Alabama Turf Times - Winter 2021

Winter 2021

NEMATODES: A Challenge to Manage in Southern Turfgrasses

Plus:

Is Glyphosate Still A Reasonable Option For Weed Management?

Member Spotlight on Lifetime Achievement Award Recipient

SCOTT WANZOR

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A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >> > Wint er 2021

Learn how your company can sponsor or advertise!

Winter 2021

TOP FEATURES 12

Event News — 10 2021 Road Shows

DSTE 2020 Cancelled

ATA Member Spotlight — 12 Lifetime Achievement

Award Recipient, Scott Wanzor

Feature Story — 14 Is Glyphosate Still

A Reasonable Option For Weed Management?

Cover Story — 16 Nematodes: A Challenge to

Manage in Southern Turfgrasses

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DEPARTMENTS 6

From the President’s Pen

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ATA Annual Sponsors

8 News from ATA Welcome, New Board Members 11

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Wint er 2021

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Index of Advertisers

Find this issue, Podcasts, Events and More: THETURFZONE.COM

The Alabama Turfgrass Association serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, Alabama Turf Times, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or their identification as Alabama Turfgrass Association members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this quarterly publication. Copyright © 2021 by the Alabama Turfgrass Association. Alabama Turf Times is published quarterly. Subscriptions are complimentary to members of the Alabama Turfgrass Association. Third-class postage is paid at Jefferson City, MO. Printed in the U.S.A. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display

www.AlaTurfgrass.org 4

and classified advertising rates and insertion please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, 206 Bridge Street, Suite 200, Franklin, TN 37064, (615) 790-3718, www.LeadingEdgeCommunications.com

From the President’s Pen >>>

INCREASE YOUR VALUE

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Wint er 2021

It

is my distinct honor to serve as the next President of the Alabama Turfgrass Association. This organization is founded on the dedication to educating members with the most current information, empowering each member with knowledge to maximize success in their career, and to coalesce our membership and constituency into one voice to affect change and protect our industry. And in addition, the relationships developed with our fellow members can offer friendships, second opinions, and experience. With these crazy days we are living through, each of those attributes is that much more significant. I encourage all of us to take advantage of our connection to this resource and get more involved in the ATA, to promote our common goals, and to leave our industry in a better position than when we entered.

My background in this industry has been varied over the years, by necessity. Jobs and duties were pretty specific for some of us as we entered the field, but it has become apparent we all need to come to grips with the prospect of taking on expanded roles with our respective organizations. Our long term value as employees is directly related to our overall scope of knowledge and how efficient we are in implementing the skills to the benefit of our team. There are 600+ members of the ATA, each of whom are coping with this eventuality in varied and novel ways. Take the time to learn from each other and we can all raise the level of our respective pedigrees.

The Association has many opportunities coming up soon to pick up some knowledge and to say hello to friends. Hopefully conditions with regard to the pandemic allow inperson gatherings, but if not, we will offer online meetings where we can hear critical and timely information. The Road Shows, which offer excellent technical information each year and are efficient methods of gaining license points, will maintain those traits whether it is face-to-face or face-to-screen. Decisions will be made by your Board in November concerning our ability to hold the Road Shows as normal in the five traditional locations, or if we go the virtual route. The latest protocols and health guidance will determine how we proceed, stay tuned. We also have the Lawn and Landscape Field Day coming up in the spring. The location has yet to be named as circumstances are narrowing our possible venues, but be assured the program will be information packed and will cover important topics.

Within this issue of the Alabama Turf Times you will find other examples of quality, timely information. Check out the cover story by Dr. Samuel Martin of Clemson University concerning nematode issues in turf and landscapes. Another issue in the news over the last year or so is public opinion regarding glyphosate and its use in landscapes.

All of us have most likely seen the late-night advertisements for settlements and lawsuits brought on by a court decision in California. The proffered article by Dr. Stephen Enloe of the University of Florida explains the controversy sparked by the court rulings and the potential ramifications for all of us. Dr. Enloe lays out an excellent synopsis of the science. We all know that if the glyphosate issue hasn’t visited your facility yet, it will soon. This timely information will come in handy once the questions are being asked.

As professionals we want to be the experts in the discussions with our coworkers, managers, VP’s, owners, or whomever is involved. This is what the ATA offers to you as a member, a chance to arm yourself with the information and knowledge to increase your value to whomever you report.

I look forward to the days when we can gather together and fellowship around turf. I sincerely hope those days are sooner rather than later. Until then I’ll see you on the screen.

Joe Collins, CSFM

2021 ATA ANNUAL SPONSORS GOLD • Bayer Environmental Science • Beard Equipment Company • Greenville Turf & Tractor • Harrell's, Inc. • Jerry Pate Turf & Irrigation • Simplot, Inc.

SILVER • BWI Companies • Corteva Agriscience • Ewing • Nufarm, Inc. • SiteOne Landscape Supply • Syngenta • Target Specialties

BRONZE • AGRI-AFC, LLC • Agromax • Aquatrols • BASF • PBI-Gordon • Southern States Turf • Sur-Line Turf • Walker/Wright Mowers

Joe Collins, CSFM 2021 ATA President

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Alabama Turf Times is the official publication of the: Alabama Turfgrass Association P.O. Box 70 Auburn, Alabama 36831 Tel: (334) 821-3000 Fax: (334) 821-3800 Email: mailbox@alaturfgrass.org www.alaturfgrass.org Published by: Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street Franklin, Tennessee 37064 Tel: (615) 790-3718 Fax: (615) 794-4524 Email: info@leadingedge communications.com Executive Director Melanie Bonds Alabama Turf Times Editor James Horton

Riebeling Farms, Inc. Palmetto St. Augustine • Empire Zoysia Centipede Sod • Delivery Available

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Big Roll TuRf TuBes

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Vice President Ben Anderson

Arrowhead Country Club

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Secretary/Treasurer Ben Williams

Maxwell Airforce Base / Cypress Tree GC

Past President Deven Peek

Full Bloom Landscapes, LLC

BOARD OF DIRECTORS Golf Patrick Pierce

Grand National Golf Club

Industry Chris Moras

Ground Works Distribution

Institution David White

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Lawn Care Reynolds Cook Southern Lawns

Park & Recreation Heath Puckett

Guntersville State Park

Sod Randall Murphy Murphy Turf Farms

At Large Darrel Arnold

Southeast Turf utilizes the best deep aerification equipment available today to address any type of turf aerification need, including Deep Drill and Drill & Fill.

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Heritage Lawn & Tree Care

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EX OFFICIO/EDUCATION ADVISORS David Han, Ph.D. Auburn University (334) 844-3980 handavi@auburn.edu

Jim Jacobi, Ph.D.

