exchange center: design process by Lauren Pogue

exchange center: design process

This book serves as a narritive for my thesis project during my final semester in Kansas State Universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Master of Architecture program. It shows the inception and evolution of ideas through writing and process. It is dedicated to my studio-mates, who shared in the process, and my family, who showed me the value of working hard. Laruen

contents introduction

06 8 .

designing through manhattanhenge

design process

designing through diagrams

38 .

historical reference

schematic review

programmatic response

mid-critique

the exchange center

site analysis

location

hunters point timeline

existing | future community

26 .

proposed development

views | orientation

appendix

bibliography

contents

With over a mile of manufacturing and mixed-used buildings between Hunters Point and the surrounding sub-districts of Long Island City, the Hunters Point community is currently isolated and underdeveloped. Bounded by the East River, Newton Creek and industrial zoning, the community has been in a standstill for development, only recently revitalizing its neighborhoods. With prime views of Manhattan from the waterfront, the district is redefining its image along the waterfront with Gantry Plaza State Park and a residential development stretching the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge. With the proposed residential units, the population of Hunters Point will increase from 13000 to 21000 by 2017. Though the new residential development will bring mixed-use blocks, a refurbished waterfront, and a surplus in the area, this does not assure a successful revitalization. The current residents of Hunters Point will need to adapt to change and the future residents will need to value the history of Hunters Point. To catalyze this exchange, a library will bring unity and identity to the future Hunters Point. The library will be able to serve the community not only as a connection between varieties of social groups, but also serve as a bridge between the rich industrial background and the new urban fabric. The center is taking a different approach to what a library is, referring to itself as the exchange center rather than a library. The exchange center wants to not only provide resources, but also educate and improve the lives of those in the community. Residents (both current and future) are encouraged to hang out in communal spaces, meet friends, eat at the cafĂŠ, and listen to lectures. Residents will also have the opportunity to take art classes from local artists as well as display their work in the gallery. The exchange center is located with direct access to the waterfront parks, on axis with the New York City street grid. This provides the community the unique opportunity to observe the Manhattanhenge event together. Occurring only twice a year, residents of Hunters Point have the unique vantage point of watching the setting sun pierce through the entire Island of Manhattan, creating our societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s modern Stonehenge. A dynamic urban library should evolve with the community, containing and distributing its history. Therefore, the exchange center of Hunters Point will act as a connection between the evolving community, historical and urban responses, and visual connections to and from Long Island City.

introduction

thesis

to create an exchange center for Hunters Point, which establishes a unified community, while reflecting its history in the modern setting of Manhattanhenge.

introduction

figure 1.2 View of Manhattanhenge from 34th Street.

manhattanhenge: (noun) a semiannual occurrence during which the setting sun aligns with the east-west streets of the main street grid in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The neologism is derived from Stonehenge, where the sun aligns with the stones on the solstices with a similarly dramatic effect.

introduction | designing through manhattanhenge

designing through manhattanhenge

Manhattanhenge attracts New Yorkers to the streets twice a year to watch the setting sun pierce through the east-west streets in Manhattan. Neil DeGrasse Tyson of the American Museum of Natural History popularized the phenomenon in 2002 with his recognition in the Natural History magazine. The community of Hunters Point has a unique vantage point of this event, as the sun passes through the entire Island of Manhattan. From Hunters Point, there are three locations where the event can be viewed as the sun travels down 47th, 42nd, and 34th Street. Gantry Plaza State Park is located with views down 42nd Street, leaving only two locations for alignment. Positioning the library on axis with 34th Street will provide the community the best vantage point of Manhattanhenge with a wider street and alignment with the Empire State building. A strong community thrives with participation, involvement, and knowledge. Common spaces or public spaces provide communities a place to unify. Even though it will be two diverse communities forming in this neighborhood, the library will provide a space where residents can take pride in, unifying them as the new Hunters Point community. Positioning the library with views of Manhattanhenge will serve as a catalyst for community involvement. The semiannual event will bring much of the community together, providing a unifying moment, sparking conversation and interaction. Though manhattanhenge only occurs twice a year, the date will act as a catalyst point, where the community can interact.

introduction | designing through manhattanhenge

figure 1.3 Manhattanhenge from Gantry Plaza State Park. figure 1.4 Stonehenge

introduction | designing through manhattanhenge

Throughout the design process, the way in which Manhattanhenge was incorporated evolved and changed focus. In earlier schemes, the building was dependant on the axis, taking on a linear scheme. The proposed street grid was altered to reflect the original 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122; by 600â&#x20AC;&#x2122; blocks throughout Hunters Point. This ultimately changed the condition of the proposed library site so that the grid reflected the Manhattanhenge axis. The main programmatic element was an internal stair where residents could gather to view the Manhattan skyline. As a result, there was a disconnect between the library and surrounding context. By rejecting other site factors and entirely focusing on an internal stairâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s positioning to view the event, the library did not integrate itself into the natural site characteristics. The next phase of design respected the proposed street grid, only altering the final residential parcel. In this phase of the design the library again positions a main stair on axis for viewing the Manhattan skyline. The main stair was flanked on either side with core functions, echoing the mass of buildings seen across the East River. The building was divided by the axis, and there was too much of a separation between the library and art programmatic elements. In the final scheme, core elements were pushed to the exterior of the building and the single stair, which was manifested thus far, became two stairs. In this final move, the stair no longer positioned itself towards viewing Manhattanhenge, but rather faced each other. The amphitheater transformed into a mixing chamber; a space for artists and scholars to gather to reflect and communicate. The Manhattanhenge axis became the axis, which anchored the building. With two opposing forces pulling the program in their own direction, the Manhattanhenge axis brings the two forces together, acting as the anchoring point. Ultimately viewing of Manhattanhenge occurred from outside the building. In the final scheme, an exterior path aligns itself on axis, transitioning into a set of viewing stairs, and ending with a pier extending into the East River.

introduction | designing through manhattanhenge

Located on the peninsula bounded by the commercial waterways of Newton Creek and the East River, Hunters Point becomes a highly industrialized area in the 19th century. The city thrives as the gateway between boat traffic and the Long Island Rail Road. Between the opening of the Long Island Rail Road, Queensboro Bridge, Steinway subway tunnels and Ferry, Hunters Point is distinguished with its role in transportation. With a shift in technology, Hunters Point enters de-industrialization in the 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leaving many abandoned warehouses and factories in the community. The once dynamic waterfront is discarded. In the late 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, Hunters Point begins to revitalize the community, transforming abandoned warehouse shells into housing and gallery spaces as well as creating new park spaces along the waterfront. Gantry Plaza State Park consists of two historic Long Island Rail Road gantries and four piers each with different themes. The original float cars act as a welcome sign for Long Island City, providing a contemporary twist on the historic site. Today, Hunters Point is in the process of urbanizing the waterfront, proposing a mixed-use, middleincome housing development that will reshape the image of Long Island City. The development includes 5,000 new units of housing, more than 12 acres of landscaped waterfront parkland, new retail amenities and community facility space. Residential towers range from 120 to 400 feet in height, drastically altering the current skyline.

