Political places

Political Places: Urban public sites By: Active Fields 2013 Team

Index:

1. Place de la Concorde: A Flexible Place from Historical to Functional Role

by Sitthiwat Suddhijaru 2. Trafalgar Square: “All things to All People” Central London

by Atima Yasadatt 3. St. Peter’s Square: Christianity’s Most Prominent Religious Arena

by Denise Justin Quema 4. Red Square: From Marketplace to Heart of the Soviet world

by Jirachaya Kerdpanya 5. Washington National Mall: From Congress House to the largest touristic attraction

by Naparat Dacharux 6. Tiananmen Square: The largest city square in the world

by Norataj Phuvatanaraksa 7. Platz der Republik: The center of political power of Germany

by Korn Supsakorn

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Place de la Concorde: A Flexible Place from Historical to Functional Role Paris, France. 1748 48.8653째 N, 2.3215째 E 21.3 acres

Painting of Aerial View of Place de la Concorde toward Champ Elysees Street

Place de la Concorde is an octagonal shaped

Champ Elysees Street.

square located in Paris, France. On the north is La Madeleine church at the end of Rue Royal Street.

There are a lot of main attractors to the place

On the southern side of Seine River is French

that the temporary boundaries were created by

National assembly with Pont de la Concorde

the active uses. The different occasions generate

Bridge connecting the site. On the east connects

different types of interaction between users that a

to Tuileries Garden and on the west connects to

meaningful atmosphere is inscribed into the site.

La Arc de Cha Triom p mp Ely he sees

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Axonometric Diagram of Place de la Concorde and the Surrounding Places

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Axonometric Diagram of Timeline of the Elements on Place de la Concorde

Place de la Concorde from Aerial View with Hotel Crillion as a Background on the North

Painting of Statue of Louis XV and Pattern of the Square in Place de la Concorde

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Axonometric Diagram of OverlappingElements and Temporary Boundaries in Place de la Concorde

Attractive elements were changed according to

element needs to be replaced.

the time. Element as a mass focal point needs the

Place de la Concorde has always maintained a

height. Element can act as a visual symbolic, an

symbolic and powerful role in representing the

entertainment machine or a functional instrument

different stages of French politics and society by

to the place. Element can make the place become

allowing flexibility and change of name, purpose

alive by having people activated. Some demolished

and pattern according to the values of the time.

elements give a value to the society that a symbolic

(figure51) Page 7

Perspective Drawing of Place de la Concorde from the South

Plan View of the Octagonal Square, Place de la Concorde

Drawing of an Execution in the Square with the Guillotine

Painting ‘Norm in Place de la Concorde’, showing mixture of elements

Equestrian Statue of Louis XV Statue of Louis XV was originally placed as the center of the square. The place was named Place Louis XV to honor the king at that time. The interaction is many to one. It was used as a commuting space.

Painting of Statue of Louis XV in Place de la Concorde

Statue of Louis XV

Active Use and the Formed Boundary

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ny t o

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Com mu ting Wa Spa l ce Rid king Com ing mu nica tion

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Sample of Active Interactions

Man y to

1

Active Interaction of Many to 1

Guillotine The statue was replaced by Guillotine. It is a device designed for carrying out executions. The name was changed to Place de la revolution or Revolution Square. The interaction is many to one. It was used in the Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette execution.

Painting of Guillotine and Execution in Place de la Concorde

Guillotine

Active Use and the Formed Boundary

Ma

ny t o

Ma 1

Pay ing Att ent Wa ion Che tching erin g

Sample of Active Interactions

ny t o

1

Sec urit yC ont Wa rol Con tching trol ling

Man y to

1

Active Interaction of Many to 1

Obelisk The Luxor Obelisk is a gift from Egypt to help change image of the location. Two fountains were designed and inspired by Roman Piazza. According to the National Reconciliation, the place was renamed to Place de la Concorde. It became a historical square Luxor Obelisk in Place de la Concorde

and uses in many occasions.

Another Luxor Obelisk in Egypt

One of the Fountains in Place de la Concorde

Luxor Obelisk

Active Use and the Formed Boundary

Ferris wheel 2000 Millennium celebration’s Ferris wheel was placed at the square. The interaction is many to one.

It is the main attractor and acts as a tourist spot.

Ferris Wheel in Place de la Concorde

Ferris Wheel

Ma

ny t o

Active Use and the Formed Boundary

1

Pay ing Att ent Tak ion Tak ing P h i n oto Poi ntin g g

Sample of Active Interactions

Active Interaction of Many to 1

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FEMA Protest A protest by motorcyclist association against the repressive punishment schemes. The interaction is many to one and many to many. The main attractor is French national assembly but the amount of people affects the square.