Alabama Cooperative Extension System (205) 879-6964, Ext. 19 jacobjc@auburn.edu

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A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >> > Wint er 2021

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W E LC OME NE W B OARD MEMB ERS

News from ATA >>>

CHRIS MORAS, Ground Works Distribution

INDUSTRY

Many of you have met Chris at the Road Shows over the past few years demonstrating his equipment! A graduate of Prattville High School, Chris earned an Associate’s degree in Applied Science and Technology. He worked with the Montgomery Fire/Rescue Service for eleven years as a Fire Lieutenant and Paramedic.

Afterwards, he bought Southern Chippers, a property management company, specializing in large property restoration. Chris closed Southern Chippers to become the A&D Distributors sales manager for Walker, Wright and Worldlawn Equipment Companies, covering Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida Panhandle.

In January of 2019 he bought out A&D Distributors and opened Ground Works Distribution. Ground Works is currently the distributor for Walker and Wright Companies for Alabama and the Florida Panhandle, and supplies twenty-one independent dealers with everything from whole goods to parts.

PATRICK PIERCE, Grand National Golf Course

GOLF

Patrick began his career in the golf industry in 2001 while attending college at Faulkner State Community College in Gulf Shores, AL. While attending college he worked at Peninsula Golf & Racquet Club as well as Gulf Shores Golf Club. After graduating with his Associates Degree in Golf Course Management in 2004, Patrick moved back to his hometown of Auburn, AL and worked at Auburn University Club for 2 years before accepting an Assistant Superintendent’s position at Gulf Shores Golf Club. In 2007 he was given the opportunity to join the staff at the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail @ Grand National where he has been ever since.

When Patrick is not working, he enjoys spending time relaxing at home with his 3 beagles: Mo, Pearl & Lula Belle. He enjoys fishing and tries to play golf from time to time.

Patrick is an avid Auburn fan and never misses a home basketball or football game.

About joining the ATA Board, Patrick says, “I look forward to serving as the Golf Industry Representative with the ATA this coming year, as we all continue to work hard to grow as turfgrass managers.”

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Wint er 2021

MARK IRWIN, City of Foley Mark was born and raised in Foley, Alabama. He is currently sports turf manager of the Sports Field Complex there. In 2011 the superb condition of the fields, turf and landscape earned Mark and his crew the ATA President’s Award for Excellence. Mark has been a consistent supporter of the ATA over the years, attending educational offerings and absorbing as much knowledge as possible.

Mark began his career in the green industry at Cotton Creek Golf Course where he started in grounds maintenance, moved up to spray tech and then to assistant superintendent. Kevin Kehr, superintendent at Cotton Creek taught Mark the business, from weed identification to turf management. From his father he learned a good work ethic early in life. Mark takes pride in his work, wants to learn and sets an example for others in the industry.

Outside of his career, Mark is a volunteer fire fighter for the City of Foley and served as deacon at First Baptist Church of Foley. His favorite pastimes include hunting, fishing, watersports and vegetable gardening. Mark is married to Julie, his wife of 26 years and they have a daughter, Mallory.

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Event News >>>

Preview of Coming Attractions:

2021 ATA ROAD SHOWS GO VIRTUAL

The

ATA Board reluctantly made the decision to host the Road Shows virtually in 2021.

There were considerable issues in confirming venues that would accommodate our numbers with social distancing, and also in our university lecturers being able to travel in accordance with university policies. We will most likely offer two different weeks of offering the entire Road Show program in two hour segments each day. Pesticide points will be available. More information will be provided when the virtual schedule is decided.

We are all anxious to meet again in person and we are hoping by March we can accomplish this with the Lawn and Landscape Workshop. Until then, we will gather through Zoom!

AU TURFGRASS RESEARCH UPDATE

Scott McElroy, PhD, Auburn University

Sometimes Annual bluegrass is not an annual and what's worse, sometimes it's resistant to herbicides! We've all heard, and some of us have dealt with, resistant Poa annua. What do we do? Dr. McElroy has been collecting samples of resistant Poa for several years and this talk will discuss what he and his team have learned from samples collected across Alabama and the Southeast as part of a multi-state USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative Grant focused on annual bluegrass resistance and management.

LUNCH SPONSORED BY PBI GORDON WITH PETER LANGE AND THE FOLLOWING UPDATES 1. N ew chemistries provide an added bonus to applications and provide greater results with quicker speed.

2. N ew formulation changes allow products to still be effective while being safer for the environment and applicators.

3. T ough to control weeds and diseases and tips to combat this issue.

4. T he proper use of timing to allow for optimal use of fungicides and to limit over application of chemicals.

5. N ew Active Ingredients, which provide a new MOA and safer product for the environment.

TURFGRASS LOOKING BAD? WHEN TO RENOVATE OR REPLACE

Auburn University Turf Team

Dave Han, PhD, Alabama Cooperative Extension System

The 2020 AU Turfgrass Research Field Day was canceled, but you haven't missed any of the results if you attend this presentation. You will be given a condensed review of the research conducted by the researchers from each team. Every turf professional will benefit from this update!

Have you ever had to make the decision to either renovate or replace turfgrass? Whether for your institutional grounds, sports complex, customers or sports field, that's a BIG decision and one you shouldn't make too quickly. This presentation will review the factors you should consider. Should you delay or move project forward based on the future schedule? What will the budget allow? Can you handle this project in-house or should you write an RFP? If you decide to handle internally, what are the key components your staff should know?

Emphasis will be placed on sodding, but sprigging and seeding will be mentioned.

SETTING UP TURF TECH TRAINING FOR YOUR ORGANIZATION

John Nabors, Alabama Cooperative Extension System What training does your staff need, especially your new employees? What does your training program look like? What topics need to be covered and how often? What are some resources to help you? This presentation will cover the types of topics you would want your turfgrass maintenance workforce to know, understand and recognize — Turfgrass Management to Operations to your Safety Program! Learn some takeaways to implement today!

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Wint er 2021

UPDATE ON POA ANNUA RESISTANCE

HOW TO CONTROL COMMON NUISANCE PESTS

Fudd Graham, PhD, Alabama Cooperative Extension System This session will provide an overview of some of the more common pests we all encounter while maintaining turfgrass and landscapes, especially when their numbers explode. Pests discussed include: Mosquitoes; Ticks, Yellow Jackets and Carpenter Bees.

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SCOUTING COULD SAVE YOUR TURFGRASS BUDGET MAJOR DOLLARS

Amanda Scherer, PhD, Alabama Cooperative Extension System Ever wish you had a warning that a problem was about to occur? Your employees are your best eyes when you can't visit all the turfgrass and landscapes you maintain. Many areas of agriculture train scouts to recognize the initial conditions that could lead to big problems. With the proper training and work experience, your staff can learn to anticipate the early signs that will help you solve problems much quicker, saving time and money. Topics covered include: certain turfgrass and plants are specifically susceptible to particular problems; changing environmental conditions; early indications of insects and diseases; acceptable threshold populations; soil conditions; drainage issues; recent human activities that caused plant damage or compaction; websites that map the geographic movement of certain pests; etc.