introduction | historical reference

figure 1.5 Hunters Point: Industrial waterfront circa 1940

historical reference

figure 1.6 Hunters Point: Current state

figure 1.7 Hunters Point: Future residentail development

introduction | historical reference

What is the modern library? How has the library adapted through recent technological decades? How does the modern library engage the community? Though these questions seemed difficult to answer in the beginning of the semester, it was uncovered that all answers pointed back to the community. I began by gathering as much information as possible about Hunters Point and sifted through it until answers began to reveal themselves and ambiguity became firm thoughts. The difference between an historic library and a contemporary library is community participation. The contemporary library engages the community by re-evaluating what the community needs to get residents involved. The community becomes unified when there is a common place for people to gather and share the same interests. The contemporary library is a direct reflection of community, exhibiting their history, culture and well-being. In surveying Hunters Point, I focused on locating historical influences, institutes, and public spaces. Through this examination, it was revealed that Hunters Point is an up-and-coming art district where many of New Yorkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s artists reside. Several distinguished museums as well as small personal galleries were located with in the historical district of Hunters Point. Within Hunters Point, there are three institutes with focus in the Arts, as well as nine art galleries. What is the contemporary library? The missing link between Hunters Point and the contemporary library is Fine Arts. The community as a whole has embraced the institutions and galleries within the historic district, so to incorporate these elements into the library will provide the future community on the waterfront the culture and character of the current Hunters Point community. Current Hunters Point community will be able to influence the future residents with their art in classes and through gallery exhibitions. Local artists will be featured in a temporary gallery or permanently exhibited in the gallery.

introduction | programmatic response

programmatic response

How has the library adapted through recent technological decades? Recent studies have indicated that although library books being checked out are half of what they once were, the number of people who go to libraries has doubled. This means that the contemporary library has transitioned from a place of solitude to a dynamic social hub. No longer is the library a place to be with a book, but rather a book, DVD, music, cup of coffee, piece of artwork, class, lecture, etc. The contemporary library thrives on community participation and social interactions. Therefore, creating a variety of social spaces to encourage community interactions is key in the exchange center.

How does the modern library engage a community? By creating a mixed-use opportunity for the community to congregate, to learn and to socialize. By providing varying levels of participation for residents, individuals are able to customize their visits to the library, getting the level of social involvement they put in.

How can the exchange center engage the community of Hunters Point? Residents are able to: use outdoor spaces, watch Manhattanhenge, go to the cafe or gallery, use resources in the library, attend lectures, enroll in classes, and even teach art classes, all the while increasing their community involvement and participation.

introduction | programmatic response

Historical Influence Gantry Plaza State Park Pepsi Cola Sign LIRR Power Station Historical Neighborhood M.O.M.A. P.S. 1 Institutes Institure for Contemporary Art Languardia Community College P.S. 78 Bridgeview School of Fine Arts Long Island Musical School

Art Galleries M.O.M.A. P.S. 1 5 Pointz Dorsky Gallery M 55 Art Jeffrey Leder Gallery FisherLandau Center for Art APW Gallery Sculpture Center Public Spaces Queensboro Public Library 5 Pointz Gantry State Plaza Park

introduction | programmatic response

2 5

figure 1.8 Hunters Point: Points of Interest

introduction | programmatic response

site analysis

site analysis In discovering the location last semester (refer to Appendix B: Sacred Space), I began this thesis by re-evaluating the community needs to develop a new program. Located at the “point” of Queens, NY, the site has immediate access to the East River and surrounding skyline views. Creating a public building that identifies the historic character of Hunters Point, while identifying the new residential development coming in, would provide Hunters Point a unified public identity. Though the site is not located in a central location, there are multiple ways in which residents of Hunters Point and neighboring districts can reach the exchange center. The site becomes a destination point; somewhere residents are able to momentarily escape the confines of the city. As a base step for encouraging participation from residents, the extensive site provides the community with walking trails, courtyards, dining area, gardens, and a pier, which aligns to view Manhattanhenge (refer to page 79). In developing the exchange center’s form, the ultimate figure reflected the desire to capture selected surrounding views, align with Manhattanhenge and echo the natural contours. With nearly 270 degrees of skyline views from the Hunters Point site, the building was angled to capture views of Upper Manhattan, Manhattanhenge and the Brooklyn Bridge down the East River. Aligning the building with Manhattanhenge was a decision made from the beginning of the design process. This event presented as a great opportunity to assemble the community and encourage participation. As it was manifested in the final design, Manhattanhenge was emphasized through the site with a pier extending into the East River. Residents will be able to meet at the base of the exterior stairs or continue on the pier to capture the solar phenomenon. Finally, the building captures the natural bends of the site, balancing the demands to unite the city edge with the water’s edge.

site analysis

location

site analysis | location

hunters point timeline

Hunters Point is one of many neighborhoods in New York City with a rich industrial history. It was established in the early 1800s and used as farming land by the Hunter family. Its prime location between the East River and Newton Creek allowed the colony perfect views from the high point of the land... hunters point.

Capitain George Hunter and his wife Anne own a low island farm above tidewater on banks of Newton Creek. 1833

The neighborhood gained recognition in the industrial era with its location connecting New York City to Queens by boat, train, and subway. The waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge was covered with docks and rail lines where ships loaded and unloaded their cargo using the gantries to/from the Long Island Rail Road. Though this was a booming area during the Industrial era, once technology progressed, Hunters Point became abandoned and widely unused. During DeIndustrialization, as the community expanded, they simply took over abandoned buildings left over from the industial age, giving old buildings new use. In the late 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the community finally began expanding enough to begin urbanizing the empty lots that strung along the waterfront. The Hunters Point South development will finally create space the community can use along the waterfront. Bringing 5,000 new housing units and several parks, this proposal will finally give a much needed facelift to Hunters Point. This timeline tracks the major events in Hunters Point, showing how the neighborhood evolved.

site analysis | hunters point timeline

FARMING

Long Island City formed with the merging of Hunters Point, Astoria, Sunnyside, Ravenswood, Blissville, Dutch Kills, Steinway, Bowery Bay and Middleton 1858

Status of Long Island changed when it became part of greater NYC

1870

1898

INDUSTRIALIZATION 1852

1892

1917

Completion of P.S. 1, The 210 acres of the largest grammar Hunter Farm were school in Long Island leveled of all its hills, streets carved out and building lots created for sale to 1861 home buyers. Opening of Long Island Rail Road helped district become an industrial center during Civil War.

