Political Places: Urban public sites By: Active Fields 2013 Team
Index:
1. Place de la Concorde: A Flexible Place from Historical to Functional Role by Sitthiwat Suddhijaru 2. Trafalgar Square: “All things to All People” Central London by Atima Yasadatt 3. St. Peter’s Square: Christianity’s Most Prominent Religious Arena by Denise Justin Quema 4. Red Square: From Marketplace to Heart of the Soviet world by Jirachaya Kerdpanya 5. Washington National Mall: From Congress House to the largest touristic attraction by Naparat Dacharux 6. Tiananmen Square: The largest city square in the world by Norataj Phuvatanaraksa 7. Platz der Republik: The center of political power of Germany by Korn Supsakorn
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Place de la Concorde: A Flexible Place from Historical to Functional Role Paris, France. 1748 48.8653째 N, 2.3215째 E 21.3 acres
Painting of Aerial View of Place de la Concorde toward Champ Elysees Street
Place de la Concorde is an octagonal shaped
Champ Elysees Street.
square located in Paris, France. On the north is La Madeleine church at the end of Rue Royal Street.
There are a lot of main attractors to the place
On the southern side of Seine River is French
that the temporary boundaries were created by
National assembly with Pont de la Concorde
the active uses. The different occasions generate
Bridge connecting the site. On the east connects
different types of interaction between users that a
to Tuileries Garden and on the west connects to
meaningful atmosphere is inscribed into the site.
La Arc de Cha Triom p mp Ely he sees
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Axonometric Diagram of Place de la Concorde and the Surrounding Places
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Axonometric Diagram of Timeline of the Elements on Place de la Concorde
Place de la Concorde from Aerial View with Hotel Crillion as a Background on the North
Painting of Statue of Louis XV and Pattern of the Square in Place de la Concorde
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Axonometric Diagram of OverlappingElements and Temporary Boundaries in Place de la Concorde
Attractive elements were changed according to
element needs to be replaced.
the time. Element as a mass focal point needs the
Place de la Concorde has always maintained a
height. Element can act as a visual symbolic, an
symbolic and powerful role in representing the
entertainment machine or a functional instrument
different stages of French politics and society by
to the place. Element can make the place become
allowing flexibility and change of name, purpose
alive by having people activated. Some demolished
and pattern according to the values of the time.
elements give a value to the society that a symbolic
(figure51) Page 7
Perspective Drawing of Place de la Concorde from the South
Plan View of the Octagonal Square, Place de la Concorde
Drawing of an Execution in the Square with the Guillotine
Painting ‘Norm in Place de la Concorde’, showing mixture of elements
Equestrian Statue of Louis XV Statue of Louis XV was originally placed as the center of the square. The place was named Place Louis XV to honor the king at that time. The interaction is many to one. It was used as a commuting space.
Painting of Statue of Louis XV in Place de la Concorde
Statue of Louis XV
Active Use and the Formed Boundary
Ma
ny t o
1
Com mu ting Wa Spa l ce Rid king Com ing mu nica tion
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Sample of Active Interactions
Man y to
1
Active Interaction of Many to 1
Guillotine The statue was replaced by Guillotine. It is a device designed for carrying out executions. The name was changed to Place de la revolution or Revolution Square. The interaction is many to one. It was used in the Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette execution. Painting of Guillotine and Execution in Place de la Concorde
Guillotine
Active Use and the Formed Boundary
Ma
ny t o
Ma 1
Pay ing Att ent Wa ion Che tching erin g
Sample of Active Interactions
ny t o
1
Sec urit yC ont Wa rol Con tching trol ling
Man y to
1
Active Interaction of Many to 1
Obelisk The Luxor Obelisk is a gift from Egypt to help change image of the location. Two fountains were designed and inspired by Roman Piazza. According to the National Reconciliation, the place was renamed to Place de la Concorde. It became a historical square Luxor Obelisk in Place de la Concorde
and uses in many occasions.
Another Luxor Obelisk in Egypt
One of the Fountains in Place de la Concorde
Luxor Obelisk
Active Use and the Formed Boundary
Ferris wheel 2000 Millennium celebration’s Ferris wheel was placed at the square. The interaction is many to one. It is the main attractor and acts as a tourist spot.
Ferris Wheel in Place de la Concorde
Ferris Wheel
Ma
ny t o
Active Use and the Formed Boundary
1
Pay ing Att ent Tak ion Tak ing P h i n oto Poi ntin g g
Sample of Active Interactions
Active Interaction of Many to 1
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FEMA Protest A protest by motorcyclist association against the repressive punishment schemes. The interaction is many to one and many to many. The main attractor is French national assembly but the amount of people affects the square. FEMA Protest at Place de la Concorde
Ma
ny t o
Ma 1
ny t o
Sh Che outing erin g
National Assembly
Active Use and the Formed Boundary
Ma
ny t o
Ma
ny t o
1
Ma
ny
Ta Ex lking cha ngi ng
Sh Che outing erin g
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Ide
a
Sample of Active Interactions
Active Interactions of Many to 1 and Many to Many
French Bastille Day An annual national event, held from Champ Elysees Street toward the Place de la Concorde. The interaction is many to one. The attractors are the parade and the main stage.