The Deep South Turf Expo:

LOOKING FORWARD TO 2021

Upcoming Event >>>

December 14, 2020 Vendor Appreciation Sporting Clay Shoot Lower Wetumpka Sporting Club

Index of Advertisers >>>

By Melanie Bonds, ATA Executive Director

R

egrettably, our plans for the 2020 Deep South Turf Expo did not come to fruition this year. Initially cancelling the Conference and Tradeshow due to Covid-19, the DSTE board planned to offer a scaled down tradeshow at The Preserve Golf Course, along with the Scramble Tournament and a Tailgate reception. Due to the on-going threat of COVID-19, the hurricanes that devastated many homes and businesses along the Gulf Coast, and economic considerations on the part of many employers, a decision was made to cancel the Tournament, Tradeshow and Tailgate planned for October 26, 2020 as well.

I would like to thank our vendors who came out strong in support of this year’s event. They are anxious to re-connect with their customers and we appreciate the efforts they made for the 2020 Tournament, Tradeshow and Tailgate. We are blessed, truly blessed, and we hope everyone will thank those listed below who were willing to support the scaled down Expo financially.

With that said, we have begun planning for our 2021 Expo, scheduled for November 1–4, 2021 which will again be held at the Mississippi Coast Convention Center in Biloxi. We hope many of the Covid-19 fears will have been laid to rest by then, and we are anxiously looking forward to the development of a vaccine to make congregating safe for everyone. We plan to come back strong with a great education program, tradeshow and networking opportunities.

So be sure to save the date for our turfgrass industry reunion in 2021!

BWI Companies, Inc......................................... 13 www.bwicompanies.com Coosa Valley Turf Farms.................................. 21 www.coosavalleyturffarms.com Greene County Fertilizer Co........................... 13 www.greenecountyfert.com Greenville Turf & Tractor, Inc.......................Inside Front Cover www.greenvilleturf.com HollyFrontier Speciality Products..................23 www.hollyfrontierlsp.com KWMI / K & W Products, Inc.........Back Cover www.KWMIequipment.com Leading Edge Communications........................3 www.LeadingEdgeCommunications.com Progressive Turf Equipment Inc......................3 www.progressiveturfequip.com

THANK YOU to Our Exhibitors and Sponsors That Supported Our Efforts We encourage our members to support them as well

RD Murphy, LLC..................................................7 www.rdmurphy.com Regal Chemical Company.................................5 www.regalchem.com Riebeling Farms, Inc...........................................7

Aqua Aid Solutions

Harrell's LLC

Bayer

Jerry Pate Turf & Irrigation

Beard Equipment Company

Nufarm

Sod Solutions Southern Specialty Equipment, Inc.

Southern Specialty Equipment....................... 15 www.ssequip.net

Southern Star Turf Technology, LLC

Southeast Turf Maintenance............................7 www.southeastturf.com Sur-Line Turf, Inc.............................................. 15 www.surlineturf.com

Capillary Concrete

PBI Gordon Corporation

Complete Turf Care

Prime Source

Standard Golf Company

FMC

Redexim Turf Products

STEC Equipment

Graham Spray Equipment Grasshopper Company

Simplot T&O Sipcam Agro USA

Smith Seed Services.........................................22 www.smithseed.com

Sur-Line Turf, Inc. Syngenta Watertronics

The Turfgrass Group....................................9, 19 www.theturfgrassgroup.com Weed Man...........................................................7 www.weedmanfranchise.com 11

A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >> > Wint er 2021

Ben Nelson Golf and Outdoor

Ladd's

SiteOne Landscape Supply

Member Spotlight >>>

SCOTT WANZOR

and His Passion for Working in the Green Industry

By Melanie Bonds, ATA Executive Director

The

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Wint er 2021

Alabama Turfgrass Association is pleased to announce that Scott Wanzor has been awarded our Lifetime Achievement Award. Scott has been a stalwart member of the ATA for many years now and served as an industry representative on the Board of Directors.

Scott attended the State University of New York at Farmingdale where he earned an Associate of Applied Science Degree in Biological Technology in 1973. Later he attended Cornell University before he transferred

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to the University of Georgia, where he studied entomology and earned a Bachelor of Science in Entomology (Cum Laude) in 1976. Scott worked as a manufacturer’s sales representative for 41 years. With these impressive credentials the ATA was fortunate to have Scott support our Road Shows for several years, representing his employer, PBI-Gordon. Scott was afforded the opportunity to speak and to interact with several hundred attendees throughout the state each year at the Road Shows and other ATA events. He never failed to educate and entertain the attendees.

We wish Scott the best in his new venture and are excited he will continue to be a part of our industry!

PROVIDING THE BEST SELECTION OF TURF AND LANDSCAPE PRODUCTS, COMPETITIVE PRICES, AND EXCELLENT CUSTOMER SERVICE. BWICOMPANIES.COM

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POWER UP YOUR SOIL.

Take your Lawns to the

Level

It’s never too early to start planning for N-Ext season.

Concentrate

Concentrate

Soil & Plant Formula

Concentrate

0-0-5

Pro Directions For Use

SHAKE WELL!

CONTAINS NON-PLANT FOOD INGREDIENT(S): 6.0% Humic Acids (Derived from Leonardite) 3.0% Sea Kelp Extract (Derived from Ascophyllum Nodosum) (Microbe food) INACTIVE INGREDIENTS: 91.00% Water Purpose Statement: Adds humic acid to the soil.

May increase micronutrient uptake.

May increase microbe food.

Information regarding the contents and levels of metals in this product is available on the internet at http://aapfco.org/metals.html http://aapfco.o Manufactured and Guaranteed by Greene County Fertilizer Company, Inc. P.O. BOX 1346, Greensboro, GA 30642 1-855-606-3378 ▪ greenecountyfert.com SDS & Labels F2735

Fertility Forward®

1.0 gal = 8.7 lbs at 68° F

□

net volume 2.5 gal (9.5 l)

The mixed product should be agitated prior to and during application.

Do not exceed 3 ounces when daytime temps are above 85 degrees.

Tank Mixing: Apply at a minimum rate of 3 ounces per 1,000 sq. ft. and a maximum rate of 6 ounces per 1,000 sq. ft. Dilute with enough water to cover 1 acre. Do not apply with less than a 7:1 dilution with water. wate Product is safe for use on all turf types and ornamental plants.

Product is intended to be used as an additive to current fertilizer program.

The mixed product should be agitated prior to and during application.

MIXING WITH FERTILIZERS: N-Ext RGS™ can be mixed with liquid fertilizers.

Apply in this order: 1) Water, 2) N-Ext RGS™, 3) Water Soluble or Liquid Fertilizer.

Mixing with Pesticide, Herbicide or Fungicide: N-Ext RGS™ can be mixed with pesticides, herbicides and fungicides and applied. We recommend the following: Use the product within 24 hours of mixing products (especially with fungicides). Do not over-apply pesticides, ove herbicides or fungicides as they can have an adverse effect on the populations of soil organisms.

Storage: Store in a cool dry place away from direct sunlight. Product will store for 2 years under warehouse conditions.