Opening of Steinway subway tunnels

1909

Opening of Queensboro Bridge

figure 2.4 Histrical Timeline of Hunters Point (referenced by year)

site analysis | hunterss pint timeline

Long Island Rail Road uses rail float cars to load cargo from boats on East River onto trains. 1934

P.S. 1 funded by Alanna Heiss as Institute for Art and Urban Resources. Affiliated with the MOMA in 2000, recognized as PS1 MOMA. 1971

c1940

DE-INDUSTRIALIZATION 1898

1925

Opening of Hunters Point Ferry. The 34th Street ferry ran between Borden Avenue in Hunters Point and midtown Manhattan

site analysis | hunters point timeline

Long Island Rail Road electirical coal plant becomes residential units 1952

“Manhattanhenge” popularized by Neil deGrasse Tyson.

Hunters Point master plan revealed. Housing development dramatically changing skyline

2002

2009

“Hunters Point West” development construction underway. 2012

URBANIZATION 2011

1998

Gantry Plaza State Park opens in May. The 10 acre waterfront park restores the histoic gantries used by Long Island Rail Road.

2008

2012 Olympic Village Site. Design by Morphosis.

2017

“Hunters Point South” development including 11 acres of waterfront park space, 5000 housing units, a school, and mixed-use strorefront. figure 2.4 Histrical Timeline of Hunters Point (referenced by year)

site analysis | hunterss pint timeline

Current location of residential units within Hunters Point (mixed). 2012 population: 13,000 residents

Proposed Hunters Point Development residential units to be completed by 2017 (all 4 phases) projected population: 21,000 residents

site analysis | existing + future community

existing | future community

Identifying the potential users of the exchange center. This diagram illustrates where current and future residents of Hunters Point, Astoria, and Brooklyn reside. Looking at the kind of dwelling unit, the majority of the area shown has single and double family residents. The proposed Hunters Point South development is creating some of the first highdensity units seen in Hunters Point, dramatically increasing the population in the area.

90 60 30 0

number of residents

120

This diagram also illustrates the industrial barrier which isolates the Hunters Point community from neighboring districts. Bounded by industry and water, the community has yet reach out to surrounding communities. Creating a thriving library for Hunters Point will create a strong identity, as well as draw users into its prominent location.

AVERAGE JOE 28% have attanined a Bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree 26.3% have never been married 35 years old 21.8% in sales/office 15.4% art/design/media

average time to work: 35 mins

figure 2.5 Hunters Point average person

white alone white alone other other two races hispanic two races asian alone hispanic black alone asian alone black alone

age current future male female

figure 2.6 Average age distribution for current and projected population of Hunters Point.

figure 2.7 Hunters Point race distribution (current).

site analysis | exiting + future community

nsb

rid

Q10

Q-103 bus route will be revised after the completion of HPS phase 2 to accommodate the surplus of users within the development.

the water taxi quickly connects manhattan, queens, and brooklyn, traveling across the east river frequents hunters point.

residents access the 7 and G subway. vernonjackson ave station (7) is the first stop in LIC, only 5 minutes from grand central station.

hunters point is pedestrian friendly with wide sidewalks and bike lanes along the water edge.

site analysis | existing + future community

dius ile ra m 1.5

dius e ra l i 1m

e radius mil 5 0.

Identifying the potential users of the exchange center. This diagram illustrates where current and future residents of Hunters Point, Astoria, and Brooklyn reside. Looking at the kind of dwelling unit (increasing in value as the population in each unit increases), the majority of the area shown has single and double family residents. The proposed Hunters Point South development is creating some of the first high-density units seen in Hunters Point, dramatically increasing the population in the area. This diagram also illustrates the industrial barrier which isolates the Hunters Point community from neighboring districts. Bounded by industry and water, the community has yet reach out to surrounding communities. Creating a thriving library for Hunters Point will create a strong identity, drawing outside users into its prominent location.

site analysis | exiting + future community

“Hunter’s Point South is a proposed mixed-use, affordable housing development situated on approximately 30 acres of prime waterfront property in Long Island City, Queens. Up to 5,000 housing units, 60 percent of which will be affordable to middle income families, are expected to be developed on the site. Phipps Houses, Related Companies, and Monadnock Construction have been selected to complete Phase I construction of the project. This includes two mixed-use buildings of more than 900 housing units and roughly 20,000 sf of new retail space. 100 percent of the housing in this phase will be for low, moderate and middle-income families. Other additions will include five acres of new waterfront parkland, a new school, new retail space, and parking. Phase I construction is expected to finish in 2014. The new housing units are a part of Mayor Bloomberg’s $7.5 billion New Housing Marketplace Plan to build and preserve 165,000 units of affordable housing over ten years - the largest municipal affordable plan in the nation. Learn more about the affordable housing being proposed at the project: Hunters Point South Affordable Housing. In addition to housing, the Hunter’s Point South will also include retail space, community/cultural facilities, school space, parking and a new continuous waterfront park.” -http://www.nycedc.com/project/hunters-point-south figure 2.8 & figure 2.9 Artist’s rendering of the proposed Hunters Point South Development

site analysis | proposed hunters point south development

proposed hunters point south development

Located at the â&#x20AC;&#x153;pointâ&#x20AC;? of Queens, NY, the site has immediate access to the East River and surrounding skyline views. Aligning the site with 34th St. in Manhattan will provide the community a space to view Manhattanhenge. This alignment will, however, require manipulation of the proposed Hunters Point South development street grid.

site analysis | proposed hunterss pint south development

figure 2.10 views from Hunters Point site

site analysis | views from the site

06.24.09 06.24.09 06.24.09

views + orientation

With nearly 270 degrees of skyline views from the Hunters Point site, the building form ultimately will capture select views. Positioning the exchange center to capture views of Upper Manhattan, Manhattanhenge and the Brooklyn Bridge down the East River, the exchange centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s calculated form will emphasize the Manhattan skyline views, while responding to its unique location within Hunters Point. In addition to the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s view of Manhattan, the site itself is on view. As the high point of the neighborhood, and point between the East River and Newton Creek, the Hunters Point Library will be in a unique position to see and be seen. The images on page 38 and 39 represent the desired views from the site, and the image on page 40 represent the views Manhattan has of the site.

