MSc master thesis - Laura Garcia

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

BASED IN PLACE Alternative economies in the region of Chocรณ

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

BASED IN PLACE

ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIES IN THE REGION OF CHOCÓ

Master Thesis 24 - 06 - 2016 Department of Urbanism Faculty of Architecture and the built environment Delft Univeristy of Technology-TU Delft

Author Laura Alejandra García Velandia Student number: 4420217 lauraagarcia89@gmail.com

Research group Delta Interventions

Cover Photo Courtesy of Leonardo García

Supervisors First mentor: Taneha Kuzniecow Bacchin PhD MSc MArch - Delta Interventions Second Mentor: Francisco Colombo Spatial Strategy and Planning

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Key Words Alternative economy, Green Infrastructure, Environment, Community engagement, Restoration processes, Spatial planning, Colombia

SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

This graduation project is called “Based in Place: Alternative economies in the region of Chocó. This project tackles the question of how urban development should consider the qualities of the place, especially in fragile regions such as the Chocó in the Colombian Pacific. It also evaluates alternative methods of strategic planning to lead development into a sustainable way.

Problem description The neoliberal model of development in Colombia and many other countries in Latin America, is based on the extensive economic liberalization, privatization and irresponsible consumption of natural resources, which have negative impacts on the existing social and environmental structure: “one of the most common ways in which places have been transformed in recent centuries throughout the world is, of course, by capitalism.” (Escobar, 2010) The Chocó region, in the Colombian Pacific, has witnessed this type of destructive economy since colonial times, with the extraction of raw materials (gold, platinum, fine wood, timber, rubber and more recently biodiversity), each leaving a negative trace into the social, economic, ecological and cultural structure. Out of the 412,114 inhabitants living in this region, 80.2% is Afro descendent, 12.7 % is indigenous and 5.7% is white and mestizo (DANE, 2005). Of this population, 50% live in urban areas, where 90% of the people live with Unsatisfied Basic Needs (DANE, 2015). This situation is causing socioeconomic inequality, lack of opportunities and competitiveness with the rest of the country.

In relation to the current model of economy, illegal activities also take place,

trying to monopolize production from extractive practices. The armed conflict Colombia is living for the last 50 years directly affects geographically isolated areas, where rural communities are vulnerable for attacks and threats from illegal armed groups (guerrillas). For this reason, it is important to include urban and rural strategies for inclusive planning, offering protection and institutional presence in vulnerable areas in the Chocó region.

Research The aim of this research is to explore the possibilities of design an alternative model of development in the region of Chocó from a spatial planning approach, based on the integration of environmental and social potentialities, increasing economic opportunities in the region.

This alternative model of development is defined with a strategy which provides guidelines for the implementation of a structural plan at different scales, in different timeframes, mainly through infrastructure and environment. A structural plan which defines a better integration between ecosystem services and social and urban structures, recognizing the multiple benefits of using them into planning.

The integration of spatial, environmental and social aspects allows the strategy to host flexible programs, enabling change of different spaces in time and function, according to the current needs and shared benefits for the future. As a result, communities can grow more robust and ready to adapt to new situations, find alternative economic opportunities, reduce their vulnerability to threats and preserve their traditions and behaviors.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

The theory framework that I use to support my research is divided in four main aspects: economy, environment, socio-spatial and development. I understand the theories of Value of Natural Capital by Robert Costanza; the Ecosystem Services assessment

by Martin D. Matlock and Robert Morgan; Multifunctionality in Green Infrastructure Planning by R. Hansen and S. Pauleit; and local models of production based on the theories of Arturo Escobar. By implementing the ecosystem services assessment, the integration of natural processes in the built environment will clarify the multiple benefits they have in multifunctionality in planning processes.

Because of the complexity of the context of the Chocรณ region, a systematic approach is needed to be able to understand the different systems that coexist, at different scales. The methodology of approach to the context will be the analysis through scales of the social, economic and environmental systems, from the spatial and temporal perspective. This is achieved by using Mapping as the main method of analysis, where results are supported by statistic values, and theoretical literature, which derive in different layers of conclusions.

The multiscale approach is combined to a spatial and socioeconomic direction. This means that there is a spatial path and a socioeconomic path that the strategy works with in parallel. The direction from a current situation (problem context) towards a desirable future (vision) is defined by the strategy, as a transition process to achieve a desirable future.

The vision for the region of Chocรณ is the integration of ecological and social perspective, generating more economic opportu-

nities. It is possible to transform Chocรณ into a more competitive region, more connected, more independent and more proud, with a new model of development, based in Place.

Strategic design The planning proposal includes three main elements that build the strategy: Spatial interventions: interventions that specify the relation between existing structure and new/added elements (hubs, gradients and connections); Mechanisms of restoration: actions directly related to the restoration of lost ecosystem functions (restoration, production, urban expansion); and Co-creation processes: bring different actors together, and work jointly in order to produce shared outcome.

Strategy at different scales Space The hubs, gradients and connections are spatial elements that determine certain function The implications of these in space, at different scales, can be seen in the functions that each one of these elements host. Hubs work as catalyzers of specific functions (economic, social, and educational); gradients are shared spaces that can host different functions; and connections provide accessibility and conceive multimodality and functionality. The translation of the strategy at different scales is defined by the most representative elements of each one. For the scope of this project, the strategy will be applied until the local/ city scale, with only some examples or representations of the neighborhood scale.

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Time

Relevance/Reflection

The strategy also considers flexibility in time. This is achieved by implementing a phasing, for a short, medium and long term planning, in which there is an initial action (with the objective of recover a lost function), and is continued in time under the following parameters: the action develops and creates conditions for a next action to happen; the action can be continued with another action or through time; the action can work in parallel with another, in order to create new conditions for the next; there is dependence or engagement between actions, one cannot work without another.

Each action considers the involvement of specific stakeholders and according to their current needs, the actions can develop.

This project is developed in a framework of landscape transformation and impact of urbanization processes towards the environment. In a Latin American context, in the field of urban design and planning, the urgency of this research is to find a method to organize the territory in relation to the socioeconomic and environmental potentialities, where sustainable development at all scales relates to the integration of community participation and engagement in environmental restoration processes, to find choices and opportunities in alternative economies. By providing a structural plan that works at different scales and considers different timeframes, sustainable development can be ensured. Also, it provides flexible spaces that consider the current needs of different stakeholders, and are able to transform and adapt in space and time.

Urban design guidelines The implementation of the elements of the strategy synthetize in a structural plan, flexible in time and space. For this project, one pilot area has been chosen, the city of Quibdó and the town of Tutunendo. The strategy is to decentralize services and functions of Quibdó and turn Tutunendo into a new pole of development, complementing with new functions.

This way, Quibdó will have a stronger relation to its waterfront and to the Atrato River, focusing on distribution functions, while Tutunendo will develop as an important production center in relation to its strategic geographical condition along the road that connects the region to the metropolis of Medellín. A new innovation pole, in relation to productive landscapes will establish the path for growth of the town, in synergy with the functions and services of Quibdó.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This project is probably one of the most difficult and complex things I have ever done in my life. It started with a great motivation, and continued for one year with ups and downs (mostly downs) when I challenged myself and my capacities everyday. I am extremely happy with the results of this year, and although I know this project may remain as an academic excercise, I truly believe it can be much improved and applied into real life. But of course, I did not did this alone, so I would like to thank those who supported me during this last year.

I would first like to thank my two mentors, Taneha and Francisco, for believing in me, my ideas and to inspire me to work hard and give the best, always the best of me.

Taneha: Thank you for taking the time of organizing my disorganized mind. you helped me give structure to my ideas and find solutions when I was stuck. I also appreciate (a lot) your nice and encouraging emails, giving me the motivation I needed to continue. And overall, thank you for believing in me. Muito obrigada!

Francisco: I really think we both learned a lot about this place and how to work with such complex projects. I thank you for your time, your patience and your support. I really enjoyed our discussions in spanish. You once told me that from the begining we knew this was not a simple project, and you helped go through it . ¡Muchísimas gracias!

Angela: Thank you for listening, for your time and your help. You were always the-

re when I needed support and you didn’t mind spending few hours discussing about our projects. I was very lucky to have someone to share ideas and problems. You are a great friend and big things are ahead us!

Urbanism friends/colleagues: Infinite thankyou for all the laughs, support, meetings, drinks and more laughs. Without you all the past year would’ve been just too boring. I wish you all great things and I’m really sure you will all have a bright future! Juli, Alley, Nikita, Alkmini, Wahyu, Putri, Wenchi, Martin, Axel, Manos, Lilly, Kim, Rakesh, Ieva, Kate..and all the rest! I love you guys!...And remember #donotsettle!

Giannis: Without your love and support this year woud’ve been completely unknown.

Thank you for listening to my thoughts, for sharing our time and for your incredible motivation!

For the people in Chocó, whom received me during my field trip, thank you for opnening your house and showing me your beautiful region.

And last but not least, to my family and friends, both in Delft and Colombia. My parents and brothers, who gave me the encouragment to continue and kept me close in their hearts. Ma y pa, gracias por apoyarme en esta etapa con todo lo que necesitaba y más que todo, por confiar en mi.

Los quiero mucho!

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CONTENTS

Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction: Motivation of the study

1.2 Problem Definition

1.3 Problem Statement

1.4 Research question

1.4.1 Sub research questions

1.5 Aims of research Chapter 2 2.1 Methodology 2.2 Social and Scientific Relevance 2.3 Ethical paragraph 2.4 Expected results - derivables 2.5 Time working schedule Chapter 3

3.1 Theoretical Framework 3.1.1 Development theories 3.1.2 Environmental Economy 3.1.3 Social

4.Chapter 4

4.1 Analysis Regional Scale 4.1.1 Geographical conditions 4.1.2 Sociocultural dynamics 4.1.3 Economy 4.1.4 Synthesis map 4.1.5 SWOT analysis 4.1.6 Trends 4.1.7 Conclusions and recommendations 4.2 Analysis Intermediate Scale 4.2.1 Infrastructure 4.2.2 Movement and Flows 4.2.3 Existing typologies of relation with the therritory 4.3 Analysis City Scale

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Photo Courtesy of AndrĂŠs Mauricio Mosquera.

Based in Source: Place http://enamoratedelchoco.co / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7

Socio demographic profile Socio economic profile Urban structure Field trip results Governance-legal structure Governance-Armed groups Conclusions

Chapter 5 5. Planning Strategy

5.1 Vision

5.2 Spatial Strategy 5.2.1 Stakeholders

5.2.2 Spatial interventions

5.2.3 Mechanisms of restoration

5.3 Study cases

5.4 Pilot Projects 5.4.1 Strategy

5.4.2 Strategic projects 5.4.2.1 Phasing 5.4.2.2 Structural plan 5.4.2.2.1 North of QuibdĂł 5.4.2.2.2 Tutunendo

5.5 Strategy at different scales

5.5.1 Intermediate scale

5.5.2 Regional scale Chapter 6

6. Alternative economies

Chapter 7

7.1 Reflection

7.1.1 Further Steps

7.2 Evaluation

7.3 Conclusion

7.4 Bibliography Chapter 8

8.1 Appendices Chapter 5 8.2 Appendices Chapter 7

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1 1.1 Introduction - Motivation of the study 1.2 Problem Definition 1.3 Problem Statement 1.4 Research question 1.4.1 Sub research questions 1.5 Aims of research Figure 1.0. Transport in the Atrato. Source: http://www.offset.com/search/choco

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Colombia is a country with an immense biodiversity and landscapes. Most of these unique regions are usually isolated from metropolitan areas, intensive production and industrial centers. Some of them are inhabited, protected, and even forgotten.

The case of the Pacific Region is very particular. Bordering the coast of the Pacific Ocean, the land is covered by the one of the most biodiverse Rainforest on the planet, and is the geographic point that connects the Americas and two of the biggest oceans: Atlantic and Pacific. The Chocó-Darién eco-regional complex extents across approximately 17 million hectares, from Eastern Panamá to Northwestern Ecuador and it has a multitude of forest and fresh water ecosystems.

Because of the hard geographical conditions, urbanization processes have been very difficult in this place and the existing urban areas are isolated from the central, most urbanized and more productive region in the country. However, far from being a paradise on earth, the Chocó region has been facing a hard history of conquer, slavery, exploitation and poverty. Its fragile ecosystem is endangered by the amount of natural resources that it contains, leaving space for all types of extracting and harmful activities such as deforestation, mining and cocaine production. The high impact of these activities is generating alteration of natural cycles, threatening the environment, the biodiversity and the communities that inhabit the region.

How did one of the most environmentally rich regions on earth became one of the poorest, in terms of governance, well-being and biodiversity? Is it possible to chan-

ge the way we make use of our natural resources? Is it possible, from the discipline of urban design and planning, to make a proposal to change this situation? My main interest is to study the relation between human settlements with their natural environment in a context of development. How urban development in a fragile region can be enhanced through the understanding of the local characteristics of the landscape and its potential to grow in a sustainable way.

This thesis focuses on working with the qualities of the place, specifically of the Chocó region in the Colombian Pacific, in order to find methods of sustainable development, from an urban design and planning perspective. It will develop a planning strategy based on the spatial and economic potentialities of the ecosystem, and has the aim to find the possibility of having an alternative model of economy for the region.

The present report provide an overview of the research, analysis and proposal, in order to define the region, analyze the current situation and the impacts the actual economic model is having on the ecosystem, and at the end have some recommendations and conclusions.

My biggest motivation is to know that there is an alternative way of doing things in these fragile regions and that there is a chance to protect them, not only in Colombia, but also in Latin America and in the Global South. Is it by looking through another perspective, by changing our development model, that we will be able to save our natural resources and stablish a turning point for our “developing countries”?

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1.2 CONTEXT AND PROBLEM DEFINITION

Global deforestation In 2015, the WWF (World Wildlife fund) published the study “Living Forest Report” in which it is stated that more than 80% of deforestation global wide is concentrated mainly in tropical areas. If the current trend continues, it is possible that around 170 million hectares of forest will be destroyed or transformed in only one generation, between 2010 and 2030 (wwwf.es, 2015).

if we take only the areas the tropic, South America has the highest percentage of forest cover in the world. Likewise, it has the highest rate of deforestation; if we take a look at the period of 2000-2005, the deforestation rate is over 4000 thousand hectares. It is followed by Africa with 3000 thousand hectares, and Asia with 2500 thousand hectares. Because is the biggest forest, there is more to extract.

The data available in mongabay.com (website with a large database on wildlife and environment) shows that the percentage of total forest cover compared to land cover, Europe has 45%, South America 49%, North and Central America 33%, Africa and Oceania 23% and Asia 19% (Mongabay. com, 2016). Now, from this forest cover,

According to data from the UN FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 54.5% (60,499,000 ha) of Colombia’s land is covered with forests. Out of this, 14.1% (8,543,000 ha) is considered as primary forest. During the last 20 years, Colombia has lost 3.2% of its total forest cover (Mongabay.com, 2016). At this rate is still growing.

Makong Forest 15-30 million ha Amazon Forest 23-48 million ha Chocó-Darien Forest 3 million ha Atlantic Forest 10 million ha

Bormeo Forest 22 million ha

Congo Forest 12 million ha

Cerrado Forest 15 million ha

Sumatra Forest 5 million ha East Africa Forest 12 million ha

New Guinea Forest 7 million ha

Eastern Australasia Forest 3-6 million ha

Figure 1.1. Deforestation in tropical rainforests. Source: WWF Spain: http://www.wwf.es. Made by author based on reference

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Chocó Darién bio-region The Pacific region in Colombia is one of the most important hot-spots for biodiversity in the planet. The Chocó-Darién eco-regional complex extents across approximately 17 million hectares, from Eastern Panamá to Northwestern Ecuador and it has a multitude of forest and fresh water ecosystems. “These distinct features all contribute to its renowned biological singularity” (WWF Colombia, 2013). The Chocó region is considered a strategic point of biotic connectivity between Central and South America, where more than 50% of Mexico’s species migrate to the tropic through this natural corridor (URBAM, 2015).

Colombia 48,340,412 inhabitants

Its fragile ecosystem is endangered by the amount of natural resources that it contains, being an economic scenario for mining, cultivation of exogenous vegetal and animal species and illegal activities that disturb the natural cycles, threatening its biodiversity and the communities that inhabit the region.

The Chocó region has an area of 46,530 km² and has a population of 412,114 inhabitants, of which 80.2% is Afro descendent, 12.7 % is indigenous and 5.7% is white and mestizo (DANE, 2005). Most of the people live in conditions of poverty, lacking access to basic services such as drinking water, sewage and electricity.

Chocó 500,076 inhabitants

The economic development in the region is based on extractive practices, especially of wood and metals. This model has been threatening the ecological structure, especially during the last few decades, where illegal practices, without any kind of ecological responsibility, damage the environment and affect the communities that inhabit the place.

Urban area of Quibdó 107,643 inhabitants

Figure 1.2. Location maps: Colombia-Chocó-Quibdó. Made by author

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According to a report of the WWF in Colombia, “the inadequate, illegal or uncontrolled use of timber and non-timber forest resources that has taken place for centuries, illegal, uncontrolled artisanal and/or large scale mining, infrastructure development (roads, ports, energy generation and transmission) and the establishment/ expansion of forest plantations and agro industry plantations are contributing to the deterioration and impoverishment of natural ecosystems, which are reducing their resilience to the negative impacts of climate change” (WWF Colombia, 2013).

This impoverishment, as explained before, affects the local communities that have no more opportunities than working in these practices, causing a dependence on unsustainable economic models of development.

precious metals, such as gold, platinum and copper. They found strong indigenous groups inhabiting the place who resisted to their presence, leading to the beginning of the process of colonization. The urban settlements that the Spanish founded were specific related to the location of gold mines. The strategic localization of this settlements used to be part of a territorial organization and logistics for the extraction of natural resources. In the XVIII century, slaves brought from Africa where forced to work on the mines, while the Spanish supervisors and their families established near them. The Atrato River became the central point of connection between the interior of the region and the Caribbean Sea, generating a strong relation with the port of Cartagena and its social and commercial groups (González Escobar, 2008).

Occupation model in the region

After and during the Spanish colonization, the occupation of the territory was based in two main aspects: water closeness and production areas (economy). The afro communities tend to settle in the basins of the rivers Atrato and San Juan. This because of the use of the waterways for mobi-

During the early XVII century, the Spanish colonizers arrived to the Chocó region from the Caribbean Sea. They navigated the Atrato River towards the south, arriving to a place with a unique richness in

Figure 1.3. Collage - Biodiversity in Chocó. Made by author with web references

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

lity and transportation of goods, creating important commercial relations with the region and other relevant urban centers.