Compatibility: These concentrated materials are compatible with most fertilizers and chemicals but should not be mixed directly with other chemicals. Conduct a jar test as needed to ensure compatibility before tank mixing. Mix in spray tanks with water and proper agitation. Apply in accordance with best management practices (BMP’s) established by your Cooperative Extension Service.

Observe any State or Local fertilizer application regulations.

Caution: Apply only to turf, plants, and soil. If plants are flowering, apply to base of the plant to avoid staining of blooms.This product may stain concrete, wood and other pervious and impervious surfaces.

Keep out of reach of children. If product comes in contact with skin or eyes flush with water immediately.

□

net volume 5 gal (18.9 l)

□ net volume 275 gal (1041.0 l)

CONDITIONS OF SALE Seller warrants that this product consists of the ingredients specified and is reasonably fit for the purpose stated on this label when used in accordance with directions under normal conditions of use. No one, other than the officer or Seller, is authorized to make any warranty, guarantee, or directions concerning this product. Because the time, place, rate of application and other conditions of use are beyond Seller’s control Seller’s liability from handling, storage and use of this product is limited to replacement of product or refund of purchase price. Buyer assumes all responsibility for safety and use not in accordance with label instructions.The product names are registered trademarks of Greene County Fertilizer Company, Compan Inc.

Slow Release Liquid Nitrogen plus Micronutrients

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS

Total Nitrogen (N).....................26.0% 13.2% Urea Nitrogen* 6.4% Ammoniacal Nitrogen 6.4% Nitrate Nitrogen Boron (B)...................................0.02% Iron (Fe).....................................0.4%

Derived from: Urea, Ammonium Nitrate, Ferrous Sulfate *13% urea nitrogen stabilized with N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide Information regarding the contents and levels of metals in this product is available on the internet at http://aapfco.org/metals.html

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS

Pro Directions For Use

SOLUBLE POTASH (K2O)..............5.0%

SHAKE WELL! The mixed product should be agitated prior to and during application.

Warm Season Turf: Apply at a rate of 16 ounces per 1,000 sq. ft.

Mix with water at a minimum 10:1 dilution. Apply directly to foliage.

Cool Season Turf: Apply at a rate of 20 ounces per 1,000 sq. ft.

Mix with water at a minimum 10:1 dilution. Apply directly to foliage.

ALSO CONTAINS NON-PLANT FOOD INGREDIENT(S): 8.0% Humic Acids (Derived from Leonardite) Purpose Statement: May increase micronutrient uptake.

Storage: Store in a cool dry place away from direct sunlight.

Product will store for 2 years under warehouse conditions.

Information regarding the contents and levels of metals in this product is available on the internet at http://aapfco.org/metals.html

Compatibility: These concentrated materials are compatible with most fertilizers and chemicals but should not be mixed directly with other chemicals. Conduct a jar test as needed to ensure compatibility before tank mixing. Mix in spray tanks with water and proper agitation. Apply in accordance with best management practices (BMP’s) established by your Cooperative Extension Service. Observe any State or Local fertilizer application regulations.

Derived from: Potassium Hydroxide

Manufactured and Guaranteed by Greene County Fertilizer Company, Inc. P.O. BOX 1346, Greensboro, GA 30642 1-855-606-3378 ▪ greenecountyfert.com F2735 SDS & Labels

Do not apply near water, wate storm drains, or drainage ditches. Do not apply if heavy rain is expected.

Apply this product only to your lawn/garden, and sweep any product that lands on the driveway, sidewalk, or street back onto your lawn/garden.

Caution: This product contains the secondary micronutrient iron. Iron may stain concrete, wood and other pervious and impervious surfaces. Apply only to turf and soil.

Keep out of reach of children. If product comes in contact immediatel with skin or eyes flush with water immediately.

SDS & Labels: Manufactured and Guaranteed by Greene County Fertilizer Company, Inc. ▪ P.O. BOX 1346, Greensboro, GA 30642 ▪ 1-855-606-3378 ▪ GreeneCountyFert.com ▪ F2735

□ net volume 2.5 gal (9.5 l)

□

net volume 5.0 gal (18.9 l)

□ net volume 275 gal (1041.0 l)

1.0 gal = 10.7 lbs at 68° F

SHAKE WELL!

Compatibility: These concentrated materials are compatible with most fertilizers and chemicals but should not be mixed directly with other chemicals. Conduct a jar test as needed to ensure compatibility before tank mixing. Mix in spray tanks with water and proper agitation. Apply in accordance with best management practices (BMP’s) established by your Cooperative Extension Service.

Observe any State or Local fertilizer application regulations.

Do not apply near water, wate storm drains, or drainage ditches. Do not apply if heavy rain is expected.

Apply this product only to your lawn/garden, and sweep any product that lands on the driveway, sidewalk, or street back onto your lawn/garden.

Caution: Apply only to turf, plants, and soil. If plants are flowering, apply to base of the plant to avoid staining of blooms. This product may stain concrete, wood and other pervious and impervious surfaces.

Keep out of reach of children. If product comes in contact with skin or eyes immediatel flush with water immediately.

Fertility Forward®

1.0 gal = 8.1 lbs at 68° F

Fertility Forward®

Pro Directions For Use Tank Mixing: Apply at a minimum rate of 6 ounces per 1,000 sq. ft. and a maximum rate of 9 ounces per 1,000 sq. ft. Dilute with enough liquid to cover 1 acre. Do not apply with less than 7:1 dilution with water. Apply in spring or fall; however, liquid aeration can be done anytime during the growing season. Product is safe for use on all turf types and ornamental plants.

Product is intended to be used as an additive to current fertilizer program.

The mixed product should be agitated prior to and during application.

MIXING WITH FERTILIZERS: N-Ext AIR-8™ can be mixed with liquid fertilizers.

Apply in this order: 1) Water, 2) N-Ext AIR-8™, 3) Water Soluble or Liquid Fertilizer.

Mixing with Pesticide, Herbicide or Fungicide: N-Ext AIR-8™ can be mixed with pesticides, herbicides and fungicides and applied. We recommend the following: Use the product within 24 hours of mixing products (especially with fungicides). Do not over-apply pesticides, herbicides or fungicides as they can have an adverse effect e on the populations of soil organisms.

Storage: Store in a cool dry place away from direct sunlight. Product will store for 2 years under warehouse conditions.

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net volume 2.5 gal (9.5 l)

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net volume 5 gal (18.9 l)

□ net volume 275 gal (1041.0 l)

CONDITIONS OF SALE Seller warrants that this product consists of the ingredients specified and is reasonably fit for the purpose stated on this label when used in accordance with directions under normal conditions of use. No one, other than the officer or Seller, is authorized to make any warranty, guarantee, or directions concerning this product. Because the time, place, rate of application and other conditions of use are beyond Seller’s control Seller’s liability from handling, storage and use of this product is limited to replacement of product or refund of purchase price. Buyer assumes all responsibility for safety and use not in accordance with label instructions.The product names are registered trademarks of Greene County Fertilizer Company, Compan Inc.

