EDIBLE LANDSCAPE AR2U080 | spatial strategies for the global metropolis tutors | Lidewij Tummers Paul Broekhuisen
freke aalpoel nina bohm laura garcia megan los yidong yang
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PREFACE
This project is about food and is the result of a group work for the course “Spatial strategies for the global metropolis” in the master of urbanism of TU Delft. The region that has been selected is the Ijssel Vecht Delta, in the Netherlands. We had a first stage in which we decided a theme (food), we did some analysis of the region, we did a diagnosis and from it we created a strategy that fits the theme and the region. After 5 weeks, each one of us developed a crucial intervention, one that was important for the achievement of the strategy. In the final presentation, we told our story, explained the strategy and the interventions. We collected in this booklet all the information, data, maps, drawings and sketches that explain the “Edible Landscape”. We hope you enjoy! freke aalpoel nina bohm laura garcia megan los yidong yang
HYPOTHESIS
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ANALYSIS
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SCENARIOS
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STRATEGY
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
FOOD HUB 66
ING
PH
RE
AS
DIE
NT
ING
S4
8
60
CITY 82
VILLAGE 96
WATER 108
APPENDIX
SLOW NETWORKS 122
CO
NC
LU
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36
ST
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GY
56
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HYPOTHESIS
CONSUMPTION 8/151
An avarage Dutch person eats 500 kilograms of food in a year. That equals 1/6 of an elephant.
500 KG
= 1/6 ELEPHANT
DAIRY AND CHEESE VEGETABLES
FRUITS
CONSUMPTION HYPOTHESIS
MEAT
SAUCES, SNACKS AND PASTRY The food consumed can be devided in multiple cetegories. In the Netherlands especially dairy products like milk, yoghurt and cheese form a large portion of the consumption, but also fruit, vegetables and potatoes have a big share. The food we eat daily comes to us from all over the world. We eat meat from Argentina, kiwis from New Zealand, wheat from the USA, peppers form Spain and salmon from Norway.
BREAD
PASTA AND RICE
CONSUMPTION 10/151 Currently 519000 people are living in the region. Together they eat 259.500.000 kg of food; the equivalent of 86500 elephants every year.
519.000 PEOPLE
86.500 ELEPHANTS
HYPOTHESIS
PRODUCTION
The region has a very big food production. In the region approximately 3900 million kg of food are produced. That equals 1.3 million elephants. Way more than the consumption in the region.
1.300.000 ELEPHANTS
PROBLEM STATEMENT Problem Statement The IJssel Vecht Delta, including the Noordoostpolder and Dronten, is one of the most productive food 12/151 regions in the Netherlands. Since the post war revolution the Netherlands as a hole has become one of the most efficient agricultural economies in the world. This has fundamentally changed the character of the landscape in the Netherlands, also in the IJssel Vecht region, making food one of our major export products. Although, the Netherlands consumes only 15% of the total food production, we import even more. Therefore, there is a discrepancy in the balance of the food production and consumption. At the same time, there is a growing trend visible towards local food preference and awareness about the relation food, environment and personal health is rising. These cultural trends demand a different economic framework that could enable the food balance to recover. Can the food balance between production and consumption recover by changing the economic framework into a circular economy regarding to the food chain in the IJssel Vecht Delta?
IN 2050 THE IJSSEL VECHT DELTA HAS A CIRCULAR FOOD CHAIN
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS
In this booklet we will look into what it will take to have a circular food chain in the IJssel Vecht delta. To replace the current global food system with a smaller, local one where the food consumed is produced close by, in the region. Looking at the numbers it should be doable....
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ANALYSIS
REGION
16/151 In the original region, the Ijsselvechtdelta, mainly milk and meat are produced. Therefore we expanded our region with the Noordoostpolder and Dronten to get a more divers food production. In Dronten and the Noordoostpolder are lot of vegetable and potatofarms. Zwolle is the only city in the region where the consumption of food is higher than production.
production and consumption
production consumption
AGRICULTURE AND NA
LAND USE MAP
Based on LGN7
Agricultural grass Corn Cereals Horticulture Other wetland vegetation Dedicious forest Conferious forest Potatoes Nature grassland Beets Moorland Other crops
ANALYSIS
Fruit farms
The land in the Flevopolder is more fertile than in the Ijsselvechtdelta. The land in the Ijsselvechtdelta is most of the time only suitable for agricultural grass. agriculture and nature
agricultural grass corn cereals horticulture other wetland vegetation dedicious forest conferious forest potatoes nature grassland beets moorland other crops fruit farms LGN7 ,Alterra, 2007
0
3
6
12
FARMS WITH ANIMALS In the region
3862 farms 346510 animals
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NUMBER OF FARMS WITH ANIMALS 700 600
623 536
500
385 401
400 300 200
325
315 226 145 150
100
253 161 175
113 45
9
0
TYPES OF ANIMAL FARMS 124
5
5
Cattle
245
Goats Horses and ponies Pigs
712
240
2531
Poultry Rabbits Fur animals
source: CBS
Typical animal farm:
Dairy farm in Raalte
ANALYSIS
126 X
AGRICULTURE FARM In the region
1329 farms 47097 hectares
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NUMBER OF AGRICULTURE FARMS 800
708
700 600 500
367
400 300 200 100
26
15
15
7
0
19
10
35
51
13
48
7
1
7
TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMS Potatoes
16 191 788
Agriculture vegetables 926
Cereals Grassseeds
5
Trade crops
50 43
926
942
Legumes Sugar beet Other agriculture crops Fallow
source: CBS
Typical agriculture farm:
Potato farm in Noordoostpolder ANALYSIS
37 ha
HORTICULTURE FARM In the region
269 farms
of wich 42 greenhouse horticulture
1942 hectares 22/151
NUMBER OF HORTICULTURE FARMS 100
91
84
90 80 70 60 50 40
31
30 20 10
5
3
0
7
0
13 2
14
7
5
0
0
7
TYPES OF HORTICULTURE FARMS 1
Fruit open soil
41 98
Horticulture vegetables Greenhouse fruit
129 Greenhouse vegetables
source: CBS
Typical horticulture farm:
Vegetable farm in Noordoostpolder ANALYSIS
9 ha
EDUCATION & RECREATION 24/151 Zwolle is a big education centre in the region. Next to the education there are valuable recreation areas in the region. There are three national parks, nature monuments and the cycling and hiking routes which are considered as positive attractions.
education and recreation
nature park visiting centre nature monument cycling and hiking route education
ANALYSIS
FOOD NOORD
FOOD REGION MARKETING
FOOD ACADEMY AMSTERDAM
In the Netherlands there are already many regions that use food as an identifier. If food is going to be part of the communicated identity of the IJsselVecht Region it should have a unique selling point considering the other food regions in the Netherlands.
FOODPORT ZEELAND
FOOD & FRESH LAB BRABANT
HEALTH HABITS
26/151 The population of Zwolle has the healthiest life style of the region and they also have a healthy life style compared to the Dutch average. This means that they smoke and drink alcohol less than average and that they work out more than average. Local and healthy food programmes might therefore catch on more quickly than in other areas. The population of Zwartewaterland have bad health habits compared to the Dutch average. In this region and also in the light pink areas there is a lot of room for improvement. health population
19-65 compared to dutch average
> 10 5 - 10 0-5 0 0 - -5 -5 - -10 Gezondheidsmonitor, CBS, 2012
MOBILITY urban areas
10min walking(0.8km) 10min cycling(2.5km) 15min Public transportation(4km) 10min Car(5km) rural areas 15min walking(1.25km) ANALYSIS
20min cycling(5km)
The transportation network is organised through the 20min Car(15km) railway, highway and local way. There are three ports and two airports located in the region. This mobility map can give an understanding of scale and time use of different transport modes.
port airport train station
mobility
10 min walking 10 min cycling 15 min public transport 10 min car
water transport highway railway local connection
15 min walking 20 min cycling 20 min car
0
3
6
12
18
Kilo 24
IMPORT
28/151 Exotic food like bananas and coffee are imported from outside the region. The highways and the ports form the main food transport route.
