhpw, Ip´nIsf Zpcp]tbmKw sNø¬, Ip´nIsf kw_‘n®v A]ISIcamb kmlNcy߃, Ip´nIsf kw_‘n® \nba߃, Ip´nIfpambn A`napJw \SØptºmƒ {i≤nt°≠ Imcy߃, Ip´nIfpambp≈ ^e{]Zamb Bibhn\nab am¿K߃ XpSßnb hnhc߃ IqSn Cu am¿KtcJbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv. Ip´nIfpsS AhImißfpambn _‘s∏´ ImcyØn¬ am[ya {]h¿ØIcpsSbpw am[ya kvYm]\ßfpsSbpw k¿°mcns‚bpw Cu taJebn{]h¿Øn°p∂ a‰p≈hcpsSbpw ASnkvYm\tcJbmIWw CXv. Ip´nIfpsS AhImi߃ ewLn°s∏SmsXbpw Ahsc kw_‘n® kzImcyXIƒ ]ckys∏SpØmsXbpw hm¿Ømaqeyhpw [m¿anIXbpw ]men®v hm¿Ø FgpXp∂Xn\v D∂Xamb s{]m^jW¬ anIhp≈ am[ya{]h¿ØI¿t°

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

41

km[n°q. AXp hf¿Øp∂Xn\p≈ hyIvXn]camb {iaßfpw Cu taJebnep≈h¿°v D≠mIWw. CXns\m∏w Ip´nIƒ°v am[ya km£cXbp≠m°p∂Xn\p≈ \S]SnIƒ IqSnbp≠mIWw. ss{]adn ¢mkv apXep≈ Ip´nIƒ°v am[ya ]cnioe\w \¬IWw. A£cßfmbpw Zriyßfmbpw hm°pIfmbpw FØp∂ hnhc hnkv t ^mS\ tImemleØn¬\n∂v sImt≈≠h sIm≈m\pw Iftb≠h Ifbm\pw Ignhp≈ am[ya D]tbmIv X m°fmbn amdm\p≈ ]cnioe\amIWw Ip´nIƒ°p e`nt°≠Xv.

A[ymbw 8

NqjWw sNøs∏Sp∂ Ip´nIƒ k¶o¿Wamb PohnXkmlNcyßfneqsSbmWp C∂sØ Ip´nIƒ IS∂pt]mIp∂Xv. hnhn[ XcØnep≈ NqjW߃°v Ccbm°s∏Sp∂ Ht´sd Ip´nIfp≠v . C°mcyØnF¥mbncn°Ww am[yaßfpsS `mKØp \n∂p≈ kao]\w? bpF≥ \n¿tZia\pkcn®v Ip´nIƒ kpc£nXamb kmlNcyØn¬ thWw hfcm≥. apXn¿∂ HcmfpsSsb¶nepw \ncp]m[nIamb kv t \lhpw ]n¥pWbpw e`n°m≥ Ip´n°v AhImiap≠v. IpSpw_Øns‚ `mKambn hfcm\pw Bhiyamb hnZym`ymkw e`n°m\pw ka{]mb°m¿s°m∏w Ifn°p∂Xn\pw Ip´n°v AhImiap≠v.

Ip´nIfpsS AhImi kwc£Ww kw_‘n® bpF≥ I¨h≥j≥ C°mcyØn¬ hyIv X amb \bcq]oIcWw \SØnbn´p≠v. AXns‚ 19mw B¿´n°nfnemWv CXp kw_‘n® ]cma¿iap≈Xv. ( ]q¿Wcq]w A\p_‘Øn¬ ImWpI).

G´n¬\n∂v F{X ZqscbmWp bmYm¿Yyw? BhiyØn\p `£Ww t]mepw In´msX acn°p∂ Ip´nIfp≈ temIamWnXv. C{XtØmfw KpcpXcas√¶nepw AhImiewL\Øns‚ ImcyØn¬ tIcfØnse kmlNcyhpw ]cnXm]IcamWv. bp\nsk^ns‚ IW°p {]Imcw, hnIknX hnIkzc cmPyßfn¬ am{Xw {]Xnh¿jw GXm≠v ]Øp e£w Ip´nIƒ

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

43

ssewKnIhym]mcØns‚ `mKamIp∂p.

Zmcn{Zyhpw A`bm¿Yn{]iv\hpamWvv CXn\p {][m\ ImcWw. imcocnIamtbm ssewKnIamtbm D≈ NqjWw, _methe (_methebv°ncbm°s∏Sp∂ Ip´nIfn¬ _lp`qcn]£hpw a‰p kwkv Y m\°mcmWv ) , tamiamb `uXnI kmlNcyßfnhftc≠n hcp∂ AhkvY XpSßnbh \ΩpsS \m´nepap≠v. skIv k v Sqdnksa∂Xv Xmbv e ≥Unepw ^nen∏o≥knepsams°bpff {]iv \ amsW∂p ]d™p X≈n°fbm≥ hcs´. tIcfØn¬ tImhfw, sIm®n XpSßn ]e kv Y eßfnepw skIv k v Sqdnkw hym]n°p∂ps≠∂pw {]mb]q¿ØnbmImØ s]¨Ip´nIfpw B¨Ip´nIfpw CXnepƒs∏Sp∂psh∂pap≈Xv t\csØ Xs∂ ]pdØph∂n´p≈XmWv. G‰hpw `oIcamb XcØn¬ Ip´nIfpsS AhImi߃ ewLn°s∏Sps∂mcp taJebmWnXvv. CØcw {]iv\ßfnte°v am[ya {i≤ hcp∂pt≠msb∂p tNmZn®m¬ D≠v F∂p Xs∂bmWv DØcw; ]t£ KpcpXcamb Fs¥¶nepw kw`hßtfm {]iv\ßtfm D≠mIptºmƒ am{XamWv am[ya{i≤bn¬ hcp∂Xv. km[mcWKXnbn¬ CØcw {]iv\߃ A{X \yqkv hmeyp D≈Xmbn am[ya߃ ]cnKWn°p∂n√ F∂Xv Zu¿`mKyIcamb bmYm¿YyamWv. Ip´nIsf ssewKnIambn NqjWw sNøp∂Xv temIsaßpap≈ {]iv\amWv. tIcfØnepw H´pw Ipdh√ Cu {]iv\sa∂mWp ]T\߃ kqNn∏n°p∂Xv . s]¨hmWn` kwLw t]mse Ip´nIsf hmWnPyXmXv ] cytØmsS Xs∂ ]oU\Øn\p hnt[bam°p∂ kwL߃ \ΩpsS \m´nepap≠v. IpSpw_ßfnepw kvIqfpIfnepw Ip´nIƒ NqjW߃°v Ccbm°s∏Sp∂p≠v. {]mb]q¿ØnbmImØ Ip´nIƒ ssewKnIambn ]oUn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xpw s]¨hmWn`kwLßfpsS IønAIs∏Sp∂Xpw Xo¿Øpw H‰s∏´ kw`hßfmbn ImWm≥ Ignbn√. kqcys\√nbpw Ihnbqcpw Hs° Ip{]kn≤n t\SnbXv AØcw Zpc¥ßfneqsSbmWt√m.

2011¬ ae∏pdw Pn√bn¬\n∂v A[ym]I≥ Ip´nIsf ]oU\Øn\v hnt[bam°nb c≠p kw`h߃ dnt∏m¿´v

44 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

sNøs∏´p. ChnsS CØcw F√m kμ¿`ßfnse∂Xpt]mse kw`hw H®∏mSmbn s]meokv tIkv FSpØp Ign™tijamWv am[yaßfn¬ hm¿ØbmbXv. AXn\p ap≥]v Fs¥¶nepw kqN\ In´nbm¬ Xs∂ am[ya߃ Gs‰Sp°n√. ImcWw kz¥ambn At\zjn®v hkv X pXIƒ Is≠Øn dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂Xn\p≈ ss[cytam Ah kzX{¥ambn {]kn≤oIcn°s∏Sp∂Xn\p≈ kmlNcytam aebmf am[yatemIØn√.

AXns‚ ^etam dnt∏m¿´v sNøs∏´Xns‚ F{Xtbm aSßv kw`h߃ Bcmepw Adnbs∏SmsX t]mIpItbm ka¿Yambn HXp°s∏SpItbm sNøp∂p.

Ip´nIsf ]oUn∏n°p∂Xv HXp°nØo¿°p∂Xn\p≈ Hcp ImcWw, ]et∏mgpw kw`hØnDƒs∏Sp∂Xv IpSpw_Ønep≈htcm As√¶n¬ IpSpw_Øn\p th≠s∏´htcm BsW∂∂XmWv. {]mb]q¿ØnbmIp∂Xn\p ap≥]v s]¨Ip´nIsf sI´n®phnSp∂ ioew hfsc Ipd™n´ps≠¶nepw tIcfØn¬ 15 hbknsems° hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp°p∂ ]Xnhv Xosc Ipdshm∂pa√. CØcw Ip´nIfpw Hc¿YØn¬ NqjWØn\v Ccbm°s∏SpI Xs∂bmWv. kwc£I thjØnseØp∂h¿ t]mepw Ip´nIsf NqjWØn\v Ccbm°p∂psh∂Xn\p sXfnhmWv ]e A\mYmebßfnepw \n∂p dnt∏m¿´v sNøs∏Sp∂ ]oU\, X´n∏p hm¿ØIƒ.

AiIvXcpw A⁄cpamb Ip´nIƒ ]eXcØnepw NqjWw sNøs∏Sp∂Xv Ahsc kwc£n°m≥ NpaXes∏´ apXn¿∂hcpsS IgnhptISp Xs∂. k¿°m¿ kwhn[m\ßfpsS ]cmPbhpw CXn\p ImcWamIp∂p.

C°mcyØnsems° am[ya߃°p IqSpXDØchmZnØap≠v . Ip´nIsf NqjWw sNøp∂Xp XSbp∂Xn\mbn am[ya{]h¿ØIcpsS t_m[]q¿hamb {i≤ htc≠ Nne taJeIƒ.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

45

kv I qfpIƒ ({]tXyIn®v t_m¿UnMv kv I qfpIƒ), A\mYmeb߃, kmaqlnIt£a hIp∏ns‚ Iognep≈ kvt‰ tlmapIƒ, Zp¿KpW ]cnlmc imeIƒ XpSßn Ip´nIƒ Dƒs∏Sp∂ taJeIfn¬ {]tXyI {i≤ ]pe¿ØpIbpw AhnsS\n∂p≈ sNdnb kqN\Ifn¬ t]mepw At\zjWw \SØn kXyw ]pdØpsIm≠phcpIbpw sNøpI. kXyamsW∂v Dd∏pw sXfnhpw e`n®m¬ kv Y m]\ßfpsSbpw hyIv X nIfpsSbpw t]cpIƒ Xpd∂p Im´Ww. kmºØnIambn ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ IpSpw_ßfnse Ip´nIƒ AhKWn°s∏Sm\pw NqjWw sNøs∏Sm\papff kmlNcyw IqSpXemWv. AtXkabw, kmºØnIambn hfsc sa®s∏´ kvYnXnbnep≈ IpSpw_ßfnepw Ip´nIƒ ]oUn∏n°s∏Sm\pw NqjWw sNøs∏Sm\pap≈ kmlNcy߃ D≠v . c£nXm°ƒ°v ]et∏mgpw Ip´nIsf th≠hÆw {i≤n°mt\m Ah¿s°m∏w kabw sNehgn°mt\m Ignbp∂n√ F∂XmWp bmYm¿Yyw. Nn‰∏≥am¿, Nn‰Ωam¿F∂nhcn¬ \n∂v Ip´nIƒ ]oU\w A\p`hn°p∂ kw`hßfpw Ipdh√. Bbnc°W°n\p Ip´nIƒ tlm´epIƒ, ^mIvSdnIƒ XpSßnb CSßfn¬ ]WnsbSp°m≥ \n¿_‘nXcmIp∂p≠v.{]mb]q¿ØnbmImØ Ht´sd Ip´nIƒ DØtc¥y≥ kwkvYm\ßfn¬\n∂p tIcfØn¬ tPmen°mbn hcp∂p. sXcphpIfnepw sdbn¬thkvt‰j\pIfnepsams° Ignbp∂ Hcp]mSp Ip´nIƒ XpS¿®bmb NqjWØn\p hnt[bamIp∂p. imcocnIhpw am\knIhpambn sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ Ip´nIƒ°v an°t∏mgpw klmbw e`n°p∂p. F∂m¬ Ht´sd IpSpw_ßfnCØcw Ip´nIƒ°v th≠{X hnZym`ymktam ka{]mb°mcpambp≈ NßmØtam kmaqlnIamb CSs]SepItfm Hs° \ntj[n°s∏Sp∂p. sshIeyw Hfn∏n®p hbvt°≠ H∂mbmWv Ct∏mgpw ImWp∂Xv. FbnUvkv t]mep≈ tcmKw _m[n® Ip´nIfpsS ImcyØn¬ kaqlØn\v Ct∏mgpw th≠{X [mcW h∂n´n√. H∏ancp∂v ]Tn®mtem `£Ww Ign®mtem H∂pw ]Icp∂ tcmKa√ FbnUvkv F∂v Adnhp≈h¿

46 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

t]mepw kz¥w Ip´nIfpsS Imcyw hcptºmƒ AXp ad°p∂p≠v. sIm√sØ s_≥k¨, s_≥kn F∂o Ip´nIƒ ]Tn°p∂Xn\mbn A\p`hn® _p≤nap´pIƒ DZmlcWw. NqjWhpw AhImi ewL\ßfpw ]pdØpsIm≠p hcp∂Xns\m∏w Ah Bh¿Øn°mXncn°p∂Xn\p≈ hgn IqSn P\{i≤bn¬ sIm≠phcWw. \√ kmaqlnI Aht_m[hpw A¿∏W at\m`mhhpap≈ am[ya{]h¿ØI¿t° CØcw hnjb߃ Gs‰Sp°m\mhq. \nehnepff am[ya XmXv ] cyßf\pkcn®v CØcw hnjb߃°v matdm ap≥KW\tbm C√mØ kmlNcyØn¬ {]tXyIn®pw.

CXns\m∏w ]Xnhp ]{X{]h¿ØI KpWßfmb \√ _‘ßfpw hkvXpXIƒ At\zjn®v Is≠Øm\p≈ anIhpw _‘s∏´ F√mh¿°pw ]dbm\p≈Xp tIƒ°m\p≈ a\kpw thWw. sk≥tkjW¬ hm¿Øbv°p ]ndsI am{Xap≈ Hm´w am‰nh®v hkv X pXm]cambpw imkv { Xobambp≈ hm¿ØIfneqsSbpw hniIe\ØneqsSbpw kaqlØn¬ am‰ap≠m°m\p≈ a\kp≈ ]{X{]h¿ØI¿t° CØcw hnjb߃ Gs‰Sp°m\mhq.

Ip´nIsf ssewKnI NqjWØn\pw skIvkv SqdnkØn\pw hnt[bam°p∂ kwLßsf Xpd∂p Im´Ww. ]nºpIsfbpw a‰pw am{Xa√, Cu CS]mSpIfn¬ \n∂p t\´w sImøp∂ dntkm¿´pIsfbpw a‰p ]I¬am\y≥amscbpw shfn®ØpsIm≠phcm\p≈ B¿Phw am[ya {]h¿ØI¿°p≠mIWw. CØcw {]iv \ ßsf a‰p cmPyßfntem kv Y eßfntem hnPbIcambn t\cn´Xns‚ A\p`hIYIƒ Is≠Øn AhXcn∏n°p∂Xpw \∂mIpw. Ip´nIƒ°p≈ ]e ]cn]mSnIƒ°pap≈ Hcp {][m\ \yq\X Ah ]Xnhp t^m¿am‰n¬ X´n°q´p∂psh∂XmWv. CcIfmb Ip´nIfpsS BwKnfn¬\n∂√; Np‰pap≈ kaqlw Fßs\ ImWp∂p F∂ \nebv°mWv Ah AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv. ]Xnhp coXnbn¬ cmjv{Sob°mcpsSbpw a‰pw hmNI߃°pw {]kvXmh\Iƒ°pamWp {]m[m\yw.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

47

CØcw ]cn]mSnIfnepw hm¿ØIfnepw Hmtcm hm°pw Hmtcm Zriyhpw AXoh kq£vaXtbmsSbmIWw. CcIfm°s∏Sp∂ Ip´nIƒ an°t∏mgpw \nklmbcpw \ni_v Z cpambmWv AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv . Ah¿°v ]dbm\p≈Xp ]dbm≥ Ahkcw e`n°mdn√. CØcw ]cn]mSnIfn¬ ]eXcØnIp´nIfpsS AhImiewL\w D≠mIp∂Xpw km[mcWamWv. CcIfmb Ip´nIfpsS hnizmkw t\SpIbpw Ah¿°v Bflhnizmkw ]IcpIbpw thWw. AhtcmSv hniZambn kwkmcn®v Imcy߃ t_m[ys∏SWw. Hcp kzbw sk≥kdnMv \SØntb dnt∏m¿´v sNømhq. {]iv \ w am{Xa√, AXns‚ ImcWhpw hnhn[hißfpw ]cnlmcam¿Kßfpw IqSn AhXcn∏n°s∏Sptºmtg hm¿Ø As√¶n¬ ]cn]mSn ]q¿WamIp∂p≈q. {]iv \ Øns‚ shfnhm°s∏SmØ ImcW߃ Is≠ØpIbpw Hfn®phbv°s∏´ hkvXpXIƒ IqSn ]pdØpsIm≠phcpIbpw sNøptºmƒ AXp amXrIm]camb am[ya[¿aamIpw. ]t£ ]cn]mSnbpsS td‰nßns\bpw ]{XØns‚ k¿°ptejs\bpw Fßs\ _m[n°psa∂ Nn¥bpsS ASnkv Y m\Ønep≈ am[ya{]h¿Ø\w sIm≠v CØcw e£y߃ t\SpI Akm[yamWv . kaImenI aebmf am[yataJebpsS ]cmPbhpw ChnsSbmWv . am[ya {]h¿Ø\Øns‚ D∂Xaqeyßsf√mw shdpw A[chymbmaamIpIbpw k¿°ptej≥ an° Xocpam\ßfpsSbpw ASnkv Y m\amIpIbpw sNøp∂ XcØnemWt√m \ΩpsS am[ya{]h¿Ø\w. F∂m¬ am[yaßfpsS LS\ am‰nadn®n´p aXn _m°nsb√mw F∂p hnNmcn®n´p Imcyan√t√m. AXn\m]cnanXnIƒ°nSbn¬\n∂p ]camh[n ^e{]Zambn C°mcyØnCSs]SepIƒ \SØpI F∂XmWv {]Xn_≤Xbp≈ am[ya{]h¿ØIs‚ DØchmZnØw.

14 hbkn¬ Xmsgbp≈ Ip´nIsf thiymhrØn°v D]tbmKn°p∂ kw`h߃ tIcfØn¬ h¿[n®p hcp∂Xmbn kwkvYm\ h\nXmIΩnj≥ ap≥ UbdIvS¿ tP°_v tXmakv kvt‰‰v amt\Pvsa‚ v GP≥kn°p th≠n \SØnb ]T\Øn¬

48 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

Is≠ØpIbp≠mbn. FdWmIpfw, tImgnt°mSv, Xncph\¥]pcw F∂o \Kcßfn¬ A]ISIcamb tXmXn¬ CXp h¿[n®p hcpIbmWv . CXn¬ 40˛45% B¨Ip´nIfpw 55˛60% s]¨Ip´nIfpamWv. IpSpw_ßfnse {i≤°pdhp Xs∂bmWv Ip´nIƒ hgnsX‰nt∏mIp∂Xns‚ apJyImcWw. ]nXmhv aZy]t\m elcn°v ASnatbm Bb IpSpw_ßfnse ]e Ip´nIfpw {]tem`\ßfnhoWpw hogvØnbpw skIvkv dm°‰pIfn¬s∏Sp∂p.

ASn®ps]mfn®p Pohn°p∂Xn\mbn kmºØnItijnbp≈ IpSpw_ßfnse Ip´nIƒ t]mepw CØcØn{]h¿Øn°p∂Xmbn k¿th ]dbp∂p. ]nºpIƒ, apXn¿∂ ssewKnI sXmgnemfnIƒ, Hmt´m ss{Uh¿am¿, sSent^m¨ _qØv Poh\°m¿,tlm´¬ sXmgnemfnIƒ, t]m¿´¿am¿ XpSßn Ht´sdt∏¿ Ip´nIsf Cu cwKtØ°v sIm≠p hcp∂p≠v.

CØcw taJeIsf t{]m¬kmln∏n°p∂Xn¬ am[ya߃ ]tcm£amb ]¶p hln°p∂p≠v . s]¨Ip´nIsfbpw kv{XoIsfbpw D]t`mK kma{KnIfmbn am‰p∂ ]ckyßfpw ]cn]mSnIfpw Nn{XoIcWßfpw am[yaßfn¬ kv Y ncambn ImWmw.

A[ymbw 9

Ip‰hmfnIƒ, CcIƒ....

Zpc¥ßfpambn _‘s∏´ hm¿ØIƒ ImWm\pw hmbn°m\pap≈ a\pjy klPamb XmXv ] cyw ImcWw am[yaßfn¬ Ahbv°v hºn® {]m[m\yw e`n°p∂p. Zpc¥ßƒ D≠mIptºmƒ ]et∏mgpw CcIfpsSbpw _‘p°fpsSbpw ]n∂mse hm¿Øm th´°mcmbn am[ya{]h¿ØI¿ ]mbp∂Xn\p ImcWhpw CXpXs∂.

CcIƒ Ip´nIƒ IqSnbmIptºmƒ hm¿Øm{]m[m\yw (hm¿Ømaqeya√) h¿[n°p∂p. F∂mk¶S\Sphn(Nnet∏mƒ Zqc¥Øns‚ hep∏w Adnbm≥ t]mepw IgnbmØ {]mbØn¬) \nklmbcmbn \n¬°p∂ Ipcp∂papJ߃ ImWp∂hcn¬ ssZ\yXbp≠m°psa¶nepw B Ip™pßfpsS kzImcyXbnep≈ IS∂pIb‰w IqSnbmWv AXv.

Ip´nIfpsS t\¿°p≈ A{Ia߃ temIsaßpw Ip´nIfpsS t\¿°p≈ A{Ia߃ h¿[n®phcpI Xs∂bmWv . CØcw A{Iaßsf kw_‘n® IrXyamb IW°pIƒ e`n°m≥ {]bmkamWv . ImcWw CØcw A{Iaßfn¬ hensbmcp iXam\w s]mXp{i≤bnhcp∂tXbn√.

GXmbmepw temIØn¬ {]Xnh¿jw 50 tImSn°pw 150 tImSn°pw CSbv ° v Ip´nIƒ hnhn[ Xcw A{Ia߃°p

50 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

CcbmIp∂Xmbn IW°pIƒ kqNn∏n°p∂p.

H‰s∏´Xpw A{]Xo£nXhpamb Nne A{Ia߃ D≠mIp∂ps≠¶nepw Ip´nIfpsS t\¿°pff A{Iaßfn_lp`qcn]£hpw Ip´nIƒ°p ]cnNbap≈hcn¬\n∂pamWv. AXn¬ Xs∂ \s√mcp ]¶v Ip´nIsf kwc£n°m≥ _m[yXs∏´h¿ Xs∂ sNøp∂XmWv . c£nXm°ƒ, a‰p _‘p°ƒ, Ip´nIsf t\m°m≥ G¬]n°p∂h¿, kl]mTnIƒ, A[ym]I¿, aX]ptcmlnX≥am¿, sXmgnepSaIƒ F∂nßs\ A{Iaw \SØp∂hcpsS \nc \ofp∂p.

Ip´nsb kw_‘n®v G‰hpw kpc£nXamtI≠ hoSpIfnXs∂bmWv ]et∏mgpw A{Iaw D≠mIp∂Xv . 37 cmPyßfn¬\n∂p≈ hnhcw tiJcn®p bp\nsk^v \SØnb Hcp ]T\Øn¬ 214 hbkn\nSbv°p≈ Ip´nIfn¬ 86 iXam\hpw imcocnItam am\knItam c≠pw tN¿∂tXm Bb ]oU\Øn\v Ccbm°s∏Sp∂p F∂p Is≠Øn . aq∂n¬ c≠p Ip´nIfpw imcocnIamb in£Iƒ°p hnt[bcm°s∏Sp∂p≠v.

Nne hn`mKw Ip´nIƒ A{IaØn\v hfsc Ffp∏w Ccbm°s∏Sp∂p≠v. imcocnIhpw am\knIhpambn sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ Ip´nIƒ (Children with disabilities), sXcphn¬ Pohn°p∂ Ip´nIƒ, Ip‰IrXyßfn¬ s]´pt]mb Ip´nIƒ (Children in conflict with the law), A`bm¿YnIfmbnt∏mb Ip´nIƒ XpSßnbh¿ DZmlcWw. s]mXpth B¨Ip´nIƒ imcocnI ]oU\߃°p IqSpXembn hnt[bcm°s∏Sp∂p≠v. AtXkabw ssewKnI ]oU\߃°pw AhKW\bv ° pw NqjWØn\pw IqSpXembn hnt[bcm°s∏Sp∂Xv s]¨Ip´nIfmWv. tIcfØnepw kvYnXn hyXykv X a√. ]eXcØnep≈ A{Ia߃ Ip´nIfpsS t\¿°p≠mIp∂p≠v . kv I qfnepw ho´nepsams° ]eXcw A{Ia߃°v Ip´nIƒ Ccbm°s∏Sp∂p.

