The radio has been the first device to allow for mass communication. It has enabled information to be transferred far and wide, not only nationally wide but internationally as well. The development of the radio began in 1893 with Nikolai Tesla’s demonstration of wireless radio communication in St. Louis, Missouri. His work laid the foundation for those later scientists who worked to perfect the radio we now use. The man most associated with the advent of the radio is Guglielmo Marconi, who in 1986 was awarded the official patent for the radio by the British Government. The early uses of the radio were mainly for maintaining contact between ships out at sea. However, this initial radio was unable to transmit speech, and instead sent Morse code messages back and forth between ships and stations on the land. During time of distress, a sinking ship would use a radio messaged nearby vessels and stations on the land to ask for aid. The radio saw a surge of use during the First World War. Both sides used the radio to relay messages to troops and top officials as well as people not on the battle front. At the end of the war, President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points was sent to Germany via use of the radio. After the war’s end, with the growth of radio receivers, broadcasting began in Europe and The United States. Europe’s most famous broadcasting station, the British Broadcasting Company or BBC, began following in 1922. In fact, Marconi was one of the founding members along with other prominent leaders in the field of wireless manufacturers. Broadcasts began locally in London, but by 1925 it has spread to most of the United Kingdom. The station aired plays, classical music and variety programs. However, the newspaper industry maintained a strong hold over the new. In 1926 this all changed due to a newspaper strike in England. With no news being published it fell on the BBC to supply the information for the public. In 1927 the BBC became the British Broadcasting Corporation when it was granted it a Royal Charter. When the Second World War began all the television stations shut down and it fell on the shoulders of the radio to cover the war. Following the war radio saw its greatest advancements and a turn towards its more modern form. The devastation of Britain made its citizens look for an outlet in radio entertainment. People enjoyed listening to the music, plays and discussion that the BBC played. During the 1960s with the expansion of radio to FM more programs were played and local BBC stations opened up across England. Radio in Europe continued to expand and in the 1990s new radio stations, like Radio 1, 4 and 5 began broadcasting with genres like sports and comedy appealing to new audiences. As the BBC entered into the new millennium its popularity continued to grow. Its broadcasts of “The Century Speaks”, an oral history of the 20th century and a reading of “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone” helped to gain more listeners. In 2002 the BBC expanded to the digital market and saw its greatest expansion as new stations like 1Xtra, 5 Live, Sports Extra, 6 Music and BBC 7 were launched and World Service were made available to domestic listeners. The history of radio broadcasting in the United States followed a similar path. Radio broadcasting in the United States started with the Westinghouse Company. The company asked Frank Conrad, one of their engineers, to start regularly broadcasting of music, while they would sell radios to pay for the service. Westinghouse applied for a commercial radio license in 1920, and started their station KDKA, the first officially government licensed radio station. The station’s first broadcast was the election returns of the Harding-Cox presidential race. Westinghouse also took out ads in the newspaper advertising radios for sale to the public. Soon, thousand of radio stations emerged that played a wide variety of broadcasts and reached people across the country that had bought or built their own receivers. The home building of receivers created a problem in the market, since people could simply build their own radios rather than going out to buy them and the government was forced to step in. To curb this a government-sanctioned agreement created the Radio Corporation Agreements, RCA, was formed to manage the patents for the technology of the receiver and transmitter. Companies like General Electric and Westinghouse were allowed to make receivers while Western Electric was allowed to build transmitters. Also in the agreements, AT&T was made the only station that was allowed to engage in toll broadcasting and chain broadcasting. This paved the way for the next step in radio development in America, radio advertising. WEAF, an AT&T station in New York broadcasted the first radio advertisement in 1923. Even with the RCA agreements, other station began radio advertising. Most of the other radio stations were owned by private businesses and were used exclusively to sell that company’s products. The RCA agreements did create a problem though, it gave AT&T a monopoly over toll broadcasting and therefore radio advertisements. To break the monopoly, NBC and CBS were created and became the first radio networks in the late 1920s era. Walter Cronkite and Edward R. Murrow became the first radio journalists, and by the end of the decade the radio had become an important source for news in America. In the next decade war in Europe again broke out and it fell on the radio to cover it. The radio acted to pacify and assuage the worries of a confused and scared public. More importantly the radio helped to pull together the nation’s moral and backing of the war effort. With the end of the war in 1945 television saw its rise to prominence and radio began to go on a slow but steady decline. But in the 1950’s thanks to Rock and Roll the radio saw new life. Following the Second World