On the other hand, indigenous communities prefer to settle in higher areas, near water streams and springs in the mountain. The importance of the waterways for local communities is based on the relation of their daily activities with the territory.

The city of Quibdó Quibdó was the point of encounter of waterways and riverine arteries and functioned as a small commercial center. The importance of the Atrato River and its relation to Cartagena influenced the transformation of the town of Quibdó, located in the Atrato basin, into an important administrative and logistic center. In the mid1800, it started being a small town with a central square and ten blocks, aligned towards the river (González Escobar, 2008).

As a result of the liberation processes of slaves, the dynamics of the territory shif-

ted from an indigenous predominated region, to an Afro descendant majority, influencing in the governability of the city.

The transformation of Quibdó from a small town into the biggest city in the region is related to the accelerated extraction economy of the period. In the XX century, after the First World War, the demand for metals increased enormously, and the Chocó was the first producer of platinum worldwide. The effects on the local economy of this intense global demand were reflected in the urban growth of Quibdó.

Different international companies arrived to the region in order to participate in the extraction of metals, leading to a high migration towards production and administrative areas, like Quibdó, situation that resulted on a demographic explosion.

While in 1851 there was a population of 8.471 inhabitants, in 1918, fifty years later, the population was of 24.722 inhabitants, three times higher (González Escobar, 2008). At the same time, the city started

Figure 1.4. Aerial view of Quibdó. Source: www.redaccioncorporativa.co

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Figure 1.5. Timeline of Chocó and Quibdó. Source: (González, 2003). Made by author based on reference

1510

Regional organization

1600

Foundation of Foundation of Santa Maria Novitá as the Antigua del main mining Darien center

1573

Pacification processes Colonization of the Chocó region (1575-1690)

Spanish domain

Conquest and Early Colonization

1700 1710

mines

mines

Militar center

mines

Position of Quibdó

1770

Thousand inhabitants

Population growth

1800

mines

Import of african slaves From the port of Cartagena

Cartagena merchants

1850

10,000

GOLD FEVER

mines

mines

mines Administrative and comercial center

mines

Quibdó becomes the capital of the province of Chocó

XVII and XIX Century

60’s - 80’s

35,000

1950 1960 1970

45,000

-Low prices of platinum -Construction of road Quibdó-Medellín -> Small industry could not compete against cheap prices offered by the Medellín.

-> Less need to use the 1923: Aviation and urban Atrato river as a transport connection to the -->Urban life caribbean.

Social and political struggles

1930

30,000

-High demand for platinum -Investment of international companies in mining technologies.

-Shift from forest exploitaition to mining.

1900

15,000

25,000

Regional Unification

90’s - today

Regional migration due to violence, people in Chocó arrived to Quibdó looking for security and opportunities.

1990 2000 2015

100,000

Illegal armed groups

Modern conflict -FARC Emergence of armed groups in the region

Presence of people from Antioquia Region (Medellin)

First and Second World Wars

XX Century- First half

FIRE

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

expanding on the opposite direction of the waterfront, to more marshy lands, in order to receive the growing population.

Nevertheless, the economic prosperity in the city didn’t last much, since after the World Wars, the prices and demand for precious metals went down, generating a negative domino effect in the region. While the economic production was decreasing, the immigration of foreign investors and social groups to more prosperous cities was inevitable, and the decline of local industries and commerce was imminent.

The main commercial street of the city (Carrera 1era) is traced parallel to the river, creating a longitudinal container of activities, such as commerce, social, cultural and religious activities and recreational spaces, becoming part of the identity of the city.

The relation of the dynamics of Quibdó with the Atrato River was also affected due to the construction of the road that connected the city to Medellín, a more structured and stronger urban center that was well connected to the main economic production and industrial corridor.

Medellin used to offer better and cheaper services to the inhabitants of Quibdó, situation that generated a strong dependence on this metropolitan region.

Although the urban relations with the Atrato River where part of the identity of the city, during the period of violence in Colombia in the late 70’s they were forgotten, and the city had to face the immigration of displaced communities, which surpassed the urban perimeter.

The waterfront also works as the main river harbor in the Chocó region, as all the goods which are produced in the region are transported by waterways (rivers) to Quibdó and distributed by land or plane to the rest of the country for export and consumption.

The Waterfront The waterfront of the Atrato River used to be related to the architecture of public buildings that had a view over the water.

After a big fire destroyed most of the commercial center of Quibdó in 1966, most of these buildings were ruined, leaving an empty space between the river and the urban structure. This meant a positive change in the dynamics of the city, in which inhabitants decided to recover the waterfront and built a public space that opened the relation of the community towards the water, transforming the waterfront into the most important urban space in the city of Quibdó.

Figure 1.6. Market in the Atrato River. Source: Author

Figure 1.7. Quibdó from the Atrato River. Source: Flickr.com

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These groups occupied the nearby riversides, specifically the Quito River, and the streams of La Yesca, La Aurora and El Caraño. Also, they occupied the borders of the main roads, especially the connections to Medellin and Pereira. The urban expansion started to take the eastern hills, because of the high pressure caused by rural displacement (González Escobar, 2008).

which represents around 60% of the job offer (DANE, 2005) and is concentrated along the waterfront and the city center.

The current spatial condition of the waterfront does not have a clear structure of its functions, affecting the relation between urban activities and the river, and the organization of local economies and the connection of the city to the environment.

Still, most of the public and commercial functions of the city are located in the waterfront. The harbor receives all the goods of the region and works as the logistic center for distribution of cargo, as well as selling point for minor merchants and inhabitants. The most important economic activity in the city is commerce,

Although the waterfront is the most important area of Quibdó, it does not follow a sustainable model of development capable of adapting the city for future economic transformations, nor is able to compete in terms of economic development with the rest of the country.

Figure 1.8. Waterfront of the Atrato River Quibdó. Photo Source: Leonardo García

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Local economies Most of the inhabitants of Choc贸 region are self-employed, meaning that most of the work in rural areas. Although agriculture is an important activity, it is mostly for self-supply, and there is an increasing number of people working in wood extraction and mining (in an illegal or legal way). Gold mining, for example, is a traditional practice that has been part of the afro culture, but has taken a more important role with the action of private mining companies, as well as the activity has much more impact that traditional gold mining.

Figure 1.9. Central Market Quibd贸. Photo Source: Author

In Quibd贸, most of the people work in commerce and services. Because of the institutional presence, there are many jobs in the public and private sector. Commerce, on the other hand, is for self-employed or small scale merchants. Both formal and informal commerce is one of the most important local economic activities in urban areas. Because of the lack of economic opportunities, especially for young people, there is a lot of informal economies, specifically in the cities. This leads to occupation of public space and lack of labor benefits.

In the case of Choc贸, the neoliberal economy system (based on privatisation and extraction) is compromising not only the development, but the wellbeing of the inhabitants. When the model is not sharing knowledge, is only profiting to private companies, is not being regulated by the government, is not being environmental responsible, and many other aspects mentioned before, the model is not working. Or at least, is not adequate for this specific place. It is important to find different opportunities in production and commerce, new practices based in a local environmental model.

Figure 1.10. Wood extraction. Source: Web

Figure 1.11 - Mining in Quito River. Source: Mineriavscolombia. files.wordpress.com, 2016

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Figure 1.12. Coca leaves crops. Source: Unodc.org, 2016

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The strategic location of the Atrato River became the central point of connection between the interior of the region and the Caribbean Sea during the past century. On the same way, Quibdó was the point of encounter of the Atrato and riverine arteries, where it functioned as a small commercial center. Even today, due to the remoteness of the region, the city is the main economic and administrative center of the Chocó-Darién region. Because of this, Quibdó is the city of opportunities, where people from rural areas migrate to find better jobs and better lives.

However, the city is not able to offer a better quality of life because of the unsustainability of the current model of economy, where the extractive practices that take place in the region, don’t leave enough capital to invest on the public sector. This can be seen in the socio-spatial dimension, in which the poor quality of public spaces, housing and the lacking basic services reflect poverty and inequality.

The dependence on the current model of economic development based on extraction, does not consider the impact on the socio-cultural structure and the environment, placing above the global interests while the local needs of the community are not being fulfilled. This condition establishes a background of socioeconomic inequality, lack of opportunities and competitiveness with the rest of the country, in which the ecosystem is being affected to the same extent.

There is a contradiction between the context of environmental richness and socio-economic poverty in the region.

Therefore, there is an urgency in developing an alternative model of economy, based on the unique services the ecosystem can provide in a sustainable way, decreasing the dependence on neo liberal economic practices.

Figure 1.13. View of urban expansion in the periphery of Quibdó. Photo Source: Author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Main Research Question:

In relation to the spatial potentialities

How can a planning strategy based on the spatial and economic potentialities of the regional ecosystem introduce an alternative model of development in the Chocรณ Region?

1. Which kind of spatial strategies can be applied to support an alternative model of economy?

1.5.1 Sub-research questions: In relation to the economic potentialities 1. What could be examples of alternative economies in the Chocรณ region?

2. How does the existing model of economic development affect the urban development of a city?

3. How to develop alternative economies based on a spatial strategy for the region of Chocรณ?

2. How can spatial interventions respect the identity and context of the city, in relation with the current global interests and needs?

3. How can the waterfront of the Atrato River be considered as a regional element capable to connect the city of Quibdรณ to the potentialities of the ecosystem? (Design question) 4. How to define a strategy for sustainable development of the city of Quibdรณ in the future linked to this regional element?

4. In which way the productive areas can be used as elements of transformation of the regional economic system?

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1. AIMS OF RESEARCH

The aim of the research is to investigate the possibilities of developing an alternative model of development defined as: • Environmental based • Multifunctional • Integrates the ecological and social perspectives.

• Offers more job opportunities in legal activities • Local model of production “Based in place” The objective of the project is to design a spatial strategy that transforms Chocó into a more competitive region, more responsible with the economic practices and the impact these have on the environment.

In this strategy, regional elements will be improved, offering more opportunities for the inhabitants and a model of sustainable development for the future.

The goal of the project is to achieve a positive relation between the environmental and socio-economic characteristics in the region and offer more opportunities for inhabitants to develop in a more sustainable way.

Environmental based

Multifunctional

Goals of design: Analyze which kind of economic activities are now in the region and how the landscape can provide goods for the needs of the people.

Understand how the services of the ecosystem can be used to enhance new economic dynamics in the Chocó region and to understand how these dynamics can influence the existing urban elements.

Transform Quibdó into a more attractive and livable city, in order to be make it capable to receive new functions and connect better to the ecosystem.

Offer a new variety of economic opportunities for the diverse society in the region.

Provide an alternative model of economy in the region, enclosed into a framework of strategic regional planning.

Elaborate a way in which urban design can affect the current path of development of urban settlements in environmental fragile regions in Colombia.

Recover the connection to the Caribbean Sea trough the natural waterways and the Atrato River as the main artery of fluvial transport.

Provide different opportunities in traditional activities

Figure 1.14. Icons for objectives. Made by Author

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Integration of social and ecological perspectives

Local model of production “Based in Place”

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

2 2.1 Methodology 2.2 Social and Scientific Relevance 2.3 Ethical paragraph Figure 2.0. Children in QuibdĂł. Photo source: Leonardo GarcĂ­a

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2.1 METHODOLOGY

Methodology is a way of showing the process of work during a specific time, and the plan of how are we making decisions, and how are we moving forwards to the final objective. The methodology for this project consists in using different methods, following a guideline, to answer the research questions, achieve the objectives and make a proposal based on these. Methodology is, overall, the framework of the research, and establishes the guidelines and tools to realize the project.

The methods used in this project are explained in the next figure, which is mainly divided in four main topics: thesis plan, theoretical framework, analysis and strategy. For each section, there are different methods.

Thesis plan - Founded on personal motivation, the research starts from defining the context based on literature. A deep research on history of the place, understanding of the phenomena, from the social, environmental, economic and political point of view. This knowledge will be used to determine the problem statement, a concrete situation that can be studied. And for this, the research question is the tool to tackle the problem from one specific perspective. The main question is composed by sub questions, more specific, that will contribute in developing the project. This questions can be answered either by theories or by the analysis of the place.

Theoretical framework – The theoretical background is important to define concepts and to gain knowledge from literature review. One complementary method is making diagrams and conceptual maps to organize the information, and extract the most important ideas of each book. Is also easier to explain to others. The theory

paper, presented as part of the appendix, I also important because it uses the method of critical review on certain topic, relevant to the project.

Analysis – In this project, the method used for the analysis is by scales. There are three main scales: regional, intermediate and waterfront, and each will be analyzed from the context of Economic Flows and Ecosystem Services. As a result, the SWOT analysis is an important tool to determine where the potentialities of the region are and make conclusions. The methods used in the analysis are mapping, data and statistical analysis, diagrams and text.

The governance model is also one aspect to analyze, as well as the stakeholders that are involved in the study case area. It gives elements to understand the socieconomic complexity of the region and to what extent the actors can get involved into the proposal, from a participatory approach.

Strategy – After the research part of the project, the design of the strategy consists in determine which areas should be protected and which areas could be developed. For the last, it is imortant to define guidelines of develoment, taking into consideration spatial interventions, mechanisms of ecosystem restoration and stakeholders. These guidelines can be applied at different scales (regional, intermediate, local) and in different timeframes (short, medium, long term). As a result, an structural plan with different type of interventions and actors, determined by the conditions defines by the strategy.

Evaluation - Apply shared benefits of different actors into possible examples of design.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

DATA COLLECTION

Personal Motivation

Context defintion

Problem Statement

Research Questions

Theoretical framework Social + Environmental + Economic + Spatial

SPATIAL ANALYSIS by scale

Regional

Intermediate

Local

from perspective

Ecosystem services + Economic activities

Potentialities & conflicts

Governance and Stakeholders

Ecosystem Services

-

Values

Past-Present-Future Vision To achieve the vision

SPATIAL STRATEGY Transition process defining:

Protection areas

Development areas Host flexible programs

Physical

Spatial Interventions

Ecosystem services

Mechanisms of restoration

Stakeholders

Processes of co-creation

STRUCTURAL PLAN AT DIFFERENT SCALES AND DIFFERENT TIMEFRAMES Evaluation & Reflection Figure 2.1. Diagram of the general methodology for the project. Made by author

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by scale

Spatial Synthesis and diagnosis

2.2 SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE

Societal Relevance Because of the great social and economic problems the Chocó region is facing, the vision of the actual government is focused on narrowing the gap of inequality by providing at least the basic services every Colombian should have. These aims are targeted by managing plans of development, with aids from the central government and inversion in social policies that include basic nutrition, education and health. Even though these policies are necessary, the lack of attention given by governmental institutions to the uniqueness of the place is leaving aside the opportunity of integrating the urban development to the economic, social and environmental elements.

There is an opportunity to tackle most of the general problems of the region by understanding the qualities of the place and the capacities of the ecosystem to provide certain services to the society. Through this research, the objective is to address the importance of spatial interventions that can affect the dynamics of the place, by giving alternative models for economic and urban development. In the following paragraph, I introduce the main objective of the current government of Chocó, explained by its governor.

“The Department of Choco has not changed its course. National and departmental action has not being able to stop the serious institutional crisis, of credibility and leadership that the region is facing. We have an urgent need for change and transformation. Either we change now or we will lose the Chocó forever and continue in the same conditions or worse of indignity, marginalization, poverty and violence. The transformation to a new Choco requires a dignified

and effective integration of Choco in the country and in the world. This incorporation involves innovative outputs which include the whole society. The inhabitants of Chocó are ready for change towards dignity and progress, but this requires driving.” (Translated from Spanish by author) Luis Gilberto Murillo. Governor (2014) Government Plan for Chocó.

Scientific Relevance There is a various amount of research done on this region by other disciplines, such as anthropology, biology, ecology and sociology. There are also some recent studies on the Chocó-Darién region, specially funded by non-governmental organizations, which aim to highlight the qualities of the place, its importance and its ecological and cultural value.

Their strong view on this region show their efforts to outstand the unique qualities of the Chocó-Darien ecosystems. Some recognized authors, like Arturo Escobar, have a strong voice in development strategies, from the anthropology perspective, and the importance of the place as a factor to establish alternative and hybrid ways of development for countries in the Global South.

My research is contained in the group of Delta Interventions, from the department of Urbanism in TU Delft. According to the research group, delta landscapes display natural dynamics and ecological richness, and their attractiveness lead to processes

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

of transformation and urbanization that change the landscape. Therefore, the research will be developed into a framework of landscape transformation, impact of urbanization processes towards the environment and the spatial approach of how the current problems can be tackled through spatial strategies.

The importance of this research in the field of urban design and planning, is related to the methods of spatial analysis and organization of the territory applied in this particular region. In order to achieve sustainable development in all scales and pro-

tect the ecosystems that contribute to the diminution of climate change, this research are relevant in all disciplines today.

Figure 2.2. CO2 bonus and environmental possibilities.

Source: The Guardian

2.3 ETHICAL PARAGRAPH The Chocó region has different threats to its environment and people: the model of production, the presence of illegal and armed groups and the ecological fragility of the rainforest ecosystem.

First, because of the current model of development based on mining and deforestation, the rain forest in the Chocó region is being affected and transformed by this type of economic activities. A vast amount of natural resources have been extracted and consumed without any kind of responsibility by international companies and illegal groups, and there is no severe punishment by the central government for those who are responsible for these practices.

Second, the illegal and armed groups are part of a context of violence that has been affecting not only the region, but the whole country for more than 3 decades, and has a very strong impact on the social structures of indigenous communities and urban communities. Third, because of human

activity, the ecologies of the Chocó-Darién Rainforest are being endangered, affecting the unique biodiversity, including the human relation to the environment.

In such a fragile context, it is very important that this research is made under ethical measures, taking into account the local values, with the aim to respect the human and environmental dimensions. We need to understand the existing situation, the qualities and weaknesses of the place, in order to make decisions. And we also need to evaluate our decisions and see the impact they have on the existing context. As an architect and urban designer, I will approach in a systematical way, offering flexible and strategic proposals, which are efficient and have the least negative impacts on the existing place. This approach will give certain guidelines for the future development of the city and region, aiming for sustainable development and for the well-being of future generations.

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3 3.1 Theoretical Framework

3.1.1 Development theories

3.1.2 Environmental Economy

3.1.3 Social Figure 3.0. Market of QuibdĂł. Photo source: Leonardo GarcĂ­a

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

3.1.1 Development theories

1. “Encountering Development: The making and unmaking of the Third Wold”, Arturo Escobar The Colombian Pacific has been integrated into the world’s economy since colonial times through exploration, slavery, gold mining, and the chasing of indigenous inhabitants. There were periods of boom and decadence, tied to the extraction of raw materials (gold, platinum, fine wood, timber, rubber and more recently biodiversity), each leaving a negative trace in the social, economic, ecological and cultural production structure of the place. (Escobar, 2010) The perception of the colonizers was that they needed to educate the indigenous communities, who inhabited unique environmental regions, in order to show them how humans can take from nature what they need, without giving anything back. This ideology stayed in most of the countries where colonialism took place, almost like a scar that never healed, and determined the start of a process of vast transformation of the territory, led by the imposed model of economy.

