post pandemic city

post pandemic city

Design By : leena muneer

Supervision: Dr. Mohamed Faqiri

post pandemic city

STAGES - 2 FIRSTSTAGE : DESIGN THE SITE

STAGES -1 A comprehensive report • INTRUDOCTION • • •

Goals and Objectives METHODOALGY Cities under Covid-19 conditions

• STREET AND TRANSPORTAION • ARCHITECTURAL BUILDINGS • 0PEN PUPLIC SPACE

STAGES -2 • The second part is a comprehensive study of the chosen site • AIR & SUN MOVEMENT • STREET AND TRANSPORTION • THE URBAN BLOCK • NEIGHBORHOODS LANDUSE •

SITE TOPOGRAPHY

• In this stage, residential neighborhoods are designed, streets, car parks, Nile Street, and the plaza FIRSTSTAGE : DESIGN THE SITE

• • • •

Design the building Transportation and street Design plaza Concept application post pandemic city

STAGES - 3 • The project is divided into two: • • • • • • • •

Site components The site is in the planning stage Site selection Design stage The components of the chosen site: Design of the residential area Street design Corniche area design

post pandemic city 1 . Introduction Around the world, many communities and countries are facing troubling health trends. By 2030, chronic diseases will cause 52 million global deaths per year, nearly five times the number of deaths from communicable diseases.

The 21st Century has so far seen Sars, Mers, Ebola, bird flu, swine flu and now Covid-19. If we have indeed entered an era of pandemics, how might we design the cities of tomorrow so that the outdoors doesn’t become a no-go zone, but remains a safe and habitable space.

Throughout history, pandemics have always shaped cities; many health issues have been reflected on architecture and urban planning. Today, the world faces a public health crisis of COVID-19 pandemic, perhaps the worst in more than a century, which resulted in the emergence of many challenges for cities to face this epidemic.

The pandemic has turned the world outside our doorsteps into a newly formed wilderness. For most of us our worlds have shrunk to the size of our homes.

The world is now facing unprecedented restrictions; many of the world's population were required to remain in their homes. As for the recommendations announced by WHO to the public; the quarantine, social distancing, and self-isolation have become one of the essential strategies to reduce the spread of this global epidemic.

In the face of these health challenges, the design of our built environment has become a key element in combating the risk factors for chronic disease.

Therefore, it is necessary to stress the importance to go to the designs of cities and the urban environment in a way that provides a healthy environment for individuals. The interrelationship between city elements such as (the buildings, streets, public parks, and infrastructure of cities) significantly affects the quality and effectiveness of life for individuals in cities.

1 .1 Goals and Objectives:

1-2 METHODOALGY: Data collection:  Secondary sources:

-A comprehensive study of urban design for pre-pandemic cities such as (Open areas - streets - building design – community- healthy-) Books. Magazines. Web Sites. Primary information.

-Verifying the changes that occurred after the pandemic of cities and their  Primary sources: impact on urban design -Reaching the principles of design and new inquiries for urban design and how Questionnaire. Survey. Best practice.

Data Analysis: to apply them in urban design design and how to apply them in urban design Carry out an analysis of the collected data Books. Magazines.

Web Sites.

1-3 THE PROBLEM:

Case Study:

Plague is the main reason in the formation of cities, and that is a major reason for knowing what design should follow for something whose end is unknown (covid-19).

Putting up some examples will help clarify the ideas.

Result and Conclusion: Conclusions and recommendations

post pandemic city

2- Cities under Covid-19 conditions During the Covid-19 lockdown, many environmental, economic and social changes occurred compared to the pre-COVID-19 period.

2-1 SOCIAL CHANGES : The Corona has greatly affected the social lifestyle, as everyone committed to staying at home and practicing all activities at home.

The closure and social distancing have affected people psychologically, as some became depressed, and domestic violence crimes increased.

2-2 ENVIRONMENTAL

CHANGES

:

Many urban areas have seen significant reductions in air pollution, noise pollution, traffic congestion, and crime, while also seeing increases in other activities such as walking and cycling (especially for people who do not usually do these activities).

The quarantine measures imposed on most of the planet's population in order to curb the spread of the Coronavirus have contributed to a decrease in the level of air pollution in urban areas, as field research has detected an improvement in the air of major capitals by more than 12%. The level of nitrogen and factory gases has also decreased, and the ozone layer has recovered after carbon emissions fell to their lowest level in 30 years.

