Learn Chinese - Foreign Service Institute - Text 1

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STANEDAFItrT CHINEEiE A MODULAF| APPFIOACH R E S O U R CM E ODULES: PRONUNCIATIO aN ndROMANIZATION NUMBERS CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS

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TIME and DATES SPONSORED EIY AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANAOIAN GOVEFNMENTS

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Thir Dubli@tionisto be usedDimanlv In tullon ol intrrucrinomrlirarvDe6onnel 4 pa.t ol the oeleme LanquageProgram(iesidentand noniesidentl.hquiriee .onernrngthe $e ol materialr,includinq.equetBfor cooies,ehouldbe addre$ed D€fente Languagel.nitul€ ForeignLangua9e c€nter NonretidentTr.ininoDivision Presidro of Monterev-CA939,14-5006

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STANDARDCHINESE A 'IIODULARAPPROACH'

NESOURCEMODULES: ANdROMANIZATION PRONUNCIATION NUMBERS CLASSROOMEXPRESSIONS TIME ANdDATES

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a PBEFACE S + a n d a r dC h l n 6 s 6 . A M o d u l a r A p p r o E c ho . l g l n . t € d l i . n lnt.ra 9 6 r c t c o r r 6 r € 1 c o \ o r d a t f h € r o r 6 q n s . r v r c 6 I n s r l t u l € l i A ug us t l 9 7 i i o a d d r € s sT h o n e e d g € n € r a l l y f e l + l i t h € l a n g u a g €t r a l n l n s c o h h u n i ' f yf o r l n p r o v l n g a n d n.tsrrals to reilecl cu.r€ni usaq6 ln 86lJlng Th€.onrerenco f,ai€.l.ls rhlch rer6 f l € t l b l € 6 n o u g hT n r o r m . n d c o n + 6 i t f o n 6 6 l t h o 1 6 q u l r . n € n t s o r . r i d € r a n ! 6 o f s o v € r n n e n ra g e n c i € s a n d s c . d € h l . l n s t l + u t l 6 i s .

A Prol€ct Boa.dva5 e5r.blish6d conststln! of repres6nl.t r v € s o t t h 6 C € d r r . t t i r e t t i g 6 n c € A 9 6 n . y L a n g u a g eL o . F n l n g C 6 n t . r , l l r s D € f € n s € 1 6 n g u a g oI n s i t t u . i e , f h 6 S i . t € D € p . r t i 6 n r ' s F o r 6 t g n s € r v i c € l n s + l + u + e ,+ h € C r y p t o t o q t . S c h o o to r r h o N ! t t o . a t S € c ! rrty Ageicyr and +h€ !,5. 0rfTce ot Edu..tton, tar.r jotn€d bv t h € C a . € d l . n F o r c € s F o . e i S n L e n q u a 9 6S . h o o t . T h o . 6 p r € s € n t a t t v € s h ! v € I n c l u d o d A . + h u r T , r r c N e T t t ,J o h n H o p k l n s , a n d J o h n a o : g ( C l A ) : C o l o n 6 lJ o h n F . E l d . r t t t , J o s € p hC . X u t c h t n s o n t, v y G i b l e i , E n d M . j o . B € r n ! r d M u l e r - T h y m{ D L l ) r J . n € s R . F . t + i r . n d J o h n 3 . R . t l l f f l l l ( F 5 l ) ; K a z u oS h l t . h . ( N S A ) ,R t c h . r d T .

T h o n p s . n. n d J u i , . P 6 t . o v ( O E ) r a n d L t e u l 6 n a . t C o t o n . t c . o r q s r h € F r o J e c r B o . r d s . + u p t h e C h l h o s oC o r . C u . . r c u t ! i P r o J o c t ln l9?4 In spac6providdd at tho aorelsn 5€rvtc€ Ins+tfu16. E.ch 6 t t h € s l r U . S . . n d C e n a d l a ng o v s . i n € i t a ! € n c t . s p r o v t d . d t u i d s rid oth€r asslsfance.

G . r . r d F . K o k r a s a p p o T n t . dp r o j € e t c o o r d t n ! t o r , a n d ! pl!nnrn9 council ras io.med conslsllng ot fir. Kok, Fr.nc6s Lt of r h o D 6 l € n s . L . n g u a g eI n s + l + u + e , P d r r t . i a 0 ' c o n n o . o l r h 6 u n t e 6 r s l t y o l T € x a s , E a . l t r . R l c k 6 . s o n o t t h e L ! n s u a 9 6L € . r n t n g c o n t 6 r , a n d J . h 6 s l , l r € n io t g r o k d U i T v € r s t t y . r i r h 6 f a ot 197i, L s c i l l 6 A . a a r a l 6 v a s . p p o l n t € d d € p c 1 yp r o J . c t c o o r d t n a l o r .

D a v l d l { . D 6 l l l n g € r o r T h e L . n q u a g sL 6 6 . n t n g C 6 n t € . ! n ! C h . . t 6 s F . S n o o h . ro l t h € r o r o 9 l s € r v l c € r r e r . . u . e a t s o plannrng councll and cont.rbutod naterl6l ro +h6 p.oj.ct.

Th. p l a . . r n g c o u i c l l d r € * u p r h € o r l g i ^ ! l o v € r a l l d 6 s l 9 nr o . t h . m61roqularly to.6vler Th€lr d€v6toohont

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|lrl+ers lor tho flrs+ hslf ol the h.t€rtats sero John H. T. H!.v6yr Lucllle A. Aar.l€, and RoberlaS. a..rv, rho ,ork6d in cros6 coop€r.tlon rlth th. pl6i^tn!.ounc aid rtth th6 chin€s€ statt ot the Forotgn S€rvtc6 tistttu+..

