Learn Chinese - Foreign Service Institute - Text 1 by LearnChineseEZ

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STANEDAFItrT CHINEEiE A MODULAF| APPFIOACH R E S O U R CM E ODULES: PRONUNCIATIO aN ndROMANIZATION NUMBERS CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS

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Thir Dubli@tionisto be usedDimanlv In tullon ol intrrucrinomrlirarvDe6onnel 4 pa.t ol the oeleme LanquageProgram(iesidentand noniesidentl.hquiriee .onernrngthe $e ol materialr,includinq.equetBfor cooies,ehouldbe addre$ed D€fente Languagel.nitul€ ForeignLangua9e c€nter NonretidentTr.ininoDivision Presidro of Monterev-CA939,14-5006

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STANDARDCHINESE A 'IIODULARAPPROACH'

NESOURCEMODULES: ANdROMANIZATION PRONUNCIATION NUMBERS CLASSROOMEXPRESSIONS TIME ANdDATES

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a PBEFACE S + a n d a r dC h l n 6 s 6 . A M o d u l a r A p p r o E c ho . l g l n . t € d l i . n lnt.ra 9 6 r c t c o r r 6 r € 1 c o \ o r d a t f h € r o r 6 q n s . r v r c 6 I n s r l t u l € l i A ug us t l 9 7 i i o a d d r € s sT h o n e e d g € n € r a l l y f e l + l i t h € l a n g u a g €t r a l n l n s c o h h u n i ' f yf o r l n p r o v l n g a n d n.tsrrals to reilecl cu.r€ni usaq6 ln 86lJlng Th€.onrerenco f,ai€.l.ls rhlch rer6 f l € t l b l € 6 n o u g hT n r o r m . n d c o n + 6 i t f o n 6 6 l t h o 1 6 q u l r . n € n t s o r . r i d € r a n ! 6 o f s o v € r n n e n ra g e n c i € s a n d s c . d € h l . l n s t l + u t l 6 i s . A Prol€ct Boa.dva5 e5r.blish6d conststln! of repres6nl.t r v € s o t t h 6 C € d r r . t t i r e t t i g 6 n c € A 9 6 n . y L a n g u a g eL o . F n l n g C 6 n t . r , l l r s D € f € n s € 1 6 n g u a g oI n s i t t u . i e , f h 6 S i . t € D € p . r t i 6 n r ' s F o r 6 t g n s € r v i c € l n s + l + u + e ,+ h € C r y p t o t o q t . S c h o o to r r h o N ! t t o . a t S € c ! rrty Ageicyr and +h€ !,5. 0rfTce ot Edu..tton, tar.r jotn€d bv t h € C a . € d l . n F o r c € s F o . e i S n L e n q u a 9 6S . h o o t . T h o . 6 p r € s € n t a t t v € s h ! v € I n c l u d o d A . + h u r T , r r c N e T t t ,J o h n H o p k l n s , a n d J o h n a o : g ( C l A ) : C o l o n 6 lJ o h n F . E l d . r t t t , J o s € p hC . X u t c h t n s o n t, v y G i b l e i , E n d M . j o . B € r n ! r d M u l e r - T h y m{ D L l ) r J . n € s R . F . t + i r . n d J o h n 3 . R . t l l f f l l l ( F 5 l ) ; K a z u oS h l t . h . ( N S A ) ,R t c h . r d T . T h o n p s . n. n d J u i , . P 6 t . o v ( O E ) r a n d L t e u l 6 n a . t C o t o n . t c . o r q s r h € F r o J e c r B o . r d s . + u p t h e C h l h o s oC o r . C u . . r c u t ! i P r o J o c t ln l9?4 In spac6providdd at tho aorelsn 5€rvtc€ Ins+tfu16. E.ch 6 t t h € s l r U . S . . n d C e n a d l a ng o v s . i n € i t a ! € n c t . s p r o v t d . d t u i d s rid oth€r asslsfance. G . r . r d F . K o k r a s a p p o T n t . dp r o j € e t c o o r d t n ! t o r , a n d ! pl!nnrn9 council ras io.med conslsllng ot fir. Kok, Fr.nc6s Lt of r h o D 6 l € n s . L . n g u a g eI n s + l + u + e , P d r r t . i a 0 ' c o n n o . o l r h 6 u n t e 6 r s l t y o l T € x a s , E a . l t r . R l c k 6 . s o n o t t h e L ! n s u a 9 6L € . r n t n g c o n t 6 r , a n d J . h 6 s l , l r € n io t g r o k d U i T v € r s t t y . r i r h 6 f a ot 197i, L s c i l l 6 A . a a r a l 6 v a s . p p o l n t € d d € p c 1 yp r o J . c t c o o r d t n a l o r . D a v l d l { . D 6 l l l n g € r o r T h e L . n q u a g sL 6 6 . n t n g C 6 n t € . ! n ! C h . . t 6 s F . S n o o h . ro l t h € r o r o 9 l s € r v l c € r r e r . . u . e a t s o plannrng councll and cont.rbutod naterl6l ro +h6 p.oj.ct. Th. p l a . . r n g c o u i c l l d r € * u p r h € o r l g i ^ ! l o v € r a l l d 6 s l 9 nr o . t h . m61roqularly to.6vler Th€lr d€v6toohont

|lrl+ers lor tho flrs+ hslf ol the h.t€rtats sero John H. T. H!.v6yr Lucllle A. Aar.l€, and RoberlaS. a..rv, rho ,ork6d in cros6 coop€r.tlon rlth th. pl6i^tn!.ounc aid rtth th6 chin€s€ statt ot the Forotgn S€rvtc6 tistttu+.. I,r.. H6.v€v d6votoD6d ihs Instructloh.l ro.nats ot rh€ c.npr6h6nstoi.nd p.oduciton selt-study n.terl6lE, !nd also d.sisned th€ cohhuitcattoi-b.sed class.oon ac'tlvl+ies .nd vrot6 the reacher,s q!td6s. LucI te A. SEral€ and RobertaS. Barry rrot. the t6p6 s.rtDts and th6

