Visual Summary DE7 400
Visual Summary DE7 400
Ying-I Lin (K1620181)
Visual Summary DE7 400
Visual Summary DE7 400
Content.
Visual Grammar
Visual Literacy
100 Photos
Culture research
2 Dimentional Works
Is square really stable?
3 Dimentional Works 4 Dimentional Works
Visual Intelligence
Reference
Concept
Reference
Tutorial
Bibliography
Design Processing First Outcome Crit Final Outcome
Visual Summary DE7 400
Visual Grammar You should also explore the application of colour to your for mal investigations, testing, for example, the implementation of: addition / subtraction / complement / contrast/ tint / tone / hue / saturation Try to use methods which are not restricted to predictable outcomes by exploiting unfamiliar or untested media, locations, processes, materials, textures, formats, etc. Investigations at all stages should be designed, developed and documented with a view to producing a body of work which is analytical and developed systematically.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Space Square can create a space. Square can also be compressed to the smallest space compared to the other shapes. I found artists like to use square more than rectangle as their art works. Maybe it's because square looks more perfect and unified.
Light
Visual Summary DE7 400
Order
Color
From the photos above, we can find the unified square are used as a frame to arrange a large amount of photos. I think a group of squares makes eyes more concentrate on it. Audience can understand it's a serie of work and they are connective and relative.
They are the art works in White Chapel Gallery. They are really impressive to me, and I like and arrange of square and rectangle and the color matching.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Firstly, I used brush with watercolor to draw many square in different color, than I started to pile on square on the others, trying to make different visual effect. The reason I did it is because one day I visited White Chapel Gallery, there is an artist who do particularly square and rectangle art works. I was inspired her works very much because the colors she used go really well and I also can understand what she tried to convey through the works.
2D Works
Then, I cut fruits and vegetables into square shape, trying to stamp on paper. The effect of onions is really pretty, like ultrasound photos of baby. I also used sponge to stamp on the paper, it looks like a serie of firework. Then I tried to make digital works. I used one photo I which has a square glass window ceilling. I drew some of square window, then pasted them to the other photos. I also used bright red as the main color. I want to create different visual work.
"Why you use this color on your work?" Tao, 2016 "We can see the process in your work" Tao, 2016 In the class, Tao asked me these questions. I used this color because it easily to stand out and personal preference. Tao said I have to use a color with reason.
Visual Summary DE7 400
FLOWERS & FRUITS ICE CUBE SAMPLES I was inspired by a video on internet, they freeze fruits and then put them in cocktail. The drink looks really fancy and delicious. Therefore, I bought two ice cube trays and put one of it flowers and fruits in the freezer. The outcome was really beautiful, flower and fruit ice samples. I put them in a glass and add sparkling water, like the video. In the cube, I can't clearly see what they look like, only obscure shape, and the color look softer. Due to the melting of ice, I can not bring my work to the class but only took photos. I think I can change different material such as jelly which can keep for a longtime .
Visual Summary DE7 400
CANDLE CUBES From the last experimental work, ice will finaly melt, I decide to make the other work which can be kept longer.I decided to use different material: candle. At the first, melting candle was an really annoyed process. The bowl I used in the work has already been throw away. I tried two different color on my work, tring to make different effect. To me, the work is quite successful cause many classmates asked me whether they are real ice cube. I even received a memo which tell me "good job!"
"It's not square" Andrew, 2016 However, Andreaw said it's not square during the class. The tray I bought is not a perfect square. They have round side and look more like traperoid. Yes, that's totally true. He also said it's a challenge to find a square ice cube tray. I think I violated the fundamental brief of the assignment.
Visual Summary DE7 400
SQUARE WIRES
I was inspired by an art work in Tate Modern, so that I decided to mimic his work by using soft thick wire. There are different view of stacked and arrange of squares in each side. I tried to make each square have four straight lines but it was really difficult to me. Wires were easily distorted. However, I found people still can see squares in each side although they are not composed completely by 4 lines. It is quite interesting. We don't need to draw a complete line or shape, people still can recognize what we draw.