Annual French Bastille Day at Place de la Concorde
Bastille Day Tent
Active Use and the Formed Boundary
Ma
ny t o
Ma
ny t o
1
Ma
rch
Sample of Active Interactions
ing
1
Wa Ta tchin Cla king P g ppi h ng oto
Active Interaction of Many to 1
Ma
ny
Ta Ex lking cha ngi ng
Ide
a
Diner en Blanc Diner en Blanc is the pop-up white dinner festival where hundreds of people gather and have dinner party together. The interaction is many to many. The place was used as space for communication.
Diner en Blanc at Place de la Concorde
Dinning Table and Chairs
Ma
ny t o
Active Use and the Formed Boundary
Ma
ny
Com Ea Dr ting Cha inking ttin g
mu
ting
Spa
ce
Sample of Active Interactions
Active Interaction of Many to Many
Election Rally Speech Nicolas Sarkozy gave a speech for his election rally with many supports. The interactions are many to one and one to many. Full area of the square was occupied by great amount of people.
Sarkozy’s Rally Speech at Place de la Concorde
Election Rally Tent
Ma
ny t o
1
Lis Che tening erin g
1 to
Active Use and the Formed Boundary
Ma
ny
Giv
ing
Spe
ech
Sample of Active Interactions
Ma 1 to ny to Ma 1 ny
Active Interactions of Many to 1 and 1 to Many
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PLACE DE LA Sym
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Figure51. Spatial Logic Diagram of Place de la Concorde
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Trafalgar Square: “All things to All People” Central London England, United Kingdom. 1845 51.5081° N, 0.1281° W 12,100 ha or sqm
Trafalgar Square is one of the great
all significant in creating interactions between
examples of a political place that encourages
people who occupy the space. Trafalgar Square is
interactions between people and elements in
not just an open space built for gathering but also
according to various political events, activities, and
a public place that is rich with history and open for
annual events. It functions as a place where various
everyone at anytime to contribute to all kinds of
types of people come together for various activities.
events, allowing people regardless of social status to
The space is contemporary though cherishes
celebrate humanity and freedom.
the historic aspects from the past and allowing
different elements from different era to coexist
with national celebrations since it was built to
together harmonically. Interestingly, each element
commemorate the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, a
along with many other elements aids one another
British naval victory of the Napoleonic Wars over
in retelling the story of the space endlessly. Elements
both
temporary
and permanent are
Trafalgar Square has long been associated
France. It is one of the most famous public stadiums in the western world and the biggest open Page 15
Radial panoramic view of Trafalgar Square, London
The National Gallery and Tragalgar Square is connected by the stairs.
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Trafalgar Square, London 1935.
The Mews at Charing Cross in 1793.
public place in London. Nevertheless, it acts as
enhance the interactions to become more intimate.
London’s historical landmark and the main tourist
In that, the placement of elements, elevation of
attraction. Individuals who occupied the area are
the ground and connection of pathways are well
consciously and unconsciously interrelate through
planned; however, many modifications were made
mental and physical interactions. Different paths
throughout the history before it was perfected.
of pedestrians’ circulations and transportation
usages that intersect each other at different points
was the site of the King’s Royal Hawks and later the
From the thirteenth century on the area
Royal Mews. Then from the 14th to the late 17th century, much of the area occupied by Trafalgar Square was the courtyard of the Great Mews stabling, which served Whitehall Palace. It was used to guard the loyal falcons; however, in the early 18th century, the Royal Household put the mews out of use and the area was cleared.
Logic diagram illustrates the relationship of different networks.
Locals and tourists interacting at the base of Nelson’s column.
Plan of the square and connecting roads.
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In 1812 the architect John Nash set about
developing a new concept for the space as part of his improvement plans for London. He wanted to develop ‘a new street from Charing Cross to Portland Place, forming an open square in the Kings Mews opposite Charing Cross’. He wanted the space to be a cultural space, open to the public. In 1830, it was officially named Trafalgar Square.
The completion of the National Gallery
in 1838 on the north side of the square reignited interest in its redevelopment. Consequently, a new design by architect Charles Barry (best known for his Houses of Parliament), which consisted of two levels separated by a monumental flight of stairs The square was built after the National Gallery in 1840.
Activities and interactions evolve around elements inside the square.
KEYS Landmark of London
Statue of Charles I -1678
Two Fountains - 1840
Nelson’s Column - 1843
The Four Lions - 1867
Partintion Stairs Stage and Events Culture and Confusion Pigeons Frequent User London People Protesters Police Important People Tourists Landmark Road / Transportation Pedestrian Walkway
George IV - 1844
The Forth Plinth
Connection Mental Connection
Major General Sir Henry Havelock - 1861
Social Media Connection Spatial Connection
General Sir Charles James Napier - 1855
Trafalgar Square Boundary
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Diagram of a section cut explaining connections of different aspects.
was approved and construction started in 1840. Five years later the square was finally completed.