CØcw A{Ia߃ Ipdbv°p∂Xnepw Ah kaqlØns‚ {i≤bn¬ sIm≠phcp∂Xnepw am[ya߃ F¥p ]¶mWp hln°p∂Xv? ChnsSbpw ]Xnhp dnt∏m¿´nßn\v A∏pdtØ°p t]mIp∂Xnan°t∏mgpw aebmf am[ya߃

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

51

]cmPbs∏SpIbmsW∂p ]dtb≠n hcpw. A\mYmeb߃, Pphss\¬ tlmapIƒ, t_m¿UnMv kvIqfpIƒ, Ip´nIsf tPmen°p \n¿Øp∂ tlm´epIƒ, hoSpIƒ F∂nhnSßsfms° Ip´nIƒ ]eXcØnep≈ AXn{Ia߃°p hnt[bcm°s∏Sp∂p≠v .

F∂m¬ s]meokv tIkv D≠mIptºmg√msX am[ya߃, {]tXyIn®v ]{X߃ CØcw kw`hßsf°pdn®v At\zjn°mdn√.

CSbvs°¶nepw CØcw kw`hßsf°pdn®p N¿®sNøp∂Xv CSbv ° p hcmdp≈ hm¿Øm]cºcIfnemWv . apJy[mcm]{Xßfn¬ aebmf at\mcabpw amXr`qanbpw {it≤bamb Nne inipkulrZ]cºcIƒ {]kn≤oIcn®n´p≠v.

ImWmXmIp∂ Ip´nIsf°pdn®p≈ ]cºc, Ip´nIƒ s]´pt]mIm\nSbp≈ NXn°pgnIsf°pdn®p≈ ]cºc, A\mYmebßfnepw a‰pap≈ Ip´nIfpsS kvYnXnsb∏‰nbp≈ ]cºc XpSßnbh DZmlcWw. Ip´nIfpw Ip‰IrXyßfpambn _‘s∏´p N¿® sNøptºmƒ CXn\p kam\ambn Nn¥nt°≠ as‰mcp taJebmWv Ip´nIƒ Dƒs∏Sp∂ Ip‰IrXy߃. sIme]mXIw apXep≈ F√mØcw Ip‰IrXyßfnepw 18 hbknXmsgbp≈ Ip´nIƒ {]XnkvYm\Øp hcp∂p≠v.

CSp°nbn¬ kvIqfn¬ t]mbn aSßpwhgn hnZym¿Yn\nsb sIm∂ _mes‚ IYbpw Xncph\¥]pcØv AºeßfnkvYncambn tamjWw \SØp∂ Ip´nbpsS IYbpsams° A]q¿h kw`hßfpsS KWØn¬s∏SpØmw.

F∂m¬ kvIqfpIfn¬ \S°p∂ sNdpInS Ip‰IrXyßfpsS (dnt∏m¿´v sNøs∏Sp∂Xpw A√mØXpw) FÆw Aºc∏n°p∂XmWv. CØcw ]e Ip‰IrXyßfpw (DZmlcWw 2011¬ XekvYm\Pn√bnse Hcp kvIqfn¬ hnZym¿YnbpsS Iøn]pdØp\ns∂Ønb Hcp kwLw Ip´nIƒ tUv sIm≠v apdnth¬]n® kw`hw ]{Xßfn¬ henb hm¿Øbmbncp∂p, kvIqfpIfnse elcn, aZy D]tbmKw).

Ip´nIfpsS t\¿°p≈ A{Ia߃°v DØchmZnØw apXn¿∂h¿°mWv. F∂m¬ Ip´nIƒ {]XnkvYm\Øphcp∂ Ip‰IrXyßfntem? AXnepw apXn¿∂h¿ Xs∂bmWv (BIWw) {]XnIƒ. ImcWw Ip´nIsf CØcw Imcy߃ sNøm≥

52 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

t{]cn∏n°p∂ am\knImhkv Y Ifnte°v FØn°p∂Xnc£nXm°ƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw kaqlØn\msIbpw ]¶p≠v.

AXn\m¬ am[ya߃ kw`h߃ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂Xn\∏pdw Ip´nIsf icnbmb am\knIBtcmKyap≈hcmbn hf¿Øp∂Xn\p th≠ hgnIƒ IqSn ]I¿∂p \¬tI≠Xmbp≠v. C°mcyØnaebmf at\mca Bhnjv I cn® t\¿hgn F∂ ]≤Xn amXrIm]camb {]h¿Ø\ ]cn]mSnbmWv. t_m[hXvIcWw Ip´nIsf°mƒ th≠Xp apXn¿∂h¿°mWv. ]Wap≠m°m\p≈ ]c°w]m®nen\nSbn¬ Ip´nIsf {i≤n°mt\m Ah¿s°m∏w kabw sNehgn°mt\m XbmdmImØ c£nXm°ƒ Ip´nIƒ A]ISØn¬ sN∂p NmSn°gn™mIpw hnhcw Adnbp∂Xv. At∏mgmIs´ kwKXn ssIhn´pt]mIpIbpw sNøpw. h≥XpI ^okv sImSpØv ap¥nb kvIqfn¬ Ip´nsb tN¿Øp Ign™m¬ F√mambn Fs∂mcp anYym[mcW kaqlØn\ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. CØcw kvIqfpIƒ ]eXpw Hcp]mSp hnIe ioeßfpsSbpw sNdpInS Ip‰IrXyßfpsSbpw ]mTimeIqSnbmsW∂ bmYm¿Yyw hfsc°pdt® ]pdØphcp∂p≈q.

Ip´n°p‰hmfnIƒ D≠mIp∂Xns‚ bYm¿Y{]XnIƒ apXn¿∂h¿ BbXpsIm≠mWv Chsc Ip‰hmfnIƒ F∂p hntijn∏n°m≥ t]mepw \nbahyhkv Y XbmdmImØXv . \nbahpambn kwL¿jØn¬s∏´pt]mb Ip´nIƒ F∂mWv Ahsc hntijn∏nt°≠Xv. temIØv c£nXm°fpsS ]cnNcWw e`n°msX hftc≠nhcp∂ Ip´nIfpsS FÆw Aºc∏n°p∂XmWv .

A\mYmebßfn¬ hfcp∂ tImSn°W°n\v Ip´nIfp≠v .

Ht∂ap°m¬tImSn Ip´nIƒ FbnUv k v tcmKw _m[n®v c£nXm°ƒ (Hcmtfm/ c≠pt]cptam) acn®hcmbps≠∂v Hcp ]T\w kqNn∏n°p∂p.

A[ymbw 10

SnhnbpsS kzm[o\w _meyØn¬\n∂v IuamcØnte°p≈ Zqcw IpdbpIbmWv. Imew amdptºmƒ Ip´nIƒ thKw apXn¿∂hcmbn t∏mIp∂Xpt]mse. PohnXcoXnbnepw `£WØnepap≠mIp∂ am‰ßƒs°m∏w hn√\mbn hcp∂ as‰m∂p IqSnbp≠v am[ya kz[o\w. Ip´nIfn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ kzm[o\ap≠m°m≥ Ignbp∂Xp Zriyam[yaØn\mWv. i_vZambpw A£cambpw Zriyambpw Bib߃ a\kpIfnte°v IS∂pIbdptºmƒ AXn\p iIvXntbdp∂p. s\√pw ]Xncpw Xncn®dnbm≥ {]mbamIpw apºmIptºmƒ Ip´nIfpsS BtcmKyIcamb hf¿®sb AXp _m[n°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

Ip´nIƒ°pw apXn¿∂h¿°pw sSenhnj≥ C√mØ PohnXsØ°pdn®p Nn¥n°m≥ Xs∂ {]bmkamWv. Snhn°v Hcp]mSv KpW߃ Ds≠¶nepw Ip´nIsf aSnb≥amcpw Np‰p]mSpIsf Adnbm≥ Ahkcan√mØhcpambn am‰p∂psh∂ Bt£]hpw iIv X amWv . ho´n\IØpXs∂bncn°m≥ t{]cn∏n°p∂XmWt√m Snhn.

B{^n°≥ ImSpIfnse arKßsf A\na¬ m\‰neqsS I≠p \√ ]cnNbap≈ Ip´n°v hoSn\v ASpØp≈ Ip‰n°m´nGsXms° arKßfpw ]£nIfpw Ds≠∂v AdnbmØ AhkvYbp≠v.

Nm\ense IfnIfpsS Bcm[Icmbh¿°v \m´n≥]pdßfnse

54 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

IfnIƒ ]eXpw A\yamWv. am{Xa√, Ifn®pw {]h¿Øn®pw hftc≠ Ip´nIƒ \n wKcmb Imgv N °mcmbn hfcp∂ AhkvYbpw Snhn ImcWap≠mImw. `mhnbn¬ {]XnIcWtijn \jv S s∏´v PohnXsØ \n»_v Z Imgv N °mcmbn ImWp∂ AhkvYbpap≠mIpw. temIsaßpw hfsc hym]Iambn ]T\hnt[bam°nbn´p ≈XmWv Zriyam[yaßfpsS kzm[o\w. Is≠ØepIfmIs´ {]mtZinIamb {]tXyIXIƒ Hgn®p\n¿Ønbm¬ Gsd°psd H∂pXs∂. _meyØns‚ IuXpIßsfbpw hnkvabßsfbpw C√mXm°n {]mbØn\p tNcmØ Nn¥Ifpw hnImcßfpw IpØnhbv°p∂p F∂XmWv CØcw ]T\߃ ]¶phbv ° p∂ s]mXphmb Is≠ØepIfn¬ H∂v . F´p hbkpImc≥ kl]mTn°p t{]ateJ\w sImSp°p∂Xpt]mep≈ kw`h߃ DZmlcWw. Snhn ]cn]mSnIfnse ssewKnIXbpw A{Iaßfpw Ip´nIsf BgØn¬ kzm[o\n°p∂p.

Ip´nIfpsS ASpØ Iq´pImcn¬ Hcmsft∏msebmWp Snhn. t_mdSn°ptºmƒ Snhn, `£Ww Ign°p∂Xp Snhn°p ap∂n¬, Ip´nIsf AS°nbncpØm\p≈ kq{Xw Snhn. ]Øp h¿jw ap≥]v aebmf at\mcabn¬ AizXn Xncp\mƒ Kucn e£v a n`mbn FgpXnb _p[Z¿i\w F∂ ]wIv X nbn¬ ]cma¿in® Hcp kw`hw CXnt\mSp tN¿Øp ]dtb≠XmWv. Hcp Znhkw _‘pKrlØn¬ t]mbt∏mƒ F√hcpw kzoIcW apdnbn¬ Snhn ImWpIbmbncp∂p. Iq´Øn¬ c≠c hbkp≈ Ip´nbpap≠v. CSbv°v Hcp {]Wb cwKw h∂p. Snhn Nq≠n°m´n B Ipcp∂p ]dbpIbmWvAXv B tN®osS t_mbv{^≠mWv. AXntesd AXnibn∏n®Xv AØcw AdnhpIƒ A`nam\m¿lamsW∂ a´nep≈ ho´pImcpsS {]XnIcWambncp∂p.

Ip´nIƒ IqsSbp≈t∏mƒ Ah¿°p IqSn ImWmhp∂ ]cn]mSnItf Snhnbn¬ hbv°mhq F∂pw Kucn e£vao `mbn \n¿tZin°p∂p.

B¿°pw H∂n\pw t\can√mØXn\m¬ \ΩpsS Ip´nIfpsS

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

55

a\kns\ hf¿Øp∂ apJy LSIw SnhnbmWv . Snhnbmhf¿Øs∏Sp∂ Ip™p߃°v kt¥mjtam Ifntbm {InbmXv a IXtbm Bibhn\nabtijntbm icnbmbn e`yamImsX t]mIp∂p. ]cky߃ Xoscs®dnb {]mbØnep≈ Ip´nIsf hsc kzm[o\n°p∂p. ]ckyßfnse Nne Zriyßfpw IYm]m{Xßfpw ]m´psams° Ipcp∂p a\kpIfn¬ ]Xnbp∂p. sX‰mb aqeyßfpw AanXamb AXnitbmIvXnbpw \nd™ ]cky߃ Ip´nbpsS kz`mhcq]oIcWsØ {]XnIqeambn _m[n°pw. AXn\m]ckyßfpsS D≈S°hpw AhXcWcoXnbpw hnebncpØm\p≈ kwhn[m\w D≠mtI≠Xp≠v. ]cky߃ \ΩpsS hoSpIsf N¥bm°pIbmWv. an°t∏mgpw Ip´nIsfbmWv ]cky߃ e£yw hbv°p∂Xv. Ip´nIfpsS \n¿_‘Øn\p hgßn c£nXm°ƒ ]ckyßfpsS kzm[o\Øn\p hgßp∂p.

IpSpw_ßfpsS ASnkv Y m\mhiyßfpw am\knImhiyßfpw ]cky߃ \n¿Wbn°p∂ AhkvYbmWv. AanXamb Snhn ImW¬ Ip´nbpsS _p≤nhnImksØ _m[n°pw. AekXbpw s]mÆØSnbpw D≠m°pw. Ip´nIfpsS \nehmcØn\p tbmPn°mØ ]cn]mSnIfmIs´ AhcpsS am\knI hf¿®sbbpw XS s∏SpØp∂p. A{Iahpw ssewKnImXn{]kchpap≈ cwKßsfms° kv Y ncambn ImWptºmƒ AXp PohnXØnepw km[mcWamsW∂ hnIe [mcW Ip´nIfn¬ cq]s∏Sp∂p.

Nm\¬ kocnbepIƒ kv { XoIsf kzm[o\n°p∂Xn\mbn apt∂m´p hbv ° p∂ Imgv N ∏mSpIƒ ]et∏mgpw IpSpw_aqeyßfpsS ASnØd Cf°p∂XmWv. kocnbepIfnse IpSpw_߃ GXm≠v F√mw Xs∂ {]iv\ k¶o¿WamWv. _‘߃ kwL¿j`cnXamWv .

AhnlnX_‘w km[mcWamWv. kv{Xo A_ebpw Ictb≠hfpamWv. As√¶nIpSneX{¥ßƒ am{Xw D≈hfmWv. ]pcpj≥ th´°mc\pamWv. apXn¿∂hsct∏mepw CØcw AbmYm¿YtemIw kzm[o\n°ptºmƒ Ip´nIfpsS Imcyw ]dbm\pt≠m?

56 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

IpSpw_߃ AhchcpsS kmlNcy߃°\pkcn®v BtcmKyIcamb Snhn ImWkwkv I mcw cq]s∏SptØ≠nbncn°p∂p. F{X kabw Snhn ImWWw, GsXms° ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWWw, F∂Xp kw_‘n®v Ip´nIfpambn Hcp AenJnX [mcWbp≠m°Ww. ]T\w, {]m¿Y\, `£Ww XpSßnbhbvs°m∏w Snhn ImW¬ C√mXncn°p∂Xp Xs∂bmWp \√Xv. Snhnbn√mØ Znhkw, Snhnbn√mØ BgvN, Snhnbn√mØ amkw F∂nhsbms° BtemNn°mhp∂XmWv. Snhn ]cn]mSnIƒ F√mhcpw H∂n®ncp∂p ImWpIbpw ImWp∂hsb∏‰n N¿® sNøpIbpw sNøp∂ A¥co£w ho´nthWw. Snhnbnepw kn\nabnepw tamiamb ]Z{]tbmK߃ k¿h km[mcWamWv. Ip´nIƒ AØcw hm°pIƒ ]dbptºmƒ AXv NoØ hm°msW∂p apXn¿∂h¿ ]dbmdp≠v. F∂m¬ Snhnbnepw kn\nabnepw a‰pw CXv kvYncambn tIƒ°ptºmƒ AXn\p Ip´n a\kpIfn¬ kzoImcyXtbdp∂p.

CØcw hm°pIƒ tamiamWv, F∂m¬ Snhn ]cn]mSnbnepw a‰pw CXp kvYncambn D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂p≠v. F∂ph®v \Ωƒ AXv kwkmcØn¬ D]tbmKn°cpXv Cu [mcW Ip´nIfnhf¿Øp∂Xn\mWp c£nXm°ƒ Du∂¬ \¬tI≠Xv. F\n°p ImWm≥ ]mSns√¶n¬ ]ns∂ ANvO\pw AΩbpw ImWp∂tXm F∂p Ip´nIƒ tNmZnt®°mw. Ip´n ImWm≥ ]mSn√mØ Imcy߃ Ds≠∂ kXyw ]dbp∂XmWp I≈߃ ]d™p hnizkn∏n°m≥ {ian°p∂Xnepw \√Xv. Nne ]T\ßfnse Is≠ØepIƒ CXm, AanXamb Sn hn ImW¬ Ip´nIfpsS `mjmhnIk\Øn\p th≠ \mUo {]h¿Ø\ßsf _m[n°pw. _p≤n]camb \nkwKXbp≠m°pw. ImWp∂Xpw tIƒ°p∂Xpsa√mw A∏msS hnizkn°p∂hcmIpw. Hcp hbkn\pw aq∂p hbkn\pw CSbv ° p≈h¿ Hcp]mSp t\cw Snhn I≠m¬ Ah¿ A{Iahmk\bp≈hcmIpw. {i≤n°m\p≈ tijn Ipdbpw. ]T\]camb ]n∂m°mhkvYbv°pw hgnhbv°pw. sSenhnj≥ Ihcp∂Xv Ip´nIfpsS Ifn°m\p≈, ]Tn°m\p≈,

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

57

hmbn°m\p≈, a‰p≈htcmSv CSs]Sm\p≈ kabsØ°qSnbmsW∂Xp adt°≠. c£nXm°ƒ a\knhbv°m≥Ip´nIƒ F{X kabw Snhn ImWWsa∂ ImcyØnc£nXm°fpsS \nb{¥Ww thWw. Ip´nIsf AS°nbncpØp∂Xn\p≈ Ipdp°p hgnbmIcpXv Snhn.

GsXms° ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWmsa∂ Xocpam\saSp°p∂Xnepw c£nXm°fpsS ]¶mfnØw thWw. kv t ]m¿Sv k v , hm¿Ø, {]IrXn]T\w XpSßnbhbpambn _‘s∏´ ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWmw. GsX¶nepsamcp ]cn]mSntbmtSm Nm\ent\mtSm Im¿´qWnt\mtSm D≈ AXncpIS∂ Cjv S w \ncp¬kmls∏SpØWw. A{Iahpw ssewKnIXbpw AanXamb kn\naIƒ ImWm≥ A\phZn°cpXv . ]pdØpw AIØpw Ifn°mhp∂ IfnIsf t{]m¬kmln∏n°Ww. hmb\bnte°v CjvSw Iq´Ww. `£W kabw Snhn ImW¬ tht≠ th≠.

Ip´nIƒ ]Tn°p∂ kabØv apXn¿∂h¿ kocnbepIfpw a‰pw ImWp∂Xp ]Xnhm°cpXv. InS∏p apdnbn¬ Snhn th≠. F√mh¿°pw H∂n®ncp∂p ImWmhp∂bnSØmIs´ Snhn.

Atacn°bn¬ H∂c ZiIw ap≥]p \SØnb Hcp k¿thbnse Is≠ج ckIcamWv. c≠p apX¬ A©phsc {]mbap≈ Ip´nIƒ BgvNbn¬ icmicn 28 aWn°q¿ 20 an\n‰v Snhn ImWp∂p.

AXmbXv Bdmw hbkn¬ H∂mw mknseØptºmtg°pw 5616 aWn°q¿ Snhn I≠ncn°pw. AXns\ F´p aWn°q¿ hoXap≈ {]hrØn Zn\ßfm°nbm¬ 175 Zn\߃ hcpw!

Snhn ]cn]mSnIfn¬, Imcy߃ {Kln°m\p≈ thKw Xocpam\n°p∂Xv AhXmcItcm Nm\¬ A[nIrXtcm BWv. ]et∏mgpw hfsc aμKXnbnemWv Snhn ]cn]mSnIfn¬ Imcy߃ AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv . kocnbepIfnsems° H®ngbp∂ thKØnemWt√m IY apt∂m´p t]mIp∂Xv . Nn¥bv ° pw `mh\bv°pw Snhnbn¬ Ahkcan√.

Ip´nIƒs°∂ t]cnep≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ ]eXpw Ahsc H´pw

58 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

BI¿jn°p∂n√. Hcp D]tZina´nep≈ A[ym]It\m A∏q∏t\m h∂p kmtcm]tZiw \SØp∂ a´nep≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ Ip´nIsf t_mdSn∏n°pw.

Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ \n¿an°p∂Xv Gsd {]bmkap≈ ImcyamWv. k¿KmflIXbpw aqeyßfpw Ip´nIfpsS \nehmchpsams° ]cnKWn®v ckIcamb Ip´n∏cn]mSnIƒ Xbmdm°p∂ ImcyØnaebmf Snhn Nm\epIƒ ]cmPbamsW∂p ]dtb≠nhcpw.

AYhm td‰nwKv Iq´m\p≈ {iaØn\nSbn¬ Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ ]cn]mSnIfpsS ImcyØn¬ Nm\epIƒ H´pw {i≤ ]pe¿Øp∂n√. _mekmlnXyImc∑m¿ aebmfØn¬ Ht´sdbp≠v. F∂mIp´nIƒ°p th≠n kn\natbm a‰p Zriyam[ya ]cn]mSnItfm Hcp°p∂hcpsS FÆw F{X sNdpXmWv. Snhn k¿h{X tamiamsW∂v CXn\¿Yan√. Hcp]mSv Adnhns‚ hnkv a bZriyßfpsS IehdbmWp an\okv { Io≥. G‰hpw Ffp∏Øn¬ Adnhp ]Icm≥ Snhnbv°p Ignbpw. FÆØnXosc°pdsh¶nepw s]mXphn⁄m\hpw hniIe\ tijnbpw hf¿Øp∂ Snhn ]cn]mSnIfp≠.v th≠ ]cn]mSnIƒ am{Xw Xncs™SpØp ImWp∂, Snhnbv°v ASnabmImØ, ]IzXbm¿∂ ImgvNm kwkvImcap≈ Ip´nIƒ [mcmfap≠v.

aebmf Nm\epIfpw Ip´nIfpw \n¿`mKyhim¬ kocnbepw dnbmen‰ntjmbpw kn\nabpw kn\nam[njv T nX ]cn]mSnIfpamWv BsI P\w ImWp∂ ]cn]mSnIsf∂ [mcWbmWv Snhn Nm\epIƒ°v. Ip´nIƒ°p ]‰nb ]cn]mSnIƒ kwt{]jWw sNtø≠ kmaqlnI DØchmZnØØn¬ \n∂v Nm\epIƒ°v F{X Imew amdn \n¬°m\mIpw. ZqcZ¿i≥ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ aebmfw Nm\epIfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°p am{Xambp≈ ]cn]mSnIfpsS IWs°SpØp t\m°q. F{X IpdhmWXv. t{]£Icn¬ hensbmcp hn`mKamWp Ip´nIƒ.

Ah¿°v BgvNbn¬ Hcp aWn°q¿ Fs¥¶nepw ]cn]mSnIƒ aXntbm?

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

59

Ip´nIfnte°v Adnhns‚ hnkvabtemIw ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂ BI¿jIamb, ckIcamb ]cn]mSnIsf∏‰n \ΩpsS Nm\epIsfm∂pw Nn¥n°p∂Xp t]mepan√. t]mtKm Nm\enimkv{X ]co£WßfpsSbpw I≠p]nSnØßfpsSbpw ck߃ IuXpI]q¿hw AhXcn∏n°p∂ amUv F∂ ]cn]mSn°p≈ P\{]oXn Nm\¬ A[nImcnIƒ {i≤nt°≠XmWv. Ip´nIƒ°p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ apXn¿∂h¿ ImWns√∂pw AXn\m¬ kv t ]m¨k¿amsc In´ns√∂pamWv CØcw ]cn]mSnIƒ F¥psIm≠v AhXcn∏n°p∂n√ F∂ tNmZyØn\pØcambn Nne Nm\¬ A[nIrX¿ ]d™Xv. hmWnPy XmXv ] cyw am{XamWv ]cn]mSnIƒ Xncs™Sp°p∂Xn\v ASnkvYm\sa∂Xv kaImenI am[ya kwkvImcØn¬ H´pw sR´n∏n°p∂ Imcya√. apXn¿∂h¿°p≈ ]cn]mSn am{XamIptºmƒ Ip´nIfpw It≠mfpat√m.