IMPORT import streams
ANALYSIS
EXPORT
From the Ijsselvechtdelta a lot of milk and meat is exported. The produced food is mostly gathered and Zwolle. As the main food distribution centre of the food products are transported from Zwolle to the rest of the world using the highways and waterways.
port airport train station water transport highway railway local connection
export
export streams
0
3
6
12
18
Kilo 24
FOOD RELATED JOBS 30/151 Zwolle is the economic centre of the region. Most jobs related to food storage and transport are located in Zwolle. Between Zwolle Dronten and Kampen there is backbone of food storage, industry and education. In the rest of the region the jobs are more related to food production and agriculture. With this map we can see there is a potential for processing and distribution in the rest of the region and not only in the backbone.
economic sector
main economic development transport and storage agriculture food water management education
WATER SYSTEM Ramspol protect from high water levels due to wind
1 in 500 yr Dike ring 9 1 in 1250 yr
Dike ring 10 1 in 2000 yr
ANALYSIS
Not suitabla for grass, crops or buildings without severe measures
The red lines are the dikes in the region. The pink areas are not suitable for grass, crops or buildings without severe measures. The current use of polder Mastenbroek, located in this pink area, is mostly agricultural grass, while it is not suitable for this purpose. We should keep this in mind when we intervene in this areas. Vecht
When dikes break and deep Dike ring 53 1 in 1250 yr Dike ring 11 1 in 2000 yr
IJssel (branch of Rhine)
H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten, Bureau BUITEN, Atelier 2T, De Beuk Organisatieadvies (2013). Verkenning lange termijn perspectieven IJsselVechtdelta. Provincie Overijssel, Gemeente Zwolle, Kampen en Zwartewaterland, Waterschap Groot Salland. Waterschap Groot Salland (2014). Legger primaire en regionale waterkeringen 2015. retrieved on: 9-4-2015 from:http://wgs.maps.arcgis.com/apps/OnePane/ basicviewer/index.html?appid=5de4299a0c6b42d6a 2dbfd7ff5197d78 0 3Legger 6 Waterschap Groot Salland (2014). oppervlaktewaterlichamen. retrieved on: 9-4-2015 from: http://www.wgs.nl/publish/pages/5622/ overzichtskaart_1_legger_2015.jpg
12
TRENDS
TRENDS
URBAN AGRICULTURE FOOD PRODUCTION KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY LESS CO2/N2/ ANTIBIOTICS LOCAL FOOD ORGANIC FOOD VEGETARIANS EATING MEAT WATER LEVEL WORLD POPULATION
POST-WAR
COLD WAR
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
OVERIJSSEL POPULATION
1950
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GLO
ANALYSIS
GLOBALIZATION
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
2050
2040
EXECUTION
2030
2020
2015
2010
2000
AWARENESS
-United Nations Database (web): http://esa.un.org/ wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm (18-02-15) -City population. Overijssel population by municipality (web): http://www.citypopulation.de/php/netherlandsoverijssel.php (20-02-15) -BBC news. Online article: “Quick guide: sustainable food” (web): http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/ nature/7121384.stm (15-02-15)
CURRENT SITUATION 34/151 In the current situation diagnosis map, we see that the region has a unbalanced relation between production and consumption of food. While in cities like Zwolle, the consumption is higher than the production, in the rest of the villages have a higer production than consumption. There is a big export center located in Zwolle, where all the food of the region goes to Zwolle, is processed and packed, and then sent to the rest of the world. There is also a protected area of the Natura 2000 system. Near Dronten, there is a potencial area in terms of innovation and education, than may be connected to Zwolle in the future.
current situation
export direction production and consumption
export dirction
production and consumption national park nature momument revreation port airport train station natura 2000 national park
SWOT
strengths
port
weakness big food production
ANALYSIS
need to import food
opportunity
The quality of the landscape and the diverse soil types are a streghts that the regions has. As an threats opportunity, the region has a very big part in the world’s food production and because of this, it has a huge export. The weakeness of the region farms is the need to import food, since people that live here consume more imported products than local food. Finally, the climate change flood riskand the rise of the water level is a threat, but can be turned into an opportunity.
work
institute port
national parks
economic ce
fertile agricultural farms
technology swot
strength weakness opportunity threat
0
3
6
12
18
Kilometer 24
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
declining local stores excessive food miles
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standard food offer Notthingham Zwolle region
sustainable food procurement Nottingham, UK
issues
}
95% locally sourced meat
100% locally sourced milk
150.000 saved food miles/
using existing legislation
local produce preferred in tender
‘open house’ events inviting farmers to the hospital
year
€0 additional costs
fase-to-fase visits to farmers
tactics
to
NHS
outcomes
using existing legislation •
•
the department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) in England recommends the use of environmental requirements in the tender. defra has 29 policies focusing on sustainability on environment, food and rural affairs.
changing the metrics •
including environmental metrics in the tender requirements (lowinering food miles and carbon foodprint) was an important condition for the success of the project. It created the a level playing field between the established profiders and local businesses.
shared culture change • •
creativity and flexibility from the catering team to work with the seasonal changes. restructuring the process did not have a negative financial consequence for the NUH and did not require extra funding or infrastructure.
ANALYSIS
NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
• high population density
Foshan
1879 people/km²
mulberry fish pond areas
• huge demand for food
3797 KM² 7.260.000 people
• frequently flooded areas
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Foshan Zwolle region 202 people/km² 2572.12 KM² 519.000 people
20 km
Chu Chiang Delta
mulberry fish pond model Foshan, China
situations
challenges
tactics
embankments for planting crops
waterlogged area became fish ponds
man-made ecosystem •
•
Originally, the delta was just a waterlogged area. Farmers dug and moved soil, piling it into huge rectangle or round shapes and utilized these rasied embankments for planting crops and where embankments are wide enough, mulberry, bamboo,etc can be grown.
•
The excavated areas became deeper, making them ideal for fish culture. • •
Mulberry leaves can yield cocoons, silkworm excreta and silkworm sloughs (molted skins). The silkworm excreta can both serve as feed and fertilizer for fish. It is a complete, scientifically based manmade ecosystem. The whole principle of building mulberry fishpond depends on nature process.
ANALYSIS
FOSHAN MULBERRY FISHPOND MODEL
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SCENARIOS
CONDITIONS
PROBABLE FUTURE
42/151 There are several conditions that can influence our project. The first coming 5 years are easier to predict than how the situation will be in 2050. Therefore we notated three possible futures for the conditions that are important for our topic. We also marked the most probable possible future for each condition based on the trends of the last century. This matrix helped us to form three possible scenarios for our region.
2015
POSSIBLE FUTURE
2020
2050
POSSIBLE FUTURES FOR THE CONDITIONS Energy Production Accessibility = ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ 0 =/↓ ↑ Energy Production Accessibility 1 = ↑ ↓ Energy Production Accessibility ↓ 12 = ↑↑ ↓↑ MOST32PROBABLE↓0POSSIBLE=FUTURES CONDITIONS /↑ ↓ ↑↑ 1 2 3
3 1 2 3
0 Energy = ↓ 0
=/↓ Production ↑ ↑ =/↓
↑ Accessibility ↓ ↑ ↑
Waste =/↓ ↓ 0 Waste =/↓ Waste = ↓/ ↓ ↓0 0 Waste =/↓ ↓ 0
Knowledge ↓ = ↑ Knowledge ↓ Knowledge = ↓ ↑ = ↑ Knowledge ↓ = ↑
Emissions =/↓ ↓ 0 Emissions =/↓ Emissions = ↓/ ↓ ↓0
Water ↑ ↑ = Water ↑ Water ↑↑ = ↑
0 Emissions =/↓ ↓ 0
= Water ↑ ↑ =
Innovation ↓ = ↑ Innovation ↓ Innovation = ↓ ↑ = ↑ Innovation ↓ = ↑
Population ↑ = ↓ Population ↑ Population = ↑ ↓ = ↓ Population ↑ = ↓
Local Food Culture =/↓ ↑ ↑ Local Food Culture = / ↓Culture Local Food = ↑/ ↓ ↑↑ ↑ Local Food Culture =/↓ ↑ ↑
Exotic Foods ↓ = ↑ Exotic Foods Exotic↓Foods = ↓ ↑ = ↑ Exotic Foods ↓ = ↑
The first scenario is the efficient landscape. In this scenario the economic growth and the water protection are the most important factors. The economy will be service based and the main way of communication is digital communication. People will order there food online and it will be delivered at there homes. Because face-to-face contact is less important, housing development will be less clustered which results in urban sprawl. In this landscape even more will be produced and there will still be a big import and an even more huge export.
ECONOMIC GROWTH
WATER PROTECTION
COMMUNITY
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
BIG IMPORT - LITTLE LOCAL CONSUMPTION - HUGE EXPORT
SCENARIOS
THE EFFICIENT LANDSCAPE
THE INNOVATIVE LANDSCAPE
44/151 The second scenario is the innovative landscape. In this scenario all the stakeholders and factors have to work together and find a balance. In this scenario there will be still a lot of food export to feed the world population. Therefore there will still be food export, but the population only consumes what is locally produced. The waterstorage is combined with food production to protect the cities and villages from the rising sea level.