I,r.. H6.v€v d6votoD6d ihs Instructloh.l ro.nats ot rh€ c.npr6h6nstoi.nd p.oduciton selt-study n.terl6lE, !nd also d.sisned th€ cohhuitcattoi-b.sed class.oon ac'tlvl+ies .nd vrot6 the reacher,s q!td6s. LucI te A. SEral€ and RobertaS. Barry rrot. the t6p6 s.rtDts and th6

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I 3 y 9 ? 3 ' ' 6 _ a s C , M a o o € ra r d 9 J s . 1 c . o o l . t t d- . a r h o rr€v 1av. rorl6d as a iotl€o 5r.ri, f o p r o d u c . i h € n a t € r r a l s s u b s € q u o i rr o M o d u l o6 . p . € p a - o do . s e r . c ' 6 d b v All Cnln€s€lano"so€ ( 1 6 r , Fc ao-j-1q cFl, !!3 0lao, rdl rlu, c- sl Lr di an - on.t c \ . o , Y n q - ; \ i L t , a n d " ; . F J c , v ! . s , a s s i s r € dl o - D a r ' o l l \ € ' l - € b v c ; r 6 ^ - t . 1 a o u 1 6 6 , w r s - n 1 9 c 1 o - , a _ d l o c a o . L ' rr s ' u a 1 9 . rf€ orop' A i r . A f l h o l d a r .U € - i l C \ . . , 6 r d F € " y r r J o e l p € d . r a t l c i o l . o i . l l n l n t r V c o r p u 5o l d T ! l o g u € s .

A d n l i l s r . . + l v € 6 s s l 5 + 6 n c €r a e p r o v r d o d . r v a r l o u s t l h € s b v V l n . . n f E . s c l . n o , L l s . A . B o { d e n J, l l l U . E l l l 5 , o o n d aF o n g , R . n € oT . C . L l r n g , l h o n . s E . t d d . n , S ! s . n C . P o l a , ! n d K r + h l € € n T h s o r o d u c t l o no t r a o € r o c o r d l i g s v a s d l r 6 c t 6 d b v J o s o I l .

R . n l . € z o i t h o F o r . ! 9 n s 6 r v l . € I n s t T t ! + € R € c o . d l n gs t u d l o . T h € C h l n . s e s . f l o r w . s v o l c € d b y 1 . 1 sC. h a o , i l s C h o n , H . . C h e n / t l s . o l a o , M s , N u , I l r . K h ! o , 1 . 1 . .L l , a n d l l s Y a n g T h o E n g T s h s.rlo+ e!s .6ad bv M5. BaraE, Ms. 3trry, Mr' gascl.no, s. E!lls, ds. Fola, and ris. sr.YPe, T h e g r a p h l . s , 6 . e p . 6 d u c 6 db y J o h d M c C l € l l . n d o r t h o F o . e l q n ih€ 9oi6.ar sup€rs6rvlc€ Ins+rture Audlo-vlsual ! l r l o n o f J o s e p hA . s a d o t 6 ,c h r o t o i A u d i o _ v i s u r l .

S r . r d a - dC . r 6 s o : r v o o J . a -! o o r o . c F" 6 r r i € o - 1 € s - o .r l r F t h € c o o D € . 0 + l o no f B r o i r ! 1 v a ' e t u f € , F ; . 6 l g n L 6 i g u a q oC o i + e . r ' t h € F . r € l g n S e r v l c a n s t l l u r e t th€ L.nsu!se L..rnlig Coit€-; tho Uiit€d Sfat€s al. Fo.c€ A..d6hv + h e ! n l v 6 . s l t v o f l l l l n o l s r . n d + h o U n i v e . s l r yo f v l r g r i l . . c o r o n a l s a n u € l L . s + 6 p l e ' i o i a n d c o l o n e T h o h a sG , F o 5 + o r , C o m n a n d a n tosr T h € D a t € ^ s 6L a n q ! a 9 €l n s +i r ! r e . F o r e l S i L a i g u a q € c € n t 6 r , a u t h o . l z 6 d r h e D L F L c s u p p o . l n e c es s a . y r o . p . e p a r a ti o n o r + r r T 5€ d i f l o n o t t h e c o u r t o m a r e r l al s . I h l s s u p p o r tI n c l u d e d c o o r dr ^ a t l o i , g r a p h l . a r f e , € d l t l ^ 9 , + y p i i s , p . o o r . € e di i g , p r l n t l n g , 6 n d n s * € . l a l s n a . € s 3 a r yr o

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(P&Rl andnOMANIZATION PRONUNCIATION INTRODUCTION Y o u r c h l o r c o n c e r n€ s y o 0 s t a . t t h l s c o ! r s e l s l 6 . . n l n g C h l n e s € . I h € 0 r T o n t a + l o i r . i o d ! l e ,v h l . h p l u n g s g you rlght Into +rylnq to say thlngs ln chln€se, trat!.ally Tils rosourco l n ! o l v e s e c € r + a l n a n o u n +o f p . o n u n c i . + i o n r o r l , n o d u l 6 l 5 d 6 s l 9 n € dt o s u p p l € n o n r+ h 6 + t o r k v l t h a b r l . l r s y s lena+tc ln+roductlon syston ot Stand.rd Chlh.s., € s * . l l e s i o l t s v r l + + . n r € p 1 6 s G n i e + r o ir n l l ! ) 4 ! r o m . n l 2 . f l o ^ .