In the case of Latin American countries, particularly in the case of Colombia, after independence, the country remained under the old colonial system. Native thinkers tried to create their own laws, their own models, their own system, but still looked up to Europe as the biggest example of how things should be done. During the 1930’s, US secretary Robert Bacon declared, referring to Latin America, that “they have passed out of the condition of militarism, out of the condition of revolution, into the condition of industrialism, into the path of successful commerce, and are becoming great and powerful nations.” (Es-

cobar, 1995) According to Escobar, during this decade and after the Great Depression that affected the US economy, many Latin American countries started strengthening their domestic economies, more autonomous and based on industrialization. This process was accompanied by an emergent democracy as fundamental right and the importance of social justice. However, the weak socio political structures in developing countries and the submergence of the world in constant war, generated many obstacles in the plans of Latin American countries to continue flourishing.

After the World Wars and during the Post War period, when the global order was being reestablished, there was an unanimous decision that “the industrialized nations of North America and Europe were supposed to be the indubitable models for the societies of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the so-called Third World, and that these societies must catch up with the industrialized countries, perhaps even become like them. (Escobar, 1995) Many organizations and companies showed interest in the developing world, and the devastation scenario of Europe was the perfect occasion for people migrating to more stable places, including Latin America.

In his book “Encountering Development: the making and unmaking of the Third World”, Arturo Escobar talks about the discourse of development. This idea makes reference to a series of factors that divided the world in three: The First World (highly industrialized countries, with a capitalist model and freedom), the Second World (industrialized countries under the regime of Socialism) and the Third World (underdeveloped countries, without industry or any socio economic structure whatsoever).

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The interesting thing, is that who decided this, were the countries of the so called First World.

This discourse has had different purposes.

One of them was to determine the correct and only way for development. Based on the speech of an UN officer in 1948 mentioned by Escobar, there was a definition for the model of development Asia, Africa and Latin America should aim for: “The development of a country depends primarily on a material factor: first, the knowledge, and then the exploitation of all its natural resources.” (Escobar, 1995)

In the case of Chocó region, the most biodiverse Rain Forest in the world, during all periods of history, colonizers only had interest for the exploitation of all its natural resources. During the Spanish occupation, the greed of the colonizers cared only about the gold; while they consumed all the resources, they forgot about the knowledge of the place, which was very important for the indigenous communities.

Throughout the XX century, other type of colonizers, who came in the name of private companies, only cared about their capitalist means: work, gold, time, and once again, forgot about the knowledge.

First World Second World Third World

North

P

Geo political imaginary of development

phery e ri

Center

South

Development discourse according to Escobar

Modern era (1950)

development discourse Modern economic practices Open economy (neo-liberalism)

Post-develoment?

(Today)

Figure 3.1. Diagrams of development model. Source: Escobar, 1995. Made by author based on source

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

3.1.2 Environmental Economy

2. “The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital”, Robert Costanza The concept of capital is mainly from the economics discipline. R. Costanza defines capital as the flow of services that can be used to transform materials or space with the aim of improve welfare of humans, and this services normally are known as capital stocks. He also defines the ecosystem services as flows of materials, energy and information from natural capital stocks which combined with manufactured and human capital services can provide human welfare. Normally, this manufactured and human capital are based on raw materials or resources taken from the natural stock, and this is precisely why natural resources are so valuable. Yet, they are not part of the economic market.

As these services become more scarce and overloaded, there is an urgency in protecting them. Some experts say that if ecosystem services were part of the market, they would have a bigger role in the world’s economy. “Ecosystem functions refer variously to the habitat, biological or system properties or processes of ecosystems. Ecosystem goods (such as food) and services (such as waste assimilation) represent the benefits human population derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions.” (Costanza, d’Arge, de Groot, Farber, Grasso, Hannon, Limburg, Naeem, O’Neil, Paruelo, Raskin, Sutton & van den Belt, 1997) But because ecosystem services are not fully captured in global markets or quantified in comparable terms with other man-made capitals, they are given too little importance in policy decisions, and this situation is compromising the sustainable development of humans. (Costanza et al., 1997)

There are several theories about this position, but there has not been an agreement on it yet, and I would dare to say, as long as the model doesn’t change, there is not really a chance of these happening.

The theoretical background provided by the article of Costanza, gives some examples of how the ecosystem services are seen only from the perspective of the manufactured capital: “Forests provide timber materials through well established markets, but the associated habitat values of forests are also felt through unmarketed recreational activities. Forests provide timber, but also hold soils and moisture, and create microclimates, all of which contribute to human welfare in complex, and generally non-marketed ways.” (Costanza et al., 1997) In other words, the only good that is part of the market is the timber extracted, sold or transformed into different products.

However, there are other services that forests also provide, and these are not being quantified. Is like ignoring extra benefits that have always been there. As mentioned before, one of the big steps towards a more integrated and environmental based economic model would be taking into account the real value of natural capital.

Figure 3.2. The value of forests. University of Michingan .Source: http://snre.umich.edu/

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“The non-capitalist is not defined in terms of control over the means of production, but in terms of circulation and appropriation of profit and revenue.” (Escobar, 2010)

3. “An introduction to Ecological Economics”, Robert Costanza To explain how today environmental economics has started to be constructed, it is important to recall earlier economic theories from early 18th century until today. R. Costanza gives a very good overview of these theories, starting from Adam Smith and “The invisible hand”, where he postulated that the society are the sum of individuals and what they want is the common good, for this reason the market is there to guide or induce the individual behavior for the common good. Since then, the market became indeed the invisible hand that manipulates the global economics and consumers without really achieving the common good.

The neoliberal economic model has emerged from previous models (such as capitalism and neoclassical economics) and has been applied to a considerable number of powerful countries. It is indeed the econoAspect

mic model of globalization. However, I am suggesting in this paper that the principles of this model are not appropriate for environmental fragile and vulnerable regions, such as the Chocó in the Colombian Pacific. According to R. Costanza, the social and environmental problems associated with economic growth show different consequences from the ones economics insist as result of scientific progress, such as control of nature and material plenty. He states that “we need to direct the best of our scientific expertise and far more educational effort at learning how to work with nature.” (Costanza, 1997) On the thesis of Laura Smits, graduate in urbanism from TU Delft, she did an analysis of this same book, and she organized the different theories and categorized them to have an overview, and after that, she did her conclusions and gave some recommendations based on her research goals. I am using that graphic as a starting point to analyze the theory of ecological economy.

Allocation of resources

Neoclassical economics

Environmental economics

Ecological economics

Distributed economics

Market creates efficient allocation of resources

Sustainable allocation of resources

Regulatory principle

Market is prime regulatory principle

Market creates efficient allocation of most resources

Democracy: The people

Motivation of cosumers

Market and regulations to protect the environment

Allocation of resources through network and cooperation

Consumers are purely rational and egocentric

Not rational, notions of environmental friendliness also play a role

Individual and societal health

Cooperation and mutual benefit

Amount of consumption

Consumers are inestable

Quantity and quality

Focus on quality

Scale

Economy is scale less

Scale less if the resources are managed efficiently

Aims for less consumption. Quality over quantity

Growth

Growth is indispensable

Growth is indispensable, but can be slower

View on technology

Technology can solve problems with resources

Important, but protection is also important. Balance

Economy has clear boundaries, defined by natural resources Qualitative growth is desirable

Can support, but only in addition to reduction measures

Democracy: The people

Focus on the local scale Natural growth, expansion of the network Emphasis on craftmanship (handmade)

Figure 3.3. Overview of economy theory based on R. Costanza. Source: Smits, 2012. Made by author based on source

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

3.1.3 Spatial/Social

4. “From Multifunctionality to Multiple Ecosystem Services? A Conceptual Framework for Multifunctionality in Green Infrastructure Planning for Urban Areas,” Rieke Hansen, Stephan Pauleit The importance of the socio spatial dimension in relation to the ecosystem services is related to the discipline of urban design and planning. As previously explained, theories on economy and ecology are very relevant for supporting this project, but since it is a project of urban design, it needs to have a very clear spatial definition.

The theory explored by Hansen and Pauleit (2014) gives a lot of background into the socio spatial aspect, defining a framework in which Green Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services are related and evaluated at the same time. “A conceptual framework for the assessment of multi functionality from a social–ecological perspective is proposed that can inform the design of planning processes and support stronger exchange between GI and ES research.”

(Hansen and Pauleit, 2014) The Green Infrastructure is defined as “a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services.

In contrast to a mono-functional planned ‘‘gray’’ infrastructure, GI enhances and synergizes benefits provided by nature.”

(Hansen and Pauleit, 2014) The networks are based on two kind of principles; first, those approaches addressing the green structures and second, those approaches addressing governance process.

Hansen and Pauleit classify the principles in the following way:

Approaches addressing governance process: Integration: GI planning seeks the integration and coordination of urban green infrastructure with other urban infrastructures in terms of physical and functional relations.

Multifunctionality: GI planning considers and seeks to combine ecological, social and economic/abiotic, biotic and cultural functions of green spaces.

Connectivity: Green infrastructure planning includes physical and functional connections at different scales and from different perspectives of green spaces.

Multi-scale approach: GI planning can be used and should function at different scales, from individual parcels to community, regional, and state.

Multi-object approach: GI planning includes all kinds of (urban) green and blue space.

Approaches addressing governance process: Strategic approach: GI planning aims for long term benefits but remains flexible for changes over time.

Social inclusion: GI planning stands for communicative and socially inclusive planning and management.

Transdisciplinary: GI planning is based on knowledge from different disciplines such as landscape ecology, urban and regional planning, and landscape architecture; and developed in partnership with different local authorities and stakeholders.

Based on the economic overview explained in Smit’s diagram, on the ecosystem services value and natural capital theory presented by Costanza, the approach that I am looking for is in the framework for multi functionality in GI networks stated by

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Ecological perspectve

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

VALUATION

1) GI elements and their conditions

6) GI integrity S

S

E-e

2) GI network

7) Hotspots of multifunctionality S

S

E-e

3) Supply of services

8) Synergies and trade-offs S

S

E-e

Social perspectve

STRATEGIES

4) Demand S

5) Access to benefits S

11) Priorities for strategies and actions S

E-e S

E-e

9) Supply and demand balance S

E-e

10) Stakeholder preferences S

Figure 3.4. Conceptual framework for assessment of GI multifunctionality. S=Social; E-e=Environment and economy; S=Spatial. Source: Hansen and Pauleit, 2014. Made by author based on source.

Hansen and Pauleit.

For developing an alternative economic model, based on guidelines such as multi functionality, connectivity or collaborative planning, the vision for this combined approach could be developed in an innovative framework that integrates the social and ecological aspects “and supports policy objectives such as sustainable development, environmental justice, social cohesion or resilience.� (Hansen and Pauleit, 2017) In the graphic above, you can see the conceptual framework for assessment of GI multi functionality by Hansen and Pauleit.

I have adapted the framework, by adding an evaluation according to the spatial, environmental-economic, and social dimension. Of each of the elements, values and strategies they propose, I classify them based on the dimension they aim to be part of according to the definition made by the authors. This means, for example, that supply services are dependent on what the environment can provide (or ecosystem services) and that the demand of those services, depends on the social behavior with respect to certain service. That way, is easy for me to have these three dimensions and use them in the development of the framework for my strategic project.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4 4.1 Analysis Regional Scale

4.1.1 Geographical conditions

4.1.2 Sociocultural dynamics 4.1.3 Economy

4.1.4 Synthesis map

4.1.5 SWOT analysis 4.1.6 Trends

4.1.7 Conclusions and

recommendations Figure 4.0. Atrato river passing Baudรณ mountain. Source: http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20colombia.htm

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AREA DEFINITION

350 km

Region

200 km

15 km 2 km 15 km

Intermediate

2 km City

Colombia 48,340,412 inhabitants

The area of study is the Choc贸 Region as part of the Region in the Pacific west coast of Colombia. This project will focus specifically in the Atrato River Basin, from the Caribbean Sea, in the delta of the river, to approximately 350 km towards the sotuh, until the municipality of Quibd贸. And from the Pacific Ocean to the Andes mountain, around 200 km long. The Intermediate scale is delimited by a radius of 15 km from the city of Quibd贸, area enough to understand the movements from the city to the surrounding area. The third scale is the Local/City scale, focusing on Quibd贸.

This research is based in the analysis methodology by scales. I have determined

three different scales, which will help me to understand better the territory. The first scale is the Context, where I will look for 3 main aspects: Geography, Social and Economic composition, in order to understan what the Ecosystem in this specific place means. For this, I will use the multilayer approach for the analysis. The second scale is the Region, where I will see the relations between the different layers, in order to determine some parameters for possible interventions. The third scale is the Waterfront, where I will look specifically at the flows coming from the region and the relation with the existing urban functions, with the aim to define a possible program of design.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.1.1 GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS GEOMORPHOLOGY

Caribbean sea

Urabรก Gulf

Panama

Baudo Mountain

Pacific Ocean

r Atrato

iver

Legend 0m 1000 m 2000 m 3000 m

Andes Mountain

4000 m 5000 m Main roads Rivers Urban areas 0

20

40

50km

Figure 4.1. Source: SRTM NASA: http://www2.jpl.nasa. gov/srtm/southAmerica.htm Map made by author based on source

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CLIMATIC ZONES

4000 m 3000 m 2500 m

Snow Paramo Cold

2000 m 1500 m

Temperate

1000 m 500 m

Warm

0m

Pacific coast

Baudó Mountain

Atrato Basin

Andes Mountain

Figure 4.2. Diagram of climatic zones in the Pacific Coast. Source: URBAM EAFIT & http://www.imeditores.com/banocc/choco/mapas.htm. Made by author based on source

Figure 4.3. Baudó Mountain Figure 4.4. Swamps of the Atrato. Source: Source:

1. Geography: The Chocó Region is delimited to the west by the Pacific Ocean and the Baudó Mountain, which maximum height is 1.845 masl. To the east part, the West branch of the Andes Mountain Range elevates 4.250 masl. This Valley generates the Atrato River Basin and creates diverse types of ecosystems and biodiversity. “The Atrato River originates from the “Cerro de Caramanta”, on an elevation of 3,700 m and it flows in northern direction to the Gulf of Urabá, where it forms a large, swampy delta into the Caribbean Sea. Its total length is about 750 km, and it is considered navigable as far as the city of Quibdó (500 km upstream of the Gulf of Urabá).” (Melman, 2011)

Figure 4.5. Atrato River. Source:

2. Rainfall: The Chocó Region is the second area with the heaviest rainfall in the world, with an average of 3.000 and 12.000 mm per year. Because of the excesive amount of rainfall water, this region has one of the highest sweet water resevoirs in the country, represented in rivers, wetlands and swamps.

3. Climate: The region has tropical rainforest climate, very humid and warm. Because of the montains and topographical elevations, the climate in Colombia is determined by the altitude and the so called “Climatic Zones”: the higher you are, the colder it gets.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

RAINFALL

Legend 200 - 452 mm 453 - 2,114 mm 2,115 - 3,357 mm 3,358 - 4,931 mm 4,932 - 6,536 mm 6,537 - 11,314 mm Main rivers Road infrastructure Urban areas 0

20

40

50km

Figure 4.5. Source: SIAC Colombia: http://sig.anla. gov.co/ Map made by author based on source

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CLIMATE

Legend Very cold superhumid Cold humid Cold superhumid Tempered humid Tempered superhumid Warm superhumid Warm humid Warm semihumid Warm semiarid 0

20

40

50km

Figure 4.6. Source: SIAC Colombia: http://sig.anla. gov.co/ Map made by author based on source

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

LAND USE

Caribbean Sea

Uraba Gulf

Panama

CÓRDOBA ANTIOQUIA

CHOCÓ ANTIOQUIA

Legend Pastures Intervened rural areas Forest Shifting agriculture Wood extraction Inland wetlands

Pacific ocean

Permanent crops Urban areas 0

20

40

50km

Figure 4.7. Source: SIAC Colombia: http://sig.anla. gov.co/ Map made by author based on source

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Land use in the Choco Region

2.6% 3.5% 6.15%

1.76%

Forest

0.42% 0.2%

Heterogeneous Agricultural Areas Urbanized areas Herbaceous Vegetation

8.69% 0.23%

Pastures No data

18.36%

Permanent Crops

58.45%

Annual or Transitory Crops Inland Wetlands Other Uses *Not considered: Costal Wetlands, Mines, Dump and Construction Sites and illegal crops Figure 4.8. Source: WWF, 2014

Despite the difficult geographical conditions, the Chocรณ region has a varied land coverage. Around 60% of the territory is still natural rain forest,while around 20% is been used as mixed agricultural areas. Onle 0.23% has been urbanized and around 5% is also used for crops and cattle. Because of the high amount of water (rivers, wetlands, swamps), there are areas more suitable for agriculture activities. Other activities that

have an important performance in the economy of the area, such as mining, are not considered in these numbers.

However, is very important to map the areas affected by mining, and the relation to other land uses, because it would determine conflicts in land use and possible socioeconomic issues, important for the understanding of the ecosystem as a whole.

Conclusions There exists a high pressure towards the original forest by other economic activities, such as agriculture and pastures, which transform forest into productive areas.

The relation between different production activities and the area it takes is very important to consider while planning a regional strategy, to develop adecuate transitions between them, aiminig for the integration, in resemblance to the original rainforest.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.1.2 SOCIOCULTURAL DYNAMICS POPULATION PER CITY

Caribbean Sea

Uraba Gulf

Turbo Panama

Apartadó Carepa Chigorodó

Riosucio

CÓRDOBA ANTIOQUIA

Mutata

CHOCÓ ANTIOQUIA

Murindó

Dabeiba Uramita

Legend Total population Urban % per municipality

Vigía del Fuerte

Santafé de Antioquia

19% 45% 44%

Medellín

29% 40%

Pacific ocean

93% Quibdó

65% 0

20

Murindó 5.593 Vigía del Fuerte 4.593 U.Panamericana 9.592 Riosucio 28.832 Turbo 159.268 Quibdó 115.697 Medellín 3.731.447 40

50km

Figure 4.9. Proyección Municipios 2005-2020 Source: DANE, 2005. Map made by author based on reference

Unión Panamericana

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

Composition of the population Chocó

Colombia

5.1%

6.6%

12.7%

3.2%

African Descendant Indigenous

90.2%

82.1% 485.543 total inhabitants

Without ethnicity Figure 4.10. Source: URBAM EAFIT, 2015

48.320.000 total inhabitants

Urban vs. Rural Chocó

Colombia

48.6%

24%

50.2%

Urban Rural

76%

Figure 4.11. Source: Plan de diálogo para el año 2013 Chocó.