Within the square, each monuments were
built and placed at different periods but all of them are political and cultural symbols that articulate the relationship between state and society. They were placed to remind the people of how London people should be proud of their heritage and history, and give the visitors the messages embedded in all the statues. The monuments are built exclusively for the purpose of display; however, they can also be understood in their historical context.
The Square being in front of The National
Gallery of England, which contains thousands of Tourists taking pictures in front of the National Gallery.
Different layers of boundaries in relationship to the site.
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National Gallery 1832-1838
the world’s greatest collections of art, increases the visual impact of the National Gallery. Moreover, it is an embodiment of the nations’ culture and identity, thus, any action in front of it may insult or compliment the nation.
The square and within it has significant
historic values, monuments and statues with individual heritage as mentioned earlier.
For
instance the Nelson’s column was built in 1805 and later the four huge lions modeled by Sir Edwin Landseer at the base of the column were added in 1868. In addition, in the four corners of the lower level of Trafalgar Square stand four plinths but the forth plinth is used as a display for artwork. The Nelson ‘s Column modeled by Sir Edwin built in 1805.
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Zoom in of the logic diagram illustrates the four plinths’ connections.
Logic diagram illustrates the relationship of different networks.
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Zoom in of the logic diagram illustrating different users’ interactions.
The fact that it is hosting many statues
see what goes on inside the square and allowing for
that portray England’s Patriotism, nationalism and
temporary stage or other artwork to be publically
originality along with many other mentioned factors
seen, is what makes it suitable for hosting events
makes it even more attractive to be a political space
like protests and concerts.
not just being a political place.
The steps elevate certain sections of the
Chinese new year (jan/feb), St Patrick’s day (march),
square allowing for people standing on the roads to
St George’s Day (april), new year festival (april/may),
Some interesting Annual Events include
Arrows indicating different floor heights and connections.
Complex logic diagram of all interactions.
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Zoom in of the complex logic diagram.
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Senarios of activities relating to different political situations.
Liberty Festival (Sept, 2Christmas in the square
more than an isolated island twrirled by streams of
(dec). Many entertaining activities happened at the
danger. Afterwards, a big change was established,
square for example the T-Mobile project on May 3rd
connection between the National Museum and the
2009. A big crowd of 13,500 got together and sang
square allow a better flow circultation.
“Hey Jude�.
Throughout the research, it have come to
democracy and protest center and even today,
my realization that the development of Trafalgar
rallies and demonstrations on political, religious
Square also had underlying social causes besides
and general issues are frequently held at weekends
being built as an extention of the British Empire
The Mayor supports this democratic tradition, and
pride.
gives access to the square for such causes.
During the late 1990s, the traffic increased
and pedestrians safety were disregarded.
The
square was encircled by 3-4 lanes of cars from every direction. It was if the square was nothing
This site has been seen as national
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People from different cultures come to Trafalgar Square from different places.
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St. Peter’s Square: Christianity’s Most Prominent Religious Arena The Vatican City, Rome, Italy. 1667 41°54’8 N, 12°27’23” E 8.16 ha or 81, 600 sqm
St. Peter’s Square, or Piazza San Pietro as the Romans call it, is Rome’s greatest religious arena. Located inside the Vatican City’s walled enclave, the square is where the most important events in the catholic society take place Vatican City itself is a religious state, ruled by the bishop of Rome – The Pope. The politics of the Vatican City takes place in an absolutely elective monarchy, in which the head of the Catholic Church takes power. St. Peter’s Square has undergone plenty of changes throughout history. Pope Alexander VII commissioned Gian Lorenzo Bernini to redesign the barren space in front of the existing St. Peter’s Basilica to what it is now. Page 27
Illustration of the Vatical Monarchy, the Pope being the head of the Vatical Church
The Pope waves at the mass below from his balcony
Bernini’s sketch depicting the ‘Arms of God’
Bernini’s elliptical layout with eight radial spokes of Travertine
Symbolically, it represents the universal embrace
wide expanse of Piazza Obliqua, is astonishing.
of the Church, as indicated by Bernini’s great
Emphasized by its main sculptural elements, the
elliptical colonnades sweeping outwards into two
square creates a deliberate architectural confusion
vast, encircling arms that is always welcoming the
Movement into the Piazza Retta also creates a
faithful Christian pilgrim. Movement towards the
visual stop, as the space narrows and rises with the
Church, with the surprise and contrast of moving
help of ascending steps towards the great St. Peter’s
from the long street of Piazza Rusticuscci, to the
Basilica.