BIG LOCAL CONSUMPTION - BIG EXPORT
The third scenario is the community landscape. In this scenario the community and the farmers are the most important stakeholders and the community and the sustainable production are the most important factors. In this landscape the society is based on sharing and caring. Local food is locally available and accessible by bike. The economic value is less important than the circulair food chain, therefore the export of food is zero. In this landscape there are also innovative ways of food production to get more divers food, because there is no food import.
PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION
SCENARIOS
THE COMMUNITY LANDSCAPE
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STRATEGY
INGREDIENTS
Mix city with food production Use big institutions as catalysts for a local business network
Bring food related functions together in food hubs
48/151 The strategy is composed of several ingredients, which can be used in different ways, depending on the conditions and the scenarios. We can apply them to the three different scenarios, and this way, the strategy would adapt to the possible futures. Each ingredient can be used alone, but the interdependancy between them is what makes the strategy stronger. Also, the ingredients have subingredients, they appear in the crucial interventions, and help the strategy in a different scale.
Stimulate the development in innovative food sector in Zwolle business district Create slow networks through landscape
New educational programs in food innovation in the Zwolle-Kampen-Dronte backbone of the region Integrating water to food production
INGREDIENTS
STRATEGY
mix city with food production
legend
main economic center densification areas/urban agriculture new developments/vertical farms railway highway local connections
INGREDIENTS
bring food related functions together in food hubs and in food points 50/151
legend
food hub near urban area farm + factory + recyclling railway highway local connections
INGREDIENTS
STRATEGY
integration of water with food production
legend
floodable area aquaponics dikes + recreation
INGREDIENTS
use big institutions as catalysts for a local business network 52/151
legend
school catalyst hospital catalyst influence area connection with region
INGREDIENTS
STRATEGY
create slow networks through the landscape
legend
main economic center green corridor + cycling paths local connections
INGREDIENTS
new educational programmes in food innovation in the backbone of the region 54/151
legend
main knowledge centers area connected to agricultural sector food innovation institution knowledge network knowledge backbone
INGREDIENTS
STRATEGY
stimulate the development in innovative food sector in Zwolle’s business district
legend
main economic center area connected to urban sector area connected to agricultural sector railway highway local connections
STRATEGY APPLIED TO SCENARIOS
ZWOLLE AS THE ECONOMIC CENTER OF THE REGION
ZWOLLE AS PART OF A NETWORK OF INNOVATION IN THE REGION
THE REGION IN A NETWORK OF SOCIAL COHESION AND INNOVATION TOWARDS FOOD PRODUCTION
Landscape
Landscape Agricultural Landscape
Agricultural Landscape
Techno
logy
Digital connections
Landscape
Techno
logy
Production centers
Production centers
Production centers
Inn ova
Foo d
a oc
L ECONOMIC CENTER
Knowled
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ge
od
l fo
tion
Knowledge Economy
ov
Cyc ling
Inn
Inn
atio
n
ov
od
l fo
a oc
atio
n
ge
INNOVATION CENTER
Participation
Knowled
ge
od
l fo
ca
Lo
L
Knowled
Research
Participation
Research
Research
Participation
KNOWLEDGE CENTER
stes Wa Small scale production
Wast e
s
a icip
n
tio
t
r Pa
Recreational nature
Zwolle legend
zwolle densification areas + urban agriculture agricultural landscape social participation digital connections relation region-zwolle relation zwolle-region relations between the landscape, agriculturall and urban areas
as the economic
center of the region
Wast e
s
ipa
n
tio
tic
r Pa
Recreational nature
Zwolle as part of a network
the region in a network of social cohesion
of innovation in the region
and innovarion towards food production
In the Efficient Landscape, Zwolle is the economic center of the region, and its relation to the production areas is about an exchange of food, wastes, knowledge and innovation. The conditions given by the scenario are a digital communication, food delivery, efficient agriculture, high production, economic growth and water safety. In this monocentric model, some insitutions have started to consume local food and products and keep a digital connection between them.
PROBABLE FUTURE
POSSIBLE FUTURE
This scenario is part of a possible future, but not a very desirable one, because the production is not very sustainable and social cohesion is not strong enough.
STRATEGY
STRATEGY + THE EFFICIENT LANDSCAPE
STRATEGY + THE INNOVATIVE LANDSCAPE 58/151 In the Innovative Landscape, Zwolle is part of the network of innovation in the region. In this model, there is an exchange between the production centers, creating a network of support and collaboration. The conditions given by the scenario are a creation of knowledge centers, implementation of urban farming, organizing food hubs and food points, new technologies such as aquaponics.
PROBABLE FUTURE
POSSIBLE FUTURE
The innovative landscape is the most desirable future, due to its social participation and innovative technologies that allow the strategy to add a mix of the ingredients to it.
In the third scenario, the Community landscape, the region transforms into a network of social cohesion and innovation towards food production. The conditions given in this scenario are use of innovative technology sucha as aquaponics, sharing and caring, local food accessibility. In the community landscape, there is a high social cohesion and participation, food is produced in a sustainable way, water is integrated to the landscape and to the food production, and there is also water storage to guarantee water safety.
PROBABLE FUTURE
POSSIBLE FUTURE
This scenario is a desirable future, specially for the social cohesion and the awarenes towards food production and consumption. However, is the utopic scenario, because is a very closed system and is more focused to a small scale production.
STRATEGY
STRATEGY + THE COMMUNITY LANDSCAPE
PHASING food is integrated in new development plans urban farming introduced in cities all food points are connected
slow recreational network first food points function well
food hub development
food point development 60/151 Mastenbroek can be temporaily flooded
institutes as catalysts
equiping Mastenbroek for temporary flooding dike around Zwolle and IJsselmuiden
Koekoekspolder is entirely flooded
innovative foodproduction with water Koekoekspolder food related studies at Windesheim realising student housing for interns in countryside attraction food related companies
critical mass for train station
expansion bussines Zwolle realisatin of good bus connections
2020
realisation train station
2030
2040
2050
The phasing of the project is defined in each one of the crucial interventions, with some stages in which in needed a contributing factor/action and some stages in which one intervention must be finished to continue with the next one. In the built-up map we have determined the food hubs and food points as the essential interventions and the other as supporting interventions. So if the food hub in the Noordoostpolder starts getting together food related functions in the region, some food points start appering in the cities and these way the social awareness about local food consumption increases. Then, farmers in the koekospolder would start implementing innovative solutions for water safety and storage and would be connected through slow networks to the landscape and the cities. legend
essential supporting
STRATEGY
BUILT-UP
STRATEGY MAP
62/151
food hub in the Noordoostpolder
STRATEGY
mix village with food in Genemuiden
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
slow network in polder Mastenbroek water intervention in Koekoekspolder
mix city with food in Zwolle
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CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
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The aim of this first crucial intervention is to bring together different functions in the food supply chain. By doing we hope to achieve three sub-goals:
INGREDIENTS
SUB-INGREDIENTS
• • •
Optimize the supply chain Stimulate collaboration between stakeholders in the food supply chain Allow consumers to experience the supply chain
TO OPTIMIZE centralised decentralisation
sustainable distribution
big institutions as catalysts
use existing initiatives
stimulate innovative production
accessibility by slow network
farms as entrance to food hub
‘open’ farms and factories
These developments will eventually support the circular food chain in the IJssel-Vecht Region.
big institues as catalysts TO COLLABORATE
TO EXPERIENCE
food hub/ points
slow network
preserve small farms
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
FOOD HUB
CURRENT SUPPLY CHAIN 68/151 The top diagram shows how the current supply chain functions. From the production column consisting of different types of farms food is moved to processing factories. Here, for example, milk is pasteurised or made into cheese, crops get packaged and after butchering, meat is made into sausages. After processing the products are moved to a very central distribution point and from there moved back to a local system of supermarkets.
production
processing
distribution
consumer
CURRENT SUPPLY CHAIN 1. Production is related to the soil types, as was already concluded from the analysis. 2. This local production is moved to a close by processing factory. 3. From these factories the food is moved to one central distribution centre. Here also food from other parts of the Netherlands or from outside the country is collected. 4. The distribution centre moves its products to supermarkets in the Netherlands. Concluding, the current supply chain requires a lot of transport. An average box of food travels approximately 567 kilometres before reaching a supermarket (Coley, Howard & Winter, 2009). The very central organised distribution centre makes originally locally produced products not recognisable as such.
production
processing
distribution
consumer
Coley, D., Howard, M. & Winter, M. (2009) Local food, food miles and carbon emissions: A comparison of farm shop and mass distribution approaches. Food Policy 34(2), 150-155
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
The system that is described on the left page also applies to the IJssel-Vecht Region.