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I 3 y 9 ? 3 ' ' 6 _ a s C , M a o o € ra r d 9 J s . 1 c . o o l . t t d- . a r h o rr€v 1av. rorl6d as a iotl€o 5r.ri, f o p r o d u c . i h € n a t € r r a l s s u b s € q u o i rr o M o d u l o6 . p . € p a - o do . s e r . c ' 6 d b v All Cnln€s€lano"so€ ( 1 6 r , Fc ao-j-1q cFl, !!3 0lao, rdl rlu, c- sl Lr di an - on.t c \ . o , Y n q - ; \ i L t , a n d " ; . F J c , v ! . s , a s s i s r € dl o - D a r ' o l l \ € ' l - € b v c ; r 6 ^ - t . 1 a o u 1 6 6 , w r s - n 1 9 c 1 o - , a _ d l o c a o . L ' rr s ' u a 1 9 . rf€ orop' A i r . A f l h o l d a r .U € - i l C \ . . , 6 r d F € " y r r J o e l p € d . r a t l c i o l . o i . l l n l n t r V c o r p u 5o l d T ! l o g u € s . A d n l i l s r . . + l v € 6 s s l 5 + 6 n c €r a e p r o v r d o d . r v a r l o u s t l h € s b v V l n . . n f E . s c l . n o , L l s . A . B o { d e n J, l l l U . E l l l 5 , o o n d aF o n g , R . n € oT . C . L l r n g , l h o n . s E . t d d . n , S ! s . n C . P o l a , ! n d K r + h l € € n T h s o r o d u c t l o no t r a o € r o c o r d l i g s v a s d l r 6 c t 6 d b v J o s o I l . R . n l . € z o i t h o F o r . ! 9 n s 6 r v l . € I n s t T t ! + € R € c o . d l n gs t u d l o . T h € C h l n . s e s . f l o r w . s v o l c € d b y 1 . 1 sC. h a o , i l s C h o n , H . . C h e n / t l s . o l a o , M s , N u , I l r . K h ! o , 1 . 1 . .L l , a n d l l s Y a n g T h o E n g T s h s.rlo+ e!s .6ad bv M5. BaraE, Ms. 3trry, Mr' gascl.no, s. E!lls, ds. Fola, and ris. sr.YPe, T h e g r a p h l . s , 6 . e p . 6 d u c 6 db y J o h d M c C l € l l . n d o r t h o F o . e l q n ih€ 9oi6.ar sup€rs6rvlc€ Ins+rture Audlo-vlsual ! l r l o n o f J o s e p hA . s a d o t 6 ,c h r o t o i A u d i o _ v i s u r l . S r . r d a - dC . r 6 s o : r v o o J . a -! o o r o . c F" 6 r r i € o - 1 € s - o .r l r F t h € c o o D € . 0 + l o no f B r o i r ! 1 v a ' e t u f € , F ; . 6 l g n L 6 i g u a q oC o i + e . r ' t h € F . r € l g n S e r v l c a n s t l l u r e t th€ L.nsu!se L..rnlig Coit€-; tho Uiit€d Sfat€s al. Fo.c€ A..d6hv + h e ! n l v 6 . s l t v o f l l l l n o l s r . n d + h o U n i v e . s l r yo f v l r g r i l . . c o r o n a l s a n u € l L . s + 6 p l e ' i o i a n d c o l o n e T h o h a sG , F o 5 + o r , C o m n a n d a n tosr T h € D a t € ^ s 6L a n q ! a 9 €l n s +i r ! r e . F o r e l S i L a i g u a q € c € n t 6 r , a u t h o . l z 6 d r h e D L F L c s u p p o . l n e c es s a . y r o . p . e p a r a ti o n o r + r r T 5€ d i f l o n o t t h e c o u r t o m a r e r l al s . I h l s s u p p o r tI n c l u d e d c o o r dr ^ a t l o i , g r a p h l . a r f e , € d l t l ^ 9 , + y p i i s , p . o o r . € e di i g , p r l n t l n g , 6 n d n s * € . l a l s n a . € s 3 a r yr o

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(P&Rl andnOMANIZATION PRONUNCIATION INTRODUCTION Y o u r c h l o r c o n c e r n€ s y o 0 s t a . t t h l s c o ! r s e l s l 6 . . n l n g C h l n e s € . I h € 0 r T o n t a + l o i r . i o d ! l e ,v h l . h p l u n g s g you rlght Into +rylnq to say thlngs ln chln€se, trat!.ally Tils rosourco l n ! o l v e s e c € r + a l n a n o u n +o f p . o n u n c i . + i o n r o r l , n o d u l 6 l 5 d 6 s l 9 n € dt o s u p p l € n o n r+ h 6 + t o r k v l t h a b r l . l r s y s lena+tc ln+roductlon syston ot Stand.rd Chlh.s., € s * . l l e s i o l t s v r l + + . n r € p 1 6 s G n i e + r o ir n l l ! ) 4 ! r o m . n l 2 . f l o ^ . Th6 ess6ntiai pa.t ol thts nodul€ conslsfs of rh€ P.onunR o m a n l z a t l o n( P & F ) t a p o s a n d t h € a c c o n p a n y l n gd l s clEtloi..d olays 6dd 6rer.lses ln tho rorkbook soction of +hls nodul6, You should vo.k ihrouqh at lBast tho llrst four ol th€5e top€s, and pr€f6rably rhe firs+ sTt, vhlle you a.o studylnq +h€ 0rl€nlatlon F o l l o * l r s + h e , o r k b o o ks e c + i . n o f t h l s n o d ! l € , y . c , l l l t l n d . s ! F h . r y o t p r o n u n c l a t l o na n d r o h s n l ? a l l o n . Y o u h l 9 h i r . h t t o g.nc€ Et this b€fo16sla.llng the i.p€5, p.rtlc!la.ly to loc.+o c€rtalnchorts.nd lisfs shlchcouldb6 hel0ful But lt rocld prob.bly b€ b€tter +o p!+ otl s+udyiig rh€ 3uhn6ry un+ll afler you hav€ Jlhlsh€d th6 1ap6s. The rap6s a.€ Int6nd€d a s a n l i t . o d u c + l o n , f , h ll 6 t h € s q h h a r y i s n o i . F o r o n € t h l n 9 , t € r t d l s . u s s l o n s o t t h 6 s o u n d so l + h o l a n q u . g € c a n n o t 6 q u a l t h e .€.ordod p.€se.1.tion5 .nd your teach.rrs oral pr€s€nlatlons. Fo. anoth6r Thing, +ho suhna.yprovldos coisldarably nor€ lnforhatlon th.n you rl I I i€ed Both th6 leoes.nd +he sunhsrvcoit.ln di.cussions ot +h€ souids 6t +he l€i9u696aid rh6r. sp6rrin9s. Younay tlnd fh.t th65€ dis.ossions ofl6r us6ful hlnt's, Ellorlng you 1o put your ntoll€ct .}o *ork on tho orobl€nsor D.onuncl€1lon.id rom.nz.TIon. Nor€vo., porTlcularly In pronunci!+ioi, h.s+ or tou. o.rdlng hust cone troh dolng. lT Ts Tnporl.il to p.6ctlce r € e d i n 9a n d v . l t i n g t h 6 . o n a n r 2 € t l o i , b u t r t i 3 v l r a l + o p r a c t l c e r e c o g i i z l n g . n d p . o d 0 c i n 9 ? h € s o u n d so t r h e l a n g u a g 6 . Serlous and susialned att€np+sto nlml., as lalrhfully .s poss l b l o , o i t h 6 . y o u r T n s * r u c + o .o r + h € s p e . k o r s o n + h € t . p e s r i l l allo, you fo plck up uiconsclo!sly far 60re rhan you c.n rlt6nd The mo3t lmpo.tant thlnq for yoo to do ls +o.b.ndon thg phoioricrtprojudlcesl you hav€ bullt !p as a sporker of Engll3h a n d s u r . e n d e r y o u . s e l f l o t h o s o u n d so l C h l i e s € . S e l i g l o s s s € t + h a na d u l t s l n t h 6 l r u . y s r c h l l d r € n a r € q u l c k € . r o p l c k u p . prop€r ..c€nt. T r y t o . 6 9 . € s s f o t h 6 p h o n . + l c s u q g € s t l b lI l r y o t chl ldhood,ho*6v6r hard it Is to sh€dtho sef. and confortable rlgldl+y !nd c.r+ainty of adulthood. Th6 host your ln+€ll6cl c€i s u p p l y l s € c € r t a i n . m o u i + o f S u i d a n c oa i d i o n l t o r l n 9 .