site analysis | views from the site

Park

figure 2.11 views of Hunters Point site

figure 2.12 views of Hunters Point site

06.24.09

site analysis | views of the site

Site Views

Concept06.24.09 Design

figure 2.13 views diagram

design process | views

site analysis

design process Beginning with a strong understanding of the site and Hunters Point community, I began the designing through a series of programmatic diagrams based on site relations. One of the issues I struggled with throughout this process was how the exchange center interacted with the site and surrounding context. Manipulating the proposed developmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s street grid became a major factor in shaping the building. Looking at the differnce in massing between design phases, you can see how the building evolved from a fixture added to the stree grid into a building which compliments the natural and man-made componets of the site. Throughout this process, I constantly worked through simple diagrams to clearly illustrate my intentions. Between programming, view, site relations, massing, etc., each idea could and should be clearly explained with a diagram. This made the design process as a whole much more fluid, because I was able to constantly reference my decisions back to the parti, and make sure every decision that was made was in favor of the parti.

site analysis

designing through diagrams

Throughout design development, the most efficient way to get my ideas across was to create a simple plan or axon diagram. My thoughts can be traced over the past few months as the diagrams evolved from simple building masses and program layouts to how users would use a space. This design process clearly illustrates how my ideas evolved over the semester, paying special emphasis to the diagrams in each design iteration.

design process | designing throgh diagrams

PROPOSED STREET GRID Located at the â&#x20AC;&#x153;pointâ&#x20AC;? of Queens, NY, the site has immediate access to the East River and surrounding skyline views. Aligning the site with 34th St. in Manhattan will provide the community with additional space to view Manhattanhenge. This alignment will, however, require further manipulation of the street grid.

design process | proposed street grid

pedistrian experience: landscape

program: mixed-use street front

manhattan henge axis as core

circulation: view corridors

manhattan henge axis as core

design process | designing throgh diagrams

In order to align the building with Manhattanhenge, the proposed street grid will require adjustments. Alignment of Parcel G with proposed Parcel H to create a site. The site will be accessed along 57th Ave

design process | manipulated street grid

The main public space for individuals and groups to collect. This main stair acts as nucleus for the library, connecting all spaces physically or visually. From the main stair, the community will be able to view Manhattanhenge. An altered image of Tom Kundig’s Chicken Point Cabin reflects the space’s ability to have an indoor - outdoor relationship on axis with the Manhattan street grid.

HISTORICAL REFERENCE FARMING: Though the site itself is not in a condition where it would be able to havest food, this section of land can return to its natural state by repairing the rock barrier and providing a bio-swell as proposed. IDUSTIRIALIZATION: Materiality can play a big role in how a building is percieved. Brick is the most common of which that depicts a raw, industrial feeling. Also, introducing movable walls (i.e. Tom Kundig’s Chickenpoint cabin reference) could allude to the community’s transportation roots during this period. DE-INDUSTRIALIZATION: As I am interpreting this, a re-purpose or recycling of an item to better serve current needs. The Queensboro Public Library will be closing as a result of the new facility. As a result, salvaging bookcases, desks, chairs, etc. for re-use. URBANIZATION: The very essence of the project. How will the new residential towers and deep history of the site be connected? Can the Hunters Point Exchange Center serve to link not only existing and future community members while pulling from each time period architecturally? If Hunters Point has proved to be in a cyclical effect, how can a new structure supplement the already rich neighborhood.

design process | designing throgh diagrams

2 20

17 16

18 17

16 5

1 20

23 24

cafe reading room gallery classrooms garden staircase

23 24

14 2

23 24

The theory for this diagram is that if we can project how many users are going to be in a particular space, and when, it could help inform our programming to locate spaces within the building. e.g. the cafe could be an impulse stop for residents compared to the reading room, which is more intentional.

This diagram illustrates my theory for the number of potential users in a public space throughout the period of a day. Each color represents a single public space (as represented below) projecting out the potential amount of people that may be using that space for that time (similar to a rose diagram for wind projections).

USER | SPACE INFLUX

design process | designing through diagrams

AXIS Manhattan’s 34th Street serves as the main axis for the building. This allows the building to be on axis for viewing Manhattanhenge in May and July

TOPOGRAPHICAL RESPONSE Located at the highest point on the waterfront, the slope has a gradual slope from the intersection of center blvd. and 56th street, dropping 8’ along the building’s street facade.

ENTRY Located off of Center Blvd, the building’s most public entrance will be located on the corner of the site. Due to the 8’ slope along the street facade, a secondary entrance will serve as a private entrance.

design process | designing throgh diagrams

NOISE Possible noise result of a public street front along Center Blvd. With the elevation change, this could lean towards dividing the building into a public / private layout depending on the noise level each space may create.

PERSONAL CONNECTION Programmatic organization by way of a memberâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s involvement with the community. Different degrees of involvement display how engaged a member becomes in staying connected within the Hunters Point Center. Not only are users increasing their frequency, but also intent.

VIEWS On axis with Manhattanhenge, there is a public stair where visitors can gather for lectures and great views of the Manhattan skyline. Also, an observatory deck accessible from the 3rd level (at the 40â&#x20AC;&#x2122; limit) will also provide space to view the skyline down the East River.

design process | designing through diagrams

schematic review

The exchange center serves the Hunters Point community as a library with communal gathering spaces on the Manhattanhenge axis.

69,200 sf Library: 50,000 sf Book Stacks

37,000 sf Communal Space:

2,000 sf Reading Rooms 10,000 sf Table Seating 5,000 sf Lounge Seating 2,000 sf Reference Computers 200 sf Reference Desk

5,000 sf Amphitheater 15,000 sf Art Gallery 15,000 sf Classroom(s) 2,000 sf Cafe

20,200 sf Digital Library:

6,500 sf Support 7,000 sf Exterior Space

10,000 sf Research Lab 5,000 sf Audio Lab 5,000 sf Audio-Visual Meet Space 200 sf Reference Desk

design process | schematic review

schematic review | reflection

At the design charette, the ultimate organization of the exchange center was revealed when the communal spaces were organized by the time of day and day lighting needs. Depending on when each space was most likely to be used and by how many users revealed certain patterns that could help distribute users into areas of the building. The study also revealed where spaces could potentially be placed for their day lighting needs. Also, taking into consideration the necessity for two entrances, the exchange center created a highly public street-edge where visitors were not only able to enter through multiple spaces, but see various activities occurring on, alluring them inside.Ultimately, the building is taking on a linear scheme on axis with Manhattanhenge. With a central core, users begin to immerse themselves through a series of layers separated by circulation.