Visual Summary DE7 400
CARBON BOX WITH HEMP ROPE Thinking of square in 3 diimentional , first idea came to my mind is carton box. I want there is a transformation of square in my work, so I started to think what materials can I use. I used thread on the box, trying to arrange them in different scale of square. However, the shapes I did were not square at all but only the box.
Concept In this stage, I found it quite hard to me to create a 4d work, cause I had no skills and techniques for filming. It struggled me for a while until the end of the week. Moreover, I had run out of ideas for square. Based on that worse condition, I deceided to do stop-motion animation by using camera and my previous 3D works. At the first, I just had a couple of square papers, I tried to arrange them into different shapes. Squares can be formed a shape in a very orderly way. Therefore, I tried to arrange couple of shapes to make the film more interesting and having sequences. Then I tried different material, cellophane, because it can stick on the glass by static electricity.
SQUARE TRANSFORMATION
I want to create an effect that everything starts to dance and show the transformation of my work. I used my previous 3D works and filmed the processings they are made. For example, the cube is made by paperclips. In the video, it vomits a lots of paperclips and becomes a couple of paperclips which it orginally cames from.
Feedback “I can see you tried to arrange the square, but the music it too loud so that audience can't concentrate on your work” “Try to refine the work”
Clare, 2016
I think the tutor can clearly see I've no idea for the work. The video looks too simple and not complete. Next time I have to more concentrate on the order, arrange...etc. every characteristic of square.
Video 'Square Transformation'
Visual Summary DE7 400
Visual Literacy Requires you to explore the cultural contexts surrounding the object/shape and to critically examine its uses as a sign, symbol, icon, metaphor and representation. As with brief 1 you should progressively develop a range of related ideas in this case; investigating a range of potential contexts, meanings and values of the shape. The questions you ask are up to you, though they might include the following, for example: How have the object’s meanings been constructed in social and cultural contexts – and why? What is the basis of the object to other fields such as mathematics, language or history? What is the relationship of the object to historical, contemporary, linguistic, semiotic, philosophical, psychological, sociological, formal, political, economic, technological or other frameworks? In generating design concepts you should consider: How can you present a new critical perspective to something very familiar and challenge assumptions concerning it using design methodologies? How can you use it to generate insightful, novel, unpredictable, communicable ideas?
Visual Summary DE7 400
Cultural meaning of square
ORDER AND STABILITY
SOLID AND FOUNDATION
EARTHBOUND
Squares are also seen as particularly stable and orderly, standing for firm foundations both literal and metaphorical.
The square is made up of lines that are completely straight and rigid. Straight lines show a lack of being flexible. The lines are fixed and have a feeling of being steady. Squares can make people feel that they have a strong foundation in their life. The square can symbolize foundation.
In Buddhist symbolism a square (earthbound) inside a circle (eternal whole) represents the relationship between the human and the divine.
Square = side2
Structure
Consistency
In geometry, a square is a regular quadrilateral, which means that it has four equal sides and four equal angles (90-degree angles, or right angles).[1] It can also be defined as a rectangle in which two adjacent sides have equal length.
The square can have symbolism that is structural. The square can represent beginning a plan. It can represent the plan growing and then the plan being able to become reality.
Squares look great in a grid and feed format. They provide a consistent visual experience for photos.
There are very basic reasons why most building footprints are squares or rectangles: they are stable and encourage permanent structures. The square can be seen as a symbol of civilization. In nature, things generally have rounded or uneven sides. Temporary structures are generally not square. Cities, however, are filled with buildings with square or rectangular footprints.
The square will represent the earth and being stable. The fact that the four sides connect with the compass points will symbolize unity with the circle. The square could help viewers see a direction to start in to help get out of their confused state.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Basic Contrived Structure Foundation Function Direction Stability Dependability Orderly Other
Squares are quite strong, but they collapse if sufficient weight is applied to any of their sides. These sides can be strengthened to resist collapsing by reinforcing them with additional braces. However, these braces will effectively create multiple triangles. Triangles are often stacked together, facing opposite directions, in order to span larger distances. Examples of this can be seen in bridges or large buildings like the Eiffel Tower.
01
02
03
04
05
06
In bridge design, triangles are used in a series or pattern to achieve structural strength. This set of connecting triangles used is called a truss. Connecting multiple triangles together as a truss forms a stronger structure than using just a single triangle.