I®hSXmXv]cyw Ipd™ncnt°≠ ZqcZ¿i\pw C°mcyØnhenb A\mkvY Xs∂bmWv {]ISn∏n®p hcp∂Xv. F¶nepw XΩn¬ t`Zw ZqcZ¿i≥ Xs∂. hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSn, hn⁄m\temIw, Iznkv XpSßn ]e ]cn]mSnIƒ ZqcZ¿i\nep≠v. kvIqƒ hnZym¿YnIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ kwkvYm\ k¿°m¿ Nm\emb hnIvtSgvknemIs´ an°hmdpw apgph≥ ]cn]mSnIfpw Ip´nIƒ°mbn Xs∂. ]t£ {]iv\w Ahbn¬ F{X FÆw Ip´nIsf ]nSn®ncpØp∂ XcØnep≠v F∂XmWv. Syqj\v mkn¬ \n¿_‘n®v ]Tn∏n°p∂ A\p`hamWv ]e ]cn]mSnIfpw ImWptºmƒ. k¿KmflIXbpw \√ Zriymht_m[hpap≈ kwhn[mbIcpsS £maw Cu cwKØp≠v.

Ip´nIƒ°p≈ ]cn]mSn BI¿jIambn AhXcn∏n®mapXn¿∂hcpw amWpw. F√mhcnepw Hcp Ip´nbps≠∂mWt√m ]dbmdv.

A‘hnizmk PSneßfmb a{¥hmZ, `oIc ]cºcIƒ imkv{Xt_m[w hftc≠ {]mbØn¬ IqSpX¬ {]Xntema]camb ho£WØnte°p Ip´nIsf \bn°p∂p. AhXmcIcpsS aebmfhpw Cwojpa√mØ Ahnb¬ AhXcW coXn Ip´nIfpsS `mjmt_m[sØ hgnsX‰n°p∂p.

60 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

\ΩpsS Ip´nIƒ ImWp∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ ]eXnepw D≈Xv Hcn°epw kw`hn°m≥ CSbn√mØ IYIfmWv . XmWXcw lmkyw, AoeNphbp≈ h¿Øam\w, aZyØn\pw a‰p elcnIƒ°pw t{]m¬kml\taIp∂ cwK߃ CsXms°bmWt√m \ΩpsS Ip´nIƒ I≠p ]Tn°p∂Xv.

Nm\epIƒ sNtø≠Xv F√m Nm\epIfnepw Ip´nIƒ ImWp∂ kabØv (Ah[nZnhkßfnepw a‰pw )Ah¿°p th≠nbp≈ anIhm¿∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWn°Ww. Ip´nIƒ°p {]Xo£bpw {]tNmZ\hptaIp∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ, bpIv X nNn¥bpw imkv { Xt_m[hpw hf¿Øp∂ kb≥kv ^nIv j \pIƒ XpSßnbhsbms° BImw. F√m Znhkhpw ss{]wssSwan¬ Ac aWn°qsd¶nepw Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ BI¿jIamb ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWn®m¬ kv t ]m¨k¿amsc In´m\pw {]bmkap≠mIn√.

Ah[n Znhkßfn¬ cmhnsebpw sshIn´pw IqSpX¬ kabw \ofp∂ Ip´nIƒ°p≈ hnt\mZ, hn⁄m\ ]cn]mSnIƒ kwt{]jWw sNøWw. ]cn]mSnIfpsS kabw ASn°Sn amddcpXv. kocnbepIƒ°v A\paXn tXSn hcp∂htcmSv Ip´nIƒ°p th≠n \nehmcap≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ IqSn \n¿an®p \¬Inbmte kocnben\v A\paXn \¬Iq F∂ \n_‘\ hbv°pI. Ip´nIƒ°p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v A\paXn \¬Ip∂Xn\pw AhbpsS \n¿amWØn\p klmbw \¬Ip∂Xn\pambn {]km¿ `mcXnbpsStbm inipt£akanXnbpsStbm at‰m Iogn¬ {]tXyI kanXn°p cq]w \¬IWw. apXn¿∂h¿°p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ I≠p I≠v _mey IqXqleßsf√mw \jvSambn, aq°msX ]gp°p∂ Xeapdbmbn Ip´nIsf am‰tWm F∂p Nn¥nt°≠ kabw sshInbncn°p∂p. sSenhnj≥ Ip´nIfpsS, _p≤nbpw kwkvImchpap≈ NßmXnbpw hgnIm´nbpw Bbn amds´. c£nXm°fpw A[ym]Icpw Snhn Nm\¬ A[nImcnIfpw k¿°mcpw CXn\mbn t_m[]q¿hamb {iaw \SØWw. Cu ]T\Øn¬ \n∂p shfnhmb as‰mcp {it≤b hkvXpX

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

61

]Øph¿jw ap≥]p hsc \ΩpsS A®Sn am[ya߃ Snhn kaqlØnep≠m°p∂ {]iv \ ߃ kPohambn N¿® sNbvXncp∂p.

F∂mBtcmKyIcamb hna¿i\w F∂Xv A\mtcmKyIcsa¶nepw kpJap≈ ]pdwsNmdnbembn amdp∂ ImeØv CØcw hna¿i\߃ Xosc Ipd™phcpIbmWv. h≥InS ]{Xkv Y m]\ßsf√mw Snhn cwKtØ°p IqSn NphSphbv°p∂Xpw CØcw hna¿i\߃ Ipdbm≥ CSbm°n.

Snhn kocnb¬ cwKw A\pIcn® Ip´n acn®p F∂ hm¿Ø t]mepw AtX]Sn sImSp°m≥ ]{X߃ Xbmd√. tI_nƒ IpØp∂Xn\nsS tjmt°‰v acn®p F∂ hm¿Øbn¬ tI_nƒ IpØp∂Xn\nsS F∂v ]{XØn¬ sImSp°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂ XcØnte°v Cu aqSpXm߬ XcwXmgv∂ncn°p∂p.

A[ymbw 11

tdUntbmbpw Ip´nIfpw Zriy{imhyam[ya߃ ]{Xßsf hngpßn°fbpsa∂ `oXn Ct∏mƒ henb tXmXn¬ C√. tdUntbmbpsS {]kIvXn Xs∂ Snhnbpw a‰pw hym]IamIp∂tXmsS C√mXmIpsa∂ Bi¶ BZyImeØv D≠mbncp∂p. AXp icnhbv ° pw a´ntdUntbmbpsS {]Nmcw Npcpßnt∏mIpIbpw sNbvXp. hoSpIfntdUntbmbpsS kvYm\tØ°mWv sSenhnj≥ FØnbXv. F∂m¬ Hcp am[yaØn\pw ]IcamIm≥ as‰m∂n\mIns√∂p sXfnbn®p sIm≠v tdUntbm iIv X amb Xncn®phchmWp \SØnbXv . tIcfØnepw F^v F w tdUntbm hnhap≠mbn.

AXphsc tdUntbm {]t£]WØn¬ IpØIbp≠mbncp∂ BImihmWnbpw Imem\pkrXambn amdn. ]{Xw hmbn°ptºmgpw Snhn ImWptºmgpw \ΩpsS apgph≥ {i≤bpw AXn¬ thWw. F∂m¬ a‰p tPmenIƒ°nSbv ° p tIƒ°msa∂Xpw FhnsSbpw sIm≠pt]mImsa∂Xpw tdUntbmbpsS am{Xw {]tXyIXbmWv. tdUntbm sk‰ns‚ Ipd™ hnebpw ]{Xhpw tI_nƒ Snhnbpw t]mse {]Xnamk Bh¿Ø\s®ehn√mØXpw km[mcW°mcpsS {]nb am[yaamIm≥ klmbIambn. hoSpIfnepw ISIfnepw hml\ßfnepsams° tdUntbm ]m´pIƒ tI´p XpSßn.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

63

shdpw ]m´ps]´n F∂ \nebnemWv IqSpX¬ t]cpw tdUntbmsb ImWp∂Xv. AtXkabw kmaqlnI, Im¿jnI, kmwkvImcnI, hnZym`ymk taJeIfnse iIvXamb Bib hn\nab D]m[nbmWv tdUntbm. tdUntbmbpsS hnZym`ymk]camb {]tbmP\ßsf°pdn®p ]T\w \SØnbn´p≈ NnecpsS \nco£W߃ Cßs\bmWv, The Agency for International Development F∂ kwLS\bpsS ]T\w ]dbp∂Xv ]mT]pkvXIßsf°mfpw A[ym]Isc°mfpw ^e{]Zhpw sNehpIpd™Xpamb ]T\kma{KnbmWv tdUntbm F∂mWv. Tripp & Roby 1996 ¢mkv A[ym]I¿°v {]m]vXn°pdhpw ]cnioe\°pdhpw D≈ hnjbßfn¬ tdUntbmbv°v klmbn°m≥ Ignbpw. G‰hpw ]pXnbXpw A]q¿hhpamb hnhc߃ tXSn∏nSn®v FØn°m\pw tdUntbm klmbIamIpw. Muller 1985 hnZym`ymk cwKØv tdUntbm°v aq∂p XcØnep≈ anIhpIfp≠v. hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpWta≥abpw {]kIvXnbpw h¿[n∏n°m\pw sNehpIpdbv ° m\pw ]T\kma{KnIƒ km¿h{XnIambn (km[mcWKXnbn¬ e`yamImØhcnte°pw ) FØn°m≥ klmbn°pw.

Jaminson and MC Anany (1978) tdUntbm°v Nne ]cnanXnIfpap≠v. AXn¬ Bibhn\nabw ]cnanXamWv. ^oUv_m°n\pw kwib\nhmcWØn\pw Ahkcw IpdhmWv . CSXShn√mØ AhXcWamWv . F√m hn`mKw Ip´nIƒ°pw Htc thKØn¬Xs∂bmWv Imcy߃ e`yamIp∂Xv . Ipdn∏pIƒ FgpXnsbSp°m\pw {]bmkamWv. Cu ]cnanXnIƒ adnIS°p∂Xn\mbn A\p_‘ kma{KnIfpw XpS¿ ]cnioe\ßfpw e`yamt°≠Xp≠v.

MC Issac gunawardena 1996 temIØns‚ an° `mKßfnepw kvIqfpIfpw tImfPpIfpw a‰p Iq´mbvaIfpsams° IΩyqWn‰n tdUntbmIƒ Bcw`n®p. ]t£

64 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

\ΩpsS \m´n¬ IΩyqWn‰n tdUntbmIƒ°v C\nbpw {]Nmcw e`n®n´n√. Nne kvIqfpIfpw tImtfPpIfpw a‰pw CØcw ]cn]mSnIƒ \SØnbn´ps≠¶nepw IΩyqWn‰n tdUntbmbpsS km[yXIƒ \mw ]q¿Wambn D]tbmKs∏SpØnbn´n√.

Ip´nIfpsS tdUntbm F∂ Bibhpw tIcfØn{]mh¿ØnIambn´n√. Ip´nIƒ°p th≠n am{Xap≈ tdUntbm Nm\epIfpw Ip´nIƒ°p th≠n Ip´nIƒ AhXcn∏n°p∂ tdUntbm Nm\epIfpw ]ebnSßfnepap≠v . tIcfØnBImihmWn Ip´nIƒ°mbn ]cn]mSnIƒ AhXcn∏n°mdps≠∂p am{Xw. F∂m¬ ]e hntZi tdUntbmIfpw (_n_nkn tdUntbm, Z£nWm{^n°bnse _pjv tdUntbm XpSßnbh DZmlcWw) Ip´nIƒ°mbn tdUntbm F∂ Imgv N ∏mSneq∂nbp≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ AhXcn∏n°mdp≠v. ]e hntZi tdUntbm Nm\epIfpw tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIƒ Xbmdm°p∂Xnepw tdUntbm s{]mUIv j ≥, ku≠v F≥Pn\obdnMv t]mep≈ taJeIfnepw Ip´nIƒ°v ]cnioe\w \¬Ip∂p≠v. _pjv tdUntbmbpsS {]ikvXamb Hcp t{]mPIvSmbncp∂p tdUntbm IntUm{Ikn (Radio Kidocracy).Ip´nIƒ°p th≠n am{Xap≈ IΩyqWn‰n tdUntbm kvt‰j≥ ]cn]mSnbmWnXv. 6 apX¬ 18 hbkphscbp≈ Ip´nIƒ°v tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIƒ \n¿an°m\pw {]t£]Ww sNøm\pap≈ ]cnioe\hpw ]≤XnbpsS `mKambn \¬In. CtX∏‰n N¿® sNøp∂Xn\mbn IntUm{Ikn tIm¨^d≥kpw kwLSn∏n®p. Cu ktΩf\ØnXbmdm°nb B{^n° Nm¿´¿ Hm¨ Nn¬{U≥kv t{_mUvImkv‰nßn\v ]n∂oSv tIma¨sh¬Øv t{_mUvImkvt‰gvkv Atkmkntbj≥ AwKoImcw \¬In. Ip´nIƒ F¥mWp tdUntbmbn¬\n∂p {]Xo£n°p∂sX∂pw AXnt\mSv tdUntbmbv ° v Fßs\ ^e{]Zambn {]XnIcn°m≥ Ignbpsa∂pap≈ At\zjWambncp∂p tdUntbm IntUm{Ikn. {_n´\nemIs´ Ip´nIƒ°p th≠n Ip´nIfpsS tdUntbm F∂

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

65

Imgv N ∏mtSmsS Nn¬{U≥ B≥Uv tdUntbm Fs∂mcp kwLS\Xs∂ 2004 apX¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂p. tdUntbm Nm\epIfpw C°mcyØn¬ XmXv]cyw FSpØn´n√. _n_nkn tdUntbm "tdUntbm C≥ kv I qƒkv " F∂ t]cnA[ym]I¿°mbn ]coioe\ ]cn]mSnbpw a‰pw \SØp∂p≠v. ]¶mfnØ tdUntbm F∂ Bibhpambn Ip´nIƒ°v tdUntbm {]t£]WØn¬ ]cnioe\w \¬IpIbpw kv I qfpIfnepw a‰pw IΩyqWn‰n tdUntbm Bcw`n°m≥ t{]m¬kml\w \¬IpIbpw sNøp∂p.

200405 h¿jØn¬ Cw≠n¬ \SØnb k¿thbn¬ (ssN¬Uv sshkv tamWn‰¿ k¿th) 716 {]mbap≈ Ip´nIfn¬ 7% t]cmWv GsX¶nepw XcØntdUntbm ]cn]mSnIfn]s¶SpØn´p≈Xv. CXn¬ Xs∂ _lp`qcn]£hpw ssehv Iznkv, t^m¨ hgnbp≈ N¿® XpSßnbhbnemWp ]s¶SpØn´p≈Xv. Iem]cn]mSnIƒ AhXcn∏n®n´p≈Xv Hcp iXam\w Ip´nIƒ am{XamWv. tIcfØn¬ kv Y nXn CXnepw ]cnXm]Icambncn°p sa∂pd∏mWv. tdUntbmbpsS {]kIvXnsb∏‰n Imcyamb N¿®Iƒ \ΩpsS \m´n¬ D≠mbn´n√. tdUntbmbv°v ]T\Øns‚ Ht´sd Xeßfn¬ Ip´nIsf klmbn°m\mIpw. Nne DZmlcW߃: `mjm]T\Øn¬ , {]tXyIn®v icnbmb XcØn¬ `mj ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\v tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIƒ klmbn°pw.

Cwojv, lnμn XpSßnb a‰p `mjIfn¬ D®mcWhpw kwkmc coXnbpw ]Tn°p∂Xn\v tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIƒ tIƒ°mw. aebmf `mjbpsS ImcyØnepw CXp icnbmWv. ]e F^vFw Nm\epIfnsebpw (Snhn Nm\epIfnsebpw) AhXmcIcpsS `mj hnIe aebmfamsW∂Xv henb {]iv\amWv. kwKoXhpw \mSIhpsams° ]Tn°p∂Xn\p tdUntbm \s√mcp am[yaaamWv. tdUntbm \mSIw Fs∂mcp hn`mKw Xs∂bp≠t√m. i_v Z ØneqsS am{Xw BibssIam‰w \SØpI F∂Xv sh√phnfn Xs∂bmWv . Ncn{X, kmlnXy \mSI߃ D≈S°sØ∏‰n [mcW e`n°p∂Xn\pw Ip´nIsf klmbn°p∂p.

66 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

]T\`mKhpambn _‘s∏´ N¿®Ifpw kwhmZßfpsams° tdUntbmbn¬ e`yamIp∂Xv IrXyamb Bibcq]oIcWØn\v Ip´nIsf klmbn°pw. tdUntbm kvt‰js‚ {]h¿Ø\hpw a‰pw a\knem°p∂Xv am[ya]T\Øns‚ `mKamWt√m, kmaqlnI, kmwkvImcnI, Iem hnjbßsf°pdn®p≈ {]`mjWßfpw a‰p ]cn]mSnIfpw apXn¿∂ Ip´nIƒ°v D]Imc{]ZamIpw. hmsamgnbmbn {]Ncn®p hcp∂ \mS≥ ]m´pIfpw hmsamgn kwkv I mcßfpsS sshhn[yhpsams° tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIfneqsS Ip´nIfnte°v FØn°m≥ km[n°pw.

A`napJw \SØm\pw ]cn]mSnIƒ°v kv{In]v‰v FgpXm\pw a‰pw Ip´nIƒ°v Ahkcw \¬Ip∂Xpw \∂mIpw. kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS hnImktØmsS tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIƒ AhXcn∏n°m≥ tdUntbm kvt‰j\n¬ t]mIWsa∂pt]mepw C√. an\n UnkvIv dnt°m¿Udpw ssat{Imt^mWpw em]vtSm∏pw Dƒs∏Sp∂ t]m¿´_nƒ tdUntbm s{]mU£≥ In‰pIƒ e`yamWv. hntZi cmPyßfn¬ ]e kvIqfpIƒ°pw kz¥ambn tdUntbm kvt‰j\p≠v. CXn\mbn dnkv{SnIv‰Uv k¿hokv ssek≥kv (B¿FkvF¬) FSpØm¬ aXnbmIpw. C‚¿s\‰v tdUntbmbpw kvIqƒ ]cnkcØp am{Xw HXpßp∂ tem°¬ kvt‰j\pIfpw Bcw`n°mw. tdUntbm {]t£]WØns‚ kmt¶XnI hnZyIƒ Ffp∏amsb¶nepw \ΩpsS \m´n¬ IΩyqWn‰n tdUntbm IpdhmWv. tZiob XeØn¬ hnZym`ymkØn¬ Du∂nbp≈ Hcp]mSv tdUntbm t{]mPIvSpIƒ D≠mbn´p≠v. kvIqƒ t{_mUvImkv‰v t{]mPIvS,v AU¬‰v FPypt°j≥ B≥Uv IΩyqWn‰n Uhe]vsa‚ v t{]mPIv S v , ^mw B≥Uv tlmw t{_mUv I mkv ‰ v t{]mPIv S v , bqWnthgvkn‰n t{_mUvImkv‰v t{]mPIvSv, `mjm]T\ ]≤Xn, Ct·m( CμncmKm‘n \mj\¬ Hm∏¨ bqWnthgv k n‰n) FsFB¿ t{_mUv I mkv ‰ v , ⁄m≥hmWn XpSßn ]e ]≤XnIfneqsSbpw ]cn]mSnIfneqsSbpw tdUntbmbpsS hnZym`ymkaqeyw Db¿Øp∂Xn\p≈ {ia߃ \S°p∂p≠v . Ct·m Dƒs∏sSbp≈ hnZqc hnZym`ymk

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

67

kv Y m]\߃ ]eXpw sNehpIpd™ XcØn¬ ]camh[n t]cnte°v FØm\p≈ am[yaw F∂ \nebn¬ D≈S°w hnZym¿YnIfnte°v FØn°m≥ tdUntbmsb D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂p.

C¥ybnse BZy hnZym`ymk F^vFw tdUntbm Nm\emWv ⁄m≥hmWn. Ct·m, F≥knCB¿Sn , bpPnkn XpSßnb GP≥knIfmWv ]cn]mSnIƒ Xbmdm°p∂Xv. AtXkabw, tIcfØn¬ Cu taJebnse kvYnXn Gsd ]cnXm]IcamWv. kzImcy F^vFw Nm\epIƒ hym]IambXv tdUntbm t{imXm°fpsS FÆw h¿[n°m≥ klmbIambn. ]m´nt\mSpw kwKoXtØmSpapff A`ncpNn h¿[n∏n°m\pw CXp klmbn®n´p≠v.

AtXkabw F^v Fw tdUntbm Nm\epIfpsS AP≠bnCXphsc Ip´nIƒ IS∂ph∂n´n√. AtXkabw, BImihmWn Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ ]cºcmKXambn Xs∂ {]t£]Ww sNbv X p hcp∂p.

Chbn]eXpw tZiobXeØnep≈ ]cn]mSnIfpsS `mKambp≈XmWv. BImihmWn Ip´nIsf e£yan´p kwt{]jWw sNøp∂ Nne ]cn]mSnIsf∏‰n, *_metemIw F√m Rmbdmgv N Ifnepw Ip´nIƒ Ip´nIƒ°mbn AhXcn∏n°p∂ ]cn]mSnbmWv _metemIw. tIcfØnepS\ofw Ip´nIfpsS Iq´mbv a bmbn tdUntbm _pIƒ hf¿∂ Imeap≠mbncp∂p. a‰p _pItfmSpw kv Y m]\ßtfmSpw A\p_‘n®v CØcw tdUntbm _pIƒ Bcw`n°pIbpw Ip´nIfpsS IemkmlnXy IgnhpIƒ t{]m¬kmln∏n°p∂ Xn\p≈ {][m\ thZnIfmbn Ch amdpIbpw sNbvXp. ]cn]mSnIƒ tI´v A`n{]mbßfpw \n¿tZißfpw Ip´nIƒ _metemIw AΩmhs\ FgpXn Adnbn°p∂ ]Xnhpap≠mbncp∂p. CØcw _pIƒ Ip´nIfpsS hf¿®bv ° pw kaql]ptcmKXn°pw klmbIamb {]h¿Ø\߃ \SØnbncp∂p.F∂m¬ tdUntbm _pIfpsS FÆw Gsd Ipd™n´p≠v. _metemIØns‚ ]pjvIe Imew Xncn®psIm≠p hcp∂Xn\p≈ {iaßfmWv

68 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

BImihmWnbpsS `mKØp\n∂v D≠mtI≠Xv. *civan i\nbmgvNIfnemWp civan. 12 hbkn¬ Xmsgbp≈ Ip´nIfmWv CXn¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂Xv. IY, ]m´v , IYm{]kwKw, kvIn‰v XpSßnb hnhn[ ]cn]mSnIƒ civanbn¬ sIm®pIq´pIm¿ AhXcn∏n°p∂p. *Ip´nIfpsS ]qt¥\cphn F√m i\nbmgv N bpw D®bv ° v Ip´nIfpsS ]qt¥\cphn {]t£]Ww sNømdp≠v . Cu t^m¨ C≥ Ne®n{X Km\]cn]mSnbnte°v Ip´nIƒ°v hnfn®v ]m´pIƒ Bhiys∏Smw. *hnZym`ymk]cn]mSn Ip´nIsf ]T\Øn¬ klmbn°p∂Xp e£yan´p≈ ]cn]mSnbmWnXv . ckIcamb kw`mjW߃, kwKoXw, F∂nhbpsS klmbtØmsSbp≈ ^o®dpIfpw eLp\mSIßfpw Nn{XoIcWßfpw Hs°bmWv CXn¬. hnZym`ymk kw_‘amb {]`mjWßfpw N¿®Ifpsams° D≠mImdp≠v . ]co£mklmbnIfpw \¬Imdp≠v. *lnμn]mTw, kwkvIrX]mTw hnZym¿YnIƒ°v lnμnbpw kwkv I rXhpw ]Tn°p∂Xn\p klmbIamb , an°hmdpw Bdmw mkv apX¬ ]Ømw mkv hscbp≈ ]mTßfmWv Cu ]cn]mSnIfn¬ {]t£]Ww sNømdp≈Xv. *kwKoX]mTw Ip´nIsf I¿WmSI kwKoXw, lnμpkv Y m\n kwKoXw, efnXKm\w XpSßnbh ]Tn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ ]cn]mSnbmWnXv. kwLKm\{Kq∏pIƒ an° \nebßfnepap≠v.

CXp IqSmsX Ct·mbpsS klIcWtØmsS {]h¿Øn°p∂ hnZym`ymk F^v F w Nm\emb ⁄m≥hmWnbpsS ]cn]mSnIfpap≠v.

Unkw_¿ amkw c≠masØ Rmbdmgv N bp\nsk^v Ip´nIfpsS cmPym¥c {]t£]W Zn\ambn BtLmjn°p∂p.

A∂v Ip´nIƒ°p Xs∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

69

Ahkcw BImihmWn \¬Imdp≠v.

CØcw ]cn]mSnIƒ°∏pdw Ip´n t{imXm°sf KuchØnseSpØv ]cn]mSnIƒ Xbmdm°m≥ tdUntbmbv°v Ign™n´n√.