FEMA Protest at Place de la Concorde

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ny t o

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Sh Che outing erin g

National Assembly

Active Use and the Formed Boundary

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Ma

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Ma

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Ta Ex lking cha ngi ng

Sh Che outing erin g

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Ide

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Sample of Active Interactions

Active Interactions of Many to 1 and Many to Many

French Bastille Day An annual national event, held from Champ Elysees Street toward the Place de la Concorde. The interaction is many to one. The attractors are the parade and the main stage.

Annual French Bastille Day at Place de la Concorde

Bastille Day Tent

Active Use and the Formed Boundary

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Sample of Active Interactions

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Active Interaction of Many to 1

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Diner en Blanc Diner en Blanc is the pop-up white dinner festival where hundreds of people gather and have dinner party together. The interaction is many to many. The place was used as space for communication.

Diner en Blanc at Place de la Concorde

Dinning Table and Chairs

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Active Use and the Formed Boundary

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Sample of Active Interactions

Active Interaction of Many to Many

Election Rally Speech Nicolas Sarkozy gave a speech for his election rally with many supports. The interactions are many to one and one to many. Full area of the square was occupied by great amount of people.

Sarkozy’s Rally Speech at Place de la Concorde

Election Rally Tent

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Active Use and the Formed Boundary

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Sample of Active Interactions

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Active Interactions of Many to 1 and 1 to Many

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PLACE DE LA Sym

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Figure51. Spatial Logic Diagram of Place de la Concorde

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Trafalgar Square: “All things to All People” Central London England, United Kingdom. 1845 51.5081° N, 0.1281° W 12,100 ha or sqm

Trafalgar Square is one of the great

all significant in creating interactions between

examples of a political place that encourages

people who occupy the space. Trafalgar Square is

interactions between people and elements in

not just an open space built for gathering but also

according to various political events, activities, and

a public place that is rich with history and open for

annual events. It functions as a place where various

everyone at anytime to contribute to all kinds of

types of people come together for various activities.

events, allowing people regardless of social status to

The space is contemporary though cherishes

celebrate humanity and freedom.

the historic aspects from the past and allowing

different elements from different era to coexist

with national celebrations since it was built to

together harmonically. Interestingly, each element

commemorate the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, a

along with many other elements aids one another

British naval victory of the Napoleonic Wars over

in retelling the story of the space endlessly.

Elements

both

temporary

and permanent are

Trafalgar Square has long been associated

France. It is one of the most famous public stadiums in the western world and the biggest open Page 15

Radial panoramic view of Trafalgar Square, London

The National Gallery and Tragalgar Square is connected by the stairs.

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Trafalgar Square, London 1935.

The Mews at Charing Cross in 1793.

public place in London. Nevertheless, it acts as

enhance the interactions to become more intimate.

London’s historical landmark and the main tourist

In that, the placement of elements, elevation of

attraction. Individuals who occupied the area are

the ground and connection of pathways are well

consciously and unconsciously interrelate through

planned; however, many modifications were made

mental and physical interactions. Different paths

throughout the history before it was perfected.

of pedestrians’ circulations and transportation

usages that intersect each other at different points

was the site of the King’s Royal Hawks and later the

From the thirteenth century on the area

Royal Mews. Then from the 14th to the late 17th century, much of the area occupied by Trafalgar Square was the courtyard of the Great Mews stabling, which served Whitehall Palace. It was used to guard the loyal falcons; however, in the early 18th century, the Royal Household put the mews out of use and the area was cleared.

Logic diagram illustrates the relationship of different networks.

Locals and tourists interacting at the base of Nelson’s column.

Plan of the square and connecting roads.

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In 1812 the architect John Nash set about

developing a new concept for the space as part of his improvement plans for London. He wanted to develop ‘a new street from Charing Cross to Portland Place, forming an open square in the Kings Mews opposite Charing Cross’. He wanted the space to be a cultural space, open to the public. In 1830, it was officially named Trafalgar Square.

The completion of the National Gallery

in 1838 on the north side of the square reignited interest in its redevelopment. Consequently, a new design by architect Charles Barry (best known for his Houses of Parliament), which consisted of two levels separated by a monumental flight of stairs The square was built after the National Gallery in 1840.

Activities and interactions evolve around elements inside the square.

KEYS Landmark of London

Statue of Charles I -1678

Two Fountains - 1840

Nelson’s Column - 1843

The Four Lions - 1867

Partintion Stairs Stage and Events Culture and Confusion Pigeons Frequent User London People Protesters Police Important People Tourists Landmark Road / Transportation Pedestrian Walkway

George IV - 1844

The Forth Plinth

Connection Mental Connection

Major General Sir Henry Havelock - 1861

Social Media Connection Spatial Connection

General Sir Charles James Napier - 1855

Trafalgar Square Boundary

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Diagram of a section cut explaining connections of different aspects.

was approved and construction started in 1840.

Five years later the square was finally completed.

Within the square, each monuments were

built and placed at different periods but all of them are political and cultural symbols that articulate the relationship between state and society. They were placed to remind the people of how London people should be proud of their heritage and history, and give the visitors the messages embedded in all the statues. The monuments are built exclusively for the purpose of display; however, they can also be understood in their historical context.