Th6 ess6ntiai pa.t ol thts nodul€ conslsfs of rh€ P.onunR o m a n l z a t l o n( P & F ) t a p o s a n d t h € a c c o n p a n y l n gd l s clEtloi..d olays 6dd 6rer.lses ln tho rorkbook soction of +hls nodul6, You should vo.k ihrouqh at lBast tho llrst four ol th€5e top€s, and pr€f6rably rhe firs+ sTt, vhlle you a.o studylnq +h€ 0rl€nlatlon F o l l o * l r s + h e , o r k b o o ks e c + i . n o f t h l s n o d ! l € , y . c , l l l t l n d . s ! F h . r y o t p r o n u n c l a t l o na n d r o h s n l ? a l l o n . Y o u h l 9 h i r . h t t o g.nc€ Et this b€fo16sla.llng the i.p€5, p.rtlc!la.ly to loc.+o c€rtalnchorts.nd lisfs shlchcouldb6 hel0ful But lt rocld prob.bly b€ b€tter +o p!+ otl s+udyiig rh€ 3uhn6ry un+ll afler you hav€ Jlhlsh€d th6 1ap6s. The rap6s a.€ Int6nd€d a s a n l i t . o d u c + l o n , f , h ll 6 t h € s q h h a r y i s n o i . F o r o n € t h l n 9 , t € r t d l s . u s s l o n s o t t h 6 s o u n d so l + h o l a n q u . g € c a n n o t 6 q u a l t h e .€.ordod p.€se.1.tion5 .nd your teach.rrs oral pr€s€nlatlons.

Fo. anoth6r Thing, +ho suhna.yprovldos coisldarably nor€ lnforhatlon th.n you rl I I i€ed Both th6 leoes.nd +he sunhsrvcoit.ln di.cussions ot +h€ souids 6t +he l€i9u696aid rh6r. sp6rrin9s. Younay tlnd fh.t th65€ dis.ossions ofl6r us6ful hlnt's, Ellorlng you 1o put your ntoll€ct .}o *ork on tho orobl€nsor D.onuncl€1lon.id rom.nz.TIon. Nor€vo., porTlcularly In pronunci!+ioi, h.s+ or tou. o.rdlng hust cone troh dolng. lT Ts Tnporl.il to p.6ctlce r € e d i n 9a n d v . l t i n g t h 6 . o n a n r 2 € t l o i , b u t r t i 3 v l r a l + o p r a c t l c e r e c o g i i z l n g . n d p . o d 0 c i n 9 ? h € s o u n d so t r h e l a n g u a g 6 .

Serlous and susialned att€np+sto nlml., as lalrhfully .s poss l b l o , o i t h 6 . y o u r T n s * r u c + o .o r + h € s p e . k o r s o n + h € t . p e s r i l l allo, you fo plck up uiconsclo!sly far 60re rhan you c.n rlt6nd The mo3t lmpo.tant thlnq for yoo to do ls +o.b.ndon thg phoioricrtprojudlcesl you hav€ bullt !p as a sporker of Engll3h a n d s u r . e n d e r y o u . s e l f l o t h o s o u n d so l C h l i e s € . S e l i g l o s s s € t + h a na d u l t s l n t h 6 l r u . y s r c h l l d r € n a r € q u l c k € . r o p l c k u p . prop€r ..c€nt.

T r y t o . 6 9 . € s s f o t h 6 p h o n . + l c s u q g € s t l b lI l r y o t chl ldhood,ho*6v6r hard it Is to sh€dtho sef. and confortable rlgldl+y !nd c.r+ainty of adulthood. Th6 host your ln+€ll6cl c€i s u p p l y l s € c € r t a i n . m o u i + o f S u i d a n c oa i d i o n l t o r l n 9 .

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I n l h . t o n . d r . s r a n l o ! d n € . ., t n r € . t . o t o r .

3 h o r n .ll tl fch, r l t h D s l h l l a r p h € n o n € n o lnn E n g l l s h , I n . .

1.t,.31!rt Engllsh rord oa tro or nor. 3yll.bl.s, th. syll.bl.s v..y In U. hor lorc.fol rhav ar. !nd hor iu.h .npha3l3 th.y r.c€le€. n o r n . l l v t h l n k o l 1 i 6 5 6 l . v € l s o t r ' s + r . 5 s ul n f B r m s o l t h 6 l o ! d n€ssot th. syllabl€, bul olbor t.ctors, lncludlng 3yll!bl. lnpori!nf. The on. thlng you lEnglh.nd prtch, n € € dt o k i o r . b o u f t h B s t r . r s g . t f o r n o f a n E n ! l l s h r o r d l s *hlch syll!bls h.s +h€ narn st.6ss. Thls syll.Dl. rlll h.v€ the Th€ s . n 6 * 6 r g h t . s . s l n ! l e - 5 y l l ! b l 6 r o r d p r o n o ! n c . d. l o n . . st16ss l.vols 6l th€ oth.r syll.bl6s, dorn to the l6v6l ,E cail i ' u n s + . . . s o d , r rt ! l l f h € n t r l l l i t o p l . c e . l n . s l . u i o h a i l c a l l y .

2B

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E x € o p l o ss u c h a 3 " F H o - t o - g r . p h , r r' p h o - T o G - r . - p h y , r r . h dr r p h o i o - G R A P H - l c t"€ l l v o u a t t v o i r i 6 . d + o k i o , a b o u t t h . 3 + r € s s D.tt€rns ot th.s6 rords.

T h o b s s l w a y i o ao D r o . c h t h e s r r € s s D € + + . . n . o f c h l n € s . rords Is ih€ o+h6r eay ; r o u n d . T h o t l r s l + h l n g t o i l n d o u + l s r h € + h . r e i y o f t h e s y r 6 b r e s . r € u n s t r o s s o d .+ h . t l s , r h . l h 6 . .iy.ro In +h. N€u+r. ton€. (Bv ter th6 nost llkalv c.ndld!+. th. romlnlng, l s l h e l e s t s yl l . b t s , lheh lh6 etr.s3 l.vols.f rl l-ton6 syl labl€s r ll r.ll Int. ol.c. !ccordlns +o th. tolL Th. fl.st tull-+on. sylt.bl. rlll h.vo nortul tho s.n€ a5 *h6n lt ls pronounced.