5.5% Other
25.5% NO
27.3% NO
72.7% YES
The precentage of people feel that the square is a functional shape because it gives them a sense of stability. * According to the survey of 55 people by Ying-I Lin.
TRUSS BRIDGE The square, on the other hand, has a weak center. The top of the square carries the force of the entire load. This is also why a roof of a house is so often trianglular in shape: a square roof will collapse more easily, but a triangular shaped roof will be very strong and stable.
1.8% Other
Is Square Really Stable?
TRUSS BRIDGE
67.3% YES
The precentage that people feel safe while entering a square room. * According to the survey of 55 people by Ying-I Lin.
CONSISTENT STACKED OR FOUNDATION ? The square is made up of lines that are completely straight and rigid. Straight lines show a lack of being flexible. The lines are fixed and have a feeling of being steady. Squares can make people feel that they have a strong foundation in their life. The square can symbolize foundation.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Visual Intelligence Will be undertaken when the previous stages have been completed. It requires you to revisit and critically re-evaluate your earlier investigations with a view to focussing on a single, conceptual aspect of them. You will develop this to a final stage by formulating a design project where you will produce a single piece of work (or a series of pieces). Emphasis should be placed on generating ideas and investigating possible ways to communicate them. The intention is not merely to amplify earlier work but to use it as a starting point for generating a range of critical conceptual approaches that you will realise using appropriate design methods. As before, investigations at all stages should be designed, developed and documented in a final visual summary.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Concept. At this stage, I came up with a concept: A record of my journey. I was stunned by a such gorgeous scene in Richmond, and also felt crazy that I went there three times. I want to show audience there are such a beautiful place near to us. Hence, I want to collect anything natural or artworks in Richmond, like photos, flowers, maple, sands, a drop of river and perfume...etc. Looking back, I think I was too ideal at that time, I had no time to collect it. As a result, I only have photos of Richmond which is too few to place on the whole work. Moreover, I think my work is not wells t r u c t u re d . P h o t o s a n d w o r k s a re n o t composed together. I have to decide it first, then start to run my plan.
Visual Summary DE7 400
I did some sketches of my work and any possible expressions for my work. First I plan to take polaroid photos because the frame of photo is square. Then, in order to show evidences that I've been to Richmond. I plan to collect something narutal in Richmond such as flowers, a drop of river, sands and fragrance, and put them in couple of square tracing paper bags.
I also considered that can I express my work by using square. For example, I can turn everything in Richmond intosquare. Chairs is square, garden is square, and pot planes are square.
Visual Summary DE7 400
First Tutorial Feedback I showed my primary research of Richmond (Photos) to David, and told him I want to do my journey and exposure. David gave me some good ideas. He said I can add more details of my journey such as the number of bus I took, the price of traffic and the how many time I spent for the journey. He also told me how should I compose my work with square. For example, I can make a square map or square area to distinguish each place. I even can use square grid to present my work. Eventually, David said I can make a work which attract people to visit this place. I got many inspirations from the tutorial and had more ideas. Firstly, I decided to make a square map of Petersham in Richmond. I want make 3 routes of my journey cause I went there with different people and the routes are also different. Then, I planned to go there again to collect more information.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Triple Journeys to Richmond
Square Map
Riverside
Riverside
Petersham Meadow
Petersham Meadow
Petersham Nurseries
Petersham Nurseries
I finished my original look of my map. I tried to draw a simple square and lines to frame this area. I thought the first step was pretty sucessfull which looks like a cover classic novel. I also use brush to draw Thames River. From then on, I decided to use simple lines to present my works which was totally contrast to my final outcome. Looking back, I think my final outcome is totally different to my original idea. If possible, I still want to make the other work which is meet my original idea.
Visual Summary DE7 400
My tripple journey to
David suggested me that I can add typography on the title not only handwriting. I think it's a good idea cause handwriting title will make the work more "original" not a complete work. Therefore, I'd like to refine the handwriting title. I kept writing the title by using graphics tablet.