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TAPE 6 WORKBOOK (TONEStN COMBTNATTON) DISPIAYt lHE NEUTFAITONE

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DISPIAYl: l}lE FOURTONCS

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Th6 Four lon€s 0lsplay I dlagrahs+h€ pllch p6fi.r.s of th. fou. +o..s €id grvos tholr descrlorle€ ian6s and tradltlon.l nuhb.rs. As e x a n p l € s , f o u r s l n g t € - s y l l € b l e , o r d s , t t h c o m p l 6 + 6 l yd l l f . r € . t ie!nrngs but dltt.16nt to +h. eer only l. +h€lr toi6s .r. proiouic€d.T +he b6ql.nlhg of +h€ tl.s+ PIR t.p€. -h. v€.iIcal

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Th. L6k tor€ (o. thl.d ton.t .t".*. ,or. o,"" to th. botioh ol tho pltch rang€, and then.lses. Th6 lor6sl p.rt of thrs ion. !s +h6 mo3tdl3tlnctlv., th. part to toco. on borh Nh.n you.r€ t r y l n g l o p r o n o u n c .t h € t o n o e n d r i e n y o u . r . t r y r n g f o r 6 c o g n l r . Tho lor€51 part ta*€s fb€ gre.t.s1 .rforl Ir, !nd ls th. ho.t. prooln€ntr desplt. fh. f.ct ih.t lt ls actu.rlv ^ot autt6 .s loqd rs rh6 resl of th€ ton€. Thls p.ft IE 6x.gg€rat.d, bo+h In l.n9th and ln pllch, ,h.i rh6 syttabt. t3 3t16!36dtor siph.sls. P.rtlcularly rlth male sp6.k.rs, tt n.y hav6. h..sh, 3c.!trn9 q!.llty. Th6 Lo, ton. has gr..to. th.n .v€ra!. lonEth. In Engllsh a slmlla. lnton.tlon ls son€tln6sus.d lo.,'U.tt?tt *h€n you h.v6 b..h {al+ln9 }o h6.r 3oh6thlnq. No+t.o li.t th€ ton6 m.rk c.ptur6s th6 dlpplng pltch p.116rh. . -lh. Falllng t.i6 (.r Fou.th ton6) s+..t3 !t ih€ +op ot th€ pltch r.ngo.nd drops sharply +o th€ bottofr, dtnlntshtng ln l o u d n € 5 sa . l t d r o F 3 . l t h . s E h o r t € r ' l h a n . v o . ! g € t € n q + h . l n Engllsh th6 fallln9 lnt.natlo^ ur6d tor €rct.i.tton., .s In but th6 F.t tlng lon€ star+s htgh6r .nd .nds loror Th.n .ll but our nosi €ophaflc oxctlna+tois. Nottc. ti.t rhB +oh€n.rt falls fron l6tr to rlght.

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+o^' rh'i r . r " g * o a k' r d f u r ' rs' do 'nr' +r rhrr nFs' v ' ^" ""itiliiii l,iiiii", i""ra"" hor i " i i i i f l ' . + I s n o +3 o ; . t h r n s . r I t s o r ' bsr u rar + o u n d sr nvsr r ' ! r ' s ' th' A ivll!blo

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Th€ro..€ . f€r sytt.btBs, nosi of ih.i gr.nFatl..l .l.n.nts, r h l c h . 1 6 a l v a y s u n s + r e s s € dl i n o r n . l s p 6 . c h ! n d , t h . r . f o r . , . r . ll

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l n t h e r o r d ' r g l v . n ( h a . b 6 € n . € d q c 6 dl r o m , s l n . . 1 h € . n d l n g -s ls n6v€r stress6d.

T h o L o , + o n €t r o n o u n c o dl i I s o l ! t l . n h . s . d l p p r n g - r l s l n g prtch p.lrori. Thls rs ih€ shrp€ll .lr.y5 hrs b€lo.o. p.us€, 30t th. Lo, +on6los6s l+s .lslng 1.1| b6to.€ . N€ut.rl ton., a n d D l s p l a vl l l s h o r st h . t t h € L o * t o n € . l s o l o s . 3 l r s * . l l

befo.6.iy non-Lort.ns, Thls dlsDl.y lurlho.3hors +h.t soh.t h l n g 6 v € n n o r e u n o x p o c t o dh . p p . n s t o . Lor ton. b.lor...o+hor L o r r o n s . l t c h D n ! € st o a R l s l n 9 t o i e , o . . t l..st +o sonsthrng so closo to . Rlslng toi6 thrt .v€n n.tlv6 sperk.13c3nn.i +6ll th€ dllt.ronc6. A Lo{ +o.o rhlci h.s l.s+ lts rl.lng +.ll b6tor. ! dlff6r.it 10n6 Is stlll 16.09nlz.bl€, or ls €va. nor. r6.0gnrz.bl., .5 . Lo{ +ono. Aut. Lov ton. rhlch h!s chrig.d to. Rrsrns tor6 b.to.o eioih.r Lo, toi. ls io lon9.r r.cognlz.bl€. Hh.r yol rl ll l.€.r for'rlrn lln6r lr {6 hao. Th. oaty r.v vou c.n t€ll th.r th. tr.s! 16rd ls f.6 r,t-;FT3 Dy ho.r'hg lr rh.h

1 Is mi follor€d by o Lo* +on€. A.6tF;r qul.t of +ha Lor ton€ s t h . t l i s o h € t l h 6 sc h . n g . s t o . R l s l n s t o n . b 6 f o r € . n . u t r . l 2 6 d L o * + o n 6 . V h € t h . r r h l s h . p p . n s o r n o r d . p € n d 3o n c o n s l d . r . t l o n s o f g r . n n . r a n d r o r d f o r n . i l o n . l r . l r ! y s h . p p 6 n s ,l o r 6 x 6 n p l 6 ,{ h . n t h e s y l l a b l 6 s D r . s € p a r a t . r o r d 5 , ! s * l t h + h a e o r d s o T n a . " t o ! s k . " . n d n I . ' v o u . ' l n + h € . x o r . s s l o n0 l n o h 1 . . . .