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Project Calendar showing existing and extended seasonality of traditional foods
The AFN project has a variety of architectures and interventions customizable to each community: Project Components: Stacks, Vaults, Meshes and Poles
In search for a suitable way to intervene in the supply chain the project of Lateral Office (2012) offers and interesting exemplary project. Lateral Office researched with a similar goal a food network for the Foxe Basin in Nunavit (Canada). Although the differences between the IJssel-Vecht Region and Nunavit can not be underestimated, it is clear that effort search for new systems in the food supply chain is universal and that they can be profitable as well.
food culture • •
The traditional Inuit diet, which is centered on hunting and fishing, has been slowly compromised by an influx of southern manufactured food products. The import products are not only expensive but they have also increased diabetes and obesity rates.
regional network •
The Arctic Food Network (AFN) addresses an urgent need for a snowmobile accessed regional network of arctic farms, freezers, and camp hubs.
Jáuregui, J.M., Shiva, V. & Wiskerke H.(2012) Food for the City. NAi Publishers: Rotterdam Lateral Office (2012). Retrieved from (March 20, 2015) http://lateraloffice.com/ARCTIC-FOODNETWORK-2011-12
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
SUPPLY CHAIN INTERVENTION 72/151 To optimize the supply chain, we suggest to centralise the processing column and decentralise the distribution column. Projected to the IJsselVecht Region this means that there will be four food hubs introduced. A food hub being an area in which several processing factories and one distribution centre is localised. In this way a big part of the transport costs can be cut out of the supply chain system.
TO OPTIMIZE centralised decentralisation
sustainable distribution
production
processing
distribution
consumer
TRANSPORT greenhouse gas emission total food supply chain
-35%
In the current supply chain 75% of the total greenhouse gas emission in the system consists of transportation (Coley, et al., 2009). This means that bringing functions together in one area, decreasing distances, could save a big part of the greenhouse gas emission in the system.
greenhouse gas reduction total food supply chain
-25% FOOD HUB
greenhouse gas reduction total food supply chain
Coley, D., Howard, M. & Winter, M. (2009). Local food, food miles and carbon emissions: A comparison of farm shop and mass distribution approaches. Food Policy 34(2), 150-155
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
SUPPLY CHAIN INTERVENTION
75%
74/151
To detail this intervention on the food supply chain, here the Noordoostpolder is chosen as a pilot project.
ecological framework
weerribben-wieden
agriculture greenhouse horticulture
Marknesse
Blokzijl
Emmeloord compoworld
agriculture
geomatics business park
Vollenhove
agriculture Urk
Blokzijl Emmeloord
fruit
Vollenhove Urk cultural triangle
Schokland
Analysis economic activity Noordoostpolder
Marknesse
Analysis present recreation facilities Noordoostpolder
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
NOORDOOSTPOLDER
COLLABORATION Blokzijl
76/151 Looking for the most fruitful location for new collaborations to arise in the Noordoostpolder the economic analysis shows that already three processing factories are located close to each other. This could be a good starting point to gather more companies to create a food hub.
legend
possible stakeholder processing factory
TO COLLABORATE big institutions as catalysts
use existing initiatives
stimulate innovative production
preserve small farms
Marknesse compoworld
geomatics business park
In the intervention projects as Bioromeo and Weerribben Zuivel that already fit into the circular food chain should be used as catalysts and together with the overall strategy should gain more impact.
bioromeo • • •
BioRomeo is a collbaoration between agricultural farmers in the Noordoostpolder. Through crowdfunding the farmers invest in solar panels on the roofs of their farms. Who invests in these solar panels and contributes to a more sustainable food production receives payback in food boxes from the farmers themselves.
weerribben zuivel • • •
Weerribben Zuivel is a dairy farm on the edge of the Weerribben nature park. The Weerribben produces milk and milk products in a biodynamic way, which also means the cows walk outside in the nature park a majority of the time. Weerribben Zuivel is not just a farm, but also processe the milk that is produced into products that can be directly transported to the consumer.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
COLLABORATION
RECREATION weerribben-wieden
78/151 Together Urk, the village Nagele and the World Heritage side Schokland form a cultural triangle that the municipality of the Noordoostpolder tries to advertise (Gemeente Noordoostpolder, 2012). However, apart from this cultural hill the Noordoostpolder lacks the ability to attract many daytourists. The municipality expresses the wish for a new attraction point in the area.
cultural triangle Gemeente Noordoostpolder (2012). Recreatievisie Noordoostpolder 2012-2016. Gemeente Noordoostpolder: Emmeloord legend
recreational attraction
TO EXPERIENCE accessibility by slow network
farms as entrance to food hub
‘open’ farms and factories
weerribben-wieden
Blokzijl
Emmeloord
INTERVENTION
Marknesse
weerribben-wieden
Blokzijl Marknesse
In the Noordoostpolder the food hub could form the new recreational attraction the municipality is looking for. Locating the food hub on the edge of the Weerribben-Wieden nature park creates a programme that could attract visitors from area. Enhancing that location with recognisable cycling routes along the involved companies and farms will help consumers experience Choosing a location already close to three processing companies and in the middle of agricultural activity offers collaboration opportunities in terms of transport and recreation. legend
food hub recreational connection local distribution from food hub farms/ factories/ markets that are open to visitors distribution centre
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
Vollenhove
PHASING first food points introduced
food points are working together in foodhub
every foodhub is connected to regional network
attract entrepreneurs in recreational sector recreational routes connecting open farms
TO EXPERIENCE
transform farms to open typologies
create network for open farms
80/151 The phasing diagram shows the interdependency of the sub-ingredients used in the intervention and the way existing projects as the Weerribben and the BioRomeo initiative could be used as catalysts.
involvement compoworld and geomatics business park
TO COLLABORATE expand share solar panel project
construct regional distribution centre invest in sustainable trucks
develop regional product
move processing companies to project area
TO OPTIMIZE develop platform farmer, local business and recreational market
2015
2020
2030
2040
2050
Blokzijl
Marknesse compoworld
wild garden
geomatics business park
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
weerribben-wieden
82/151
INGREDIENTS
food hubs/points
mix city with food production
insitutes as catalysts
SUB-INGREDIENTS
community gardens
eco-industry parks
food parks
new developments
The objective is that Zwolle includes food production into the city’s land use plan, defining some new urban functions related to food. With the proposed land use plan, the food production is going to be protected and enhanced in the city, giving tools of governance to the community and other stakeholders involved. By integratinng new urban categories, the city of Zwolle would have a high awareness towards food production and would help the region to achieve the circular food chain in 2050.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
MIX CITY WITH FOOD PRODUCTION
city center
fruit trees community gardens
84/151
community gardens
food parks
urban wetlands
1. Community gardens
Range of influence
30 %
70 %
Markets Food Awareness production
Gardens Production centers
2. Food parks Food production + water management
10 % Urban farming + fruit trees
90 %
Food Awareness production
Guidelines “More grows in the garden than the gardener sows” Old Spanish Proverb Social participation Self organization for selling
Plant fruit trees in city parks
MUNICIPALITY OF ZWOLLE
Initiative of the municipality in urban farming (maintenance) Spaces for recreation in relation to food production
Mixed functions, adaptable urban development, including food production as a urban function
Housing
50 %
Food Awareness production Transformation of industry and storage areas
More density Better mobility Green typology
FRAMEWORK
INDIVIDUAL GARDENERS ENTREPRENEURS
3. New urban developments
50 %
SOCIAL GROUPS
Social awareness for food production and consuption
Recreation
City expansion
Stakeholders
WATERBOARD
SOCIAL GROUPS AND INSTITUTIONS MUNICIPALITY OF ZWOLLE LAND OWNERS (FARMERS) INVESTORS AND DEVELOPERS HOUSING CORPORATIONS SOCIAL GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS
The main ingredient is mixing city with food production. There are some sub-ingredients, which are content into a framework with range of influence, guidelines and stakeholders. These sub-ingredients are: 1. community gardens 2. Food parks 3. New developments (divided in housing and industry). With the framework, the steps the city has to make in order to achieve a circular food chain are defined, and they give the clear path for the development of the urban areas, protecting the existing landscape.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
Sub-ingredient
LAND USE PLAN 86/151
legend
border of municipality roads existing buildings community gardens food parks new housing existing industry adaptable industry new industry protected agriculture
0 1
4
8
16
24 km
COMMUNITY GARDENS
LAYERS
Defining typologies Participation approach
FOOD PARKS Zoning Urban program
NEW HOUSING AND DEVELOPMENT
INDUSTRY AND STORAGE Including other functions. Open typologies that offer different services (catering, restaurant) Mixed functions: industry-storage-housing eco-parks
AGRICULTURE Maintain the quality of the landscape and the existing agricultural land
The layers proposed for the land use plan of Zwolle introduce the food production into the existing urban functions. Defined by the framework, the new categories are: community gardens, food parks, new housing development, industry and storage and protected agriculture. Each one of these is going to be explained further on. Also, we have looked at some international comparisons, the case of the community gardens in the city of New York and the case in the anning river valley in China. With these two references, we learn some tools and methods of approaching to the integration of food and city.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
Urbanization models: Food production community gardens high density self-built systems
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON 88/151
anning river new south town (project) Sichuan Province, China
adapting to the landscape •
•
Hung, Y., Waldheim, C. (2011). Infrastructure landscape: case studies by SWA. Birkhouser Basel.