How will the building connect to the site? Though the organization of the scheme was sound, there was a disconnect between the building and site. Manipulating the proposed street grid to reflect the block system, ultimately closed the building off from the rest of the development. The exchange center then felt like an object tacked on the end. Moving into following schemes, a re-evaluation of the site occurred. Identifying the essential moves and creating a less evasive alteration to the street grid would help connect the exchange center with the residential units in place. Why is the section necessary? In the next presentation, a greater emphasis on why the addition of the art gallery and art classrooms was essential to the program. Especially in its location with the building. Shift towards street or â&#x20AC;&#x153;new hunters pointâ&#x20AC;?.

design process | schematic review

design process | designing throgh diagrams

design process | manipulated street grid

MAIN STRATEGY Reflecting the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shift from historical to urban, the library transitions from classical library functions to the contemporary needs of the Hunters Point community.

COURTYARD ORIGIN Bending to capture views of the Manhattan skyline, the building form also creates sheltered exterior spaces for courtyards. Two courtyards are created: one which reflects the public street side of the building and one which caters towards the

INTERLOCK The two elements (the library and art center) would be linked by the communal amphitheater. Positionined on Manhattanhenge, this space would act as the common space for people to gather, and connect within the community

design process | designing throgh diagrams

PROGRAM DIVISION The program is divided into two sections: library functions and public functions. Bringing these two sections together is the main stair, where the community can gather for lectures, shows, and manhattanhenge. The two central cores help reinforce the idea of the two sections. The Library section consists of book collections, digital collections, and reading or study spaces. The library is organized to create various spaces for individuals and groups. Public functions in the library include the cafĂŠ, art gallery, classrooms, and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s center. Located at the street edge, these functions reflect the active and diverse community, encouraging participation within the community. Running along the street edge of the exchange center is the main circulation cooridor. From here, users are able to transition between the library and public spaces.

Library Stacks Reading Space Digital Group Study Cafe Administration Art Gallery Classroom Children Center

design process | designing through diagrams

design process | designing throgh diagrams

Responding to the juxtaposition of the surrounding skyscrapers and surrounding water, the library emerges from the landscape, meeting the street front. Thus, the exchange center aligns with the street front on Center Boulevard, views of Manhattanhenge and echoes the natural contours of the site.

design process | designing through diagrams

mid-critique review

The exchange center serves the Hunters Point community as a library with communal gathering spaces on the Manhattanhenge axis. 69,200 sf Library: 50,000 sf Book Stacks 2,000 sf Reading Rooms 10,000 sf Table Seating 5,000 sf Lounge Seating 2,000 sf Ref. Computers 200 sf Ref. Desk

37,000 sf Communal Space: 5,000 sf Amphitheater 15,000 sf Art Gallery 15,000 sf Classroom(s) 2,000 sf Cafe

20,200 sf Digital Library:

6,500 sf Support

10,000 sf Research Lab 5,000 sf Audio Lab 5,000 sf Audio-Visual Space 200 sf Reference Desk

7,000 sf Exterior Space

design process | mid-critique review

design process | designing through diagrams

design process | mid-critique review

mid-critique review | reflection

Modification made to the street grid and formal analysis were appropriate changes to make since the last critique. The exchange center feels more incorporated into the site, reflecting selected views and natural contours of site. Program was appropriate and addition of art gallery and classrooms made the exchange center more appealing to the Hunters Poiht community.

Is the core loated in the appropriate space? No, The stairs should be a space where the library and art sections converge, not a defined separation between the two. How does Manhattanhenge manifest itself in the building? Is it still a high priority for creating participation in the community? Shifting the main core to the perimeter will open up the center for greater connection between the library and art functions of the building. Currently Manhattanhenge is the factor which physically divides the two aspects instead of bringing them together. How are visitors expected to enter the building? Multiple entrances create more confusion. Pick one, and emphasize it, leaving others as secondary. Enter on Manhattanhenge, at division point between program so users are able to better orient themselves. Users will be able to choose which side they intend to learn on, or pass through the building to the site. How will stucture manifest itself in the building? Shift towards making the structure monumental, echoing the power seen in gantries.

design process | mid-critique review

MAIN STRATEGY Shifting from a central stair dividing the two functions to a pair of stairs bringing the art and library functions together. The central stair now acts a place, which unites the components, transitioning users from individuals to a collective unit.

design process | mid-critique review

As mentioned, the site is located in close proximity to Gantry Park, the once industrial center where boats unloaded their shipping cargo. Though the industial nature of this riverfront area has shifted, the gantries still stand along the The library will suggest the monumental steel structure of the gantries through the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure. Though the structure will be made from new material, it will be implied that the structure was in fact original to the site or even found objects left for decades. Today, remnants of historic boat docks still scatter the coastline, revealing not only the rich industrial age, but also the wake of abandonment [figure 1.2].

design process | designing through diagram

48’

he monumental steel structure of the gantries through the building’s structure. Though the structure will be made from new material, it will be implied thatthe structure was in fact original to the site or even found objects left for decades. Today, remnants of historic boat docks still scatter the coastline, revealing not only the rich industrial age, but also the wake of abandonment.

7’ 40’ 7’

14’

design process | designing through diagram

design process | site

SITE ZONING: Creating a dynamic form, which jogs from Center Boulevard to aligning with Manhattanhenge to views down the East River, provided a variety of exterior spaces on site. 57th Street Plaza: 1

This space creates a scene familiar to most residents in large cities: a street plaza bounded by its surrounding buildings. The space is public and caters towards the entry of the building with a vehicular drop-off and bus stop along 57th Street. “Back Porch”:

In contrast, this exterior plaza is less restrictive as it spills into the surrounding landscape with exterior seating. The space feels protected by the form of the building as it opens itself up to the surrounding Manhattan skyline views. Drawing residents down Center Boulevard through a plaza into the final landscape on the “point” provides residents a destination point with 270 degrees views of Manhattan, the East River, Newton Creek, and Brooklyn. Marsh:

Restoring the landscape to its natural, historic conditions prior to the industrial period, this section of the site provides residents with a beautiful overlook and meandering waterfront path. Escaping from the confined city, residents are surrounded by nature and can appreciate the natural cycle the site has endured: natural, farming, industrial, abandonment, restoration through urbanization.