I t d 0 6 s n o t h a p p . nl n J l E J r . ( r . o n l r E J l a ) , (rho .r..ptlon!l b.h.vlof ol th€ Lo* +on. Is

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DISPIAY lll: THIBOTONEBEFOFEFUtt TOIES

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lh.re.ro c . f t . l n o t h . . + o n 6 c h a n g . s+ h . l t . k € p l . c ' l n l o n g . r E . q u . n c e so t 3 y l l ! b l e s . T h € n . l i € x . n p l . o t t h l s I 3 rh.r. Rlslnq +o ! HIqh !oi. For Hlah ton. or RIslna ron; ;nd l3 roiloY.d bv .nv tull toi.. r o n' U t l n g J I r n l d a . p . o n o ! n c . d In;t.nc., JI!i5dl,-'Crn!d.," I6 r n r s : h!v b..xpf.r5€d rIk€

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E x € o p l o ss u c h a 3 " F H o - t o - g r . p h , r r' p h o - T o G - r . - p h y , r r . h dr r p h o i o - G R A P H - l c t"€ l l v o u a t t v o i r i 6 . d + o k i o , a b o u t t h . 3 + r € s s D.tt€rns ot th.s6 rords. T h o b s s l w a y i o ao D r o . c h t h e s r r € s s D € + + . . n . o f c h l n € s . rords Is ih€ o+h6r eay ; r o u n d . T h o t l r s l + h l n g t o i l n d o u + l s r h € + h . r e i y o f t h e s y r 6 b r e s . r € u n s t r o s s o d .+ h . t l s , r h . l h 6 . .iy.ro In +h. N€u+r. ton€. (Bv ter th6 nost llkalv c.ndld!+. th. romlnlng, l s l h e l e s t s yl l . b t s , lheh lh6 etr.s3 l.vols.f rl l-ton6 syl labl€s r ll r.ll Int. ol.c. !ccordlns +o th. tolL Th. fl.st tull-+on. sylt.bl. rlll h.vo nortul tho s.n€ a5 *h6n lt ls pronounced. 2. Th6 last full-toi€ syll.ble (ll th6r6 l3 horo lh.n ..) rl | | havohe.vlor-th..-n.rh.l 3+r€ss. lts lo!dn.ss, titch ..96, .nd l6ngth ,l t I b€ .x!99.r!16d. L A.y ilddlo syl l.bl.s ,l | | h!v. t lghtor-+h.n-norn.l T h 6 l r l o o d n € s s ,p l t . h r a h g 6 , . n d l s n g r h r r l l b . r d ! c 6 d . r.s3,

th. chln€s6phon.tlc oq!lv.l.nr !.t's t!k6, .s.n.x.npl€r " r r . l v , " of Yld!rl, All th16.syrl!br.s h.v. lull F!lllng fon.5, bur n.rlc€ l;-T6;dlaqr.h b6lov thEt lh€ +hr6. plt.l'P.rl.Fhs .r€ sllghtly dlll6.€it: +h. tlrst on6 ls nori.l; tho nlddl€ on6 ls r.duc.dr !nd th. l.3t on. ls .x.qg.r.16d.

-n T h . 1 . * € r c . p t r o h st o t h . s 6 r u l . 3 l o . r . l . t l v . l . v . l s o l 3 + . € s s . 1 6 d u o r o n s . n l n q , 0 n . s u c h6 x c € t t l o n l s t h . t t h . t l r s t ot teo tull-ton. syll.bl.5 n.y b. grv.n th. h..vl6r-th.n-norn.l Fo. .r.npl., sr..ss It th6 rl-sr syll.bl€ ls ro.. slE.ltlc.i+, {G€r'.hyr rs prorounc.dbv hosr 3Do.k.rs .€ qlrgl. Th6eyll.ol€ D6- Idontlrlss rio couit.y tlt l5 d.rtvod phonallcally r.om o€;Tschl..d), rhtl. -gu6, 'aouitry,!' l5 u5.d ri ln. r...s ol n.Fy cornt.los. IhuE th. tlrsl RIslng-ion. syll.blc ls strong€r, ln vl6la+lon ol +h.9.n.r.1 rut63 lo. slros5

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D6-

Th. !ubo.dln.to st..u3 0l -qu6 li lho n.n.3 0t cou.+r1.3 l3 ho.' .3 t...t I+.i.osl cl.!rly 3..n hv th€ f.ct tiiT-ton.3p..t.rs I ' G . F n .ny" t h . + . r u f l i r , t r o n o u n c l n gI + t i t h o N . u t F . l + o n . , . o

b.con.s glss.

A5 vlth Engll5h l€v.1. ol 3t16ss, tho6o dlltor.n.6. .r. l.l.l! 6ubtl6. Yoqn.y.ot b..bl. +. h6!r th€h loo cl3..ly' .nd va! c.n n.k. yoursell lnd..s+ood {sll .nough .v.n ,lthout E.rtii! th.r qulr; rlghl, .trnougF you !r. llk.ly to s.und llk6 to l€.r.3+r.sE p.l1€f.s ritiout . conDul... You3h.ulo b..bl. y o u r h . h l l rlll t.y lo nlFIc chln.3. 5p..k€r5 .v€n +hlnkl.s !bout 1 . . .r clo3slv.s oo33lb Aft6r lo..^lnq nor. !bo!f conson.nts .nd vof€13 li lh6 ..xr rl ll b. ln+roduc6d s.ctlon of thl3 l o n . l l o n l n t h 6 l . . t 3 6 c + l o n ,r h e r s v o u f l l l t l n d + h . t t n . 1 6 . r . t!r+i€r 6odlflc.tlon3 li th. pllch prito.ns ot th6 ton6s. lt you.r..6!dl.g rhls surn!.y.. y.d b€glrrf€ cours.,.6r Inro.h.rlon lE plllng ut too t.sr. Don'r rry lo k66o.v..ythlng In nlnd .1 on.5. As. flr6t !pp.oxln.+lon ot th. lones, ror.t.npl.' try olvlng your 5yll.bl6s Id6ntlll.bl. ..d corr.ct lono.. rln€n you h.v6 nast..6d th.t, ,orl oi on€ or t*o hor. polnt3. t16.irblle, your €!r {lll h.v€ b6gui to l6ck l^ on rh.t Chln..r sou.cs llk.. .nd voa rlll b€sln +o.6r.h lh6 pol.+ ot .uton!tlc conrrol.

CONSONANTSAND VOWELS !ch of th.3trucrur.l slhpllclty of +h6chli.so l.ngu!9. l s m a d .o v l d € n t b y f r . d l + l 6 i . l . n . l y s l s o f s y l l . b l . s t r u c t u r € . Th6ro stDrt vllh fh. syll.bl6s {hl.h .ro dltter.ni ro +he€.r. €r. only !bouf l,rOO suchdlstlng!lshabl€ syllabl.s, no+ n6a.ly ! s n . n y . s I n E n ! l l s h . ( l , l . n ys y l l . b l o s r h i c h s o ! n d r l l k o c ! r r y nor€ th.n on. n.rnlnq !nd.16 rrltien wlth dltf..€nt cha.acterE f o . € . c h h 6 6 n l n s , n u c h a s t h € s a m €E n q l l s h s p o k o ns y l l a b l 6 c . . r l e s t h € t h 1 6 6 n o . n i n s r r s p r 6 s . n t € db y + h . s p . l l l h q s r r r * o , r r

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Th.n,.trl9 oll ihe four foie5. lhls l.av.s voq rlth !bout 4 o o d l l l . . o n i s t r l . g s o l . o n s o n . n +! n d v o t 6 l s o u n d s . ( s . . .xrr strlp ott !ny In rilch 1h6.. .r. 2t. lS.o D trovrdlng .i .lph.b6tlc!l I !r. th. aln.ls. 1h6...r. r.n.g€.bra nuhhor.

r l . l c o n s o n . n + so. r l n l + r . l s , o f 3 o l . y V ! n d A D p . n d l xl r t h . l . t t 6 r .+ oi th. lnl+l.ls ) l{h.} ls lort .s5 th.h 40 dlflo..n+ fln.lr-_!