the proposal of the master plan is to mix the traditional land use with future developments, maintaining the heritage landscape in the region. a master plan for 200 ha, providing housing, facilities and attractions for turists.
introducing a new urban program •
depending on the area and the relation to the river, the program is introduced. In this case, a wetland park, medium-density housing and working agriculture are combined, in a direct relation towards the river.
new agriculture •
the new agriculture mixes the food production with recreation, water and housing. The heritage landscape is maintained, as new developments, more sustainable, appear.
new york community gardens New York, US abc
abc community gardens •
due to the high amount of empty and abandoned lots in the city, people starts to build gardens for the community. Since the 70’s people in low income neighborhoods have the opportunity to grow their own vegetables and fruits, creating awareness in helathy eating habits.
branding •
many of the community groups that maintain the gardens have created their own name and brand. This helps them to be identifiable, accesible and to have support from people and municipality.
participaton • •
the community defends and protects their gardens. the municipality wanted to close some gardens in order to give a different use to that piece of land. However, people saved most of them and this created a need for legislation that protects community gardens. Gittleman, M., Librizzi, L., Stone, E. (2010). Community garden survey: New York City: Results. GrowNY.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
COMMUNITY GARDENS
90/151
meerminnenplein, Zwolle city center
surrounded by housing
GUIDELINES
surrounded by water
in-between water and landscape
in-between row houses
The community gardens are an ingridient for social awareness towards food production. If we look at the total area of the 61 gardens we have mapped in the city of Zwolle, is comparable to the area of just one farm in the polder Mastenbroek (around 400.000 m2). This is not good in terms of production, as we know is very limited space and spetialization of people for growing diverse types of food. However, living close to the gardens, people can appropiate these new spaces, transform and integrate them into their lifestyles.
defining numbers and areas
61 community gardens area = 416,000 m2
1 farm in the polder Mastenbroek area = 400,000 m2 approx.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
in a closed block
FOODPARKS
92/151
almelose canal, Zwolle
GUIDELINES
Governance and stakeholders
50 %
20 %
30 %
wetlands river
fruit trees
recreational path
urban farming
wetlands
Recreational axis along the Almelose canal (connection to the natura 2000), implementing artificial wetlands for water purification and as a result enable land for food production. Plant fruit trees along the parks and roads, and open some areas for urban farming. These agricultural areas will be mixed with recreational functions, to enhance the awareness towards food. Is important to define the governance of the public spaces, so the stakeholders involved, especially the municipality, will be in charge of the maintenace.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
Urban program
ECOINDUSTRY PARKS
94/151 The industry and storage function is growing in the city of Zwolle. However, the way is being planned does not contribute to a healthy urban development. Because of this, the industrial area in the city (very important for the region) needs to be mixed with other functions, ensuring an urban model in which employees and inhabitants of the area can enjoy the landscape around them. These new typologies are going to be connected by food parks and will contain areas for leisure and relaxing.
ikea, business district, Zwolle
new housing mixed with urban agriculture, Zwolle
efficient row houses, new neighborhood, Zwolle
food buildings, new neighborhood, Zwolle
The new housing developments are going to be designed under the framework of the new land use plan. This means that food production would be included in the typology of the architecture and would enhance social cohesion and integration. The vision for the new neighborhoods of Zwolle is based on a strategy of participation and sustainability, where food production must achieve at least the 50% of the consumption of these new households. Different urban typologies can ensure this and can integrate the new functions to the future city.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS
96/151
INGREDIENTS
Mix city with food
SUB-INGREDIENTS
food hubs/points
community gardens & food parks
recreation connection
institutes as catalyst
mix food with industry
mix food with housing
The main ingredient of this intervention is mix city with food. Besides this ingredient, the ingredient food points and institutes as catalyst is used. For this specific location also four sub-ingredients are implemented. Genemuiden is located in the north of our region in the northeast corner of the polder Mastenbroek. Compared to Zwolle this is the implementation of mix city with food on the small scale.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
FOOD VILLAGE GENEMUIDEN
CURRENT SITUATION 98/151 Genemuiden currently has approximately 10000 inhabitants. These inhabitants together eat 1600 elephants. In the area of Genemuiden 2000 elephants are produced. Unfortunately these elephants mainly consist of meat, fish and milk. Genemuiden is dominated by (carpet) industry and the population have bad health habits compared to the Dutch average. There is currently no local food available. So there is a lot of room for improvement on these topics.
legend
roads buildings water park/green
Cijfers wijken en buurten, CBS, 2014
Current production
Production with Community Gardens & Food Parks (160.000 m2)
Current production: 2000 elephants Current consumption: 1600 elephants
Production with Community Gardens & Food Parks & Innovative food production company
Diversity current production Current production
Production with Community Gardens & Food needed for population Genemuiden in KG Food Parks & Innovative food production
Production with Community Gardens & Food Parks (160.000 m2)
Fish Cheese Meat Dairy Fruit Vegetables Potatoes Rice/Pasta/Bread Eggs
company
40000 130000 480000 1280000 520000 620000 350000 590000 7000
Pictures: Cellemuiden, www.maps.google.nl
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
On this page the main types of agriculture are shown. The land is mainly used as agricultural grass. Mostly Cows and Sheep are grazing the meadow. Agriculture characteristics the landscape.
Farm Cellemuiden Sheep and cows Cellemuiden
Agricultural grass Cellemuiden
CURRENT AGRICULTURE
COMMUNITY GARDENS & FOOD PARKS 100/151 If all green areas on the map will be transformed in community gardens or food parks, 50 % of the fruits and vegetables needed in Genemuiden can be produced. Community gardensproduction and food parks Current are definitely not the most efficient way of food production, but it could give a large boost to the awareness of the inhabitants about local and healthy food and food production.
Land & Tuinbuw, Ministerie Vlaamse Gemeenschap Picture: http://www.oregonlive.com/
Area: 160.000 meters Gardens & Production withsquare Community Production: % of fruits Food Parks50(160.000 m2)and vegetables
Production with Community Gardens & Food Parks & Innovative food production company
Production with Community Gardens & Food Parks (160.000 m2)
Production with Community Gardens & Production: fruitsfood and production vegetables. Food ParksAdditional & Innovative Compensated seasonal fluctuation CG & FP company
Genemuiden has an large industrial area with a good transport system. This industrial area is therefore also a good spot for innovative food production companies. An artificial lighting food company good for example compensate the seasonal fluctuation of the community gardens and food parks and produce the additional amount of needed fruits and vegetables.
Picture: Microchip fabriek wordt slafabriek in Japan, www.tuinenbalkon.nl
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
on
FOOD INDUSTRY
FOOD HOUSING & CHURCH COMMUNITY AS CATALYST 102/151 food housing Because of the large industry Genemuiden has a lot of jobs. Therefore Genemuiden is still growing. Genemuiden is currently expanding in the Tag West area, but it will probably grow even more. Food can be included in the development plans to create more awareness among the inhabitants. church as catalyst The church is very important in Genemuiden. At the last electives 50% of the inhabitants voted for a Christian party. So the church is the perfect institution to use as a catalyst for the plans of this intervention. The church can be used to inform the community about local and healthy food and enhance the developments.