BImihmWn Xs∂ C°mcyØnap≥IsøSp°Ww. Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nsbmcp aebmfw tdUntbm Nm\¬ F∂Xp bmYm¿Yyam°p∂Xn\v BImihmWn°p km[n°pw. A[nIw apX¬apS°n√msX Ip´nIƒ°p {]tbmP\{]Zamb coXnbn]cn]mSnIƒ AWnbns®mcp°Ww. kzImcy F^v F w \nebßfpw Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ XpSßWw. hnZym`ymk hIp∏ns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ IΩyqWn‰n tdUntbmIƒ kvIqfpIfpw a‰pw BkvYm\am°n XpSßWw. tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIfpw a‰pw Xbmdm°p∂Xnepw tdUntbm kmt¶XnI hnZybnepw Ip´nIƒ°p ]cnioe\w \¬IWw. tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIƒ ]mTy]≤Xnbnepw Dƒs∏SpØWw. AXpt]mse Xs∂ Ip´nIfpsS AhImi kwc£Ww t]mse {]kIvXamb hnjb߃ tdUntbm IqSpXembn ssIImcyw sNøWw. inipkulrZ]camb `mj D]tbmKn°p∂Xnepw Ip´nIfpsS dnt∏m¿´nMv kw_‘n® am¿K\n¿tZi߃ ]men°p∂Xnepw tdUntbm {]t£]I¿°p ]cnioe\w \¬IWw.

A[ymbw 12

]ckyßfpsS ambmtemIw Adnbn°pI, hnt\mZn∏n°pI XpSßnb {]mYanI [¿a߃°∏pdw P\ßsf D]tbmIvXm°fm°pI F∂XmWp am[ya߃ sNbvXpsIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. C°mcyØn¬ F√mØcw am[ya߃°pw DØchmZnØap≠v. ]e Xeßfnembn CXp kw`hn°p∂p. hmb\°mcpw t{]£Icpw am[yaßfpsS D]tbmIvXm°fmWt√m. AXn\mam[ya߃ kzbw am¿°‰v sNøp∂p.

Bbnc°W°n\v DXv ] ∂ßfpsSbpw tkh\ßfpsSbpw AXnitbmIvXnbpw A¿[kXyßfpw IqSn°e¿∂ ]ckyamam¶w am[ya߃ AhXcn∏n°p∂p. Bh¿Ø\amWv ]ckyßfpsS hnPbclkyw.

Ht∂m ct≠m h´w hmbnt®m It≠m Ifbp∂h¿ t]mepw XpS¿®bmbn ]ckyw hcptºmƒ Ah {i≤n°m≥ \n¿_‘nXcmIp∂p. ]eh´amIptºmƒ AXn¬ ]dbp∂ Imcy߃ hmkvXhamsW∂p [cn®p t]mIp∂p. Ip´nIfnemIs´ Cu kzm[o\n°¬ {]{Inb hfsc thKw IqSp∂p. ^etam AXn`mhpIXzØns‚bpw hmßn°q´¬ kwkvImcØns‚bpw Hcp A¥co£w AhcpsS a\kpIfnte°v hym]n°p∂p. ]cky߃ apJyambpw e£yanSp∂Xv Ip´nIsfbmWv .

B`cWw, hkv { Xw, h≠n XpSßn hfsc°pd®v taJeIƒ

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

71

HgnsIbp≈hbn¬ ]cky߃ Ip´nIfneqsS IpSpw_ßsf kzm[o\n°m\mWp {ian°p∂Xv , {]tXyIn®v Zriyam[yaßfneqsSbp≈ ]cky߃. H∂pInIp´nIsf BI¿jn°p∂Xp e£yan´p≈ ]cky߃, As√¶nIp´nIƒ°p th≠nbmsW∂ [mcWbp≠m°n apXn¿∂hsc kzm[o\n°m\p≈ ]cky߃. ]cky߃ Ip´nIfnep≠m°p∂ kzm[o\sØ∏‰nbpw am[ya߃ C°mcyØn¬ ]pe¿tØ≠ Bfl\nb{¥WsØ∏‰nbpw Kuchap≈ N¿®Iƒ tIcfØnD≠mIp∂pan√. s]mXphmb Nne \nb{¥W߃ C°mcyØntZiob XeØneps≠∂p≈Xp icnbmWv. ]t£ {]mtbmKnI XeØn¬ Cu \nb{¥W߃ D≠mIp∂n√. ImcWw \nb{¥W߃ KpcpXcamb \nbaewL\ßtfm A[m¿anIXItfm Hgnhm°p∂Xp e£yan´mWv. ]cky߃ a\»mkv { X]cambn Ip´nIfn¬ D≠m°p∂ kzm[o\sØ∏‰nbpw AXns‚ Zpjv ^ e߃ Hgnhm°p∂Xns\∏‰nbpap≈ Imcy߃ CØcw \nb{¥WßfpsS ]cn[nbn¬ hcp∂ns√∂XmWp bmYm¿Yyw. Zriy߃ a\kpIfnte°v iIv X ambn IS∂p Ibdptºmƒ \nb{¥W߃ ]eXpw A{]kIvXamIp∂p. hnhchnkvt^mS\Øns‚bpw AXncpIƒ adnIS∂p t]mIp∂ Bibhn\nabØns‚bpw ImeamWt√m CXv . HcnSØp kmwkvImcnIambpw [m¿anIambpw {]iv\an√mØ ]ckyßtfm ]cn]mSnItfm Xo¿Øpw hyXykvXamsbmcp kmwkvImcnI, [m¿anI `qanIbnte°p AtX]Sn hn\na bw sNøs∏Sptºmƒ kzm`mhnIambpw AXp Nne {]iv\߃ krjvSn°m≥ CSbp≠v. am{Xa√, SnhnbnImWp∂Xpw ]{XØnA®Sn®ncn°p∂Xpsa√mw icnbmsW∂ [mcWbmWp Ip™p߃°v . ]ckyßfmIs´ AXnitbmIv X nbpsSbpw AXn`mhpIXzØns‚bpw AbYm¿Yamsbmcp temIamWt√m krjvSn°p∂Xv. ]ckyw hn]W\Øn\p≈ X{¥w am{XamsW∂pw AhbpsS hnizk\obX an°hmdpw kwibmkv]ZamsW∂pw apXn¿∂h¿ t]mepw a\knem°mØ kmlNcyamWp≈Xv.

72 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

kzm`mhnIambpw CXp kv Y ncambn ImWp∂ Ip´nIfnbmYm¿Yyhpambn Hcp _‘hpan√mØ PohnX ho£Ww cq]s∏Sm≥ km[yXtbsdbmWv. Np‰p]mSpIfpambn _‘an√msX Snhnbpw Iw]yq´¿ sKbnapIfpw Ip´nIfpsS \nXyklNmcnIfmIp∂ kmlNcyØn¬ {]tXyIn®pw. hmßn°q´¬ kwkv I mcw At_m[ambn Ip´nIfnIpØnhbv ° p∂ ]cky߃ ]WamWv F√mØns‚bpw ASnkvYm\sa∂ hnIe[mcW D≠m°p∂p. ]cky\n¿amXm°ƒ Ip´nIfn¬ Ffp∏w kzm[o\w sNepØm≥ Ignbp∂ XcØn¬ ]cky߃ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ a¬kcØnemWv. ]ckyØn¬ ]dbp∂ DXv]∂߃ Cs√¶n¬, AXpt]mse Bbns√¶n¬ Xm≥ tami°mc\mtb°psa∂ [mcW Ip´nIfn¬ IpØnhbv°p∂p. ]WØn\p th≠nbp≈ ]m®nen\nSbn¬ PohnX e£yhpw kam[m\hpw \jv S s∏´v , Np‰p]mSpItfmSpw kaqltØmSpw _‘an√mØhcmbn amdnt∏mIp∂hcpsS Iq´Ønte°v Cu Ip´nIfpw Dƒs∏´pt]mIm\p≈ km[yX GsdbmWv. Imcy߃ a\knem°m≥ tijnbp≠mIpw ap≥t] Ip´nIƒ ]ckyßfnte°v BI¿jn°s∏Sp∂p. Ip´n°v ]ckyw ImWm≥ henb CjvSamWv F∂v Ipcp∂pIsf∏‰n ]dbp∂Xp tI´n´nt√.

AXnthKw amdnadnbp∂ ZriyßfpsS NSpeXbmWv Ip´nIsf BI¿jn°p∂Xv. tIcfØn¬ ]cky߃°v Imcyamb \nb{¥Wßsfm∂pan√.

AXp shdpw ]ckyat√ F∂ a´n¬ ]cky߃ hgn F¥pw AhXcn∏n°msa∂ kvYnXnbp≠v. icn°pw a\»mkv{X]camb NqjWamWv ]ckyßfneqsS kw`hn°p∂Xv. C°mcyØn¬ am[yakvYm]\ßfpw Imcyamb \nb{¥Wsam∂pw G¿s∏SpØnbn´n√. AhcpsS {][m\ hcpam\ am¿KamWt√m ]cky߃.

Snhnbn¬ ]cky߃°nSbn¬ ImWn°m≥ X´n°q´nbXmWv F∂ a´nemWp Nne ]cn]mSnIƒ AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv . ]{Xßfnse Nne t]PpIfpw ]cky߃°nSbn¬ \ndbv°m≥ Nne hm¿ØIƒ F∂ coXnbnep≈XmWv.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

73

IpSpw_w GXp hmßWw F¥p hmßWsa∂p Xocpam\n°p∂Xn¬ Ip´nIƒ hfsc \n¿WmbIamsbmcp ]¶phln°p∂p. AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ Ip´nIfnte°v Fßs\ Ffp∏w kzm[o\w sNepØmsa∂Xn¬ a\»mkv { X⁄cpsS klmbhpw ]cky GP≥knIƒ tXSmdp≠v. Ip´nIsf Ffp∏w BI¿jn°p∂ PnwKnfpIƒ, IrkrXn \nd™ Zriy߃, AXnthKw amdnadnbp∂ hnjz¬ koIz≥kpIƒ XpSßnbhbmWv an° ]ckyßfnepw.

Ip´nIfpsS \n¿_‘Øn\p hgßn A{X Bhiyan√mØ ]e DXv ] ∂ßfpw hmßns°mSp°m≥ \n¿_‘nXcmIp∂ kmlNcyamWv hoSpIfn¬. Ic®nepw ]nW°hpw ImcWw F∂mhmßntb°mw F∂p Xocpam\n°m≥ \n¿_‘nXcmIp∂p. kq∏¿am¿°‰pIfnse Nne \nco£Wßfn¬\n∂p a\knembXv Ip´nIfpamsbØp∂ IpSpw_ßfntjm∏nßn\nsS {_m≥Uv Xncs™Sp°p∂Xp Ip´nIfmWv .

DZmlcWambn B C\n _nkv°‰v t\m°mw F∂v ANvO≥ ]d™pXocpwap≥s] Ip´n ]ckyØneqsS ]cnNbs∏´ {_m≥Uv IønseSpØp Ign™ncp∂p.

Snhnbn¬ ImWn°p∂ kmlknI cwK߃ A\pIcn°m\p≈ {]hWX Ip´nIfnep≠v. ]ckyßfnemWv CØcw cwK߃ Gsd. A\pIcn°m≥ {ian°cpsX∂ ap∂dnbn∏v ImWn®m¬ t]mepw Ip´nIƒ AXpt]msem∂p sNbv X p t\m°m≥ {ian°pIbpw A]ISØn¬s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂ kμ¿`߃ D≠mbn´p≠v. ]WØns‚ hne Xncn®dnbm≥ {]mbambn´n√mØXn\m¬ Ip´n an∂p∂ ]ckyZriy߃ I≠v hne]nSn∏p≈ km[\߃ hmßns°mSp°m≥ \n¿_‘n°p∂Xpw km[mcWamWv. kvYncambn ]cky߃ ImWp∂ Ip´nIfn¬ Nne s]cpam‰ sshIey߃ D≠mImsa∂pt]mepw Nne a\»mkv { X⁄¿ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. hkv{Xw, Blmcw, Ifn∏m´w XpSßnbhsbms° GXmWp th≠sX∂ ImcyØn¬ DXv]∂Øns‚ KpWhpw IpSpw_Øns‚ kmºØnIkvYnXnbpa√, ]ckyØneqsS ASnt®¬∏n°s∏´ Ip´nbpsS \n¿_‘amWv Xocpam\w FSp°p∂Xnse

74 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

apJyLSIamIp∂Xv. BtcmKyØn\v Gsd lm\nIcamb P¶v ^pUns‚bpw tImfIfpsSbpsams° ]cky߃ Bh¿Øn®mh¿Øn®p ImWp∂XneqsS AXnt\mSv AdnbmsX XmXv]cyw hcpIbpw AØcw `£yhkvXp°ƒ°v ASnabmbn XocpIbpw sNøp∂p.

Ip´nIƒ s]mÆØSnb≥amcmbn amdp∂Xnepw ]cky߃ ]¶phln°p∂ps≠∂p Npcp°w. ]ckyw Ip´nIfnep≠m°p∂ {]iv\߃ \ΩpsS \m´nKuchØn¬ FSp°s∏´n´ns√¶nepw ]e cmPyßfnepw CXn\v iIvXamb \nb{¥W߃ h∂pIgn™p. bpsI, _¬Pnbw, {Kokv, sU≥am¿°v F∂o cmPyßfnIp´nIsf e£yan´p≈ ]cky߃°v \nb{¥Ww G¿s∏SpØnbn´p≠v. t\m¿thbnepw kzoU\nepw 12 hbkn¬ Xmsgbp≈ Ip´nIsf e£yan´p≈ ]cky߃ \nbahncp≤amWv. bqtdm]y≥ bqWnb≥ AwKcmPyßfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ ]cky߃°p \nb{¥Ww G¿s∏SpØp∂Xn\p≈ {ia߃ \SØp∂p≠v. am[ya kv Y m]\߃°v ]ckyßfn¬ GsX¶nepw XcØnep≈ \nb{¥Ww G¿s∏SpØm≥ IgnbmØ kmlNcyamWv tIcfØn¬ \nehnep≈Xv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ ]cky ZmXm°fpw GP≥knIfpw C°mcyØn¬ kzbw\nb{¥Ww G¿s∏SpØpIbmWv Hcp hgn.

F∂m¬ AXpw \S°p∂ Imcya√. AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ k¿°m¿ GP≥knIƒ hgn C°mcyØn¬ Hcp am¿K\n¿tZiap≠mtI≠Xv ASnb¥camWv. AØcw Hcp am¿K\n¿tZiØn¬ Dƒs∏SptØ≠ Nne Imcy߃: *]cky߃ Ip´nIfpsS A⁄Xbpw ]cnNb°pdhpw apXseSp°p∂htbm GsX¶nepw DXv ] ∂tam tkh\tam hmßm≥ Ip´nIsf \n¿_‘n°p∂htbm BIcpXv. *IpSpw_ _‘w, A[ym]I hnZym¿Yn _‘w XpSßn Ip´nIsf kw_‘n®p {]m[m\yap≈ kmaqlnI _‘ßsf Ifnbm°pItbm AXn¬ hnizmkw \jvSs∏SpØpItbm sNøp∂

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

Xcw ]cky߃

75

Hgnhm°Ww.

*DXv ] ∂߃ hmßns°mSp°Wsa∂ apXn¿∂hsc \n¿_‘n°m≥ t{]cn∏n°p∂ Xcw ]cky߃°pw \nb{¥Ww thWw. *tamiambXpw A]ISIchpamb kmlNcyßfn¬ Ip´nIsf ]ckyØn¬ ImWn°m≥ ]mSn√. *Nnet∏mƒ ]cn]mSn \S°p∂Xn\nSbn¬ ]cky߃ FgpXn°mWn°pItbm DXv]∂ßfpsS Nn{Xw ImWn°pItbm sNømdp≠v. Ip´nIfpsS ]cn]mSnbn¬ CXv Hgnhm°Ww. * BtcmKyØn\v \√X√mØ `£yhkv X p°fpsS ]ckyßfnse sX‰mb AhImihmZ߃ Hgnhm°Ww. * tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnIaqeyßsfbpw ]mcºcysØbpw Ifnbm°p∂ Xcw ]cky߃°pw \nb{¥Ww thWw. * aebmf `mjsb hnIeambn ImWn°pItbm \ΩpsS kwkvImcsØ CSn®pXmgvØpItbm sNøp∂ Xcw ]cky߃°v hne°v G¿s∏SpØWw. *]ckyßsf∏‰n ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØpIbpw AhbpsS tZmjhi߃ Ip´nIƒ°v ]cnNbs∏SpØpIbpw thWw.

A[ymbw 13

C‚¿s\‰v am[yaßfpw Ip´nIfpw am[ya temIsØ \hmXnYnIfnsemcmfmWt√m C‚¿s\‰v. bYm¿YØn¬ ]{Xw, Snhn, tdUntbm F∂nhbpsS {]tXyIXIsf√mw ka\zbn∏n® Hcp am[yaamWv C‚¿s\‰v.

A\¥amb km[yXIfmWv C‚¿s\‰v Xpd∂nSp∂Xv. ]{Xw hmbn°≠, Cjv S ap≈ ]{XØns‚ Hm¨sse≥ FUnj≥ Xpd∂v hmbn°mw. As√¶n¬ ]{X t]Pv AXpt]mse hmbn°mhp∂ C t]∏¿ t\m°mw.

Snhn ImW≠, CXns‚ Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\n¬ F√m hm¿ØIfpw ImWmw; \ΩpsS kuIcyØn\v . hmbn°m≥, FgpXm≥, tIƒ°m≥, ImWm≥ am[yacwKsØ C‚¿s\‰v F∂ kq∏¿ am¿°‰n¬ F√map≠v.

F√map≠v F∂Xv Ip´nIsf kw_‘n®nStØmfw G‰hpw henb AhkcamWv. AtXkabw C‚¿s\‰v Zpcp]tbmKw h≥ `ojWnbpw. samss_¬ t^mWnepw C‚¿s\‰v In´psa∂mbt∏mƒ sh√phnfn h¿[n®ncn°pIbmWv. hnUntbm sKbnapIƒ°v ASnas∏´h¿, Aoe ssk‰pIfnIpSpßn PohnXw \in®h¿, th≠mØ _‘ßfnepw Iq´psI´pIfnepw s]´v ssk_¿ tIkpIfnepw A√mØ tIkpIfnepw IpSpßnbh¿ C‚¿s\‰v F∂ hebn¬ IpSpßn PohnXw \jvSamb Ip´nIfpsS FÆw hfsc hepXmWv. PohnXw

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

77

ssItamiw h∂ns√¶nepw ]T\w Dg∏nt∏mbh¿ as‰mcp `mKØv.

F∂m¬ C‚¿s\‰ns\ ]q¿Wambn Hgn®p\n¿ØpI Akm[yamWv. Ip´nIƒ hgn sX‰psa∂v IcpXn C‚¿s\‰nte°v ASp∏n°≠ F∂p hnNmcn°p∂Xv a≠ØcamWv. h≠nbn¬ bm{X sNbvXmA]ISap≠mIpsa∂p IcpXn h≠nbnte IbdmsX \S∂pt]mIp∂Xpt]msetb D≈q AØcw Xocpam\߃.

Ip´nIƒ°p th≠Xv Fßs\ BtcmKyIcambn C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKn°msa∂ [mcWbmWv. B Adnhv kvIqfn¬\n∂pw ho´n¬\n∂pw Ip´n°p In´Ww. AXn\mbn A[ym]I¿°pw c£nXm°ƒ°pw ]cnioe\w e`n°Ww. C‚¿s\‰pw am[yaßfpw F∂ hnjbw ]cnKWn°ptºmƒ am[yaßfpsS c≠p XcØnep≈ tdmfpw ]T\hnt[bamt°≠Xp≠v.

H∂v icnbmb C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKw kw_‘n®v Ip´nIsfbpw A[ym]Iscbpw c£nXm°sfbpw hgnIm´pI. c≠v Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\pIfneqsS Ip´nIsf ^e{]Zambn ]T\Øn\pw A\p_‘ {]h¿Ø\߃°pw klmbn°pI. C‚¿s\‰v icn°pw bphm°fpsS am[yaw BWv . hnhc߃Adnbm\pw Bibhn\nabØn\pw hnt\mZØn\pw kmaqlnIamb CSs]SepIƒ°pw bphm°ƒ IqSpXembn B{ibn°p∂Xv C‚¿s\‰ns\bmWv. C‚¿s\‰v Is^Iƒ hym]IambtXmsS kmaqlnI, kmºØnI AhkvYIƒ°∏pdw C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKw ]S¿∂p. sFSnbpw C‚¿s\‰pw ]T\hnjbambtXmsS Ip´nIƒ C‚¿s\‰ns‚ NßmXnamcmbn. k¿°m¿ tkh\ßfpw ]nFkvkn kw_‘amb Imcyßfpsa√mw C‚¿s\‰v hgnbmbtXmsS AXdnbmØhcpsS FÆw NpcpßpIbmWv. tkmjy¬ ssk‰pIfpsS IS∂phcthmsS C‚¿s\‰v am[yacwKØv ]pXnsbmcp ]Ÿmhv Xpd°pIbmbncp∂p. G‰hpw hn]pehpw P\Iobhpamb Bibhn\nabirwJebmbn CØcw ssk‰pIƒ amdns°m≠ncn°p∂p.

SpWojy, CuPn]vXv, en_nb, _lvssd≥, kuZn Atd_y XpSßnb cmPyßfn¬ tkzNvOm[n]Xy `cWIqS߃°v FXnsc

78 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

cq]w sIm≠v Ad_v hk¥w F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ hnh {]kvYm\Øns‚ apJythZn CØcw ssk‰pIfmbncp∂t√m. t^kv_p°pw Szn‰dpsams° D]tbmKn°p∂hcpsS FÆw tIcfØns‚bpw Dƒ\mS≥ {Kmaßfnt]mepw h¿[n®phcpIbmWv . sXm´SpØ ho´nep≈hcpambnt∏mepw Bibhn\nabw \SØp∂Xv t^kv _p°pw Nm‰nßpw hgnbmWv F∂ \netbmfsaØn Imcy߃. ]pXpIme kmt¶XnI hnZyIfpsS D]tbmKw \nb{¥n°m\pw \√hgn°v D]tbmKn°p∂psh∂v Dd∏m°m\pap≈ NpaXe Xo¿®bmbpw am[yaßfmWv Fs‰Spt°≠Xv. \n¿`mKyhimaebmf am[ya߃ C°mcyØn¬ a\x]q¿ha√mØ A\mkvYbmWp ImWn°p∂Xv. Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ t]PpIfn¬ A°mZanI hnjb߃°p {]mapJyw \¬Ip∂Xn\m¬ CØcw hnjb߃°p kvYm\w e`n°mdn√. ]{Xßfn¬ h√t∏mgpw BtcmKyw t]PpIfnemWv CXp kw_‘n® Ipdn∏pIƒ hcp∂Xv . AXp an°hmdpw XpS¿®bmb Iw]yq´¿ D]tbmKØns‚ BtcmKy{]iv\ßsf°pdn®mWv. Ign™ h¿jw G{]n¬, tabv, Pq¨ amkßfn¬ aebmfØnse aq∂p {]apJ ]{X߃ ]cntim[n®Xn¬ BtcmKyIcamb C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKsØ∏‰n H∂pw Xs∂ D≠mbncp∂n√.

AtXkabw. Zv lnμp, Zv \yq C¥y≥ FIvkv{]kv ]{Xßfnse knsa‚pIfn¬ H∂ntesd XhW CXp hnjbambn´p≠v.

Ip´nIƒ IqSpXembn C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKn°p∂Xv Csabn¬, Nm‰nMv , Uu¨temUnMv , hnhctiJcWw F∂nhbv ° mWv .

AtXkabw ]cn[nIfn√mØ Adnhns‚ A£b]m{Xamb C‚¿s\‰n¬\n∂p th≠Xpw th≠mØXpw Xncn®dnbm≥ Ip´nIƒ°p km[n°ns√∂ {]iv \ hpw \ne\n¬°p∂p≠v .

Csabn¬ hnemkhpw a‰p hyIvXn hnhcßfpw C‚¿s\‰neqsS ssIamdp∂XneqsS A]ISØnemIp∂ Ip´nIfpsS FÆw GsdbmWv. C¥ybnse ]Øp \Kcßfn¬ (sIm®n Dƒs∏sS) CubnsS \SØnb Hcp k¿thbn¬ C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKn°p∂hcn¬ 62%

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

79

Ip´nIƒ hyIv X nKX hnhc߃ Hm¨sse\neqsS ssIamdnbn´ps≠∂p shfns∏SpØn. ssk_¿ NXn°pgnIfmWv ImØncn°p∂sX∂ Xncn®dnhn√mØhcmWv Cu Ip´nIsf∂p hyIvXw. k¿thbn¬ ]s¶SpØ Ip´nIfn¬ 91% t]cpw ]nknbmWv (s]gv k W¬ Iw]yq´¿) C‚¿s\‰n\mbn D]tbmKn°p∂Xv . samss_¬ t^m¨ CXn\mbn D]tbmKn°p∂hcpsS FÆw h¿[n®phcpIbmWv. hoSn\p ]pdsa C‚¿s\‰v Is^Iƒ, kplrØp°fpsS hoSv, kv I qƒ F∂nhnSßfn¬ \n∂pw Ip´nIƒ C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKn°p∂p. {i≤nt°≠ as‰mcp hkvXpX 32% Ip´nIƒ°v Hm¨sse\n¬ ]Xnbncn°p∂ A]ISßsf∏‰n Hcp [mcWbpan√ F∂XmWv. 12% t]¿ C‚¿s\‰v hgn GsX¶nepw XcØnep≈ Ipg∏Øn¬ NmSnbn´ps≠∂pw kΩXn®p. ]t£ C‚¿s\‰ns\ hn√\m°n Hgn®p\n¿ØpIb√t√m ]cnlmcw.