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post pandemic city 2-3 ECONOMIC

CHANGES

:

The case for closure has had a major economic impact on various projects and countries alike, and the consequences are complex.

2-4 URBAN DESGIN : When epidemics especially respiratory ones emerge, precautionary measures emphasize the necessity of isolation, and closure of public spaces. Also, it turns the image of cities and public spaces into empty environments.

•

Wildlife comes out to play while humans stay locked away in cities amid coronavirus pandemic

STREET AND TRANSPORTAION : The emergence of the Corona pandemic, the result of the closure of cities at the level of the world’s level, especially the large cities such as New York and the city of Ohan, which was the source of the spread of the virus. Covid-19. Start the arrest of life and disrupt the means of transport and transportation due to fear of the enemy moving. Do this disruption because people abandon the streets and from them. Many losses occurred to transport companies such as Uber, Kareem, etc. The streets became owned by ambulances and security cars to protect the city from this epidemic.

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post pandemic city 3-1-1 Landscape architecture As a way for a more comfortable, healthy, sustainable and resilience future.

That's Lead to Ask Some Questions: • • • • • • •

•

Will we observe fewer people in public?

Will we change what we do in public?

What is the future of large public gatherings?

What will be the impacts on public transit?

Will we observe changes in the use and regulation of interior public spaces?

6. Will streets be re-designed?

Will the pandemic accelerate the mainstreaming of health criteria into the design of public spaces?

Will the climate continue to recover?

3-POST PANDEMIC

3 –1-2 Open space and Parks Creation of new, flexible urban typologies Fueled by the increasing momentum of adaptive reuse and repositioning post pandemic, single-use environments such as restaurant, offices, shops, gym and children playground are being reconfigured into walkable, mixed-use communities.

CITES

3-1 URBAN DESGIN : The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the value of public parks and demonstrated a need for increased investment to prepare for the future.

Urban communities are striving to keep countries healthy, sustainable, inclusive and economically active during times that are hard for everyone. Towards creating a “better normal” of city life that will outlive the pandemic.

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post pandemic city

3-1-3 Park lets (sitting area) : After covid-19 to make wide open spaces by repurpose part of the street next to the sidewalk into a public space for people. With free public Wi-Fi and charging stations. These reflect the City’s commitment to encouraging walking, bicycling, and strengthening our communities.

3-1-4 RESTAURANTS AND CAFES: The circles are among a number of measures that is using to encourage people to safely use the square in front of cafes during the pandemic.

3-1-5 Gym and playground: After covid-19, people should go outside to make save distancing between each other to do their exercises perfectly and healthy at open spaces that enable them to get refresh Air. also creating spacious and flexible spaces for children to play in healthy and safe way.

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post pandemic city

3-2-1 Streets : This idea became popular among the world’s level, as street users gradually transformed them into open areas.

3-1-6 Offices and libraries: At the open spaces, that reduce the density and uses the solar system to charge their laptops and phones, also there are Wi-Fi

3-2-3 Hours of walking and encouragement :

3-2 Street and transportation : 3-2-1 Streets : -People have tended to improve residential streets by closing them off cars and diverting parking lots to places in which different activities can be offered.

-Reducing cars, especially inside residential areas, reduces pollution and disease

•

All necessary precautions have been taken to protect street users

•

Of the new proposals under implementation for some countries, such as the city of New York Designing platforms designed to sterilize hands on the streets to protect all users

•

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post pandemic city 3-2-4 New transportation after covid-19 : -The development of private parking spaces for transportation. And make it healthier for people, so that the focus is on the continuous sterilization of the cabin

3-2-5 New proposals for street furniture design after covid-19 : - The concept of change is beginning to emerge more. New Yorkers have changed parking lots to outdoor seating linked to restaurants and cafes, the main purpose of which is to reduce indoor spaces to reduce injury by street and transportation.

•

Models to encourage walking after a pandemic In a proposal called “Find Your Tropical Island,” for example, designer Christopher Odusanya carpets streets and alleys with small circular stages where people could sew, do yoga, sell food, or sit beneath the shade of umbrellas The gradual shifting of parking spaces to external restaurant-related sessions The concept of change is beginning to appear more. The residents of New York have changed car parks to external sessions linked to restaurants and cafes, and the main purpose of it is to reduce closed places to reduce injury by street and transportation.