The Square being in front of The National

Gallery of England, which contains thousands of Tourists taking pictures in front of the National Gallery.

Different layers of boundaries in relationship to the site.

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National Gallery 1832-1838

the world’s greatest collections of art, increases the visual impact of the National Gallery. Moreover, it is an embodiment of the nations’ culture and identity, thus, any action in front of it may insult or compliment the nation.

The square and within it has significant

historic values, monuments and statues with individual heritage as mentioned earlier.

For

instance the Nelson’s column was built in 1805 and later the four huge lions modeled by Sir Edwin Landseer at the base of the column were added in 1868. In addition, in the four corners of the lower level of Trafalgar Square stand four plinths but the forth plinth is used as a display for artwork.

The Nelson ‘s Column modeled by Sir Edwin built in 1805.

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Zoom in of the logic diagram illustrates the four plinths’ connections.

Logic diagram illustrates the relationship of different networks.

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Zoom in of the logic diagram illustrating different users’ interactions.

The fact that it is hosting many statues

see what goes on inside the square and allowing for

that portray England’s Patriotism, nationalism and

temporary stage or other artwork to be publically

originality along with many other mentioned factors

seen, is what makes it suitable for hosting events

makes it even more attractive to be a political space

like protests and concerts.

not just being a political place.

The steps elevate certain sections of the

Chinese new year (jan/feb), St Patrick’s day (march),

square allowing for people standing on the roads to

St George’s Day (april), new year festival (april/may),

Some interesting Annual Events include

Arrows indicating different floor heights and connections.

Complex logic diagram of all interactions.

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Zoom in of the complex logic diagram.

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Senarios of activities relating to different political situations.

Liberty Festival (Sept, 2Christmas in the square

more than an isolated island twrirled by streams of

(dec). Many entertaining activities happened at the

danger. Afterwards, a big change was established,

square for example the T-Mobile project on May 3rd

connection between the National Museum and the

2009. A big crowd of 13,500 got together and sang

square allow a better flow circultation.

“Hey Jude�.

Throughout the research, it have come to

democracy and protest center and even today,

my realization that the development of Trafalgar

rallies and demonstrations on political, religious

Square also had underlying social causes besides

and general issues are frequently held at weekends

being built as an extention of the British Empire

The Mayor supports this democratic tradition, and

pride.

gives access to the square for such causes.

During the late 1990s, the traffic increased

and pedestrians safety were disregarded.

The

square was encircled by 3-4 lanes of cars from every direction. It was if the square was nothing

This site has been seen as national

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People from different cultures come to Trafalgar Square from different places.

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St. Peter’s Square: Christianity’s Most Prominent Religious Arena The Vatican City, Rome, Italy. 1667 41°54’8 N, 12°27’23” E 8.16 ha or 81, 600 sqm

St. Peter’s Square, or Piazza San Pietro as the Romans call it, is Rome’s greatest religious arena. Located inside the Vatican City’s walled enclave, the square is where the most important events in the catholic society take place Vatican City itself is a religious state, ruled by the bishop of Rome – The Pope. The politics of the Vatican City takes place in an absolutely elective monarchy, in which the head of the Catholic Church takes power. St. Peter’s Square has undergone plenty of changes throughout history. Pope Alexander VII commissioned Gian Lorenzo Bernini to redesign the barren space in front of the existing St. Peter’s Basilica to what it is now.

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Illustration of the Vatical Monarchy, the Pope being the head of the Vatical Church

The Pope waves at the mass below from his balcony

Bernini’s sketch depicting the ‘Arms of God’

Bernini’s elliptical layout with eight radial spokes of Travertine

Symbolically, it represents the universal embrace

wide expanse of Piazza Obliqua, is astonishing.

of the Church, as indicated by Bernini’s great

Emphasized by its main sculptural elements, the

elliptical colonnades sweeping outwards into two

square creates a deliberate architectural confusion

vast, encircling arms that is always welcoming the

Movement into the Piazza Retta also creates a

faithful Christian pilgrim. Movement towards the

visual stop, as the space narrows and rises with the

Church, with the surprise and contrast of moving

help of ascending steps towards the great St. Peter’s

from the long street of Piazza Rusticuscci, to the

Basilica.

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Piazza Rusticucci leading into the square called Piazza Obliqua, which then narrows into the Piazza Retta

Colonnades & Columns

Ellipse Layout

Centro Del Colonnato

Facade & Basilica Steps The Obelisk

Fountains

Selected elements of size and proportion found in the square

What to wear and what not to wear when visiting St. Peter’s

Of course, to enter the square itself, one must follow

Consisting of two separate wings these colonnades

a set of rules and maintain an appropriate attitude

serve different purposes to the religious routine

at all times. On very rare occasions, unexpected

visitor and the non-religious tourist.

events of religious significance are inevitable.