CONDITIONS OF SALE Seller warrants that this product consists of the ingredients specified and is reasonably fit for the purpose stated on this label when used in accordance with directions under normal conditions of use. No one, other than the officer or Seller, is authorized to make any warranty, guarantee, or directions concerning this product. Because the time, place, rate of application and other conditions of use are beyond Seller’s control Seller’s liability from handling, storage and use of this product is limited to replacement of product or refund of purchase price. Buyer assumes all responsibility for safety and use not in accordance with label instructions.The product names are registered trademarks of Greene County Fertilizer Company, Compan Inc.

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A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >> > Wint er 2021

Since retiring from PBI Gordon in 2019, Scott hasn’t let the grass, or should I say, weeds grow under his feet!

“What have I been doing in retirement?

Good question! My title is Green Industry Consultant. My plan was to begin setting up and producing CEU seminars to groups of people in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and possibly other states, depending on how well they were received. Additionally, I was going to reach out to some of the many contacts / friends that I have made over the years and offer to travel to their places of business to offer individualized CEU seminars for groups of employees.”

Unfortunately, like many others, Scott’s plans were derailed by Covid 19. His seminars are on hold until such time as groups of people can be convened to meet in person, safely. Scott forecasts that will be next summer or fall after an effective vaccine is available. He hopes to be very busy then due to pent up demand. While most of Scott’s plans were put on hold, he has been working with another consultant in Georgia, Willie Chance, for several years now and will assist him with a turf webinars beginning in November.

Scott says, “After 41 years as a manufacturer’s representative, I really did not want to retire from the industry. I wanted to retire from working for a corporation and I did. I have a burning desire to continue working within the industry on my own terms. I absolutely love teaching and presenting to groups of all sizes. My experience and sense of humor combine to produce what I have been repeatedly told is a ‘fun way to learn.’ I can relate to most of the people in my audiences, and I believe that comes across when I present, answer questions, use relevant examples and use my experience to highlight subjects.”

Scott lives in Duluth, Georgia with his wife, Elizabeth and his 19-year-old daughter, Shelby, now a student at Clemson. He has a wide range of hobbies, including photography, wood working, reading, flying (private pilot), baseball, studying weeds, fishing and crabbing. He has a very impressive collection of moths and butterflies!

Feature Story >>>

IS

GLYPHOSATE STILL A REASONABLE OPTION FOR WEED MANAGEMENT?

By Jason Ferrell and Stephen Enloe – Professor and Associate Professor, UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants

T

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Wint er 2021

here is significant clamor these days about glyphosate and whether it can or should be used as a part of an integrated pest management program. The concerns over this molecule are many and focus on both the science of health risk and public perception. Therefore, let’s briefly consider where we are with the science and see if we can find a path forward.

The concerns with glyphosate started in 2015 when the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reclassified this molecule as “Probably Carcinogenic”. This change in classification sent shockwaves across the world since we have been told for decades that glyphosate was essentially benign to humans and the environment. This reclassification was a significant move and has since prompted many countries to re-review the data on glyphosate and determine if additional changes in categorization are required.

The independent re-reviews conducted by the US EPA, European Food Safety Administration, Health Canada, Australia, Germany, Brazil, and South Korea have all failed to agree with the IARC assessment. In short, none of these other agencies have concluded, from the available data, that glyphosate poses a significant health risk. So this begs the question, why does everyone seem to disagree with IARC? This is a complicated and very technical question. If you are interested in diving into this issue, we would highly

Glyphosate isopropylamine salt

14

recommend reading Tarazona et al. 2017 for a full explanation.

However, we will attempt to give you a very short and largely insufficient answer on why these agencies disagree with the IARC. 1. The IARC did not make this decision because they are activists that want to penalize pesticides. The IARC is a group of very talented researchers with a long track record. So, this was not a political move. 2. According to Tarazona et al. (2017), the assessment of all the data show that the IARC and EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) were in very close agreement. However, there were a couple of papers that the IARC included in their analysis that the EFSA didn’t feel should be included. These differences, and others, were enough for the IARC to elevate the classification of glyphosate. However, it is important to understand that though these agencies appear to be at odds, they still agree on most points. 3. What does Probably Carcinogenic mean? It means that there is limited evidence that it causes cancer in humans, but sufficient evidence in model species (mice and rats). If (and it is still an “if”) glyphosate is a probable carcinogen, it moves it into a classification that also contains consumption of red meat, consumption of beverages heated to >65C, and workplace exposure to haircare products. Known carcinogens like sunlight and tobacco are in a completely different classification than glyphosate.

Please understand, the IARC is not saying that glyphosate causes cancer. They are suggesting that it may be possible

for glyphosate to cause cancer, just like consuming very hot beverages. But again, it is important to remember that just because IARC has made this designation doesn’t make it so. Many other similar agencies currently disagree with this assessment and the IARC continues to stand alone.

Now let’s complicate things a bit more.

The state of California moved to require warning labels on glyphosate indicating it was a carcinogen. This move was twice struck down in a California court saying there was insufficient evidence for labeling. Moreover, the US EPA then took a strong stance saying that no state could add warning labels to pesticides that had successfully completed their registration process. But then, three separate plaintiffs successfully sued and were awarded large settlements since the court felt that sufficient evidence was brought forward linking glyphosate to their respective disease. So which is it? Different courts in California say glyphosate does and does not cause cancer. Lastly, Bayer (the primary registrant for glyphosate) recently moved to settle thousands of similar lawsuits for an estimated $10B. Does this indicate guilt? Is it simply a business decision to put this matter behind them?

The decision on this is yours to make.

So where does this leave us? There are volumes of data on this subject that have been exhaustively reviewed by experts in numerous countries and the overwhelming consensus is that glyphosate does not likely pose a risk of cancer. Therefore, we would suggest that until additional and more convincing data are developed and published, glyphosate remains an effective member of an integrated pest management plan. However, we must remain willing to change this opinion if the data proves otherwise. We would also suggest that we dedicate ourselves and our staff to education on this issue. Social media and blog posts are not a sufficient venue for unbiased information, so maintaining a connection to the dispassionate facts will help us navigate this important topic.

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A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >> > Wint er 2021

Tarazona JV, Court-Marques D, Tiramani M, Reich H, Pfeil R, Istace F, Crivellente F. Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC. Arch Toxicol. 2017 Aug;91(8):2723-2743. doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5. Epub 2017 Apr 3. PMID: 28374158; PMCID: PMC5515989.

Southern Specialty Equipment, Inc.

Cover Story >>>

Nematodes:

A CHALLENGE TO MANAGE IN SOUTHERN TURFGRASSES

By Dr. Bruce Martin, Professor Emeritus – Clemson University Adapted from: Bruce Martin. 2016. Nematodes in southern turf grasses. Golfdom 73 (5)

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Wint er 2021

N

ematodes are an understudied category of pests in turfgrasses, even though the tiny ‘roundworms’ are among the most abundant of animals on Earth.