2. Th6 last full-toi€ syll.ble (ll th6r6 l3 horo lh.n ..) rl | | havohe.vlor-th..-n.rh.l 3+r€ss. lts lo!dn.ss, titch ..96, .nd l6ngth ,l t I b€ .x!99.r!16d.

L A.y ilddlo syl l.bl.s ,l | | h!v. t lghtor-+h.n-norn.l T h 6 l r l o o d n € s s ,p l t . h r a h g 6 , . n d l s n g r h r r l l b . r d ! c 6 d . r.s3,

th. chln€s6phon.tlc oq!lv.l.nr !.t's t!k6, .s.n.x.npl€r " r r . l v , " of Yld!rl, All th16.syrl!br.s h.v. lull F!lllng fon.5, bur n.rlc€ l;-T6;dlaqr.h b6lov thEt lh€ +hr6. plt.l'P.rl.Fhs .r€ sllghtly dlll6.€it: +h. tlrst on6 ls nori.l; tho nlddl€ on6 ls r.duc.dr !nd th. l.3t on. ls .x.qg.r.16d.

-n T h . 1 . * € r c . p t r o h st o t h . s 6 r u l . 3 l o . r . l . t l v . l . v . l s o l 3 + . € s s . 1 6 d u o r o n s . n l n q , 0 n . s u c h6 x c € t t l o n l s t h . t t h . t l r s t ot teo tull-ton. syll.bl.5 n.y b. grv.n th. h..vl6r-th.n-norn.l Fo. .r.npl., sr..ss It th6 rl-sr syll.bl€ ls ro.. slE.ltlc.i+, {G€r'.hyr rs prorounc.dbv hosr 3Do.k.rs .€ qlrgl.

Th6eyll.ol€ D6- Idontlrlss rio couit.y tlt l5 d.rtvod phonallcally r.om o€;Tschl..d), rhtl. -gu6, 'aouitry,!' l5 u5.d ri ln. r...s ol n.Fy cornt.los. IhuE th. tlrsl RIslng-ion. syll.blc ls strong€r, ln vl6la+lon ol +h.9.n.r.1 rut63 lo. slros5

29

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D6-

Th. !ubo.dln.to st..u3 0l -qu6 li lho n.n.3 0t cou.+r1.3 l3 ho.' .3 t...t I+.i.osl cl.!rly 3..n hv th€ f.ct tiiT-ton.3p..t.rs I ' G .

F n .ny" t h . + . r u f l i r , t r o n o u n c l n gI + t i t h o N . u t F . l + o n . , . o

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A5 vlth Engll5h l€v.1. ol 3t16ss, tho6o dlltor.n.6. .r. l.l.l!

6ubtl6. Yoqn.y.ot b..bl. +. h6!r th€h loo cl3..ly' .nd va! c.n n.k. yoursell lnd..s+ood {sll .nough .v.n ,lthout E.rtii! th.r qulr; rlghl, .trnougF you !r. llk.ly to s.und llk6 to l€.r.3+r.sE p.l1€f.s ritiout . conDul... You3h.ulo b..bl. y o u r h . h l l rlll t.y lo nlFIc chln.3. 5p..k€r5 .v€n +hlnkl.s !bout 1 . . .r clo3slv.s oo33lb Aft6r lo..^lnq nor. !bo!f conson.nts .nd vof€13 li lh6 ..xr rl ll b. ln+roduc6d s.ctlon of thl3 l o n . l l o n l n t h 6 l . . t 3 6 c + l o n ,r h e r s v o u f l l l t l n d + h . t t n . 1 6 . r . t!r+i€r 6odlflc.tlon3 li th. pllch prito.ns ot th6 ton6s. lt you.r..6!dl.g rhls surn!.y.. y.d b€glrrf€ cours.,.6r Inro.h.rlon lE plllng ut too t.sr.

Don'r rry lo k66o.v..ythlng In nlnd .1 on.5. As. flr6t !pp.oxln.+lon ot th. lones, ror.t.npl.' try olvlng your 5yll.bl6s Id6ntlll.bl. ..d corr.ct lono.. rln€n you h.v6 nast..6d th.t, ,orl oi on€ or t*o hor. polnt3. t16.irblle, your €!r {lll h.v€ b6gui to l6ck l^ on rh.t Chln..r sou.cs llk.. .nd voa rlll b€sln +o.6r.h lh6 pol.+ ot .uton!tlc conrrol.

CONSONANTSAND VOWELS !ch of th.3trucrur.l slhpllclty of +h6chli.so l.ngu!9. l s m a d .o v l d € n t b y f r . d l + l 6 i . l . n . l y s l s o f s y l l . b l . s t r u c t u r € .

Th6ro stDrt vllh fh. syll.bl6s {hl.h .ro dltter.ni ro +he€.r. €r. only !bouf l,rOO suchdlstlng!lshabl€ syllabl.s, no+ n6a.ly ! s n . n y . s I n E n ! l l s h . ( l , l . n ys y l l . b l o s r h i c h s o ! n d r l l k o c ! r r y nor€ th.n on. n.rnlnq !nd.16 rrltien wlth dltf..€nt cha.acterE f o . € . c h h 6 6 n l n s , n u c h a s t h € s a m €E n q l l s h s p o k o ns y l l a b l 6 c . . r l e s t h € t h 1 6 6 n o . n i n s r r s p r 6 s . n t € db y + h . s p . l l l h q s r r r * o , r r

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Th.n,.trl9 oll ihe four foie5. lhls l.av.s voq rlth !bout 4 o o d l l l . . o n i s t r l . g s o l . o n s o n . n +! n d v o t 6 l s o u n d s . ( s . . .xrr strlp ott !ny In rilch 1h6.. .r. 2t. lS.o D trovrdlng .i .lph.b6tlc!l I !r. th. aln.ls.