Percentage of poverty 2002-2012 80,0

64.92% 60,0

37.2%

40,0

Chocó Colombia

20,0

Figure 4.12. Source: Development Plan 2012-2015 Chocó

0,0

2002

2003 2004

2005

2006 2007

The general socioeconomic condition of the Chocó region is below the national average. If we have a look at the composition of the population, around 50% of the people live in urban areas in Chocó, while in the rest of Colombia, more than 70% live in cities. This can be related to the percentage of poverty, where 65% of the inhabitants of Chocó live under the line of poverty, almost double percentage of the national

2008 2009

2010

average. The precarious living conditions can be related to the fact that most of the region is still rural, without accessibility to basic services or infrastructure. However, there are some important urban centers, such as Quibdó, Riosucio and Turbo,which have the potentiality to become poles of attraction towards urban activities, offering better opportunities.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

REGIONAL SERVICES

Caribbean Sea

Uraba Gulf

Turbo Panama

Unguía Apartadó Carepa Chigorodó

Riosucio

CÓRDOBA ANTIOQUIA

Mutata

CHOCÓ ANTIOQUIA

Murindó

Dabeiba Uramita

Vigía del Fuerte

Santafé de Antioquia

Legend Airports Ports

Medellín

Hospital and health centers Universities

Pacific ocean

Tunuendo

Prosecutor’s office Schools

Quibdó

Industry and logistic equipment 0

Unión Panamericana

20

40

50km

Figure 4.13. Source: URBAM EAFIT, 2015. Map made by author based on reference

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POLES OF ATTRACTION

Caribbean Sea

Import/ Export

Uraba Gulf

Distribution center Panama

Turbo Apartadó Carepa Chigorodó

Node CÓRDOBA ANTIOQUIA

Riosucio

Mutata Node CHOCÓ ANTIOQUIA

Murindó

Node

Dabeiba Uramita Exchange

Node

Legend

Vigía del Fuerte

Santafé de Antioquia

Distribution lines

Metropolitan area

Distribution

Distribution center Administrative/ Distributive lines Administration/ Distribution Metropolitan connections Metropolitan area

Exchange

Pacific ocean

Nodes - roads Nodes - waterways

Medellín

Exchange/ dependance Quibdó

Airports

Administrative/ distribution center

Ports 0

Unión Panamericana

20

40

50km

Figure 4.14. Made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

DISTANCES BETWEEN CITIES

Caribbean Sea

Uraba Gulf

Turbo Panama

Apartadó

6h

(€34)

Carepa Chigorodó

Riosucio

CÓRDOBA ANTIOQUIA

3h

Mutata

(€25)

CHOCÓ ANTIOQUIA

Dabeiba Uramita

2h

(€12) Vigía del Fuerte

4h

(€25)

3h

(€85) Santafé de Antioquia

1 h0)

(€4

Legend River connection

Medellín

Land connection Plane connection

Pacific ocean

Main roads Quibdó

8h (234 k)m)

Secondary roads Rivers

(€12

Urban centers 0

Unión Panamericana

20

40

50km

Figure 4.15. Source: URBAM EAFIT, 2015. Map made by author based on reference

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MOBILITY IN THE ATRATO RIVER

Canoe

Champa

Panga

Motor boat

Ship

Figure 4.16. Types of water trasport. Source: URBAM EAFIT, 2015. Made by author based on reference

Transport of people:

Transport of goods:

The most common routes in the Atrato River are Quibdó-Vigía del Fuerte, Vigía del Fuerte-Riosucio and Vigía del Fuerte-Turbo. These routes have a high daily demand, and are normally taken by people who need to do general proceedings, health appointments, institutional issues.

The movement of goods in the region is dominated by the relations with Turbo, Quibdó and Medellín. These trips normally move food, agricultural products and groceries, wood , fuels and hardware.

Conclusions Quibdó is the most populated city and the most urbanized area in the region of Chocó.

It has a highest concentration of services and is an important center for transport of people and goods. It is also the only city with an exit to a national road, connecting to the metropolitan area of Medellín.

Quibdó is an important node in the distribution and logistic system of the region, and connects with Vigía del Fuerte, Riosucio and the port of Turbo, in the Caribbean. the recommendation is to keep this trajectory for a possible system of regional mobility.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.1.3 ECONOMY TRENDS OF DEFORESTATION Transformation of the forest area (period 1990-2010)

Transformation of the forest area (proyections 2050)

9%

34% 66%

66%

34%

annual deforestation rate = 37,919 ha/year

Natural forest

57%

Deforestation Area in risk Figure 4.17. Source: WWF, 2014

57%

2015

2050

This map shows deforestation trends and is based on the statistics and results found in the book “Landscape management in Chocó-Darién priority watersheds”, made by WWF-Colombia. It also represents the movement and transport of the wood, once extracted from the production areas, it is taken by boat to the Atrato river, ready for distribution.

rent actors are involved in these processes, such as businessmen, official of public institutions, settlers and local inhabitants. The combination of these causes and actors has allowed deforestation and degradation of more than five million hectares of forest in the last four decades. (Cortés, 2015) The most important cause for deforestation is logging, especially for commercial purposes, followed by the transformation of natural forests into monocultures or intensive mining areas, which result in the elimination of the vegetation coverage.

The most direct causes of deforestation and forest degradation in the Pacific region are the logging, mining, agribusiness, agriculture and subsistence farming. Diffe-

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WOOD EXTRACTION AREAS

Caribbean Sea

Uraba Gulf

Turbo Panama

Riosucio

Belen de Bajirá

CÓRDOBA ANTIOQUIA

Carmen del Darién

Legend

CHOCÓ ANTIOQUIA

Wood mobilization > 90.000 m3 12.000-10.000 m3 10.000-5.000 m3 < 5.000 m3

Bojayá

International waterways Waterways

Alto Baudó

Important centers Roads Rivers

Pacific ocean

Trends in deforestation Quibdó

High Medium Low

Unión Panamericana

0

20

40

50km

Figure 4.18. Source: ICER Chocó, 2013 y WWF, 2013.

Map made by author based on reference

Bajo Baudó

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

MINING ACTIVITIES

Caribbean Sea

Exports

93% of national gold exports

Uraba Gulf

Panama

CÓRDOBA ANTIOQUIA

CHOCÓ ANTIOQUIA

Legend Important cities Airways Medellín

Waterways Coltan Uranium Copper

Pacific ocean

Platinum Gold mining

Quibdó

Rivers affected by mining 0

Tadó

20

40

50km

Figure 4.19. Source: URBAM EAFTI, 2015. Map made by author based on reference

Istmina

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CRIMINAL ECONOMIES

Caribbean Sea

Uraba Gulf

Turbo Panama

CÓRDOBA ANTIOQUIA

CHOCÓ ANTIOQUIA

Murindó

Legend

Vigía del Fuerte

Important cities Criminal bands in mining area Illegal crops FARC

Medellín

Bacrim

Pacific ocean

ELN Principal route Uraba main route

Quibdó

Atrato Route/Pacific

0

20

40

50km

Figure 4.20. Source: URBAM EAFTI, 2015. Map made by author based on reference

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

EXPORTS

To USA Europe

Caribbean Sea

To USA Europe

Uraba Gulf

To Central America and USA

Turbo

Panama

Apartadó

Riosucio CÓRDOBA ANTIOQUIA

CHOCÓ ANTIOQUIA

Murindó

To Panama

Legend Illegal crops (coca leaves) Gold

Vigía del Fuerte

Fruits

Medellín

Wood Distribution center Road connections Waterway-export flows

To Buenaventura Pacific ocean

Airway-export flows Illegal export flows Airports

Quibdó

Ports 0

Unión Panamericana

To Buenaventura -China and Asia

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20

40

50km

Figure 4.21. Source: ICER Chocó, 2013 & URBAM EAFIT, 2015. Map made by author based on references

Exports of Choc贸 (2013) by country of destination

Exports of Choc贸 (2013) by group of products

0.56%

1.5% Mexico 0.8% U.S.

1.9% 2.6%

Switzerland

Spain

Manufacture

0.84%

Industrial products

93.2%

98%

China

Agriculture and food and wood

Non-traditional Exports and net weight 2009-2013 20

16

18 16

12

14

10

12

8

10

6

8 6

4

4

2 0

2

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

During the last 5 years, the export of products from the region has decreased considerably. If we look at the graphic showing the exports from 2009-2013, excluding gold, we see a decline in the exports of around 87.5% in this period of time.

The products that have a strong participation in the exports are timber and derivative products, agriculture and food, and

0

Millions of km

Millions of dollars

4

Exports Choc贸 Exports net kg Weight Figure 4.22. Source: ICER Choc贸, 2013

the main destination is China, Europe and some countries in America.

If the exports and declining, it means that the traditional production in also declining, because of different causes, affecting the regional production system, creating unemployment and lack of opportunities in the traditional labour system.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

IMPORTS

From China Through Panama

From Europe

Caribbean Sea

Uraba Gulf

Turbo Panama

Apartadó

Riosucio CÓRDOBA ANTIOQUIA

CHOCÓ ANTIOQUIA

Murindó

Legend

Vigía del Fuerte

Industrial sector Manufacture

Medellín

Machinery Distribution center Road connections Pacific ocean

Waterway-Import flows Waterway-Regional flows

Quibdó

Airports Ports 0

20

40

50km

Figure 4.23. Source: ICER Chocó, 2013 & URBAM EAFIT, 2013. Map made by author based on reference

Unión Panamericana

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Imports of Choc贸 (2013) by country of origin

1.1%

Imports of Choc贸 (2013) by group of products

1.0%

Peru

2.3%

0.08%

Others

Ecuator

Agriculture and Food

48.5% China

21.6%

99.9%

France

Manufacture

25.5%

Finland

Imports and net weight 2009-2013 300.000

2,0

250.000

Millions of km

Millions of dollars

2,5

1,5

200.000 1,0

150.000

0,5

0,0

Imports Choc贸 Imports net kilogram Weight

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

The imports had a drastic increse during the last years. If you look at the graphic of imports from 2009-2013, you will see an increase of almost 200% from 2012 to 2013.

The main origin of imports was China, and the main products were heavy machineries and mechanical parts. In contrast with the exports, where the main products are timber and wood derivates, the import of machinery suggests an economic activity

100.000

Figure 4.24. Source: ICER Choc贸, 2013

focused on extraction of minerals and metals. Since there is no industry in the region where these machines can be produced, it is cheaper to bring them from Asia, specially if they are imported by private companies. The traditional and local economies are being replaced by heavy mahinery lead activities, creating a huge impact on the environment and the living conditions of local inhabitants.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

ECONOMIC TYPES

Location characteristics

Fishing

Atrato River Marsh / Swamps Tributaries

LEGAL LEGAL / ILLEGAL

Needs

Wood Extraction

Mining

Quito River San Juan River Negua River

Baudó Mountain Andes Mountain Drugs

•Heterogeneous agriculture

•Zonification •Extraction timing Reforestation by introducing exogenous species.

Homogenization of the forest

•Regulations between stakeholders

•Traditional and artisanal processes of recolection of gold.

Extreme sedimentation of the rivers because of mechanical extraction.

•Stronger policies against illegal mining.

• Governmental accions against drug production.

Deforestation Change of land use

Figure 4.25. Diagram explaining the different types of economic activities. Made by author.

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•Stronger policies against water pollution caused by illegal activities

•Traditional afrodescendants and indigenous crop rotation system Monocultures

Baudó Mountain Andes Mountain Riversides

ILLEGAL

LEGAL / ILLEGAL

Pollution of water because of mining activities.

Sedimentation and deforestation

Flooding planes of the Atrato River Agriculture/Cattle

ILEGAL

Threats

•Delimitation of protected areas for fishing activities.

LEGAL

LEGAL

Type of economic activity

•Recovery of forest area lost by illegal production

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Choco - GDP per economic activity 2012 Mining

2.8%

Public administration

17.9%

3.3%

Education (not market)

3.8%

Hotels, restaurants, bars

34.9%

Wood extraction and forestry Social services and health

5.7% 6%

Agriculture

10%

Construction

11.1%

Others *Values of illegal crops are not taken into consideration Figure 4.26. Source: ICER Choco, 2013

% Participation of production of metallic minerals 2000-2012. Chocรณ. % 80 70 60 50

% Participation in production

40 30

Growth Rate of regions producers of metallic minerals

20 10

Figure 4.27. Source: DANE 2014

0,0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Current economic activities in the Chocรณ region can be classified in 2 groups: traditional and extractive. In the traditional we find fishing, agriculture and cattle; and in extractive we find wood extraction and mining. Nevertheless, there are traditional ways of extracting wood and collecting gold, but these two ways have been overshadowed by heavy machinery. Analysing the activities that give more income to the inhabitants (and the companies that do their work there), is clear that mining is taking the lead with one third of the pro-

duction. Forestry is next with 6% and agriculture last with 3%. The services economy, on the other hand, is dominated by public administration with 11% of participation. If we look at the second graph, we can see how for the past five years the participation of mining activities in the economy has increased. This means that in the economic model, mining is the activity that contribute more to the profits and salaries of people in the region (although big amount is kept by private investors).

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.1.4 SYNTHESIS MAP

Legend Road connections Waterways Illegal crops Agriculture Forestry area Wetlands 0

20

40

50km

Figure 4.28. Map made by author based on previous.

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4.1.5 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strenghts

Weaknesses

• The Atrato as the main waterway can be part of a more efficient system of movement of people and goods.

• Amount of rivers, most of them navegable. Use waterways as main transport system.

• Quibdó is the most populated and dense city in the region. Use it as a pole of attraction of more opportunities.

• 50.2% of Chocó population lives in rural area. More areas for protection, maintain the rural character of the region.

• The level of poverty of Chocó is above the national average. There is a high demand for coverage of basic needs (housing, health, education, basic services and infrastructure) • The region is geographically isolated from the administrativeand productive centers. Lack of connections and infrastructure.

Opportunities

Threats

• Mix different production activities to recover the original state of the forest.

For example, forestry and agriculture, taking advantage of the layers of the forest.

• Possibility to introduce rural services centers, small scale centers, camouflaged in the place, supplying basic services that are lacking.

• The lacking services could be financed by new economies. For example, forest expertise, vernacular materials for construction, medicinal plants, better food.

• Establish a zoning where mining and fishing activities are separate.

• Allow low scale mining, but under strict parameters.

• There is an increasing deforestation rate. The loss of biodiversity is related to this process.

• Big scale mining is affecting water quality of rivers. The supply of water and fishery for local communities is being compromised because of this.

• Exports of the region are decreasing.

Eonomic activities like agriculture and forestry are being affected.

• Imports of machinery and manufactures are increasing. Local production is being overshadowed, and areas such as mining are being encouraged because they offer more opportunities.

• Presence of ilegal and armed groups in the region. Security issues and deforestation caused by coca leaves crops.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Legend Strenghts Weaknesses Threats Opportunities 0

20

40

50km

Figure 4.29. Map made by author based on analysis

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4.1.6 TRENDS

Figure 4.30. Graphic of global and regional trends. Made by author.

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2000

1990

1980

This diagram can be used as a hypothesis, where I say that by influencing current trends, actvities such as agriculture and fishing (subsistence activities) can increase, having an impact on the exports, that will simulaneously incresase, suggesting a dicrease on the product imports. This would be benefitial for the local economy, would genereate more jobs and eventually, with the control of mining contracts by the national government, less people will participate in high impact mining. These trends can be influenced by providing a spatial strategy that enhances the qualities of the local ecosystem, generating an alternative economic model based in local production.

1970

1960

The analys of current trends is important to consider as part of the starting points for the design process in spatial planning. In the graphic I am showing only some global trends, including Gold and cocaine prices, which are derived from the market and demand outside Colombia. Local trends show population growth, exports, imports, mining contracts and subsistence activities.

In the graphic you see a turning point on 2015, the moment when this project is being developed; if somethings that are happening today can be influenced to change, the trends will change, and the turning point would be the moment in which this change starts happening.

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.1.7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The analysis of the regional component gives a clear idea of the context of the project. Based on the information obtained and the analysis, I would like to make some recommendatins, specially to look while the analysis of the other two scales.

3. Ilegal activities such as drugs, need to be considered into the spatial planning, but taking precautions on its safecty and ilegality.

4. Consider mining and wood extraction as an important part of the economy, which may be ilegal in certain situations, but also provide income to thousands of families in the region. The shift needs to consider the transition from one economy to another by applying phases of implementation during the project.

Turning point

1. In order to be more profitable activities, agriculture and fishery should provide more income to the inhabitants than working in mining. By improving the spatial connection and creating a network of services, goods will be transported in a more efficient way, and isolated or not connected areas will be able to be part of the regional logistic system.

2. The transition between different productive activities need to be considered as a potencial spatial elements, as part of the regional network.

Population growth Gold prices $ Exports Subsistence activities

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2060

2050

2040

2030

2020

2010

Imports Mining contracts Cocaine prices $

4.2 Analysis Intermediate Scale

4.2.1 Infrastructure

4.2.2 Movement and Flows

4.2.3 Existing typologies of relation with

the therritory

Figure 4.0. Aerial view of Quibdรณ. Source: http://www.panoramio.com/user/6370690?with_photo_id=93932695

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.2.1 REGIONAL STRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE

At

ra

to

Ri

ve r

To Medellín

Q

ui

to

Ri

ve

r

Quibdó

To Pereira The Atrato River is the main mobility artery of the region. The city of Quibdó is in the intersection of the river, its tributaries and the National roads that connects Quibdó to Medellín and Pereira. Other rural settlements have appeared along tributaries to have accessibility to the city, also near national roads. Both water and land infrastructure is interconnected in Quibdó, being the connection to the rest of the region and the country.

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0

2.5

5

10km

Legend Black communities

Indigenous communities Rivers Atrato and Quito Tributaries National roads Unpaved roads Figure 4.31. Source: sig.anla. gov.co. Map made by author

4.2.2 REGIONAL MOVEMENT AND FLOWS

At

ra

to

Ri

ve r

To Medellín

!

! !

Q

ui

to

Ri

ve

r

Quibdó

To Pereira The central point in the region is the city of Quibdó. It works as the main distribution center, where all the goods come together to be distributed national and international wide. Production areas located near rural settlements are strategically positioned near waterstreams, both for tradicion and for logistics. Goods are transported to Quibdó for local consumption and export, and people commutes to the city to access services. The region works as a monocentric model.