Pictures: www.flickr.com & https://www.maf.nl/staf/ fam-paas/zendingsbureau-cgk
GREEN CONNECTION CELLEMUIDEN Cellemuiden is an beautiful (production) landscape at the east of Genemuiden. Unfortunately it is currently blocked off by the large industrial area. Genemuiden can be reconnected with this landscape trough a slow recreation route. This route will cross the industrial area in the south and in the north. In the north it will connect the route with the inner-city and in the south it will connect it with the recreational area.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
Cellemuiden
LOCAL FOOD MARKET 104/151 To make the local food accessible a food point in Genemuiden is really essential. There is already a central market in Genemuiden. This market can be transformed into a local food market. All farmers and production companies can sell their food here and the inhabitants from Genemuiden can meet and relax.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
TOTAL PLAN
PHASING & ESSENTIALS
Food is integrated in new housing development plan Tag West
Food is intergrated in new housing development and renovation of existing housing stock
Food is integrated in new industrial development plans Attrackting new innovation food companies Local food market Local food in supermarkets, restaurants etc. First CG Community gardens in every neighbourhood 50 % of fruits and vegatables is produced
First Food Park Expanding food parks in combination with the recreation connection with Cellemuiden Community programs in churches as catalyst
Creating slow food recreation connection with Cellemuiden
106/151 In the phasing it becomes clear that many ingredients contribute to each other. The food industry for example contributes for the local food market in the first stage.
2015
ESSENTIAL Although all the ingredients are contributing to each other there are some ingredients that are more essential for the intervention than others. The local food market is very essential, because without it local food would not be accessible. The food industry can create for diversity in the local food production. The church as catalyst is also important because it can reach a big part of the inhabitants very fast. The other ingredients are more contributing elements.
CONTRIBUTING
2020
2030
2040
2050
E
E
E
C
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
C
Industry/Work
Housing/Living
Housing/Living
Industry/Work
Industry/Work
Dalfsen
Wezep
Genemuiden
Local food market
Mix industry & food
Church as catalyst
Community gardens & Food park
Mix industry & housing
Recreation connection Cellemuiden
Genemuiden is quite a special village when you compare it to for example Dalfsen en Wezep. The percentage of industry in Genemuiden is way higher and in Dalfsen there is alreay done a lot to create awareness about local, healthy and sustainable food. The percentage of Christian people in Genemuiden is also exceptionally high. Therefore not all ingredients used for this intervention can be implemented easily in other villages. The local food market, community gardens & food parks and mixing food with housing development are not only suitable for Genemuiden. They could also be implemented in other villages in the region. The food industry, church as catalyst and the recreation connection with Cellemuiden are more specific ingredients for Genemuiden. That makes them less suitable for other cities.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
Living/Housing
IMPLEMENTING IN OTHER CITIES
108/151
INGREDIENTS
integrate water with food production
SUB-INGREDIENTS
food hubs/points
floating greenhouses
cycling and canoeing
slow network
natural shores
houses on mounts
This intervention uses the ingrediënt of combining food production and water storage and is located in the Koekoekspolder. The slow network an food hub ingrediënts also play a role. Next to these general ingrediënts sub ingrediënts specific for this area are used. These include floating greenhouses, houses and dikes on raised ground, cycling and canoeing and nature development on the embankments.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
WORKING WITH WATER
LAND USE MAP 110/151 The koekoekspolder lies in the north east corner of the polder Mastenbroek, just to the east of IJsselmuiden. Because of peat excavation in history the ground level is quite a bit lower (-3 NAP) than the surroundings. The area is mainly used for vegetable farming, partly in greenhouses. Because the area is the lowest in the region there is quite a lot of seepage. Also, in the unfortunate case of a dike break this area will be flooded with over five meters of water very rapidly.
H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten, Bureau BUITEN, Atelier 2T, De Beuk Organisatieadvies (2013). Verkenning lange termijn perspectieven IJsselVechtdelta. Provincie Overijssel, Gemeente Zwolle, Kampen en Zwartewaterland, Waterschap Groot Salland.
If in this area floating greenhouses would be implemented in combination with flooding it and using it as water storage safe food production could be guaranteed and the seepage problem decreased.
Silvis, L. G., Gehrels, J. C., Lindenberg, J. J., de Boer, S., & Holleman, E. (2002). Haalbaarheidsstudie drijvende kassen: samenvatting, resultaten. Delft Cluster.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
WORKING WITH WATER
FLOATING GREENHOUSES 112/151
Floating greenhouses fit the area because there already are greenhouses and in this way the water problems of seepage and flood risk can be managed. In this way the space can be used double. The houses, yards and roads would be raised on dikes and mounts. The embankments of these could be constructed in sush a way that they form interesting places for flora and fauna and thus add ecological value to the area. The greenhouses move with the fluctuating water level and cope like this with deifferent wheather periods.
Silvis, L. G., Gehrels, J. C., Lindenberg, J. J., de Boer, S., & Holleman, E. (2002). Haalbaarheidsstudie drijvende kassen: samenvatting, resultaten. Delft Cluster.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
FLOATING GREENHOUSES
RECREATION
114/151
This new flooded koekoekspolder with have floating greenhouses would be very interestingfor isitors because of the unique and innovative landscape. To facilitate these visitors the koekoekspolder should be to the existing cycling and canoeing routes in the area. Now the routes go around but new routes though the area will attract more visitors.
Provincie Overijssel, nationaal landschap IJsseldelta, Oost best. Ontdek de IJsseldelta. retrieved on 9-42015 from http://www.ontdekdeijsseldelta.nl/
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
RECREATION
FOOD POINT
116/151
FOOD POINT
cafe
information centre
store
playground
The area would contribute even more to the ircular food chain if a food point would be realised. A place where people can buy food produced in the greenhouses or sit on a floating terrace and have a slice of local strawberry cake. Also for instance a playground where children can experience the fluctuating water level, a kayak rent or information centre could be located here.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
kayak rent
COMPARISON
118/151 In the area is about 450 hectares of which 110 ha are greenhouses. The current land use plan allows for growth untinl 220 hectares, the physical maximum when space needed for infrastructure, facilities and water storage etc. is taken into account. In the greenhouses 23 mln kg, or 7800 elephants a year of fruits and vegetables are produced. That is roughly a of the kg consumed in re region every year.
CBS (2015). Landbouw, gewassen dieren en grondgebruik naar gemeente. retrieved on 9-4-2015 from http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/ selection/?DM=SLNL&PA=80781NED&VW=T gemeente Kampen. (2013) bestemmingsplan Koekoekspolder 2013. retrieved on 9-4-2015 from: http://www.gisnet.nl/ruimtelijkeplannen/kampen/ CE3ACED5-AEAF-4862-B286-7005A2E9F85A/t_ NL.IMRO.0166.00991062-OW01.html#begin
If the area would be flooded and floating greenhouses would be implemented 270 ha could be realised. That is more than is possible with the current system because of the space that is needed for water storage when the greenhouses are built directly on the ground. Every year 58 mln kg or 19300 elephants could be produced. That is more than two third of the consumption in the whole region. By intervening in this way next to the higher production the area would also be an attraction point for visitors.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
COMPARISON
120/151
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
122/151
INGREDIENTS
food hubs/points
slow network
integrate water with food production
SUB-INGREDIENTS
food point
running path
transition center
The purpose of this intervention is to connect people and food recreation. Slow network is the most important ingredients in this project. And the sub-ingredients are food point, transition center and running path. To use the ingredients to make a “food path” so that people can have food experience through slow network.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
SLOW NETWOK
N
y bike
CONCEPT
N
Koekoekspolder food point
KAMPEN
4 km 5km
ZWOLLE
ZWOLLE food point
y train
y car
N
124/151 This “food path� selected between Zwolle and Kampen is 16 km. The concept is to combine the slow and fast traffic to make a compact circle and use the new developed food point which located in the middle of Mastenbroek and the Koerkoerspolder to divide the path into small parts to make it more suitable for slow traffic and full of fun. And then to transform and upgrade the existing parking and transition areas into transition centers to encourage local residents and tourists to take advantage of the slow network and enjoy a health, green and food related lifestyle.
N
N
N
KAMPEN
KAMPEN
Koekoekspolder food point 4 km 5km
Koekoekspolder
KAMPEN
KAMPEN ZWOLLE
60 min by bike
food point 4 km
ZWOLLE 5km
10 min by train 18 min by car
60 min by bike
10 min by train 18 min by car
ZWOLLE
ZWOLLE
CONCEPT
N
KAMPEN
ZWOLLE transition center
running path
N
N
N
KAMPEN
Transition center
KAMPEN
KAMPEN
KAMPEN ZWOLLE
ZWOLLE
public transport car
Transition bike center
ZWOLLE
ZWOLLE
public transport car
bike
This intervention involved 3 stages: develop a food point, upgrade the transition center and improve the quality of the slow path. The newly developed food center in the middle of Mastenbroek consists of food parks, food factories, and food markets which gives people special food experience and help people to build the awareness of food. The transition centers make the food route clear in concept and encourage people to use it more frequently. And the running path is also indicating that the slow traffic is welcome here.
existing
proposed
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
N
PLAN N
Koerkoerspolder food point
kampen 126/151 This project consists of three parts, the food point develop in the middle of Mastenbroek, transition centers and improved slow traffic.
railway
highway
Zwolle legend
transition center slow traffic
APPLY TO REGION
Steenwijk Bant
Marknesse
Meppel
Hasselt Kampen Nieuwleusen Zwolle
The food path (food point-transition- running) can apply to the region which help people build up their awareness of food and also give people a strong reason to use the slow network. To make food part of their life and benefit from such things.