The doric and tuscan styled columns creates a false

Now, the tall colonnades, or what they call “The

perspective, as seen by standing on the Centro

Arms of God�, are one of the first elements to create

Del Colonnato. It also exhibits the many majestic

an impact on the individual.

sculptural statues of Saints on its upper surface.

Religious usage demonstrated with the presence of the Pope, a priest, and a nun

Normal usage demonstrated with the presence of tourists using the Page 29 columns as a photo opportunity

Highlighting the two wings, Charlemagne and Constantine

A user stands on the Centro Del Colonnato disc to view the illusion

The red square indicates the viewpoint of the user on the disc

The Obelisk as shown being used for religious and non religious purposes

Bernini’s elliptical layout contains a floor pattern

symmetrically balance out the square’s existing

centered on the great Obelisk. Featuring Saint

elements.

Cross on its peak, the obelisk is both a monument

Overall, the awe effect of the beautiful church

to the worshipper and an monumental attraction

facade against the square induces on the visitor is

to the tourist. On either side of the Obelisk stands

subtle yet dominating, and is a unique experience,

two fountains with tiered basins, one built by Carlo

championed by the many other elements that each

Maderno and the other by Carlo Fontana later on to

play a special role.

Carlo Maderno’s fountain

Carlo Fontana’s fountain

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A diagram showing the effect of the church facade and Loggia of the Blessings location towards the viewers

BASILICA FACADE

PERSON

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA

WIDTH

ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT

CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC

FOUNTAINS

OBELISK

THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS

Monumental Logic of St. Peter’s Square

Monumental Logic The logic diagrams that I created explains the formal logic I found to be most prominent within the elements in St. Peter’s Square. I first look at how the scale and proportions of each physical element relate to one another and give the majestic effect that it does towards the visitor of the square.

I focus on the Basilica Facade and Obelisk being the main actors in the square because of their size and towering aspects compared to the viewer. Lastly, I try to destroy this logic by either distorting or removing the element itself and perceive what changes in effect and monumentality would occur.

HEIGHT

HEIGHT

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BASILICA FACADE

BASILICA FACADE

PERSON

PERSON

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA

WIDTH

ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT

CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC

OBELISK

FOUNTAINS

THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS

WIDTH

ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT

Formal Logic - Scale & Proportion of the elements in relation to each other HEIGHT

CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC

OBELISK

FOUNTAINS

THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS

Formal Logic - Facade & Obelisk creates a majestic and towering front HEIGHT

PERSON

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA

BASILICA FACADE

BASILICA FACADE

PERSON

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA

WIDTH

WIDTH

ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT

CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC

OBELISK

FOUNTAINS

ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT

THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS

Destroying the Monumental Logic - Obelisk Distortion

CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC

OBELISK

FOUNTAINS

THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS

Destroying the Monumental Logic - Obelisk Removal

HEIGHT

HEIGHT

PERSON

BASILICA FACADE

PERSON

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA

ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA

BASILICA FACADE

WIDTH

ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT

CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC

OBELISK

FOUNTAINS

THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS

Destroying the Monumental Logic - Basilica Facade Distortion

WIDTH

ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT

CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC

OBELISK

FOUNTAINS

THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS

Destroying the Monumental Logic - Basilica Facade Removal

International Reach

Vatican City

ROME

International Reach

The Obelisk’s monumental presence found in Rome

Obelisk monument, erected by various Popes.

Works as a monument network.

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International Reach

The Obelisk’s monumental presence found around the world

Top Obelisks around the World New York - London - Rome Istanbul - Cairo - Luxor- Paris

Artwork depicting the workforce it took to erect the Obelisk

The Obelisk standing within St. Peter’s Square

The Obelisk standing tall among the mass

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Red Square: From Marketplace to Heart of the Soviet world Moscow, Russia. 1493 55.7542° N, 37.6200° E 333 ha or sqm

Illustrator portrait Red Square, 2013

Red square are located right in the middle of

triangle, lying adjacent to Red Square and situated

MOSCOW, Russia. The name ‘red’ might come from

between the rivers Moskva and the now underground

the word “Krasnaya” which means red or beautiful

Neglinnaya River was deemed the most vulnerable

in russian language, or might come from a symbol

side of the Kremlin to attack, since it was neither

of communism, or the colour of the surroundings.

protected by the rivers, nor any other natural barriers,

Red square is consider as a world heritage site,

as the other sides were” (from wikipedia). Later on

as the square is shaped and surrounded by top 5

between 1508 and 1516 the moat appeared to

important buildings of Russia, Kremlin Triangle where president and governing use as a residence and work place, St. Basil cathedral the famous Russian orthodox church , Gum department store the biggest and longest standing department store in Russia, State historical museum the national museum and Lenin’s tomb the tomb of russian communist revolutionary.The square is consider as

