Turning the tide

TURNING THE TIDE

Aalborg University | Urban Design | MSc02 Jorgensen | Nordby | Oehlwein | Salvi | Worning

title page Project title turning the tide

Paper submission date 07.06.2017

Kent Olav Hovstein Nordby

Project periode 01.02.2017-20.06.2017

Lars Jørgensen

Technical supervisor Camilla Sloth Andersen

Lydia Immanuela Oehwein

Supervisor Ditte Bendix Lannge

Project report Number of pages: 83 Appendix pages: 20

Course Designing urban mobility Semester project MSc02 Group 3

Serena Salvi

Sofie Worning Løgstrup Jensen 3

abstract The old industrial city of Aalborg has reinvented itself as a knowledge and cultural city which aspires to become an attractive destination in the north of Denmark. Urbanization is a national trend, and does also have its tailwind in Aalborg.

It may seems that the future of the city can offer many opportunities, but also challenges in regards of mobility, densification and energy consumption. Located at the narrowest point of the Limfjord, the ‘twin city’ of Aalborg and Nørresundby is situated on respective sides of the water. The fjord serves as a divider rather than a connector of the scattered communities.

There are many people traveling across the river when commuting to work, meeting friends or attending recreational and leisure activities.

Capacity is already reached on the main existing connections and the city is exploring the possibility of a third connection that can relieve the Limfjord bridge from its heavy car traffic. Even though the knowledge and cultural city is in great development, the ideas for the new bridge are quite monofunctional. When building a new huge infrastructure in Aalborg, it should give back to the city, a representation of the future sustainable mobility structures.

What if a new infrastructure in Aalborg could facilitate sustainable mobilities and ways of living by utilizing all the resources of the water? ’Turning the Tide’ is a social infrastructure hybrid which combines power production, 4

infrastructure and social programming seeking to inspire people to live a healthier and more sustainable life. This type of hybridization aims at opening up the previously limited public sphere of a water surface by using the future need for locally produced power production to create a new public beneficial realm. Instead of focusing on motorized connection northsouth, the project seeks to facilitate a crossing for soft mobilities to support future sustainable mobility within the city. ‘Turning the Tide’ cultivates the idea that when infrastructure spatializes it can, especially when situated on water, add the dimension of making everyday journeys into experiences. Imagine biking to work, hearing the sound of splashing water, smelling the salt of the sea, and witnessing the green and renewable energy production from the water’s current.

With the platform landscape on the Limfjord we promote a techno-ecology, where the structure itself can contribute to future power production when harvesting the energy in the tidal current, which at the same time facilitates further future usage of more sustainable electric urban solutions within the city of Aalborg. Instead of moving over the water, you are moving on the water, providing a less alienated relationship with the element. It is an encouragement to live in coherence with the water and its flows and resources.

preface

reading guide

The theme of the project is designing urban mobility combined with a futuristic view. The future mobility design aims to create a debate in Aalborg focusing on speculative designs and possible futures. By shifting between theories such as “Speculative Everything” (Dunne and Raby, 2013) and “Staging Mobility” (Jensen, 2013) the project aims to design a new hybrid crossing over the fjord.

The project is divided into eight chapters, where seven of the chapters can be read through in the booklet. The presentation is as a separate read in its designated spot in the booklet.

The project focuses on utilizing tidal power in the fjord. With this as a focus point a large part of the technical aspect of the project concerns energy calculations as well as research of tidal energy.

Attached to the booklet is a 6 page graphic summary, showing the presentation of the finished design.

The site of the project takes its point of departure at new development areas in eastern Aalborg and Nørresundby; East Harbor and Stigsborg Harbor front.

Each chapter will have a small introduction explaining the content of the chapter as well as the structure. The presentation has a separate reading guide and introduction, which is placed on the front side of the spread. The conclusion of the project and a reflection of the working method, as well as the project itself are also placed in the spread at the end of the presentation.

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03 04 05 05 introduction

theoretical frame

analytical frame

title page abstract preface reading guide

10 methodology of the project 12 introduction to the site 14 the stories of Aalborg 22 why do we design for the future 24 how can we experience the journey 26 why do we need catalyst architecture 28 how can mobility be a surplus 30 why do we need non commercial public spaces 32 how can we harvest the water flow 34 how can we combine mobility and power production 36 conclusion 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54

area of analysis future development walking flow and senses bike flow and the capacity the activity and the experience of the city marine flow and the ecosystem the flows on water and the distances conclusion

tools for design

presentation

design process

reference

appendix

58 60 62 64 66

design parameters design strategy concept programming timeline

68 presentation 72 72 73 73 74

workshop stage island comparisons key attributes the grid methodology sketch development

86 88 90 92 93 94 96

the third connection discussion La Rance tidal power station micro climate water gardens and farming the outskirt areas calculations energy inspirations

78 reference list 81 illustration list

introduction The introduction chapter will serve as an introduction to the project group’s basic understanding of the general topics and as background knowledge for the reader into the further design process.

methodology of the project This project was developed by applying the methods of Problem-based-Learning (PBL).

The design proposal was elaborated as a group work. The group setup was interdisciplinary and international, this expanded the ability to work across design fields and to address the project from different angles. The dynamic of contributions from different perspectives are a main driver to continuously improve the project. This resulted in an active exchange, stirring innovative design and relevant solutions for the recognized questions and problems.

Part of the PBL method is to apply theoretical knowledge directly to the project. This is advantageous for the project, providing a foundation for the design that is based on research and further reflection. Knowledge is deepened through the application in the project and implemented into the design process.

(Kolmos, Fink, Krogh, 2004)

The special characteristics of the course module included a very broad setting, where it was open to the group to delineate which site, theme and timeframe to work with. Therefore, it was an extensive part of the project process to define the research object. Analysis and research encouraged to connect the project with detected challenges of future cities. A central theme of the course was linked to utopian thinking and how to design for the future.

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introduction

The challenges of future cities are very complex; the urban design field requires working on multiple levels, keeping in mind social and technological changes over time. Creativity and innovation are necessary to address these manifold matters. Consequently, the process to find the most adequate design solution is non-linear, and requires to constantly go back and forth between the phases of the process.

One must re-think continuously the individual aspects, as well as the project as a whole, as part of the Integrated Design Process (IDP).

(Knudstrup, 2004)

For this project this meant defining and redefining continuously the themes, scale, scope and time setting. To determine the problem statement, the tool of a “What-if” question was used to launch the process. Also, during the process, the what-if question was constantly reviewed to specify the focus of the project.

Workshops and other courses related to the project further contributed to the development.

In accordance to Knudstrup’s IDP (2004), the definition of the problem, in this case the formulation of the what-if question and the project theme was followed by an analysis phase. The initial phase included a workshop about the history of Aalborg, in regards of looking back to design for the future. The observation of flows between Nørresundby and Aalborg in the course “Simulation and Modelling Urban Flows” contributed to the phenomenological part of the project.

Subsequently, goals, challenges, programs and ideas were defined and eventually summarized into the design. Workshops set intermediate

PRESENTATION

SYNTHESIS

RE- SCETCHING

ANALYSIS

DEFINING PROBLEM AND WHAT-IF QUESTION

illustration 11.1: IDP

steps, looking back to analysis, as well as revisiting design ideas through sketching, models, drawings and formulation of theories for the project. In this phase, the section became an important design tool when drafting and developing the design into more detail.

In the presentation phase, final drawings were made and the fragments of the project were assembled into one. The section as a

tool, developed into a key element in the presentation itself, because of the multilayered setting.

As several methods and courses contributed to the development of the project, the constant matching and revisiting of previous steps were important to the process and enhanced the reflection of the project. introduction

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illustration 12.1: Aalborg

introduction to the site The Limfjord has been for a long time, and still is, a significant part of Aalborg and its identity. Within the field of mobility, the fjord has been widely discussed in terms of accessibility, livability and ecology. The city seeks for a new connection across the fjord, but the municipality has never found a suitable solution pleasing the economical, mobile, social and environmental aspects. In the previous proposals, water has been seen as a barrier instead of the vital resource or transport platform it has been throughout history. To find innovative solutions for a connection between Aalborg and Nørresundby, one must think beyond what a monofunctional bridge is today and rather imagine what a future infrastructure could afford.

When speculating about future mobility, one prospect is of an increasingly mobile society, where people may not know their next-door

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neighbor personally, but rather connect to people with same interests far outside their neighborhood. People travel and move around more than ever before (Forum Vies Mobiles / Mobile lives Forum, 2014). This causes an increased need for transportation, infrastructure and energy. When planning for future urban development, it is important that the design should inspire the citizens to live a healthier and more sustainable life than today.

Energy is the prerequisite of modern society.

Electricity, heat and fuel for transportation have become a necessity for humans, but the ways in which we produce and consume energy affects the environment negatively, and therefore the impact must be minimized. Nonetheless, there is a need for more sustainable energy to supply homes and transportation, when trying to maintain high standards of living.

To counteract climate change, one of the most important measurements is the production of energy from sources of low CO2 emissions - renewable and clean. Denmark is known for its wind energy, yet there is still need for more green energy supplies.

The total electricity consumption in the period 1960 to 2012 increased in Denmark by 300% due to urbanization and development within technology. The electricity consumption prediction shows an increase of 23% in energy demand from 2015 to 2025. (EnergiNet, 2016). This can partly be explained by an increased implementation of electric home appliances, heat pumps and electric cars.

Another significant source of the increase in electricity consumption is the expectation of several new large data centers in Denmark.

Another challenge to address is the power of local production. Electricity is rarely produced where it is consumed and costs for shipping and handling energy are often significant which consumers need to pay for through electric rates.

as more than moving from A to B. Humans are highly sensorial, what is perceived and received from signals and experiences shapes habits and opinions. If one is exposed to ideas, different ways of living, sustainable structures and infrastructures in the city, the likelihood of enlightenment and change of mindsets is greater. (Jensen, 2013) That is the direction mobility needs to take when society is heading towards a future with denser cities and higher power consumption for vehicles and data centers. To understand how future mobility design on the Limfjord could be designed, we have to understand the importance of the fjord for the citizens, historically as well as today.

For the future mobility, designs should combine infrastructure with sustainable and social programming, so that infrastructure can become more than just infrastructure.

When planning how people are moving around the city, it is important to consider traveling

introduction

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the stories of Aalborg Throughout the flow of time, water has always been important to Aalborg, the twin city along the fjord.

Water is a dynamic element: constant but adaptable, steady but ever-changing. Through all the city’s different periods, one can see how water as a transportation platform and a resource, has challenged and inspired the city’s inhabitants. Every inhabitant has a story to tell. Over the course of time, lives and dreams changed. It changed with the ways people lived with and moved on water. At the same time, people’s’ lives have always been affected by production techniques and their own working lives.

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By trying to imagine people’s stories of the past, we can in the present take the experience and knowledge into future designs.

The following narratives are pieces of fiction inspired by historical events in an attempt to try to understand the lives of the people of the city.

the merchant city

didn’t want to be a farmer anymore, so I “ Idecided to try my luck as a fisherman and therefore saved up for a boat. I have come to love the water and all it does for us. Most of the fish I catch get sold on the harbor market.

People come with their horses and carriages from near and far. After all, Aalborg is the main merchant city in the northern part of Denmark.

I guess we can do this for decades, the ocean will never run out of fish.

If I work hard enough, maybe I can buy a nice plot of land on the sunny side. I will always have the boat, in case I have to run an errand in the city.

illustration 15.1: merchant city

“

introduction

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the industrial city

moved to the city because of all the new “ We factories. Some really educated people found

out that the Limfjord has more resources than fish. I am glad that they discovered the chalk, because that made it possible also for my husband to find a job. The days at the factory are long, but I have a lot of friends there, so it is all right. At least we have a steady income so we don’t have to live in run-down and overcrowded apartment, without light in the street.

illustration 16.1: industrial city

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The population just keeps increasing and now there are more people compared to housing and jobs, so hopefully they will expand the city.

The city of smoking chimneys is really a place of opportunities. My kids are about to be old enough to work with me in the factory. With a bit of luck we can save enough money to take the family for a trip on the fancy steamboats one day.