I^ 1.5t. cl.s.lfv *fo rl..ls bv +h.r. n.dl.l3, th.'I3, Plnvrn.on.nl2.tlo;, bv vt6rh6. th€ ilntl s'.rts {lth u (or 1)' ; T I f , - T l o r X ) , r l r h g i o . ! g ) , o . { l r h n o n € o f r h .' . l .kb o v . . r , r h l s .boJl hof s r v . ! - y o u r o - u rc l . s 3 ; 3 * h l a F . r . u t € f ! l r h . r v o J You rlso cross_clas3lfv th. tl..l< conbrh. ir+h tho liltl.ls.

in. tln.ls by vh.t tollor3 +h. n.dr.ls. (5.6 0rspl.v Vl .nd A p p € n d l xl l , t h . l ! t t € r p . o v l d l n g ! n ! l p h . b € t l c . l l l . t o f t h .

L.ttE t.k€ ! clos6r look.1 th. s+ruct!r. of th6 lln.l. E v . . y f l n ! 1 , a n d h 6 n c o6 v . r y s y l l ! b 1 6 , h . 3 ! t l € a s t a v o v € r . Her. !.. tlv. vor.ls vhlchc.n sl.nd.lon€.s fln!ls,.llh.r rlth o. rllhout lnltl!ls: E N G L I S IE ] Q UI V A L E N T S

io Enqll5h.qulvdl..r

rtn thls 3onm..yu , nderllnlis..ll5.ft€ntlon to lott.rs {1he leltsr u) ..d 3l.nt lln€s call !ttonfloi +. eoundt (+h€ sound r*ft.nd.rd

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ArI or -ho Ela,l5i €oulval.nts In rh6 6xarp os .r., ot co,rs., arDro,r.!ra ar o6;r .no H ll b. rJril^€r ott lt your Pron ! n c i a l l 6 i d o o s n o t h a D o 6 nt o b e t h e h o s t s t . n d s r d l n 6 . l c . . p . o nunclatlon. Th€ vorot /u/. ior.xriol., ls rather drff6r.n+ troh I ' s € q J l v ! l . r t I h ' 3 L d a D € s + . r ' . v e lf o r p . o p l . t F o 5 ' ! . r l r . ^ ! n 6 l po€ s ti 3 - . r l s I B J d- h starr "6oorv. , l e rh€ "oy h€ srsrts ti," +"" cohparlsonl3 *ay ort.Chli€s. vor€r ls pro;;tnc.d vlth th€ Tohgu6 tarth6r b.ck In th6 houlh and vl.th tho tiDr ioro round6d. T h . r o l s n o E i g t t s h € q ur v 6 l € n t f o r / U / , r h l c h l s p r o i o u i c . d rr'rh th€ +oigue In posltlon to. /t/ a^d tl,a llps ln posltlon tor / u / , s l h u l t . n . o u s l y . l T l s not th6 s.h6 as +he trr5t vov.l ln " g t a h , ' r h r c h I s p r o n o u n c € d* l + h t h 6 | l p s l n p o s l t l o . f o . / u / , but wlth +h€ tonq!€ gtldlng froh the Dosltlan 1.. /l/ +o t6. r r o v o e € r s/ r / , / ! / , . 1 d l t J / . . 6 r . l r i 6 . L L , : g , . r d ! q * h € nl \ . y d o r o l t o l l o r . n I n r t l s l . In nost c.s.s, yourllr no? b e . b l e t o h € a f s e p . 1 6 + €s o u n d sc o r r . s p . n d l n g r o ! a n d { , . s y o u c3i hs6r li lh6 Ensllsh ,ords ry€n .nd !{oo.n Th. threo vo*6rs a r e d l s c u s s € d. g ! l n i n t h . s u n n a r y 5 € c t l o n s o n u r l n . l s , I t r i . l s ,

T h 6 r o . r e l r o n o r s v o r € l s o o n d s* h l c h c . n s t . n d . l o h . ! . confuslngly, both tlnals, on6 ot th€h only.ttor Inrtr.ls, sounds.16.opresoit.d by +h€ l.tt€. I (.lro.dy s..n.3.r.ndlng lh. T.tt.r p..c.dlng +h. ! lor th€ vor.l /l/ ln "Tahltl"). d.tsrnln.s *hl.h voeol soundls +o b€ us.d, Alro. a conso..nt pronounc.d rlth th6 tong!. ln th. /e/ p o s l l l o . ( s 6 € p 6 9 € 4 2 ) , I s - D n d st o . . vor.l P.oiouic.d rlrh + 1 6 l . n 9 u e . s c r o 5 . r s p o - s s l b l .t o t h € / s / p o s r t l . n . r i . h y A n s r l c . . s h a v . a s l h l l a r e o t . l l n i J u . + ! h o n . n + r ' to t t . n l n d l tor.x!npl6. c.rod by tho st.lllrg'jrs+.tr a p p r o x l n . + e l yr 3 l n 4 J l s + r p r o n o u r c € dr l t h . h € + o n 9 u . I n t h 6 / r / t h a t l s , , l t h th. tongu. st.ongly curl.d b€c! (3.. toiltlonr p a g . a 2 ) , ! s _ . r d s t o r ! v o i 6 l r f l c h l 3 s l r p l v ! p r o l o n g € d/ r / .ppro:l n6t6| y l { h € i t h o . € l s n o r n l t l . l c o n s o n E n ts o u n d b 6 f o r . t h l 5 v o * . 1 , rrltt.n: rl. Th€ r t€lls vou hor to Drohouhc€ ths l.tf.r.l3 s.D.-Et6 sound. Tho *hol. tho r, r+ d;6s not s+.id r;?. p r o l o n g € d l s o n . / . / 6 ound. syll;bl6 Ev6ryrhe.. €1s6, I st.hds for th. nE+.nd.rdr/l/,.s

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A f l . . l n . y . l s o c o n s l 3 +o i a v o v o l f o l l o r . d b Y ! c . n s o i . ^ r , €rthor /n/r o. /ng/ tor /r/, hlt +hl3 h.5 . rath6. drft.r6ht s r . l a 3 ) . H . 1 6 , . 6 6 x B 6 pl € s o l ! | I t h . thus f.r..n c o n b l n 6r t r h / n / . n d

v.Ys th€ vor€13 P.6s.nlod tr0nt. r lor

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T h . . n ! l v s l 5 o t / U i / . 3 s r m p l v/ t ! / p l ! s / n / * l l l n o t t l { t v s h o l d u D . E 3 o ; e l a l l vf h . n t h . r . l 5 i 6 r n l f l a r , l o u n a v h € ! . . 16.r v;'.1 /;/.^6.i l n b € f o 1 6r h . / n / . s o t h . r / 0 n / . l n o s r

T h o r sl s r l s o . l l n . l r r l t t . ^ . vof.l v6ry doch ! rk€ /u/. ac+u. s o u n d l n ' g g g d r it h . h i o + h € v o * 6 1

lch tho o stlnd. for cro5.f:Fo th. voH.l

l9!r. {hl.h fh. vossl /./ ls follov€d bY . tlh a strong c!rl lig b.ck ot +h.