Painting no. 1 portrait Veliky Torg, 1547

a heart of russia as it has witnessed much of russian

connected the two rivers in 1547 some permanent

history. Nowadays is one of must see for tourist, also

market began to appear on the square then it was

the square is use for market place, festival ground,

call “Veliky Torg” as it shown in the painting (see

gathering place, parades, concert and ice skate rink.

painting no.1 above) so later on they start to make a

Back in 1516 Tower of Moscow Kremlin was first

street call “Liyinka” and St. Basil cathedral was first

built on the clear land in the middle of Moskva river

built after the road finish. was built on the moat

and Neglinnaya river. “The East side of the Kremlin

under the rule of Ivan IV. This was the first building

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Illustrator portrait Red square in year 1547

Painting no.2 portrait Red square as a main trading center in 1547

Illustration portrait “St. Basil cathedral”, 2013

which gave the square its present-day characteristic silhouette. The square has became a main landing stage and trading center (see painting no. 2 above). In 1612 Kazan Cathedral was built then destroy by fire in 1632. In 1679 the large stone building was built called “Zemsky Prikaz” was then known as the Main Pharmacy (see painting no.3 on the right), founded Page 36

under orders of Peter The Great. Later become first russian university, before moving to the better known building on Mokhovaya street further across Manege Square. At the same time the (by then already drained) Alevizov moat was used as a state Pharmacy’s garden for growing medicinal plants.

During 1689 Red Square was considered a sacred place. Various festive processions were held there, and during Palm Sunday, the famous “procession on a donkey” was arranged this events has protrait through painting called “Palm Sunday in Moscow” (see painting no.4 on below), in which the patriarch, sitting on a donkey, accompanied by the tsar and the people went out of Saint Basil’s Cathedral in the Kremlin. 1702 the first public theater in Russia was built near the Nikolsky gate; It stood until 1737,

Painting no.3 “A prikaz in Moscow” by Alexander Yanov, 1679

when it was destroyed in a fire. In the 1730s, a new mint building, called the Gubernskoye pravlenie (Provincial Board), was built in front of the old one.

Also they started to demolished the permanent market building and relocation it in on at the side of the square in order. 1804 The square was paved in stone and in the same year there a flu spread around the city. 1813 The moat that connected the 2 rivers was filled. 1872 State historical museum was built.

1874 Zemsky Prikaz has demolished. 1888 all the market buildings are demolished to build a new large department store which is now GUM department store. “Not every enterprise has such a long and rich history, as Upper Trading Stalls, the present GUM. Just several trading passages of Russia have right to be proud of the fact that they were created over a century ago and successfully operate till nowadays. GUM always was and remains the greatest country’s store.

The building’s planning represents three lengthway three-floor passages with deep basements. Stretching on a quarter of a kilometer along the Kremlin’s wall,

Painting no. 4 “Palm Sunday in Moscow”, 1689

the GUM’s building encloses the Red Square from the

East with its facades’ architecture (decorated with facet rustics), and calls up with Kremlin and the Historical museum.”

(From

http://www.gum.ru/en/history/)

Among the Russian trading institutions at the end of the XIX century, the Upper trading stalls played a great role. This huge trading passage or mall was responsible for the country’s economic life. In the second half of the XIX century, when the plentiful growth of industry and commerce in started Russia, trading stalls no longer met the requirements of the time, scope and modern forms of trade. During the Great Patriotic War some government institutions continued to occupy the GUM premises. However in June 1941 the evacuation of Moscow’s population, enterprises and institutions began, GUM continued living its life. In November 1941, neighboring GUM, on the Red Square, a traditional parade of Red Army, devoted to the 24th anniversary of the October revolution took place. And in 1943, there was the first victory salute on the Red Square, in honor of the liberation of some Soviet cities. On the 9th of May, 1945, out of the GUM’s building,

GUM during the Great Patriotic War

not for GUM. On behalf of the Government, they were offered to discuss the issue of placing the monument in honor of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War on Red Square. GUM was construction, impeding the Red Square. Many people many times proposed to get rid of GUM, but all the ways were expensive and complex. Others proposed to make the podiums, which would cover the trading mall, or to make a wall, behind which GUM would work. In front of that wall a monument would stand. There was no need so to fracture something, no need to get rid of GUM. Also they proposed to place a monument in front of the historic museum, but it could be done, according to architect Shchusev, if the facade of the Historical Museum was rebuilt.

And many other proposals were put forward, and some of those projects could be implemented in life, but something prevented it. And GUM continued its existence.