Xmsg∏dbp∂ Imcyßfnam¿K\n¿tZiw e`yamIWw.

Ip´nIƒ°p

icnbmb

C‚¿s\‰n¬ sk¿®v sNø¬, e`n°p∂ hnhcßfpsS B[nImcnIX Dd∏m°¬, ]T\{]h¿Ø\߃°p th≠ hnhc߃ s\‰n¬\n∂v tIm∏n, t]kv ‰ v B°n D]tbmKn°p∂Xnse A]ISw, Aoessk‰pIƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ A\mhiy sh_vssk‰pIƒ Hgnhm°¬,tkmjy¬ s\‰v h¿°v, tmKpIƒ F∂nhbpsS ^e{]Zamb D]tbmKw. Ip´nIfpsS C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKw kw_‘n®v IrXyamb am¿K\n¿tZi߃ hoSpIfnepw kv I qfnepw \¬tI≠Xp≠v . kv I qfn¬ c£nXm°ƒ°mbn ]cnioe\hpw \¬IWw. am[ya߃°pw C°mcyØn¬ henb ]¶p≠v. am[yaßfpsS t\XrXzØn¬ icnbmb C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKw kw_‘n® in¬]imeIfpw kwLSn∏n°mw. aebmf am[ya߃ hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbpff t]PpIfnepw a‰pambn CXp kw_‘n®v hnZKv [ cpsS teJ\ßfpw a‰pw CSbv ° nSbv ° v {]kn≤oIcn°Ww. ImcWw A⁄XbmWv ssk_¿ NXn°pgnIfn¬ Ip´nIƒ s]´pt]mIp∂Xns‚ apJyImcWw.

80 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

C\n ]{XßfpsS Hm¨sse≥ ssk‰pIƒ F{XtØmfw inipkulrZamsW∂p t\m°mw.aebmfØnse {]apJ ]{X߃s°√mw Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\pIfp≠v . an° ]{XßfpsSbpw Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\pIfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°mbn HcnSap≠v. aebmf at\mca: aebmf at\mca Hm¨sse\n¬ Ip´nIƒ°v Gsd kPohamb CSwXs∂bp≠v . `wKnbp≈ XcØnemWv Nn¬{U≥ F∂ Nm\¬ Unssk≥ sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. _meca, ssdwkv, kvt‰mdn ssSw, ssa tkm¨, ^¨ {Intb‰ohvkv, mkv dqw, Ifn°pSp°, ]Tn∏pc, ssUPkv‰v, Kbnwkv F∂o hn`mKßfmbn aebmf at\mcabpambn _‘s∏´Xpw A√mØXpambn Ip´nIƒ°v Bhiyamb Ifnbpw Imcyhpsa√mw \¬Inbncn°p∂p. _meca hmbn°p∂ Ip´nIƒ°v AXnse IYIfpsS A\ntaj≥ ImWm\pw C‚dmIv S ohmbn _meca hmbn°m\pw AXnAhkcap≠v. ssdw hn`mKØn¬ aebmfw, Cwojv ssdapIƒ tIƒ°m\pw Uu¨temUv sNøm\pw km[n°pw. IYIfpsS tI{μamWv kvt‰mdn ssSw. ssa tkmWn¬ InUvkv B¬_w, bph¿ {Intb‰ohvkv, ^Æn CtaPkv F∂nhbp≠v. mkv dqan¬ aebmfhpw Cwojpw ]Tn°mw.

A£cKm\߃ tIƒ°pIbpamImw. F√mØcw Ip´nIsfbpw BI¿jn°p∂ XcØnemWv CXns‚ hn\ymkhpw D≈S°hpw. amXr`qan: amXr`qanbnepw Ip´nIƒ°mbn {]tXyI hn`mKap≠v.

InUv k v F∂mWv amXr`qanbpsS Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\nIp´nIfpsS hn`mKØn\p t]cv. CXn¬ Nn{XIY, tPmIvkv, sKbnwkv, Xnb‰¿, ]nIv\nIv, kv‰Un tkm¨ XpSßnbhbmWv CXnep≈Xv. Unssk≥ A{X h¿W at\mlcas√¶nepw BIvSnhn‰nIfpsS ImcyØn¬ tamia√ amXr`qan Hm¨sse\pw. amXr`qanbpsS Ip´nIfpsS t]Pmb hnZybpw Hm¨sse\n¬ e`yamWv. as‰mcp {it≤bamb Hm¨sse≥ FUnj≥ am[yaw ]{XØnt‚XmWv. CXn¬ Ip´nIfpsS t]Pmb shfn®w F∂p Xs∂bmWv sh_v s sk‰n¬ Ip´nIfpsS hn`mKØn\p \¬Inbncn°p∂ t]cv.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

81

`wKn sIm≠pw D≈S°Øns‚ sshhn[yw sIm≠pw anIhp≈XmWv Cu hn`mKw. Ip´nIƒ°v C‚dmIvj\v IqSpXAhkcw e`n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. FgpØptai, bm{X, Krl]mTw, Hm¿a acw, B¬_w, t]mb hmcw F∂nßs\bmWv CXnep≈Xv. am[yaØn\v CXnt\mSp kam\amb as‰mcp sh_v s sk‰v IqSnbp≠v en‰n¬ tPWenkv‰v. Ip´nIƒ°v AhcpsS hm¿ØIfpw hntijßfpw Cu sh_vssk‰n¬ t]mkv‰v sNømw. ssa \yqkv , ssa sFUnbmkv , ssa So®¿, ssa Imw, hnt\mZbm{X XpSßnbhbmWv CXnse hn`mK߃. hfsc anIs®mcp BibamWv en‰n¬ tPWenkv‰v. hnZym¿YnIƒ°pth≠n am{Xambn Hcp ]{Xw XpSßp∂ BZy sh_vssk‰mIpw en‰n¬ tPWenkv‰v.

Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ t]PpIƒ°v a‰p aebmf ]{X߃ Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\n¬ Imcyamb ]cnKW\ \¬In°mWp∂n√. ]{XßfpsS Hm¨sse≥ FUnjs‚ `mKambn \n¬°msX Ip´nIfpsS t]PpIfpambn _‘s∏SpØn kzX{¥amb sh_v s sk‰pIƒ XpSßp∂Xns\∏‰n ]{X߃ BtemNnt°≠Xp≠v. am[yaw ]{XØns‚ en‰n¬ tPWenkv‰v Cu hgn°p≈ {it≤bamb NphSphbv]mWv. ]{XßfpsS kv Y e]cnanXn t]mep≈ {]iv\ßfn√mØXn\m¬ Ip´nIƒ°p th≠ hnhcßsf√mw btYjv S w e`yam°m\pw Ah¿°p ]dbm\p≈Xv F√mw {]kn≤oIcn°m\pw Hm¨sse≥ FUnj\neqsS km[n°pw. kv I qfpIfnepw Iw]yq´¿ hym]IambtXmsS CØcw {ia߃°p hnPb km[yX IqSn. Ip´n hmb\°msc ASp∏n®p\n¿Øm\pw CXp klmbIamIpw. am[ya cwKsØ Cu ]pXnb CSw aebmfØn¬ Hgn™p InS°pIbmWv. icnbmb coXnbnep≈ C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmK kwkv I mcw cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\p≈ {iaßfpw CØcw sh_vssk‰neqsS km[n°pw.

A[ymbw 14

F≥.sF.C ]{Xhpw ]T\hpw ]pXnb _‘ØnIp´nIsf kw_‘n®p ]{Xw hmb\ioew hf¿Øm≥ am{Xambncp∂ Imew t]mbn. ]{Xw C∂v ]T\Ønse kPoh ]¶mfnbmWv.mkv apdnbnepw ho´nepw ]{Xw C∂p hnZym¿YnbpsS NßmXnbmWv . ]{XØns‚ Cu amdnb tdmƒ hnZym`ymk kaqlhpw ]{XtemIhpw Xncn®dn™n´p≠v . CcpIq´¿°pw em`Icamb Hcp Iq´mbvabmWXv. ]{XtemIsØ kw_‘n®v \msfbpsS kPoh hmb\°mcmb Ip´nIsf ASp∏n®p\n¿Øn `mhn `{Zam°p∂Xn\p≈ hgnbmWv Cu klIcWw. hnZym`ymk temIsØ kw_‘n®v \nc¥cw \hoIcn°s∏´psIm≠ncn°p∂Xpw temIØns‚ kw`hKXnIsf√mw Znhkhpw Im®n°pdp°n In´p∂Xpw sNehpIpd™Xpamb Hcp ]T\ kma{KnbmWp ]{Xw. Cu {]m[m\yw ]ckv]cw Xncn®dn™Xns‚ ^eamWv F≥sFC F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ \yqkvt]∏¿ C≥ FPypt°j≥ ]cn]mSn. 1930IfnemWv F≥sFC Bcw`n®Xv. \yqtbm¿°v ssSwkv ]{XamWv BZyambn CØcsamcp ]cn]mSn°p XpS°an´Xv .

Ct∏mƒ GXm≠v A≥]tXmfw cmPyßfn¬ ]{X߃ \yqkv t]∏¿ C≥ FPypt°j≥ ]cn]mSn \S∏nem°p∂p≠v. {]o kv I qƒ apX¬ tImfPv mkpIƒ hsc \ofp∂XmWv F≥sFC. GXm≠v F√m hnjbßfpsSbpw ]T\Øn]{Xßsf {]tbmP\s∏SpØm\mIpw.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

83

kvIqfn¬ am{Xa√, Pbn¬, htbmP\ tI{μ߃, imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb Zu¿_eyap≈h¿, `mjm \yq\]£ßƒ XpSßnbh¿s°ms° F≥sFC {]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂p≠v. hnZym¿YnIƒ°pw bphP\߃°panSbn¬ ]{XØns‚ {]tbmP\hpw {]Nmchpw h¿[n∏n°p∂Xn\mbn temI]{XkwLS\bmb hm≥ (thƒUv Atkmkntbj≥ Hm^v \yqkvt]t∏gvkv)1991¬ bMv doU¿ IΩn‰n°p cq]w \¬In. bph hmb\°msc kw_‘n® ]cn]mSnIfpw hnhcßfpw ]¶phbv ° p∂Xn\pw ]pXnb ]cn]mSnIƒ BhnjvIcn°p∂Xn\pap≈ kvYncw thZnbmWnXv. \yqkv se‰dpw {]kn≤oIcn°p∂p≠v. c≠p h¿jØnsemcn°¬ thƒUv bMv doU¿ tIm¨^d≥kpw \SØmdp≠v. temIØnse ]{X߃ hnZym¿YnIƒ°pw bph hmb\°m¿°pambn \SØp∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v hnhn[ Im‰KdnIfnembn thƒUv bMv doU¿ ss{]kv \¬Imdp≠v. 2009aebmf at\mcabpsS Du¿Pkwc£W ]cn]mSnbmb tkhv s]mXp tkh\Øn\p≈ bMv doU¿ ss{]kpw 2010¬ aebmf at\mcabpsS bph t]Pv kmt¶XnIhnZy ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKn®Xn\p≈ bMv doU¿ ss{]kpw t\Sn. F≥sFCsb∏‰n kPohamb N¿®Ifpw Bib hn\nabhpw \S°p∂ thZnbmWv bMv doU¿ tIm¨^d≥kv. temIØns‚ hnhn[ cmPyßfn¬\n∂p≈ ]{X{]h¿ØIcpsS Cu Iq´mbv a bn¬\n∂v hnZym`ymk taJebpambn _‘s∏´p {]h¿Øn°p∂ ]{X{]h¿ØI¿°v Gsd Imcy߃ Dƒs°m≈m\pw {]tbmKn°m\pw km[n°pw.

2010¬ sN°v dn∏n°nse {]mKn¬ \SØnb thƒUv bMv doU¿ tIm¨^d≥kn¬ ]s¶SpØXns‚ A\p`hØn¬\n∂v a\knembXv `mj GXmbmepw ]{XØns‚ {]Nmc hyXymkw Fßs\bmbmepw Ip´nIƒ°mbn ]{X߃°p sNøm\p≈Xv Gsd°psd kam\amb {]h¿Ø\߃ Xs∂bmsW∂mWv. ]{Xw hmbnt°≠Xns‚ {][m\yw bphXeapdbnseØn°pIbpw P\m[n]Xyhyhkv Y bn¬

84 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

]{XßfpsS {]m[m\yw Ahsct_m[ys∏SpØpIbpw sNøpI F∂XmWv Cu {]kvYm\w e£yanSp∂Xv. ]{Xw hmbn°ptºmƒ Ip´nIƒ°v as‰mcp A`nam\t_m[hpw D≠mIp∂p. ]mT]pkv X Ißfpw Ip´nIƒ hmbn°p∂ a‰p {]kn≤oIcWßfpw Ah¿°p th≠n am{Xap≈XmWv. F∂m]{Xw apXn¿∂h¿°p th≠nbp≈XmWv .

AXns‚ hmb\°mcmhpI F∂Xv Ip´nIƒ°v Hcp AwKoImcambn kzbw tXm∂pw. ]{XØn¬ F√mw Ip´n°p ]Tn°m\p≈XmWv. hm¿Øbpw FUnt‰mdnbepw Xes°´pw Nn{Xßfpw Iym]v j \pw ]ckyhpsams° ]T\hnjbßfpsS `mKamWv. ]Ømw mknepw lb¿ sk°≥Udn°psams° FUn‰v sNøm\pw FUnt‰mdnbXbmdm°m\pw ]{Xm[n]¿°p IsØgpXm\pw Hs° tNmZn°mdp≠v. ]{X߃ ]T\Øn¬ CSs]´p XpSßnbtXmsS kvIqfpIƒ°pw a‰pw Ipd™ hnebv°p IqSpX¬ ]{Xw e`yam°p∂Xn\pff ]≤XnIfpw ]{X߃ BhnjvIcn®p. ]{X߃ D]tbmKn®p sNømhp∂ ]T\{]h¿Ø\߃ ]mT]pkv X Ißfnepw IS∂p hcm≥ XpSßn. ]{Xw hnhctiJcWØn\p≈ D]m[n F∂Xns\m∏w ]T\{]h¿Ø\Øn\p≈ kPohamb D]IcWhpambn.

F≥sFCbpsS `mKambn ]{X߃°p \S∏m°mhp∂ Nne {]h¿Ø\߃. * kmaqlnI tkh\ ]cn]mSn: ]{XsØ ]T\hpambn _‘s∏SpØp∂Xpw F∂m¬ kaqlØn\v D]Imc{]Zhpamb ]cn]mSnIfmWv CXn¬ hcp∂Xv. *D]\ymk, Iema¬kc߃: kvIqƒ hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbn hhn[ a¬kc߃ ]{Xw hgnbpw ]{XsØ ASnkvYm\am°nbpw sNømw. *]cnioe\߃: hnZym¿YnIƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pambn ]{X{]h¿ØIsc D]tbmKn®v ]{XsØ∏‰nbpw ]T\hpambn _‘s∏SptØ≠sXßs\ F∂Xp kw_‘n®pw ]cnioe\w

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

85

\¬Imhp∂XmWv . t^mt´m{K^nbnepw CØcw ]cnioe\ Iymw]pIƒ \SØmw. *]{X{]h¿Ø\ ]cnNbw: Ip´nIfn¬\n∂p Xncs™Sp°s∏Sp∂h¿°v apXn¿∂ ]{X{]h¿ØIcpsS klIcWtØmsS {]mtbmKnI ]cnioe\hpw \¬Imw.]{Xw cq]s∏Sp∂Xv Ip´nIƒ°p t\cn´p I≠p a\knem°m\pw Ahkcw \¬Imw. tZiobXeØn¬ ssSwkv Hm^v C¥ybpw Zv lnμphpsams° \yqkv t]∏¿ C≥ FPypt°j≥ ]cn]mSn ^e{]Zambn \S∏m°p∂p≠v. tIcfØnte°p hcptºmƒ \yqkvt]∏¿ C≥ FPypt°j≥ kwLSnXambn \S∏m°p∂ns√¶nepw an° ]{Xßfpw Ip´nIƒ°mbn Gsd Imcy߃ sNøp∂p≠v. IqSpX¬ tIm∏nIƒ kvt]m¨k¿jn∏v hgn kvIqfpIfnseØn°p∂ ]cn]mSn GXm≠v F√m ]{X߃°pap≠v.

Ip´nIƒ°mbpff t]PpIfpw ]{X߃ {]kn≤oIcn°p∂p≠v. ]{Xkv Y m]\ßfpsS knFkv B ¿ (tIm¿]td‰v tkmjysdkv t ]m¨kn_nen‰n) t{]mPIv S pIfpsS apJye£yhpw Ip´nIfmWv . aebmf at\mca \S∏m°nb Pekwc£W ]≤Xnbmb ]eXp≈n, Du¿Pkwc£W ]≤Xnbmb tkhv , A]IS t_m[hXvIcW ]≤Xnbmb hgn°Æv, ]mentb‰ohv sIb¿ ]≤Xnbmb Rßfp≠v IqsS, ac߃ h®p]nSn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ ]≤Xnbmb `qans°mcp IpS, hmb\ t{]m¬kmln∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ ]cn]mSnbmb hmb\°q´v , amXr`qanbpsS ]cnkv Y nXn kwc£W ]cn]mSnbmb koUv XpSßnbhbnse√mw D]tbmIv X m°tfm {]h¿ØItcm hnZym¿YnIfmbncp∂p F∂Xp {it≤bamWv. am[yaw ]{XØns‚ en‰n¬ tPWenkv ‰ v F∂ Ip´nIƒ°p≈ sh_v s sk‰pw F≥sFCbpsS `mKamWv. a‰p kwkvYm\ßfn¬ kvYncXmak°mcmb aebmfnIfpsS ]pXpXeapd aebmfsØ ad°mXncn°p∂Xpw hmb\ ]Tn°p∂Xpw ]et∏mgpw aebmf ]{XßfneqsSbmWv . amXr`mjtbmSv kvt\lap≈ c£nXm°ƒ Ip´nIƒ aebmfw

86 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

]Tn°p∂psh∂v Dd∏m°mdpap≠v . aebmfn Iq´mbv a Ifpw aebmf `mjm hnImkØn\p≈ k¿°m¿ GP≥knbmb aebmfw anj\pw adp\mS≥ aebmfn Ip´nIsf aebmfw ]Tn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ {iaw \SØp∂p≠v . AXnepw ]{Xw Hcp ]T\kma{Knbmbn D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv.

A[ymbw 15

Ip´nIfpsS t]Pv ]{Xßfn_me]wIv X n t]PpIƒ°∏pdw hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbn t]Pv F∂Xv Hcp ZiIw ap≥]phsc aebmf ]{X߃ Nn¥n®ncp∂n√. s]mXphmb Adnhp t\Sp∂Xn\∏pdw ]{X߃ ]T\{]{Inbbnt\cn´p ]s¶Sp°p∂p F∂ hnkvabIcamb am‰ap≠mbn´v A©mdp h¿jta Bbn´p≈q. aebmf ]{Xßfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°p th≠n {]tXyI t]Pv XpSßnb BZy ]{Xw amXr`qanbmbncn°pw. Ip´n.tImw F∂mbncp∂p B t]Pns‚ t]cv. F∂m¬ _me amknIIfpsS NphSp ]nSn®v ]m´pw sIm®pIYIfpw hn⁄m\{]Zamb sNdp teJ\ßfpambncp∂p AXnse D≈S°w. hnZym¿Yn temIØns‚ kPoh {i≤ ]nSn®p ]‰m≥ Ip´ntIman\p km[n®p. tIcfØn¬ Pn√m {]mYanI hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSn (Un]nC]n) Bcw`n®Xv. AXns‚ `mKambn ]mTy]≤Xnbpw ]cnjv°cn®p. icn°pw hnhmflIambncp∂p Cu ]cnjv°mcw B[p\nIamb ]T\coXnIƒ tIcfØn¬ ]mTy]≤XnbpsS `mKambn. t{]mPIvSv, Assk≥sa‚ v, tiJcW߃, skan\m¿ XpSßnb kt¶X߃ mkv apdnbnte°p IS∂p h∂p. ]mT]pkvXIØn\∏pdtØ°pw ]T\w \o≠p. Ip´nIƒ kz¥ambn Ht´sd Imcy߃ \nco£n®pw hmbn®pw Adntb≠Xp≠mbncp∂p. A[ym]I¿°v ]cnioe\w e`ns®¶nepw k¿h{X Bib°pg∏ambncp∂p am‰sØ Dƒs°m≈m\p≈ ssha\kyØns\m∏w ]pXnb

88 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

]mTy]≤Xnsb∏‰nbp≈ sX‰n[mcWIfpw IqSnbmbt∏mƒ {]mYanI hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ k¿h{X Bib°pg∏ambncp∂p. t{]mPIv S n\pw a‰v ]mTm\p_‘ {]h¿Ø\߃°pw th≠ hnhc߃ e`n°p∂Xn\mbn Ip´nIfpw c£nXm°fpw A[ym]Icpw _p≤nap´n. ]mTy]≤Xn ]cnjvIcWw ss{]adnbpw IS∂v sslkvIqfnseØnbt∏mtg°pw {]iv\w cq£ambn. an° kv I qƒ sse{_dnIfpw th≠{X Imcy£aw A√mbncp∂p. km[mcW°mcmb c£nXm°sf kw_‘n®v hnhctiJcWw XethZ\bmbn. sdUnsabnUv B¬_ßfpw Nm¿´pIfpw t{]mPIvSpIƒ Xs∂bpw hn]Wnbn¬ h≥hnebv°p hn¬]\ hym]Iambn.

Cu Ahkv Y Xncn®dn™ ]e ]{Xkv Y m]\ßfpw Cu Ahkv Y bn¬ Fßs\ CSs]Smsa∂v Nn¥n®p. aebmf at\mcabpsS tImgnt°mSv bqWn‰v Ifcn F∂ t]cnepw ]me°mSv bqWn‰v NßmXn F∂ t]cnepw Bgv N bnsemcn°hnZym¿YnIƒ°p≈ hn`hßfpambn {]tXyI t]Pv Cd°n. hnZym`ymk taJebn¬ anI® kzoImcyXbmWv Cu t]PpIƒ°v In´nbXv. CXns\ØpS¿∂v F√m FUnj\nepw CØcsamcp t]Pns\∏‰n at\mca ]{Xm[n]kanXn Nn¥n®p. Aßs\bmWv ]Tn∏pcbpsS ]ndhn. 2005 tabv aq∂n\mWv BZy e°w ]pdØndßnbXv. kvIqƒ mkpIfnse ({]tXyIn®v sslkvIqƒ mkpIfnse) Ip´nIƒ°p th≠ hnhcßfpambmWv Cu t]Pv ]pdØndßnbXv. ]Tn∏pc GXm\pw e°ßƒ sIm≠p Xs∂ h≥ ln‰mbn. ]pXnb ]mTy]≤Xnbpambn _‘s∏´ Imcyßsf∏‰n c£nXm°ƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw Adnhp ]Icp∂ ]wIvXnIfpw H∏ap≠mbncp∂p. sdUnsabvUv DØcßf√, Ip´nIƒ°v kzbw hmbn®v Bibw Dƒs°m≠v Bhiym\pkcWw D]tbmKn°mhp∂ XcØnemWv CXn¬ hnhc߃ {IaoIcn°p∂Xv. Ip´nIfpw apXn¿∂hcpw Hcp t]mse CjnSs∏Sp∂ t]Pmbn ]Tn∏pc. ]{XØns‚ {]Nmch¿[\bv°pw CXv Gsd KpWw sNbvXp. Cu hgntb a‰p ]{Xßfpw \oßn. C∂v aebmfØnse an°hmdpw F√m ]{X߃°pw kvIqƒ hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbp≈ {]tXyI t]tPm knsa‚pItfm D≠v . Chbn¬ ]eXpw

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

89

]mTy]≤Xnbpw(Icn°pew) ]mTy{Iahpw (kne_kv ) Bbn tbmPn®p t]mIp∂hbmWv . AXpsIm≠pXs∂ ]{Xw mkv apdnbnse kPohamb ]Tt\m]IcWßfn¬ H∂mbn amdnbn´p≠v. hmbn®v Iftb≠X√, ]e t]PpIfpw kq£n®p hbvt°≠XmsW∂pw ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´ ]e Imcy߃°pw D]tbmKnt°≠XmsW∂pap≈ [mcW hoSpIfnepap≠mbn.

Npcp°Øn¬ hnZym`ymk taJebn¬ ]{Xw ]pXnsbmcp XeØn¬ AhXcn∏n°s∏SpIbmbncp∂p. \n»_v Z amsbmcp hnhambncp∂p CXv . ho´nseØp∂ ]{XtØmsSm∏w ]T\Øn\mhiyamb hnhcßfpw Nn{Xßfpw e`yamIp∂Xv F√mhcpw kt¥mj]q¿hw Dƒs°m≠p. ]{X߃°v anI® sse{_dnIfpw B¿ss°hv kwhn[m\ßfpap≈Xn\m¬ A]q¿hamb hnhcßfpw t^mt´mIfpw {]kn≤oIcn°m≥ km[n°p∂p. ]{X߃°pw CXpsIm≠p {]tbmP\ap≠mbn. kIqƒ kπnsa‚pIfp≈ Znhkßfn¬ ]{XØns‚ {]Nmcw h¿[n®p. a‰p ]{Xw hcpØp∂h¿ ]ecpw Cu kπnsa‚p≈ Znhkßfn¬ thsd ]{Xhpw hmßm≥ XpSßn. at\mca t]mep≈ ]{X߃ kπnsa‚p≈ aq∂p ZnhktØ°p am{Xw ]{Xw hmßmhp∂ XcØn¬ {]tXyI kvIoan\pw cq]w \¬In. {][m\ambpw kvIqƒ hnZym¿YnIsf Dt±in®p≈hbmWv Cu t]sP¶nepw ssh⁄m\nI hmb\ CjvSs∏Sp∂ hensbmcp hn`mKw CØcw kπnsa‚pIfpsS hmb\°mcmbp≠v.