O t h . . s y l l D b l o 3r h r c h . n d r n / . / h . v o b . . n f o r n 6 d b y . d d r n g +n. suffl! !, aor.xanpl.: (ueh..6") !3 In "Nr.li.uso nir

. T h 6 . o n s o n . n t / n / a f + h . o n d o f . s y l l t b l e n d y s o u n d! l l t t l € l r k . / n o / r h e . + \ 6 r o r l 5 v l l . b l . s t ! . t s i l + h a nn /YF./n t. n. " a l o k o i Acrlalrv good," a.o Y6n'ltl, sound,;s rr or /n/, p-o.oulcod *_:I; tl'€ 'orsuo nor h.,6v.r. thrssw-T;rt q u l t . d l s + l n g u i s h a b l ef r o m + 6 u c h l n ot h . . o o t o f l h 6 n o u t h , l 3 - F € -o.su6 loLcl'lls. No'rco / ^ a / . o i . r o - n . . d r l ' l - r h 6 o-trc- f. r o { a. apos'-oo!6 shors k\lch tn--ie ro.ar'zartor I{rl!! s y l l a b l 6 t h . h b € l o n g sr o .

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rn n.ny e.s6s, addtnE.n /r/ sutttr has . constd€r.bt..ttect oh rh€ fln.l, kiocklig .!t a^ /^/ or /ngl ..d ch.nglng +h. vor.l, ior ex.hpl6. (Yourlll d.!t rlth th.ro ln3i.nc.3 on. c!s.-bvcas€ basls ln tho.oqrso.) Th€ /r/ suftlx l3 6ost pop!lar li t h 6 P € k l n ! d l . l € c l b u + r s o i 6 t o € + u 1 6o f + h . t d l . l 6 c t t h r t h € s n o r b o . n f l d e l y a c c 6 D t € da s . n a + l o i 3 l n o r n . i r r n o r r o y a l . o c o n s r s +o t . d l p h t h o n g , r h . r l ! , . v o r 6 l tollo*€d b, . r..k6. SIti,o to th6 posltlon ot /1/ or /u/. l s l h l l . . d l p h + h o i g €s x t s + t h E n g t l s h . ) T h € 1 6 . r . f o u r 3 ! c h

hil h!e lal

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dgr Th6s. dlOhthonss.r€ b.5t l€..n6d .e u.lr3. lf lndlrldu!l l€tt€fs. ho*.!6.. v. noltce th!t th6 d t f t € r . n t s o u n dv a l u € l n o u t h . n l a r o . n d o h o . l6rt€r o h.s . drrrer€n. ;;Lnd varue-Tn 4 rfi?i

ro look.t ih. t.tt.r o h.s ! .hd th.T th€ In ., *. .nd !I9.

A fln.l 6.y 6lso conslsr ol rny ot th..bov6 typ.6 (vo".l . l o n € , v 6 r e l p l u s c o n s o n a n t ,o . d l p h t h o n q ) p r . . . d 6 d b y . h . d l . l , th.t Is, by. f€ak v6.sloi or ono or th. !o*6ls /!/, /l/,.nd /!/. Ih€ n.dl.ls /!/.^d /l/... l l k . t h 6 E h g l l 3 h5 a n l v o r 6 l s rrllt€n r.nd y In r'ret,iandt,v.tt,.nd rrltioi o !id I ln trJ.guar'-aidntntoi.n Ftn.)e;t..+lhg rlth th.;. tnr'o 6.dl.l! .r. dlrcus56d ln 1n. i€xt th-6. suhn!ry s6ctlois.

Y o uh . v o h . . . d . n d s . . n t h o f u l l v o r . l / u / t o l l o r l . g . n l.rtr!l li th. vord bi, nno.n rlionlh6 vor.t do.! no+r6ttor . i l n r t l . r , I t r s , . T T + . nr u . (" t I v . ' ) ,! A s s u g S . s t 6 db y t h . E h g l l s h . q u l v . l . n f s , . /r/ sound b€to.o +h. /!/. A / r / s o u n dh 6 y . l s o o c c l r b . f o r . boglniln9 of . tl.Dl. lh. sou.d l3 rr ! n l h l t l . l ! n d -r r cr*h6.1n l t d o 6 s n o f . ( S v.rslon of th6 /u/, fho sound rl I n t h 6 f o l l o v l n g 6 r . m p l o s6 t l l i . l s r h th..orore /u/, son. h.vo Inltl.ls.nd h.v. no Ihltl.ls.nd tho.€1or. us€ +h.

yo! i.y

oth€r vo*ors .r th6 tt.n u eh.n lt lol lors nc. 1F. sound rs ! r..k I b . . . l l 6 d n € d r a l/ u / . ) ch st!rt {l+h tho n.dt!l s6 th6 !

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(',sp..ch," .. In "qul lty" hll .s l. rsl r" {6 lrtn) l { o t l c . + h . t t h . l . l t € r o l n { o . h d u o I s u 5 € dl o r v n6.+dr n '' t h o r Th' ".'.i ".""4, .."qhiv tr'i v;v;i In rtrt Eisrrsh ,ord * r r i i € n l n l l r . l 3 . o € l l l . q u o l 5 ! b b . a v l . t . or o o . t l . r + h . i l t . " l ; i a i i i r ' . i " u t i i c o n _ r c i . i f s ,I n v o l v r n s+"hl .n kl l,pi s ) . T h . l3r ; ; d T ! r _ ; o u n dT 6 E t r r r + h . r . , h o v . v 6 . , s o + l ' a l m a ' p r o n o u n c . dr s l r l t , e r € . p 6 l l . d M t . 'r .3 In nqdtllY, 's .3 li i!9!9,!'/ual "q4llly + /n9/ nMfl e3 ln ttov{,u

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A s . s u g g . s _ € db y t h € E n ! t s h 6 ! u t v € t 6 r t s , y o u n r y o r . . y i o r h o . r soJld boror6 rtr6 /t/ In vTn 6nf-vtno..1d th. voh.r t+s€tr t; nor€ rko rh6 "sFor-' EliffsF v.ftfin's!",. ard',sLrs.'. ^ /y/ .orhd n.v atso occur b.ro.€ b.glnnlng of . ttn.t. T . h 6s o u n d l . , . an lnril.l .nd ! rhon t+ doos^or. (S v o h 6 l / 1 1 , r h € s o u n dr l i n . r h o r . ) l o r l n g e x . i p t 6 so r r r n r t s r h rnltlals .nd +ha..ror. h.v6 no Inltl.ls.nd rh616lor. us6 +h.