Logo Design Triple T rrii Journeys urn rn to Richmond n
Triple T rrii Journeys urn rn to Richmond n
David said do not use underlines if there is no meaning for the words. Actually, I really like to add underlines on titles cause it can distinguish between title and content. However, using underline may let people think there's a different meaning on it. I've to use it carefully, so I removed the additional line.
My triple journeys to_
Visual Summary DE7 400
Pattern Concept
Petersham Nurseries
Petersham Meadow
Thames Riverside
Petersham Nurseries is a multifunctional place, it has garden, cafĂŠ and select shop. At first, I tried to draw a flower blossom icon for this place, but I think it can not represent the all place. It took me long time to consider it. One day I saw the pictures again, I found their main buildings are green house with mirrors in the front side. Therefore, I came out a idea for the icon. Green house can represent as Petersham Nursuries because it has a meaning of planets and garden. Most important thing is the buidling is just a green house, so that I drew a flat green house with trees to indicate the environment of the garden.
The first thing of the Meadow come to my mind is grass, grass and grass. At first, I tried to draw a lot of short three lines to present the grass. Then I thought I can use chinese character " ç”° " to present the meadow.( ç”° means field in chinese) But the ideas above seems too boring and banal. After, I found the drawing that I tried to represent the garden, the blossom, was looks nice on the meadow place. I arranged it in many ways, and decided to use it as a icon of meadow.
Actually, the icon of the river was came out firstly, the brush of watercolor. But David suggested me to refine it, because the brush looks very digital and coarse as we look closer. So I tried many ways to refine the river icon. Finally, I found a brush of maker pen which looks like real drawing not digital. It also looks well on the work. The other icon is drawing by graphic tablet, I want to present the real scene of riverside I saw in Richmond.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Meadow
Pattern design process Garden(Petersham Nurseries)
Riverside
Visual Summary DE7 400
Design process
Photography
I spent one more day to go to Richmond again. It was on the middle of November, nature scenes changed a lot compared to the last time in the end of November, so that I can not capture some scenes I've seen before. That's shame. However, I still took some photos which are uniques, nature scenes was more like winter view. I tried to capture the view that I saw from my eyes because it's the evdience of my journey. I hope audience can see the same view with me.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Visual Summary DE7 400
Visual Summary DE7 400
Visual Summary DE7 400
Riverside
Riversides
Petersham Meadows
Petersham Nurseries
My tripple journey to
Different sides of Thames River
Petersham Meadow
Petersham Nurseries
Entrance
Entrance
Shop
Garden
Tea house
Café
Restaurant
2:00
Bus 71
Surbiton Surbiton Sainsburys
Second Tutorial
2:15
Bus 65
Kingston Eden Street
2:45 Petersham
2:50
4:40
Walk
Petersham Nurseries
Petersham Meadow
“I like the grass illustration you drew ” David, 2016 "I think every section of the route you can use different color to distinguish them, and the sign of bus as well. " David, 2016
“Trying to refine the illustration ” David, 2016
After tutorial time, I tried to use different color and ways to distinguish the route. But I found using too many colors would influence whole visual of the work, it looked massy. I tried to mark the and date and the number of my route which seems more clear.
Indeed, I think my illustration didn't look nice so far. I tried to create more illustrations, and choose the best one. By the way, I really like to use underlines on the title because it can make people notice the title and can distinguish the title and content. I think I have to be careful of it next time.
"Do not use underlines if there is no meaning for that words." David, 2016
Walk
5:00 Riverside
Bus 65 Go back to Kingston
Visual Summary DE7 400
My triple journeys to_
Garden
Tea house
CafĂŠ
Restaurant
Nightingale Lane
Petersham Meadow
I found this place by accident
Riversides
Riverside
Shop
Petersham Meadows
Petersham Nurseries
Entrance
But I went there 3 times
Petersham Nurseries Different timing of Thames River Petersham Fox&Duck
Garden Shop
in the mist....