Nematodes inhabit many habitats and niches, and include free-living forms, truly aquatic species, and the parasites. The parasitic nematodes can be pests of invertebrate animals, such as insects as well as vertebrate animals, including humans.

They began to be recognized as significant pests in the South after World War II when interest in golf accompanied the vibrant economy. Florida was the first state to report nematode injury in bermudagrass turf (Christie, et al 1954).

Since that time over 60 years ago, locations throughout the United States reported on nematodes associated with damaged turf. Initial reports were usually surveys of the genera and species of nematodes associated with various turfgrasses, and included familiar nematodes such as Belonolaimus longicaudatus (sting), Hoplolaimus galeatus (lance), Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus spp. (stubby root), and others such as Helicotylenchus (spiral), Criconemella (ring), Criconemoides (sheathoid), Hemicycliophora (sheath), Tylenchorrhynchus (stunt), Meloidogyne (root-knot) and Hypsoperine (false root- knot nematode). Surveys are still important, with the understanding that identification now utilizes traditional and modern molecular identification tools.

For example, a survey was conducted in North and South Carolina golf courses (Zeng et al. 2012) which revealed 24 nematode species belonging to 19 genera and 11 families.

Helicotylenchus dihystera, Mesocriconema xenoplax (a ‘ring’ nematode), Hoplolaimus galeatus, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni (a ‘stunt’ nematode), Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Meloidogyne graminis and Paratrichodorus minor were the most prevalent and abundant species in golf course turfgrasses in both states.

Twelve species were new records of plant parasitic nematodes in turfgrasses in both NC and SC. Further work, such as the development of molecular tools to quickly identify species 16

of root-knot (Ye, et al, 2015), will lead to a better understanding of these particular pests and their impact on golf course turfgrasses and turfgrass in general.

These reports and the experiences of plant scientists and turfgrass managers confirm the role of nematodes as significant but often overlooked pests in turf. As soilborne pests, nematodes are ‘out of sight’ and all too frequently ‘out of mind’.

These pests are root parasites and their effects on turf can mimic other causes of weak turf, which likely leads to uncertainty in diagnosing their true nature as primary pathogens. Sometimes nematodes are never recognized as the true cause of a problem. In most state labs, the primary plant problem diagnostic lab is not coupled with nematode identification services.

Nematode identification and enumeration require different techniques and experiences than those typically employed in diagnostic labs for fungal pathogens. This means that the diagnostician should also be trained in nematology and be familiar with the symptoms they can induce and have an appreciation of the potential contribution of nematodes as pests. In any case, clients of nematode identification labs should develop a relationship with the service and provide as thorough information as possible to aid the labs in making the right diagnosis. This is especially important in the Southern states where nematodes are recognized and known to be important.

Because of the warming climate, nematodes are increasingly recognized in other states in cool season grasses where heat and drought stress are more common in summer months.

Alabama turfgrass managers are very fortunate to have a nematology lab in their state. Located at Auburn University, the Alabama Cooperative Extension System operates a Plant Diagnostic Lab that includes the services of nematode testing providing identification and numbers of each type per sample.

The nematology lab performs soil nematode analysis for $10 per sample. Your local ACES office can provide the test kit boxes and forms for such tests.

FIGURE 1: Sting nematode adult female

Sting nematodes Belonolaimus longicaudatus is a large nematode, reaching sizes of about 1/8-inch long when mature (Figure 1). Size may particularly matter in the case of the stylet of this nematode,

which is long and allows the nematode to feed deep within root tissues (Figure 2). This nematode feeds on root meristem tissues (root tips) and this fact likely helps explain why it causes damage even at low threshold numbers (most labs indicate a damage threshold of about 20 per 100 cc of soil).

Feeding by this nematode, when numbers are high enough, leads to a shallow, stunted root system. Wounds from the nematode feeding allow other soil organisms to colonize and further debilitate the host plants (Figure 3, page 18).

Sting nematode is an ectoparasitic feeder: its body remains outside of the host tissues as it feeds, and it can move short distances to reach other roots for further feeding. As an ectoparasite, it is presumed to be more susceptible to nematicides. Sting nematode is a southern nematode in the United States: it does not survive in frozen soils for long periods of time, and also is limited to soils of at least 80% sand. Belonolaimus and related species also occur in other parts of the world in turf and are recognized as major pathogens. It has been pointed out before (Peacock, 1989), and is obvious, that sand-based rootzones are naturally ideal habitats for sting and other nematodes. Besides being good habitats for the nematodes themselves, sand-based rootzones are inherently nutrient deficient and prone to drought stress. Therefore, root parasites, such as nematodes, are particularly important in sandy soils.

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A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >> > Wint er 2021

In the Southern states, arguably, the most important nematodes include sting, root-knot species, and lance nematodes.

This is not to say that others, if counts from assays are high enough, cannot also cause significant damage or contribute to damage from other stresses. These might include nematodes such as stunt, stubby root, ring and spiral nematodes (Dickerson, et al, 2000).

Generally, nematodes are broadly recognized as ‘ectoparasites’ and ‘endoparasites’. Ectoparasitic nematodes remain outside the host roots and feed by piercing plant cells with their needle-like stylets. Endoparasitic nematodes actually penetrate the plant roots and can move through root systems (‘migratory endoparasites’), while feeding. Others, such as the root knot nematodes, can penetrate and remain immobile (‘sedentary endoparasites’). Lance nematodes are an example of ‘migratory’ semi-endoparasites which can occur in root system as well as the soil around the roots. Knowing these details has implications on sampling and also on difficulty in control with traditional nematicides.

FIGURE 2: Sting nematode head showing stylet

Cover Story >>> Continued

FIGURE 3: Stubby root nematode damage on St. Augustinegrass

FIGURE 4: Gelatinous egg sacks of rootknot nematode on dwarf Bermudagrass

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Wint er 2021

Root-knot nematodes Nematodes in the genus Meloidogyne are the root-knot nematodes. At least 5 species have been identified in turf, including M. graminis, M. incognita, M. naasi, M. microtyla, and M. marylandi. In bermudagrass turf, it appears M. graminis and M. marylandi are commonly identified. M. naasi and M. microtyla are sometimes identified in cool season grasses as well as warm season grasses. Root-knot nematodes are sedentary endoparasites. The female root-knot nematodes spend the majority of their life cycles inside roots. Newly hatched juveniles and males occur outside of the roots when eggs hatch from egg masses that are deposited outside the root surface.

Some larvae can hatch inside roots and go on to colonize roots without migration outside the root. Root-knot larvae penetrate roots and induce the plant root cells on which they feed to enlarge and become metabolic sources of food for the nematode rather than for normal plant growth processes. Root-knot females within infected roots swell and become gourd-shaped when mature, producing eggs contained in a gelatinous egg sack (Figure 4); egg sacks and mature female nematodes may break through the root cortex and become visible with a microscope. Results from control trials have also generally shown root-knot nematodes to be more difficult to manage than sting nematodes, probably due to their high reproductive capacity (multiple generations, high counts) per season and the protection their bodies enjoy as endoparasites within roots.