DtZymKm¿YnIƒ°p th≠ hnhcßfpw CØcw t]PpIfneqsS e`n°p∂p. Adnhns‚ hnkvabIcamb sshhn[yw Ip´nIƒ°v CWßp∂ coXnbn¬ AhXcn∏n®Xv apXn¿∂ hmb\°m¿°pw CjvSambn.]Xnhp _mekmlXyImc∑m¿°p ]pdta ]pXnsbmcp \nc FgpØpIm¿ Db¿∂p h∂p. FgpXm≥ Ignhp≈, a‰p XcØnAhkcßsfm∂pw e`n°mXncp∂ Ht´sd kvIqƒ, tImtfPv A[ym]I¿°pw a‰pw ]pXnsbmcp taJebmbn AXv. Chcn]etcbpw ssh⁄m\nI kmlnXyØn\v apX¬°q´mImhp∂ XcØnte°v hf¿ØnsbSp°m\pw kv I qƒ knsa‚pIƒ°p km[n®p.

90 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

taml\≥ aÆgn, koa {ioebw, B¿.hnt\mZvIpam¿, kptc{μ≥ No°ntemSv, ]hn{X≥ hSIc, Fw.cLp\mYv, tUm.Sn.B¿.PbIpamcn, tUm.an\n \mb¿, ]n.at\mPv, KoX.Fkv.s]cpa¨, Sn.sI.lco{μ≥, sI._n.APnXvIpam¿, Kn^p taem‰q¿, apkv X ^ a‰Øq¿, Pkv ‰ n≥ tPmk^v , kptc{μ≥ ]p∂t»cn, jm^n tIm´bn¬ XpSßn Ht´sd t]cpIfp≠v Cu Iq´Øn¬. ]{Xßfnse CØcw t]PpIfpsS NphSp]nSn®v Nne BgvN∏Xn∏pIfpw a‰pw hnZym¿YnIsf e£yan´p≈ ]wIvXnIƒ XpSßn. amXr`qan BgvN∏Xn∏n¬ tUm.]n.sI XneIv FgpXp∂ amXr`mj aebmfw, ]n.sI.PbcmPv FgpXp∂ sk°≥Uv emwtKzPv F∂nh DZmlcWw. aebmf at\mca Bgv N ∏Xn∏n¬ hn. thWptKm]m¬ FgpXnbncp∂ kvIqƒ πkv, Fw.Fw.PoP FgpXnb tπkvIqƒ, awKfw BgvN∏Xn∏n¬ F≥.APnXvIpam¿ FgpXnb ¢mkv apdn XpSßnb ]wIv X nIsfbpw Cu hn`mKØnDƒs∏SpØmw. ]{Xßfnse kv I qƒ kπnsa‚pIƒ hmWnPy XmXv]cy߃°pa∏pdw hºns®mcp kmaqlnI ZuXyØn\pw t\XrXzw \¬In. shdpw Adnhns‚ tiJcw F∂Xn\∏pdw hnZym¿YnIfn¬ ]cnkv Y nXn Aht_m[hpw hmb\tbmSpw k¿KmflI cN\tbmSpw bm{XtbmSpsams°bp≈ XmXv]cyw hf¿Øp∂Xn\p klmbIamb Ht´sd ]≤XnIfpw a¬kcßfpw Ip´n t]PpIƒ Gs‰SpØp. aebmf at\mca ]Tn∏pc \S∏nem°nb tkhv(sk¿hv Bkv F thmf≥‰nb¿ t^m¿ F\¿Pn) kwkv Y m\ sshZypXn hIp∏pambn tN¿∂v \S∏m°nb Du¿Pkwc£W ]cn]mSnbmWv. temI ]{X kwLS\bmb hm≥C{^bpsS thƒUv bMv doU¿ ]pckvImcw tkhv ]cn]mSn°p e`n®p. kwkvYm\ h\w hIp∏pw hnZym`ymk hIp∏pw tN¿∂p \S∏nem°nb Fs‚ acw ]≤XnbpsS XpS¿®bmbn \S∏nem°nb hfcp∂ acw ]≤Xn Ip´nIƒ \´ acßfpsS \nehnep≈ kvYnXn \nco£n®dnbm\p≈Xmbncp∂p. kmlnXy in¬]ime, FgpØp]pc, hm\\nco£W Iymw]v, {]IrXn]T\ Iymw]v, hmb\°pdn∏p a¬kcw, bm{XmhnhcW a¬kcw XpSßn sshhn[yam¿∂ Ht´sd ]cn]mSnIƒ

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

91

]Tn∏pcbpsS B`napJyØn¬ \SØp∂p≠v . amXr`qan hnZy kvIqfpIfn¬ \S∏nem°p∂ {]IrXnkwc£W ]cn]mSnbmWv koUv . CXns‚ `mKambpw Ip´nIƒ°p sshhn[yam¿∂ a¬kc߃ \SØp∂p. am[yaw shfn®w Ip´nIƒ°mbn bm{XmhnhcW, hmb\mkzmZ\ a¬kc߃ \SØmdp≠v . tZim`nam\nbpsS A£cap‰w hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbn kwkvYm\Xew hsc \ofp∂ Iznkv a¬kcw kwLSn∏n°mdp≠v.

Ip´nIsf shdpw ]T\Øn\∏pdap≈ ka{KhnImkØnte°pw kmaqlnIt_m[XeØnte°pw \bn°m≥ DXIp∂ CØcw ]cn]mSnIƒ am[yaßfpsS KpW]camb CSs]Sens‚ anI® DZmlcWßfmbn thWw ImWm≥. hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbp≈ t]PpIƒ 1.

aebmf at\mca ]Tn∏pc BgvNbn¬ aq∂p Znhkw Hmtcm t]Pv(Xn¶ƒ, _p[≥, sh≈n)

2.

amXr`qan hnZy BgvNbn¬ aq∂p Znhkw(sNm, hymgw, sh≈n)

3.

am[yaw shfn®w

4.

tZim`nam\n A£cap‰w, IqSmsX InfnhmXn¬ F∂ knsa‚nepw Ip´nIƒ°p th≠ hn`hßfp≠v

5.

tIcfIuapZn

6.

awKfw abn¸oen

7.

Zo]nI tNmt‰v

8.

P\bpKw kl]mTn

]mTtiJcw

A[ymbw 16

Ip´nIfpw c£nXm°fpw A[ym]Icpw ]dbp∂Xv \ΩpsS am[yaßsf Fßs\ IqSpX¬ inipkulrZ]cam°mw F∂ N¿® IqSpX¬ ^e{]ZamIp∂Xn\v am[ya߃ Ct∏mƒ F{XtØmfw inipkulrZ]camWv F∂ Is≠ØA\nhmcyamWv. B¿°mWv C°mcyØn¬ A`n{]mbw ]dbm≥ A¿lX? am[ya {]h¿ØI¿°pw am[ya hnZKv[¿°pw kmaqlnIimkv{X⁄¿ °psams° CtX∏‰n A`n{]mbßfp≠mImsa¶nepw IrXyamb [mcW cq]oIcn°Wsa¶n¬ {]mYanI hnhctiJcWw Xs∂ thWw. Aßs\bmWv Ip´nIfpw am[yaßfpw F∂ hnjbhpambn _‘s∏´v k¿th \SØnbXv . hnhcw tiJcnt°≠Xp Ip´nIfn¬\n∂p Xs∂ BIWat√m. H∏w Ip´nIfpambn t\cn´p _‘s∏Sp∂ hn`mKsa∂ \nebn¬ c£nXm°fn¬\n∂pw A[ym]Icn¬\n∂pw hnhctiJcWw \SØn. kwkvYm\XeØnemWp k¿th \SØnbXv.

]T\coXn Ip´nIƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw c£nXm°ƒ°pambn {]tXyI tNmZymhenIƒ Xbmdm°n. 13 Pn√Ifnse Xncs™Sp°s∏´ hnZym¿YnIƒ, c£nXm°ƒ, A[ym]I¿ F∂nhcn¬\n∂mWp hnhctiJcWw \SØnbXv . t\cn´pw kplrØp°fmb

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

93

]{X{]h¿ØI¿, A[ym]I¿ F∂nh¿ hgnbpamWv tNmZymhen hnXcWw sNbvXv DØc߃ tiJcn®Xv. hb\mSv HgnsI F√m Pn√Ifn¬ \n∂pw CØcØnhnhctiJcWw \SØn. GItZiw aqhmbnctØmfw t]cn¬ \n∂v k¿th°mbn hnhc߃ tiJcn®p(tNmZymhenIƒ A\p_\v[Øn¬ tN¿Øn´p≠v). k¿thbnse Is≠ØepIfnNnesX¶nepw A{]Xo£nXambncp∂p. aqhmbncsa∂Xv Xosc sNdnsbmcp kmw]nƒ BsW¶nepw ]camh[n {]mXn\n[y kz`mhtØmsS Xncs™SpØXn\mGsd°ptd hkvXp\njvTamb \nKa\ßfmWv e`yambsX∂v {]Xo£n°p∂p. k¿thbnse Is≠ØepIƒ hniZambn N¿® sNømw.

Ip´nIƒ Ip´nIƒ°p \¬Inb tNmZymhenbn¬ ]{Xw hmbn°mdpt≠m F∂Xn\p ]pdta aq∂v efnXamb tNmZyßfmWv D≠mbncp∂Xv. Ip´nIƒ°p th≠ Fs¥√mw ]{XØnep≠v, Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ knsa‚pIƒ F{XtØmfw Ip´nIƒ {]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂p, ]{Xßsf∏‰nbp≈ s]mXphmb A`n{]mbw F∂nhsb°pdn®mWv hnhcw tXSnbXv. hnZym¿YnIfnse ]{Xhmb\ioesØ∏‰nbpsS tNmZyØn\v DØcsØ t{ImUoIcn®t∏mƒ In´nb hnhcw C{]ImcamWv. F√m Znhkhpw ]{Xw hmbn°p∂h¿ 69% h√t∏mgpw ]{Xw hmbn°p∂h¿25% (]{Xw hmbn°mtd Cs√∂v adp]Sn \¬Inbhcpw adp]Sntb \¬ImØhcpamWp tijn°p∂ \mep iXam\w)

Ip´nIfnse hmb\ioew CXn¬ sslkvIqƒ, lb¿ sk°≥Udn mkpIfn¬ ]Tn°p∂ _lp`qcn]£w Ip´nIfpw ]{Xw Znhkhpw t\m°p∂hcmWv. AtXkabw, F¬]n,bp]n mkpIfn¬ ]Tn°p∂hcn]{Xhmb\ioew XmcXtay\ IpdhmWv.

94 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

F∂m¬ F√m Znhkhpw ]{Xw hmbn°p∂p F∂Xn\v hniZambn hmbn°p∂p F∂¿Yap≠mIWsa∂n√. kvt]m¿Svkv XpSßn XmXv]cyap≈ t]PpIƒ am{Xw hmbn°p∂htcm ]{Xw adn®pt\m°pI am{Xw sNøp∂htcm BImw `qcn]£hpw. F∂mhnZym¿YnIƒ ]{Xhpambn \√ ASp∏w ]pe¿Øpsh∂Xv am[yatemIØn\pw \√ hm¿ØbmWv. hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbn ]{Xßfn¬ {]kn≤oIcn°p∂ {]tXyI t]PpIƒ _lp`qcn]£w Ip´nIfpw ImWmdp≠v. ]T\]camb hnhn[ {]tbmP\s∏SpØmdpap≠v.

{]h¿Ø\߃°mbn

Ah

]{Xßfn¬ \n߃°p th≠ Fs¥√mw Imcy߃ {]kn≤oIcn°mdp≠v F∂ tNmZyØn\v _lp`qcn]£w t]cpw ]T\Øn\v klmbIamb Adnhp ]Icp∂ Imcyßfpw ImbnI hm¿ØIfpamWv BZyw ]d™Xv. cmjv{Sobw XpSßn ]{XßfpsS {]nbs∏´ hnjbßfn¬ ]eXn\pw Ip´nIfmb hmb\°m¿ IpdhmsW∂XmWv k¿th \¬Ip∂ kqN\. hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbp≈ knsa‚pIƒ Fßs\ {]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂p F∂ tNmZyØn\v ]T\{]h¿Ø\߃°mbn t\cn´p {]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂p F∂ DØcamWv GXm≠v F√mhcpw \¬InbXv. skan\m¿, t{]mPIvSv, Assk≥sa‚pIƒ XpSßnbhbpsS hnhctiJcW D]m[nbmbmWp Ip´nIƒ CØcw t]PpIsf ImWp∂Xv . AtXkabw, Ip´nIƒ°p≈ knsa‚pIƒ hmbn°mdp≠v, Gsd {]tbmP\w sNøp∂p F∂v Hgp°≥a´nadp]Sn ]d™hcpap≠v. s]mXpth ]{X߃ s]mXphn⁄m\w hf¿Øm\pw hnhctiJcWØn\pamWv {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂sX∂mWp hnZym¿Yn temIØns‚ A`n{]mbw. ]{X߃ hn⁄mt\m]m[nbmsW∂v A`n{]mbs∏´Xv 84% t]cmWv. k¿thbn¬ ]s¶SpØ apXn¿∂ Ip´nIfn¬ 25% t]¿ ]{X߃ \njv]£a√ F∂ A`n{]mbw tcJs∏SpØn. t\cn´v CtX∏‰n tNmZyw C√mXncp∂n´pw Ip´nIƒ CØcØn¬ A`n{]mbs∏´Xv {it≤bamWv.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

95

]{Xßsf∏‰nbp≈ s]mXp A`n{]mbw Fs¥∂ tNmZyØn\v Kucham¿∂ \nco£W߃ \¬Inbhcpw D≠mbncp∂p. ]cky߃ AanXambn IqSp∂psh∂mWv NnecpsS Bi¶. ]{XßfpsS \ne]mSpItfmSp≈ FXn¿∏pw DXv°WvTbpw ad®phbv°mØhcpap≠v. DZmlcWambn Nne A`n{]mb߃: ""Nne ]{X߃ hm¿ØIƒ a\∏q¿hw hfs®mSn°pIbpw Hfn®phbv°pIbpw sNømdp≠v. Nne ]{XDSaIƒ cmjv{Sob {]XntbmKnIƒ°v FXnsc ]{Xßsf D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂p."" ""]{Xam[ya߃ s]mXpth Nne cmjv { Sob ]m¿´nIfpsS Z√mf≥amcmbn amdnb ImgvNbmWp ImWp∂Xv."" ""sNdnsbmcp iXam\w ]{X߃ XßfpsS I¿Øhyw ad°p∂p≠v . ]£]mXw ImWn°msX kXyw P\ßfnseØnt°≠ ]{X߃ Nne cmjv{Sob]m¿´nIfpsSbpw aXßfpsSbpw hyIv X nIfpsSbpw kzm[o\Øm¬ kXysØ ad®p]nSn®v F√m hm¿ØIfpsSbpw Hcp hiw am{Xw ImWn°p∂p.

CXp amdWw, ]{X߃ P\m[n]XymSnkvYm\Øn¬ thWw {]h¿Øn°m≥.""

“Every newspaper has its own interests. They write news according to their view. So reading one newspaper may not give the real picture. am[yatemIsØ kw_‘n®v s]mXpthbp≈ Bi¶Iƒ hnZym¿YnIfpw ]¶nSp∂psh∂Xv ]{XßfpsS \bcq]oIcWw \SØp∂hcpsS {i≤bn¬ htc≠XmWv.

c£nXm°ƒ ]{Xw Ip´nIfpsS ]T\Øn\v D]tbmKn°mdpt≠m, ]{XØnGXp `mKamWv Ip´nIƒ IqSpXembn {]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂Xv, Ip´nIƒ°mbn {]kn≤oIcn°p∂ t]PpIsf∏‰nbp≈ s]mXphmb A`n{]mbw, am[ya߃ Ip´nIƒ°p \¬Ip∂ {]m[m\yw, _methe, inip]oU\w XpSßnb {]iv \ ߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ coXn, A®Snam[yaamtWm Zriyam[yaamtWm Ip´nIfpsS {]iv \ ߃ IqSpX¬ ^e{]Zambn ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv XpSßnb ImcyßfnemWp c£nXm°fpsS A`n{]mbw tXSnbXv. CXnse Is≠ØepIƒ H‰t\m´Øn¬ Xmsg∏dbp∂ hn[w

96 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

t{ImUoIcn°mw *]{Xw ]T\Øn¬ {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂pt≠m D≠v 93% C√ 4% adp]Sn C√ 3% *]{XØn¬ IqSpX¬ D]tbmKn°p∂Xv Ip´nIfpsS t]PpIfmsW∂v 54% A`n{]mbs∏´t∏mƒ 46% c£nXm°ƒ ]d™Xv a‰p t]PpIfmWv Ip´nIƒ°p KpWw sNøp∂sX∂mWv. *Ip´nIƒ°mbn {]kn≤oIcn°p∂ t]PpIƒ \√ \nehmcw ]pe¿Øp∂Xmbn 57% A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. Cu t]PpIƒ°v `mKnIamb {]tbmP\ta D≈q F∂mWv 14% c£nXm°ƒ ]d™Xv. CØcw t]PpIƒ C\nbpw sa®s∏SpØWsa∂v 22% t]¿ Bhiys∏´p. Ggp iXam\w t]¿ C°mcyØn¬ A`n{]mbw tcJs∏SpØnbn√.

Ip´nIfpsS t]Pns\∏‰n * am[ya߃ Ip´nIƒ°p th≠{X {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂Xmbn 54% c£nXm°ƒ°v A`n{]mbap≠v. AtXkabw 39% t]¿ Ip´nIƒ°p th≠{X ]cnKW\ am[yaßfn¬ e`n°p∂ns√∂ A`n{]mb°mcmWv. *_methe, inip]oU\w XpSßnb {]iv\߃ ^e{]Zambn aebmf am[ya߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂pt≠msb∂ tNmZyØn\v \∂mbn ssIImcyw sNøp∂psh∂v 36% t]¿ ]d™p, Ip´nIƒ°v {]mXn\n[yw \¬Ip∂ps≠¶nepw Xr]vXnIcas√∂v 35% t]¿ A`n{]mbs∏´p. AtXkabw, 29% t]¿ Ip´nIfpsS {]iv \ ߃ am[ya߃ KuchØn¬ FSp°mtdbns√∂ ]£°mcmWv. *Ip´nIfpsS {]iv \ ߃ A®Sn am[yaßfmWv IqSpX{]m[m\ytØmsS ssIImcyw sNøp∂sX∂v 42% t]cpw Zriy{imhyam[yaßfmsW∂v 29% t]cpw ]d™t∏mƒ 29% t]cpsS A`n{]mbw Ccphn`mKhpw Xpeyambn Xs∂ \¬Ip∂psh∂mbncp∂p.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

97

GXmWp IqSpX¬ inip kulrZ]cw c£nXm°fpsS A`n{]mbßfn¬ Gsdbpw Ip´nIƒ°v ]T\]camb Imcyßfnep≈ ]n¥pW ]{XØn¬\n∂p In´Wsa∂ XcØnep≈Xmbncp∂p.

Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymk Imcyßfn¬ c£nXm°ƒ°p≈ XmXv]cyhpw CXv°WvTbpamWv C°mcyØnepw shfnhmIp∂Xv. hm¿Ø AdnbpI F∂Xn\∏pdw ]T\Øn\v D]tbmKn°pI F∂ \nebnemWp c£nXm°fn¬ `qcn`mKhpw ]{XsØ ImWp∂Xv. AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ Ip´nIƒ°mbn {]kn≤oIcn°p∂ {]tXyI t]PpIsf c£nXm°ƒ kzmKXw sNøp∂p.

AtXkabw ]{X߃ sk≥tkjW¬ hm¿ØIƒ°p \¬Ip∂ AanX{]m[m\ysØ∏‰n ]e c£nXm°ƒ°pw Bi¶bp≠v. ]{Xw ImipsImSpØp hmßp∂h¿ F∂ \nebnc£nXm°fpsS XmXv]cyØn\pw Bi¶Iƒ°pw am[yaßfpsS `mKØp\n∂v ]cnKW\ e`nt°≠Xp≠v.

A[ym]I¿ c£nXm°tfmSp≈ tNmZy߃ A[ym]ItcmSpw tNmZn®Xv.

Xs∂bmbncp∂p

]{Xw ]T\Øn\mbn D]tbmKn°mdps≠∂v 100% A[ym]Icpw ]d™p. ]T\klmbn F∂ \nebn]{X߃ {]tbmP\s∏SpØmdp≠v . `mjmhnImkw, hnhctiJcWw, s]mXphn⁄m\w XpSßnbhbv°mbn ]{Xßsf B{ibn°p∂p. *]{XØn¬ Ip´nIƒ°v G‰hpw {]tbmP\ap≈ `mKw Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ {]tXyI t]PpIƒ Xs∂bmsW∂v 70% A[ym]Icpw tcJs∏SpØn. FUnt‰mdnb¬, imkv{Xw XpSßnb Nne t]PpIfmWv {]tbmP\Icsa∂v 22% hpw F√m t]PpIfpw Ip´nIƒ°v {]tbmP\s∏SpØm\mIp∂XmsW∂v 8% Dw A`n{]mbs∏´p. *]{X߃ Ip´nIƒ°p th≠n {]kn≤oIcn°p∂ t]PpIƒ \√ \nehmcw ]pe¿Øp∂Xmbn A`n{]mbs∏´ A[ym]I¿ 26%

98 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

am{XamWv. 52% t]cpw icmicn \nehmcw am{Xap≈XmbmWp ]d™Xv. \nehmcw IpdhmsW∂v 10% t]¿ A`n{]mbs∏´p. _m°nbp≈h¿°v C°mcyØn¬ {]tXyIn®p \ne]mSn√. Ip´nIfpsS t]Pns‚ \nehmcw A[ym]I¿ ]d™Xv *am[ya߃ Ip´nIƒ°p th≠{X {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂pt≠msb∂ tNmZyØn\v 48% A[ym]I¿ \√ {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂psh∂mWv A`n{]mbs∏´Xv. AtXkabw, 30% t]¿ XmcXtay\ Ipd™ {]m[m\yamWv \¬Ip∂sX∂pw 22% t]¿ aXnbmb {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ns√∂pw ]d™p. *_methe, inip]oU\w XpSßnb {]iv\߃ F{XtØmfw ^e{]Zambn aebmf am[ya߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂psh∂p tNmZn®t∏mƒ 68% t]cpw ^e{]Zamb√ Cu hnjb߃ am[ya߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv F∂ A`n{]mb°mcmbncp∂p. hfsc ^e{]ZamWv Cu hnjbØnse am[ya kao]\w F∂v 26% t]cmWp ]d™Xv. 6% t]¿°v C°mcyØn¬ adp]Sn C√.

Ip´nIfpsS AhImiw, _methe ]{XßfpsS {]mXn\n[yw *A®Sn am[yaßfmtWm Zriy am[yaßfmtWm Ip´nIfpsS {]iv\߃ IqSpX¬ ^e{]Zambn ssIImcyw sNøp∂sX∂ tNmZyØn\v 38% A[ym]Icpw Zriyam[ya߃s°m∏amWv. 24% t]¿ A®Sn am[yasØ ]n¥pWbv°p∂p.

Ccp hn`mKßfpw Gsd°psd XpeyambmWp Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ hnjb߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂sX∂v 20% t]¿ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. c≠p Iq´cpw Ip´nIfpsS {]iv\߃ aXnbmb CSw \¬Ip∂ns√∂v 2% A[ym]I¿ ]d™t∏mƒ 16% t]¿°v C°mcyØn¬ DØcw \¬Im\mbn√.

A®Sn am[yaßfmtWm Zriyam[yaßfmtWm Ip´nIfpsS {]iv\w IqSpX¬ ^e{]Zambn ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv? A[ym]IcpsS \n¿tZißfn¬\n∂p {it≤bambn tXm∂nb NneXv: ""]{Xw e`ya√mØ Ht´sd Ip´nIfp≠v . Syqj≥ Xnc°v ,

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

99

c£nXmhns‚ hne°v XpSßnbh ImcWw ]{Xw hmbn°m≥ Ahkcan√mØ Ip´nIfpsS FÆhpw Ipdh√. Zriyam[yaßfnse ]e ]cn]mSnIfpw Ip™pßfn¬ Xn≥abpsS hnØp hnXbv°m≥ t{]cIamIpt∂m F∂p kwibnt°≠nbncn°p∂p. ""Ip´nIfpsS a\kdnbm≥ Ignhp≈ ]{X{]h¿ØIcpsS FÆw Xosc IpdhmWv, Ip´nIfpsS k¿KmflIXbv°p ]{X߃ Xosc {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂n√. ""hnhc߃°p hnizmkyXbpw IrXyXbpw thWw. Ip™pa\kpIfn¬ Chbp≠m°p∂ kzm[o\sØ∏‰n ]{X{]h¿ØI¿°v Aht_m[w thWw. aqey߃°pw ]mcºcyØn\pw {]m[m\yw \¬IWw. ""Ip´nIfpambpw kvIqfpIfpambpw _‘s∏´ hm¿ØIƒ°v {]mtZinIXeØn¬ IqSpX¬ {]m[m\yw e`nt°≠Xp≠v.