“

the knowledge and experience city have worked within a lot of branches, but now I “ Iwork in the public service here in Aalborg. I have

lived in a lot of cities, but I fell in love with the harbor front and recently moved with my family to Nørresundby. I love that I can take my bike to work, even though it is kind of boring crossing the Limfjord bridge, but it beats being stuck in a car every morning.

I have everything I need to live a full life, so I really don’t have a specific dream for the future. Of course there’s the issue of climate change and global warming, which is kind of disturbing. I mean, people are screaming for a new connection between Aalborg and Nørresundby due to the increasing traffic, but I guess it will just attract more cars and create the same situation. I just wish my grandkids also can enjoy the same beautiful fjord which I fell in love with.

illustration 17.1: knowledge and experience city

“ introduction

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the future city am an urban designer, so I am constantly “ Iswitching between past, present and future.

Right now, I am thinking of the future of Aalborg.

Looking out on the fjord from my work space, I imagine all the potential in the Limfjord. It is like a plaza that nobody is using because of the lack of accessibility. We should really embrace this multi-layered space, especially now that the future climate changes results in even more water.

I have so many ideas and there are several outcomes of how the future could look like. But that is also the compelling facet of the future one can only speculate.

illustration 18.1: the future city

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introduction

“

What if a new infrastructure in Aalborg could facilitate sustainable mobilities and ways of living by utilizing all the resources of the water?

introduction

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theoretical frame In the very beginning of the design process, we take a step out from the site and reflect on theoretical questions that will be relevant to our initial ideas.

At first, we were in search for the right time aspect, to what future to design for. Should we design for the present or for the future?

How could we design for the future that is not as tangible as the present? In the next step we explored ways and means how to create a structure that is more than a connection, a structure that can add higher value to the city. The last part of the theoretical frame explores how energy can be harvested in the water and in which ways it can be combined with infrastructural facilities.

why do we design for the future? theory summary: we should desire the impossible to constantly evolve. If people dream they will take an initiative to change the future.

When designing for the future one needs to compare the current situation with the desired future, but instead of creating complete maps, one needs to create compasses. To built the society from bottom-up, means to include the citizens, whereby they become part of the change.

When discussing future design, it is important to keep in mind that the future is ever changing - a series of different scenarios. According to Stuart Candy, these futures can be explained in three different ways. The probable future is what is likely to happen, it is a near future scenario. The plausible future is about exploring alternative economic and political futures. The possible future is more related to the links between today’s world and suggested worlds, these are the futures where speculative design happens. (Dunne and Raby, 2013) But why make these speculative designs?

Design speculative can act as a catalyst for collectively redefining our relationship to reality (Dunne and Raby, 2013, p. 2 )

Dunne and Raby claim that our dreams have been downgraded to hopes which makes it so much harder to change the trajectory towards possible futures. This is why design needs

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to be critical and speculative, highlighting weaknesses in the everyday society and in a constructive way offering alternative solutions, decreasing the disbelief of change.

It will empower people as it will lead them to dare to dream again. This is in line with Henri Lefebvre’s approach of the impossible possible, where he explains how one can extend the idea of what is possible through utopian thinking.

For this to happen, it is necessary to desire what is impossible. Acting on the impossible can make what is impossible today, be possible tomorrow. (Jensen, 2012) Utopias and dystopias are maybe the purest form for fictional worlds we have. However, critics warn that the concept of utopia is dangerous because authoritarian ideologies such as Fascism and Nazism are fruits of utopian thinking. But these are just bad examples of an elite trying to make utopias real from top-down which is not the right way to handle it. (Dunne, Raby, 2013).

Critical design by generating alternatives, can help people construct compasses not maps for navigating new sets of values. (Dunne, Raby, 2013)

We shouldn’t design to make people believe in a blueprint of a utopia, but we should design to give people ideas of the ideals they want in a future society, the possible. Creating compasses of values towards a future instead of making a map of the future, moves us away from an elite planning a future for the people and towards creating many small utopias from bottom-up.

POSSIBLE

PRESENT

illustration 23.1: possibilities Cone

PREFERABLE

PLAUSIBLE PROBABLE

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how can we experience the journey? theory summary: one needs to design according to the speed of the mobile objects. It is not enough to only think of one mode of transport, the infrastructure needs to be multifunctional.

The affordance of being at slower speed when traveling, submerged into the surrounding environment, makes the road seem more differentiated and accessible. (...) the travel system is a prime piece of educational equipment. It enlarges an individual’s reach, but in addition the act of moving through a city can itself be an enlightenment. (Lynch, 1981, p. 274)

In the last decades there has been a shift from seeing travel as a mere expense and a linear travel from A to B to rather embracing the journey as an active part of the human life (Jensen, 2013). In that sense, Kevin Lynch wrote already 40 years ago: “Travel can be a positive experience, we need not consider it pure cost”.

(1981, p. 194) Travel is part of the everyday life, a mobile society thusly needs mobility systems that are designed to live in, while traveling.

To explore the mobile life, one will notice that through the senses, interaction with the place occurs, it is the senses that channel the perception of the traveler. From the noise, to the visual experience, all senses are involved in the journey. This implies that the traveler is affected by the mobile situation. Thereby, the journey consists of pieces of sensorial experiences that

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form scenescapes and emotional geographies.

(Jensen, 2013) The connection between speed and sense is significant when designing space.

The human body is adapted to a slow space of around 5 km/h. At that speed one is able to perceive and interpret the environment with all senses. This means, a pedestrian can absorb the environment thoroughly. Even when running or biking, details can be perceived and processed.

Sight, smell, hearing, touch and taste is part of the journey as the interaction with the place happens through direct impact. (Gehl, 2015) In the past, infrastructure has often been monofunctional, this is rapidly changing as infrastructural facilities are designed with increased holistic approaches. For instance, the bike line in Copenhagen aims at providing a fast track through the city for the bikers as well as providing a manifold experience along the journey, with views to the water and paths through the city. One piece along the bike line is represented through the Cykelslangen. It is a bridge that meanders through city blocks and over water, to evoke in the traveler the impression of dynamics and to provide an aesthetic experience as well. (Frandsen, 2015). When designing for an enriched travel experience, not only character and diversity play a role, also the quality of the public space needs to be taken into account. This place in itself should be an appealing, public space that invites people to abide, interact and move along.

(Black, Street 2004) This opens up a perspective for a mobility experience that adds value to the city, activates it’s user and discloses new sensations and experiences to the traveler.

flow = area/speed = experience

A

A

B

Flow = Area / Speed

B’ illustration 25.1: experience the journey

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why do we need catalyst architecture?

Case study summary: This case study focuses on how architecture can act as a driver for change. Catalyst architecture has the ability to change mindsets and public relations. Water is often seen as a barrier, when addressing it rather as a possibility than a problem, one opens up for new understandings of how to design sustainable mobilities and cities.

Catalyst architecture deals with architecture’s ability to be a catalyst for the physical, social and cultural change of urban spaces. “The term covers architecture’s ability to connect with place, setting out a new framework for the site’s use and helping to transform place as both a physical and a social construction” (Kiib, Marling, 2015, p. 21) Catalyst project interventions play a strategic role in the surrounding area, opening up the city,

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boosting diverse city life, presenting various programs and lastly, renewing the narrative of the place. These kinds of interventions are site-specific and work with performative urban environment. The aim is to work as a catalyst for urban change in a mental, social and cultural way. Architecture as a catalyst is more about what architecture does rather than what architecture is. “Architecture ‘can do something’ to and with their users’ commercial and experiential needs and ‘can do something’ to and with their environment” (Kiib, Marling, 2015, p. 23). The role of urban catalysts are therefore essential to create vital street life in the area it will serve. In order to enhance the user’s experience, it is fundamental to involve a variety of programs to respond to the needs and desires of different social groups.

Another important approach to architecture which plays a major role in catalyst projects, is the aesthetic dimension, how the place is experienced and sensed. This includes the human perception of architecture and of concepts of architecture constructed through experience (Kiib, Marling, 2015). Aesthetic

elements of architecture deal not only with form, rhythm, scale, colors, materials but with sensorial experiences of the design project in relation with its context. Thus, architecture can be perceived as a phenomena, which develops into a wider perception of it, leading us to an experienced architecture.

A peculiar example of catalyst architecture is the temporary installation of a jetty laying on the water of Italy’s Iseo Lake. This temporary work of art connected for the first time San Paolo island, the smaller private island that presents a well-maintained Cluny monastery, to Montisola to the border of Iseo Lake, making the island accessible. The Bulgarian land artist, V. Christo, decided to set his last installation in this beautiful lake, re-imagining it as the excellent location to experience walking on water on a very gentle and thin layer which

illustration 27.1: Iseo Lake

undulates with the waves. A modular floating dock system of polyethylene cubes, covered by a yellow fabric rose just above the water’s surface along three kilometers. To experience the sensation of walking on water, the artist suggested that the visitors should walk on the intervention without shoes to feel the waves.

This floating jetty has been open 24-hours per day, only for two weeks in June 2016. After the removal of the installation, the components were industrially recycled and the town life went back to the regular everyday life. During the 16 days of the intervention, Iseo Lake, became the focus point in Italy. It had a great and unexpected success in the country and around the world. A lot of people visited this little town to walk on this cheerful yellow fabric to experience the sensation of walking on water.

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how can mobility be a surplus?

Case study summary: The two cases focus on how infrastructure should work together with ecology as well as the public realm, making the infrastructure into a living entity. Superkilen addresses a transformation of a barrier through sustainable mobility, making it more accessible.

By creating a diverse exhibition, the design evokes memories which encourages reflection. The focus of the Garden Bridge is to create a feeling of being outside the city with no traffic noise - just the sound of the water. The entrance has a smooth transition to the neighborhood, ensuring that the new connection does not create a barrier, but instead becomes part of the city.

Connecting is the infrastructure’s primary mode of operation. Infrastructure does not only move people but goods, energy, and information as well, identifying pathways and nodes that make connectivity possible. (Allen, 2008) The design of the infrastructure should be open

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and anticipatory. The infrastructure itself is not related to a specific message; rather, it is the design of the system that makes connections possible. “urban infrastructure sows the seed of future possibility, staging the ground for both uncertainty and promise. The preparation of surfaces for future appropriation differs from merely formal interest in single surface construction. It is more strategic, emphasizing means over ends, and operational logic over compositional design�. (Corner, 2006)

Nowadays infrastructure is needed to respond to new forms of mobility that are able to confront urgent issues of climate change. Infrastructure is therefore shifting into a wider scope between architecture, landscape and urban design.

Future infrastructure lies in embracing this condition in a more inclusive manner, thus it mutates into an open system, adaptable and responsive to environment and use. (White and Sheppard, 2010) It should be an essential intent for contemporary urban designer, to go deeper than solely seeing

the infrastructure as mere linear systems of engineering standards. Infrastructure needs to be joined with ecology and new public realms, making it a living entity. Infrastructure is the heart of future public spaces, it must be hybrid and offer multiple programs, as a result of innovative design concepts. This new approach to infrastructure design should become a local amenity, with a more livable and sustainable community.

hosts a green bicycle lane for commuters. The design leads to a shared space where bicycle corridors and mobility space are placed in the socially inclusive open space for the locals.

The Garden Bridge This project by Heather Wick would have been the first new crossing over the Thames since 2002 and would have connected Temdle to South Bank in London. (Frearson, 2017)

Superkilen “The garden bridge will be a place with no noise Superkilen represents a new urban Typology – or traffic where the only sounds will be birdsong an urban bikescape that combines sustainable and bees buzzing and the wind in the trees, and mobility with performative and socially inclusive below the steady rush of water.� (archdaily, 2017) urban spaces. (Kiib, Marling, 2015, p. 111) The bridge is not only a crossing for pedestrians, Superkilen has been conceived as a giant park it is a new public space in the city, where the that supports diversity. It is a world exhibition recreational values and the nature are the key of everyday objects and furniture from all over elements. A public space that does not need any the world, ranging from exercise equipment commercial effect to keep it populated. and muscle beach, to sewage drains from Israel, palm trees and neon signs from Asiatic Heatherwick has used water as a calming factor countries. A surrealist collection of global for creating a green space apart from the busy urban diversity reflects the real nature of life of London. By moving the entrance of the the local neighborhood, creating a socially bridge into the neighborhood, he invites the inclusive space for the citizens in the most users to use the bridge more actively without multi-cultural area of Copenhagen. Superkilen necessitating any commercial activity as an is a contemporary, urban version of a garden. attraction.