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T h € t u l l v o r € l / i i l t o i r o r T n ga n I n l t l . l o c c u . s l i r h € nol lolLot an Inriiar, s y l l . b l 6 i 0 , r r o m a nu.

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puff ol .lr. Ui!splrat6d coiso.aits 6rplod6 rltho!t. Th. E n 9 l l s h J l g h i l y 6 s p l 1 6 + e dc o i s o n a n f s b d c o h . u i € s p l r a t . d ! f l € r / s / , 6 s y o u c . n 1 € l l l r y o u s a y ! p a ! . n d u s p a u! q . l n s + t h € b l c k of yo!. h..d. Thls ls an.u+onrtlc.dJuslE6nt tor Engllsh s p € a k e r s ,a i d l t e t t t + . k e p 1 6 c t l e 6 t o l 6 . r n t o p r o n o ! n c s E i s l t s h a . D l r n 1 6 d c o n s o n : i + s . s u n a s o l r E t 6 dr h € n + h . r € l . . o /s/ to -.l99er tn6 ! d J L s t n . rt . t n g l l s F h ! s a s € r ' € s o l " v o l c 6 o " c o r s o n a r + s" h r c \ a r o p . o nocic€d*lth vlbr€tlon of tho vo.al cords. Th€s€ lnclude conb , d , q ( a s l l b o - 1 .I ' C a r y r ' . . d ! c . . r v ' r t , t ( . s " J . r . y P ) , Ir ! n d - 2 . - t F o s . s . n o t 6 € r s o r L s r h € c o n b r n . r T o i -2 h a-. rsoo ro.ohDrTz6 drs lcttv.ly unrsptr.r6d T h 6 c o n s o n ! n t sk h t c h ! r € i 6 r t h € r d l s t l i c t l v . l y .spl.at.d n o r d I s t , n c l l v o t y u n . s Dt r . t . d rhl.h ctn b. prolon96d,such .s /./, /l/, .^d h.vo b.€r grorp€d tl

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gin

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.r.

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Llke th€ , /k/, /n/).nd d.n+.ts t/./. /c/, ts/), ' r h € s el n l vt l6. ll s! r s a <r o/ sn/ € v € rf o t t o r . d b y t h . v o r e t s ! n d . . d l . t s / t / a n d / 0 / . ( DI e pt . y t v ) S o m €s p € a k 6 . s 9 r . n o r n c . / . / r l f h . c € . t . t n . h o u n t o t f r t c t r o n 3 0 t h a t I t t s s o n o v h . t k . t i o / . / E o u n dl n t r n . ! s u f . . , , \otlco tnar +n€!n..., a - z r s p o | |r ^ g l s o l r y s u g g o s - I v a . r l o l e 1 1 € r ! a f i e r . c o 1 - 6 " . r r T Z d , ; ' + 6 s; p r o n u h ; t . r i ; n r n r h 6 / r / As a.nlror.d or€vlouslv. +h. l6tt.r | !t+.r th.3. /r/p o s l ' r o n s o L n o s5 t a n o 5 t 6 r ! r o r . l r h l c r T 5 . t . . l o i g . d / r / .

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SENTENCE INTONATION l n + h € o r € v l o u s d l s c u s s l o no l d l f l ' r o n i l € v 6 l s o t s v l l ' b l ' on th. pltch P.ti€rns of the toi6s' vou stross.nd tir€l..ft€ct ,.." "."..-"a onlv tlth tords iron.unc.d Ii rsolrlloh, 's lf .o.d frot . llsr' Usu!llv, ot cours., ro'ds rre strung to96lh6' rn,t+."onc"s. iren, +t. iutes 6l 16l!irv€ 31r€ss'pPlv oesr long€r uilnt;rrupted str.tch€! thlch hsv6 ! g.n6rtlly sp€edsd_up t.iDo.id n.rror.d, lorored pl'tch raig€. nor!co _f€ 6F'11\!9' or fh€ pllct li rhe tollorl.s .t.ipl., D . l l . r n s . n d t h . o v o r . l l l o k . ' l n g . T h . 3 u r n a n 6. i d 9 r v t n n ' n ' stiql6 vo.d__*lth norn!l iog.th.r h.v. th6 str.5. P.+t6ri ot. llghter st16sson tho nlddl' si;.sE oi th6 llrsr .lll!bt., o svll.!1....d h€.vl.r sir.55 n tho l!st 3tll.bl..

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H'i

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Th6 subordli.t€ si.tu5 o, ls ofton proiounc6d rtth

Ehori Dy th. f.ct

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rh.l

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. r h o u s . . o t . t . 6 st ss t o s l n g t o o u + f o r . + i 6 i t t o n p . r r t c u t a . b . s t c . y r h e s d n oI n C h t n . s € . . de n o s h . h 6 o ^ l y n . J o - d r f l . r s h . 6 t o k o 6 pr n n , n d r s r l a r l l c h t n 6 ; o s r - € s s € r . 9 9 e . 6 r € s- F € p t t c \ o . f t e r r o t a - o n o . S r r o s s d o 6 s n o r

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Tndra Is consld€r.blv moro d'tl'r€nc€

e^srr"i;-iirr^.".".i ..;+...""...

tiri-rt."

b o + ' 6 € nC h l n 6 s " i d

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rh€ tvprc'r ii trreEnasot s€nt€ncos' iil 'l.i-..ir.iiui! st!r'u s € dt o r - o "r '' h + h o s s h r e ' c 6 , 6 n do t ii,i" ii " iii'-.i:r" o "o r i i i i " l ^ i i i , i " " i t " , " i i i " ^ ' , t t t ' q u s s + r oH' o r d sr r k ' I'h D.nt.l Klng.\

tho.r.

Y . 0 ?\

T h . n o s l c o n f , o n. x c . t t l o n t o i n l s t y P l c ' l p ' + 1 6 ' i l i E n 9 l l e h 1.. .lr..t th...d ot th. s.nl..c6, !3€d lor mo3fqutsrrons rno.r *h!t cln b. !n3r.r6d flY€3i or

( n € . n l n 9 r r Y o urr. a 3 k l n g oilv itr6 rtslhg lnron'tlon shors'thDt ln lhc l!3t tro.r.npl.3! r ' . c i o tlrer. .r. cu.sllons'r c.ll lig lor v.s/no tnsrers' ln chln.s., th. +vplc.l Into.!lton p!rt€rn-_th€ P'+r'rF tor lh6 noe+ Eiaionen+si-ts rri onc ra travs !1..!dv Fr'6'it'd: r ' n p o tho { ! 3 f ' r r l + h . 3.au.nc6.f loi€!r nodlll.d bv.tr.s5' I n l . o l ' t r o n ' i o r d s i iarrorcr, torcr_rt+ch r..g. +htn t.. You *lll h!v. ro llghi your i.tur.l t.nd.ncv., ! 6p'!k6' A Hlgh t'h' ntE rllh ! drop In prt.h. or En.ii3; ro.nd 5r.l. ion'r 'io ! R r 3 l n 0 t o n . . . n r r n s . ..h.t;!. H l a ht o n . r ! R l . l h s . . n D I h s . L o r L;r toi.. "lih l+i .l3lis +.i l, D. nor ch.ns. +h.n Inro FallIn9 f6n'3 6id ot ! 3i.t.r.nt. ro +hl3 lvplctl Th. nost coinoi.x..Plloi r . l e € d 6.qu.nc. tlon Drtl..i ls. sllgh+lv

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NI hlo? (Yo!t.e I ln6 Nor l.trs

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tlon rl+h l+. !nsr.r.

th.