design process | site

the exchange center

the exchange center | site

the exchange center | ground floor plan + renderings

the exchange center | sections

the exchange center | stair rendering

the exchange center | reflection

The exchange center is sited with spectacular views over the East River and major landmarks, such as the Empire State Building. It will function as a connector between waterfront activities and the city beyond. Serving the surrounding residential buildings, 12 acres of new parkland and public schools, the library will serve as a new “exchange center” and an invaluable resource for the community. The new library will shape public space and create a connection across Hunters Point and the existing neighborhood of Hunters Point. The exchange center is an appropriate response to the rapidly growing community’s need for public space due to its response towards the industrial history, Manhattanhenge and program. Directly responding to the Hunters Point history confirms the exchange center’s position as a new structure connecting the past, present and future. Through materiality and structure, the exchange center reflects the industrial nature of Hunters Point on the street side elevations. Waterfront elevations reflect the contemporary architecture of the residential buildings with a glass façade and vertical louvers to emphasize height. The exchange center’s positioning along Manhattanhenge shifted throughout the design process, but ultimately was emphasized through site decisions. Extending from the central communal stair in the building, a path, stepping down the slope, extends into a pier in the East River. Shifting the internal stair from being on axis with Manhattanhenge to two stairs facing one another created a collaborative environment, emphasizing the transition between the two programmatic functions. My decision to begin with core library functions and augment the program with community interests creates the contemporary library. Library functions evolve with the community, reflecting the high percentage of current residents with graphic design and art backgrounds. The exchange center becomes a place for local artists to identify their community. A dynamic urban library should expand and evolve with the community, containing and distributing its history. Through extensive research about the Hunters Point community, site analysis, and a series of formal developments, the final iteration combines all these factors, creating a communal center for Hunters Point, which establishes a unified community, while reflecting its history in the modern setting of Manhattanhenge.

the exchange center | reflection

appendix

appendix ADS VII Thesis Project: Temple of Kephri Precedents: DOK Media Center BOW Idea Store Baker House Literature Notes: The Great Good Place by Ray Oldenburg

appendix

appendix | ADS VII: Temple of Kephri

ADS VII: Temple of Kephri

The first semester was about taking a new approach to design. We began the semester by examining the exoskeleton of an insect. We then became more familiar with the exoskeleton by creating it in sculpture. This sculpture then led way to our sturcutral unit, which in turn created our structural system. It was only then that we began to see enclosure and program in these spaces. This ultimately resulted in our thesis questions. This studio course was about more than just the design process, it was about finding new approaches to a problem and celebrating the uncertainty that one might have. Our first day of class we were given a quick design charette: to design the Hall of Icarus. There were no wrong answers as to how we would percieve this hall, the objective was to present your design in a clear concise way, and whatever you do, just commit to it. This became a common theme in our studio this year. Creating more iterations of your work, created more opportunities for sucess. The more we were able to commit to an idea and either prove that it was incorrect or correct, the better the end result became. This semester set us up for our last semester in the Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s of Architecture program at Kansas State University. This project became the prequal to our last project, where we could take any aspect from the process to influence our thesis. I saw a lot of potential in the site and its relationship to Manhattanhenge, and decided to push this component in my final thesis: the exchange center.

appendix | ADS VII: Temple of Kephri

Gasthuislaan Gasthuislaan lift lift

lift

program: 1870 m2 shops 330 m2 dwellings 430 m2 media library

lift

8076

ENTREE

8076 60

ENTREE

start of design: start of design: March 2003 March 2003

CAI

Vesteplein Vesteplein

start of construction: start of construction: Mai 2005 Mai 2005 completion: completion: 2007 2007

Asvest

Vest Vest eple eplein in

architect: Liesbeth van der Pol

ZuidwalZuidwal

Stadscentrum Delft | city center Delft Stadscentrum Delft | city center Delft

0227 Media library, Delft 0227 Media library, Delft

0227 Mediatheek, Delft 0227 Mediatheek, Delft

Locatie Mediatheek | location media library Locatie Mediatheek | location media library

Delft inin the Netherlands DelftininNederland Nederland| Delft | Delft the Netherlands

22 11

figure 5.1 DOK Media Center

0227 Mediatheek, Delft

appendix | precedents

0227 Media library, Delft

Plattegrond begane grond | ground ﬂoor plan

Legenda: 1. bestaande winkelruimte 2. nieuwe winkelruimte 3. mediatheek 4. ﬁetsenstalling 5. bestaaande woningen 6. nieuwe woningen 7. verhuurbaar kantoor

Caption: 1. existing shops 2. new shops 3 media library 4. cycle shed 5. existing dwellings 6. new dwellings 7. rentable ofﬁcespace

33 44

Fotograaf: Arjen Schmitz | photographer: Arjen Schmitz

0227 Media library, Delft

Marketsquare

Plattegrond eerste verdieping | ﬁrst ﬂoor plan

Media Library

Gemeente Delft structural engineer: structural engineer: DHV, Den Haag DHV, Den Haag contractor: contractor: Heijmans Bouw Rotterdam BV Heijmans Bouw Rotterdam BV building costs (ex. VAT): building costs (ex. VAT): € 8.000.000,€ 8.000.000,-

0227 Mediatheek, Delft

Mediatheek Marktplein Mediatheek Media LibraryMarktplein Marketsquare

Liesbeth van der Pol designteam: designteam: P. Cannon, M. Hardonk, R. Bos, A. Koch, A. Derksen P. Cannon, M. Hardonk, R. Bos, with AEQUO architects A. Koch,inA.collaboration Derksen in collaboration with AEQUO architects client: client: Gemeente Delft

Station Station Station

Delft

9940 m2

9940 m2 architect: architect: Liesbeth van der Pol

A lucht

Station

Delft Delft Delft

location: vesteplein, delft

gfa.:

In 2009, the Media Centre was declared the best library of the In 2009, the Media Centre was declared the best library of the Netherlands. Netherlands.

430 m2 media library gfa.:

In 2009 werd de Mediatheek uitgeroepen tot beste bibliotheek van In 2009 werd de Mediatheek uitgeroepen tot beste bibliotheek van Nederland. Nederland.

Asvest

g: g:

frame, has functions. been brought into play in order and to shape organization forbicycle its new Shops, restaurants cafés,the apartments and its new functions. Shops, restaurants and cafés, apartments and bicycle storage are also included in this project. The most important architectural storage are also included in this project. The most important architectural and spatial intervention of the building is the continuous roof light, with and spatial intervention of the building is the continuous roof light, with a striking glass roof stretching across the entire width of the building. a striking glass roof stretching across the entire width of the building. An atrium connects the various ﬂoors and functions. The warm, soft An atrium connects the various ﬂoors and functions. The warm, soft materials of the interior bridge the gap between the hard industrial materials of the interior bridge the gap between the hard industrial structural frame and the building’s current use. structural frame and the building’s current use.

luik

ering: ering:

Ook winkels, horeca, woningen en een ﬁetsenstalling maken onderdeel uit van het project. In het gebouw is de belangrijkste architectonische uit van het project. In het gebouw is de belangrijkste architectonische en ruimtelijke ingreep de totstandkoming van een lichtstraat, met een en ruimtelijke ingreep de totstandkoming van een lichtstraat, met een opvallende glazen kap die over de hele breedte van het pand loopt. Een opvallende glazen kap die over de hele breedte van het pand loopt. Een vide verbindt de verschillende verdiepingen en functies. De warme, zachte vide verbindt de verschillende verdiepingen en functies. De warme, zachte materialen van het interieur slaan een brug tussen het harde industriële materialen van het interieur slaan een brug tussen het harde industriële casco en het huidige gebruik. casco en het huidige gebruik.