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Piazza Rusticucci leading into the square called Piazza Obliqua, which then narrows into the Piazza Retta
Colonnades & Columns
Ellipse Layout
Centro Del Colonnato
Facade & Basilica Steps The Obelisk
Fountains
Selected elements of size and proportion found in the square
What to wear and what not to wear when visiting St. Peter’s
Of course, to enter the square itself, one must follow
Consisting of two separate wings these colonnades
a set of rules and maintain an appropriate attitude
serve different purposes to the religious routine
at all times. On very rare occasions, unexpected
visitor and the non-religious tourist.
events of religious significance are inevitable.
The doric and tuscan styled columns creates a false
Now, the tall colonnades, or what they call “The
perspective, as seen by standing on the Centro
Arms of God�, are one of the first elements to create
Del Colonnato. It also exhibits the many majestic
an impact on the individual.
sculptural statues of Saints on its upper surface.
Religious usage demonstrated with the presence of the Pope, a priest, and a nun
Normal usage demonstrated with the presence of tourists using the Page 29 columns as a photo opportunity
Highlighting the two wings, Charlemagne and Constantine
A user stands on the Centro Del Colonnato disc to view the illusion
The red square indicates the viewpoint of the user on the disc
The Obelisk as shown being used for religious and non religious purposes
Bernini’s elliptical layout contains a floor pattern
symmetrically balance out the square’s existing
centered on the great Obelisk. Featuring Saint
elements.
Cross on its peak, the obelisk is both a monument
Overall, the awe effect of the beautiful church
to the worshipper and an monumental attraction
facade against the square induces on the visitor is
to the tourist. On either side of the Obelisk stands
subtle yet dominating, and is a unique experience,
two fountains with tiered basins, one built by Carlo
championed by the many other elements that each
Maderno and the other by Carlo Fontana later on to
play a special role.
Carlo Maderno’s fountain
Carlo Fontana’s fountain
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A diagram showing the effect of the church facade and Loggia of the Blessings location towards the viewers
BASILICA FACADE
PERSON
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA
WIDTH
ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT
CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC
FOUNTAINS
OBELISK
THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS
Monumental Logic of St. Peter’s Square
Monumental Logic The logic diagrams that I created explains the formal logic I found to be most prominent within the elements in St. Peter’s Square. I first look at how the scale and proportions of each physical element relate to one another and give the majestic effect that it does towards the visitor of the square. I focus on the Basilica Facade and Obelisk being the main actors in the square because of their size and towering aspects compared to the viewer. Lastly, I try to destroy this logic by either distorting or removing the element itself and perceive what changes in effect and monumentality would occur. HEIGHT
HEIGHT
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BASILICA FACADE
BASILICA FACADE
PERSON
PERSON
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA
WIDTH
ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT
CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC
OBELISK
FOUNTAINS
THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS
WIDTH
ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT
Formal Logic - Scale & Proportion of the elements in relation to each other HEIGHT
CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC
OBELISK
FOUNTAINS
THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS
Formal Logic - Facade & Obelisk creates a majestic and towering front HEIGHT
PERSON
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA
BASILICA FACADE
BASILICA FACADE
PERSON
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA
WIDTH
WIDTH
ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT
CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC
OBELISK
FOUNTAINS
ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT
THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS
Destroying the Monumental Logic - Obelisk Distortion
CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC
OBELISK
FOUNTAINS
THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS
Destroying the Monumental Logic - Obelisk Removal
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
PERSON
BASILICA FACADE
PERSON
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA RETTA
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA
ELEMENT IN PIAZZA OBLIQUA
BASILICA FACADE
WIDTH
ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT
CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC
OBELISK
FOUNTAINS
THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS
Destroying the Monumental Logic - Basilica Facade Distortion
WIDTH
ELLIPTICAL LAYOUT
CENTRO DEL COLONNATO DISC
OBELISK
FOUNTAINS
THE COLONNADES & COLUMNS
Destroying the Monumental Logic - Basilica Facade Removal
International Reach
Vatican City
ROME
International Reach
The Obelisk’s monumental presence found in Rome
Obelisk monument, erected by various Popes. Works as a monument network.
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International Reach
The Obelisk’s monumental presence found around the world
Top Obelisks around the World New York - London - Rome Istanbul - Cairo - Luxor- Paris
Artwork depicting the workforce it took to erect the Obelisk
The Obelisk standing within St. Peter’s Square
The Obelisk standing tall among the mass
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Red Square: From Marketplace to Heart of the Soviet world Moscow, Russia. 1493 55.7542° N, 37.6200° E 333 ha or sqm
Illustrator portrait Red Square, 2013
Red square are located right in the middle of
triangle, lying adjacent to Red Square and situated
MOSCOW, Russia. The name ‘red’ might come from
between the rivers Moskva and the now underground
the word “Krasnaya” which means red or beautiful
Neglinnaya River was deemed the most vulnerable
in russian language, or might come from a symbol
side of the Kremlin to attack, since it was neither
of communism, or the colour of the surroundings.