It is more than a ordinary local park with green areas for play and leisure activities, since it also

illustration 29.2: garden bridge

illustration 29.1: super kilen

illustration 29.3: garden bridge flow

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why do we need non-commercial public spaces?

Casestudy summary: The two cases ‘The Indoor Park’ and ‘NY Parallel Network’ are two different proposals of how an urban area can be transformed into a recreational public space.

In these cases it does not matter if the project is indoor or outdoor. Both are focusing on the social inclusiveness and the accessibility of the public space. The indoor park creates a transparent wall to maintain the connection with external context, where paths go through the buildings to integrate the public space. The NY Parallel Network creates a flexible landscape by using a cellular system. Even though the main focus is a transit hub, the project has also created a performative waterscape.

The social aspect of any design is one of the key elements to its success. As the Oxford dictionaries definition of social; “Needing

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companionship and therefore best suited to living in communities” (Oxford, 2017), the dictionary states that even though we are individuals, we are not suited to live alone. We need designed spaces where we can interact, such as a public space: “A place open to or shared by all the people of an area or country”, as the oxford dictionary states (Oxford, 2017).

However, it is not sufficient to merely create an open place, in oder to both have the public and the social aspect; it needs to be inviting and focusing on the social and the cultural importance of the lively neighborhood (Jacobs, 1965).

In a time where commercial public spaces and where economic restrictions limits the accessibility of the citizens, one should embrace the non-commercial public projects.

Indoor Park The Indoor Park is a project by Utopia Arkitekter from 2017, located in Stockholm. The project is based on the idea of a green and lush park where it is possible to stay in different seasons.

The construction is dressed in glass vaults to

ensure a certain amount of transparency in the building and also to maintain a good connection with the external context. The building is linked with existing pathways which, with the large passages and entrances, should integrate the new public space with its contexts. (Archdaily, 2017)

The transparency of the project should make the building a more inviting space for passers, and a better alternative than other urban activities such as restored warehouses or hidden cafes that are tucked away from the public eye.

(Utopia Architects, 2017). Utopia Architekter saw this project as an opportunity to create a non-commercial indoor public space in an outdoor arena. The economic boundaries that the commercial indoor public spaces produces, imply that the opportunities for the citizens to socialize are reduced. With this space Utopia Arkitekter creates a new use for indoor public spaces, where the economic boundaries have disappeared.

NY Parallel Network NY Parallel Network is the winning project of the Water as the 6th borough competition in New York; it incorporates a recreational, attractive, environmental and versatile waterfront plan making smart use of waterways. The cellular

infrastructure system turns into a performative waterscape, as well as a connective urban tissue.

The project proposes a process of spatial production, which not only allows for the cohabitation of these networks, but also leverages extra economic, ecological and cultural values.

This strategy introduces a new understanding of these overlapping networks: the operations and spatial transformations of these networks are highly interconnected and inherently inseparable.

(Op.N, 2017) The peculiarity of the project is its cellular system which is made of single floating pods, those cells can create a bigger structure with different purposes. This expandable network creates public space integrated with energy production, water filtration, public parks and natural habitats for wildlife. The Bronx Blue Terminal, is a test site of the flexible landscape project, located along Bronx River and will provide the Bronx with a ferry terminal. In addition to being a transit hub, BBT will act as a recreational, research and educational node within the blue network, building on the educational programs already underway in the area.

illustration 31.2: NY Parallel Network harbor front

illustration 31.1: Indoor park

illustration 31.3: NY Parallel Network top view

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how can we harvest the waterflow? technical summary: The advancement in turbine technology has increased the efficiency and flexibility of harvesting tidal energy. Turbines are also becoming reversible, making them able to protect against flooding which will secure monetary and non-monetary costs. Compared to the barrage needed for tidal range power station which had a negative effect on marine fauna, new tidal power technology can improve the environmental situation by giving greater water quality and protect against flooding. New technology allows to harvest energy from smaller difference in tide and in ocean currents.

One of the most flexible energy sources today is to be found in hydroelectric power and the technical potential for the growth of hydropower in Europe alone is estimated to be 71% (IEA, 2010). Denmark is a country without large topographical differences in the sense of how

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one traditionally harvest hydroelectric power (potential energy in water level differences), but there is still potential for hydroelectric power production in new ways, and also to make it locally produced. A good example of where this is located, is the Limfjord. The Limfjord is not per definition a fjord, but a sound. It connects to the North Sea on the west side of Denmark, and to the Kattekat on the east side - making it a ‘narrow’ transporter of water from one ocean to another. Average in one year, 6,8 km^3 (MFM,2015), corresponding to 216,000 l / s, of water gets transported from the west coast to the east coast through the Limfjord due to the tidal movement of the oceans. This means that there is a great potential to harvest the kinetic energy in this movement through tidal power stations.

Tidal power has potential to become part of a future electricity generation, being more predictable than wind energy and solar power.

Tidal power is taken from the Earth’s oceanic tides. The tidal forces are periodic variations in gravitational attraction exerted by celestial bodies. This occurrence takes place in an

unfailing manner, due to the consistent pattern of the moon’s orbit around the earth. (DiCerto, 1976) Tidal power stations can be very expensive to be built and maintained, hence there are not many stations existing yet. Power plants have been prioritized on the basis of efficiency, but new technology makes tidal power stations more relevant. There is also an environmental cost under the construction phase. Placing tidal power energy generators in the water can affect the marine environment, but can also in some cases enhance water ecologies. See case-study: Rance tidal power station for more details.

A hybrid between tidal range and current is called dynamic tidal power. This is in an innovative stage. Tidal technologies can be combined with infrastructure and protective systems to lower the total cost of construction and maintenance. Tidal current and tidal stream have a larger potential than the more common tidal range technology: The developing technology within turbine design allows to harvest energy from shallower water and lower tidal current velocities.

Tidal Range • Converts potential energy into usable energy • Bulb turbines

• Uses a barrage like a dam to harvest power from the height difference between high and low tide • The usual height requirement is 5-10 m.

Modern technology within this field is tidal “lagoons”, “reefs” or “fences”works with 2-3m difference.

Tidal current or stream • Converts kinetic energy into usable energy.

• Turbines are placed mainly horizontally (parallel to the flow direction), but can also be placed vertically (perpendicular).

• Also used to harvest ocean currents which are slower, but more continuous compared to tidal current.

• Stream speed minimum 1,5-2 m/s

illustration 33.1: tidal range

illustration 33.2: tidal current theoretical

33

how can we combine mobility and power production? case study summary: The case is focusing on a Norwegian road connection along the west coast, where the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) aims at utilizing the energy production of tidal power to produce local power as part of the infrastructure.

The plan for the Europa road 39 which is going along the whole west coast of Norway, is to use tunnels and bridges instead of the ferryconnections to create a better flow in the traffic.

When building bridges, the NPRA sees the potential in combining the costly infrastructure with energy production. More vehicles will have electricity as the main power source in the future and producing local power along the road will be beneficial.

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theoretical

After studying the route, NPRA had the following conclusions:

The biggest potential lies in wave and tidal power stations.

Lack of energy data makes it hard to predict energy production.

When constructing power stations on infrastructure one must think of the impact on the tidal movement, the ecosystem, noise and the visual effect.

The NPRA looked into wave and tidal power from pipe bridges and floating bridges. The report states that the technology still is in development and there is a huge need for further development. With this knowledge, some very rough estimations where made of what a bridge constructions could produce.

Eight kilometers of these installations will theoretically produce 1 terawatt hour per year which covers the energy usage of 50 000 Norwegians households a year.

wave power

power output (GW/km/year) min

max

fixed bridge

17

200

floating bridge

20

235

tidal power

60

120

180

240

0

60

120

180

240

power output (GW/km/year) min

max

fixed bridge

13

89

floating bridge

16

105

illustration 35.1: floating bridge

0

theoretical

35

CONCLUSION The design should function as a compass towards a sustainable society, inspiring the citizens to believe in a brighter future. The people are a part of the process of change, working together, building the preferable city bottom-up.

In the future society, infrastructure should have multifunctional value by making smart structures with several levels of purpose.

Local resources should be used, provided they are renewable and resistant to change, enriching society and lifting the collective public in a sustainable manner. Gaining knowledge about the surroundings can make burdens into resources, such as by combining bridges with power stations, adding value to a structure otherwise considered to be a mere necessity.

Infrastructure should strive to be fun, diverse and accessible, but at the same time give more back to the traveler, so that the journey is experienced as more than a cost. The structure can enlighten the citizens as catalyst architecture by evoking their senses and feelings.

An accessible platform should be a social inclusive space with transparent architecture, both for the citizens to connect and to learn from each other. Transparency of the build landscape can educate the citizens by showing how the multifunctional structure performs with the environment in terms of mobility, sociability and utilizing resources. When having this framework as a base when designing, one can build a sustainable future, both economically and environmentally.

36

theoretical

illustration 37.1: Nørresundby marina

analytical frame In this section we use our theoretical knowledge to analyze the site. When building a multi-functional connection on the water we have to investigate the different layers of flows.

The first page creates an overview of the analytical site explaining the setting of Aalborg. The analysis moves through new developments, different flows as traffic and pedestrians.

Perpendicular to the traffic on land, is the marine flow and the different layers of the ocean. This chapter gives a greater understanding about the project site context, possibilities and challenges.

area of analysis For the analytical part of the project, the group is working in the area near the fjord on both sides of Aalborg and Nørresundby.

In some investigations the group will expand the area of interest further into the city to ensure the design can accommodate all of Aalborg and Nørresund, and not just the two harbor fronts.

As the map illustrates, there are only two soft mobility crossings over the fjord today. One is connected with the motorized car crossing while the other is connected to the train bridge. By car, the tunnel at the east part of the fjord is also an option.

The dark gray buildings on the mapping illustrate public and commercial buildings, which outline the extend of the city centers on both sides.

40

analytical

Connection to the north

Nørresundby

Aalborg

Connection to the south

illustration 41.1: analytical site with main arteries

5. Spritten In 2007 The old distillery site was appointed a part of the national heritage, meaning that the transformation of the site needs to be carefully considered. The area will be transformed into a cultural meeting point for the city, with room for both living space and working areas.

illustration 42.1: Spritten

illustration 42.2: Spritten

9. Opening of the Stream The opening of the Eastern stream will create a new recreational connection through Aalborg. It will open up the old industrial areas towards the public. Apart from the recreational value the stream will make Aalborg more resilient towards flooding and heavy rain. The project is connecting climatic adaption, green connections and city transformation.

illustration 42.3: Øster Å

future development New development within Aalborg leads to a rapid change in the structure of the city. Old industrial areas are being transformed into urban areas with green recreational spaces and cultural meeting places for the citizens.

Aalborg is a driver for the entire region, meaning that the new development also serves as a catalyst for Aalborg to enter the national and international stage. (Aalborg Griber Fremtiden, 2015)

The culmination of the new development in the city is the growth axis; going from the northwestern airport to the university campus, southeast of the city.

As a part of the area of growth is the old train yard area, Godsbanen. Situated south of the city center, plans for transforming this brownfield into affordable student housing and apartment buildings is already on the way.

42

analytical

An extension to this part of new development is the water management project of opening up the ‘eastern stream’, turning it into a canal ending in the fjord. Along this stream there will be a re-investment in the old amusement park of Karolinelund leading inner city activity towards the eastern transformed areas.

One of the more prominent new projects are the transformation of the old spirits distillery in the western part of Aalborg; Spritten, which will definitely lead to a resurgence of the area.

A project that will generate even more activity is ‘Stigsborg Brygge’, a large housing area being planned in Nørresundby revitalizing the harbor front.

As the eastern parts of both, Aalborg and Norresundby are undergoing this major development, an increased need for mobility and social programming should not be forgotten.