1 2 3
2:30
Bus 71
2:50
Bus 65
3:25
27 Oct.
Walk
3:30
Bus 65 Back to Kingston
2:00
Bus 71
2:15
31 Oct.
Kingston Eden Street
Surbiton Surbiton Sainsburys
10:10
2:45 Petersham
Bus 65
Bus 71
04 Nov.
Bus 65
10:50
4:40
2:50
Walk
Petersham Meadow
Petersham Nurseries
11:15
10:55
Bus 65 Nightingale Lane
Riverside Walk
11:30
Go back to Kingston
Bus 65 Go back to Kingston
10:25
First Outcome
5:00
Color
Illustration
Square
I chose three main colors: light orange, light grey and mint green. Orange can easily stand out of paper. Audiences can see this color from their first sights. That the reason I chose this color to a main color. I used it on the title and map icons. However,after the crit, David suggested me that I may have to choose color which can represent autumn, I'm now thinking about whether to change the main color.
I think using illustration can look more like a diary and a personal journey so that I tried to draw icon to present each place by graphic tablet and by hand.
I was impressed by a 3D work in the class, one classmate made a 3D square by cutting and folding paper. Andrew said it's really fantastic that we can see 3D square pops up from 2D material (paper). Thence, I decided to do the same thing in my work.
I used light grey to present the meadow because it was foggy while I saw it. Grey as the fog color. It's the color of river. I like the blue and a little green color because it a color of nature. We can see this color in the river or on the sky. What's more, it looks nice with the Pantone 925c.
Taking about the green house as Petersham Nursuries, it struggled me for a long time to find out an unique icon for the muitifuntional place. I tried to draw a flower blossom but it was too complicated. Once a time I read "Icoonology" writing by Mitchell (1986), he said that an idea is an image of a thing, a chain of representation that may be depicted by adding another link to the sketch of the empirical model of cognition. I was impressed by the green house in Petersham Nursuries, so I decided to use it as main icon.
I cut two squares in the centre of each paper. One square can be fold to protrude from the paper; the other one can be fold to concave from the paper.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Crit “The work could be very lovely, the illustrations could be very nice. But it's kind of use way tentative and not confident.” Clare, 2016 "The typography as well, that's kind of like lots of different styles going on there." Clare, 2016 I think I put too many typos on it such as my handwriting and the digital typo. For example, my title, I use my handwriting as the main title, but I use Baskerville as the other parts of title. There is no consistency so that audience can not see the connection between each part. Therefore, I decide to change my title typography.
"The grids you used seems too casually." David, 2016 "There is a lot of white space, it seems you don't know how to use the space, it not great compose togther." Clare, 2016 To be honest, I did use grids casually. I want to make my work looks like a diary but it's quite hard to arrange photos in a appropriate way. I also think it's hard to put everything in a frame and on a line. Hence, just like Clare said, I don't know how to make good use of sapce. I'll try next time arrange them by grid.
“You can't choose certain color because of personal preference ” Clare, 2016 “The scenes looks in autumn, you can choose some colors more autumn” David, 2016 The reason I chose the color is because light orange is easily to stand out of the paper, audiences can see the color from their first sight. If it's my journey, why can't I use my favorite color? Indeed, the color seems not that autumn, audiences can't feel the autumn from the work even though the photos are quite autumn. I will try more colors later. There are two squares in the center of the paper.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Petersham Nurseries
Petersham Meadows
Riverside
Riversides Nightingale Lane
Petersham Meadow
Different timing of Thames River Entrance
Shop
Petersham Nurseries Garden
Tea house
CafĂŠ
Restaurant
Petersham Fox&Duck
1 2 3
2:30
Bus 71
2:50
Bus 65
3:25
27 Oct.
Walk
3:30
Bus 65 Back to Kingston
2:00
Bus 71
2:15
31 Oct.
Kingston Eden Street
Surbiton Surbiton Sainsburys
10:10
2:45 Petersham
Bus 65
Bus 71
04 Nov.
Bus 65
10:50
4:40
2:50
Petersham Meadow
Petersham Nurseries
11:15
10:55
For the final outcome, I did many changes for my work
5:00
Bus 65 Nightingale Lane
Riverside Walk
11:30
Bus 65 Go back to Kingston
10:25
Final Outcome
Walk
Typography
Photos
From the crit, Clare said I used different typos in a work which looks seperate. I decided to unify the font to make my work more balanced. I removed my original title typeface, and changed to serif font, Baskerville. I found the style of the work changed, it looks more like classic litterature cover.