1h6...r. r.n.g€.bra nuhhor.

r l . l c o n s o n . n + so. r l n l + r . l s , o f 3 o l . y V ! n d A D p . n d l xl r t h . l . t t 6 r .+ oi th. lnl+l.ls ) l{h.} ls lort .s5 th.h 40 dlflo..n+ fln.lr-_!

I^ 1.5t. cl.s.lfv *fo rl..ls bv +h.r. n.dl.l3, th.'I3, Plnvrn.on.nl2.tlo;, bv vt6rh6. th€ ilntl s'.rts {lth u (or 1)' ; T I f , - T l o r X ) , r l r h g i o . ! g ) , o . { l r h n o n € o f r h .' . l .kb o v . . r , r h l s .boJl hof s r v . ! - y o u r o - u rc l . s 3 ; 3 * h l a F . r . u t € f ! l r h . r v o J You rlso cross_clas3lfv th. tl..l< conbrh. ir+h tho liltl.ls.

in. tln.ls by vh.t tollor3 +h. n.dr.ls. (5.6 0rspl.v Vl .nd A p p € n d l xl l , t h . l ! t t € r p . o v l d l n g ! n ! l p h . b € t l c . l l l . t o f t h .

L.ttE t.k€ ! clos6r look.1 th. s+ruct!r. of th6 lln.l.

E v . . y f l n ! 1 , a n d h 6 n c o6 v . r y s y l l ! b 1 6 , h . 3 ! t l € a s t a v o v € r .

Her. !.. tlv. vor.ls vhlchc.n sl.nd.lon€.s fln!ls,.llh.r rlth o. rllhout lnltl!ls: E N G L I S IE ] Q UI V A L E N T S

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ArI or -ho Ela,l5i €oulval.nts In rh6 6xarp os .r., ot co,rs., arDro,r.!ra ar o6;r .no H ll b. rJril^€r ott lt your Pron ! n c i a l l 6 i d o o s n o t h a D o 6 nt o b e t h e h o s t s t . n d s r d l n 6 . l c . . p . o nunclatlon. Th€ vorot /u/. ior.xriol., ls rather drff6r.n+ troh I ' s € q J l v ! l . r t I h ' 3 L d a D € s + . r ' . v e lf o r p . o p l . t F o 5 ' ! . r l r . ^ ! n 6 l po€ s ti 3 - . r l s I B J d- h starr "6oorv. , l e rh€ "oy h€ srsrts ti," +"" cohparlsonl3 *ay ort.Chli€s. vor€r ls pro;;tnc.d vlth th€ Tohgu6 tarth6r b.ck In th6 houlh and vl.th tho tiDr ioro round6d.

T h . r o l s n o E i g t t s h € q ur v 6 l € n t f o r / U / , r h l c h l s p r o i o u i c . d rr'rh th€ +oigue In posltlon to. /t/ a^d tl,a llps ln posltlon tor / u / , s l h u l t . n . o u s l y . l T l s not th6 s.h6 as +he trr5t vov.l ln " g t a h , ' r h r c h I s p r o n o u n c € d* l + h t h 6 | l p s l n p o s l t l o . f o . / u / , but wlth +h€ tonq!€ gtldlng froh the Dosltlan 1.. /l/ +o t6. r r o v o e € r s/ r / , / ! / , . 1 d l t J / . . 6 r . l r i 6 . L L , : g , . r d ! q * h € nl \ . y d o r o l t o l l o r . n I n r t l s l .

In nost c.s.s, yourllr no? b e . b l e t o h € a f s e p . 1 6 + €s o u n d sc o r r . s p . n d l n g r o ! a n d { , . s y o u c3i hs6r li lh6 Ensllsh ,ords ry€n .nd !{oo.n Th. threo vo*6rs a r e d l s c u s s € d. g ! l n i n t h . s u n n a r y 5 € c t l o n s o n u r l n . l s , I t r i . l s ,

T h 6 r o . r e l r o n o r s v o r € l s o o n d s* h l c h c . n s t . n d . l o h . ! . confuslngly, both tlnals, on6 ot th€h only.ttor Inrtr.ls, sounds.16.opresoit.d by +h€ l.tt€. I (.lro.dy s..n.3.r.ndlng lh. T.tt.r p..c.dlng +h. ! lor th€ vor.l /l/ ln "Tahltl"). d.tsrnln.s *hl.h voeol soundls +o b€ us.d, Alro. a conso..nt pronounc.d rlth th6 tong!. ln th. /e/ p o s l l l o . ( s 6 € p 6 9 € 4 2 ) , I s - D n d st o . . vor.l P.oiouic.d rlrh + 1 6 l . n 9 u e . s c r o 5 . r s p o - s s l b l .t o t h € / s / p o s r t l . n . r i . h y A n s r l c . . s h a v . a s l h l l a r e o t . l l n i J u . + ! h o n . n + r ' to t t . n l n d l tor.x!npl6. c.rod by tho st.lllrg'jrs+.tr a p p r o x l n . + e l yr 3 l n 4 J l s + r p r o n o u r c € dr l t h . h € + o n 9 u . I n t h 6 / r / t h a t l s , , l t h th. tongu. st.ongly curl.d b€c! (3.. toiltlonr p a g . a 2 ) , ! s _ . r d s t o r ! v o i 6 l r f l c h l 3 s l r p l v ! p r o l o n g € d/ r / .ppro:l n6t6| y l { h € i t h o . € l s n o r n l t l . l c o n s o n E n ts o u n d b 6 f o r . t h l 5 v o * . 1 , rrltt.n: rl.