1

4

3 2 5

6

8

7 9

10

11

illustration 43.1: new development

The new development areas: Nørresundby harbor 1.

Nørresundby harbor 2.

Stigsborg Brygge 3.

Vesterfjordpark 4.

Spritten 5.

The north Hospital 6.

Budolfi Plads 7.

Eastern Harbour front 8.

Opening of the streams 9.

Karolinelund 10.

Godsbanen 11.

3. Stigsborg Brygge The development of the area Stigsborg is a transformation of the old agribusiness Hedegaard Argo and the factory Kemira where they developed fertilizer for plants.

illustration 43.2: East Harbor

8. The Eastern Harbor front The area is being transformed into a new sustainable and knowledge city center, where the focus point is the cultural heritage and how to built large scale architecture. Until today the area has been used as storage for the grain companies in Aalborg.

illustration 43.3: Stigsborg Brygge

illustration 43.3: Nørresundby Harbor front

The transformation strives to create an attractive neighborhood with new fascinating architecture and still preserve the spirit of the site.

The development is also focusing on creating peri-urban spaces with close recreational areas.

analytical

43

pedestrian flow and senses As mentioned in the theoretical part, the highest benefits of the journey experience is achieved in walking speed. The mobility system should also be a positive asset to the user. An experiment focusing on which elements attracted people’s attention on their way. This contributed to generate design guidelines for the project.

Concerning the ´reasons of choice´, the subjects traveled the culture bridge primarily for the new experience and secondly for the more basic abilities as safety and efficiency. People who chose the Limfjord bridge stated they had chosen this route since it was a better known crossing, this can also be associated with accessibility and visibility. Additionally, the experiment showed that on the Limfjord bridge, people looked just as much on the pavement as on the water and the buildings. This reflects a monotone experience which doesn’t stimulate the senses. Interestingly, the culture bridge

44

analytical

opened more the view to the water, as people crossing this bridge looked less on the pavement and more on the Limfjord, as well as on people.

When people look more on people, it implies the journey affords more possibility for social interaction.

From this experiment one can assume which qualities affect travel across the fjord, and from there have attributes for a good crossing. As mentioned before, accessibility and efficiency have an impact on the user’s choice of crossing.

Readable entrances, connections to main roads and sufficient width of the paths enhanced not only the accessibility. The experience and attractiveness were enhanced on the cultural bridge for soft mobilities through diversity and a welcoming design for pedestrian and bikes. This leads to more interaction along the way, enhancing sociability and urban life. This is further enhanced through more tactility, a careful choice of materiality and a closer contact to natural elements. A connection can thusly become a place that improves social lives and enables people to connect. Core data from the experiment can be seen in appendix page 92

It is the only way i know I think its the shortest route I used my GPS

ba ur

20%

n

le op

n

7%

itu rn

t

s

fu

g in ild

en m ve pa

I feel it is more accesible

er at w

33%

pe

bu

ee gr

40%

re

illustration 45.1: culture bridge, eye attention It is a new experience!

I think its the shortest route

It feels safer

34% 22%

I used my GPS

22%

It is pedestrian friendly

11%

11%

illustration 45.2: culture bridge, experience

er at w

m ve pa t

t

en

or

sp

le

n

op

an tr

pe

ee gr

gs

in

ild

bu

illustration 45.3: Limfjord bridge, eye attention It is the only way i know I think its the shortest route 40%

I used my GPS I feel it is more accesible

33% 20%

7%

illustration 45.4: Limfjord bridge, experience It is a new experience!

I think its the shortest route 34% 22%

illustration 45.5: existing bridges, soft mobility

It feels safer 22%

I used my GPS 11%

It is pedestrian friendly 11%

analytical

45

bike flow and the capacity When designing an infrastructure for crossing, one has to consider the different transport modes. Even though many citizens want a new connection for motor vehicles over the Limfjord, the group sees a change of vehicle as a better solution for the future mobility. Making it easier to be mobile by bike than by car will encourage citizens to see travel as more than a cost, as stated in the theoretical frame. A crossing with a prioritized bike- and walking path will act as a catalyst for change in mobility.

In 2010, Aalborg municipality started the project of Aalborg bike city with the intention of increasing the accessibility for cyclists by creating safer bike roads and increasing the visibility of measures for cyclists. The municipality’s key points for the future are: - The bike should be a central element in the future where the mobility in Aalborg is social, attractive, environmental, leasable and accessible.

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analytical

- In the sustainable strategy of the municipality the balance between cars and bikes should be changed in favor to bikes.

- In regard of climate and health, the municipality argues that bikes will lower the emissions of greenhouse gases and make people move more creating a healthier city.

The bike survey, as seen on the right, can give information regarding trends and reasons why people choose the bike. Based on population of 225.000 in 2025 (statistikbanken.dk, 2017) and the statistics from the municipality, one can estimate the max flow of a bike road for the future.

Diagram 47.1 shows the bike routes in the analysis site and the number of cyclists across the two bridges. The peak in traffic volume is during working hours (diagram 47.2). Expecting 40% of the population to commute to work in 2025, a future flow of bike road should extend 1,4 times the bike traffic that one see today. That means that a future bike road in Aalborg should handle at least 3500 bikes a day.

add numbers of bikes in indesign (Kulturbroen: 1143, limfj 3978) bikes 1143

3978 2017

2017

2400 2000

Bikes per day

1600 1200 800 400

2017

Recreational trips on bike 14%

60%

27%

30%

40%

2012

2017

2025

17%

2012

2025

20%

2017

2025

Leisure trips by bike and public transportation

Commuting trips by bike in Aalborg/Nørresundby

diagram 47.3: percentage

k4 wee

2012

50%

k3 wee

diagram 47.2: monthly bike count for April

Citizens of Aalborg biking several times a week 44%

k2 wee

k1 wee

SCALE 1:1000

diagram 47.1: super bike lanes with a higher capacity and better connected.

0,4%

2%

5%

2012

2017

2025

2121.000 000

21 000

2020.000 000

20 000

18.000

17 000

19 000

1919.000 000

18 000

18 000 42%

21 000

16 000

17.000

15 000

17 000

16.000

20 000

16 000 21 000

15.000

2007 2008 2009

19 000

15 000 20 000

21 000

18 000

19 000

20 000

17 000

2007 2008 2009 2010a year 2011 18 000 diagram 47.5: number of cyclists in Aalborg

diagram 47.4: percentage cars

19 000 18 000 17 000 16 000 15 000 2007

16 000

15 000 The survey shows that 49% of the subjects 21 000 drove their car at least once a week. Of the 20 000 people who used their car 42% said that they 19 000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 had the possibility to use a bike or bus.

18 000 17 000 16 000

15 000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2012

17 000

The number of cyclist increased from 20072009, but due to rough winters the number 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 is 2012starting to stabilize decreased greatly and again with 19.000 cyclists in 2013.

16 000

15 2007 000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

analytical

47

the activity and the experience of the city Aalborg is a dynamic city with many social, cultural and economic activities taking place year around. When designing a structure with a recreational value, it is valuable to see what kind of activities that are needed, when they are needed and how they are distributed.

In this way, the group can find out how the project can contribute to the city context and strengthen Aalborg and Nørresundby as the experience and knowledge city.

When comparing the two different mappings it is apparent that there is a clear connection between the activity centers and the public domain. Only few places could be classified as a public domain without having an activity center connected. Here ‘Jomfru Ane Park’ at the harbor front is an example. But when analyzing why this is such a popular place, the high level of activity around the park has

48

analytical

an important role. The activity is mainly due to the programming fixed around the park, but also its ideal placing in the inner city.

When analyzing the diagrams it is clear that the activity happens in Aalborg. It is a living and changing city with different events in different parts of the city, as seen in diagram 49.4. The users for each event are also changing. One can find family events at the Christmas market as well as youth activity such as Aamaze and Northern Winter Beat.

In some sense Aalborg is a small city. It can not accommodate too many of the same activities, before the costumer base is no longer adequate. For the project to strengthen the already existing activities and accommodate the different experiences the group needs to thorough consider the programming of the new structure.

DRINKS AT THE RESTAURANTS NEAR THE PARK

24

23

1

22

2 3

21

4

20

5

19 DINNING AT THE RESTAURANTS NEAR THE PARK

JOMFRU ANE PARK

18

6

7

17

PEOPLE GOING TO WORK

CONCERTS MIGHT APPEAR

8

16

COFFE SHOPS NEAR THE AREA OPENS

9

15 RELAXING IN THE PARK

10

14 13 CRUISES COMMING IN THE SUMMER

URBAN CHARACTER PUBLIC SPACE PUBLIC DOMAIN

11

12

PEOPLE HAVING LUNCH IN THE PARK

SCALE 1:1000

illustration 49.1: Public spaces

SHOPS NEAR THE AREA OPENS

illustration 49.2: Jomfru Ane Park

public spaces

activity jomfru ane park

The diagram illustrates the activity in Jomfru Ane Park, one of the busiest parks in the summertime. From the diagram one can conclude that can be the programming around the park that creates the popular environment.

The mapping illustrates the public space in Aalborg as well as highlighting perceived public domains.

DECEMBER

Christmas market Retail Gammel Torv

JANUARY

NOVEMBER

Northen Winter Beat Concerts Aalborg inner city

October fest Party Kildeparken

FEBRUARY

OCTOBER AUTUMN

WINTER Cultural Events

Play land Activity Nordkraft

Temporary Exhibitions

YEAR ACTIVITY

SEPTEMBER

International Events

Aamaze Activity Aalborg inner city

MARCH

Concerts

SUMMER

SPRING

AUGUST

APRIL

Chill in the Park Concert Various parks in Aalborg Tall Ship Race (every forth year) Ship Race The Fjord

Trunk Market Retail Aalborg South

MAY

JULY Asian Food Festival Festival Gammel Torv

JUNE

Aalborg Carneval Festival Aalborg

SCALE 1:1000

illustration 49.3: Activity centers

activity centers

The activity centers show a lack of activity in Nørresundby, with only one center based on retail, whereas Aalborg has both, cultural centers as well as different retail centers and work places.

illustration 49.4: Year activity

activity year around

The diagram illustrates the year around activity in Aalborg as well as where the activity takes place. From the diagram one can conclude that Aalborg is a lively city with year round activities.

analytical

49

marine flow and the ecosystem The fjord is connecting the North Sea and Kattegat, where water exchange from the two oceans occurs, but in addition to this, fresh water also flows to the Limfjord, coming from streams in the upland. This creates an exceptional environment. With a rich biodiversity. Because of the depth in the fjord, as well as the exchange of saltwater, the ecosystem can thrive.

The fjord is heavily influenced by eutrophication, which is the enrichment of nutrients in an ecosystem. The human activity near the fjord has for many years accelerated the rate at which nutrients enter the ecosystem which can affect the ecosystem negatively. This due to runoff from agriculture and development areas. (Sciencedaily, 2017) One of the consequences of the eutrophication is the change in the oxygen level which have an effect on the flora at the seabed.

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analytical

One of the most important species in the ecosystem in the fjord is the eelgrass. This plant has a high production of carbon and nutrients at the seabed. The diversity of different species is higher in the eelgrass meadows, which creates an overall higher biodiversity. Due to eutrophication, the eelgrass has trouble surviving in the Limfjord.

Another problem is the high production of microalgues which blocks light, preventing the species to live. (DTU Aqua, 2017) For the project the group will focus on how to enhance the ecosystem by cleaning the eutrophication that is human made, and thereby the eelgrass can create the high biodiversity the fjord previously had.

illustration 51.1: flora and fauna, the ecosystem in the Limfjord

analytical

51

the flows on water and the distances For the project to utilize the potentials at the fjord, the group needs in-depth knowledge about the flows on the fjord. The analysis focused on the different flows. On the water, cruise ships and tall boats have the largest effect on the mobility system. Vehicles as kayaks and small boats will influence the programming, but not the main traffic.