Root-knot nematodes are encountered in many soil textures and are not limited to sandy soils. Their damage potential, however, is likely higher in sandy soils due to the inherent higher risk of drought and nutrient deficiency stresses.

Lance nematodes Lance nematodes belong in the genus Hoplolaimus; the most commonly encountered lance nematode in turf is H. galeatus 18

although other species such as H. stephanus are recognized recently. More research is needed in specific identification of lance nematode populations in turf, as the morphological differences among some species are not obvious. Lance nematodes are migratory endoparasites in their feeding habits.

They move inside roots and outside, and feed seemingly indiscriminately on roots, not necessarily targeting specific regions of roots like sting or stubby root nematodes. In one study in Kansas, it was shown that juvenile lance nematodes were most abundant within the roots, while more adults were encountered outside the root system (Settle, et al 2007 ). Lance nematodes have a high reproductive capacity, and in some locations, counts can easily exceed several thousand per 100 cc of soil.

Generally, lance nematodes have relatively high damage thresholds, particularly in Northern states in cool season grasses where environmental stress is less severe than in Southern states.

Nematode Distribution, Sampling and Thresholds Plant parasitic nematodes are obligate parasites of their host plants. They must feed on these hosts in order to thrive, survive and reproduce. In most cases, we see separate sexes within a species of nematode with males and females. Typically, the development of a nematode from egg to adult is about a month.

Similar to insects, as the nematode feeds and grows, it sheds the chitin-based body wall several times to accommodate the increases in size as the nematode grows to adult. Some nematodes, such as the root-knot nematodes, lay high numbers of eggs and their populations can reach very high numbers in favorable conditions. Others, like sting nematodes, may not lay as many eggs, and populations may not reach nearly as high as those with high reproductive capacities. Nevertheless, some of these, like sting in particular, cause significantly more damage per individual nematode.

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Cover Story >>> Continued

Recognition of nematodes as pests, observations of their damage and experiments have resulted in publication of ‘damage thresholds’ (Dickerson, et al 2000). These are the numbers of nematodes of a particular species per volume of soil or weight of roots and are used to compare the potential of particular nematodes to cause real damage. Generally, they are reported as numbers of individual worms per 100 cc or per 500 cc of soil or per a certain fresh weight of roots.

Threshold numbers are meant to be used as guidelines in assisting a diagnosis concerning the role of nematodes in a particular problem. As general guidelines, the numbers do show relatively how different nematodes compare as to their pathogenicity or ability to cause damage. As surveys and research have improved our knowledge in some cases, thresholds may be refined to include different species or to better reflect the relationship of numbers to potential damage. In Florida, a large stubby root nematode, Trichodorus obtusus, has a lower threshold number than does the smaller and less pathogenic Nanidorus on particular grasses (Crow and Welch, 2004). Trichodorus obtusus has been found in NC and SC at this time, so these states should include this more damaging stubby root nematode (Shaver, et al. 2015) and provide a damage threshold.

For nematode damage thresholds to have their best value, some thought into sampling methods is needed for sampling of soil and root systems. One obvious factor is that nematodes are going to be most abundant where roots are present.

Turfgrass roots generally extend to about 4 inches but may be shallower for several reasons and particularly if a nematode problem is present. This is typically the depth of sampling generally recommended, but some nematodes like root-knot seem to be concentrated much more densely in the upper 1–2 inches, so stratified sampling may be appropriate. Also, it is known that sting nematodes migrate to lower soil depths in the heat of summer, so sampling that relies on the upper couple of inches in hot summer months may not reflect the true infestation of the turf site. If samples are taken during the Alabama summer months, then deeper soil profiles (4–5 inches deep) may be needed to detect sting if it is present. However, this also dilutes the sample size and may not accurately reflect root knot populations which remain in the upper inch at highest levels.

Also, because root knot nematodes occur in highest population densities inside the roots, they may be under-estimated using typical sugar flotation/centrifugation extraction methods that most nematode assay service labs currently use. Rather, specialized techniques such as mist extraction (and direct microscopic observation of roots) can be used to better estimate a potential root knot problem. Mist extraction takes typically 3–4 days to extract and count the nematodes, while sugar flotation/centrifugation is quick, less than an hour for extraction. Another technique, the Baermann funnel, can be used for both ecto and endo parasites but also takes more time than sugar flotation/centrifugation.

Nematodes typically are clustered in ‘hot spots’ which may correspond to more favorable soil texture (e.g. sandy areas) for the nematodes. This means that sampling for diagnostic purposes (to answer the question: are nematodes responsible for the symptoms expressed) is different than more routine or systematic sampling that might be done to determine an average population in an area, such as a research plot. Diagnostic samples are recommended to be taken at the margin of visibly 20

damaged patches or areas of turf. The objective is to find damaging species at high levels if they exist. Do not sample dead or extremely thin turf, as nematodes are more likely to be at low populations where their food base is scarce. Rather, sample the margins, where there is still turf but where the turf is showing symptoms (Figure 5). Most labs prefer multiple cores of 1-inch diameter taken at the recommended depth and bulked to provide about 500 cc of soil. The lab will mix and subsample from the composite sample and provide counts of nematode species encountered. If the purpose is to monitor nematode populations in a turf stand, then systematic sampling is typically recommended: areas may be divided into plots (e.g. treated with a nematicide vs. not treated) and multiple cores taken from each area in a zig-zag pattern to provide a good average count. No attention is paid to symptomatic turf in this method, so hot spots as well as healthier turf can be sampled.

Finally, nematode populations also change over time.

Generally, populations are going to be highest when plant growth, especially root growth, is favored and may be lower

FIGURE 5: Localized sting nematode damage; soil samples should be taken at the margins where turf is showing symptoms

FIGURE 6: Sting nematode damage on white roots

Continued <<< Cover Story

when plant growth is slower or dormant.

For bermudagrass in the southern transition zone for instance, root growth is abundant just as bermudagrass is greening up in spring (Figure 6). Soil temperatures are likely still very cool, 50–60° F, and top growth is very slow or almost imperceptible. Nematodes, if present, may already be feeding on these young roots. The same phenomenon occurs in the fall season when soil temperatures dip again as bermudagrass approaches dormancy: new roots appear in September and October but may also continue to be formed in November and early December when frosts have induced semi-dormancy and top growth is suppressed. Typically, a good time to sample to find high levels of nematodes in this region would be April/May or Sept/October months. Sampling for sting nematode in mid or late summer in Alabama, especially the lower half of the state and even in Florida may show lowered populations as soil temperatures are very high, and sting may move to deeper soil profiles and beyond the typical sampling depths. In winter months, counts may also be lower due to nematode mortality.

Nematode Management

of the stress induced by nematode compromised root systems. Other bacteria can be actual parasites of nematodes, such as species of Pasteuria. These are naturally occurring parasites, with strains that are more or less specific to their particular hosts (e.g. Pasteuria usgae parasitizes sting nematode but not root-knot or lance).