Th€ r t€lls vou hor to Drohouhc€ ths l.tf.r.l3 s.D.-Et6 sound. Tho *hol. tho r, r+ d;6s not s+.id r;?. p r o l o n g € d l s o n . / . / 6 ound. syll;bl6 Ev6ryrhe.. €1s6, I st.hds for th. nE+.nd.rdr/l/,.s

l.

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A f l . . l n . y . l s o c o n s l 3 +o i a v o v o l f o l l o r . d b Y ! c . n s o i . ^ r , €rthor /n/r o. /ng/ tor /r/, hlt +hl3 h.5 . rath6. drft.r6ht s r . l a 3 ) . H . 1 6 , . 6 6 x B 6 pl € s o l ! | I t h . thus f.r..n c o n b l n 6r t r h / n / . n d

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16.r v;'.1 /;/.^6.i l n b € f o 1 6r h . / n / . s o t h . r / 0 n / . l n o s r

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lch tho o stlnd. for cro5.f:Fo th. voH.l

l9!r. {hl.h fh. vossl /./ ls follov€d bY . tlh a strong c!rl lig b.ck ot +h.

O t h . . s y l l D b l o 3r h r c h . n d r n / . / h . v o b . . n f o r n 6 d b y . d d r n g +n. suffl! !, aor.xanpl.: (ueh..6") !3 In "Nr.li.uso nir

. T h 6 . o n s o n . n t / n / a f + h . o n d o f . s y l l t b l e n d y s o u n d! l l t t l € l r k . / n o / r h e . + \ 6 r o r l 5 v l l . b l . s t ! . t s i l + h a nn /YF./n t. n. " a l o k o i Acrlalrv good," a.o Y6n'ltl, sound,;s rr or /n/, p-o.oulcod *_:I; tl'€ 'orsuo nor h.,6v.r. thrssw-T;rt q u l t . d l s + l n g u i s h a b l ef r o m + 6 u c h l n ot h . . o o t o f l h 6 n o u t h , l 3 - F € -o.su6 loLcl'lls. No'rco / ^ a / . o i . r o - n . . d r l ' l - r h 6 o-trc- f. r o { a. apos'-oo!6 shors k\lch tn--ie ro.ar'zartor I{rl!! s y l l a b l 6 t h . h b € l o n g sr o .

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rn n.ny e.s6s, addtnE.n /r/ sutttr has . constd€r.bt..ttect oh rh€ fln.l, kiocklig .!t a^ /^/ or /ngl ..d ch.nglng +h. vor.l, ior ex.hpl6. (Yourlll d.!t rlth th.ro ln3i.nc.3 on. c!s.-bvcas€ basls ln tho.oqrso.)

Th€ /r/ suftlx l3 6ost pop!lar li t h 6 P € k l n ! d l . l € c l b u + r s o i 6 t o € + u 1 6o f + h . t d l . l 6 c t t h r t h € s n o r b o . n f l d e l y a c c 6 D t € da s . n a + l o i 3 l n o r n . i r r n o r r o y a l . o c o n s r s +o t . d l p h t h o n g , r h . r l ! , . v o r 6 l tollo*€d b, . r..k6. SIti,o to th6 posltlon ot /1/ or /u/. l s l h l l . . d l p h + h o i g €s x t s + t h E n g t l s h . ) T h € 1 6 . r . f o u r 3 ! c h

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A s s u g S . s t 6 db y t h . E h g l l s h . q u l v . l . n f s , . /r/ sound b€to.o +h. /!/.

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yo! i.y

oth€r vo*ors .r th6 tt.n u eh.n lt lol lors nc. 1F. sound rs ! r..k I b . . . l l 6 d n € d r a l/ u / . ) ch st!rt {l+h tho n.dt!l s6 th6 !

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(',sp..ch," .. In "qul lty" hll .s l. rsl r" {6 lrtn) l { o t l c . + h . t t h . l . l t € r o l n { o . h d u o I s u 5 € dl o r v n6.+dr n '' t h o r Th' ".'.i ".""4, .."qhiv tr'i v;v;i In rtrt Eisrrsh ,ord * r r i i € n l n l l r . l 3 . o € l l l . q u o l 5 ! b b . a v l . t . or o o . t l . r + h . i l t . " l ; i a i i i r ' . i " u t i i c o n _ r c i . i f s ,I n v o l v r n s+"hl .n kl l,pi s ) . T h . l3r ; ; d T ! r _ ; o u n dT 6 E t r r r + h . r . , h o v . v 6 . , s o + l ' a l m a ' p r o n o u n c . dr s l r l t , e r € . p 6 l l . d M t . 'r .3 In nqdtllY, 's .3 li i!9!9,!'/ual "q4llly + /n9/ nMfl e3 ln ttov{,u

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iii

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A s . s u g g . s _ € db y t h € E n ! t s h 6 ! u t v € t 6 r t s , y o u n r y o r . . y i o r h o . r soJld boror6 rtr6 /t/ In vTn 6nf-vtno..1d th. voh.r t+s€tr t; nor€ rko rh6 "sFor-' EliffsF v.ftfin's!",. ard',sLrs.'. ^ /y/ .orhd n.v atso occur b.ro.€ b.glnnlng of . ttn.t.

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Hlsh.nd Rls'nq ronos rhrs ..t do;isouid_;;rr. k. th.

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0.

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T h € t u l l v o r € l / i i l t o i r o r T n ga n I n l t l . l o c c u . s l i r h € nol lolLot an Inriiar, s y l l . b l 6 i 0 , r r o m a nu.