The fjord around Aalborg and Nørresundby was deepened during the industrialization, where the old industrial factories were placed, to make it more attractive and functional as an industrial harbor. Today this benefits the new water flows, where the depth of the fjord makes it attractive to larger ships such as cruise ships. Here, the passengers are provided with the connection to Aalborg and the northern part of Denmark, which is an important part of the tourist industry . To gain an understanding of the frequency of leisure

52

trips and private boats the group has analyzed the openings of the bridges in the fjord. As seen in diagram 53.3, the bridge is opening once an hour between may and october between 0521 and from october to may it is opening every hour from 06-19. To make the bridge reliable as a commuting infrastructure, the bridge is not opening in the busiest rush hours. It is also possible to call the bridge operator when arriving on boat outside of opening hours. The culture bridge has the same opening hours, but the bridge operator can refuse to open the bridge to prioritize train traffic.

If the new crossing also should open for ship traffic more frequently than every hour, it could make the connection less reliable as a mobile option. By having an opening frequency and allowing boats to dock at a short time by the structure, the crossing would be the most reliable option for bikes and pedestrians for crossing the fjord. Cruise ships and cargo ships that arrive in the morning should reschedule to pass before 6:30 and after 8:10 in regards of the commuting rush of bikes and pedestrians on the crossing.

Norresundby

Aalborg illustration 53.1: sea map of the Limfjord

The sea map shows the depth of the fjord. For every line, the depth increases where the deepest point is 14 meters. The map shows that at the harbor front of Aalborg and Nørresundby the fjord is the deepest in the Aalborg area.

23 21

22

20

june

6.360

july

5.363

august

10.146

september 2.784

october 1.452

illustration 53.2: cruise ships and passengers cruise ships and passengers The diagram shows the amount of cruise ships visiting Aalborg in the summer of 2017 and how many passengers arrive in Aalborg every month. This indicates the sluice in the design has to open more in august since there is not as many people commuting.

4

3

8 9

8 14 13

14 13

7

7 15

12

11

12 10

Monday - Thursday

Friday Monday - Thursday Friday

6

6 16

illustration 53.3: opening

5 5

15 may

5.568

3

2

4

16

720

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17

17

april

1

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3 2 1

1

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19

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4

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22 24

9 11

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May - October

October - May May - October

opening times October - May

The diagram illustrates the opening time of the two bridges. The light gray shows the opening hours of the bridges. The darker grays shows the different weekdays, where it is closed. From 24 to 6 the bridges are always closed.

53

CONCLUSION When creating a new connection across the fjord one must take into consideration the different flows on land and in water.

The number of soft travelers should increase in the future, in line with national regulations and predictions, therefore the dimensioning and the path design of the structure should embrace the development towards a more sustainable city. The marine life is an important part of Aalborg and should be treated as such. When building a structure one must respect the existing flows and habitats as well as seeing the potential in creating new flows on the water.

The eastern harbor front is in considerable development and a new connection positioned between Stigsborg Brygge and the Music House would be ideal to facilitate new flowsin both ways. The new crossing should create opportunities for more events along the eastern part of Nørresundby harbor front and connecting the two cities over social programs and public spaces.

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analytical

illustration 55.1: House of Mucis plaza

tools for design Derived from the conclusion of the analysis, the tools set up the basis for the design. These tools include the concept, design strategy and a general frame of the project. They formulate objectives and set the focus of the project to provide a backbone for the design.

design parameters The design parameters are the focal aspects of the multi-functional crossing. They describe the main characteristics to the design and what they seek to achieve. All the parameters focus on water and its capabilities, and serve as important aspects to each design decision.

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tools for design

identity

Restore the perception of water as a public resource rather then a barrier. Change how an energy producing industry could look like in the future. With a new perspective Aalborg can be an industrial city again, but not at the expense of the knowledge and cultural city. A new identity can inspire the citizens to be a part of change.

flow

When making the different flows of the city visible and accessible, the citizens will learn to live in coherence with the marine life, harvest the energy and utilize the mobility flow.

adaptiveness

Creating an adaptive typology that generates surplus values to the society, adapts to future changes and encourages sustainable living.

sociability

Design a transparent and social space with the public programming as the attraction. A place where the citizens can meet and work together harvesting and caring for the resources of the sea.

sensibility

Feeling the tactility and the sensation of walking on a platform on the water; at the slow speed of pedestrians and bikes one should experience the sound of the water and the smell of the marine vegetation. Gives the feeling of an urban space away from the city noise.

tools for design

59

design strategy The process of designing the new crossing over the fjord started with questions of scale and timeframe. The project starts in a small scale design to focus on the new connection and its details, being more than a merely infrastructure. Further on the projects shifts scale when moving into the far future. The group has investigated different far future scenarios that started from a carefully radical near future solution.

When speculating about the effects of the design of the new connection, it has been shifting through small scale to a larger scale of the city of Aalborg. One can never predict the exact blueprint of the future. Instead, the design should create compasses towards a desirable futures and therefore the design strategy has a focus on flexibility.

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tools for design

EFFECTS IN THE FAR FUTURE

OUTLOOK AALBORG

RADICAL N E A R FUTURE F O C U S LIMFJORD

tools for design

61

concept 4. surplus value To take advantage of the prime location of the water, social programs will connect citizens and enlighten them about sustainable living and power production

3. connection A bike and pedestrian road will connect the platforms and the two sides, creating a third crossing between the twin-cities

2. platforms Platforms of various sizes facilitate the energy production and other ways of harvesting the resources such as water gardens

1. power production Vertical axis tidal current turbines will harvest energy from the streams in the Limfjord, producing power locally in the city

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tools for design

tools for design

63

programming The programs were chosen to represent the platform as an enlightening, social, mobile and power producing structure utilizing the resources in the water. When the boundaries of the site are virtually non-existent, the group added the size of the different programs as a guide for the sizes of the platform. A grid of 10 by 10 meters was used to create a structure for the programming on the fjord. As seen on the illustration, the programming serves as a base upon which the surplus values of the structure arise.

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tools for design

interaction with water

people to people interaction

making the element accesible and friendly public space in motion - on land and on water

improving social life joining Nørresundby and Aalborg

enlightment sharing knowledge about innovative engineering solutions

meeting place for people with different backgrounds

raising awareness for environmental issues closer relationship with Flora and Fauna

tools for design

65

timeline development The platforms are created as a structure, that can expand through time. Possible expansions are imagined as shown in the illustration to the right.

The radical design for the near future is expected to be developed 10 years in the future.

For this phase the group has made a detailed design proposal. In year 15 the main platform can expand with commercial use still being accessible and transparent. In year 20 one can imagine the platform expanding in a more residential manner to have more eyes watching such a big and complex site. The group imagines in year 40, with the water rising, that more platforms will appear with the same character as the connection, keeping Aalborg mobile.

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tools for design

tools for design

67

open the presentation spread

Illustraion 67.1: masterplan 1:5000

design process The design process was built on the foundation of the theoretical and the analytical approach to the site. This resulted in a concept development through workshops and brainstorms, culminated in a method for designing the project. Through drawings and multiple selectory rounds of design proposals, the project design could begin to take shape

illustration 72.1: utopian under water

workshop stage Throughout the project there has been several workshops intended to drive the design forward. As a part of this, the project group has been intrigued within the topics of history, mobility and future design - ultimately leading the attention to the rich context of and the potential in the Limfjord in Aalborg.

Aalborg Nørresundby Industry Productive Cities Connections History

Bridges Ped. vs. Car Islands Platforms Flows

Mobility

New York - Roosevelt Island, East River pop. 8.550.405

0.60 sqkm

Fjord Ecology Climate Change

Water

Tidal Power Renewable Electric cars Power demand

Stockholm - Gamla Stan, Riddarfjärden

pop. 8.550.405

0.36 sqkm

Energy

New York - Roosevelt Island, East River pop. 8.550.405

0.60 sqkm

New York - Roosevelt Island, East River pop. 8.550.405

0.60 sqkm

Stockholm - Gamla Stan, Riddarfjärden

New York - Roosevelt Island, East River pop. 8.550.405

island comparisons

Stockholm - Gamla Stan, Riddarfjärden pop. 8.550.405

pop. 8.550.405

0.36 sqkm

0.60 sqkm

New York - Roosevelt Island, East River pop. 8.550.405

0.60 sqkm

New York -- Roosevelt Island, East River Rotterdam Noordereiland, Nieuwe Maas Newpop.

York - Roosevelt 8.550.405 0.60 sqkmIsland, East River

New York - Roosevelt Island, East River 0.60 sqkm

pop.

8.550.405 pop.

592.939 pop. 8.550.405

0.24 sqkm

0.60 sqkm

0.36 sqkm

We compared islands in various city centers to study the shape, size and function along with their advantages and disadvantages to the city context.

Stockholm - Gamla Stan, Riddarfjärden pop. 8.550.405

0.36 sqkm

Rotterdam - Noordereiland, Nieuwe Maas Rotterdam -0.24 Noordereiland, pop. 592.939 sqkm pop. 592.939

Nieuwe Maas

0.24 sqkm

Stockholm - Gamla Stan, Riddarfjärden Rotterdam - Noordereiland, Nieuwe Maas 0.36 sqkm pop. 592.939 0.24 sqkm Stockholm - Gamla Stan, Riddarfjärden Stockholm - Gamla Stan, Riddarfjärden pop. 8.550.405 0.36 sqkm

pop. 8.550.405

pop. 8.550.405 0.36 sqkm Stockholm - Gamla Stan, Riddarfjärden

pop. 8.550.405

0.36 sqkm

Paris - Île de la Cité, Seine 0.225 sqkm

pop. 2.229.621

Rotterdam - Noordereiland, Nieuwe Maas Paris - Île de la Cité, Seine pop. 592.939 0.24 sqkm 0.225 sqkm pop. 2.229.621 Rotterdam - Noordereiland, pop. 592.939

Nieuwe Maas

0.24 sqkm

Rotterdam - Noordereiland, Nieuwe Maas pop. 592.939

0.24 sqkm

Rotterdam - Noordereiland, Nieuwe Maas pop. 592.939

Paris - Île de la Cité, Seine pop. 2.229.621

0.225 sqkm

Paris - Île de la Cité, Seine pop. 2.229.621

0.225 sqkm

0.24 sqkm

Potsdam - Freundschaftsinsel, Havel 0.065 sqkm

pop. 167.745

Paris - Île de la Cité, Seine

Potsdam Freundschaftsinsel, Havel pop. 2.229.621 Paris - -Île0.225 de sqkm la Cité, Seine pop. 167.745 pop. 2.229.621

0.065 sqkm 0.225 sqkm

Paris - Île de la Cité, Seine

72

design process

pop. 2.229.621

0.225 sqkm

Paris - Île de la Cité, Seine pop. 2.229.621

0.225 sqkm

Utopia Dystopia Enligthenment Participation

Society

key attributes All of the themes and topic crossed in the design process have played a great part in shaping the key attributes of design, the design parameters.

Identity

Flow

Adaptiveness

Sociability

Senseability

‘the grid’ methodology When working with a large open, unprogrammed surface such as the Limfjord in Aalborg, we found it necessary to develop a method for placing our structure organized rather than random. We decided to place a 10 x 10 meter grid on the fjord, with the purpose to ease the programmatic placement.

Aalborg - Limfjorden

pop. 112.194

design process

73

sketch development

74

design process

design process

75

epilogue The compiled collection of resources, literature and illustrations used in the project. If no source is listed in the illustration list, the group has produced the material.

reference list Books: Kolmos, A., Fink, F. K. and Lone Krogh. L., 2004. The Aalborg PBL model -Progress, Diversity and Challenges. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press Appleyard, D., Lynch, K. and Myer, K., 1964. The View from the Road.

Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Corner, J., 2006. Terra Fluxus. In: C. Waldheim, ed. 2006. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. pp.21-35.

DiCerto, J.J., 1976. The electric wishing well: The solution to the energy crisis.

New York: Macmillan Dunne, A. and Raby, F, 2013. Speculative Everything. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Jacobs, J., 1965. The Death And Life Of Great American Cities. New York: Penguin Books.

Jensen, O.B., 2013. Staging Mobilities. Abington: Routledge.

Jensen, O.B., and Freudendal-Pedersen, M., 2012. Utopias of Mobilities.