-This idea became popular among the world’s level, as street users gradually transformed them into open areas.

• The use of simple building materials associated with periodic sterilization devices 8

post pandemic city 2-2-3 Post pandemic bridge: -As it is known, the highways that connect between the different and remote areas are an important element, but how do we reduce the reduction of pandemic and pollution and reduce the high density?

-It was suggested to design a special bridge for pedestrians and wheels, and different activities could be provided

• One of the most important examples that helped encourage people to practice walking • Bridge design after covid-19 It was suggested to design a special bridge for pedestrians and wheels, and different activities could be provided

3-2-4 New transportation after covid-19 : -After stopping the cars and being careful to reduce them, people are instructed to use a means of transport that is considered healthier riding bicycles - Proposals have been made to design bicycles and special parking spaces for them that are environmentally friendly and motivate residents to maintain public health.

-Among the new proposals is the use of electronic cars, especially to transport requests to homes, and these types of cars are considered to be associated with the environment.

At the open spaces, that reduce the density and uses the solar system to charge their laptops and phones, also there are Wi-Fi

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post pandemic city 3-2-6 Principles of Urban Street Design after covid -19:     

Environment Design Comfort Use Accessibility

3-3 ARCHITECTURAL

BUILDINGS : -found that the epidemic affects cities, not only streets, public squares and services, but also has a clear impact on the individual’s life, behaviors and the spaces whereabouts, if taken the Corona pandemic at the level, for example Architecture is part of the urban fabric of the city, It has been affected in a clear way in which major changes have occurred in terms of design and functionality to confront the epidemic, starting with the home, offices, schools, restaurants, etc.

- Post-pandemic city , Major changes in buildings design ideas , human behaviors, life as a whole.

-critical thinking to solve the problem

Just !! Re-thinking how through technology, reviewing the requirements of building design and improving behaviors can preserve ourselves as well as our cities.

Cities are not as bad for us as we think ❤❤❤

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post pandemic city

3-3-1 Post-pandemic city hypothesis to be followed -Strong connection with the surrounding nature.

- Place with Multi use .

-Home garden , balcony or terrace concept.

-Using the ground floor and the Roofs.​ -Multi entries for towers, apartments.

-Use the technology, smart buildings.​ -Flexibility in furniture .​ -Human Behaviors.

Resilient, Healthy City with High Density and Quality

3-3-2 Homes ( STAY HOME , STAY SAFE !!!!)

The home played a pivotal role in the recent global crisis. Forced to double as office, school, gym, restaurant even hospital, whether it felt safe or suffocating. it was the safer place to be for us.

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post pandemic city 3-3-4 Home: -Immunity boosting homes (finishing materials, opening ventilation, orientation ..

-Design resilience, layout determined by need rather than history, for example living rooms for active rest and play.

- Home garden , balcony or terrace concept.

- Use of a number of entrances in the same building in order to keep the same density while minimizing clusters, that observed in buildings which accommodate a large number of individuals, such as residential, office buildings, etc. in addition to, the strong connectivity with the external environment to get a large amount of sun light and natural environment.

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post pandemic city 4-Principals for post pandemic in the CITY: •

DESIGN ASPECTS:

The design is more flexible, especially with the challenges of the pandemic. Design aspect (oration ): street-open spaces - social distancing.

• DESIGN WITH IN SPACES: redoes area and depending in den siting.

• WIKABLTY: Choose designs that help stimulate walking around residential areas to promote health • ACCESSES FOR OUTDOOR SPACES: People always need to enjoy public places, taking into account social distancing • USE FOR ELECTRET OF SMART CITY: Benefiting from making cities healthier, by requiring them to provide comprehensive protection for the city.

• THE ENVIRONMENT:

5- Strategies:

-Using materials and designing cities with environmentally friendly, anti-virus and bacterial materials, thus making cities healthier and safer.

-Take advantage of renewable energies in developing cities

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The strategies to be followed to achieve a resilient healthy city with high density and quality: -Firstly, preserving the density of individuals, without addressing the separation people from work or specifying a number of residents in a building, but rather preserving it with tightening precautions through design and laws.

-Second, the trend towards smart cities that reduce friction between individuals which that cause disease transmission.