protected by the rivers, nor any other natural barriers,
Red square is consider as a world heritage site,
as the other sides were” (from wikipedia). Later on
as the square is shaped and surrounded by top 5
between 1508 and 1516 the moat appeared to
important buildings of Russia, Kremlin Triangle where president and governing use as a residence and work place, St. Basil cathedral the famous Russian orthodox church , Gum department store the biggest and longest standing department store in Russia, State historical museum the national museum and Lenin’s tomb the tomb of russian communist revolutionary.The square is consider as
Painting no. 1 portrait Veliky Torg, 1547
a heart of russia as it has witnessed much of russian
connected the two rivers in 1547 some permanent
history. Nowadays is one of must see for tourist, also
market began to appear on the square then it was
the square is use for market place, festival ground,
call “Veliky Torg” as it shown in the painting (see
gathering place, parades, concert and ice skate rink.
painting no.1 above) so later on they start to make a
Back in 1516 Tower of Moscow Kremlin was first
street call “Liyinka” and St. Basil cathedral was first
built on the clear land in the middle of Moskva river
built after the road finish. was built on the moat
and Neglinnaya river. “The East side of the Kremlin
under the rule of Ivan IV. This was the first building
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Illustrator portrait Red square in year 1547
Painting no.2 portrait Red square as a main trading center in 1547
Illustration portrait “St. Basil cathedral”, 2013
which gave the square its present-day characteristic silhouette. The square has became a main landing stage and trading center (see painting no. 2 above). In 1612 Kazan Cathedral was built then destroy by fire in 1632. In 1679 the large stone building was built called “Zemsky Prikaz” was then known as the Main Pharmacy (see painting no.3 on the right), founded Page 36
under orders of Peter The Great. Later become first russian university, before moving to the better known building on Mokhovaya street further across Manege Square. At the same time the (by then already drained) Alevizov moat was used as a state Pharmacy’s garden for growing medicinal plants. During 1689 Red Square was considered a sacred place. Various festive processions were held there, and during Palm Sunday, the famous “procession on a donkey” was arranged this events has protrait through painting called “Palm Sunday in Moscow” (see painting no.4 on below), in which the patriarch, sitting on a donkey, accompanied by the tsar and the people went out of Saint Basil’s Cathedral in the Kremlin. 1702 the first public theater in Russia was built near the Nikolsky gate; It stood until 1737,
Painting no.3 “A prikaz in Moscow” by Alexander Yanov, 1679
when it was destroyed in a fire. In the 1730s, a new mint building, called the Gubernskoye pravlenie (Provincial Board), was built in front of the old one. Also they started to demolished the permanent market building and relocation it in on at the side of the square in order. 1804 The square was paved in stone and in the same year there a flu spread around the city. 1813 The moat that connected the 2 rivers was filled. 1872 State historical museum was built. 1874 Zemsky Prikaz has demolished. 1888 all the market buildings are demolished to build a new large department store which is now GUM department store. “Not every enterprise has such a long and rich history, as Upper Trading Stalls, the present GUM. Just several trading passages of Russia have right to be proud of the fact that they were created over a century ago and successfully operate till nowadays. GUM always was and remains the greatest country’s store. The building’s planning represents three lengthway three-floor passages with deep basements. Stretching on a quarter of a kilometer along the Kremlin’s wall,
Painting no. 4 “Palm Sunday in Moscow”, 1689
the GUM’s building encloses the Red Square from the
East with its facades’ architecture (decorated with facet rustics), and calls up with Kremlin and the Historical museum.”
(From
http://www.gum.ru/en/history/)
Among the Russian trading institutions at the end of the XIX century, the Upper trading stalls played a great role. This huge trading passage or mall was responsible for the country’s economic life. In the second half of the XIX century, when the plentiful growth of industry and commerce in started Russia, trading stalls no longer met the requirements of the time, scope and modern forms of trade. During the Great Patriotic War some government institutions continued to occupy the GUM premises. However in June 1941 the evacuation of Moscow’s population, enterprises and institutions began, GUM continued living its life. In November 1941, neighboring GUM, on the Red Square, a traditional parade of Red Army, devoted to the 24th anniversary of the October revolution took place. And in 1943, there was the first victory salute on the Red Square, in honor of the liberation of some Soviet cities. On the 9th of May, 1945, out of the GUM’s building,
GUM during the Great Patriotic War
not for GUM. On behalf of the Government, they were offered to discuss the issue of placing the monument in honor of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War on Red Square. GUM was construction, impeding the Red Square. Many people many times proposed to get rid of GUM, but all the ways were expensive and complex. Others proposed to make the podiums, which would cover the trading mall, or to make a wall, behind which GUM would work. In front of that wall a monument would stand. There was no need so to fracture something, no need to get rid of GUM. Also they proposed to place a monument in front of the historic museum, but it could be done, according to architect Shchusev, if the facade of the Historical Museum was rebuilt. And many other proposals were put forward, and some of those projects could be implemented in life, but something prevented it. And GUM continued its existence. 1909 Tram was first introduce to Moscow russia During the Soviet era, Red Square maintained its significance, becoming a focal point for the new