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0

2.5

5

10km

Legend Movement of people and goods Productive areas Black communities

Indigenous communities Figure 4.32. Source: sig.anla. gov.co Map made by author

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.2.3 EXISTING TYPOLOGIES OF RELATIONS IN THE TERRITORY

2.

7. ve r Ri to At

ra

1.

To MedellĂ­n

6.

8.

QuibdĂł

5.

3.

4.

To Pereira The relation between production areas, existing settlements and infrastructure can be analized acccording to the typology of relation. I have identified 8 possible relations, in which the territory and the activities happening there are connected. In the following diagram there is an explanation of the elements which compose each one of these relations. Accessibility and productive landscapes are the main criteria, always in relation to the people that work the land.

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0

2.5

5

10km

Legend Vegetation Transformed forest Agriculture Rivers National roads Unpaved roads Figure 4.33. Source: sig.anla. gov.co Map made by author

4.2.3 EXISTING TYPOLOGIES OF RELATIONS IN THE TERRITORY 1.

5.

Cabi River

Bellaluz

River + Forest + Road

2.

River + Forest

6.

Road QuibdóMedellín

Calahorra

River + Forest + Productive areas

3.

Road + Productive areas

7.

Quito River

Negua

San Isidro

River + Mining

River + Mining + Forest

4.

8.

Atrato river Road QuibdóMedellín Quibdó

Tanando River

Quito river

River + Forest

Road QuibdóIstmina

River + Port + Productive areas + Mining

Figure 4.34. Relations between production areas, existing towns and infrastructure. Made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.3 Analysis City Scale

4.3.1 Socio demographic profile

4.3.2 Socio economic profile

4.3.3 Urban structure

4.3.4 Field trip results

4.3.5 Governance-legal structure

4.3.6 Governance-Armed groups

4.3.7 Conclusions Figure 4.0. Malecón of Quibdó. Photo Source: Leonardo García

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4.3.1 SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Composition of the population Municipality of Quibdรณ

City of Quibdรณ

7%

3,337 km2

93% Total Population 115, 711 inhabitants

1.65

Urban

km2

Total surface and urban area

Rural Figure 4.35. Source: DANE, 2010

Composition of the population

African Descendant Without ethnicity 95.3% 3% Figure 4.36. Source: URBAM EAFIT, 2015 and DANE 2005

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Indigenous 1.7%

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.3.2 SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE

The municipality of Quibdรณ has a total surface of 3.337 km2, from which only 1.65 km2 is urban area. However, the distribution of population is higher on the urban area, where 93% of the people live. The socioeconomic profile of the inhabitant of the city of Quibdรณ is determined by gender, basic educational level and job occupation. From this chart, it is clear that only 60% of the population has basic education, meaning that there is a very low quality of education in the city.

More than 50% of people work as independant in different fields. The main economic activity in the city is commerce, as well as the activity which offers more jobs, folowed by services and others. It seems to be a lack of job opportunities.

The urban functions of the city of Quibdรณ are composed mainly by residential and commercial functions. More than 91% of

Male

Primary school None

12.6%

Independant

Independant employee Public 10.3% servant Domestic employee 5.5%

It is important to mention, the information on the map is not taken from any source other than google street view. The lack of basic information slowed down the process of reading the city. However, Google street view has been a very important tool during this process, and can be used to see almost 90% of the city at the streeet level.

53.7% 46.3%

Female

High School

the housing is traditional housing or indigenous housing, according to the statistics of the DANE information. In the institutional, it is included schools, public institutions, universities, among others. The commercial activities are related to the character of commercial street or area. For example, the waterfront and its surroundings have the highest commercial activitiy, followed by the Calle 26, where informal market takes place. Having a typology of houses, only 5% of these have eeconomic actvity inside, and it contributes to the income provided by familiar business or local stores.

33.3% 29.9%

25.8%

Educational level 52.3%

Job occupation

Unpaid 3.2% Boss

Gender

2.9%

Figure 4.37. Source: DANE, 2010. Made by author based on source

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Atrato river

4.3.3 URBAN STRUCTURE SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE

Legend Park/Public square Institutional Commercial Residential 0

100 250

500km

Figure 4.38. Google Street view base map. Map made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM

Atrato river

To MedellĂ­n

Legend Local road-unpaved Secondary road Principal road 0 100 250

To Pereira

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500km

Figure 4.39. Map made by author

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Atrato river

Self-urbanization (Hilly with topography)

Historic City Center (Riverside Flat terrain) 0 100 250

500km

Figure 4.40. Analysis Map made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Atrato river

SYSTEM OF OPEN SPACES

Waterfront 0 100 250

500km

Figure 4.41. Analysis Map made by author

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4.3.4 FIELD TRIP RESULTS

!

0 100 250

500km

Figure 4.42. Map made by author based on field trip results

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Presence of criminal bands - High insecurity Villa España - neighborhood for displaced people

Figure 4.43. Market of Quibdó. Photo source: Author

Social housing project “MIA” Lack of connectivity Polluted streams due to urban pressure Bad environmental quality of the waterfront Three critical areas: aserrío, arenera, market

Figure 4.44. Urban pressure and garbange on streams.

Photo source: Author

Proposed ring road Houses on Poles “Palafitos” Flooding area

Urban expansion-institutuional development

Figure 4.45. Water quality affected by mining. Yellow color = mining. Photos source: Author

Pollution of water because of mining On going projects Mega-school / public park

Monserrate “View point”

“Malecón” Waterfront public space

Football field

Commercial pedestrian path Master Plan “Cabi”

Aeropark Av. Circunvalar - Ring Road Figure 4.46. Bad conditions of physical infrastructure. Photo Source: Author

Central market distribution

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4.3.5 GOVERNANCE GOVERNMENT MODEL - LEGAL STRUCTURE Colombia has a decentralized government from the Constitution of 1991. This means that although there is one central government headed by the President, there are other entities and representatives at different scales and levels. The national government is in charge of distributing the taxes according to the amount of population that lives in each of the different departments, and developing national public policies. The country is divided in 32 departments and 1 capital District, Bogotá.

These departments are managed by a governor, who is in charge of organizing and managing the structure of the department, for example infrastructure, educational programs, health. The department of Chocó is divided into 30 municipalities; Quibdó, the biggest urban center of Chocó, has 13 different secretariats, which are in charge of developing programs to achieve the public policies and the budget for each.

These representatives are elected under a democratic model by the Colombian people (for national government) and by inhabitants of each department and municipality.

The role of the government is essential for any type of strategy or project, especially in this region. The city of Quibdó, and all the region in general, is suffering of lack of institutions and lack of governance, two situations that have created gaps in the socio economic structure of the place. These gaps are filled by illegal activities, and the governance is taken by illegal and armed groups, as part of a larger context of socio political context. Since the government is one of the most important actors, in order to bring it closer to the people, the strategy needs to generate spaces of communication between scales of power, and bring institutions as allies for generating catalysts of sustainable development.

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Colombia National Government Geographic division

6 regions

Caribbean - Pacific - Andean Amazonian-Orinoquia - Insular Political and territorial division

32 Departments 1 Capital District - Bogotá

Department of Chocó

Governorship of Chocó

Municipal division

30 Municipalities

Principal municipality

Quibdó

Administrative division

13 Secretariats

Social Management-Habitat management-Green economy managementCoordination and counseling

Colombian people Figure 4.47. Governance structure of Colombia. Made by author.

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

4.3.6 GOVERNANCE ARMED GROUPS - ILLEGAL STRUCTURE Colombia is the western country with the longest conflict still on going. The sociopolitical conflict with guerilla groups and criminal bands has affected the country during the past 50 years, especially geographically isolated areas where there is no institutional or governmental presence, like the case of Chocó region. In the current context, both urban and rural areas are dominated by illegal groups that base their activities in production and traffic of drugs, traffic of weapons and extortion of local merchants and community leaders.

derstand better the governance of the city of Quibdó, the diagram below shows the map of the city and the areas that have either paramilitary presence or guerrilla presence.

The impact they have on community is so high, that there are some areas in the north of Quibdó where police cannot come in, for safety reasons. Inhabitants of these neighborhoods are in a very fragile condition, constantly threatened by these groups, and most of them are displaced, without job opportunities and don’t have access to basic services and infrastructure. To un-

• Control of micro-traffic and extortion networks in formal and information commerce • Rise of drug consumption in youth, as a way to attach them to illegal activities • Recruitment and extortion of young people, offering them opportunities in criminal bands •Micro-traffic involves children, whom are

Paramilitary groups are located in a strategic location inside the city, mainly to control legal and illegal economies, take military advantage of geographic conditions, and attack civil society for recruitment and social control. The activities they normally perform in urban areas are:

Legend Paramilitary presence

Quibdó

Routes Guerrilla presence Routes Intitutional presence

Figure 4.48. Illegal groups governance in Quibdó. Source: CODHES, 2014. Diagram made by author based on source

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used to transport drugs around the city Guerrilla groups, on the other hand, are strategic located outside urban border and in rural areas, especially to have regional connection to the pacific and to the interior of the country. The activities they perform in rural areas are: • Control road Quibdó - Medellín to extort transport sector and propaganda • Establish regulations and extortions to illegal mining and wood extraction activities • Control rivers to transport weapons, supplies and troops • Control socioeconomic life, restricting mobility and behavior of inhabitants

In order to take into account all actors involved, these analysis helps to understand the current situation. Also, to conclude that there is a lack of institutional presence in the region, that there is an extremely fragile community living there, and that the success or failure of any plan proposed here needs to take into consideration the conflict context as a risk or threat.

However, this project does not have the aim to establish a dialogue or negotiate with illegal groups, since is not part of the discipline of urbanism to do so. But it will consider them as influential actors.

4.3.7 CONCLUSIONS Regional Scale:

service center

1. Improve spatial networks: connectivity and accessibility

6. Strenghten the relation between production areas (supply) with distribution areas (demand) --> Descentralize the logistic system

2. Find alternative opportunities for socio economic development in traditional activities, in relation to the environment 3. Improve safety of local communities

Local/City Scale:

4. Shift from extractive to traditional economic practices

7. Urban and social segregation: presence of criminal bands in the north and south of Quibdó = vulnerable neighborhoods

Intermediate Scale:

8. Bad quality of rivers and water streams inside the city

5. Centralized model in the region, with the city of Quibdó as the main distribution and

9. Lack of connectivity of existing infrastructure

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

5 5. Planning Strategy

5.1 Vision

5.2 Spatial Strategy 5.2.1 Stakeholders

5.2.2 Spatial interventions

5.2.3 Mechanisms of restoration

5.3 Study cases

5.4 Pilot Projects 5.4.1 Strategy

5.4.2 Strategic projects 5.4.2.1 Phasing 5.4.2.2 Structural plan North of Quibdรณ

5.4.2.3 Structural plan Tutunendo

5.5 Strategy at different scales

5.5.1 Intermediate scale

5.5.2 Regional scale Figure 5.0. Atrato river. Source: http://www.experienciacolombia.com

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5.1 VISION

A possible long term vision for the Chocรณ Region can start by answering the question of how is such a rich place, in terms of biodiversity, culture, natural resources and people, so poor in the socioeconomic aspect, in education and lack of opportunities. If there is a contradiction between the context of environmental richness and socio- economic poverty in the region, there is the need to create a desirable situation, where such contradiction disappears: The Chocรณ Region, its governors and its inhabitants understand the importance of the natural environment they live in and understand that it is being destroyed. They start planning their future, a more sustainable way of living in which their plans, programs and policies are based on the unique characteristics of the local ecosystem. By applying the sustainable use of ecosystem services, they generate new opportunities for local inhabitants in legal and traditional practices, widening the gap between illicit activities and the community. Traditional practices, such as agriculture, are upgraded with agroforestry techniques, where the role model is the forest. By adding productivity into the recuperation or restoration of degraded forests the quality of soil, water and other natural functions can be restored, improving the conditions for production: productive landscapes.

The development of alternative traditional economic opportunities decrease the dependence on neoliberal practices and positions the region as the possibility of shifting towards a sustainable model of development.

and with nature. These shared benefits are the needs, dreams, values and own visions for the future of each one of the actors (inhabitants, indigenous, afro communities, entrepreneurs, leaders). These benefits are translated into spatial interventions, where inhabitants can be better connected, have better access to different services (urban and rural) and perceive the transition between different functions.

The integration of ecological and social perspective generates more economic opportunities, and is possible to transform Chocรณ into a more competitive region, more connected, more independent and more proud, with a new model of development, Based in Place.

All the actors work together towards the goal of shared benefits, and they find spaces, in the city and in the countryside (forest) of living in harmony with each other

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

5.2 SPATIAL STRATEGY

The spatial strategy is structured in a way to reach the vision, as a transition process between the current situation and the desired situation. It will give the guidelines to achieve an integrated development in the Chocรณ region, considering socioeconomic and spatial aspects. The strategy aims to provide guidelines for structural plan at different scales, in different timeframes, hosting flexible programs.

The methodology of the strategy is based on the spatial aspect and the socioeconomic aspect. Both are paths that start parallel from the analysis to the design in order to achieve the vision. Having these parallel processes defines what is aimed to do and what is possible to do, and finds the meeting point or transition processes.

In the next page, a fluxigram shows the structure of the spatial strategy. It starts defining areas that need to be protected and areas with a possibility of development. These areas are defined by the results of the analysis, which gave the location of transformed ecosystems, turning into an opportunity of development is a sustainable way. These ecosystems can be intervened by three main components, based on the criteria of level of transformation of the ecosystem: 1. Spatial Interventions, 2. Mechanisms of restoration, 3.

Stakeholders. Each one of these strategies have either a spatial, environmental/ecological and socioeconomic role, respectively.

These components lead to a different set of landscape descriptions.

given, to illustrate the possible actions/interventions/programs that can come from landscape understanding. These examples, as well as the actions, are applicable at different scales in different timeframes, to ensure flexibility.

This method can be applied to different case studies, after following carefully the methodology exposed. A layered analysis will provide the bases of action (case specific) and the strategy will adapt to the place, following its own landscape qualities, having as a result their own programmatic examples and flexible design.

Spatial benefits

Vision

Socioeconomic Figure 5.1. Parallel process of the strategy. Diagram made by author

These variety of landscapes will be classified based on the proximity to specific landscape qualities, and from these certain group of actions will be defined. At the end, a set of programmatic examples are

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REGIONAL SCALE (Transition Process)

Main ecological structures Policies and guidelines

Protection areas

HUBS

Indigenous resguards

SPATIAL STRATEGY

Transition process

Spatial Interventions

Development (Host flexible programs) areas

CONNECTIONS

Transformed ecosystems

GRADIENTS

RESTORATION

Mechanisms of restoration

PRODUCTION

URBAN EXPANSION

ILLEGAL ACTORS

Stakeholders

LEGAL ACTORS

REGIONAL SCALE

Figure 5.2. Fluxigram explaining the overall strategy. Diagram made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia INTERMEDIATE SCALE

LOCAL/CITY SCALE (Proximity to)

(Landscape description)

Centers providing lacking services

(Qualitative description)

Land use

Adjacency

Infrastructure

(Programatic examples)

Commercial Residential Institutional

Local product services Community services

Production (work) -riversSoft

Entrepreneur centers

Hard

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Research centers

Recreation/tourism services Distribution/logistic centers Multimodal hubs

Elements providing/improving connectivity

Transition or delimitation areas in-between

Reforestation and/or protection actions

Urban areas

Accessibility

Rural areas Man made structures Proximity Main ecological estructure Fragility

Security

Infrastructure Proximity

Existing settlements

Adjacency

Geopgraphic conditions

Control and plan of urban expansion

Armed groups with presence in the territory

(Stakeholder description)

Multimodal Transport system

Isolated areas

Digital Networks

Urban

Expansion areas

Extraction

Restoration/reforestation processes

Rivers & streams

Delimitation of protection areas Agroforestry

Agriculture Biodiversity hot spots

Introduce endogenous species

Indigenous resguards

Provide rural services Research centers

Extractive activities Presence of illegal groups

Community building

Soft

Watershed arrangements

Hard

Accessibility to protected areas

Densified areas

Local recovery programs

Open areas

Propagation units

Flat Sloped Dry areas

Production Terraces Agroforestry downstream

Wet areas

Agroforestry upstream

Rivers/waterbodies

100 m protection area

Forest/production areas Slopes

Sport & cultural facilities

Infrastructure

Main roads Secondary/local roads Existing housing

Institutional services Extend roads-green infrastructure Connect public spaces Urban voids+services

Access to basic services

Accessibility

Rural services

Transition processes support

Reintegration programs

Education and reintegration programs Places for waste recollection

Topography Rainfall areas

Diversify economic opportunities

(Benefits)

Green connections

Long distance

Community participation Parcellation model Fruit forests

Adjacency

Co-creation processes

Connect existing roads

Periphery

Community gardens

Engagement of local community

Specific social programs that can host participation and community support

City center

Periphery

Natural elements

Needs and Benefits

Circular public transport system

City center

Urban areas

Reforestation and/or protection actions - Productive landscapes

Local/short distance

Buildings on poles â&#x20AC;&#x153;palafitosâ&#x20AC;?

Cleaning garbage Recycling programs & waste management Plant trees

Compost-biomass production

Workshops and training for youth Support local business Encourage entrepreneurs

Use buildings for shared spaces

Safety

Set up safe routes for kids

Sports and recreation

Sports and music groups (Social program)

INTERMEDIATE SCALE

Healthy public spaces Festivals and markets Business fairs

Playgrounds Meeting points for school Friendly paths from schools to parks Soccer fields in empty green areas Temporary structures (Programatic examples)

LOCAL/CITY SCALE

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5.2.1 SOCIO ECONOMIC STRATEGY STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS Stakeholders are an essential part of the strategy, and the involvement of them into the analysis and the proposal make the project more feasible. It is necessary to understand the complexity of this context, where different actors need to find common spaces, where they are facing common threats, and need to be more visible for the rest of the country and the government. The only way of making this project real, is to takin into account both legal and illegal actors (the case of the armed groups, explained in chapter 4). However, this project aims to work within the legal actors, because of the political complexity which armed groups have, far from the urbanism scope.

and Economic association has goals such as more economic opportunities, safe jobs, education and reintegration into society. In the Social and Spatial association are benefits that come from a social aspect, but can be approached from spatial actions, such as engagement of local community, sports and recreation in flexible spaces, cultural areas and engage young generations.

By understanding which are the common benefits of different stakeholders, the strategy needs to find solutions and tools to get the actors work together, meet and cooperate in order to achieve a sustainable and integral development in this region.