-15 minutes’ walk concepts to reach all needs, mall, coffee, shop, ,etc.

post pandemic city • THE SECAND: PARTIS ACOMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE CHOSEN SITE • Air AND SUN MOVMENT • STREET AND TRANSPORTION • THE URBAN BLOCK • NEIGHBORHOODS LANDUSE • SITE TOPOGRAPHY

post pandemic city

The LOCATION

KHARTOUM

5.0 Project Site: •

The project site is located along the Nile Street, Hai Al-Shatei, Khartoum. The total area is 83100m2 (8.31Ha). The site benefits from a waterfront along the Blue Nile and nearby key landmarks buildings such as Khartoum International Exhibition and the National Club. However, dealing with the site requires extreme sensitivity with regards to the public accessibility to the waterfront and issues related to demarcation of what is public and what is private. Further issues will emerge upon the examination of the site

• •

Khartoum’s Map

Site Summary The site is considered an important linking element from the Bahri and Omdurman region. The site is considered an Nilian frontage to attract tourists and residents of the Khartoum area and the rest of the surrounding areas. ..

THE SITE 8 Hectare

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post pandemic city

The movement of the sun

1.The climate consists of a set of elements 1.Temperature: The chart shows the temperature variation during the months of the.​ The represents the upper and lower temperature charts in the Nile Street.​

Source: Meteorological Authority Source Results of heat study analysis -Using green areas and water bodies to displace heat.

-The use of building and finishing materials absorbing sunlight.

-The use of trees silhouettes as breakers of sunlight.

-Offset distance of activities to not block rays from the neighborhood.

-Considering that tall buildings (at the east side ) blocking the sun from low buildings since the climate is hot, we need one of the ways to cool it: either by cooling by evaporation, whether direct or indirect, or by ventilation, the effect of the building mass + night ventilation.

(2) Solar radiation: It shows that the highest height of solar radiation was in the months of June, July and August ..

* Source: Meteorological Authority (3) Relative humidity: High humidity, especially in the autumn periods, so it is preferable to focus on some treatments for the site

4- Wind Nile Street is one of the areas most exposed to an increase in wind speeds due to a decrease in population density

3-1 The effect of humidity: Air must be introduced to reduce humidity. Use appropriate building treatments to isolate building materials and use materials that are not affected by moisture.

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post pandemic city AIR & SUN MOVEMENT

-Stack effect: multi-story designs with green roof/living ,can be very effective at encouraging natural convection – open areas that encourage air circulation ,so keeping vegetation moist around the houses to help cool the breezes (the yard).

Site defects and remedies The levels of the Nile and its tributaries at 2020 are unprecedented, until the water level reaches about 18 meters.

The site is surrounding with open spaces using as different activities , also there are Nile street , Blue Nile river and Presidential villas. so that can be effected to the site from different aspects:

Lack of proper utilization of the Nile Front. In addition to the unregulated recreational activities.

The high rise building make shadows to the site from east side, that reduce the radiation that comes from the Nile.

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post pandemic city • •

TRAFFIC ON THE STREETS

FROM UMDUR.

The intersecting streets did not have traffic light .or signs to stop Lack of attention to the environment surrounding the street, there are no elements indicating the location of the endowment on the sides of Nile Street - there are places for coffee, but there is no apparent interest, and as is known, the Nile Street is one of these important places especially for young people.

FROM BAHRY

ACCESSIBILITY PLAN FROM KHART.

“Noticed Problems Related to Road Network” The congestion decreases on the Nile Streets during periods of 7 am to 5 pm - congestion increases at night time The site is surrounding with open spaces uses as cafes ,so there are complex relationship between people that who seating in this areas, so that makes big noise.​​ Also the movement of cars on Nile street ,especially at peak times causes inconvenience to residents in this area.

Note:

TRAFFIC ON THE

There is no public transportation line on this street - but the nearest place where transportation is available is Al Maarad Street in the Priola area, far from the Nile Street

STREETS

TRAFFIC ON THE STREETS Little​ Medium Much

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post pandemic city The URBAN BLOCK -The scheme illustrates The plan shows the division of residential or commercial lands

The URBAN BLOCK

TRANSPORTATION LINE -The gray line shows the path of public and private transport, so that the Nile Street is one of the important streets linking Khartoum, Bahri and Omdurman.