In: M.H., Jacobsen and K. Tester, eds. 2012. Utopia: Social Theory and the Future. Abington: Routledge. pp.197-217.

Kiib, H., 2007. Harbourscape. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press

Kiib, H., Marling, G. and Hansen, P.M., 2014. Catalyst Architecture. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press Lynch, K., 1984. Good City Form. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Knudstrup, M., 2004. Integrated Design Process in Problem-Based Learning.

Aalborg: Aalborg University Press White, M. and Sheppard L., New New Deal: Infrastructure on life support.

In: K. Stoll and S. Lloyd, eds. 2010. Infrastructure as Architecture Designing Composite Networks. Berlin: Jovis Verlag GmbH. pp.56-64.

Allen S., Landscape Infrastructure. In: K. Stoll and S. Lloyd, eds. 2010.

Infrastructure as Architecture Designing Composite Networks. Berlin: Jovis Verlag GmbH. pp.36-46.

E-books and PDF: Aalborg Kommune, 2015. Aalborg Griber Fremtiden. [pdf] Aalborg Kommune.

Aalborg kommune, 2013. Cykelhandlingsplan [pdf] Aalborg: Aalborg Kommune. Available at: <http://www.e-pages.dk/aalborgkommune/793/ 78

epilogue

html5/> [Accessed 27.05.17]

Brink, D., Jermejeff, N., 2013. The development of a vertical axis tidal current turbine. [online] KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management.

Available at: <http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:666305/ fulltext01.pdf> [Accessed 22.05.17]

Energi Styrelsen, 2012. Fakta om danskernes elforbrug. [pdf] København: Energi Styrelsen. Available at: <http://varme.danfoss.dk/PCMFiles/14/ Heat%20Pumps/Fakta%20om%20danskernes%20elforbrug_Energistyrelsen. pdf> [Accessed 29.05.17] International renewable energy agency(IRENA), 2014. Tidal Energy [pdf] Abu Dhabi: IRENA Available at: <http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/ Publications/Tidal_Energy_V4_WEB.pdf> [accessed 28.05.17] Khalid, S.S., Liang, Z., Shah, N., 2013. Harnessing Tidal Energy Using Vertical Axis Tidal Turbine. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, [e-journal] 5(1). Available at: <http://maxwellsci.com/print/ rjaset/v5-239-252.pdf.> [Accessed 15.0517] web: 3. limfjordsforbindelse, 2017. [online] Available at: <http://3limfjordsforbindelse.nu/> [Accessed 30.05.17]

ArchDaily, 2017. Heatherwick Releases Updated Images For London’s ‘Garden Bridge’. [online] Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/389848/thomasheatherwick-designs-garden-bridge-in-london> [Accessed 23.04.17].

ArchDaily, 2017. Utopia Architects Proposes Public Park In Stockholm Shrouded In Glass. [online] Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/867450/ utopia-arkitekter-proposes-public-park-in-stockholm-shrouded-in-glass> [Accessed 23.04.17] Danmarks Statestik, 2017. [online] Available at: <https://www. statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1920> [Accessed 27.05.17]

DeZeen, 2017. New Images Released Of Heatherwick’s Garden Bridge Across The Thames. [online] Available at: < https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/04/ new-images-heatherwicks-garden-bridge-across-the-thames/> [Accessed 23.04.17]

DMI, 2017. Klimaet frem til i dag. [online] Available at: <https://www.dmi.dk/ klima/klimaet-frem-til-i-dag/danmark/temperatur/> [Accessed 02.06.17] Energi-, Forsynings-, og Klimaministeriet, 2015. Vedvarende energi i Danmark. [online] (06.08.15) Available at: <http://old.efkm.dk/klimaenergi-bygningspolitik/dansk-klima-energi-bygningspolitik/energiforsyningeffektivitet-0> [Accessed 10.05.17] EnergiNet, 2016. Forbrug i Danmark. [online] (29.04.16) Available at: http:// www.energinet.dk/DA/KLIMA-OG-MILJOE/Miljoerapportering/Sider/ Forbrug-i-Danmark.aspx [Accessed 10.05.17]

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79

Energi-, Forsynings-, og Klimaministeriet, 2015. Vedvarende energi i Danmark. [online] (06.08.15) Available at: http://old.efkm.dk/klima-energi-bygningspolitik/ dansk-klima-energi-bygningspolitik/energiforsyning-effektivitet-0 [Accessed 10.05.17]

E-learning.skaldyrscenter, 2016. Limfjorden [online] http://e-learning.skaldyrcenter. dk/ [Accessed 12.05.17] International Energy Agency, 2010. Hydro Power Essentials. [online] Available at :http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/hydropower_ essentials.pdf [Accessed 12.05.17]

International renewable energy agency(IRENA), 2014, Tidal energy technology brief. [online] http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Tidal_Energy_V4_ WEB.pdf [Accessed 10.05.17] Miljø- og fødevareministeriet, 2015. Vandområdeplan 2015-2021 for Vandområdedistrikt Jylland og Fyn. [online] (28.06.2016) Available at: http://svana. dk/media/202856/revideret-jylland-fyn-d-28062016.pdf [Accessed 08.04.17] Oxford Dictionaries, 2017. “Public - Definition Of Public In English | Oxford Dictionaries”. [online] [Accessed 23.04.17] Oxford Dictionaries, 2017. “Social - Definition Of Social In English | Oxford Dictionaries”. [online] [Accessed 23.04.17]

Op.N, 2016. Parallel-Networks. [online] Available at: <http://op-n.net/PARALLELNETWORKS> [Accessed 28.05.17] The Earth Project, 2017, All you need to know about tidal power. [online] <http:// theearthproject.com/know-tidal-power/> [Accessed 10.05.17]

The Green Age, 2017. Rance Tidal Power. [online] Available at: <https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/cos/rance-tidal-power/> [Accessed 30.04.17] The Norwegian Roads Administration, 2012. Ferjefri E39 Hovedrapport [online] Available at: <http://www.vegvesen.no/_attachment/415285/binary/711216> [Accessed 12.05.17]

Sciencedaily, 2010. Eutrophication. [online] Available at: <https://www.sciencedaily. com/terms/eutrophication.htm> [Accessed 30.05.17] Utopia Architects, 2017. The S:T Erik Indoor Park. [online] <https://www.utopia.se> [Accessed 24.04.17]

Videos: Forum Vies Mobiles / Mobile lives Forum, 2014. “What is the mobility turn?” Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G22hDmpfELk>. [Accessed 05.05.17] Other: Springsteen, B., 1984. Dancing in the Dark. New York: Columbia Records.

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illustration list page 11: illustration 11.1: IDP source: Mary-Ann Knudstrup, (2004). Integrated Design Process in Problem-Based Learning. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press page 12: illustration 12.1: Aalborg source: Energy Supply, 2017 [online] http://www.energy-supply.dk/article/ view/291115/aalborg_varme_korer_fjernkolingen_i_stilling page 15: illustration 15.1: merchant city page 16: illustration 16.1: industrial city page 17: illustration 17.1: knowledge and experience city page 18: illustration 18.1: future city page 23: illustration 23.1: possibilities cone source: Dunne, Anthony, and Fiona Raby. (2013) Speculative Everything. 1st ed.

Cambridge: The MIT Press. page 25: illustration 25.1: experience the journey page 27: illustration 27.1: Iseo Lake source: Christojeanneclaude.net, 2017. “the floating piers” [online] available at: http://www.christojeanneclaude.net/projects/the-floating-piers [Accessed 23.04.17] page 29: illustration 29.1: super kilen source: Visit Copenhagen, 2017. “super kilen” [online] available at: http://www. visitcopenhagen.dk/da/copenhagen/superkilen-gdk707822 [Accessed 24.04.17] page 29: illustration 29.2: garden bridge source:ArchDaily, 2017. “Heatherwick Releases Updated Images For London’s ‘Garden Bridge’” [online].[Accessed 23.04.17]. page 29: illustration 29.3: garden bridge flow source:ArchDaily, 2017. “Heatherwick Releases Updated Images For London’s ‘Garden Bridge’” [online].[Accessed 23.04.17]. page 31: illustration 31.1: indoor park source: ArchDaily, 2017. “Utopia Arkitekter Proposes Public Park In Stockholm Shrouded In Glass” [online] [Accessed 23.04.17] page 31: illustration 31.2: NY Parallel Network harbor front source: Op.n, 2017. “Parallel-Network” [online] available at: http://op-n.net/PARALLEL-NETWORKS [Acessed 20.05.17] page 31: illustration 31.3: NY Parallel Network top view source: Op.n, 2017. “Parallel-Network” [online] available at: http://op-n.net/PARALLEL-NETWORKS [Acessed 20.05.17] page 33: illustration 33.1: tidal range page 33: illustration 33.2: tidal current page 35: illustration 35.1: floating bridge source: img, 2017 available at: http://img.gfx.no/1748/1748821/ TU20110914E39_Bro32807_53_40%201109140703.jpg [online] [Accessed 12.05.17] page 37: illustration 37.1: Nørresundby marina page 41: illustration 41.1: analytical site page 42: illustration 42.1: Spritten source: Nordjyske, 2017. “Ja til 20 etager ved spritten” [online] available at: https://nordjyskeplus.dk/politik/ja-til-20-etager-ved-spritten/57e99d13-664b4167-ab07-c02de9747180 [accessed 03.04.17] page 42: illustration 42.2: Spritten source: Nordjyske, 2017. “Ja til 20 etager ved spritten” [online] available at: https://nordjyskeplus.dk/politik/ja-til-20-etager-ved-spritten/57e99d13-664b-

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4167-ab07-c02de9747180 [accessed 03.04.17] page 42: illustration 42.3: Øster å source: licitation, 2016. “Nye anlægsopgaver på vej” [online] available at: http://www. licitationen.dk/article/view/271549/nye_anlaegsopgaver_pa_vej [accessed 03.04.17] page 43: illustration 43.1: new development page 43: illustration 43.2: east harbor source: Øster havn, 2017. “ungdomsområder” [online] available at: http://oestrehavn.dk/ omraader [accessed 03.04.17] page 43: illustration 43.3: stigsborg brygge source: cfbo, 2017. Stigsborg havnefront [online] available at: http://cfbo.dk/projekter/ stigsborg-havnefront/ [accessed 03.04.17] page 43: illustration 43.4: Nørresundby harbor front source: Stigsborg havnefront, 2017. [online] “nyheder” available at: http://stigsborghavnefront.dk/nyheder?id=31 [accessed 03.04.17] page 45: illustration 45.1: culture bridge, eye attention page 45: illustration 45.2: culture bridge, experience page 45: illustration 45.3: Limfjords bridge, eye attention page 45: illustration 45.4: culture bridge, eye attention page 45: illustration 45.5: existing bridges, soft mobility page 47: illustration 47.1: super bike lanes page 47: illustration 47.2: monthly bike count for april source: danmarks statestik, 2017 [online] https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/ default.asp?w=1920 [Accessed 27.05.17] page 47: illustration 47.3: percentage source: danmarks statestik, 2017 [online] https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/ default.asp?w=1920 [Accessed 27.05.17] page 47: illustration 47.4: percentage cars source: danmarks statestik, 2017 [online] https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/ default.asp?w=1920 [Accessed 27.05.17] page 47: illustration 47.5: number of cyclists in Aalborg a year source: danmarks statestik, 2017 [online] https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/ default.asp?w=1920 [Accessed 27.05.17] page 49: illustration 49.1: public spaces page 49: illustration 49.2: activity jomfru ane park page 49: illustration 49.3: activity centers page 49: illustration 49.1: year activity page 51: illustration 51.1: flora and fauna, the ecosystem in the Limfjord page 53: illustration 53.1: seamap of the Limfjord page 53: illustration 53.2: cruise ships and passengers source: visit Aalborg, 2017 [online] “krydstogt” avilable at: http://www.visitaalborg.dk/ aalborg/krydstogt [accessed 29.05.17] page 53: illustration 53.3: opening times of the bridges page 57: illustration 57.1: House of Music plaza page 69: illustration 69.1: masterplan 1:5000 page 72: illustration 72.1:utopian under water source: http://ww1.cartelthemes.com/city-underwater-10679-hd-wallpapers.html#.