Through the analysis of the different stakeholders involved, I defined who is interested, who has no interest, who has power and who doesn’t. This basic analysis led to categorize the stakeholders, the needs for empowerment, the most representative values of each actor and the goals or benefits they share. The complete information can be seen in Appendix 1.

For example, in Infrastructure and Environment there is accessibility to working areas, rise of environmental awareness and environmental based development. The strategy needs to find which interventions or mechanisms are needed to accomplish these goals and needs to work directly with the stakeholders involved. The Social

Armed groups

COCOMACIA

Catholic Church

Influence/power

I have grouped the shared benefits into three types of associations: 1. Infrastructure and Environment, 2. Social and Economic, 3. Social and Spatial. These associations can be translated into groups of actors that need to work together in order to achieve their goals.

HIGH

Municipality of ASOREWA Quibdó National Government CODECHOCO Local NGO’s

Private companies Governship of Chocó International Organizations

Local associations & entrepreneurs

Citizens of Quibdó

Local Universities and Farmers Research institutions

LOW LOW

Importance/Interest

HIGH

Figure 5.3. Stakeholer Anlaysis. Diagram made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

GOVERNANCE MODEL CO CREATION OPROCESSES

Governance scheme: The proposed governance scheme is where the main stakeholders work together for the same aim (that is the result of their own values and goals) in order to have access to shared benefits. This is made by defining the roles and responsibilities of each actor, giving guidelines for processes of co-creation.

Government

In order to determine which are the different roles and responsibilities of each one of the stakeholders involved, I have defined main roles of financing, support and participation. The actors responsible of fulfilling the role of financing are the national government, international community and private companies, because of the impact their decisions and actions (economic and political) have had over the natural environmental and community. The international community and private companies, as well as universities, have the role of supporting these type of programs, and work together to provide tools and spaces for socializing plans. Finally, local inhabitants have the role of participating in these processes, and to get together and bring ideas. Local inhabitants can also bring entrepreneurship, cultural and social initiatives.

(Roles) PARTICIPATE

na

Fi

AIMS/ RESULTS Participation

t pp or Su

Research centers

(Actor responsible of) Inhabitants International community Government Private companies/ investors

Figure 5.5. Roles and responsibilities. Diagram made by author

g

in nc

International Support and NGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S facilitation

SUPPORT FINANCE

Financing

Private Investors

Roles and responsibilities:

ARMED GROUPS

Co-creation processes talk about bringing different actors together, and work jointly in order to produce shared outcome. These processes are specific social programs that can host participation and community support. It is a bottom up approach, which involves local people in short term solutions, for a long term impact.

Inhabitants

Figure 5.4. Governance scheme. Diagram made by author

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5.2.2 SPATIAL STRATEGY SPATIAL INTERVENTIONS

HUBS: Located near productive areas, hubs are interconnected centers that offer services not available now and also provide new services.

- Education (knowledge centers + basic) - Local based production

GRADIENTS: Transition area from one land use / production site to another

NETWORK CONNECTIONS: Connectivity, accessibility and relation of hubs and gradients - Green Infrastructures for Ecosystem Services -Multimodal (waterways +motorways) - Distribution system (Supply-Demand)

Figure 5.6. Planning principles for the strategy. Diagrams made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

5.2.3 MECHANISMS OF RESTORATION The mechanisms of restoration are actions directly related to the restoration of lost ecosystem functions and are defined by the strategy. There are three main mechanisms: 1. Restoration: reforestation and/or protection actions 2. Production: reforestation and/or protection actions with a productive input â&#x20AC;&#x201C;productive landscapes 3. Urban expansion: control and planning of urban expansion These mechanisms are the result of the analysis of projects that are implementing these type of action with the aim of restoring degraded landscapes. By analyzing successful and ongoing projects, the main elements are being used by this strategy to recover transformed ecosystems in the ChocĂł Region.

The different type of mechanisms can be applied to the landscape taking into account the fragility, proximity to infrastructure and existing settlements, adjacency to urban areas, geographic conditions and adjacency to natural elements and infrastructure. These conditions determine the type of mechanism to be implemented and the qualitative description will determine the programmatic example and possible design intervention that is needed. The more transformed and fragile the ecosystem is, several mechanisms should be applied. For example the mechanisms of community participation can be used as support of other actions, and will always go in parallel.

Mechanisms, interventions and stakeholders should work in parallel, making more emphasis on one of them, but at the end, the three should be present so the strategy can be fully implemented.

Restoration areas - Protection, Restoration

1. Propagation Units

5. Up stream interventions

2. Community building

6. Accessibility to protected areas

3. Research centers

7. Program of local environmental recovery

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8. Environmental recovery of the waterfront

4. Carbon sequestration

9. Reciprocal arrangement watershed

Production areas - Production, Restoration

1. Agroforestry in low lands

5. Use topography for terraces

2. Agroforestry in high lands in wet areas

3. Community participation

4. Fruit forests

6. Natural ponds for 7. Digital network of 8. Multimodal hubs/ 9. Parcellation water use-runoff farmers connections model

Urban areas - Expasion, Recuperation

1. Urban voids + services

2. Self sufficient villages

3. Define urban border

4. Connect the waterfront to other open spaces

5. Use green areas for sport and cultural activities

6. Environmental local recovery

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Figure 5.7. Mechanisms of restoration.

Diagrams made by author

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

5.3 REFERENCE PROJECTS ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION PROCESSES 1. Restoration of the Loess Plateau, China: The aim of this project, led by the Chinese government with the support of the World Bank, was to restore one of the most degraded landscapes in the country (total area of 640.000 km2) and change the cycle of poverty and ecological destruction in the region.

Planning: Involve national planners, international planners from the World Bank, experts in hydrology, forestry, agriculture, economics and soil dynamics.

ver, this program only incentives the conservation of forests, but does not provide any direct benefit to local communities.

The mechanisms also consider to improve the livelihood of local people that live within this mechanism.

It also unify people in one geopgrahical element: the watershed. With the reciprocal arrangement, local groups take care of the up stream, while other take care of the down stream, having a constant communication and exchange of efforts.

3. Umu du Gudu, Rwanda:

Participation: Engage local people from the begining of the process, in order for them to partipate in the process of restoration and take care of it in the future.

The general objective of this project is to implement a strategy of restoration and reforestation nation wide, to reduce poverty by actively improving the environment.

Policy:

In Rwanda, the plantations have transformed a high percentage of the forest cover, affecting the quality of life of the people that work and live there. The national government has the ambition of developing a strategy for the restoration of all degraded ecosystems nation wide.

1. Ban tree cutting 2. Ban planting on steep slopes 3. Ban free-range grazing of livestock Land tenure 4. Differentiate and designate ecological and economic land 5. Integrated watershed management 2. Living Well Program, Bolivia:

The plan is to map all degraded ecosystems to start rehabilitating them, so lost functions are recovered.

This program has the aim to achieve a sustainable future in harmony with nature, to engage local people in the conservation of the forests, because they have the power to do so and offer them a balanceed way of life.

Umudugudu (good things): Bring families together in new villages, as a way of inspiring economic development to take them away from poverty. Provide housing, water supply and storage, everything close from the villag.

They are implementing different mechanisms to reduce deforestation, taking into account the parameters established by the REDD+ program, for carbos bonus. Howe-

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storation of the ss Plateau, China

REFERENCE PROJECTS CONCLUSIONS

Aims

Stakeholder discussion Aims Government

Stakeholder discussion

Government

◦ Restore a degraded area of◦ Restore a degraded area of 640.000 km2 640.000 km2 ◦ Change the cycle of poverty ◦ Change the cycle of poverty Restoration of the and ecological destruction inand ecological destruction in Loess Plateau, China the region the region Community International planners

Aims

Mechanisms to reduce deforestation

Aims

Community

Reduce deforestation and Mechanisms emissions (REDD+) to reduce deforestation Improve livelihoods of local people that live within this mechanism

International planners

Reduce deforesta emissions (REDD+

Improve livelihoo people that live w mechanism

◦ Achieve a sustainable future ◦ Achieve a sustainable future in harmony with nature in harmony with nature Watershed Reciprocal Arrangement Watershed Reciprocal Arrang ◦ Engage local people in the◦ Engage local people in the conservation of the forests conservation of the forests

g Well” Program, “Living Well” Program, Bolivia Bolivia

mu du Gudu” gram, Rwanda

Aims

Stakeholder collaboration Stakeholder collaboration Aims Government Government

◦ Implement a strategy of ◦ Implement a strategy of restoration and reforestationrestoration and reforestation nation wide nation wide

“Umu du Gudu”

◦ Reduce poverty by actively◦ Reduce poverty by actively Program, Rwanda improving the environment. improving the environment.

Community

UNDP

Figure 5.8. Main elements and conclusions from reference projects. Diagram made by author

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Community

UNDP

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Engage community in early stages of restoration processes, so they can understand and participate the value of restoration efforts.

Figure 5.9. Restoration of the Loess Plateau. Source:

Mechanisms to reduce deforestation: Reduce deforestation using incentives for CO2 sequestration and selling. Improve livelihoods of local people and engage them in the conservation of the forests.

Figure 5.10. Local communities in Bolivia. Source:

National planning of reforestation at national scale, but considering local impact and interventions to do so.

Local and national programs (at different scales).

Figure 5.11. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Umu du Guduâ&#x20AC;? Village. Source:

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5.4 PILOT PROJECTS 5.4.1 STRATEGY

As the strategy at the intermediate scale is showing, there are many relations between the city of Quibdó and the rural areas.

Quibdó is the center of the region and where most of the services and economic opportunities are. In the rural areas, people need to travel hours when they need to go to the doctor, or when they need to do any sort of errand. There is one special relation of the city with the road that connects to Medellín; about 16 km from Quibdó, there is a small settlement called Tutunendo, created along the road. It is located in a strategic position, in one of the hotspots of biodiversity in the region, close to the main urban center, along the road, with a considerable traffic of transport crossing the town.

Out of this opportunity, and as an alternative to the current centralized model at the intermediate scale, the strategy aims to decentralize the system. Quibdó as the main urban center, with the waterfront as the regional element, and Tutunuendo as a secondary center, with the road Quibdó-Medellín as the regional element.

By decentralizing the current structure, there is space for more institutional presence, which means more support and security, as well as more coverage of basic services and infrastructure in rural areas.

Strategy layers:

reforestation pilot projects, small units of reforestation to test species, time of growth, etc, and are located near existing settlements. Also distribution centers, especially near productive areas, they are meeting point to gather goods and take them to Quibdó and Tutunendo for transport out of the region. Research centers that support restoration and productive actions and multimodal hubs, which bring together two or more types of transportation in order to make more efficient the logistic system. Self-sufficient villages can have their own production areas, small scale services, rainwater storage systems, biomass production.

Infrastructure (connections): The main road Quibdó-Medellín and Quibdó-Pereira work as main connection to the interior of the country, the Atrato river hosts several multimodal hubs and distribution centers that reactivate its navigability. Accessibility through rivers to restoration and production areas, especially for local farmers and people working in research centers. Recreation and touristic routes, with slow networks into protected areas to increase tourism in the region. Digital networks to connect farmers between them and to possible clients in bigger cities; they connect through an app and are in contact with clients in restaurants, supermarkets, etc that want to commit to responsible production.

Centralized model

Land use (gradients): this layer is composed by restoration areas, with reforestation and protection actions, production areas, with agroforestry model and techniques, and water restoration areas with upstream interventions, specifically for rivers affected by mining.

Tutunuendo

Tutunuendo !

!

!

! ! !

Services (hubs): this layer is composed by

Descentralized model

Quibdó Figure 5.12. Regional model. Made by author

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Quibdó

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

!

! !

Land use - (Gradients)

!

! !

Services/Functions - (Hubs)

!

! !

Infrastructure- (Connections) 0

2.5

5

Figure 5.13.Layers of the strategy.

The complete map can be found in Appendix 2.

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15km

5.4.2 STRATEGIC PROJECTS

Upstream interventions: To recover water quality and functions of rivers affected by mining activities, the intervention in the upstream and downstream is essential.

Planting of native species of flora and fungus, which can absorb toxins left by mining. This can be done by social programs where communities take part of different areas of recovery of the stream.

Pilot project for reforestation in Pacurita: Pacurita is already a focus area for tourism in the region. By promoting reforestation units, the recovery of the natural forest can bring even more tourism to the region and add another economy in forest protection backed by international communities.

Distribution center Quibd贸: As a pilot for urban development of the city, a catalyst hub can be implemented. The central market of Quibd贸 will relate productive lands-

capes to sustainable urban growth and integration of the existing city.

Recuperation of environmental quality of the waterfront: Combined with the previous intervention, the waterfront in the city center has good quality of public space, but bad environmental quality, because of the lack of waste management in the shore of the river. By implementing social and environmental programs to recover the waterfront, the public life can be improved.

New production pole in Tutunendo: Take advantage of the strategic position of this town in the enhancing of local production and innovative techniques of agroforestry, considering a sustainable development for the town and working in synergy with the functions and services provided by Quibd贸.

Pilot project Distribution center in the North of Quibd贸 Upstream interventions Pilot Project for descentralization: New Pole in Tutunuendo

!

!

Recuperation of environmental quality of the waterfront

!

Pilot project for reforestation: Pacurita 0

Figure 5.14. Strategic projects. Made by author

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2.5

5

15km

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

5.4.2.1 PHASING

The phasing is the description in time of a series of actions. It considers short, medium and long term planning, taking into consideration strategic projects to achieve long term objectives.

According to each one of the strategic projects mentioned before, there is one initial action (with the objective of recover a lost natural function), and is continued in time under the following parameters: the action develops and creates conditions for a next action to happen; the action can be continued with another action or through time; the action can work in parallel with another, in order to create new conditions for the next; there is dependence or engagement between actions, one cannot work without another. Each action considers the involvement of specific stakeholders and according to their current needs, the actions can develop.

The phasing of the strategy shows a hierarchy of interventions, prioritizing which action is more essential or works as catalyzer for other actions to happen. It also considers flexibility in time, including stakeholders and their need, as it considers the dynamics of changing communities.

In the next page, you can see the table that shows the phasing for strategic projects in a time of 20 years (one generation). It is the time that it takes an ecosystem to recover its functions.

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PHASING

MEDIUM TERM

DESCRIPTION (Function that is recovered)

5 years

Condition

SHORT TERM

Action: Upstream interventions Ecosystem Services: Water flow and water treatment (R) Ecosystem Functions: Regulation of hydrological flows

Upstream interventions

Action: Agroforestry model ES: Food, Fiber (P), Education (C) EF: Production functions and information functions

Pilot Project - Quibdรณ North as a distribution center

Research centers Community building

Watershed arrangements Accessibility

Recreation & tourism centers

C

Parcellation model Planning of distribution center Access infrastructure Multimodal connections

Condition

Condition

Community building Define Protection areas

Pilot Project - Tutunuendo as a complementary pole Area for development Provide Basic infrastructure Multimodal hubs & connections Condition

Define Protection areas

Action: Reforestation ES: Air quality, gas regulation, climate (R), recreation and ecotourism (C) EF: CO2 /O2 balance, greenhouse gas regulation

Pilot Project for resforestation- Pacurita

Action: Environmental recovery of the Waterfront of Quibdรณ ES: Water treatment, pollination (R), Aesthetic values, recreation and ecotourism (C) EF: Regulating, habitat and Information functions

Pilot project: waterfront public space

Define Protection areas Condition

Economic incentives

Provide accessibility to protected areas

Multimodal connections Reduce emissions and improve livehood: Propagation Units

Local recovery programs

Condition

Define Protection areas in the city Community participation

Local recovery:

Recovery of urban waterstreams

Waste management programs

Action: Urban interventions ES: Air quality (R), Aesthetic values, recreation, education (C) EF: Regulating, habitat and Information functions

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Waste recollection centers

Condition

Socialization of problems

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

LONG TERM

20 years

10 years

Condition

Control and monitor

Cultural and urban Services

Community participation + safe spaces

Condition

Build Central market

Supply chain/logistics system +efficient and +integral

Urban expansion mechanisms

Urban expansion mechanisms Research centers - Institutions

Recreation and tourism areas Production center with digital and physical infrastructure

Reforestation of 5-10 km radius Programs

Implement in a regional and national scale Sell Carbon Bonus

Touristic route Quibdรณ-Pacurita as part of local economy

Condition

Programs

Condition

Condition

Parcellation model Network of farmers

Innovation park center

How to read Short-Medium-Long term Condition for next action Parallel actions

Healthy public spaces Use buildings for shared spaces

Continue next action

Green waterfront

Continue in time Enganged action

Condition

Neighborhood interventions Community services

Urban expansion mechanisms Green Infrastructure Cultural services Self sufficient towns

Stakeholder involved

ES

Ecosystem service

EF

Ecosystem function

Figure 5.15. Phasing of the strategy. Diagram made by author

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5.4.2.2 STRUCTURAL PLAN CURRENT SITUATION-NORTH OF QUIBDÓ

Guayabal

At ra

to

riv er

QuibdóMedellín route Legend Rivers Existing roads Buildings 0

City center

100

200

500 m

Figure 5.16. Current situation map Quibdó. Made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

5.4.2.2 STRUCTURAL PLAN NEW DISTRIBUTION CENTER-NORTH OF QUIBDร

Production area

1

Legend Rivers Exteded roads

2

Protection areas

At ra

to

Agroforestry

riv er

Area for development Buffer between urban and production Educational and institutional services Communal services Existing forest 0

City center

100

200

500 m

Figure 5.17. Structural plan for Quibdรณ. Made by author

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GUIDELINES OF DESIGN

Figure 5.18. Section 1 - Transport road

Figure 5.19. Section 2. Access to agroforestry road

The guidelines of design come from the strategy and the spatial interventions, mechanisms of restoration and stakeholders.

At the city scale, these strategies are translated into a structural plan, with an infrastructure and environment approach. The first thing is that this structural plan is as flexible as possible, and by providing the infrastructure and defining protection areas, I am providing other functions that can attach to the existing city.

The existing conditions show and important relation between the waterfront and the city center of QuibdĂł. Nevertheless, the organic growth of the rest of the city is not controled and doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a good connection to the center, there are few main roads.