A[ym]I¿°pw c£nXm°ƒ°pw \¬InbXv Htc tNmZymhen Bbncp∂p. F∂m¬ A`n{]mbßfnse hyXykvXX {it≤bamWv. Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ {]tXyI t]PpIƒ°p icmicn \nehmcta D≈q F∂v 52% A[ym]I¿°pw A`n{]mbap≈t∏mƒ CØcw t]PpIƒ°v \√ \nehmcaps≠∂mWv 57% c£nXm°fpsS A`n{]mbw. c£nXm°sf kw_‘n®v Ip´nIƒ°p ]T\Øn\p≈ D]m[n IqSn ]{Xw hmßp∂XneqsS In´p∂p F∂ kuIcyap≈XpsIm≠pw ho´ntes°Øp∂ ]T\klmbn F∂ \nebv°pamImw c£nXm°ƒ°v CØcw t]PpIsf kzmKXw sNøp∂Xv. XmcXtay\ sshcp[yw IqSnb as‰mcp hnjbw A®Sn am[yaßfmtWm Zriy{imhy am[yaßfmtWm Ip´nIfpsS {]iv \ ߃°v IqSpX¬ {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂sX∂mbncp∂p.

A[ym]Icn¬ 38% Zriy{imhyam[ya߃s°m∏w \nebpd∏n®t∏mƒ c£nXm°fn¬ 29% am{Xta Zriy{imhy am[yaßsf ]n¥pW®p≈q. c£nXm°fn43% A®Snam[ya߃s°m∏amWv. A[ym]Icn¬ 24% am{XamWnXv. c£nXm°ƒ s]mXpth a°fpsS hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬

100 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

BhiyØn\pw A\mhiyØn\pw DXvIWvT ]pe¿Øp∂hcmWv. AXpsIm≠p Xs∂bmIpw ]{X߃ Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v DXIp∂XmIWsa∂v Ah¿ B{Kln°p∂Xv. AtXkabw A[ym]I kaqlw A¬]samcp hna¿i\ _p≤ntbmsSbmWv ]{Xßfnse Ip´n t]PpIsf ImWp∂Xv. ]{Xhmb\°mcn¬ _lp`qcn]£hpw c£nXm°ƒ F∂ hn`mKØn¬ hcp∂Xn\m¬ am[ya{]h¿ØIsc kw_‘n®v {it≤bamb Nne ]mTßfmWv Cu k¿th apt∂m´p hbv°p∂Xv. hm¿Ø AdnbpI F∂ tIhe [¿aØn\v A∏pdw D]tbmK£aX(bq´nen‰n BwKnƒ) IqSn ]{Xw hmßp∂Xnc£nXm°ƒ ]cnKWn°p∂p≠v.

AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ LSIambn c£nXm°ƒ ]cnKWn°p∂ hnZym`ymk ImcyØn¬ IqSpXkPohamb CSs]Sen\v ]{X߃ XbmdmtI≠Xp≠v. kvIqfpIƒ tI{μoIcn®v Ht´sd ]cn]mSnIƒ am[ya߃ \S∏m°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ AsX√mw am¿°‰nMv ]cn]mSnIfmWv. FUnt‰mdnb¬ hn`mK߃ Ip´nIsf Gsd kp{][m\amb Hcp LSIambn ]cnKWn®p≈ \bcq]oIcWw \StØ≠nbncn°p∂p.

Ip´nIƒ°v CXpaXn F∂ a´nep≈ kao]\w ]{X߃°p tZmjw sNøpw. ]pXnb ImesØ Ip´nIfpsS Adnhpw [mcWIfpw Nn¥mtijnbpw ]cnKWn®pthWw Ip´nIƒ°mbn FgpXm≥.\Ωƒ {]Xo£n°p∂Xnepw tasebmWv AhcpsS am\knI \nehmcw. am[yaßfpsS ]£]mXnXzhpw AXncpIS∂ cmjv { Sob°fnIfpsams° kq£v a \nco£WØn\p hnt[bam°p∂Xn¬ Ip´nIfpw Dƒs∏Sp∂psh∂ Xncn®dnhv Xo¿®bmbpw am[yatemIØn\p≠mIWw.

A[ymbw 17

Is≠ØepIƒ, \n¿tZi߃ am[ya߃ Ip´nIƒ°mbn sNtø≠Xv F¥v, sNøp∂Xv F¥v F∂XmWv Cu ]T\ØneqsS N¿® sNøm≥ {ian®Xv. ]{Xw, Snhn, tdUntbm, ]{XßfpsS C‚¿s\‰v FUnj\pIƒ F∂nh am{XamWv ]T\Øn\mbn ]cnKWn®Xv. am[ya߃ Ip´nIfpsS {]iv \ ߃ F{XtØmfw ]cnKWn°p∂p≠v , Ip´nIƒ°p am[yaßfn¬ F{XtØmfw {]mXn\n[yw e`n°p∂p≠v, Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ {]iv\߃ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂Xn¬ am[ya {]h¿ØI¿°v F{XtØmfw [mcWbp≠v XpSßnb hnjb߃ N¿® sNbvXp. Hmtcm taJebnepw cmPym¥c XeØnep≈ kvYnXnbpw AhtemI\w sNøm≥ {ian®n´p≠v.

Cu ]T\Ønse Nne Is≠ØepIfpw AXns‚ ASnkv Y m\Ønep≈ Nne \n¿tZißfpamWv ChnsS AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv . CXn¬ ]eXpw am[ya temIØn\v ]cnNnXamb Imcy߃ Xs∂bmWv. AtXkabw Imcy£aamb ]cnlmcØn\mbp≈ {ia߃ C√mØXmWv {]iv\w. AXn\v Bcp ap≥IsøSp°Wsa∂ {]iv\hpap≠v. am[ya kzmX{¥yw F∂Xv AanXamb \nb{¥W߃ C√mØ kmlNcyØnte \ne\n¬°q. AtXkabw , em`ØnA[njvTnXamb Itºmf DXv]∂amWv am[yaw F∂Xn\mepw am[ya{]h¿ØIsc°mƒ am[ya DSaIfmb hyhkmbnIfpw

102 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

a‰pamWv am[yaßfnse Ahkm\hm°v F∂Xn\mepw Hcp \nb{¥Whpan√mØ am[yatemIw kaqlØns‚ XmXv]cy߃ kwc£n°m≥ DXIn√. AXn\m¬ kzbw cq]s∏SpØnb Hcp \nb{¥WN´°qSn¬\n∂p {]h¿Øn°p∂XmWv \√Xv. {]kv Iu¨kn¬ t]mep≈ GP≥knIfpsS \nco£Whpw A\nhmcyamWv. C\n hnjbØnte°v. Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ hnjbßsf aebmf am[ya߃ AhKWn°pIbmWv F∂p ]dbp∂Xp icnbmIn√. Ip´nIƒ Dƒs∏Sp∂ hm¿ØIfpw kw`hßfpw am[ya߃ {]m[m\ytØmsS \¬Ip∂p≠v. Cu ]T\Øn¬\n∂p a\knemb {it≤bamb hkv X pX, Cu {]m[m\yw F∂Xv ]{XØns‚ `mKØp\n∂p Nn¥n°ptºmgp≈XmWv. tPWenkv‰nIv BwKnfnep≈ ap≥KW\ ]t£ Ip´nbpsS `mKØp\n∂p Nn¥n°ptºmƒ t\sc XeXncns™∂p hcpw. ]{X{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ cmPym¥c am\Zfia\pkcn®v Ip´nbpsS `mKØp\n∂p Nn¥n®mWv dnt∏m¿´nMv \StØ≠Xv. Aßs\ hcptºmƒ hfsc {]m[m\ytØmsS {]kn≤oIcn°p∂ hm¿ØIƒ ]eXpw hm¿ØItf A√mXmIpw. ]t£ sk≥tkjW¬ ssienbn¬ A`ncan°p∂ aebmf am[ya temIØn\v, {]tXyIn®p ]{X߃°v Aßs\ Nn¥n°m≥ {]bmkamWv. ]t£ Ip´nIfpsS AhImi kwc£Ww AXoh {]m[m\ytØmsS ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂ ImeØv am[ya߃°p a‰p {]iv \ ßfn¬ kzoIcn°p∂ ap≥KW\m \bw CXn]n¥pScp∂Xv H´pw inipkulrZ]camb kao]\a√. kabØn\v FXnscbp≈ t]mcm´w IqSnbmWt√m am[ya{]h¿Ø\w, kv Y m]\Øns‚ t]mfnkn°pw XmXv ] cy߃°pw H∏w hm¿ØbpsS hkv X p\njv T Xbpw A¿lamb {]m[m\yhpw Dd∏m°m\p≈ {S∏okpIfn°nsS Ip´nIfpsS XmXv]cyw IqSn ]cnKWn°pI F∂Xp Kuchap≈ Imcyambn apJy[mcm am[ya{]h¿ØI¿°p tXm∂m\nSbn√.

AtXkabw, Ip´nIfpsS XmXv ] cyßsf AhKWn®pw am‰nadn®pap≈ am[ya {]h¿Ø\w kaqlXmXv ] cyØn\v KpWIca√.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

103

*Cu ]T\Øns‚ ASnkvYm\Øn¬ apt∂m´p hbv°m\p≈ {][m\s∏´ \n¿tZißfnsem∂v am[ya kvYm]\߃°mbn Hcp inipkulrZ am[ya \bØn\v (Child friendly media policy)cq]w \¬IWw F∂XmWv. AXn¬ tIcfØns‚ kmlNcyØn¬ ]{X, Snhn, tdUntbm am[ya߃ Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ hnjbØn¬ kzoIcnt°≠ \ne]mSpw ap≥KW\Ifpw dnt∏m¿´v sNøptºmƒ {i≤nt°≠ Imcyßfpw kw_‘n® hyIvXhpw IrXyhpamb am\Zfi߃ D≠mIWw. Cu \bw cq]s∏SptØ≠Xv am[ya{]h¿ØIcpw hnZym`ymk hnZKv[cpw inipa\»mkv{X⁄cpw Hs° ASßp∂ kanXnbmIWw. *Hmtcm am[yakv Y m]\Øn\pw Hcp Ip´nIfpsS hn`mKw (Children’s Desk) cq]oIcn°Ww. Ipd™ ]£w Hcp Childrens Editor F¶nepw thWw. Iq´Ønsem∂mbn Ip´nIfpsS t]Ppw hm¿ØIfpw ssIImcyw sNøs∏Sp∂ kv Y nXn amdWw. hnZym`ymk hnjbØnepw Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ a‰p Imcyßfnepw A`ncpNnbpw ]cnNbhpw D≈ am[ya{]h¿ØIcpsS t\XrXzØnemIWw CXv. Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ kw`hßfpw {]iv\ßfpw dnt∏m¿´pIfpw ]cn]mSnIfpw Cu hn`mKØn¬ IqSn IS∂p t]mIWw. Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ t]PpIƒ Unssk≥ sNøpI, am‰¿ FUn‰v sNøpI, ]cn]mSnIƒ Xbmdm°pI XpSßnbhsb√mw ChcpsS NpaXebmIWw. *]{Xw ]T\Øn\mbn D]tbmKn°p∂ \yqkv t]∏¿ C≥ FPypt°j≥ F∂ ]cn]mSn Ht´sd cmPyßfn¬ hnPbIcambn \SØp∂p.am[ya߃°pw Ip´nIƒ°pw KpWIcamb ]cn]mSnbmWnXv . tIcfØn¬ Bkq{XnXamb XcØnCØcsamcp ]cn]mSnbn√. AtXkabw,Hmtcm ]{XkvYm]\hpw kvIqfpambpw hnZym¿YnIfpambpw _‘s∏´v hnhn[ ]cn]mSnIƒ kwLSn∏n°p∂p≠v. Hmtcm am[ya kvYm]\hpw ( Snhn°pw tdUntbmbv°pw am[yaØn\v A\ptbmPyamb am‰ßƒ hcpØn CØcsamcp ]≤Xn \S∏m°m≥ Ignbpw) \yqkv t]∏¿ C≥ FPypt°j≥ ]cn]mSn \S∏m°Ww. t\csØ ]d™ Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ UkvIn\v CXns‚ NpaXe \¬Imw. Hmtcm

104 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

A[yb\ h¿jhpw kv I qfpambn _‘s∏´ kPohamb ]cn]mSnIƒ kwLSn∏n°Ww. `mhn hmb\°msc∂ \nebv°v Ip´nIsf am[yahpambn ASp∏n®p \n¿Øm\pw CXp klmbIamIpw. Ct∏mƒ hnhn[ am[ya kv Y m]\߃ Ip´nIƒ°mbn \SØp∂ ]e t{]mPIvSpIƒ°pw IrXyamb XpS¿]cn]mSn (©··μ ‹◊) D≠mIp∂n√. am[yaßfn{]tXyI hn`mKw CXn\mbn D≠m°ptºmƒ B {]iv \ hpw ]cnlcn°s∏Spw. * ]{X߃ ]T\Øn\p≈ kPoh kma{KnIfmbn amdnb kmlNcyw ]q¿Wambpw D]tbmKn°m≥ Bbn´n√. mkv apdnbnGsXms° {]h¿Ø\߃°v ]{Xw D]tbmKn°m\mIpw F∂Xp kw_‘n®v A[ym]I¿°v ]cnioe\w \¬Im≥ ]{X߃ ap∂n´ndßWw. ]{X{]h¿Ø\w, ]{Xkwhn[m\w F∂nhsb∏‰nsbms° A[ym]I¿°pw Ip´nIƒ°pw ]cnioe\w \¬Im\pw ]≤Xn Xbmdm°Ww. ImcWw Ip´nIsf ]{XØnt\mSv ASp∏n®p \n¿Øp∂Xv `mhnbnte°p≈ CuSv hbv]p IqSnbmWv. am{Xa√, Ht´sdt∏¿ ]{Xw hmßp∂Xv ho´n¬ ]Tn°p∂ Ip´n D≠v F∂ ImcWØmemWv. *]{Xßfpw kv I qƒ ]mTy]≤Xnbnse am‰w Dƒs°m≠v IqSpX¬ kv Y ew Ip´nIƒ°mbn am‰nhbv ° Ww. ]Tn°p∂ Ip´nbp≈ ho´n¬ ]{Xw Ahn`mPy LSIamWv F∂ tXm∂kaqlØn¬ D≠m°nsbSpt°≠Xp≠v. * lb¿ sk°≥UdnbmWv Ct∏mƒ kvIqƒ ss^\¬. F∂n´pw ]Ømw mkns‚ lmMv Hmh¿ amdnbn´n√. Ip´nIfpsS t]Pnepw a‰pw ]Ømw mkv ]co£mklmbnIƒ°mWv {]m[m\yw. lb¿ sk°≥Udn°p Du∂¬ \¬Im\pw AXp Ign™p≈ hnhn[ Xcw tImgvkpIsf kw_‘n®p ]cnNbs∏SpØm\pw am[ya߃ {i≤n°Ww. ]co£m^ew h∂Xns‚ ]nt‰∂v AXpambn _‘s∏´ A{]kIvXamb kvYnXnhnhc IW°pIƒ°∏pdw hnZym¿YnIƒ°v KpWIcamIp∂ CØcw hnhc߃°mIWw Du∂¬. *hym]Iambn ]S¿∂p ]nSn®ncn°p∂ F≥{S≥kv Pzcw Ipdbv ° m\pw _nsS°pw Fw_n_nFkpa√msX Ht´sd hgnIfps≠∂pw kaqlsØ t_m[ys∏SptØ≠ NpaXe

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

am[ya߃ Hcp sshInbncn°p∂p.

ZuXyambn

Gs‰Spt°≠

105

kabw

* Ip´nIsf kw_‘n® am[ya ]cºcIfpsS {]iv \ w hyIv X nhnhc߃°pw IYIƒ°pamWv Gsd {]m[m\yw. hmbn°m≥ AØcw kw`hIYIƒ D]Imcs∏Spsa¶nepw AhXcn∏n°p∂ {]iv\sØ Dƒ°mgvNtbmsS kao]n®v ]cnlmcw \n¿tZin°p∂ ]cºcIƒ IpdhmWv. t\csØ ]{XØn¬ h∂ Iptd kw`h߃ hniZmwi߃ klnXw tN¿Øv hnjbhpambn _‘s∏´ hnhn[ I£nIƒ°p ]dbm\p≈XpwIqSn \¬Iptºmƒ ]cºcbmbn. kw`h߃°pw {]XnIcW߃°pw H∏w hnjbsØ teJI¿ ka{Kambn ]Tn®v AhXcn∏n°p∂ coXnbnte°p amdWw. *Ip´nIfpsS AhImißsf kw_‘n® bpF≥ I¨h≥j≥ {]m[m\ytØmsS ]cnKWnt°≠Xp≠v. Ip´nIfpsS AhImi߃ ho´nepw kv I qfnepw kaqlØnepw hym]Iambn ewLn°s∏Sptºmƒ AXp kw_‘n® t_m[hXv I cWw am[ya߃ Gs‰Sp°Ww. AXn\v am[ya{]h¿ØI¿°v CXpkw_\‘n® kphyIv X [mcW thWw. am[ya ]T\tImgvkpIfn¬ Cu hnjbw Dƒs∏SpØWw. Ip´nIfpsS AhImiw kw_‘n® bpF≥ I¨h≥j≥ tcJIfpw AhImi kwc£WsØ kw_‘n® anI® amXrIIfpw N¿®bv ° p hnt[bam°Ww. * tIcfØns‚ kmlNcyØn\p tbmPn® XcØn¬ Ip´nIfpsS AhImi kwc£Ww kw_‘n® am¿KtcJ Xbmdm°n {]kn≤oIcn°m≥ {]kv A°mZan t]mep≈ kv Y m]\߃ ap≥IsøSp°Ww. * sSenhnj≥ Ip´nIsf h√msX kzm[o\n°p∂ Hcp am[yaamWv. Ip´nIsf AS°n CcpØm\p≈ hgn F∂ XcØnc£nXm°ƒ Xs∂bmWv AanXamb Snhn Imgv N bnte°p Ip´nIsf \bn°p∂Xv. AXp Ip´nIfnep≠m°p∂ am\knIhpw imcocnIhpamb A]ISsØ°pdn®p kv I qfpIfnepw a‰pw t_m[hXv I cWw th≠XmWv . ho´pIm¿ kocnben\v AUnIvSmIptºmƒ Ip´nIsf AXn¬\n∂p ]n¥ncn∏n°p∂Xn\p km[n°msX hcp∂p.

IpSpw_߃ AhcpsS

106 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

kmlNcy߃°\pkcn®v BtcmKyIcamb Hcp Snhn ImWkwkv I mcw cq]s∏SpØWw. F{X kabw Snhn ImWWw, GsXms° ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWWw, F∂Xp kw_‘n®v Ip´nIfpambn Hcp AenJnX [mcWbp≠m°Ww. ]T\w, {]m¿Y\, `£Ww XpSßnbhbvs°m∏w Snhn C√mXncn°p∂Xp Xs∂bmWp \√Xv. *Ip´nIfn¬ A{Iahpw AcmPIXzhpw hf¿Øp∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v k¿°m¿ XeØn¬ D≈ CSs]SepIfneqsS \nb{¥Ww sIm≠phcWw. *ap≥]v A®Sn am[ya߃ kaqlØn¬ Snhn D≠m°p∂ {]iv \ ߃ kPohambn N¿® sNbv X ncp∂p.

CØcw BtcmKyIcamb hna¿i\߃ Xosc Ipd™phcpIbmWv . h≥InS ]{Xkv Y m]\ßsf√mw Snhn cwKtØ°p IqSn NphSphbv°p∂Xv CXn\v Hcp ImcWamWv. * Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ Snhn ]cn]mSnIfnse `mjt]mepw H´pw inipkulrZ]ca√. Snhn am[ya{]h¿ØI¿°v CXp kw_‘n®p IqSpX¬ ]cnioe\hpw t_m[hXv I cWhpw e`n°Ww. k¿KmflIXbpw aqeyßfpw Ip´nIfpsS \nehmchpsams° ]cnKWn®v ckIcamb Ip´n∏cn]mSnIƒ Xbmdm°p∂ ImcyØnaebmfØnse apgph≥ Nm\epIfpw ]cmPbamWv. AYhm td‰nwKv Iq´m\p≈ {iaØn\nSbn¬ Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ ]cn]mSnIfpsS ImcyØn¬ Nm\epIƒ H´pw {i≤ ]pe¿Øp∂n√. *A‘hnizmkw IpØnhbv°p∂ a{¥hmZ, `oIc ]cºcIƒ imkv{Xt_m[w hftc≠ {]mbØn¬ IqSpX¬ {]Xntema]camb ho£WØnte°p Ip´nIsf \bn°p∂p.

AhXmcIcpsS aebmfhpw Cwojpa√mØ Ahnb¬ AhXcW coXn Ip´nIfpsS `mjmt_m[sØ hgnsX‰n°p∂p. *F√m Znhkhpw ss{]wssSwan¬ Ac aWn°qsd¶nepw Ip´nIƒ°p th≠nbp≈ BI¿jIamb ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWn°Ww.Ah[n Znhkßfn¬ cmhnsebpw sshIn´pw IqSpX¬ kabw \ofp∂ Ip´nIƒ°p≈ hnt\mZ, hn⁄m\ ]cn]mSnIƒ kwt{]jWw sNøWw.

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

107

*Ip´nIƒ°p≈ Snhn, tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIƒ°v A\paXn \¬Ip∂Xn\pw AhbpsS \n¿amWØn\p klmbw \¬Ip∂Xn\pambn {]km¿ `mcXnbpsStbm inipt£a kanXnbpsStbm at‰m Iogn¬ {]tXyI kanXn°p cq]w \¬IWw. *tdUntbm Ip´nIfpsS {]nbs∏´ am[yaambn amdnbn´n√. ]cºcmKXamb ssienbnemWv AXns‚ t]m°v .

BImihmWnbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ kvIqfn¬ tdUntbmbpsS km[yXIƒ {]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn IqSpX¬ ]cn]mSnIƒ kwLSn∏n°Ww. kzImcy F^v F w Nm\epIfpw Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ Bcw`n°Ww. Ip´nIƒ°mbn Hcp aebmfw tdUntbm Nm\¬ F∂Xp bmYm¿Yyam°m≥ BImihmWnbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ {iaw D≠mIWw. *]ckyßfpsS D≈S°w Ip´nIsf a\»mkv { X]cambn kzm[o\n°p∂p.CXp kw_‘n®v ]cky GP≥knIfnse tIm∏n ssd‰¿am¿°pw _‘s∏´ a‰p≈h¿°pw ]cnioe\w \¬IWw. *]{XßfpsS C‚¿s\‰v FUnj\pIfn¬ an°Xnepw Ip´nIƒ°mbn C‚dmIvSohv Bb Nm\epIƒ D≠v. Ip´nIƒ°mbn kzX{¥amb C‚dmIvSohv sh_vssk‰pIƒ Bcw`n°p∂Xns\∏‰n ]{X߃ BtemNn°Ww. icnbmb C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmK kwkvImcw Ip´nIsf ]Tn∏nt°≠Xv AXymhiyamWv. AXn\p≈ ]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnIƒ F≥sFCbpsS `mKambpw ]{Xw hgnbpw C‚¿s\‰v hgnbpw \¬IWw. * ]{Xßfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈ t]PpIƒ Gsd KpWw sNøp∂Xmbn hnZym¿YnIfpw A[ym]Icpw c£nXm°fpw A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. F∂m¬ Iptd°qSn Ah sa®s∏SpØW sa∂mWv A[ym]IcpsS \ne]mSv. A[ym]IcpsS XmXv]cy߃ IqSn ]cnKWn®p≈ am‰ßƒ Cu t]PpIfn¬ D≠mIWw. Npcp°Øn¬ tIcfØnse am[ya߃ Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ hnjbßfn¬ Xosc tamiw {]XnIcWamWv F∂p ]dbm\mhn√.

F∂m¬ C°mcyØn¬ t_m[]q¿hamb kvYncw kao]\an√.

AXn\m¬ Ip´nIfpsS AhImi kwc£Ww e£yan´ s]mXp \bØn\v AXns‚ ASnkvYm\Ønep≈ \S]SnIƒ°pw k¿°m¿ XeØn¬ {iaw D≠mIWw. Hmtcm hn`mKw am[ya߃°pw Cu

108 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

hnjbØn¬ Imcy£aambn {]h¿Øn°m\p≈ km[yX \ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. apJy[mcm am[yaßfpsS {][m\ Sm¿P‰v {Kq∏pIfnsem∂mWp Ip´nIƒ F∂ Xncn®dnhmWp th≠Xv.