I changed all the photos. I used duotone to divide the photos into three main colors : Deep orange, Grey and deep blue. The reason I did it is to clarify three main themes: garden, meadow and riverside. As tutors said, my visual looks too seperate so audience can not easily understand my work. I think my work therefore looks different from my previous one. The last one my friend commented it looks like early autumn, everything is still vibrant; this one looks more like late autumn. I like the both styles.
Color As David said in the crit, the photos in my work look autumn, trying to change the main color. I really like the previous color, but I think I really need to change the main color to make it more balanced. I read a book named color matching which has many designers' work inside and how they match colors. I found one designer use three autumn colors: Orange, Olive and dark grey. So I decided to make the orange color deeper and added more red inside. I think it looks very autumn now.
Turn over Due to the duotone color of photos, audience can not see the real color of the scene. In order to solve this problem, the photos can be turned over to the other side where there are color photos. It also createa the interaction between audiences and the work.
Go back to Kingston
Visual Summary DE7 400
The photos can be turned over to the other side where there are color photos.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Reference
ICONOLOGY INAGES, TEXT, IDEOLOGY (MITCHELL, 1986)
YOU ARE HERE (Harmon, K., 2004)
Kenner's moder nist notion of verbal images as simple concrete objects of reference...This is the assumption that what words signify are the "mental images" that hace been impressed on us by the experiences of objects. On this account we are to think of a word (such as "man") as a verbal image of an idea, and an idea is an image of a thing, a chain of representation that may be depicted by adding another link to the sketch of the empirical model of cognition.
David suggested me to read more books about map, so I found that one. There are many examples of maps. some are really rare and art oriented. I found one map which is composed only by words, it's one kind of map. that I don't know before. It also post many maps just drawn by sketched, really original. I think I can do the other kinds of map rather than the normal one.
COLOR MATCHING (Wang, S. 2014)
FORM, FUNCTION & DESIGN (Grillo, P., 1975)
YOU ARE HERE (Harmon, K., 2004)
COLOR MATCHING (Wang, S. 2014) This book is quite useful to me because I found many good design work about color matching. I found a good autumn color matching in this book. Actually I don't know how to make perfect color matching. I have to search the examples to find out a good one. I think I will look more relative works in the future.
ICONOLOGY INAGES, TEXT, IDEOLOGY (MITCHELL, 1986)
FORM, FUNCTION & DESIGN
Like the green house icon I made for the work. When we make icon, we have to consider what it the most impressive thing of the thing, then make a sketch, trying to find out which part it the most representive.
Visual Summary DE7 400
Bibliography All-science-fair-projects.com. (2016). Science Fair Projects - Bridge Building Basics. [online] Available at: http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/print_project_1543_148 [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Bradley, S. (2016). The Meaning Of Shapes: Developing Visual Grammar - Vanseo Design. [online] Vanseo Design. Available at: http://vanseodesign.com/web-design/visualgrammar-shapes [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Galbi, a. (2016). earth’s a square, heaven a circle – purple motes. [online] Purplemotes.net. Available at: http://www.purplemotes.net/2010/12/05/earths-a-square-heaven-acircle/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Grillo, P. (1975). Form, function, and design. 1st ed. New York: Dover Publications. Harmon, K. (2004). You are here. 1st ed. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Lin, L. (2016). Laurence Lin (yingyi518). [online] Pinterest. Available at: https://www.pinterest.com/yingyi518/project-2016/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Mitchell, W. (1986). Iconology. 1st ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. reddit. (2016). ELI5:Why is the triangle the most stable/strongest shape? • /r/explainlikeimfive. [online] Available at: https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/ comments/34okes/eli5why_is_the_triangle_the_most_stablestrongest/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. The Logo Factory. (2016). Square logos? | Designing brands for use on social media networks | The Logo Factory. [online] Available at: http://www.thelogofactory.com/socialmedia-logos/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Wang, S. (2014). Color matching. 1st ed. Barcelona: Promopress. Warpaths2peacepipes.com. (2016). Square Symbol ***. [online] Available at: https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/square-symbol.htm [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Roman, J. (n.d.). The art of illustrated maps. 1st ed.
Visual Summary DE7 400