The proposed condition establishes a border or transition between urban and rural area, by providing space for productive activities with agroforestry model. Through infrastructure, new areas for development are defined. At the same time, the gradient bewteen the new productive areas and the existing organic city is established by a border of services and facilities that can improve the quality of live of people living in the north of the city. And to the same extent, the urban waterfront is connected to this new area through the environmental recuperation of the beach of the river, including recreational connections. All of these functions are flexible thourgh time and space, and an example of how to implement the guidelines can be seen in the following pages.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

5.4.3 IMPLEMENTATION

1. Define protected areas

2. Project infrastructure-connecting roads 3. Parcellation model applied to areas and accessibility roads destined for agroforestry

4. Planning and construction of Central 5. Localize waste collection points near 6. Propose a school, sport and cultural Market -distribution center-and public streams and housing-use green areas for facilities connecting to existing neighborbiomass hoods space Figure 5.20. Implementation of the phasing in pilot project-Quibdรณ. Made by autor

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1 3

2

Collage 1

Collage 2

2

Figure 5.21. Aplication of the strategy. Applied guidelines into pilot project. Made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Natural Forest

Bioswale Motorbike

Mixed road

Park

Stop area

Isolation - area for future expansion

Mixed road

Water stream

Pedestrian Bioswale walk

Figure 5.22. Section 1 detail - Transition between forest and protection areas. Made by author

Atrato river

Recuperation wetlands

Malecรณn

Figure 5.23. Section 2 - Green Waterfront in the city center. Made by author

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Carrera 1

Cathedral

Productive Landscapes -Agroforstry-

Pedestrian sidewalk

Productive Landscapes -Agroforstry-

Extension of sidewalk

Road for slow traffic

Bikelane / motorbike

Pedestrian sidewalk

Figure 5.24. Section 3 detail - Accessibility to agroforestry. Made by author

Soccer fields

Agroforestry

Multifunctional area

Playgrounds

Safe areas for children

Figure 5.25. Section 4 - Multifunctional spaces between the city and production landscapes. Made by author

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Existing neighborhood

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Figure 5.26. Collage 1 - Walking through productive landscapes. Made by author. *Photos of people used were taken from: http://enamoratedelchoco.co/ and other web sources

Figure 5.27. Collage 2 - Quibdรณ Market. Made by author. *Photos of people used were taken from: http://enamoratedelchoco.co/ and other web sources

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Transport road - Infrastructure provides space for future reprofile of the street. It has a smooth relation to the forest, using water as an elment of transition. It includes additional services, which can be used according to needs. The connection of productive landscapes to the new hub of distribution relates nature, recreation functions and job opportunities.

Figure 5.27. Aerial view- Alternative development for Quibdรณ. Drawings showing spaial distribution of some points. Detail explanation can be found in Appendix 4. Made by author.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Accessibility to productive landscapes Connections are made for slow traffic and pedestrian use. They provide accessibility to productive landscapes. Hubs are related to temporary functions, like commerce and recreation and people appropiate these spaces, and use them to gather. The gradient space relates urban life with job opportunities and nature.

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5.4.2.3 STRUCTURAL PLAN CURRENT SITUATION-TUTUNENDO

Quibdó-Medellín

Tutu n

end

Legend

o riv er

0

Rivers Existing roads Urban structure Figure 5.28. Current situation map Tutunendo. Made by author

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100

200

500 m

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

5.4.2.3 STRUCTURAL PLAN NEW PRODUCTION CENTER-TUTUNENDO

Production area

D

d

A

a

Quibdó-Medellín

c

B

b

C

Tutu n

end

Legend

0

Rivers

Area for development

Limit areas for Protection

Educational and institutional services

Protection areas

Communal services

Agroforestry

Existing forest

Figure 5.29. Structural plan for Tutuenendo. Made by author

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o riv er

100

200

500 m

Figure 5.30. Section A. New road Quibdรณ-Medellin

Figure 5.31. Section B. Pedestrian Road new river

Figure 5.32. Section C. Local road for new development

Figure 5.33. Section D. Access to productive areas

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

IMPLEMENTATION

1. Define protected areas

2. Project infrastructure-Design new route Quibdó-Medellín, and leave the old route as a local road

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3. Identify housing that needs to be relocated for safety near the river. Plan new areas for development

4. Define areas for development based on provided infrastructure.

Plan the road network and protection areas, and leave space for selft-building techniques.

5. Parcellation model for agroforestry areas. Start innovation center for research on environmental technology. University and facilities for entrepreneurs.

Figure 5.34. Implementation of phasing in pilot project-Tutunendo. Made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Collage 3

1

2 3

Figure 5.35. Aplication of the strategy. Applied guidelines into pilot project. Made by author

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Productive Landscapes -Agroforstry-

Pedestrian sidewalk

Accessibility and recreation path

Natural Forest

Mixed road for transport, traffic and motorbikes

Figure 5.36. Section 1 - Production areas - Accessibility for slow and transport traffic. Made by author

Multifunctional spaces

Local road

Research Hub-flexible spaces for scientists and entrepreneurs

Innovation Park

New road QuibdĂłMedellĂ­n

Figure 5.37. Section 2 - New development areas - Hubs for innovation in relation to productive landscapes. Made by author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Natural Forest

Tutunendo river

Tutunendo river

Multifunctional platforms along river

Bioswales

Figure 5.38. Section 3 detail - Public space along the Tutunendo River. Made by author

Figure 5.39. Collage 3 - Public platforms near river. Made by author *Photos of people used were taken from: http://enamoratedelchoco.co/ and other web sources

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Existing housing for rellocation

Pedestrian

Bikelane/ Motorbike

Figure 5.40. Aerial view- Alternative development for Tutunendo. Drawings showing spaial distribution of some points.

Detail explanation can be found in Appendix 4. Made by author.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

New National Road - The new profile of the road QuibdĂł-MedellĂ­n contemplates new hubs for development, such as research and innovation centers. They are placed along the road, connecting the natural landscape and new functions. The relations to the street can be given by the appropiation of spaces in front of the houses and the variations of housing: with commerce on the ground floors, with fron garden, with front terrace or open patios.

Local roads development - The dynamics are given by the appropiation of colective space between the streets and housing development. Providing space to pedestrian allows different functions and adtivities to happen, making the street more lively and traditional.

Public space near river - To recover the relation with the river and the integration of the natural landscape, public space embraces the river banks, providing spaces for multipe activities to happen. Different hubs appear along the road, connecting natural aspects to recreation and touristic activities.

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5.5 APPLICATION OF STRATEGY AT DIFFERENT SCALES The application of all the components of the strategy have as a result a structural plan, flexible in a long term and that can host flexible programs.

These programs have different translation in each scale. What you will see in the following pages, is the strategy applied to different scales, starting from the intermediate scale, zooming in until the implementation of the strategy in two pilot projects.

But the same strategy can replicate in the regional/national scale; so in this case, the

intermediate implementation could also be considered as a pilot project of the regional scale.

Each scale has different scope, more tangible or intangible than others. The missing elements in the regional scale can be seen in the intermediate scale, and the missing elements in this can be seen in the local scale. For the scope of this project, the strategy will be applied until the local/city scale, with only some examples or representations of the neighborhood scale.

5.5.1 STRATEGY AT INTERMEDIATE SCALE In the intermediate scale, the strategy shows which areas are going to be restored, which productive areas will adopt agroforestry model and what type of connections and network does this system need to have an efficient logistic structure.

1. Restoration: areas that have been deforested (by illegal and/or extractive activities), including forests, water streams and rivers; and areas that need to be protected, such as indigenous resguards. Reforestation areas (gradients) show the transition from degraded area and reforested, and are supported by research and recreation/ tourism centers (hubs). Rivers that have been degraded because of gold mining, will have upstream interventions to recover the natural cycle of water and other lost functions.

2. Production: areas that currently have agriculture or productive land use, but that have a monoculture model. The agroforestry model will be implemented first near

existing settlements as a pilot project of integration of productive species and endemic species. Agroforestry areas (gradients) show the transition from monoculture and intensive crops to a more integrated model of production, and are supported by distribution centers (hubs) to ensure that everything that is produced can be transported to the region. Using existing infrastructure, both natural and man-made a more efficient system can be implemented, supplemented by a digital connection (networks) between farmers and interested clients in big cities.

3. Networks: The main objective is to provide connectivity and accessibility from production areas (supply) to towns and cities (demand) for commercialization of goods. The network of farmers can start as a catalyzer of production with agroforestry techniques, and with multimodal connections (hubs) it is possible to use rivers and roads to make the logistic system more efficient.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

LAYERS OF THE STRATEGY

!

! !

Legend Upstream recovery Production areas

Research center

Self-sufficient towns

Pollution by mining

Distribution center Multimodal hubs Restoration areas (reforestation)

Special Protection areas (indigenous resguards)

Waterway Road Slow network Network of farmers Digital connections Existing towns

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0

2.5

5

10km

Figure 5.41. Strategy at intermediate scale. Made by author

1. RESTORATION

!

! !

Legend

0

Restoration areas (reforestation)

2.5

5

10km

Figure 5.42. Strategy for Restoration. Made by author

Area that has been transformed Special Protection areas (indigenous resguards) Upstream recovery Research center Pollution by mining Existing Settlements

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

2. PRODUCTION

!

! !

Legend

0

2.5

5

10km

Production areas Figure 5.43. Strategy for production. Made by author

Agricultural area Self-sufficient towns Network of farmers Digital connections Distribution center Multimodal hubs Existing Settlements

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3. NETWORKS

!

! !

Legend

0

Waterway

2.5

5

10km

Figure 5.44. Strategy for Connections. Made by author

Road

Slow network Network of farmers Digital connections Existing Settlements

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

5.5.2 STRATEGY AT REGIONAL SCALE

Legend Network connections Main road connections Main waterway connections Complementary waterway connections

Hubs

Distribution center Agroforestry Distribution center Fishery Main distribution center

Gradients Buffer areas for drug crops Reforestation areas Mix agriculture with forestry and hubs Purification of water with native species Mixed crops along roads Fishing areas

Temporary agriculture in flooding areas Agriculture parks as buffer for city 0

20

40

50km

Figure 5.45. Strategy ar Regional scale. Made by author

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GRADIENT ZONES

Transition area from one land use / production site to another

HUBS

Hubs

NETWORK CONNECTIONS

Located near produtive areas, hubs are interconnected centers that offer services not avaiable now and also provide new services.

Connectivity, accessibility and relation of hubs and gradients.

centers + basic) - Local based production

- Distribution system (Supply-Demand)

- Green Infrastructures for Ecosystem Services.

- Multimodal (waterways Figure 5.46. Layers of the strategy. Made by author - Education (knowledge +motorways)

GRADIENT ZONESZONES GRADIENT

HUBS HUBS

Gradients

NETWORK CONNECTIONS NETWORK CONNECTIONS

LocatedLocated near produtive areas, areas, near produtive Transition area from one land Transition area from one land hubs hubs are interconnected are interconnected use / production site to anouse / production site to anocenterscenters that offer not thatservices offer services not ther ther avaiableavaiable now and also provide now and also provide new services. new services.

- Education (knowledge - Education (knowledge centerscenters + basic)+ basic) - Local -based Localproduction based production

In the regional scale, the strategy shows the replication of the intermediate strategy along the Atrato River basin. In this scale, the strategy will be composed by hubs, gradients and connections.

The hubs are the distribution centers in existing cities along the Atrato. Quibdó as the main distribution center for being the biggest city, Vigía Del Fuerte as the Afroforestry distribution center, for its proximity to productive landscapes, and Riosucio as the Fishing distribution center, for being the epicenter of this activity near the flood plains of the river. Each city will be part of

Network Connections

Connectivity, accessibility and Connectivity, accessibility and relationrelation of hubsofand gradients. hubs and gradients.

- Green Infrastructures for - Green Infrastructures for Ecosystem Services.

Ecosystem Services.

- Multimodal (waterways - Multimodal (waterways +motorways) +motorways) - Distribution system system - Distribution (Supply-Demand) (Supply-Demand)

the regional structure by concentrating services and opportunities regarding different products. The gradients are translated into different landscapes and the fringe between them. When an agricultural landscape turns into natural forest, the gradient is agroforestry, or when natural forest has extractive activities, a gradient of safety is created. Finally, the networks is the existing infrastructure, the road Quibdó-Medellín and Quibdó-Pereira and the Atrato River as the main waterway. These connections are enriched by the connectivity in the intermediate and local scales.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

6

6.1 Alternative economies 6.1.1 Agroforestry Figure 6.0. “El Chocó en la cabeza”. Courtesy of Andrés Mauricio Mosquera. Source: http://enamoratedelchoco.co

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6.1 ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIES

The strategy gives space for different economic activities to happen. Once the territory is appropriated, social and environmental potentialities start taking over where it was not possible before. In all of the elements (spatial interventions, mechanisms of restoration and co-creation processes) there is a chance for economic reward. Interventions will open up spaces for multiple activities, such as commerce, entertainment, tourism, entrepreneurship.

Mechanisms will create jobs in nature preservation, innovation and research. And co-creation processes will open up spaces for social integration of different disciplines in education, social studies, social support and non-governmental occupation.

All of the previous opportunities generated by the reorganization of the functioning of the territory around natural features and the integration of social and environmental perspectives. The possibilities are many, the examples, seen in figure 6.1, are some of those opportunities. Important to take into account, these all are alternatives to a current model. This project does not contemplate the idea of changing the national context or stablish a fight against private actors. It only provides an alternative for the current situation, and provides more opportunities, more sustainable and inclusive, for the inhabitants of the ChocĂł region, and all the actors involved. In the context we live today, to start thinking in alternatives, will start changing the paradigm we are living in.

Alternative economies â&#x20AC;&#x153;based in placeâ&#x20AC;?

Human capital

Digital Networks

Natural Capital

Knowledge

Tourism

Figure 6.1. Diagram of possible alternative economies. Made by author

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Agroforestry

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

6.1.1 AGROFORESTRY MODEL

Endangered

Productive

Productive

Productive

Seasonal crop

Endogenous

Seasonal crop

Productive

Annual crops Figure 6.2. Specification of species for agroforestry model. Made by author

Agroforestry can be implemented according local (geographic and weather conditions), but always using: one endangered species, one endogenous specie, two productive species, and one annual and seaso-

nal crop. By using this model, biodiversity will increase and the process of reforestation will be ensured, adding a productive aspect that will recover traditional practices in the region for economic benefit.

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GuillermoEmbera Indigenous

LauraMaster student

Atrato river!

7

7.1 Reflection

7.1.1 Further Steps

7.2 Evaluation

7.3 Conclusion

7.4 Bibliography Figure 7.0. Laura and Guillermo. Source: Author

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

7.1 REFLECTION

About the relationship between research and design: When I started with this graduation project, I knew around 10% of what I know today about my study case: the ChocĂł region. It has been a very intense research about a place which I thought there was not enough information available for me to base my research on. However, there exists an immense amount of information, data, literature, journals and videos about this particular region. Although most of this information comes from other disciplines, such as economics, anthropology, social sciences, architecture, ecology and politics, my main challenge was to translate this data into space. For that, I used mapping as the main tool. Mapping of absolutely everything, to understand the relation in space, at different scales. Diagraming also helped, in order to abstract the structure of natural, economic and social systems.

There is also a relation with the aims of the graduation studio this research in contained in, Delta Interventions, to integrate knowledge from other disciplines and to get control of complex integral design assignments.

The layer approach I used to do the analysis of the context, was very useful to organize the information I had. By understanding the natural layer, the social layer and economical layer, and the components in each one of them, I could obtain general conclusions and stablish a diagnosis for the context. From this, I developed a framework to start defining my strategy.

Until now, the analysis through scales has been very useful to determine which type of information is relevant in each scale.

For example, in the intermediate scale, the

principles of the strategy are more visible, giving place to specify where interventions are needed. In comparison, the regional strategy defines in a general way how these interventions (in the intermediate scale) can reply along the regional model. And in the local scale, the strategy translates into specific spatial elements and more detailed areas. The jump between scales gives a different canvas to design, depending on what each scale needs.

About the relationship between the theme of the graduation lab and the subject/case study chosen by the student within this framework (location/object) My research is contained in the group of Delta Interventions. The main topic of this group is to understand that delta landscapes display natural dynamics and ecological richness, which is their main attractiveness, and how processes of transformation and urbanization change the landscape.

Urbanized deltas are the main study case of this group. However, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m not working on a delta, but I am working on a very similar landscape in terms of fragility and sensitivity. This research is developed within a framework of landscape transformation, impact of urbanization processes towards the environment and the spatial approach of how the current problems can be tackled through spatial strategies.

The relation between the main subject and case study of the graduation studio is not very relevant in my research, because of what I just stated. But there is an important relation with the way to approach fragile landscapes (and societies), by the understanding of the local and regional context, and the transformations (in this case, economic, social and environmental) of the

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same. The study case of the ChocĂł Region may not say a lot about how to deal with urbanized deltas, but it will contribute to the body of knowledge of restoring lost landscapes, propose new and more sustainable ways of development in these regions and the design of a pilot project that can give example of these approach.

About the relationship between the methodical line of approach of the graduation lab and the method chosen by the student in this framework

3.

Learn from traditional practices to propose innovative ideas, which comes and will be applied on the regional and local context.

The importance of considering the wider social context remains in the fact that it will give the tools of operate in the region. By knowing how the local system works, it is easier for the project (or strategy) to adapt, merge and transform in a coherent and realistic way.

One of the main tools of Delta Interventions studio is the 3x3x3 exercise. It is a useful approach to understand the transformations of the landscape in time and in scale, seeing the impacts on the location the research is in. Nevertheless, because of the lack of information of this kind of transformations in my area (the ChocĂł-DariĂŠn Rainforest) at any scale, it was very hard to fulfill the expectations of the studio and to use this method. Despite this, I did extract the layer approach and applied it to the analysis. I used the layers that were useful to understand the context and also as a way to organize and guide the analysis.

About the relationship between the project and the wider social context The relation between the project and the social context it is immersed has become the essence of the whole research process.

I can explain this in three main aspects: 1.

Understand the regional and local context to abstract possibilities and opportunities (for sustainable development) in the place.

2.

Think of a spatial way (innovative solutions) to tackle multidisciplinary issues, defined by the context analysis.

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

7.1.1 FURTHER STEPS

The final report of this graduation project, presents the methodology for strategic planning, with an application of this strategy into a pilot project area, which resulted in the design guidelines for the cities of Quibdรณ and Tutunendo. A brief translation into space of the hubs, gradients and connections was explained through the process of design, and some spatial implications where represented into different types of drawings.

Although a preliminary design of the structural plan for the north of Quibdรณ was presented, the process of design continued, even after the completion of this graduation project. Different ways to integrate the design elements with the landscape appeared, proposing relevant changes in the final form of design. New questions arose, in reference to the spatial implications at the small scale of decisions made at the city scale. How can infrastructure integrate more to nature and stop being a barrier between the forest and the city?

Should it follow the organic patterns of the existing cities or should be more functional? Should infrastructure be considered as a limit of expansion or should it be as a border of the urban area? What happens in the open areas of the organic structure of Quibdรณ, are they open for densification?