A\p_‘w1

bp\nsk^v am¿K\n¿tZi߃ Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ Imcy߃ dnt∏m¿´v sNøptºmƒ {i≤nt°≠ Imcyßsf∏‰n bp\nsk^v (UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) am¿K\n¿tZi߃ ]pds∏Sphn®n´p≠v.

Ip´nIfpsS AhImi߃ ewLn°msXbpw s]mXpXmXv]cyw ]cnKWn®pw dnt∏m¿´nMv \SØp∂Xn\mbmWv Cu \n¿tZi߃. bp\nsk^v am¿K\n¿tZi߃ Xmsg∏dbp∂ XcØnkw{Kln°mw.

XXz߃ 1. GXp kmlNcyØnepw Ip´nbpsS AhImihpw A¥kpw _lpam\n°s∏tS≠Xp≠v.

2. Ip´nIfpambn A`napJw \SØptºmgpw Ahcpambn _‘s∏´ Imcy߃ dnt∏m¿´v sNøptºmgpw kzImcyXIƒ kwc£n°s∏Sp∂psh∂v Dd∏m°Ww, Ip´nIfpsS A`n{]mb߃ tIƒ°Ww, Xocpam\ßfn¬ AhcpsS ]¶mfnØw Dd∏m°Ww, Ip´nIfpsS XmXv ] cy߃°v A]ISap≠mImØ XcØnep≈ kwc£Ww e`n°Ww. 3.

Ip´nIfpsS {]iv\ßfpw AhImißfpw AkvYm\Øpw Db¿Øns°m≠p hcp∂Xpƒs∏sS F√mØcw kzm¿YXIƒ°pw AXoXambn Ip´nIfpsS bYm¿Y XmXv]cy߃ kwc£n°s∏SWw.

110 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

4.

{]mbhpw ]IzXbpw A\pkcn®v Ip´nbpsS A`n{]mbØn\p IqSn ]cnKW\ \¬In thWw Ahcpambn _‘s∏´ {]iv\ßfn¬ Xocpam\߃ FSp°m≥.

5.

Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ Imcy߃ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂Xn\p ap≥]v AXns‚ cmjv { Sobhpw kmaqlnIhpw kmwkv I mcnIhpamb A\¥c^eßsf∏‰n {]iv \ sØ hnebncpØm¬ sI¬∏p≈hcpw Ip´nbpambn G‰hpw ASpØ _‘ap≈hcpamb hyIvXnIfpambn N¿® sNøWw.

6.

bYm¿Y t]cpw hnhcßfpw ]dbmsXbncp∂mepw Hcp dnt∏m¿t´m t^mt´mtbm ]cn]mSntbm Ip´nbpsStbm Ah\pambn _‘s∏´ a‰p Ip´nIfpsS XmXv]cy߃v°v FXncmbn hcpsa¶n¬ AXp {]kn≤oIcn°cpXv. Ip´nIfpambn A`napJw \SØp∂Xn\p≈ am¿K\n¿tZi߃

1.

Ip´nIƒ°p tZmjap≠mIp∂ XcØn¬ {]h¿Øn°m≥ ]mSn√. Ip´nIsf Ip‰s∏SpØnbpw kmwkvImcnIaqey߃°v \nc°mØ XcØnepw Ahtlf\]cambpw H∂pw tNmZy߃ tNmZn°cpXv. Zpc¥Øn\v Ccbmb Ip´nIfpsS thZ\bpw ZpxJhpw h¿[n∏n°p∂ XcØnep≈ tNmZyßfpw ]mSn√.

2.

A`napJw \SØm\p≈ Ip´nIsf Xncs™Sp°p∂Xn¬ aXw, enwKw, h¿Kw, kmaqlnI ]Zhn, hnZym`ymk ]ivNmØew, imcocnIamb IgnhpIƒ XpSßnbhbpsS ASnkvYm\Øn ep≈ hnthN\߃ ]mSn√.

3. Ip´nIfpsS kz¥w A\p`hhpambn _‘s∏´X√mØ Imcyßsf∏‰n hnhcn°mt\m kw`hn®Xp ImWn°mt\m Ip´nItfmSv Bhiys∏ScpXv. 4.

am[ya{]h¿ØI\pambmWv kwkmcn°p∂sX∂ hnhcw Ip´ntbm c£nXmthm Adn™ncn°Ww.

5.

A`napJw \SØptºmgpw hnUntbmbn¬ FSp°ptºmgpw ]‰psa¶n¬ t^mt´m FSp°ptºmƒ t]mepw Ip´nbpsSbpw c£nXmhns‚bpw A\paXn t\Snbncn°Ww. km[yamb kμ¿`ßfn¬ tcJmaqew Xs∂ A\paXn t\Sp∂XmWv

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

111

DØaw. {]mtZinIamtbm A√msXtbm {]t£]Ww sNømt\m A®Sn°mt\m D≈XmWv Cu hnhc߃ F∂v Ip´n°pw c£nXmhn\pw t_m[yw D≠mbncn°Ww. Ip´n°p hnizmkap≈ Bfpambn BtemNn®mWv A`napJw Xocpam\n®sX¶nepw Ip´n°p a\knemIp∂ `mjbn¬ A\paXn t\Sp∂Xp \√XmWv. 6.

FhnsS h®v Fßs\bmWv A`napJw \SØp∂sX∂ Imcyhpw {i≤n°Ww. A`napJw \SØm\pw t^mt´m FSp°m\pw FØp∂hcpsS FÆØn\pw \nb{¥Ww thWw. Ip´nIƒ HcpXcØnep≈ AkzkvYXtbm _mlykΩ¿Ztam C√msX (A`napJw \SØp∂bmfnt‚Xv Dƒs∏sS)bmIWw A`napJØn¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂Xv . hnUntbm, tdUntbm A`napJßfn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ Zriyßfpw ]ivNmØe i_vZßfpw Ip´nbpsS (Ip´nIfpsS) AhkvYsb Fßs\ {]Xn^en∏n°psa∂ ImcyØnepw Pm{KX ]pe¿ØWw. Ip´nbpsS hoSpw kaqlhpw \mSpw ImWn°p∂Xpw AtX∏‰n FgpXp∂Xpw Ip´n°v tZmjIcamIp∂ns√∂pw Dd∏m°Ww.

Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ Imcy߃ sNøp∂Xn\p≈ am¿K\n¿tZi߃

dnt∏m¿´v

1.

Ip´nIsf tami°mtcm NoØtbm Bbn ap{ZIpØp∂XcØnep≈ ]cma¿ißtfm ]Z{]tbmKßtfm Hgnhm°Ww. Ip´nIƒ°v imcocnIhpw am\knIhpambn IqSpX¬ {]bmk߃ D≠m°p∂Xpw PohnXImew apgph≥ kmaqlnIamb hnthN\hpw Ahtlf\hpw A\p`hnt°≠n hcp∂ kv Y nXn Hgnhm°m≥ am[ya {]h¿ØI¿ a\kphbv°Ww.

2.

G‰hpw A\ptbmPyamb kμ¿`ØnemIWw Ip´nbpsS A\p`htam Nn{Xtam AhXcn∏nt°≠Xv.

3.

ssewKnIambn ]oUn∏n°s∏´tXm a‰p XcØnep≈ NqjWØnt\m Ccbm°s∏´ Ip´nIƒ,imcocnItam ssewKnIamtbm D≈ Ip‰w sNbv X h¿, F®v s Fhn t]mkn‰nhmbhtcm Fbv U v k v tcmKnIƒs°m∏w Xmakn°p∂htcm Bb Ip´nIƒ(amXm]nXm°tfm

112 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

c£nXmthm kΩXw X∂ns√¶n¬),Ip‰mtcm]nXcmb Ip´nIƒ, ssk\nItkh\w sNtø≠nhcp∂ Ip´nIƒ( Bbp[ta¥nb ap≥ Ip´nt∏mcmfnIfpw XpSßnbhcpsS t]cp am‰pIbpw Ahsc Xncn®dnbmØ XcØn¬ t^mt´mIfpw hnjzepIfpw D]tbmKn°pIbpw thWw. 4.

Ip´n°v Poh\p`ojWnbp≈ kmlNcy߃ \ne\n¬°ptºmƒ Xmsg∏dbp∂ Ip´nIfpsS t]tcm Xncn®dnbm≥ klmbn°p∂ Nn{Xßtfm \¬IcpXv.

F) Bbp[w Iønens√¶nepw ap≥]v t]mcmfnIfmbncp∂ Ip´nIƒ°v `ojWn Ds≠¶n_n)am\knImtcmKy tI{μßfnNnIn¬kbnIgnbp∂h¿,A`bm¿YnIfm°s∏´h¿, B`y¥c {]iv\ßsfØpS¿∂p ]emb\w sNtø≠n h∂h¿.

5.

F∂m¬ Nne kμ¿`ßfn¬ Ip´nbpsS t]cpw a‰p hnhcßfpw shfns∏SpØp∂Xv Ip´n°p KpWw sNøpIbpw sNøpw.

F∂m¬ AXv DØaXmXv]cy߃°p KpWIcamsW∂v Dd® t_m[yaps≠¶nte sNømhq. t]cphnhc߃ shfns∏SpØmhp∂ AØcw {]tXyI kμ¿`߃°v Nne DZmlcW߃

F) Ip´ntbm c£nXmthm ap≥IsøSpØv AhcpsS A`n{]mb kzmX{¥yw {]ISn∏n°mt\m ]dbm\p≈Xv a‰p≈hcnFØn°mt\m XmXv]cyw {]ISn∏n°ptºmƒ _n)Ip´nIƒ kmaqlnI tkh\Øns‚bpw t_m[hXv I cWØns‚tbm `mKamIptºmtgm Aßs\ Adnbs∏Sm≥ Ah¿ B{Kln°ptºmtgm. kn)kmaqlnI {]h¿Ø\Øns‚ `mKambn t]cpw hyIvXnXzhpw shfns∏SpØp∂Xv BtcmKyIcamb hnImkØn\v BhiyamsW∂v Ip´n Xs∂ A`n{]mbs∏Sptºmƒ.

Un)a‰p Ip´nItfmSpw apXn¿∂htcmSpw Ip´n°v ]dbm\p≈ Imcy߃ IrXyambpw Dd∏n®pw ]dbp∂ kμ¿`ßfn¬.

C) Ip´nIfpsS s]mXphmb kvYnXn dnt∏m¿´v sNøptºmƒ. (hnhc߃°v bp\nsk^v sh_vssk‰nt\mSv IS∏mSv)

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

113

A\p_‘w 2 C¥y≥ {]kv Iu¨kns]cpam‰®´w C¥y≥ {]kv Iu¨kn¬ ]{X{]h¿ØI¿°mbn \n¿tZin®n´p≈ s]cpam‰®´Øn¬ (NORMS OF JOURNALISTIC CONDUCT) Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ Ip‰IrXyßfpw a‰pw dnt∏m¿´v sNøptºmƒ ]ment°≠ am¿K\n¿tZißsf∏‰n ]dbp∂p≠v. kzImcyXbv ° p≈ AhImiw F∂ `mKØmWv CXp hnhcn°p∂Xv. am\`wKw, kv { XoIsf X´ns°m≠pt]mI¬, Ip´nIfpsS t\¿°p≈ ssewKnImXn{Ia߃ , kv{XoIfpsS kzImcyX, kz`mhw, A¥kv F∂nhbpambn _‘s∏´ Ip‰IrXyßsf kw_‘n°p∂ hm¿ØIfn¬ CcIfpsS t]tcm Nn{Xtam Xncn®dnbm≥ CSbm°p∂ a‰p hniZmwißtfm {]kn≤oIcn°m≥ ]mSn√. {]mb]q¿ØnbmImØ Ip´nIfpambn _‘s∏´ ssewKnI NqjWw, \n¿_‘nX hnhmlw XpSßnbh kw_‘n® hm¿ØIfnepw Ip´nIfpsS t]tcm Nn{Xßtfm {]kn≤oIcn°cpXv.

A\p_‘w 3 ]{Xßfpambn _‘s∏´ Nne ]T\ {]h¿Ø\߃ ]{Xhmb\m a’cw ]{Xhmb\bnte°p Ip´nIsf BI¿jn°m≥ klmbn°p∂ Hcp IfnbmWnXv. Hcp {Kq∏nse (¢mknse) Ip´nIsf√mw A∂sØ ]{XØnse CjvSap≈ `mKw {Kq∏n¬ hmbn®hXcn∏n°pI. ]{Xh¿Øam\ Ubdn a’cw F∂pw ]{X߃ hmbn®v Ndnb Ipdn∏pIƒ UbdnbnsegpXpI.

114 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

Hcp amkw Ip´nIsfgpXnb UbdnIƒ ]cntim[n®v B amksØ \√ Ubdn°v Hcp _mekmlnXy{KŸw kΩm\ambn \¬Imw. ]{XIznkv Hcp ZnhksØ ]{Xw {Kq∏nse F√mhcpw hmbn°pI. ho´n\n∂p hmbn®n´p hcmw. tlmkv‰en¬ h®pw hmbn°mw. mknAXn\p kabw sImSp°mw. Fßs\bmbmepw F√mhcpw hmbn°Ww. F∂n´v B ]{XsØ(]{Xßsf) ASnkvYm\am°n Hcp Iznkv a’cw \SØpI. {^≠v t]PpIƒ XmcXays∏SpØHcp ZnhksØ hnhn[ ]{X߃ FSpØv {^≠v t]PpIƒ XmcXays∏SpØpI. hniIe\w sNbvXv hnebncpØpI. {^≠v t]Pn¬ A∂sØ G‰hpw {][m\ kw`h߃ Dt≠m? temIkw`hßtfm tZiobkw`hßtfm {]mtZinIkw`hßtfm {]m[m\yw \¬In {]kn≤oIcn®ncn°p∂Xv? Nn{X߃°v F{X kvYew \¬Inbncn°p∂p? ]ckyØnt\m? GXp ]{XØn\mWv Hcp temIho£Ww? GXn\v IqSpX¬ {]mtZinIho£Ww? hnebncpØpI. hm¿ØsbgpXHcp kw`hw (hnhcw) Fßs\ hm¿Øbm°mw?

C°mcysØ∏‰n BtemNn®n´pt≠m? BtemNn®n´p Imcyan√.

Aßs\ hm¿Ø FgpXn AXn\p≈ sshZKv≤yw hf¿Øptºmƒ am{Xta AXp a\knemIq. kv I qfnse kb≥kv _v As√¶n¬ kmlnXykamPw DZv L mS\w Ign™p F∂ncn°s´. AsXmcp hm¿Øbmbn FgpXWw. F¥mbncn°Ww Xes°´v ? BZy hmNIw BI¿jIamIWw G‰hpw {][m\ ImcyhpamIWw. hm¿Ø Npcp°n FgpXWw. BcpsSsbms° t]cpIƒ thWw ? N¿® sNøpI. Aßs\ HcpGItZi cq]w FgpXpI. AXv sa®s∏SpØn \√ hm¿Øbm°pI. ]ckyam‰¿ FgpØv BI¿jIamb ]ckysagpXm\pw ]cnioe\w thWw. ]{Xßfn¬ hcp∂ \√ ]ckyhmNI߃ hmbn°q. AØcw

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

115

hmNI߃ FgpXnt\m°q. `mjmkzm[o\w hf¿Øm≥ B Ifn {]tbmP\s∏Spw. ]{Xw: D≈S° ]T\w hfsc Kuchambn sNømhp∂ t{]mPIv S mWnXv . Hcp ]{XØns‚ HcmgvNsØ D≈S°w ]Tn®v hniIe\w sNøWw. Aßs\ e`n°p∂ hnhc߃ Hcp ]´nIbnem°Ww. Cßs\ ]e ]{Xßsf∏‰n ]e¿ ]Tn°s´. Hcp {Kq∏nse Hcp Ip´n Hcp ]{XØns‚ NpaXe G‰m¬ aXn. ]Øp Ip´nIƒ D≈ {Kq∏msW¶n¬ ]Øp ]{XßfpsS D≈S°Øns‚ ]T\w Cßs\ \SØmw. ]{XØns‚ t]cv: {Ia\º¿ hn`hØns‚ t]cv FÆw

F{X iXam\w

]{XØnse sF‰ßsf (hn`hßsf) Fßs\ XcwXncn°Wsa∂v t\csØ N¿® sNbvXv \nivNbn°Ww. F√mhcpw B XcwXncnhv AwKoIcn®v AXp Xs∂ ]´nIbnDƒs∏SpØWw. DZmlcWambn hm¿ØIƒ Xs∂ ]eXp≠v. temIhm¿ØIƒ, tZiobhm¿ØIƒ, {]mtZinIhm¿ØIƒ, ]cnkvYnXnhm¿ØIƒ, _nkn\kv hm¿ØIƒ, aXhm¿ØIƒ, kapZmbhm¿ØIƒ, cmjv{Sobhm¿ØIƒ, IuXpIhm¿ØIƒ, BtcmKyhm¿ØIƒ, hml\m]IShm¿ØIƒ XpSßnbh. hm¿ØIsf Fßs\sbms° XcwXncn°Wsa∂v \niv N bn®mse ChbntesXms°bmbn hm¿ØIsf hn`Pn°Wsa∂v \nivNbn°m\mIq. ]ckyw, Nca Adnbn∏pIƒ, _nkn\kv ]cky߃, ]T\ klmbØn\p≈ sF‰ßƒ, Icnb¿ hnhc߃, hm¿ØmhniIe\w... XpSßnbhsb√mw ]{Xßfnse hn`hßfn¬ s]SpØWw. ]ckyßsfØs∂ Xcw Xncn°mw.

DXv ] ∂ßsf°pdn®dnhp≈h, dnb¬ Fkv t ‰‰v ]cky߃, kn\nam∏cky߃ XpSßnbh. h°oe∑mcpsS hI \nba]camb

116 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

Imcyßsf°pdn®p≈ ]cky߃ D≠v. tImSXn∏ckyw, k¿°m¿ hn⁄m]\coXnIfnep≈ ]ckyw XpSßnbh thsd. (iXam\w ]Tn°mØ sNdnb Ip´nIƒ°v Ahkm\tImfw Hgnhm°mw.)

Cßs\ ]e¿ D≠m°nb hnhc߃ t{ImUoIcn®v t{]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°mw.

CXns‚ ASnkv Y m\Øn\nKa\ßfnseØmw. DZmlcWambn Hcp ]{XØns‚ Hcp e°Øn¬ ]ckyØn\p \¬Ip∂ kvYew F{X? CXv AwKoIrX [mcWIƒ°\pkcn®mtWm? XpSßnbh Is≠Ømw. ]{XØnse D≈S°w hniIe\w sNbvXp t]mcmbvaIfpw a\knem°mw. ]cky߃: ]T\w ]{X]ckyßfpsS kz`mhw ]Tn°p∂Xpw ckIcamb {]h¿Ø\amWv . GsXms°Xcw ]ckyßfmWp ]{XØnhcp∂sX∂ [mcW CXn¬\n∂p e`n°pw. ]{Xhpw A‘hnizmkhpw A‘hnizmkw hf¿Øp∂ hcp∂Xns\∏‰nbpw ]Tn°mw,

]cky߃

]{Xßfn¬

elcnsb∏‰nbp≈ ]cky߃ aZyw, knKc‰v XpSßnbhsb∏‰nbp≈ t\cn´pw A√msXbpap≈ ]cky߃ AhbpsS D]tbmKw Iq´m≥ klmbn°pw. AØcw ]cky߃ ]{Xßfn¬ hcp∂pt≠msb∂p {]tXyIw ]Tn°mw. ]{Xßfnse sX‰pIƒ: ]T\w ]{Xw hmbn°ptºmƒ AXn¬ hcp∂ sX‰pIƒ Is≠Øp∂Xpw ]Tn°mw. A£cs؉pIƒ, hmIyLS\bnse sX‰pIƒ, hkvXpXm]camb sX‰pIƒ XpSßnbh ]{Xßfnhcmw. sX‰p XncpØpIbpw thWw. ({]^.Fkv . inhZmkns‚ ]pkvXItØmSv IS∏mSv)

]pkv X I°fnIƒ

F∂

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

117

A\p_‘w 4 k¿th tNmZymhen 1.c£nXm°ƒ°pff tNmZymhen t]cv: kvYew: ]{Xw Ip´nIfpsS ]T\Øn\v D]tbmKn°mdpt≠m?Fßs\? ]{XØn¬ GXp D]tbmKn°p∂Xv:

`mKamWv

Ip´nIƒ°p

IqSpX¬

Ip´nIƒ°mbn {]kn≤oIcn°p∂ {]tXyI t]PpIsf∏‰n s]mXphmb A`n{]mbw: Ip´nIƒ°v am[ya߃ th≠{X {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂pt≠m?

ImcWw? _me the, inip]oU\w XpSßnb {]iv\߃ F{XtØmfw ^e{]Zambn aebmf am[ya߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂p: A®Sn am[yaßfmtWm Zriy{imhy am[yaßfmtWm Ip´nIfpsS {]iv\߃ IqSpX¬ {]m[mt\ymtØmsS ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv? *Ip´nIfpw am[yaßfpw F∂ hnjbhpambn _‘s∏´ apt∂m´phbv°m\p≈ \n¿tZi߃? ( tIcf {]kv A°mZanbpsS klmbtØmsS \SØp∂ ]T\ KthjWØn\p≈ hnhctiJcØn\mbn Xbmdm°nb tNmZymhen) 2. hnZym¿YnIƒ°p≈ tNmZymhen t]cv: ]Tn°p∂ ¢mkv: kvIqfns‚ t]cv: ]{Xw hmbn°mdpt≠m?: F√m Znhkhpw, h√t∏mgpw, hmbn°mdn√

118 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

\n߃°p th≠ Fs¥√mw Imcy߃ ]{XØnep≠v: Ip´nIƒ°mbn ]{XØnep≈ knsa‚pIƒ hmbn°mdpt≠m?

Ah Fßs\ {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂p? s]mXpth ]{Xßsf∏‰nbp≈ A`n{]mbw: 3.A[ym]I¿°pff tNmZymhen t]cv: kvIqfns‚ t]cv: ]{Xw ]T\Øn\v D]tbmKn°mdpt≠m?Fßs\? ]{XØn¬ GXp {]tbmP\{]Zw:

`mKamWv

Ip´nIƒ°p

IqSpX¬

Ip´nIƒ°mbn {]kn≤oIcn°p∂ {]tXyI t]PpIsf∏‰n s]mXphmb A`n{]mbw: Ip´nIƒ°v am[ya߃ th≠{X {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂pt≠m?

ImcWw? _me the, inip]oU\w XpSßnb {]iv\߃ F{XtØmfw ^e{]Zambn aebmf am[ya߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂p: A®Sn am[yaßfmtWm Zriy{imhy am[yaßfmtWm Ip´nIfpsS {]iv\߃ IqSpX¬ {]m[mt\ymtØmsS ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv? *Ip´nIfpw am[yaßfpw F∂ hnjbhpambn _‘s∏´ apt∂m´phbv°m\p≈ \n¿tZi߃? ( tIcf {]kv A°mZanbpsS klmbtØmsS \SØp∂ ]T\ KthjWØn\p≈ hnhctiJcWØn\mbn Xbmdm°nb tNmZymhen)

Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

119

Bibliography * Encyclopaedia of Journalism and Mas communication - Arun K Goel ( Saurabh Publishing House, New Delhi) * Profiting from Abuse: an investigation in the sexual exploitation of our children. Published by UNICEF. *The convention of the Rights of the Child; Child Rights and the Media (Guidelines for Journalists), International Federation of Journalists. *Media and Children in Need of Special Protection, UNICEF’s Division of Communication; *”The Kids Market: Myths and Realities” James U. McNeal *Educational Radio in India – RV VYAS, Director, Kota Open University, Kota, Rajasthan, Dr. R.C SHARMA, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Ashwini KUMAR, IGNOU Regional Centre, Lacknow. *www.childrenandradio.org.uk *(The Medial Literacy of Children and Young People- David Buckingham)Ofcam)) *www.allindiaradio.com *IGNOU (2001) Gyan Vani the educational FM Radio network of India & Publicity material developed by IGNOU, New Delhi. *Internet in the Family: A guide to helping children when they go online – WAN-IFRA. *Yearbook’s Outlook on Children and Media – UNESCO (2001) *Putting Children in the Right-Guidelines for Journalists and Media fissional International federation of Journalists.

Children’s Likes and Dislikes in Entertainment Programmes Patti M. Valkenburg and Joanne Cantor (2000) * _p[-Z¿i-\w, ae-bmf at\m-ca Zn\-]{Xw ˛ AizXn Xncp-

120 Ip´nbpw am[yaßfpw

\mƒ Kucn e£van `mbn (2002 \hw-_¿ 6) * \nß-fpsS Snhnbpw Rß-fpsS _mey-hpw. ˛ F. A≥h¿ * Nm\-ep-Iƒ hoSv N¥ ˛ am¿ amXyp B\n-°p-gn-°m-´n¬ (I-emIu-ap-Zn, e°w 1785, 2009) * kvtamƒ kv{Io≥ ^mkn-t\-j≥ ˛ tUm. Fw. hnP-b-dm-Wn, Zv lnμp, (13 \hw-_¿ 2004) * ]pkvX-I-°-fn-Iƒ ˛ s{]m^. Fkv. inh-Zmkv

hn. thWptKm]mÂŹ

Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Cochin