As of this writing, these bacteria are not available in a commercial product.

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Like most pests, options for management include cultural, biological and chemical methods with IPM strategies typically providing the most practical and consistent results. In truth, even in Southern regions where nematode induced stress is high, such as Alabama, most practical management is cultural and is provided by the knowledge and skill of superintendents and other turfgrass managers. These practices include ‘spoon feeding’ of nutrients, hand-watering of symptomatic greens, avoiding stressful verticutting/aerification practices when the root system is so damaged that turfgrass can heave, and other practices. These practices are labor and knowledge intensive! In some cases, even where nematode damage is severe, a turf surface can be maintained to an acceptable quality for short periods of time.

The problem is that the risk is high for damage to exceed acceptable levels if the environmental stress becomes too high.

Biological controls include natural products that may suppress nematodes, such as certain extracts of sesame, neem or mustard-based products that release glucosinolate metabolites which are nematicidal. Some biological products are based on microorganisms that are

antagonistic to nematodes and perhaps exclude them from their feeding sites or produce metabolites which harm the nematodes in some way. One such product is the bacterium Bacillus firmus strain I-1582, the active ingredient in Nortica (currently unavailable). It is thought that this bacterium is antagonistic to certain nematodes but also may promote plant growth, thereby effectively avoiding some

Cover Story >>> Continued

Where nematode damage is chronic and frequently severe, the use of chemical nematicides has provided the best method for suppressing populations and allowing turf to tolerate the stressful months adequately. The old nematicides such as DD (1,3 –dichloropropene and 1,2-dichloropropane), DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-propane) and EDB (ethylene dibromide) were used in the late 1950’s, ‘60’s, and ‘70’s to provide cheap, long lasting and effective control of nematodes in turf. It is interesting to read the old literature concerning these and other chemicals. For instance, in one 1978 issue of Golf Business (now Golfdom), the following quote exists: “DBCP ban does not include golf courses”. However, in the 1979 issue, this quote was found: “DBCP turf uses suspended by EPA”. And so it went until in 1984, EDB was canceled and that left only 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone) as the only post plant fumigant nematicide. It was eventually canceled also but found new life as Curfew Soil Fumigant, which is still registered in certain southern states, including Alabama, under 24c (special local need) labels. Also left were certain contact nematicide/insecticides in organophosphate or carbamate chemistry. However, today, there are no more organophosphate nematicides available for turf nematode control.

Obviously the need for effective, safe nematode control products is very high. Since 2016, three nematicides have been marketed for turf: these include fluensulfone, the active ingredient in Nimitz Pro G, marketed by Quali-Pro (currently unavailable). Also, fluopyram, the active ingredient in Indemnify,

developed by Bayer was registered and remains available.

Finally, abamectin, the active ingredient in DivaNem, developed and marketed by Syngenta is available and replaced the Avid 0.15EC formulation of abamectin which had previously been available under 24c labels in certain states. There are also several other formulations of abamectin available for turf in addition to DivaNem. All of these materials are much safer than the old pesticides used for nematode control. Experiences with these newer products has resulted in successes and disappointment since each has characteristics that limit their broad efficacy. For example, in a practical matter, none of these products has provided consistent good control of lance nematodes. However, generally Indemnify has been very good for sting and root-knot nematodes. Abamectin tends to bind very tightly to soil organic matter, so it is difficult for the pesticide to provide nematode suppression beyond about an inch or so of the soil profile. However, since that is the site where root knot nematodes predominate, abamectin works well for root knot. These setbacks are not unexpected, but they do illustrate the continuing need for newer, safe and effective nematicides. As with any material for control, we continue to learn how best to use these regarding timing, placement, rates and effectiveness for particular nematodes. Strategies that develop over time will likely include more than a single product, as none of these materials seems to be highly effective against all of the 'Big 3' (Sting, Root-Knot and Lance) in the South.

REFERENCES Anonymous, 1979. DBCP turf uses suspended by EPA. Golf Business (Golfdom).

Dec 53(12):5.

Rhoades, H.L. 1962. Effects of sting and stubby root nematodes on St. Augustinegrass. Plant Disease Reporter 46:424–427.

Christie, J. R., Good, J. M., and Walter, G. C. 1954. Nematodes associated with injury to turf. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Florida 14: 167-169.

Settle, D. M.; Fry, J. D.; Milliken, G. A.; Tisserat, N. A.; Todd, T. C. 2007. Quantifying the effects of lance nematode parasitism in creeping bentgrass. Plant Disease.

September. 91(9): p. 1170–1179.

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Crow, W.T., and Welch, J. K. 2004.

Root reductions of St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x transvaalensis) induced by Trichodorus obtusus and Paratrichodorus minor.

Nematropica 34:31–37.

Dickerson, O., Blake, J. H., and Lewis, S. A. 2000. Nematode guidelines for South Carolina. Clemson S.C., USA; Clemson Cooperative Extension.

Peacock, Charles H. 1989. Turf nematodes: dealing with an old problem. Conf. Proceedings: 60th International Golf Course Conference and Show, p. 73.

Perry, V.G., and Horn, G.C. 1969. The nematode parasites of warm season turfgrasses.

Proc. Int. Turfgrass Res. Conf. 1: 330–336.

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Nematology 17:671–678.

Ye, Weimin, Zeng, Yongsan, and Kerns, James. 2015. Molecular characterization and diagnosis of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) from turfgrasses in North Carolina, USA. PloS ONE Nov. 24, 10 (11): p.e0143556 (1–16).

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Your Best Fall Offense For Turf Defense

CIVITAS TURF DEFENSE™

Fungicide, insecticide and plant protection product for turf on golf courses, sports & athletic fields.

Fall and winter hit turf hard. Maximize your turf’s ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses, and start spring with a stronger, greener course.

Don’t wait. Applying CIVITAS TURF DEFENSE in the fall primes your turf to increase stress tolerance throughout the fall and winter months, leading to improved spring turf quality. Experience the true benefits of plant protection by including CIVITAS TURF DEFENSE as part of your fall application program.

Leaf Spot Prevention Large Patch Prevention

Why it’s time to Rethink Green with CIVITAS TURF DEFENSE • LESS WATER, LESS STRESS: Reduce water usage by up to 25%.

• SEE SPRING SOONER Prevent and improve regrowth from winter damage.

• BACKED BY OVER A DECADE OF SUCCESS For 10 years, we’ve proudly maintained excellent turf quality and durability.

Delayed Dormancy Earlier Spring Green Up Advanced Spring Playing Conditions

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

Visit civitasturf.com for additional research and Distributor information.

MAXIMIZED TURF QUALITY

•

ENHANCED IPM EFFICIENCIES

™Trademark of Suncor Energy Inc. Used under license. ™ Owned or used under license © 2020 Hollymarks, LLC used with permission by HollyFrontier Refining & Marketing, LLC.

• IMPROVED DISEASE CONTROL