1909 Tram was first introduce to Moscow russia During the Soviet era, Red Square maintained its significance, becoming a focal point for the new

GUM during the Great Patriotic War

the announcer of the All-Union Radio Yu.B. Levitan communicated in the broadcast the long waited message on the unconditional surrender of the Fascist Germany. At the end of forties the country healed its wounds inflicted by the war, restored cities, factories, roads. It seemed that it was not the proper time for reconstruction of the Red Square,

Photograph portrait Red square, 1909

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state. Besides being the official address of the Soviet government, it was renowned as a showcase for military parades from 1919 onward. In 1924 Lenin’s tomb was first built as a resting place for Vladimir Lenin a russian communist revolutionary who has died on 21st of Jan 1924. Lenin’s Mausoleum would from 1924 onward be a part of the square complex, and also as the grandstand for important dignitaries in all national celebrations. In the 1930s, Kazan Cathedral and Iverskaya Chapel with the Resurrection Gates were demolished to make room for heavy military vehicles driving through the square (both were later rebuilt after the fall of the Soviet Union). There were plans to demolish Moscow’s most recognized building, Saint Basil’s Cathedral, as well to make way for a larger Red Square, as well as the State Historical Museum. The legend is that Lazar Kaganovich, Stalin’s associate and director of the Moscow reconstruction plan, prepared a special model of Red Square, in which the cathedral could be removed, and brought it to Stalin to show how the cathedral was an obstacle Page 38

for parades and traffic. But when he jerked the cathedral out of the model, Stalin objected with his rather famous quote: “Lazar! Put it back!”. Two of the most significant military parades on Red Square were November 7, 1941, when the city was besieged

by Germans and troops were leaving Red Square straight to the front lines, and the Victory Parade in 1945, when the banners of defeated Nazi armies were thrown at the foot of Lenin’s Mausoleum. The Soviet Union held many parades in Red Square for May Day, Victory Day, and the October Revolution, which consisted of propaganda, flags, a labor demonstration, and a troops march and show off of tanks and missiles. On Victory Day in 1945, 1965, 1985, and 1990 there were military marches and parades as well.

Vladimir Lenin on parade

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Illustrator portrait Red Square, 2013

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Washington National Mall: From The Congress house To The largest Tourist Attraction Washington DC, United State. 1791 38° 53’ 24” N, 77° 1’ 25” W 125 ha

The National Mall is an open-area national park in downtown Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States.

It was originally designed for the new

national civic space for public gatherings.

And since 1916, The National Park Service or NPS administers the National Mall was set up to design, reconstruct and support the area.

capital city at that time to provide a monumental,

For the future plan ,The NPS proposed

dignified, and symbolic setting for the governmental

a number of changes to the Mall. The NPS would

structures.

construct at the east end of the Mall a wide expanse

The first plan was called L’Enfant Plan, the

of paved surface in Union Square to accommodate

future city of Washington, D.C., was the urban plan

demonstrations and other events by reducing the

developed of the ten-mile square of federal territory

size of the Capitol Reflecting Pool or by replacing the

that would later become the District of Columbia

pool with a fountain or other small water feature.

in 1791 by Major Pierre Charles L’Enfant, French

Additional proposed changes included

engineer who served in the American Revolutionary

the replacement of the Sylvan Theater on the

War.

Washington Monument grounds with a facility Later on in 1901, The McMillan Plan was

containing offices, restaurants and restrooms by

proposed to turn the National Mall into the core

announced online design competition and asked

of the growing city, extended the outline from the

the public to submit online comments that the

L’Enfant’s plan. The commission is popularly known

competition jury would consider when evaluating

as the McMillan Commission after its chairman,

each design. Groundbreaking for the first project

Senator James McMillan of Michigan. To maintain

was expected to take place by 2014, with the first

the National Mall in the heart of the nation’s capital

ribbon-cutting ceremony by 2016.

as a stage for national events and a preeminent

Washington National Mall map direction

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For the L’Enfant ‘s plan, he first specified locations for the Congress house, which would be built on Jenkins Hill, and the President’s house, which would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River. To Emphasize on the importance of the new nation’s legislature, the Congress house The location of the first set of buildings in L’enfant plan.

would be located on a longitude designated as zero to zero 0:0.

The plan specified that most streets would be laid out in a grid. The diagonal avenues intersected with the north-south and east-west streets at circles and rectangular plazas that would later honor notable Americans and provide open space.

Grid direction of L’enfant plan.

The designer laid out a 400 feet (122 m)wide garden-lined “grand avenue”, which he expected to travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along an east-west axis in the center of an area that would later become the National Mall. He also laid out a narrower avenue (Pennsylvania Avenue) which would connect the Congress house with the

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The square among the government buildings.

President’s house.

Unfortunately, the L’Enfant plan was not constructed due to the conflict between the designer and the Commissioners. After L’Enfant departed, Andrew Ellicott continued the city survey in accordance with the revised plan,then published and distributed. His revisions subsequently became the basis for the capital city’s development.

Narrow road from White house to Congress house.

The original plan of L’enfant.