GUM during the Great Patriotic War
the announcer of the All-Union Radio Yu.B. Levitan communicated in the broadcast the long waited message on the unconditional surrender of the Fascist Germany. At the end of forties the country healed its wounds inflicted by the war, restored cities, factories, roads. It seemed that it was not the proper time for reconstruction of the Red Square,
Photograph portrait Red square, 1909
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state. Besides being the official address of the Soviet government, it was renowned as a showcase for military parades from 1919 onward. In 1924 Lenin’s tomb was first built as a resting place for Vladimir Lenin a russian communist revolutionary who has died on 21st of Jan 1924. Lenin’s Mausoleum would from 1924 onward be a part of the square complex, and also as the grandstand for important dignitaries in all national celebrations. In the 1930s, Kazan Cathedral and Iverskaya Chapel with the Resurrection Gates were demolished to make room for heavy military vehicles driving through the square (both were later rebuilt after the fall of the Soviet Union). There were plans to demolish Moscow’s most recognized building, Saint Basil’s Cathedral, as well to make way for a larger Red Square, as well as the State Historical Museum. The legend is that Lazar Kaganovich, Stalin’s associate and director of the Moscow reconstruction plan, prepared a special model of Red Square, in which the cathedral could be removed, and brought it to Stalin to show how the cathedral was an obstacle Page 38
for parades and traffic. But when he jerked the cathedral out of the model, Stalin objected with his rather famous quote: “Lazar! Put it back!”. Two of the most significant military parades on Red Square were November 7, 1941, when the city was besieged by Germans and troops were leaving Red Square straight to the front lines, and the Victory Parade in 1945, when the banners of defeated Nazi armies were thrown at the foot of Lenin’s Mausoleum. The Soviet Union held many parades in Red Square for May Day, Victory Day, and the October Revolution, which consisted of propaganda, flags, a labor demonstration, and a troops march and show off of tanks and missiles. On Victory Day in 1945, 1965, 1985, and 1990 there were military marches and parades as well.
Vladimir Lenin on parade
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Illustrator portrait Red Square, 2013
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Washington National Mall: From The Congress house To The largest Tourist Attraction Washington DC, United State. 1791 38° 53’ 24” N, 77° 1’ 25” W 125 ha
The National Mall is an open-area national park in downtown Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. It was originally designed for the new
national civic space for public gatherings. And since 1916, The National Park Service or NPS administers the National Mall was set up to design, reconstruct and support the area.
capital city at that time to provide a monumental,
For the future plan ,The NPS proposed
dignified, and symbolic setting for the governmental
a number of changes to the Mall. The NPS would
structures.
construct at the east end of the Mall a wide expanse
The first plan was called L’Enfant Plan, the
of paved surface in Union Square to accommodate
future city of Washington, D.C., was the urban plan
demonstrations and other events by reducing the
developed of the ten-mile square of federal territory
size of the Capitol Reflecting Pool or by replacing the
that would later become the District of Columbia
pool with a fountain or other small water feature.
in 1791 by Major Pierre Charles L’Enfant, French
Additional proposed changes included
engineer who served in the American Revolutionary
the replacement of the Sylvan Theater on the
War.
Washington Monument grounds with a facility Later on in 1901, The McMillan Plan was
containing offices, restaurants and restrooms by
proposed to turn the National Mall into the core
announced online design competition and asked
of the growing city, extended the outline from the
the public to submit online comments that the
L’Enfant’s plan. The commission is popularly known
competition jury would consider when evaluating
as the McMillan Commission after its chairman,
each design. Groundbreaking for the first project
Senator James McMillan of Michigan. To maintain
was expected to take place by 2014, with the first
the National Mall in the heart of the nation’s capital
ribbon-cutting ceremony by 2016.
as a stage for national events and a preeminent
Washington National Mall map direction
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For the L’Enfant ‘s plan, he first specified locations for the Congress house, which would be built on Jenkins Hill, and the President’s house, which would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River. To Emphasize on the importance of the new nation’s legislature, the Congress house The location of the first set of buildings in L’enfant plan.
would be located on a longitude designated as zero to zero 0:0. The plan specified that most streets would be laid out in a grid. The diagonal avenues intersected with the north-south and east-west streets at circles and rectangular plazas that would later honor notable Americans and provide open space.
Grid direction of L’enfant plan.
The designer laid out a 400 feet (122 m)wide garden-lined “grand avenue”, which he expected to travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along an east-west axis in the center of an area that would later become the National Mall. He also laid out a narrower avenue (Pennsylvania Avenue) which would connect the Congress house with the
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The square among the government buildings.
President’s house. Unfortunately, the L’Enfant plan was not constructed due to the conflict between the designer and the Commissioners. After L’Enfant departed, Andrew Ellicott continued the city survey in accordance with the revised plan,then published and distributed. His revisions subsequently became the basis for the capital city’s development.
Narrow road from White house to Congress house.
The original plan of L’enfant.