1870 m2 shops, 330 m2 dwellings, programme: 430 m2 media 1870 m2 shops, 330 m2library dwellings,

erp: erp: 3 3

old frame, building, in been the form of a transparent therefore structural for has brought into play in and order to shapeﬂexible the organization

Vesteplein, Delft programme:

V79

Delft eur: eur: Haag Haag bouwkundig: bouwkundig: Bouw Rotterdam BV Bouw Rotterdam BV en (ex. btw): en (ex. btw): 0,0,-

pand, in de vorm heldere en daardoor ﬂexibele draagstructuur, is aangegrepen omvan deeen organisatie voor de nieuwe functies vorm te geven. aangegrepen de organisatie de nieuwe functies maken vorm teonderdeel geven. Ook winkels,om horeca, woningenvoor en een ﬁetsenstalling

location:

T lucht

an der Pol an der Pol am: am: M. Hardonk, R. Bos, Derksen M. Hardonk, R. Bos, erking met AEQUO architects Derksen erking met AEQUO architects ever: ever: Delft

Theseventies, Hoogoven has Building Delft, an outdated ofﬁce block from the beenin transformed into a Media Library. The quality of the seventies, has been transformed into a Media and Library. The quality of structural the old building, in the form of a transparent therefore ﬂexible

ediatheek

Het Hoogovenpand in Delft, eentot verouderd kantoorpand uit de jaren zeventig, is getransformeerd Mediatheek. De kwaliteit van het oude zeventig, tot Mediatheek. De kwaliteit het oude pand, in is degetransformeerd vorm van een heldere en daardoor ﬂexibele van draagstructuur, is

inkels, 330 m2 woningen, ma: ediatheek inkels, 330 m2 woningen,

Delft ma:

DOK Media Center

Billed as a “library concept center” rather than a traditional library, this Dutch library takes modern libraries to a new level. Filled with bright colors and sleek modern design, this library makes use of professionally designed graphics, comfy furniture and shelving made from recyclable materials. Patrons have access not only to traditional books but to video games, listening stations, toys for kids to play with, comic books, a piano and even an art collection. On the technology side, the library is wired to deliver a text message to your phone when you enter, welcoming you. Additionally, books and cards use RFID, LCD screens around the building filled with information, stations for podcasting and videocasting and what is planned to be a “genius bar” to give technology help to the public.

Fotograaf: Arjen Schmitz | photographer: Arjen Schmitz

0227 Mediatheek, Delft

0227 Media library, Delft

appendix | precedents

BOW Idea Store

location: London, England size: 3400 m2 architect: adjaye associates

This library is yet another that is taking a different approach to what a library is, preferring to call itself an Idea Store rather than a library. The idea is to combine traditional service provided by libraries with access to technology and lifelong learning opportunities. The library wants to not only provide resources, but to educate and improve the lives of those in the community. Patrons are encouraged to hang out in the library, meet friends, have coffee at the cafe and pursue hobbies using the libraryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resources.

figure 5.2 BOW Idea Store

appendix | precedents

Baker House

location: MIT architect: aalvar alto, 1964

The Baker House was designed by Aalvar Aalro in 1946 where he was lecturing at the MassachussetsInstitute of Technology. Built with dark red bricks, the building resembles a curving “S” shape which slithers along the north side of the Charles River, which maximizes the view of the river for every student. Alto looked at how parallel blocks and fan –shaped ends as well as the “giant gentle polygon” which then eventually resolved into the final ‘S’ curve design of the building could increase the density of the building. Aalto did not want to design north-facing rooms as he wanted most rooms to have a view of the river from the east or west so he merged the rooms on the western end into double and triple rooms. He also wanted the views of the rooms to not be placed at right angles towards the busy main street thus this is resolved by the surging peaks of the building’s curve form.

appendix | precedents

3 REALMS 1. domestic 2. productive

The Great Good Place (Third Places) by Ray Oldenburg

3. community

“…daily life, in order to be relaxed and fulfilling, must find its balance in three realms of experience. One is domestic, a second is gainful or productive, and the third is inclusively sociable, offering both the basis of community and the celebration of it” (p. 14)

can a library posses all the qualities of a third place?

THIRD PLACES are informal gathering places in which people gather between home and work. In this chapter, Oldenburg explores their characteristics: ON NEUTRAL GROUND.

does the location give favor towards a particular group? does it need to be central or accessible? the fact that there is no host gives the sense of group responsibility / ownership / pride.

“In order for the city and its neighborhoods to offer the rich and varied association that is their promise and potential, there must be neutral ground upon which people may gather. There must be places where individual may come and go as they please, in which no one is required to play host, and in which we all feel at home and comfortable.” (p. 22) THIRD PLACE AS A LEVELER. “A place that is a leveler, is by its nature, an inclusive place” (p. 24)

pulling from all resources.

“The great bulk of human association finds individual related to one another for some objective purpose… In contrast, what George Simmel referred to as ‘pure sociability’ is precisely the occasion in which people get together for no purpose, higher or lower, that for the ‘joy, vivacity, and relief’ of engaging their personalities beyond contexts of purpose, duty, or role” (p. 25) CONVERSATION IS THE MAIN ACTIVITY.

The Great Good Place Ray Oldenburg

ACCESSIBILITY AND ACCOMMODATION. “Third places that render the best and fullest service are those to which one may go alone at almost any time of the day or evening with assurances that acquaintances will be there” (p. 32) THE REGULARS. “The third place is just so much space unless the right people are there to make it come alive, and they are the regulars” (p. 33) “Every regular was once a newcomer, and the acceptance of newcomers is essential to the sustained vitality of the third place” (p. 34)

how can the program be organized by time? do certain relationships need to be maintained in order to keep a constant flow of people within the spaces? is the current Hunters Point community “the regulars”? does the fact that this is a new facility create a clean slate? does everyone become a newcomer?

A LOW PROFILE. THE MOOD IS PLAYFUL. “Whether pronounced or low key, however, the playful spirit is of utmost importance. Here joy and acceptance reign over anxiety and alienation (p. 38)

a sense of normalcy and belonging. there is comfort in familiarity.

A HOME AWAY FROM HOME. “Though a radically different kind of setting from the home, the third place is remarkably similar to a good home in the psychological comfort and support that it extends” (p. 42)

Figure 1.1

“Long Island City, Queens, 1932”. Frederick J. Weber Collection: LIRR 5th Street Freight Yard, June 20, 1932. Web 17 Feb. 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ qbpllid/2087590200/in/photostream/

Figure 1.2

Photograph. Girl in Gotham City. Stephanie St. Claire. 15 July 2011. Web 23 Oct. 2011. http://silvercitylight.blogspot.com/2011/07/its-manhattanhenge.html.