War the radio turned into its more recognizable for of musical entertainment. AM stations played a top-40 time and temperature format, which meant they played popular three minute songs in constant rotation. All programming and music became aimed at a target audience of ages twelve to thirty five, newly emerging “middle class”. The sixties and seventies also saw the rise of FM radio. The new music that FM aired began to pose a threat to the old top-40 music AM stations still played in rotation, and the growing music of the hippie and psychedelic generation took over the FM airwaves. Through the 80s and 90s radio broadcasting continued to expand. Thousands of more stations sprung up playing all different kinds of music, world, pop, rock, jazz, classical, etc… However, in the 21st century the radio has reached its greatest heights. With the year 2000 the radio expanded into the satellite and internet markets. The need for live DJ’s is dwindling since everything can be done via a computer all the editing and broadcasting can be done using hard drive of a computer. Jobs that used to take hours to do can now be done with the simple click of a mouse. Car companies have paired up with satellite radio stations like XM radio to offer special deals on satellite radios which offer every kind of music, news, and entertainment stations one could ask for. From a tiny receiver that could transmit only sounds to a complex device with satellites in space and wireless systems in cars, the radio has seen tremendous development. The purpose of the radio, however, has remained constant. From its inception the radio was created to communicate messages in mass for. Whether it be strictly news stories like in its early days, or binging new music to fans across the nation information is always being shared via this device. In almost every country radios are present, and in some it is a primary means for communication. Without its invention our world would be vastly different, it offered the first true means of mass communication and allowed leaders and people alike to impart valuable information to each other with the ease and efficiency.
Games of chance don’t have to be all that chancy. Here are some hints on how to get the odds on your side. BY ANDY SIMMONS BE A COIN TOSS MASTER
First thing first: make sure you pick the coin, you do the flipping, and you make the call. Then get acquainted with the coin. Feel it. Which side is bumpier? (It’s usually heads). That’s important to know because of this sequence: a) toss the coin into the air; b) catch it; c) in one quick motion, feel the top of the coin while flipping it over to the back of your nontossing palm. If the top feels bumpy (heads), when you flip it over call tails, and vice-versa. If your opponent insists on you calling it in the air, when it lands in your palm quickly swipe your finger across the top. If it’s smooth say, “Tails! I win! Pay up, loser!” if it’s heads, then slap it on the back of your palm so it comes up tails, and say, “Tails! I win! Pay up, loser!” Make sure not to draw attention to your fingers by staring at them. If you weren’t pushy enough to control the toss, make sure you get to call it, because the side facing up has a 51 percent chance of landing face up. Or skip the coin toss and put your spare pennies to these brilliant random uses.
HOW TO FIGHT BACK In the unlikely event that you find yourself in a close encounter with an attacker, one (or more) of these moves—demonstrated by Rubin below—can help you defend yourself. "Self defense is not about strength," says Rubin. "It's about body mechanics and the element of surprise."
Gabrielle Rubin, founder of the New York City self-defense course Female Awareness, has studied martial arts for more than two decades. But it was an impromptu meeting with her mother's real estate colleagues a few years ago that led her to dedicate her career to teaching women how to protect themselves. "I taught them how to be safe around strangers and in empty houses and unfamiliar neighborhoods, and I realized that more women need to have these skills," says Rubin. The first step in protecting yourself? Avoid bad situations. "Attacks begin before it's physical," Rubin says. A few pointers: Pay attention: "Bad guys are looking for someone who's distracted," says Rubin. That means, yes, you should try to resist the urge to bury your face in your phone. Even talking on the phone can announce that your mind is elsewhere. With the phone to your ear, "you can't hear someone approaching, you have no peripheral vision, and you don't have use of that hand to defend yourself," Rubin explains. Consolidate your stuff: Rubin recommends that women carry their handbags on their less dominant shoulder and use that hand to hold other bags or coffee. "Women tend to want to distribute their stuff to both hands, but, again, that leaves you without either hand for protection," she says. Exude confidence: Just holding your shoulders back and walking tall can help you avoid an attack. "Self assurance is a big deterrent for bad guys," says Rubin. "They're looking for an easy target."
Move 1: Answer the phone (to defend against an attack from the front) Make a tight fist with your dominant hand at your waist and your elbow pointing behind you. Raise your fist toward your ear as if you're picking up a telephone receiver. Swing your elbow backward, then under the attacker's chin.
Move 2: Tennis Serve (to defend against an arm grab) In a quick motion as if you're serving a tennis ball, lock your elbow and swing your arm behind above your head in a circular motion, then slam it down diagonally across the attacker's forearms. Move 3: Flamingo (to defend against an attack if your arms or hands have been grabbed) Stand on one leg, flamingo style. Bend your nonstanding leg with your foot behind you. Swiftly kick your attacker's shin. Keep your kick low to avoid it being grabbed.