TRANSPORTATION LINE River​

NEIGHBORHOODS LANDUSE -The site is surrounded by residential commercial - agricultural - recreational areas.

Dwelling​

Tower​ Services Area​ Green Area​ Farms​

Commercial Area​

NEIGHBORHOODS LANDUSE

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Entertainment Area​

post pandemic city

29% Green Area

The Site Environments Analysis - Surrounding and inside the site is a dense vegetation cover and the geography of the earth's surface is graded and uneven - as is known, vegetation cover increases in the autumn periods

2-2 Visual's Pollution -There are a lot of thorny trees around the site, which collect waste.

- Also uses empty spaces as the places to wash cars so that make this area not healthy

SITE TOPOGRAPHY The section shows the gradation of the site from the Nile to the end of the site

-Most of the vegetation cover ends due to neglect and lack of protection for green areas - open areas are exploited in a random way arund the site

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FIRSTSTAGE : DESIGN THE SITE

Post pandemic city

• In this stage, residential neighborhoods are designed, streets, car parks, Nile Street, and the plaza FIRSTSTAGE : DESIGN THE SITE

• • • •

Design the building Transportation and street Design plaza Concept application post pandemic city

post pandemic city MAIN ACCESS

ACTIVE POINT

ACCESS BITWEN ACTIVE P

URBAN BLOCKS

STREETS

BLOCKS CONCEPT

BLOCKS CONCEPT - The design of the idea is taken from the design of the residential areas - The idea came from the urban fabric of the area focusing on the entire stretch of streets comfortably to facilitate the link between the site and the rest of the areas.

- It is important to take into account the urban form of the area so that the design of the site is not far from the design of the neighboring areas

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MORPHOLOGY

post pandemic city MORPHOLOGY -The general formation of the site and the layout of the area was based on the street planning - from which emerged the design of the neighborhoods and the general formation of the neighborhood

MASS GRADIENT FROM THE NILE VIEWS - Residential blocks have been distributed, the main purpose of which is to distribute winds around the area and expand the visibility of each residential building.

STREETS NODES - The blue line shows the main streets - The red line shows the secondary streets

-The circles show the intersections and the most crowded points, symbolized by the large circle

MAGNET POINT -It is intended to determine the points of attraction so that if you stand from any point in the city, you will find points that attract you to the rest of the city

MASS GRADIENT FROM THE NILE VIEWS

STREETS NODES

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MAGNET POINT

post pandemic city

A

C B

3D LANDUSE The area on the Nile is a recreational area. Distribution of commercial areas on the southern Nile Street. Multiple uses have been created by combining administrative, residential and commercial activities in one building The residential complex was divided A-B-C-D-The number of floors was calculated and on each floor, how many apartments, offices, restaurants and private parking are contained in?

Calculations the site : Commercial :10% Services :15% Offices :8% Residential:67% The number of apartments on the site : 67% *8.3=556

ADMINISTRATIVE COMMERCIAL MAX USE

RESIDENTIAL SERVICES

RESTURANT

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post pandemic city SAOUTH ELEVATION :A-A It shows the varying heights between blocks and the method of interconnecting buildings

CECTION A-A - A section that demonstrates the gradation of buildings and the explanation of the different heights and the method of linking the blocks

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post pandemic city

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

Cluster design EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

Cluster design Mixed used concept was used in cluster division to achieve diversity and five minutes walk approach.

Land use dividing throw building such as ground and first floors were used for commercial, administrative and recreational uses and the upper floors for residential uses that depending on the block location. openness and dealing with the surrounding environment cause of post-pandemic effects, therefore design was psychologically, physically and visually comfortable environment . Therefore design’s ideas were include green roofs and walls, buildings with multi entrances, open corridors and semi-open circulation zones. legibility and visual permeability in the design of the block to make Strong connection between cluster through the openings in building.