Then the McMillan Plan tried to narrower the Mall down to 300 feet (91m) and propose constructing major memorials on the western and southern anchors of the Mall, reflecting pools on the southern and western ends and constructing a large new station at the north of the capital building The original plan of McMillan.
and later the Lincoln Memorial, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, Union Station, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Building Now the boundary of the mall was from 1st Street north-west NW on the east, Independence and Maryland Avenues on the south, and 14th street north-west on the west, Independence Avenue on the south, and by 12th and 14th Streets respectively
Narrower down the size of the square.
on the east and west, connected with grand vistas the three most highly symbolic monuments of the republic: the political center of the republic, the Capitol Building, on the east; the monument to the founder of the republic, George Washington, at the center; and the monument to the leader who saved the republic, Abraham Lincoln, on the west. The
Location of Reflecting Pools.
collection of monuments has expanded with the times to include enormous constructions for other presidents. The McMillan Plan continues to guide urban planning in and around Washington, D.C., into the 21st century, and has become a part of the federal government’s official planning policy for the national capital.
More building was planned to be built.
McMillan plan from above.
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Aside from the political powers that be, the main tenant on the Mall is the Smithsonian Institute,
a
government-run
research
and
educational institution for the “increase and diffusion of Knowledge among men.” to established an extraordinary collection of free public museums Significant political places in The Mall.
unparalleled in size and scope throughout the history of mankind, the majority of which are in the eastern one-mile stretch of the park. The public favorites are the National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of Natural History. Monuments, museums, and memorials can easily distract a tourist from the actual significance of the Mall. The Mall is not simply a tribute to
Additional places that later built for gaining number of tourists.
American history, it is where American history is made. The three branches of the government find their headquarters here, and the president as well as the country’s congressional representatives and senators look out from their workplace upon the park. The Mall serves as the principal gathering space for the nation’s most important civic events,
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The Mall’s main intension.
especially major protests and, of course, inaugural events. One notable example is the 1963 March on Washington for jobs and freedom, a political rally for African American civil right, at which Martin Luther King, Jr delivered his “I have a dream” speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Anti-war protest also took place at the
The system of how the next buildings in The Mall is going to go through.
mall, the largest officially recorded rally was on 15 October 1969 around two-hundred-thousand 200,000 people demonstration and teach-in against the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. During presidential inaugurations, people gather at the National Mall. Normally, the Mall Natural history museum.
between 7th and 14th Streets north-west NW is used as a staging ground for the parade but later in 2008, the Presidential Inaugural Committee announced that the entire length of the National Mall will be opened to the public so that more people will be able to witness the swearing-in of the President from a vantage point in sight of the Capitol. Projected to be as many as 2 million people
The mall on the holiday.
– that it expected for the first inauguration of Barack Obama on 20 January 2009. six blocks from the site at which Obama took his inaugural oath was filled of crowd. On the leisure day, The National Mall has long served as a spot for jogging, picnics, and light recreation for the Washington population. and a
Using space for protest.
number of event recur annually on the mall such as Smithsonian kite festival, Earth day celebration and Independent day on 4th of July. Through the times, the Washington National Mall has been challenged to allow a certain degree of flexibility within a rigid urban planning, where uses and boundaries are continuously retraced according to the shifting values of society.
President Barack Obama’s first inauguration.
Panorama view of The Mall from Lincoln Memorial.
Page 45
Page 46
Tiananmen Square: The largest city square in the world Beijing, China. 1420 39°5450° N, 116°2330° E 44 ha
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Tiananmen Square was
built in Qing
dynasty as the main entrance of the Forbidden City,
the world, there is no seat in the space in order to keep movement of space.
which is organized as grids. It was once served to hold important ceremonies. In
Mao, who is
the famous ex-leader of
China, has played a major role in this space. His
1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the
portrait and motto are hung on the Tiananmen
People’s Republics of China at the Tiananmen tower.
tower and his body is laid on the Mao’s memorial
He had a vision to enlarge the Square to be the largest
hall. Many people queue to pay respect to him every
in the world. With the larger Square, there were more
day.
buildings and monuments.
The security
is very tight because in
The daily sunrise ceremony in which soldiers
1989, the protest for democracy created chaos. As
raise the national flag in the morning here has become
a result, There are a lot of restriction here includes
a routine. The people who use this space are mainly
4-points security check, security cameras on lamps,
tourists , sellers, police troops, local people, and
and police troops. Especially every year in the
beggars. Although Tiananmen is the biggest Square in
anniversary of 1989 protests, umbrellas are used to blocked video taking and social websites are also blocked. Every 10 years, there is a ceremony held for anniversary for People’s republic of china. Since this place holds many historical events that remain in Chinese people’s hearts, it have been so far China’s most important landmark regardless of the
Forbidden City 1420
fact that political situation had change.