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A r€.k v.13lon of lhe !o*.1 /iil, chlch *lll b6 call6c n € d l . l / ! / . n . v o c c u r b € t o r o o t h € r v . { 6 1 3 . 1 t h € b o g l n h r n 9o r . tri.l. ih6 loundls,.l+16n u th€i rt rollo{s.o lnr+lar and t"ls vu xh€n ll oo€srot. on6 ot lh; rollo*rns 6ra.ples o' f :Tl.h.r'.r x t l h t n . h € d l . l / u , h ! s . n r r l _ a l r t l ' 6 r o { o r 6t F € U s o . r r l n o l s u s o o , T l ' €o r h e . ih.;€r6.6-th€ tq sporirns ls us6d. /U/ + /./ as tn 1'F'a" ila Notlc€ that th€ l.tf6. € li thls fln!l stands o do6s ln th6 tln.l llk. th..n€ ln tho EnEilsh ,r, rEs -rg sare t r .

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puff ol .lr.

Ui!splrat6d coiso.aits 6rplod6 rltho!t.

Th. E n 9 l l s h J l g h i l y 6 s p l 1 6 + e dc o i s o n a n f s b d c o h . u i € s p l r a t . d ! f l € r / s / , 6 s y o u c . n 1 € l l l r y o u s a y ! p a ! . n d u s p a u! q . l n s + t h € b l c k of yo!. h..d. Thls ls an.u+onrtlc.dJuslE6nt tor Engllsh s p € a k e r s ,a i d l t e t t t + . k e p 1 6 c t l e 6 t o l 6 . r n t o p r o n o ! n c s E i s l t s h a . D l r n 1 6 d c o n s o n : i + s . s u n a s o l r E t 6 dr h € n + h . r € l . . o /s/ to -.l99er tn6 ! d J L s t n . rt . t n g l l s F h ! s a s € r ' € s o l " v o l c 6 o " c o r s o n a r + s" h r c \ a r o p . o nocic€d*lth vlbr€tlon of tho vo.al cords. Th€s€ lnclude conb , d , q ( a s l l b o - 1 .I ' C a r y r ' . . d ! c . . r v ' r t , t ( . s " J . r . y P ) , Ir ! n d - 2 . - t F o s . s . n o t 6 € r s o r L s r h € c o n b r n . r T o i -2 h a-. rsoo ro.ohDrTz6 drs lcttv.ly unrsptr.r6d T h 6 c o n s o n ! n t sk h t c h ! r € i 6 r t h € r d l s t l i c t l v . l y .spl.at.d n o r d I s t , n c l l v o t y u n . s Dt r . t . d rhl.h ctn b. prolon96d,such .s /./, /l/, .^d h.vo b.€r grorp€d tl

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liJ b, p,

Th€s6.ro pronouic.d l. fh€ posl+lois sugg.3t.! by th. ! 5 I n n f r ll l "

gin

as li

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as li

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.r.

C.

n6v€. l.l

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ga $ Ia

but hore .ePlr!t.d

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n6vo. rol lo*€d

D.

o r o i o u n c . d . . I n d l c r t . d b y t h . E n g l l s h6 q u l v . l . . f s . (surnlno) b u r 0 n v o lc 6 d atis (surn!n€) b u t n o r . . s Dl r . t € d faiE (scrn!n.) qhg .. ln'46$,r but sfrons.r T o . n E . g l l 5 l 's p . . k 6 r rr h 6 s p o l l l r g 3 1 3 o n l y 5 u g g . . r l v . r. . d +h. sp.llln! c l! qull..rblrr!Fy, flk. rh6v€l.rs (/g/, /k/, /h/). tn.s. lilrl!i5 .r€ n.v.r roll.rod by 'Fe voisls .nd r.drtl. / t / . ^ d / U / , ( D r s D r . yl v ) Ih.s..r.

A . n € n t l o n . dt r o v l o u s l Y , t h . l 6 r t . . I ! t + € r t h . E . / s / p o 3 l t l o n . o q . d s 3 + . . d 3 f o r . v 0 * 6 1* l t h t F 6 t o n g u . . s c l o 6 . . s p 0 3 s l b l €t o t h . / s / t o s l t l o n .

Th.s€.rc p.o.ou.c.d as Indtc.t.d by +h€ En9llsh equrval€nr5, Nlth rh6 ro^gq€sl.ongry curlod blck +ore.ds th6 p6sltioi

Z$is 9!tie S.[tie !ai!

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Llke th€ , /k/, /n/).nd d.n+.ts t/./. /c/, ts/), ' r h € s el n l vt l6. ll s! r s a <r o/ sn/ € v € rf o t t o r . d b y t h . v o r e t s ! n d . . d l . t s / t / a n d / 0 / . ( DI e pt . y t v ) S o m €s p € a k 6 . s 9 r . n o r n c . / . / r l f h . c € . t . t n . h o u n t o t f r t c t r o n 3 0 t h a t I t t s s o n o v h . t k . t i o / . / E o u n dl n t r n . ! s u f . . , , \otlco tnar +n€!n..., a - z r s p o | |r ^ g l s o l r y s u g g o s - I v a . r l o l e 1 1 € r ! a f i e r . c o 1 - 6 " . r r T Z d , ; ' + 6 s; p r o n u h ; t . r i ; n r n r h 6 / r / As a.nlror.d or€vlouslv. +h. l6tt.r | !t+.r th.3. /r/p o s l ' r o n s o L n o s5 t a n o 5 t 6 r ! r o r . l r h l c r T 5 . t . . l o i g . d / r / .