Then the McMillan Plan tried to narrower the Mall down to 300 feet (91m) and propose constructing major memorials on the western and southern anchors of the Mall, reflecting pools on the southern and western ends and constructing a large new station at the north of the capital building The original plan of McMillan.

and later the Lincoln Memorial, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, Union Station, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Building Now the boundary of the mall was from 1st Street north-west NW on the east, Independence and Maryland Avenues on the south, and 14th street north-west on the west, Independence Avenue on the south, and by 12th and 14th Streets respectively

Narrower down the size of the square.

on the east and west, connected with grand vistas the three most highly symbolic monuments of the republic: the political center of the republic, the Capitol Building, on the east; the monument to the founder of the republic, George Washington, at the center; and the monument to the leader who saved the republic, Abraham Lincoln, on the west. The

Location of Reflecting Pools.

collection of monuments has expanded with the times to include enormous constructions for other presidents.

The McMillan Plan continues to guide urban planning in and around Washington, D.C., into the 21st century, and has become a part of the federal government’s official planning policy for the national capital.

More building was planned to be built.

McMillan plan from above.

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Aside from the political powers that be, the main tenant on the Mall is the Smithsonian Institute,

a

government-run

research

and

educational institution for the “increase and diffusion of Knowledge among men.” to established an extraordinary collection of free public museums Significant political places in The Mall.

unparalleled in size and scope throughout the history of mankind, the majority of which are in the eastern one-mile stretch of the park. The public favorites are the National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of Natural History.

Monuments, museums, and memorials can easily distract a tourist from the actual significance of the Mall. The Mall is not simply a tribute to

Additional places that later built for gaining number of tourists.

American history, it is where American history is made. The three branches of the government find their headquarters here, and the president as well as the country’s congressional representatives and senators look out from their workplace upon the park. The Mall serves as the principal gathering space for the nation’s most important civic events,

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The Mall’s main intension.

especially major protests and, of course, inaugural events.

One notable example is the 1963 March on Washington for jobs and freedom, a political rally for African American civil right, at which Martin Luther King, Jr delivered his “I have a dream” speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.

Anti-war protest also took place at the

The system of how the next buildings in The Mall is going to go through.

mall, the largest officially recorded rally was on 15 October 1969 around two-hundred-thousand 200,000 people demonstration and teach-in against the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. During presidential inaugurations, people gather at the National Mall. Normally, the Mall Natural history museum.

between 7th and 14th Streets north-west NW is used as a staging ground for the parade but later in 2008, the Presidential Inaugural Committee announced that the entire length of the National Mall will be opened to the public so that more people will be able to witness the swearing-in of the President from a vantage point in sight of the Capitol. Projected to be as many as 2 million people

The mall on the holiday.

– that it expected for the first inauguration of Barack Obama on 20 January 2009. six blocks from the site at which Obama took his inaugural oath was filled of crowd.

On the leisure day, The National Mall has long served as a spot for jogging, picnics, and light recreation for the Washington population. and a

Using space for protest.

number of event recur annually on the mall such as Smithsonian kite festival, Earth day celebration and Independent day on 4th of July.

Through the times, the Washington National Mall has been challenged to allow a certain degree of flexibility within a rigid urban planning, where uses and boundaries are continuously retraced according to the shifting values of society.

President Barack Obama’s first inauguration.

Panorama view of The Mall from Lincoln Memorial.

Page 45

Page 46

Tiananmen Square: The largest city square in the world Beijing, China. 1420 39°5450° N, 116°2330° E 44 ha

Page 47

Tiananmen Square was

built in Qing

dynasty as the main entrance of the Forbidden City,

the world, there is no seat in the space in order to keep movement of space.

which is organized as grids. It was once served to hold important ceremonies.

In

Mao, who is

the famous ex-leader of

China, has played a major role in this space. His

1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the

portrait and motto are hung on the Tiananmen

People’s Republics of China at the Tiananmen tower.

tower and his body is laid on the Mao’s memorial

He had a vision to enlarge the Square to be the largest

hall. Many people queue to pay respect to him every

in the world. With the larger Square, there were more

day.

buildings and monuments.

The security

is very tight because in

The daily sunrise ceremony in which soldiers

1989, the protest for democracy created chaos. As

raise the national flag in the morning here has become

a result, There are a lot of restriction here includes

a routine. The people who use this space are mainly

4-points security check, security cameras on lamps,

tourists , sellers, police troops, local people, and

and police troops. Especially every year in the

beggars. Although Tiananmen is the biggest Square in

anniversary of 1989 protests, umbrellas are used to blocked video taking and social websites are also blocked.

Every 10 years, there is a ceremony held for anniversary for People’s republic of china. Since this place holds many historical events that remain in Chinese people’s hearts, it have been so far China’s most important landmark regardless of the

Forbidden City 1420

fact that political situation had change.

Tiananmen Tower 1420

The Arrow Tower 1420

Zhengyangman 1420

Monument to the people’s heroes 1958

China national museum 1959

Great hall of people 1958

Mao’s museum 1976

Daily sunrise ceremony

Tiananmen square nowadays

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Users

Tiananmen square also known as a huge blank surface with heavily security system. It’s also inspire my thought about the ways to create a peaceful protest in this area, is it possible? Because of the condition of site is suitable for protest to happen there. Can we reduce security system in the area to Inside Mao’s memorial hall

make it more of a public space?