Het Harde
Epe legend
food path
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
Staphorst
FOOD POINT food market food park experienceing green house
128/151
N
kampen
Zwolle
This food point located in the middle of Mastenboek. There are food parks, food market and experiencing green houses to provide people a chance to get close to the food, see how the food were grew and produced and have a better understanding of healthier lifestyle.
food park
The food point give people a chance to get close to the food, see how the food were grew and produced and have a better understanding of healthier lifestyle.
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
FOOD POINT
TRANSITION CENTER Public transport
Kampen 130/151
N
kampen
Zwolle
Bike Car
The two areas were located in the city near the public transport. To upgrade the existing parking areas into transition centers to fit more needs and more them clear for local residents as well as tourists. Zwolle
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
TRANSITION CENTER
RUNNING PATH
existing
Type A
A proposed
existing
B 132/151
N
Type B proposed
kampen
Zwolle
C
Broaden the width of the slow traffic and make the running path clear.
legend
Type C
existing
proposed
slow traffic green car
10M
CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS
RUNNING PATH
134/151
CONCLUSION REFLECTION
136/151
By implementing this strategy the IJssel-Vecht Region could be pushed towards a circular food chain in 2050. We believe that if people are involved in the food supply chain, where the edible landscape is protected and at the same time open for social awareness and if food is produced in an innovative and efficient way, accessible to its local consumers, food consumed in the region can be produced in the region.
CIRCULAR FOOD CHAIN 2050
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
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REFLECTION
Reflecting on the strategy we developed, we see elements that could stimulate stakeholders in this region to start collaborating towards a regional food system. However, this is a system in which increasingly global companies make up the rules and it is questionable if a new developing system can compete with them. If this strategy would be taken on and developed further we suggest looking for a strong economic feasibility research and target group discussions to embed the strategy in its context. The context we have been working in, being a project group with different backgrounds and interests, we enjoyed as a challenge. The regional scale of the project made group work even more relevant, as our strategy could not have been as comprehensive now it is developed in a team of students. Our group grew into a team over the last eight weeks and we enjoyed making this end result.
CONCLUSION
Working on the theme has made us become very aware about the implications of the food system on our surroundings. It has become clear that food has a huge impact on the Dutch landscape and economy, even if it is not always as visible.
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APPENDIX
The IJssel Vecht Delta, including the Noordoostpolder and Dronten, is one of the most productive food regions in the Netherlands. Since the post war revolution the Netherlands as a hole has become one of the most efficient agricultural economies in the world. This has fundamentally changed the character of the landscape in the Netherlands, also in the IJssel Vecht region, making food one of our major export products. Although, the Netherlands consumes only 15% of the total food production, we import even more. Therefore, there is a discrepancy in the balance of the food production and consumption. At the same time, there is a growing trend visible towards local food preference and awareness about the relation food, environment and personal health is rising. These cultural trends demand a
Team: Freke Aalpoel Nina Bohm Laura A. Garcia Megan Los Yidong Yang
Type: Idealistic strategy
current food production........................ 1.300.000
current food consumption..........................86.500
number of inhabitants in the region (2015).............519.000
1 elephant = 3000 kg
Program:
Problem Statement
>>> FACTS & FIGURES
IN 2050 THE IJSSELVECHTDELTA HAS A CIRCULAR FOOD CHAIN
EDIBLE LANDSCAPE
142/151 Our region, conformed by the Ijssel Vecht Delta and the Noordostpolder, has a very diverse food production, as a consequence of the different land types in the region. If we look only at the delta area, food production would be mainly of meat and dairy. If we have wider look to the noordoostpolder area, some cereals, fruits and vegetables, potatoes and corn are also being produced. In order to include all the qualities of the agricultural landscape in our strategy, we have selected a broader area.
Analysis
different economic framework that could enable the food balance to recover. Can the food balance between production and consumption recover by changing the economic framework into a circular economy regarding to the food chain in the IJssel Vecht Delta?
POST-WAR
1960
COLD WAR
fertile agricultural farms
The Community Landscape
The innovativeLandscape
The Efficient Landscape
SCENARIOS
OVERIJSSEL POPULATION
WORLD POPULATION
WATER LEVEL
EATING MEAT
VEGETARIANS
ORGANIC FOOD
LOCAL FOOD
LESS CO2/N2/ ANTIBIOTICS
KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
FOOD PRODUCTION
URBAN AGRICULTURE
TRENDS
TRENDS
worldcircle food knowledge network
1950
2000
3
6
12
APPENDIX
18
AWARENESS
Kilometers 24
technology
0
6
EXECUTION
3
12
national parks
flood risk
farms
threats
weakness need to import food opportunity
strengths
18
Kilometers 24
technology
economic center
port
institute
big food production
0
3
6
12
national parks
flood risk
farms
threats
opportunity
weakness
strengths
PRODUCTION DIVERSITY
fertile agricultural farms
port
PRODUCTION VS CONSUMPTION
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
economic center
fertile agricultural farms
national parks
institute worldcircle food farms knowledge network port flood risk
threats
GLOBALIZATION
0
strength
weakness big food production opportunity
2010
need to import food
1970
strengths port
2015
need to import food big food production
1980
weakness
2020
port
1990
oppurtunity
2030
threat
2040
SWOT
2050
18
Kilometers 24
technology
economic center
port
institute
consumption
production
In the second scenario, the Innovative Landscape, Zwolle is part of the network of innovation in the region. In this model, there is an exchange between the production centers, creating a network of support and collaboration. The conditions given by the scenario are a creation of knowledge centers, implementation of urban farming, organizing food hubs and food points, new technologies such as aquaponics. Here, the knowledge backbone, concentrated between the cities of Zwolle, Kampen and Dronten, start interacting to the rest of the region, exchanging knowledge, research and
In the first scenario, the Efficient Landscape, Zwolle is the economic center of the region, and its relation to the production areas is about an exchange of food, wastes, knowledge and innovation. The conditions given by the scenario are a digital communication, food delivery, efficient agriculture, high production, economic growth and water safety. In this monocentric model, some insitutions have started to consume local food and products and keep a digital connection between them. Also, the dikes are very important, they surround every city and village, protecting from the rise of the water level. This scenario is part of a possible future, but not a very desirable one, because the production is not very sustainable and social cohesion is not strong enough.
The strategy is composed of several ingredients, which can be used in different ways, depending on the conditions and the scenarios. These ingredients are: mix city with food production, bring food functions together in food hubs/points, slow networks through the landscape, integrate water to food production, use big insititutes as catalysts for a local business network, start new educational programmes in food innovation in the backbone of the region and stimulate the development in the innovative food sector in Zwolle district business. Having these ingredients, we can apply them to the three different scenarios, and this way, the strategy would adapt to the possible futures. If we look at the figures 1, 2 and 3, we have the diagrams that explain the conditions and variables of the region in each scenario.
Strategy
The Ijssel Vecht Delta region can achieve a circular food chain in 2050 applying these strategy, where people are involved in the food production, where the landscape is protected and enhanced by social awareness and where food is produced in an innovative and efficient way.
Conclusion
In the third scenario, the Community landscape, the region transforms into a network of social cohesion and innovation towards food production. The conditions given in this scenario are use of innovative technology sucha as aquaponics, sharing and caring, local food accessibility. In the community landscape, there is a high social cohesion and participation, food is produced in a sustainable way, water is integrated to the landscape and to the food production, and there is also water storage to guarantee water safety. Zwolle is no longer the center of the region, but every village and city is its own center, where people participate in the developing processes and there is a high awareness towars food production due to the food points. There are some slow networks connecting the hubs/points to the landscape and making food more accessible to everyone. This scenario is a desirable future, specially for the social cohesion and the awarenes towards food production and consumption. However, is the utopic scenario, because is a very closed system and is more focused to a small scale production.
innovative solutions for food production. These institutions would be connected, and would work in collaboration with the aim of boosting the region with innovation. Also, some food hubs are starting to come up with the aim of organizing the supply chain of the region, and some food points appear in the cities and villages. The emergence of these new hubs is going to influence the urban development in the cities, demanding for a new model that contents food production within them. This scenario is characterized for having a balance between economic growth, water safety, social participation and sustainable production. The innovative landscape is the most desirable future, due to its social participation and innovative technologies that allow the strategy to add a mix of the ingredients to it.