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post pandemic city THE DESIGN The design was based on applying the concept of post-pandemic - how to make the city healthy - encouraging residents to walk by providing a flexible design - and how to apply all the elements that were reached in the previous analysis through the streets - parking lots Focusing on reducing parking and converting it into open areas - open areas Residential areas - the main goal of the design was to make the city breathe

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Post pandemic city

D

C

The project is divided into : Site components The site is in the planning stage Site selection

Design stage The components of the chosen site: Design of the residential area Street design Corniche area design

B

A

post pandemic city

Site components

The design of the area A- Part A2 has been selected

C

B A

Surrounding the area is a main street, width: 22.5

A

Residential areas offices - restaurants

B

Residential area - offices entertainment areas hotels

C

Residential areas - offices - restaurants

Site selection

The eastern region is surrounded by a 22.5width pedestrian street

A2

Sub streets not less than 15 meters wide

STREETS LINE

The components of the chosen site:​ 26

Design of the residential area-- Street design--

post pandemic city

In this stage, -the destinations of the buildings will be designed and the residential blocks will be linked to each other, making them more flexible with the pedestrian paths and streets surrounding the area -Designing streets and corridors according to the new laws that were mentioned previously in the post-corona stage

A2

-Designing and minimizing indoor parking spaces outside to provide space for open public spaces -The design concept was inspired by City Walk in Dubai

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post pandemic city Number of floors = 4

Building A.

The components of the chosen site: Design of the residential area

* 200 = 4 apartments * 120 = 6 apartments

C

* 180 = 4 apartments

Building B1.

Number of floors =3 * 120 =6 apartments * 180 = 3 apartments

B A

Building B2. * 120 =4 apartments

Building divisions

Number of floors = 1 Building A. * 200 = 1 apartments * 180 = 1 apartments

The components of the chosen site: Design of the residential area

* 120 = 4 apartments

Building B1.

Number of floors = 1

C

* 120 =5 apartments

Division of restaurants in buildings B

Building C.

A

* 120 = 7 Restaurants

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Building divisions

post pandemic city The components of the chosen site: Design of the residential area

C

Number of floors =2

Building B2. * 120 =4 apartments

B A

Parking A : Building divisions

*Car space = 12,5 M *Number of apartments = 18 *Total area = 390 m

Parking B : *Car space = 12,5 M The components of the chosen site: Design of the residential area

*Number of apartments = 15 *Total area = 290 m

Parking B :

C

*Car space = 12,5 M *Number of apartments = 12 *Total area = 240 m

B A 29

Building divisions

post pandemic city CECTION A-A - A section that demonstrates the gradation of buildings and the explanation of the different heights and the method of linking the blocks

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post pandemic city Building A.

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post pandemic city Section -A Model A. - The building consists of 4 floors The focus was on the determination to attract residents to the external environment, especially during the period of closure of cities due to the outbreak of the disease, so the choice of building materials was made of glass and that To make the predicate breathe -The main focus was on how to make buildings interconnected and harmonize them with the site -External balconies are designed to help refresh the air, not feel isolated, closed and feel safe -The focus was on designing open areas so that indoor activities such as office work could be moved abroad and this was an important element in designing cities after the pandemic.

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post pandemic city Building B1-B2

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post pandemic city Section – B1-B2 Form B1-B2

-How to make the building more attractive to the inhabitants - was the gradation of the building and the materials used to design the facades and the method of integrating the buildings with each other is one of the most important elements to attract residents and -Building B1 consists 4 or visitors inside the of site mixed floors, including outside the site

residential, office and parking lots -Building B2 consists of an office floor, restaurants, and cafes to attract tourists and stimulate bonding with the medical services and encourage activities outside the buildings. Designing pedestrian streets and streets surrounding the site The purpose of the design was to make residents practice walking and cycling Focusing on designing services near residential areas to encourage walking

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post pandemic city Building C

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post pandemic city Section - C -The building C consists of 4 residential and office floors When looking at the photos, it is noticeable that the design of the destinations is combined with the open public spaces -When thinking about the design idea, how can we make buildings linked to the external space and make it more flexible?

-Transferring the idea of designing buildings to streets and public spaces to make them more interconnected with each other - and focus on the elements of attraction (MAGNET POINT)

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post pandemic city OPEN PUPLIC SPACE -D

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post pandemic city

Section - D Model D. -When designing, --how do we make a relationship between buildings and open public spaces - so we made an extension to the public streets and pedestrian street, and that helps to raise the visual extension, attract residents and visitors, and encourage residents to practice walking and ride bicycles - walking lines are designed in gray and a yellow line for riding bicycles The idea of designing a healthy city: -Reducing public parking -Encouraging me to walk and ride bikes -Transfer activities such as reading and office work to public open spaces - Make the city breathe -Flexible design of outdoor spaces

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