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Anniversary for people’s republic of China

Can not access to the internet during the protest anniversary

Protest in 1989

Page 50

Platz Der Republik: the center of political power of Germany Moscow, Russia. 1493 55.7542째 N, 37.6200째 E 333 ha or sqm

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Platz Der republik (the square of public) situates in Berlin Germany. It is located in the Tiergarten District, which is directly in front of the Reichstag parliament building. The square has an area of about 36900 square meters and is almost completely covered by grass and decorated with some trees. The reichstag building played a major role in German History including 1917 revolution, Nazi period, WorldWarII, coldwar and German unification.The studies will show the relationship between Platz Der Republik and the Reichstag which greatly portrays the historical symbols of german politic from time to time.

Image Caption here

First Platz Der Republik 1735

Platz Der Republik ‘s physicality have been changing through different periods according to its usage. The square was created in about 1735 and in 1867 it was turned into a city square named “Königsplatz” the square of king. In which the Kroll Opera House was built on its west end in 1844.It was at spot that the Parliament held its temporary sessions after the Reichstag fire had destroyed the legislative chamber on the night of 27 to 28 February 1933.

However at this period of time, the Reichstag parliament building has not been built yet. Platz Der Republik was under control of King Frederick william.

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parade ground

Reichstag Parliament

During German Empire period. Platz Der Republik

n 1873 the victory column was built in the center of

was used as a parade ground for King Frederick

the square. The palace of a police Prussian aristocrat

William. The German colour flag was still the

was demolished and replaced by the Reichstag,

composition of black white and red.

the German parliament building. From then Platz Der Republik became a main political place where political actions would happen here.

De

m

De

uts

che

nV olk e

Image Caption here

Image Caption here

The iconic words “Dem Deutschen Volke” meaning

In 1918. After the WWI ended, Philip Scheidemann

“to the german people“ were carved above the main

proclaimed the institution of Weimar republic from

facade of the Reichstag much to the displeasure of

the balcony of the Reichstag building facing the

Wilhelm during the German empire period.

crowd standing on Platz Der Republik. In 1933.

The Reichstag building continued to be the seat of Parliament of Weimar Republik.

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Platz Der Republik in 1933

Untill on 27 February 2011, The Reichstag caught fire. Hitler used the event to suspend most rights provided by Weimar constitution in the Reichstag fire decree in an effort to weed out communist(people against Hitler) and increase state security throughout Germany. During the 12 years of National socialist rule, Reichstag building became a closed space for public. Noone was able to talk for their thoughts.

Image Caption here

Image Caption here

Platz Der Republik in 1945

In 1945 The fired Reichstag that had never been fully repaired was further damaged by air raids during the battle of Berlin. The Reichstag was the central target for the Red army due to its perceived symbolic significance.

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Image Caption here

Platz Der republik in 1948

Platz Der Republik in 1992

In 1948 when cold war emerged. The Reichstag was

In 1964. The Reichstag was restored for the first

physically within West Berlin only a few meters to

time by Paul Buamgarten. The dome no longer

Berlin blockage wall. An enormous number of West

existed in the new design.

Berliners assembled and Mayer Ernst Reuter held

In 1999 . The official Germany unification was held

a famous speech that ended with “Ihr Volker der

at the Reichstag. Berlin wall was broken. East and

Welt, schaut auf diese Stadt!” meaning “you people

West Berliners holded hands. The ceremony was

of the world should look upon this city“.

held at the Reichstag and ground in front which is Platz Der Republik.

Image Caption here

Image Caption here

Image Caption here

Platz Der Republik in 1999

In 1999. The reconstruction of Sir Norman Foster’s Reichstag project completed. In which it took 7 years to finish the construction. The Building received many awards including “Architekturpreis 2000 des BDA Berlin Auszeichnung - The Reichstag, Berlin”. The transformation of the Reichstag is rooted in four related issues: the Bundestag’s significance as a democratic forum, an understanding of history, a commitment to accessibility and a vigorous environmental agenda. As found, the Reichstag was mutilated by war and insensitive rebuilding. Public and politicians enter the building together and the public realm continues on the roof in the terrace restaurant and in the cupola, where ramps lead to an observation platform, allowing people to ascend symbolically above the heads of their representatives in the chamber.

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Platz Der Republik become a public ground park where people can picnic and hangout. In which it reflects the freedom where people can do anything in the public park whereas compared to Nazi period it is on a different side of hand. People are not allowed to speak out a word.

Glass copula

The glass cupola was once again erected on the rooftop as a gesture to the original one in 1894, giving an impressive view over the city, especially at night. Inside the cupola there’s ramp which lead to an observation platform, allowing people to ascend symbolically above the heads of their representatives in the chamber.

Public ground Platz Der Republik