144/151 Stimulate innovative food sector
New educational backbone
Create slow networks
Use institutes as catalyst
Integrating water and food production
Food hubs and food points
Mix city with food
Figure 4
Figure 1
ge
Knowled
tion
s
ste Wa
ova
Foo d
Inn
Digital connections
l ca Lo
d
foo
Research
Knowledge Economy
Agricultural Landscape
ECONOMIC CENTER
Landscape
Production centers
Cyc ling
APPENDIX
Figure 2
ge
Knowled
on
ati
ov
Inn
logy
Techno
Recreational nature
s
Was te Pa
Participation
od
l fo
ca
Lo
Participation
INNOVATION CENTER
Agricultural Landscape
Landscape
ZWOLLE AS PART OF A NETWORK OF INNOVATION IN THE REGION
Research
ZWOLLE AS THE ECONOMIC CENTER OF THE REGION
tio ipa rtic
n
Production centers
Figure 3
Small scale production
Knowled ge
ov ati
Inn
logy
Techno
on
s
Recreational nature
Was te
Lo
ca
Participation
KNOWLEDGE CENTER
Landscape
l fo
od
Production centers
n tio ipa rtic Pa
THE REGION IN A NETWORK OF SOCIAL COHESION AND INNOVATION TOWARDS FOOD PRODUCTION
Research
distribution
59.500 ha. 25 km. 1200 ha. 139.000 elephants
consumer
Aimed effect: In the regional food hub different functions in the supply chain are brought together. This is to achieve three goals: • Stimulate collaboration between stakeholders in the food supply chain • Allow consumers to experience food chain • Optimise the supply chain
Stakeholders involved: Farmers (BioRomeo and Weerribben Zuivel), local entrepreneurs, daytourists, companies in food sector, municipality, Geomatics business park and Compoworld
Program: net transformation infrastructure landscape food production
Team: Edible Landscape Nina Bohm
>>> FACTS & FIGURES
processing
INTERVENTION
Specifically in the Noordoospolder, a food hub could become the recreative attraction the municipality is looking for, as the hub could offer a look inside farms and factories involved. At the same time farmers and processing companies are offered the opportunity to work together.
This intervention focuses on the supply chain that functions between the farmers and the consumers. The current supply chain needs a lot of transport to get products from farms to processing factories to distribution centre and than back to a local supermarket. The concept of the food hub is to bring together several processing factories and a distribution centre in one area to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create opportunities for recreation and collaboration. In the region four food hubs are introduced, here we zoom into the Noordoostpolder.
FOOD HUB NOORDOOSTPOLDER
146/151 system with food hub
current system
CONCEPT
FOOD HUB
-25%
-35%
75%
APPENDIX
This intervention uses the ingredient of combining food production with water. It focusses on the Koekoekspolder, the low laying (-3 NAP) north west corner of the polder Mastenbroek. The area has seepage problems and in case of a dike brake there will be more than 5 meters of water very rapidly. By implementing floating greenhouses in this area efficient food production can be guaranteed while the area can at the same time become an attraction point for visitors because of the unique landscape. To enforce this the recreational routes for bike and kayak in the vicinity could be expanded into the area. Also a food point where people can buy food produced in the area, sit down for a piece of very local strawberry cake or rent a kayak would enhance the attraction. This way the koekoekspolder can be used for effecient food production, water storage and at the same time be an attraction for vistors.
450 ha. 270 ha. 350 ha. 75 19300 elephants
Aimed effect: combine efficient food production with water storage
Stakeholders involved: growers, entrepreneurs, water board, municipality
Program: net transformation agriculture water houses food production
Team: Edible Landscape Megan Los
>>> FACTS & FIGURES
recreation
food FIT IMAGERY INSIDE THE BLUE FRAMES point + + AND TEXT INSIDE BLACK foodTHE production
+
water storage
KOEKOEK POLDER LAKE
55 ha. 10 ha. 100 ha. 61
Aimed effect: Create awareness in food production inside the city, bringing new urban functions together
Stakeholders involved: Social groups, entrepreneurs, individual gardeners, Municipality of Zwolle, waterboard, land owners (farmers), private investors and developers.
residential industrial port infrastructure landscape water community gardens
Program: net transformation
Team: Edible Landscape Laura Alejandra Garcia
>>> FACTS & FIGURES
Land use plan for Zwolle
eco-industry parks
Eco-industry parks
Food parks
food parks
new developments
Future neighborhoods in Zwolle
Zwolle with new urban functions related to food
community gardens
Mixing food with city is one of the ingredients of the strategy Edible Landscape to make a circular food chain in the Ijssel Vecht delta region. The objective is that Zwolle includes food production into the city’s land use plan, defining some new urban functions related to food. These “sub-ingredients” are the community gardens, food parks, eco-industry parks and new urban developments. With the proposed land use plan, the food production is going to be protected and enhanced in the city, giving tools of governance to the community and other stakeholders involved. This way, social participation is going to be very important , and from it the awareness of how the food is produced will increase, creating healthier eating habits. By mixing the city with food production, other ingredients of the strategy will be implemented, such as the slow networks to connect the city to the agricultural landscape and food hubs to cluster procesing and distribution areas in the city. Also, the food points are very important for the accessibility of healthy food in the city.
protected agriculture
industry areas
new housing
food parks
community gardens
MIX CITY WITH FOOD PRODUCTION
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uction
C
CONTRIBUTING
Production + m2) FP& Food Parks Food (160.000 Parks (160.000 m2)CG
Production Production with Community with Community Gardens Gardens & &
E
E
Connection Cellemuiden
C
Production Production with Community with Community Gardens Gardens & & Food Parks Food &Parks Innovative & Innovative food production food production Production + FP,CG & industry company company
E
Local food market Genemuiden
C CONTRIBUTING CONTRIBUTING
ESSENTIAL
Food related industry
ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL
Local Food Market
E
CONTRIBUTINGC
ESSENTIAL
E
CC
CC
EE
C
E
C
E
C
E
Food mixed with housing
C
E
APPENDIX
The main ingredient of this intervention is mix city with food. The population of Genemuiden currently have bad E E health habits compared to the Dutch E average. food production E The current of Genemuiden mainly consists of milk, meat and fish. By implementing community gardens (CG) and food parks (FP)C 50% of the fruits and vegetables C can be produced. If innovative food production companies will develop in the C industrial area, 100% can be produced. This food industry could also compensate C for the seasonal fluctuation of the CG and FP. The church is very important in Genemuiden. Therefore this community can be used to inform inhabitants about healthy and local food. The local food market will make the local food accessible. The green recreation route re-connects the beautiful production landscape of Cellemuiden again with Genemuiden.
C
Community Gardens & Food Parks
EE
C
E
EE
C
E
CC
CC
Church as catalyst
EE
C
E
C
C
E E
C
E
Recreation Connection Cellemuiden
Aimed effect: Making local food accessible in Genemuiden and making the population of Genemuiden aware of local and healthy food.
Stakeholders involved: Municipality of Zwartewaterland, Inhabitants, Church, Companies and Farmers
C
food parks and community gardens 160.000 m2
current food C production...............................2000
current food consumption...........................1600 C
Program: number of inhabitants .........10.000
EE
Team: Edible Landscape E Freke Aalpoel
>>> FACTS & FIGURES
Cellemuiden
FOOD VILLAGE GENEMUIDEN
C
E
C
E
C
E
C
E
2.36 ha. 16 km. 64 ha. 6 ha.
To connect people and food recreation to give people food experience through slow network.
Aimed effect:
Stakeholders involved: municpality of Zwolle and Kampen, land owners, local residents, design company, transportation companies
Program: net transformation urban area infrastructure landscape water
Team: Edible Landscape Yidong Yang
>>> FACTS & FIGURES
running path
KAMPEN
N
18 min by car
10 min by train
60 min by bike
This intervention involved 3 stages: develop a food point, upgrade the transition center and improve the quality ZWOLLE of the slow path.
KAMPEN
N
And then to transform and upgrade the existing parking and transition areas into transition centers to encourage local residents and tourists to take advantage of the slow network and enjoy a health, green and food related lifestyle.
This “food path� selected between Zwolle and Kampen is 16 km. The concept is to combine the slow and fast traffic to make a compact circle and use the new developed food point which is located in the middle of Mastenbroek and the Koekoekspolder to divide the path into small parts to make it more suitable for slow traffic and full of fun.
transition center
concept
plan
N
experienceing green house
ZWOLLE
food park
food park
food point food market
FOOD EXPERIENCE THROUGH SLOW NETWORK
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