UrpI4JTYf6A page 87: illustration 87.1: harborscape source: Kiib, Hans, 2007, Harbourscape, 1 st ed. Aalborg 2007 page 87: illustration 87.2: the third connection source: 3. limfjordsforbindelse, 2017. [online] available at: http://3limfjordsforbindelse. nu/ [Accessed 30.05.17] page 89: illustration 89.1: tidal power station epilogue

source: The green age, 2017 [online] “Rance tidal power” available at: https://www. thegreenage.co.uk/cos/rance-tidal-power/ [Accessed 30.04.17] page 91: illustration 91.1: windrose source: DMI, 1999. [PDF] “TR 1999” available at: https://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_ upload/Rapporter/TR/1999/tr99-13.pdf [Accessed 02.06.17] page 91: illustration 91.2: climatology Aalborg source: Climate data, 2017 [online] “Klima: Aalborg” available at: https://da.climate-data.org/location/764739/ [accessed 02.06.17] page 93: illustration 93.1: Bike or feet map page 93: illustration 93.2: gender map page 93: illustration 93.3: Day or night map page 93: illustration 93.4: conclusion of experiment page 92: illustration 92.1:EFFEKT, HARBOUR FARM 2.0 source: Effekt, 2017. [online] “harbour farm 2.0” available at: http://www.effekt.dk/ work#/har/ [accessed 02.06.17] page 94: illustration 94.2: fish farming page 94: illustration 94.3: water gardens page 95: illustration 95.1: concept section page 97: illustration 97.1: turbine detail page 99: illustration 99.1: Aalborg poster source: available at: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/98/13/6a/98136a5f5bfef759ebd70832b55816a1.jpg page 100: illustration 98.1: The continuous monument 1 source: available at: http://images.e-flux-systems.com/2015_04_unnamed-2WEB. jpg,2000x2000 page 100: illustration 100.2: The continuous monument 2 source: available at: https://68.media.tumblr.com/a514fedd243a56a7e1912c5a57aad18b/tumblr_nd02a4kt4D1rionq1o1_1280.jpg page 101: illustration 101.3: The continuous monument 3 source: available at: http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/57c0/a7f4/e58e/ ce42/7700/00e0/large_jpg/fotomontagem_(3).jpg?1472243686 page 102: illustration 102.1: Captain Nemo source: available at http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zJl_GRpt1jw/VXtUYCm7BQI/ AAAAAAAADHs/s3SiPjBZu5o/s1600/20000_leagues_under_the_sea_by_ehsana.jpg page 103: illustration 103.1: The under water world source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/72/2e/97/722e97814149c1c7188d246a4d4ad55a.jpg Presentation: illustration 01: existing flows illustration 02: The platforms relation with the existing built environment. illustration 03: perspective section farm platform illustration 04: section farm platform illustration 05: elements in motion illustration 06: Perspective section Turbine Town illustration 07: section Turbine platform illustration 08: sustainable Energy Museum illustration 09: Perspective section Leisure Platform illustration 10: section Leisure Platform illustration 11: Leisure underpass illustration 12: Adaptable platform illustration 13: flows on water and by bike illustration 14: future vision

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appendix In the appendix one will find relevant cases, additional analysis and inspirational pictures, that have inspired the group and influenced the design project.

the thrid connection discussion Looking at Aalborg Limfjord, there has been a many suggestions for a new connection. In this section two of these will be discussed. First is the Harborscape Design Workshop led by BIG, where four different proposals of how bridging Aalborg can happen. The second suggestion is the ongoing debate about a third Limfjord connection over the Egholm island.

The Harbourscape Design Workshop The bridging Aalborg theme of the Harbour scape Design Workshop was led by BIG, it focused on connectivity. The starting point of the workshop was not to solely create a physical connection, but also a mental connection of the twin-city and designing bridges as urban architecture elements. Bridging Aalborg workshop proposed four hybrid bridges which link and merge the two fronts of the fjord, thus provide a new public space of the city. The

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four bridges offer multifunctional programs with recreational purposes, parks and new public spaces; setting as foundation for a new perception of the harbor front, that became the core of the urban space and the base for a new design that use scale and industrial typologies from it. (H. Kiib, 2007)

The Magic of the harbour â&#x20AC;&#x201C; its marvellous cultural potential (Andreas Pedersen, BIG interview)

From the west of Aalborg, the Leisure Bridge develops a series of leisure programs, extending between Lindholm and Aalborg passing through Egholm Island. This offers a new recreational route in a chain of floating artificial Islands enhancing light traffic between the city and the island. The Shopping Bridge is located where the railway bridge is today, shops, cinemas and parking facilities are arranged on the deck while a park-like pedestrian is placed on the top. The Limfjord Bridge has been upgraded into a more multi-functional bridge with new functions on its sides and below.

Finally, a new Residential Bridge set on the East

Harbor front presents an innovative design with residential towers an urban park and low speed traffic on top.

a highway on both sides, making it possible to move to the northern part of Denmark without going through the city of Aalborg.

The new bridge will connect the western side of Nørresundby, the island Egholm and the western part of Aalborg. It will connect with

Today the committee is still working on realizing a connection over Egholm.

The third Limfjord Connection Since 2003 a committee has been working for creating a third connection. Their vision is to create a connected northern Jutland that can evolve on both sides of the fjord. If the northern part of Denmark should be competitive, then it needs better infrastructure to make it both attractive for companies as well as for employees. (3limfjordsforbindelse.nu)

Even though one can see from the high traffic pressure in rush hour, that a new connection is needed, the suggestion has not been realized due to the Danish “Naturklagenævn”, where the suggestion in 2006 was assessed to be inadequate by a VVM-screening. The Eghlom connection would have influenced too severely the surrounding nature and wildlife, and thereby it would not follow the Natura 2000 and the EU-bird protection law.

illustration 87.1: harborscape

illustration 87.2: the third connection

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La Rance tidal power station The worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first tidal power station is located in France and opened in 1966. The structure is 750 m long and 13 m high. Two dams had to be built to block the river when constructing the turbines. There were severe impacts to the local environment; however, 10 years later it was considered that the Rance estuary once again had a rich diversity of aquatic life.

The 24 turbines produce power when the water levels are unequal and reaches a maximal daily output of 240 megawatts. The average tidal rate from low tide to high tide is 8m. This is the highest range in the country. The station produces an annual output of approximately 600 gigawatts which can power 130.000 households a year.

The station was in use 20 years before it paid for itself, but now it has produced a quantity

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of energy which would be an equivalent to 30 billion Danish kroners. It has a lower energy production cost than a nuclear power plant, but also lower capacity factor. 51 years after it opened, it is still producing 100% clean energy.

The infrastructural function is still active as a highway reducing the travel distance by 30 km.

illustration 89.1: tidal power station appendix

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micro climate To optain insights of the micro climate of the site, the group has analyzed the wind conditions, according to a wind rose with data from a nearby station. Additionally the group has been looking at the seasonal changes of Aalborg.

The most dominating wind direction in Aalborg is the west southwest wind. One can expect it to be more severe at the fjord, where no buildings are sheltering from the wind.

When designing outdoor urban spaces wind is an important factor. To create these windless niches vegetation can be a useful resource.

Illustration 02 shows the average temperatures in Aalborg. The chart is constructed from measurements from a period of 1961-1990.

From the illustration one can conclude that the climatological in Aalborg is rather low; with a maximum temperature on 19.8 degrees.

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Even though the temperature since this chart was made has increased with 1.8 degrees, the majority of the months are still relatively cold. (dmi, 2017)

From the micro climatic analyzes one can conclude that when creating a crossing on the fjord, the placing of the vegetation is crucial for comfort. If one desires to design inviting outdoor public spaces, vegetation can create shelter. Since the temperatures in Aalborg are rather low, the outdoor programming should not be the only attractive function.

illustration 01: wind rose

illustration 02: climatology Aalborg

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simulating urban flows In the course module “Simulating Urban Flows” the group conducted experiments that could accommodate the main project.

The illustrations show the results of the experiment. The course had a technical aspect; focusing on how one can use tracking technology in urban design.

Our analysis consisted of two parts: The evaluation of the questionnaire and the assessment of the GPS-tracks in QGIS. The analysis in QGIS provided us with information about the routes people took. Through the generation of the heat map we could clearly see which routes where preferred by most subjects. Additionally, some routes stood out, diverging from the other paths people took.

This invited for further analysis. We overlaid the GPS tracks with the questionnaire to evaluate whether deviations were mistakes of the GPS system, as there is a few meters inaccuracy by default, or if the route was taken

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on purpose.

In the questionnaire, we asked about peoples’ background, how they crossed the Fjord, what effected their choices on their ways and how the mobility experience affected them.

We further considered weather conditions, people’s feelings of safety, comfort etc. and orientation on the way. By comparing different peoples’ background with their decisions on the way, we extracted indicators for our own design.

illustration 93.3: Day or night distribution

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illustration 93.4: conclusion of experiment

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illustration 93.2: gender distribution

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illustration 93.1: Bike or walk distribution

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appendix

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illustration 94.1:EFFEKT, HARBOUR FARM 2.0 - 1

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illustration 94.2: fish farming

water gardens and farming This is an additional detail to the final design.

The first mussles platform from Aalborg contains oysters the water gardens as well as farming. The inspiration for the construction of the water gardens can be seen above. It is a project made

by EFFEKT from 2013. The idea behind the project was to create a structure that could transform polluted waters into urban fish farms.

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appendix

mussles

illustration 94.3: water gardens

oysters

In the group’s design, one finds a similar structure. The farming intervention is placed where the pollution from the water streams under Aalborg reaches the fjord, making an effort to clean the water and prevent the eutrophication of the fjord.

The idea is to have both, under water farming such as fish, mussels and oysters, but also have gardens above the water, creating a diverse urban garden for the public.

illustration 95.1: concept sections

the outskirt areas This is an addition detail to the final design.

The concept sections illustrates the different environment when moving away from the main connection. The users will get the chance to explore the areas and experience the calmer atmosphere. The platforms goes from being in a more urban landscape character, where smaller pathways of a wooden material are connecting with a more forest-like character, to

a more urban platform. At the open platform, the users are free to move in the open public space, where the wooden material creates a plaza, were flexible event can occur.

In the small vegetated sections of the platform one can find small routes, where the users can â&#x20AC;&#x153;get lostâ&#x20AC;? in the wild nature, and forget about the noisy traffic of the city.

appendix

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Calculation of turbine potential To find the energy potential of the project and the turbines, a calculation was made on the basis of consulting with hydrology professors at Aalborg University, statistics from ‘Energistyrelsen’ and reading publications on current design practises of renewable energy.

The calculations will not give the exact energy production of the facility, but give a qualified idea of the potential of the project.

- Stream in river: 1m/s (measured at Thyborøn Canal)

(Khalid, S.S., Liang, Z., Shah, N., 2013)

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appendix

Where: P=power of turbine p=water density=1027 hg/m^3 A=cross section area of rotor=12 m^2 V=velocity of stream=1m/s This gives a maximum power of 6.162 W at 100% operation time with 100% efficiency which is equivalent to 53.979 kWh/year With a tidal current stream of 12 hours a day and 4 additional hours of other streams containing kinetic energy gives a 75% operation time and with an assumed 60% efficiency on the turbine, it will generate 24.290 kWh/year.

A Danish apartment generates 2.443 kWh/ year (Energi Styrelsen, 2012) which means that every turbine could provide energy for 10 households in Aalborg.

A platform, containing 60 turbines would provide 100% green energy for 600 apartments in the city.

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illustration 97.1: turbine detail, measurements in meters

appendix

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inspirations As part of the inspiration for the project, the group sought to explore utopian architectural projects, fictional narratives with a futuristic undertone, and ideals that have specifically shaped the city of Aalborg. This led the group towards ideas and thoughts on how the project could evolve in a futuristic sense, but still rooted in the local history.