Many other questions, mostly at the small scale.

I would like this project to have a second part, focused on the research and exploration at the small scale, seeking for the relation of the different elements propo-

sed by the planning strategy with the existing urban structure of the city of Quibdรณ, and how these could be also implemented in other towns. Following the multiscale approach, in space and time, the same method would be applied at the city scale, the neighborhood, the street and the building scale. Which type of solutions are required to connect productive landscapes and alternative economies to the urban life of the city of Quibdรณ and other towns, focusing on the urban fabric and the dynamic with nature.

Figure 7.1. Reflection on structural plan, a different outcome using the same guidelines and principles.Made by author

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7.2 EVALUATION

The key element to evaluate the outcome of the project is to review the literature and theoretical framework; and to implement part of the methodology used during the research, to evaluate results in order to draw conclusions. There is also an evaluation table that was used during the research, to test three main aspects, context, ecosystem services assessment and feasibility, in relation to the three dimensions of the strategy, spatial, environmental/economic and social, at three different scales (table available as Appendix 3) Natural Capital As explained in the theoretical framework (Chapter 3), R. Costanza argue that including ecosystem services into global markets will rise the will to protect natural services. If they are quantified as man-made capital (money, oil, etc.), there is a big chance of governments and companies to work towards the protection of the resources they have been extracting for so long.

Here we are talking about a global paradigm that needs to change: the value of natural capital and as a consequence, sustainable development of humans. But since it is a global paradigm, it is very difficult for it to change from the global point of view.

What I am saying, referring also to the theories of Arturo Escobar (also reviewed in chapter 3), is that one of the solutions could come from a more local point of view. And this is precisely the first element of the project that I want to evaluate: context and place.

Taking into account the ChocĂł region as the study case, the strategy is composed by elements that derive only from the place or that are aimed to tackle local issues.

About natural capital, although the strategy does not contemplate the possibility of the market introducing ecosystems services and nature as quantifiable elements, it does consider and proposes the use of these natural elements as the main economic output of the region.

One example of this is the introduction of productive landscapes, not only to ensure food security, but also for recreation and tourism. Productive landscapes will not only provide more jobs in agroforestry (rural activities), but also will also provide opportunities for local entrepreneurs in forming touristic, educational and industrial programs, based on the element of production. So what today only gives jobs to certain group of people, can diversify the range, making the region more competitive, with an economy based on nature.

Green Infrastructure The hypothesis of this project, presented in the beginning of the research is as followed: A strategy which provides guidelines for a structural plan at different scales, in different timeframes, mainly through infrastructure and environment, can enhance flexibility for the current needs of different actors, and as a result, it can host flexible programs (in time).

This statement, makes reference to the use of infrastructure and environment to promote a type of development which is flexible enough to change according to actors, their needs and their benefits. In relation to the statements made by Hansen and Pauleit in chapter 3 about Green Infrastructure, which they define as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;planned framework for natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of

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Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

ecosystem servicesâ&#x20AC;? (Hansen and Pauleit, 2014), it can be said that green infrastructure is multifunctional and integrates ecological aspects to social development.

And as an example of these framework, the spatial strategy integrates social, environmental and economical aspect into the proposal of guidelines for sustainable and integrated development. Through multi functionality, environmental restoration and collaborative planning, an innovative alternative for the development of fragile regions is proposed.

Flexibility Another aspect that is important to be reviewed is the flexibility of the strategy. Even though considering a multi scale approach, different timeframes and participation of actors, ensure certain flexibility to the project, there are some elements which are more â&#x20AC;&#x153;flexibleâ&#x20AC;? than others. If we take a look at the spatial interventions of the strategy, the hubs, gradients and connections, they all have different levels of flexibility and adaptability.

Hubs are catalyzers for a specific action to happen, and although they can be physical spaces (research centers, schools, public squares, markets, etc.), they can also be intangible actions; social programs, co-creation processes, community associations among others. Hubs have a moderate level of flexibility, especially if they are social programs, since they can evolve according to the response and interest of communities.

On the contrary, connections are interventions that have medium flexibility, sometimes because of the scale they have. In connections we have infrastructure, roads

and waterway routes. These can have a strong footprint of the landscape and it would take more time to complete them.

Nevertheless, digital networks, multimodal hubs and green infrastructure are also part of connections. By integrating natural elements to semi-natural (or purely logistic elements), multi functionality becomes a factor that works with connecting waterways and roads, enables digital connections and adds a layer of recreation near nature to the traditional gray infrastructure, by working with nature.

Finally, gradients are elements that can provide enough flexibility for the hubs and connections to happen. Gradients are in-between spaces, transition areas that must be able to adapt in space, through time, according to the current needs of communities. It can be said, that the gradient represents the collective area between nature and urban, between productive and urban. By defining the invisible borders or defining protected areas, some spaces can be appropriated and used for multiple activities, and in the appropriation of space, the collective appears. In a gradient area new economies can happen, new dynamics, new relations; it embraces multiple types of services (lacking services), sport and cultural facilities, schools, research centers, etc. There are spaces which allows accessibility to multiple services to everyone.

To conclude, as a reflection, the key element for this strategy to be flexible in time and space, is to guarantee these collective spaces, where shared activities can happen, where people can appropriate of space according to current needs and that work as a complement for more permanent functions proposed by the strategy.

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7.3 CONCLUSION

Research Question: How can a planning strategy based on the spatial and economic potentialities of the regional ecosystem introduce an alternative model of development in the Chocรณ Region?

Through a systematic approach, it is possible to develop a methodology that is able to tackle different systems at different scales. In the case of the Chocรณ Region, because of the complexity of the study case, it was necessary to implement such methodology, not only with a multiscale approach, but also from the perspective of social, economic and environmental dimensions.

As a result of this methodology and the analysis driven by it, a structural plan capable to define the integration between ecosystem services and socio-urban structures, at different scales, at different timeframes and with different spatial implications.

future (vision). The integration of spatial, environmental and social aspects into one strategy, gives the guidelines to reorganize the territory and enable change of different spaces in time and function, according to the current needs and shared benefits for the future. And because the future is uncertain, in an integral and flexible structure communities can grow more robust and ready to adapt to new situations, find alternative opportunities in places that are not offering much today, and reduce their vulnerability to threats by staying together and working for the same benefits.

To understand the qualities of space, different methods can be used, such as mapping and analysis, drawing diagrammatic conclusions of how things work and review of literature from different disciplines.

Once the analysis is done, at the regional, intermediate and local scale, it is possible to establish a vision. A vision that certainly considers the integration of ecological and social perspective, and as a long term result, an alternative model of development.

To generate more economic opportunities and social justice in the region, the territory needs to be organized in a way that is more efficient, more just and offers different alternatives for all the inhabitants.

Through strategic planning, it is possible to establish a systematic transition process to pass from a current situation to a desired

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7.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Batty, M. (2008). “The Size, Scale, and Shape of Cities.” Science (319).

• Bolay, J.-C. (2004). “Intermediate cities in Latin America risk and opportunities of coherent urban development.” Elsevier 07(007).

• Bonet, J. (2007). “¿Por qué es pobre el Chocó?” Documentos de trabajo sobre economía regional (90) • Chaverra, J. C. C. (2012). Efectos de la Explotación de la Gran Minería de Oro y la Política de Regalías sobre la Sostenibilidad Territorial del Departamento del Chocó.

Ciencia Política y relaciones internacionales. Bogotá, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.

• Costanza, R. (1997). An introduction to ecological economics. United States.

• DANE (2012). Atlas Estadístico de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia.

• DANE (2013). ICER - Informe de Coyuntura Económica Regional Departamento de Chocó. Colombia, DANE - Banco de la República.

• Eafit, U. (2015). Cartografías socio-territoriales del medio Atrato • Ellen van Bueren, H. v. B., Laure Itard, Henk Visscher (2012). Sustainable Urban Environments: An Ecosystem Approach.

The Netherlands, Springer.

• Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering Development: The making and unmaking of the third wold. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.

• Escobar, A. (2008). Territories of Difference. Place, Movements, Life, Redes. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, Duke University Press.

• Escobar, L. F. G. (2003). Quibdó, Contexto Histórico Desarrollo Urbano y Patrimonio Arquitectónico. Medellín, Colombia, UNAL • Eugene P. Odum, G. W. B. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. New York, Saunders.

• Friedmann, J. (2007). “The wealth of cities: Towards an assets-based development of newly urbanizing regions • “UN-HABITAT Lecture Award Series (1).

• Hackworth, J. (2007). The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism. C. U. Press. Ithaca and London.

• Hernán Cortes, E. R. “Deforestación y degradación de los bosques en el territorio-región de las comunidades negras del Pacífico colombiano.” World Rainforest Movement.

• Jean Grugel, P. ı. R. (2012). “Post-neoliberalism in Latin America: Rebuilding and Reclaiming the State after Crisis.” Development and change 43(1): 1-21.

• Karen C. Seto, R. S.-R., Michail Fragkias (2010). “The new geography of contemporary urbanization and the environment.”

Annual Review of Environment and Resources(35): 167–194.

• Kennedy, C. (2010). “The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design.” Environmental Pollution: 9.

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• Luis Chicharo, F. M., Nicola Fohrer (2015).

Ecosystem Services and River Basin Ecohydrology. Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Springer.

• Marcos L. Rosa, U. E. W. (2013). Handmade Urbanism: From community initiatives to participatory models. Berlin.

• Marty D. Matclock, R. A. M. (2011). Ecological engineerign design: restoring and conserving ecosystem services. New Jersey, United States, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. • Melman, F. (2011). Navigability at an unstable bifurcation: The Montaño - Murindó bifurcation of the Atrato River in Colombia.

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. Delft, the Netherlands, TU Delft.

• Ochoa, C. P. C. (2015). Urban Water in Colombia. Urban water challenges in the Americas. UNESCO. Mexico, Montevideo, Paris, the Inter-American Network of Academies of Sciences: 168-201.

• Rieke Hansen, S. P. (2014). “From Multifunctionality to Multiple Ecosystem Services? A Conceptual Framework for Multifunctionality in Green Infrastructure Planning for Urban Areas.” Springer: 516529.

• Robert Costanza, R. d. A., Rudolft de Groot, Sthephen Farber, Monica Grasso, Bruce Hannon, Karin Limburg, Shahid Naeem, Robert V. O’Neill, Jose Paruelo, Robert G. Raskin, Paul Sutton & Marjan van den Belt (1997). “The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital.” NATURE 387: 253-260.

• Rocco, R. (2008). An Urban Geography of Globalisation: New Urban Structures in the Age of Hyper-connectivity. Delft, The Netherlands, Delft University of Technology.

• Sassen, S. (2005). The Global City: Introducing a concept.

• Papadopoulos, Y. (2007). “Problems of Democratic Accountability in Network and Multilevel Governance.” European Law Journal 13(4).

• Smits, L. E. (2012). Land of Plenty: A sustainable planning strategy for post-disaster Haití focused by the introduction of endogenous production. Urbanism. Delft, The Netherlands, Delft University of Technology.

• Pertsova, C. C. (2007). Ecological Economics Research Trends. New York, United States, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

• Torres, G. M. (2010). Vivienda y arquitectura tradicional en el pacífico colombiano.

Colombia, Universidad del Valle.

• Porter, D. C. a. D. (2006). Development Beyond Neoliberalism? Governance, poverty reduction and political economy. USA and Canada, Routledge.

• UNODC (2014). Censo de Cultivos de Coca 2013 - Colombia. Colombia.

• Quibdó, A. d. (2000). Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial - Municipio de Quibdó.

Quibdó, Colombia.

• WWF-Colombia (2013). Landscape management in Chocó-Darién priority watersheds. WWF-Colombia. Colombia.

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8 8. Appendix

8.1 Appendices Chapter 5 8.2 Appendices Chapter 7

Figure 8.0. “Ventanas Bio”, Commerce based in place-Quibdó. Source: Author

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8.1 APPENDICES CHAPTER 5

Associations

Shared Benefits

Stakeholders

Accessibility of working areas

Infrastructure Environment

Rise of environmental awareness

I-E Association

Environmental based development

More economic opportunities

CO-CREATION PROCESSES

Safe jobs

Social Economic

Education

S-E Association

Reintegrate into society Engagement of local community Sports and recreation in flexible spaces

Social Spatial

Cultural areas

S-S Association

Engage young generations APPENDIX 2: Co-creation Processes. Association of groups of actor according to shared needs and benefits

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STAKEHOLDER GROUPS

NEEDS FOR EMPOWERMENT

ASOREWAIndigenous communities

Keep relation

COCOMACIAAfro communities

Keep relation

Catholic Church

Increase Influence

CODECHOCOEnvironmental Organization

Increase Influence

Municipality of Quibdó

Keep relation

Farmers and rural inhabitants

Increase Influence & interest

Citizens of Quibdó

Increase Influence

Local associations & entrepreneurs

Increase Influence

Local institutions and universities

Increase Influence & interest

Local NGO’S

Increase Influence

National Government

Increase Interest

Governship of Chocó

Increase Interest

Private companies

Increase Interest

International Organizations / NGO’s

Increase Interest

Armed groupsGuerrilla

Decrease influence

Armed groupsParamilitary

Decrease influence

APPENDIX 1: Stakeholder analysis of need of empowerment, needs of empowerement, values, and shared benefits

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MOST REPRESENTATIVE VALUES tradition

GOALS (SHARED BENEFITS) Accessibility of working areas

knowledge recognition equality

More economic opportunities

family

respect sustainability

Safe jobs

protection

development trust

Engagement of local community

rotative crops digital networks

participation safety

entrepreneurship

growth

Sports and recreation in flexible spaces

Cultural areas

education

knowledge safety

Engage young generations

collaboration diversity

protection

Rise of environmental awareness

diversity

protection growth

Environmental based development

responsability support

participation threat to local communities threat to local communities

Education

Reintegrate into society

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!

!

!

APPENDIX 3: Spatial Strategy intermediate at scale 1:75.000

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Mixed road with emergency stop areas

Natural forest Water as transition to road

Isolation area for future expansion

Protection areaPark Pedestrian pathway entering park, in relation with water

APPENDIX 4.1. Spatial Distribution Transport road Quibdรณ

Agroforestry Public space near neighborhoods

Slow traffic for cars and motorbikes / bikes

Narrowing street to reduce speed and entend sidewalk

Pedestrian sidewalks entering fields

APPENDIX 4.2. Spatial Distribution access to agroforestry Quibdรณ

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Pedestrian paths

Natural forest Tutunendo river

Platforms

Bikelane / motorbike

APPENDIX 4.3. Spatial Distribution relation to river Tutunendo

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Area avaiable for commerce in ground floor

Self-buit housing

Pedestrian paths with native trees

Bioswales Bikelane/ motorbike

APPENDIX 4.4. Spatial Distribution local road development Tutunendo

Densification possibilities

Terrace use of the house

Building of ground floor

Build a second floor Building of ground floor

Expansion in isolation commercial activity

Expansion in isolation commercial activity

Isolation from street - Garden

Isolation from street - Garden

8m 3m

8m 3m

One plot, occupied completely on the ground floor. With the possibility of extend into the isolation, for commercial activities. The front area can be used for a small garden and to meet friends and neighbors.

4m

One plot, occupied completely on the ground floor, with a second floor built. Possible expansion into the isolation, for commercial activities.

The roof of the ground floor can be used as a terrace and futuro construction. The front area can be used for a small garden and to meet friends and neighbors.

APPENDIX 4.5. Possible typologies for housing in new development areas. Just a list of possibilities, because housing is considered to be self-built

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Area avaiable for commerce in ground floor Public space

Institutional functions

Mixed traffic

Collective space between housing and street Bikelane/ motorbike

Pedestrian path along innovation park

APPENDIX 4.5. Spatial Distribution National Road development Tutunendo

Build a third floor

Build a second floor

Build a second floor

Backyard - isolation from other building

Backyard - isolation from other building Expansion in half of isolation area - com mercial activity

Expansion in half of isolation area - com mercial activity 8m 3m

4m

Isolation from street - Wide Garden

One house, occupying on half of the plot, with a second floor built. Possible expansion into the isolation, for commercial activities. Isolation is left towards the next plot, and can be used as a private garden for cultivation of food. Possible expansion towards the street for commercial activities. The front area can be used for a small garden and as an extension of the backyard.

8m 3m

4m

Isolation from street - Wide Garden

One house, occupying on half of the plot, with a third floor built. Possible expansion into the isolation, for commercial activities. Isolation is left towards the next plot, and can be used as a private garden for cultivation of food. Possible expansion towards the street for commercial activities. The front area can be used for a small garden and as an extension of the backyard.

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8.2 APPENDICES CHAPTER 7 Vision

Structural values

SPATIAL A

Environmental Network of based waterways development

ENVIRONMENTAL / ECONOMIC

Digital Network

B

Physical Distribution Network networks

CO2 Environmental based economy

Local / Native

Biomass Improve soil Rotative infiltration crops p

Carbon sequestration

capacity

STRATEGY

SOCIAL

Knowledge Identity

Education Safe jobs R

SCALE EVALUATION

REGIONAL Corruption

Conflict areas

Coca crops

INTERMEDIATE

Social Deforestation Inequality

Illegal mining

Monocultures

Recreation

Refugia

Eco tourism

Waste treatment

CONTEXT Gas Water regulation regulation Climate regulation (Global)

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ASSESSMENT

Air quality

Gas regulation

Climate (Regional)

Raw materials

S National International Government collaboration Funding

Carring capacity Soil type

SUITABILITY / FEASIBILITY

APPENDIX 5: Framework for evaluation of the strategy. Diagram made by author

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D

Supply / Planning demand strategy balance

Land use policy

n

Based in Place / MSc Thesis Laura A. Garcia

Mechanisms of restoration Spatial / strategical tools Natural Productive recreation Forestry

Hubs

Public space

Descentralization Mix function/ leisure

GI + ES framework

1 native 1 productive 1 industrial 1 endangered

Food Reforestation production

Fungus/ Watershed Community Parcelling plants to restoration participation model (especies) absorb toxins

Participation process Engage Volunteers Community Young building generations

Research centers

LOCAL / CITY Informal Small scale urbanization economy

Land s tenure

Evaluate Food

Aesthetic values

Fiber

Education

Water Flow

Air quality

Pollination

Eco Water Cultural Recreation Treatment tourism

Evaluate

Environmental restoration

Environmental Local Social Social based Participation investment aceptation development

Evaluate

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Based in Place Alternative Economies in the Region of ChocĂł MSc Thesis Laura A. GarcĂ­a Velandia Urbanism TU Delft

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