Firgure 1.3

Photograph. Manhattanhenge, Gantry Plaza State Park, Queens. 29 May 2008. Web 23 Oct. 2011. http://www.bridgeandtunnelclub.com/bigmap/manhattan/ manhattanhenge/05-29-08/index.html.

Figure 1.4

Photograph. Stonehenge sunset. Peter Trimming. 2009. Web 24 Sept 2011. http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1626228

Figure 1.5

Photograph. Great Astori Historical Society: “Aerial view of a ferry arriving at the Hunters Point terminal from 34th Street in Manhattan”. Web 25 Nov 20011. http://astoriahistory.smugmug.com/keyword/hunters%20point/969513646_ c9krTCq#!i=744910866&k=3JTBdJM

Figure 1.6

Existing Hunters Point Map. https://maps.google.com/

Figure 1.7

Hunters Point South Rendering. 2012. Web 2 May 2013. http://ny.curbed.com/ archives/2013/05/02/hunters_point_south_waterfront_park_will_open_this_july. php#51827d51f92ea16be5022c94

Figure 1.8

1. Photograph: 45th Avenue between 21st and 23rd Streets, Long Island City. Web 25 Nov 2011. http://queens.brownstoner.com/2012/09/the-prettiest-blocks-inqueens-historic-streets-in-forest-hills-lic-sunnyside-st-albans-and-jackson-heights/ 2. Photograph. Wally Gobetz. 11 Aug 2007. Web 25 Nov 2011. http://www.flickr. com/photos/wallyg/1093390358/in/photostream/

appendix | bibliography

bibliography Figure 1.8

3. Photograph. Pepsi Cola Sign. Noel Y. C. 4 Nov 2012. Web 2 May 2013. http://nyclovesnyc.blogspot.com/2012/11/pepsi-cola-sign-at-long-island-city.html 4. Photograph. MOMA P.S. 1. Mathew Septimus. Web 25 Nov 2011. http://www. nycgo.com/venues/moma-ps1 5. Sculpture Center Photograph. Barry Halkin. Web 25 Nov. 2011. http://www. nycgo.com/ venues/sculpturecenter. 6, Photograph. 5 Pointz. Web 25 Nov 2011. http://5ptz.com/photos/

Figure 2.1

Photograph. Hunters Point. Basketbawful. Web 17 Feb. 2012. http://farm4. staticflickr.com/3200/2769659780_5d693720d5_o

Figure 2.2

Aeiral Map. http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1

Figure 2.3

Existing Hunters Point Map. https://maps.google.com/

Figure 2.4

1858: Seyfried, Vincent F. 300 Years of Long Island City 1630-1930. Garden City, NY: Queens Community Series, October 1984. Web 10 Feb 2012. http://www. queenswestvillager.com/about/detail/history_of_long_island_city. 1861: Photograph. Greater Astoria Historical Society Books: The East River. 2009. Web 10 Feb. 2012. http://astoriahistory.smugmug.com/keyword/hunters%20 point#!i=969512186&k=Uoy9Y 1892:”P.S. 1 (Public School 1)…” Greater Astoria Historical Society Books: The East River. 2009. Web 10 Feb. 2012. http://astoriahistory.smugmug.com/GAHS-Books/ Then-and-Now/13336198_pcCRwn/2/969514753_2SkFw/Medium 1925: “34th Street Ferry (the “Sag Horbor”…).” Greater Astoria Historical Society Books: The East River. 2009. Web 10 Feb. 2012. http://astoriahistory.smugmug. com/keyword/waterfront/1/431315609_DpLMX#!i=412656402&k=wZvTb.

bibliography

Figure 2.4

1934: “Aerial view of a ferry arriving at the Hunters Point terminal from 34th Street in Manhattan” Greater Astoria Historical Society Books: The East River. 2009. Web 10 Feb. 2012. http://astoriahistory.smugmug.com/keyword/hunters%20 point#!i=744910866&k=xECP7 1940: “Long Island City, Queens, 1932”. Frederick J. Weber Collection: LIRR 5th Street Freight Yard, June 20, 1932. Web 17 Feb. 2012. http://www.flickr.com/ photos/qbpllid/2087590200/in/photostream/ 1952: Photograph. “Old New York in Colour-Part IV- Round Robin Selections.” Franny Wentzel. 3 Apr 2010. Web 18 Feb. 2012. http://citynoise.org/upload/41073. 1971: Photograph. Erin Kornfeld & Erica Leone. NYC: The Officcial Guide. 2012. Web 17 Feb 2012. http://www.nycgo.com/venues/moma-ps1 1998: Photograph. “Newton Creek.” 1 Oct. 2007. Web 17 Feb 2012. http:// citynoise.org/article/7357 2002: Photograph. Manhattanhenge, Gantry Plaza State Park, Queens. 29 May 2008. Web 23 Oct. 2011. http://www.bridgeandtunnelclub.com/bigmap/ manhattan/manhattanhenge/05-29-08/index.htm 2008: Rendring. Morphosis. 2004. Web 17 Feb 2012. http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.php?t=4042&page=5 2011: ”Danger.” Nathan Kensinger. 15 Mar 2008. Web 1 Feb 2012. http://www. flickr.com/photos/gowanus/2408250585/ 2012: Rendering. “LIC Waterfront to Have 2,100 New Apartments by 2013”. 7 Feb 2011. Web 17 Feb 2012. http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2011/02/07/lic_waterfront_ to_have_2100_new_apartments_by_2013.php

appendix | bibliography

Figure 2.5, 2.6 & 2.7

“Hunters Point neighborhood in Long Island City, New York (NY), 11101 detailed profile”. 2011. Web 29 Jan 2012. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/HuntersPoint-Long-Island-City-NY.html

Figure 2.8 & 2.9

Artist’s rendering of Hunters Point Development. http://www.nyc.gov/html/hpd/ html/developers/hunterspoint-south.shtml (pg 30)

Figure 2.10 & 2.11

“Site Views: Concept Design” Hunter’s Point South Waterfront Park: Community Board 2 Presentation June 24, 2009. Site Views. Page 8. ARUP, Thomas Balsley Associates, Weiss, Manfredi. 8 June 2009. Web 23 Oct 2011.

Figure 2.13

Figure 3.1

Photograph. Live at the Gantries. 2011. Web 12 Dec 2012. http://liveatthegantries.com/about/

Figure 3.2

Photograph. “Brownfields.” Peter Caveat. 26 Mar 2009. Web 12 Dec 2012. http://citynoise.org/article/9152/in/quens@ny

appendix | bibliography