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appendix

On the page to the right is the poster of Danish advertisement artist Viggo E. Vagnby, depicting the essence of an industrial Aalborg. On his many tourist posters, he created a picture of Denmark, which not only tourists would like to see, but also the Danes themselves. “Aalborg viser vej” or “Aalborg shows the way” shows a post-WWII optimism of future development based on the industrial might of the city. When designing for a future Aalborg, this glimpse into historical positivism inspired the group to seek out the strengths of the city in order to enhance them, especially in the sense of how can Aalborg be a cultural and knowledge city, but still be a productive city in terms of energy and work.

illustration 99.1: Aalborg poster

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illustration 98.1: The continuous monument 1

illustration 100.2: The continuous monument 2

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The continuous monument, Superstudio (1969): The Italian architectural firm, Superstudio, sought in 1969 to broaden the discussion about contemporary architecture and to propose a near future utopia in which all architecture would be created through a single act. There is a somewhat extreme line of thought in regards of the contemporary affordances of architecture and how it can be used as an instrument for attaining knowledge and action through a radical idea of a total urbanization.

‘The Continuous Monument’ was a project that sought to challenge the existing settlement, and to see opportunities for regaining land, vitality and quality of life through making a whole new type of architecture.

‘The superstructure’ or ‘the grid’ was a conceptual speculation without any special consideration to topography and to the existing built environment, which is a interesting line of thought when our group took on the design task of working on the fjord, a seemly blank space. Even though it is not, the concepts of ‘The continuous monument’ was an inspiration in the opposite manner. How could we design something, on ‘nothing’, but still keep in mind the context of the city. illustration 101.2: The continuous monument 2

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illustration 102.1: Captain Nemo

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Under water world: When the group became interested in working with the fjord in Aalborg, it became apparent that we had to search for references that were evolving around the element of water. Instead of solely seeking architectural projects related to water, the group explored concepts and art that could inspire us to focus on the qualities of the profound waters. Water is often seen as a reliability in relation to the urban, but with climatic changes it has become apparent that designers and planners must find ways to achieve sustainable urban ecologies also in relation to water. The element holds an immense potential to become a new domain for humans.

The water world has been explored by many artists in terms of utopic pieces of art throughout history. How will climate change, influence the design of our cities in the future?

What marvels does the seas have to show us humans? And ultimately, how can we, or can we, live in harmony with the multitude of creatures the water holds?

illustration 103.1: The under water world

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introduction of the design

TURNING THE TIDE

Reading Guide: This folder contains plans, sections, renderings and diagrams of the group’s design proposal. The presentation folder can be read page by page as a regular booklet where each spread shows details of the visible segment of the section. To gain an overview of the project, the presentation can be folded out to reveal the site section in its full length in scale 1:200. The presentation starts with a masterplan in 1:3500 showing existing flows and the new flow generated by the intervention.

The plan is followed by a section showing the depth of the fjord, the connections to the harbor sides, the programming and dimensions of the platform. In the end of the section is a visualization for future development, catalyzed by the intervention and influenced by the future needs.

With our design, we aim to activate the fjord as a new medium for public mobility. By strengthening, but also maintaining existing flows of water transport, we seek to add a new dimension to the urban mobility network of Aalborg. The design incorporates a terminal for water ferries, a leisure boat passage, a club for kayaking, and a gateway system for larger ships. The project seeks to be a contribution in the debate about the third crossing of the Limfjord. Future Aalborg should be a city that

illustration 02: The platforms relation with the existing built environment.

facilitates sustainable means of transport, where future structures of cities should secure proximity between workplace and housing.

Therefore, we propose a system of platforms in the fjord primarily for soft mobility. The largest platform will produce power to the city in a sustainable and enlightened manner. With a third crossing of the fjord, the connection between city areas will be strengthened, ultimately making it easier to travel around and experience both, Aalborg and Nørresundby.

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illustration 08: Sustainable Energy Museum

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What if a new infrastructure in Aalborg could facilitate sustainable mobilities and ways of living by utilizing all the resources of the water?

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illustration 03: Perspective section Farm Platform The section shows the close connection to the farming areas, creating a coherence between the platform, the water and its resources.

0 10 illustration 04: Section Farm platform Dimensioning of the main path, is in accordance to the Danish road Regulation. On the side one can see the oyster harvesting.

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illustration 05: Elements in motion A gateway is constructed for the ships that are too wide or too tall for the underpasses. It opens every hour of the day if needed.

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illustration 07: Section Turbine platform The illustration shows the dimensioning and the space of the plaza, giving an idea of the spatiality of the space.

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illustration 09: Perspective section Picnic Platform The perspective drawing shows how sand, water and plants are implemented to give a marine park feeling.

The composition of the different materials creates unique atmospheres, as seen in appendix p. 93.

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illustration 10: Section Picnic Platform The section shows how different pathways through the structure interlinks and creates a closer atmosphere with the users. The platform design combined with nature creates diverse pockets for stay.

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Aalborg has for years discussed a new connection and the need is imminent. The existing soft mobility connections over the fjord do not have the capacity to handle the future flows of the two cities. The project aims at creating this connection over social programs and public spaces. A flexible and adaptable, modular platform design brings flexibility to the structure, making it possible to add on different programs for the various outcomes of interest and desires in the future. As the project aims to create compasses, and not maps, towards a sustainable and attractive future for the citizens, the design reflects the diversity of bottom-up utopian thinking.

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illustration 11: Leisure underpass A four meter high bridge allows a constant pedestrian flow, while small boats and kayaks can pass under the bridge.

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illustration 12: Adaptable platform The platform is floating on the water, but the pillars underneath are fixed to the seabed and prevents the structure from moving sideways. If the water should rise in the future, the flexible columns will keep the floating structure at the same location.

illustration 13: Flows on water and by bike The flow map shows the bike and water taxi network.

Sustainable transport can take passengers to the airport or towards Nibe in the west or towards Hals in the east.

recreational use beach

ferry

As a network infrastructure, the bike and pedestrian path connects the two cities of Aalborg and Nørresundby. Even though an increased percentage of the travelers will preferably move in means of soft mobility in the future, the need or energy will not decrease with the coming of electrical vehicles and autonomous cars. The design proposes to combine the infrastructure with a power station, harvesting the kinetic energy in the reliable tidal currents with turbines and generators as a part of the platform. Power is a ground pillar of modern society and is used for transportation, communication and technological devices. By utilizing the natural flows on a local scale to power the flows of the modern city, a sustainable mobile future can be achieved. By having the production close to the

section 1:200

Aqua Hub illustration 01: Existing flows

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citizens, exposure to the cycle of energy will be something they can experience and learn from, making them more engaged in the climate debate.

A ferry taxi system is creating a new public flow on water, making the element even more accessible. Water taxi is a sustainable and social way to travel from the east and west connecting northern Denmark. Using the waterway as a part of the public transport system to the airport or destinations further out can be important as the water is constantly rising, creating more wet surfaces.

The design aims to not change the identity of Aalborg, but to strengthen the industrial city in a modern setting, as an addition to the knowledge and experience city. In the mobile city, the flows are enhanced to the advantage of all the potential in the environment and at the same time securing the diverse marine habitat.

To experience and learn from the journey across the fjord, social programs is implemented between the industry and research centers. The sensation of traveling on water is also a part of the experience, enlightening the traveler to see the element as a part of the future public space. The sensibility of a marine urban space is enhanced in the outskirts of the platforms where the vegetation and the view gives you a calm feeling of being away from the city noise, but still in the city center.

A big scale project situated in the city center should be multi-functional, taking advantage of all the possibilities the site offer. One must dare to challenge the existing and explore the utopic to design a connection of the future.

reflection As the subject confinement for the semester project was broad and addressed the complex setting of the network city and a range of urban mobility systems, much time and effort were invested into defining the site, the time aspect and the what-if question. Therfore, the theory, analysis and the design process form an important part of the project. The time consuming start-up face resulted in a more conceptual design and thus the detail level in the presentation is to a large extend in a conceptual manner. This was deliberately done in order to illustrate how an intervention like this can integrate in a future environment.

Stated through the booklet, designing for the future is a difficult task because you can not fully predict the needs of the people, or for that sake the turn of events. The platforms are projected to be able to evolve, mirroring the citizens and the ideals they strive for in the future. As mentioned in the theory, the design should include the goal of creating compasses for people, motivating them in the right direction. Therefore, the designed platform serves as a core, on which there is a possibility to expand upon and adapt to whatever direction Aalborg is going. This flexibility also implies that the platform system, as a module idea, can be implemented in other cities.

A social project like ‘Turning the tide’ requires engagement from the people. Of course, the catalyst intervention should inspire the citizens, but “you can’t start a fire without a spark” (Springsteen, 1984). Without participation and volunteering, the community platform loses its

value, making the connection less interesting as an urban space. But looking at public spaces like Karolinelund, where the whole park is driven voluntarily by engaged citizen, one should not be worried about the city embracing the new and exciting programs of the project.

The ecosystem is a very intricate system where reconditions, no matter the size, will have chained impacts that are hard to foresee. The group gained knowledge about the processes of the ocean and learned from the case studies how a structure can affect the flow and sedimentation, which again can affect the marine habitats. But even with all this knowledge, it is impossible to design a structure that will have no impact on the ecosystem at all. Maybe after the construction, new species will find their place and flourish in the fjord - a change of environment is not necessarily detrimental.

Giving more functions to a crossing than just mobility is not revolutionary in itself, but the combination of a power producing structure and social crossing is something we have yet to witness. There is a risk that hybridization of bridges may be just a trend of over thinking traditional infrastructure, in regards of its primary function as a connection and maybe are the idea that ‘social programmed bridges’ give good dwelling experiences, just speculation.

However, in a dense urban city situation the mobility should be more than a single-minded travel from A to B, giving a surplus value to the travelers, teaching and inspiring while moving through the urban fabric.

illustration 14: Future vision

In a conceptual vision of the far future, the intervention remains flexible to the current needs. Enhanced by new mobility systems and living typologies, the fjord has become a public domain.

illustration 01: Masterplan 1:3500

illustration 02: The platforms relation with the existing built environment.

illustration 07: Sustainable Energy Museum

turning the tide

TURNING THE TIDE

Graphic summary

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’Turning the Tide’ is a social infrastructure hybrid which combines power production, infrastructure and social programming. With our design, we aim to activate the fjord as a new medium for public mobility. By strengthening, but also maintaining existing flows of water transport, we seek to add a new dimension to the urban mobility network of Aalborg.

With the platform landscape on the Limfjord the project group promotes a techno-ecology, where the structure itself can contribute to future power production when harvesting the energy in the tidal current. This serves to facilitate future usage of sustainable electric urban solutions within the city of Aalborg.

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Incorporated into the design, is a terminal for water ferries, a leisure boat passage, a club for kayaking, and a gateway system for larger ships. The project seeks to be a contribution to the debate in regards to the third crossing of the Limfjord. Future Aalborg should be a city that has facilitated sustainable means of transport, as future structures of cities should secure proximity between workplace and housing. Therefore, we propose a system of platforms in the fjord primarily for soft mobility.

illustration 03: Perspective section of the ‘Farm platform’ The section shows the close connection to the farming areas, creating a coherence between the platform and the water. The water gardens will cultivate sea mussels and oysters, stimulating the ecosystem and improving water qualities.

In a dense urban city situation, mobility should be more than transportation from A to B, giving a surplus value to the travellers, teaching and inspiring while moving through the urban fabric.

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illustration 04: Section of the ‘Farm platform’ Dimensioning of the main bike and pedestrian path is according to the ‘Danish Road Regulation’ in regards to future increase bike traffic volume.

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illustration 08: bike and water mobility flow The project connect to the existing bike network and secures a new crossing for soft mobility over the Limfjord.

The design is a new driving force for water mobility and does not only ensure local public transport on water, but opens up for longer commutes, traveling west and east along the fjord.

illustration 06: Section ‘Turbine platform’ The illustration shows the dimensioning of the path and plaza , giving an depiction of the spatial quality. Underneath the platform is the cross-section of the how a possible power-producing turbine system could be implemented as a part of the structure.

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Aalborg University | Urban Design | MSc02 Jorgensen | Nordby | Oehlwein | Salvi | Worning illustration 09: Section 1:500

Farm Platform

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Aqua Hub