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Anolhâ&#x201A;Ź. Chln.3. lnfon.tron p.tt.rn lor..s th. Pl+.h throughr.+h6. out th. s.nt.n..r oli.n grvlng th. volc. . b..!thy q!.llty ' . c h o q u . ! + l o n ! , I p . t + . r n r h lch r T h r s l 3 o s c d l o r llk. 5lgh. L . t ' 6 c o h p l r . ! . o r n !l .r. u3.d to v.rlly rn.+ h.. b..n t!ld. qu.6tton l..l3sd l.+o.!+loi, .nd .n d.cho cu.3tlon' (lor...d

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I n d l s c u s s l n gr h € 5 € ! F - € € C h l i . s s l n f o 1 . + l o n o ! + t € r n s , f l ' . Dolnr rrs r6D..t€dlv b.6r h.d€ rh.t +heyalf6c+ +h€ 9on€..1 plt l 6 v o l o f + h € * h o l e s 6 n t € n c e , H o * € v € r ,t h 6 r . a r o n o t l c 6 . b l . l n toiatron.l l..tur5s.t i h . B i d s o l s € i t o n c e s . T h e e €a 1 6 p ! r T I cul.rly notlc6.!1. rhen +ho last syllabl6 l3 ln thE Na!r.al ton lF t.ct, tho n!rk6r. h.s no r..l n6rilng o.9.smna+lc.r fuhcllon ol Its orn, n..€ry st vli! rs . c.rrl.r ol v.rlou5 tlnal plfch c o i t o r r s r i l c h . t l . c t n 6 . n l n g . T h 6 1 6. r . . l s o fln.l 5vll!bl. rl1h lull ton. ls eri6nd.d *o c..ry on. ol ih.s. lln.l pt+ch contou.s.

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APPENDIXl: LIST OF lillTlALS

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APPE DIX tl: LISTOF F|i'IALS rrth;ut In!l!f.l

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N.'..sf

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(NUM} NUMBERS

INTFODUCTION Th6.bl lly 1. Js6 ln6 chr.65c lLro6r sys-6nhay bs one o t i n o n o s t L 3 € r u ls ( l l t 5 y o u k r t . l c d J t r . o r r r . g r o d L l . I n r . o o u c o sr h € c h t n o E on L - b 6 . e r r o n 2 . . . t h r o u g h 9 9 , 9 9 9! n d o r d l h € t i u h b 6 r s , Th. osssi+l!l pa.t 6r rhts nodot. coistsre or'lhs Nunb.rs(\U , -ap€s a.d rh..cco.p.1yl.9 dtspt.ys ahd a r a r c r s . s l r i l . € v 6 r k b o o ks o c t l . n . t r h l 5 n o d u l 6 , l h € ro.kbook t.xi ls toi lo*€d bv Y o u 3 h o u l dr o . k t h 1 6 ! g h . r l o . . + t h e t l . 5 l t o u . r . p 3 3 , * h l . h I n t r o d u c € i h € n u n b 6 r su p t o 1 0 0 , r h l l . y o u . r o s t u d y I n 9 t h 6 O r l . n t . t l o i M o d u l 6 . T h . 3 € t . p e s l n c l u d 6 s o 6 €{ o r k on p.o^uncl.+lon. lrorkl.e *lrh nunb.rsoftsr3 .i .rcerl6hl o p D o . t u n l t yi o b u l l d u p t l u s n c y . i d . c c u r a c y o f p r o n u n . l ! tlon rlrhout h.vlng fo 1..rn. n.r eoc.bulrry. l.t.t NU *ap.s 5 a^d 5.16 ln+.nd.dro bo usodrlth ih. 3 6 c o ^ dh . l f o t t h . M 6 n 6 yn o d u l 6 , y h o r o h l q h 6 r n c h b € r sr . . u 3 . d I n b . n k l i g 3 l t u . t l o n 5 . N o H € v . r ,b € . r u s € t a p . s t o r t h 6 r . s o ! r c € n o d u l . s . r € a s s € 1 1 - c o n t a l i € da . p o 3 3 r b l . , y o ! n . y u 3 . f h . n a t . i y t l n . * l + h . m l n l n u no t . . f . r . n c o t o o t h o . cooo.i6nts of ths cours€,

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(NUmBEnS 1-5) TAPE1 WORKBOOK

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TAPE2 WOFKBOOK(NUIiBERS7-10rnd 0)

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(NUIIBERSI-99, REVIEW) TAPE4 WORKBOOK

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(NUMBERS 100-999) taPE 5 WORKBOOK

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TAPE6 WORKBOOK(l{U BEnSI,000.99,090)

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SUMMARY C h l i € s o s v s f 6 mo t n u h b € . s l s s t n D l € tr.d lt n.ro r€sut6r thon th6 iunior fhe iuhb€.s I ro t0 pt!s zerol )

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(49) l,sht!t (67) (41) tjA) ltshlsl (53) (36) bsshl il (53) Jrishter (92) (65) JrlshtJrn {99) I n t h 6 e x . n p t 6 sa b o v . .

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{tl5) (316) I lingb6lytshlyl (2ll) (517) (4t2) slbllytshlar llUbiiylshlbt (613) j libi lylshIs5i {9lJ) ylbEiylshlJli (ll9) r'14) q T b il y r s h l s l q6'llrs to1€ bozo-. th€ Lor Th€ illoh 16i€ ol vi ch.raes to a ' o r € o ; - 0 6 i o r r a 6 6 s n o i c h a i s . D € t o r 6q 1 l , ! s v o u d o J r d -oh6 ihtcF .i;;.i. fi; +oi. or vr ,s Lsu; v .'r6cra? by !iy follo*s, buf thls c.3;-ls 6n oxcoptlon. ,ib:lytshlr! btbalyishlt Ii l y 1 5 hI q l sEnbE

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NIJMl,l00ULE l s € x D s i d e dI n n u n b 6 . s . 5 l a . g 6 a s rh6 us6 of ]!9 dJ.conf + h o u s a ns d. T h o t o r d l l n o a . i s r a n d r o r + r oI '6arn nd o! r e a " o no I n t. +n" Enqrrsh z6ros. Ihis !56 ls 'fifir.

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b r v l n I I i r qI t n q r b i I s l s hI q r OROINALTtIUMAEFS L l k o t h 6 c . r d l n . l n u n b € r s , o r d l n r l n u m b 6 r sI n c h 1 n . . . . . . .lso..srly.nd r.sur!rly lorn.d. Th. {ord to. triunb.r,i 3!(ln th. E.ns6ol'tnumb€r lr') h!y b6 pl!c.d b.toro !ny cr.dlnrl nunb.. to fr.k6 l1 .n ordln.l nunbo..

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