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qrtis

b.rr..n rh€ /sh/ or r'.h..D,, .nd th6 /!/ or "!.€tr T h Bp r l . + . l s . r . f o t t 0 1 6 do n l y b v t h . v o f . f 3 ! . d ^ . d l . t s / t / .nd /d/. (S.. Dtspt.y tV,) Favp.rtlcul.. .tr..1ton +o ih. s p . l I I n 9 3g . n o r , s t n c . + h . y . . . q u l f o . r b r t r . . y +o .p.!t6r3

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SENTENCE INTONATION l n + h € o r € v l o u s d l s c u s s l o no l d l f l ' r o n i l € v 6 l s o t s v l l ' b l ' on th. pltch P.ti€rns of the toi6s' vou stross.nd tir€l..ft€ct ,.." "."..-"a onlv tlth tords iron.unc.d Ii rsolrlloh, 's lf .o.d frot . llsr' Usu!llv, ot cours., ro'ds rre strung to96lh6' rn,t+."onc"s. iren, +t. iutes 6l 16l!irv€ 31r€ss'pPlv oesr long€r uilnt;rrupted str.tch€! thlch hsv6 ! g.n6rtlly sp€edsd_up t.iDo.id n.rror.d, lorored pl'tch raig€. nor!co _f€ 6F'11\!9' or fh€ pllct li rhe tollorl.s .t.ipl., D . l l . r n s . n d t h . o v o r . l l l o k . ' l n g . T h . 3 u r n a n 6. i d 9 r v t n n ' n ' stiql6 vo.d__*lth norn!l iog.th.r h.v. th6 str.5. P.+t6ri ot. llghter st16sson tho nlddl' si;.sE oi th6 llrsr .lll!bt., o svll.!1....d h€.vl.r sir.55 n tho l!st 3tll.bl..

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Norn!llY,. surn.h. rl ll c!rry mo.€ litorhatlon +h.i ' { o t l o * l i E t l t l € . n d , + h ! 3 , * l l l b € 9 l v . n g r o t l . . 6 6 P h a s r sb y

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Th6 subordli.t€ si.tu5 o, ls ofton proiounc6d rtth

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Ilrh th€ €rcoprtonof rords +h.+.r..m!h.srzod. *o.ds th rapld norn.l sp€€.h i.y s6Bn +6 h.v. tos+ rh. toi6s yo! !r. *orklng ro ha.d to l6.r^.

Bul donrt t.ot ch..t.d. tn th. ft.st pr.c€,.rh. rords !.. s6tdon.6.||y nonotoi., th.r. r3 p.ot!bty .oi€'h rng t\6re 06rlg ov.rtv 0r.cts6, stnc. onry th6 ftu.ir 3p€.kor has th. rtgh+ fo nqfrbt€.) In +h. s.co;d pt.c6, +h..o *ords 8.6 9otng to b. ohph.slz.d.on6tlm.3,.id ti,.n Vo! c!nr+

. r h o u s . . o t . t . 6 st ss t o s l n g t o o u + f o r . + i 6 i t t o n p . r r t c u t a . b . s t c . y r h e s d n oI n C h t n . s € . . de n o s h . h 6 o ^ l y n . J o - d r f l . r s h . 6 t o k o 6 pr n n , n d r s r l a r l l c h t n 6 ; o s r - € s s € r . 9 9 e . 6 r € s- F € p t t c \ o . f t e r r o t a - o n o . S r r o s s d o 6 s n o r

,r Elg sh. a€ glv6 lh6 sy lgblo. f. thSpt'cn p.r.o.n, - u r n y 6 u - 5 - r € r e 6 dc h t n € 5 € r s sv .bt€s tnto Fr rng_

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Tndra Is consld€r.blv moro d'tl'r€nc€

e^srr"i;-iirr^.".".i ..;+...""...

tiri-rt."

b o + ' 6 € nC h l n 6 s " i d

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rh€ tvprc'r ii trreEnasot s€nt€ncos' iil 'l.i-..ir.iiui! st!r'u s € dt o r - o "r '' h + h o s s h r e ' c 6 , 6 n do t ii,i" ii " iii'-.i:r" o "o r i i i i " l ^ i i i , i " " i t " , " i i i " ^ ' , t t t ' q u s s + r oH' o r d sr r k ' I'h D.nt.l Klng.\

tho.r.

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I n d l s c u s s l n gr h € 5 € ! F - € € C h l i . s s l n f o 1 . + l o n o ! + t € r n s , f l ' .

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APPENDIXl: LIST OF lillTlALS

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(NUM} NUMBERS

INTFODUCTION Th6.bl lly 1. Js6 ln6 chr.65c lLro6r sys-6nhay bs one o t i n o n o s t L 3 € r u ls ( l l t 5 y o u k r t . l c d J t r . o r r r . g r o d L l . I n r . o o u c o sr h € c h t n o E on L - b 6 . e r r o n 2 . . . t h r o u g h 9 9 , 9 9 9! n d o r d l h € t i u h b 6 r s , Th. osssi+l!l pa.t 6r rhts nodot. coistsre or'lhs Nunb.rs(\U , -ap€s a.d rh..cco.p.1yl.9 dtspt.ys ahd a r a r c r s . s l r i l . € v 6 r k b o o ks o c t l . n . t r h l 5 n o d u l 6 , l h € ro.kbook t.xi ls toi lo*€d bv Y o u 3 h o u l dr o . k t h 1 6 ! g h . r l o . . + t h e t l . 5 l t o u . r . p 3 3 , * h l . h I n t r o d u c € i h € n u n b 6 r su p t o 1 0 0 , r h l l . y o u . r o s t u d y I n 9 t h 6 O r l . n t . t l o i M o d u l 6 . T h . 3 € t . p e s l n c l u d 6 s o 6 €{ o r k on p.o^uncl.+lon. lrorkl.e *lrh nunb.rsoftsr3 .i .rcerl6hl o p D o . t u n l t yi o b u l l d u p t l u s n c y . i d . c c u r a c y o f p r o n u n . l ! tlon rlrhout h.vlng fo 1..rn. n.r eoc.bulrry. l.t.t NU *ap.s 5 a^d 5.16 ln+.nd.dro bo usodrlth ih.

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