Tiananmen Tower 1420
The Arrow Tower 1420
Zhengyangman 1420
Monument to the people’s heroes 1958
China national museum 1959
Great hall of people 1958
Mao’s museum 1976
Daily sunrise ceremony
Tiananmen square nowadays
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Users
Tiananmen square also known as a huge blank surface with heavily security system. It’s also inspire my thought about the ways to create a peaceful protest in this area, is it possible? Because of the condition of site is suitable for protest to happen there. Can we reduce security system in the area to Inside Mao’s memorial hall
make it more of a public space? Page 49
Anniversary for people’s republic of China
Can not access to the internet during the protest anniversary
Protest in 1989
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Platz Der Republik: the center of political power of Germany Moscow, Russia. 1493 55.7542째 N, 37.6200째 E 333 ha or sqm
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Platz Der republik (the square of public) situates in Berlin Germany. It is located in the Tiergarten District, which is directly in front of the Reichstag parliament building. The square has an area of about 36900 square meters and is almost completely covered by grass and decorated with some trees. The reichstag building played a major role in German History including 1917 revolution, Nazi period, WorldWarII, coldwar and German unification.The studies will show the relationship between Platz Der Republik and the Reichstag which greatly portrays the historical symbols of german politic from time to time.
Image Caption here
First Platz Der Republik 1735
Platz Der Republik ‘s physicality have been changing through different periods according to its usage. The square was created in about 1735 and in 1867 it was turned into a city square named “Königsplatz” the square of king. In which the Kroll Opera House was built on its west end in 1844.It was at spot that the Parliament held its temporary sessions after the Reichstag fire had destroyed the legislative chamber on the night of 27 to 28 February 1933. However at this period of time, the Reichstag parliament building has not been built yet. Platz Der Republik was under control of King Frederick william.
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parade ground
Reichstag Parliament
During German Empire period. Platz Der Republik
n 1873 the victory column was built in the center of
was used as a parade ground for King Frederick
the square. The palace of a police Prussian aristocrat
William. The German colour flag was still the
was demolished and replaced by the Reichstag,
composition of black white and red.
the German parliament building. From then Platz Der Republik became a main political place where political actions would happen here.
De
m
De
uts
che
nV olk e
Image Caption here
Image Caption here
The iconic words “Dem Deutschen Volke” meaning
In 1918. After the WWI ended, Philip Scheidemann
“to the german people“ were carved above the main
proclaimed the institution of Weimar republic from
facade of the Reichstag much to the displeasure of
the balcony of the Reichstag building facing the
Wilhelm during the German empire period.
crowd standing on Platz Der Republik. In 1933. The Reichstag building continued to be the seat of Parliament of Weimar Republik.
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Platz Der Republik in 1933
Untill on 27 February 2011, The Reichstag caught fire. Hitler used the event to suspend most rights provided by Weimar constitution in the Reichstag fire decree in an effort to weed out communist(people against Hitler) and increase state security throughout Germany. During the 12 years of National socialist rule, Reichstag building became a closed space for public. Noone was able to talk for their thoughts. Image Caption here
Image Caption here
Platz Der Republik in 1945
In 1945 The fired Reichstag that had never been fully repaired was further damaged by air raids during the battle of Berlin. The Reichstag was the central target for the Red army due to its perceived symbolic significance. Page 54
Image Caption here
Platz Der republik in 1948
Platz Der Republik in 1992
In 1948 when cold war emerged. The Reichstag was
In 1964. The Reichstag was restored for the first
physically within West Berlin only a few meters to
time by Paul Buamgarten. The dome no longer
Berlin blockage wall. An enormous number of West
existed in the new design.
Berliners assembled and Mayer Ernst Reuter held
In 1999 . The official Germany unification was held
a famous speech that ended with “Ihr Volker der
at the Reichstag. Berlin wall was broken. East and
Welt, schaut auf diese Stadt!” meaning “you people
West Berliners holded hands. The ceremony was
of the world should look upon this city“.
held at the Reichstag and ground in front which is Platz Der Republik.
Image Caption here
Image Caption here
Image Caption here
Platz Der Republik in 1999
In 1999. The reconstruction of Sir Norman Foster’s Reichstag project completed. In which it took 7 years to finish the construction. The Building received many awards including “Architekturpreis 2000 des BDA Berlin Auszeichnung - The Reichstag, Berlin”. The transformation of the Reichstag is rooted in four related issues: the Bundestag’s significance as a democratic forum, an understanding of history, a commitment to accessibility and a vigorous environmental agenda. As found, the Reichstag was mutilated by war and insensitive rebuilding. Public and politicians enter the building together and the public realm continues on the roof in the terrace restaurant and in the cupola, where ramps lead to an observation platform, allowing people to ascend symbolically above the heads of their representatives in the chamber.
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Platz Der Republik become a public ground park where people can picnic and hangout. In which it reflects the freedom where people can do anything in the public park whereas compared to Nazi period it is on a different side of hand. People are not allowed to speak out a word.
Glass copula
The glass cupola was once again erected on the rooftop as a gesture to the original one in 1894, giving an impressive view over the city, especially at night. Inside the cupola there’s ramp which lead to an observation platform, allowing people to ascend symbolically above the heads of their representatives in the chamber. Public ground Platz Der Republik