Move 4: Air Guitar (to defend against a grab to your upper arm, shoulder or neck) Raise the grabbed arm straight up outside the attacker's hand. Move your arm in a circular motion toward your face back up as if you're playing an air guitar.
BUTTERMILK GLAZED DOUGHNUTS (makes 18 servings)
IINGREDIENTS: DONUTS •3 1/2 cups flour •1 cup sugar •1/2 teaspoon baking soda •2 teaspoons baking powder •1 teaspoon salt •1 1/2 teaspoons nutmeg •3/4 cup buttermilk •4 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted •2 large eggs •1 large egg yolk •6 cups vegetable shortening for frying GLAZE •3 cups powdered sugar •1/2 teaspoon salt •1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract •1/2 cup cold water DIRECTIONS 1. Mix together 1 cup flour, the sugar, baking soda, baking powder, salt, and nutmeg in a large bowl. 2. Mix together butter, buttermilk, and eggs in a large measuring cup. Add the wet ingredients to the dry in the mixing bowl, and beat either using an electric mixer on medium speed or by hand until smooth. Decrease the speed to low, and add the remaining flour. Mix until just combined, making sure to scrape the edges to ensure that all the liquid is incorporated. The consistency should be somewhere between cookie dough and cake batter (moist and tacky). 3. Add the shortening to a large kettle and attach a candy thermometer to the side. Gradually heat the shortening over medium-high heat to 375F. While it's heating, turn the dough onto a floured work surface. Roll out with a heavily floured rolling pin until the dough is about 1/2" thick. Stamp out the dough rings with a donut cutter (or use two circle cutters with the second being about half the diameter of the larger one). Transfer the rounds to a large wire rack, gather the scraps, and repeat rolling and stamping until all the dough is used. 4. Carefully drop the dough rings into the hot oil four or five at a time. Use tongs to turn the donuts as they rise to the surface. Fry the donuts until they're golden brown, about 50 seconds per side. Drain on a paper towel-lined wire rack. Let the frying oil return to temperature before adding the next batch. Repeat until all the donuts are cooked. 5. For the glaze, mix together all the glaze ingredients in a mixing bowl until completely smooth. 6. Dip the cooked donuts into the glaze until about halfway submerged. Remove the donuts from the glaze, then return to the wire rack set over a baking sheet, allowing to cool on the dry side. 7. Serve warm if possible. 8. Enjoy!
How do you change the world for children with cancer? If you're Brian Keller and Zachary Quinn, founders of Love Your Melon, it's one beanie at a time. BY JEN BABAKHAN In 2012, Brian Keller and Zachary Quinn were just two friends in the same Entrepreneurship class at the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota. What started as an idea for a class assignment—to put a beanie on every child battling cancer in the country—quickly became more than a simple entrepreneurial project. Founders Zachary and Brian wanted to change the world for a group of vulnerable people, so they decided to place their focus on children with cancer. According to Forbes, they began their project by setting up a Love Your Melon lemonade style stand with a box full of beanies, and the hope that they would sell. In two days they had sold out. At the core of their mission to make a difference for children with cancer was the decision to donate half of their profit to pediatric cancer charities such as St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital and the Make-A-Wish Foundation, among others. The company’s inspiring mission to sell and donate hats for cancer patients spread quickly, and it soon gained the support of celebrities and communities across the nation. Love Your Melon’s Campus Crew Program enlists over 12,000 college students across America to promote the sell of beanies locally on their campuses and in their communities, as well as visit local pediatric cancer patients in person to donate the hats. So far, Love Your Melon has helped deliver over $2.5 million to pediatric cancer research and donate over 91,000 beanies to children with cancer. Crafted with young patients in mind, the hats are soft enough for the sensitive skin of those undergoing cancer treatment. Love Your Melon continues to keep its laser focus on making a difference for children with cancer and has no plans of slowing down. Founder Zachary Quinn said, “Over the next year, we have a full line-up of new products, partnerships, and events set to be unveiled, which in turn will allow us to further impact the lives of thousands of children battling cancer in America. As we expand and take on new opportunities, everything we do continues to point back to our mission of fighting pediatric cancer. That’s exactly what fuels everyone involved with the Love Your Melon community: the opportunity to be a part of a story much larger than just beanies.”
From cancer to migraines to arthritis, researchers have recently made some exciting advances in early diagnosis and treatments. BY MARY S. AIKINS THE SMELL TEST THAT COULD DETECT PROSTATE CANCER
A “smell” test promises to be an immediate and accurate diagnostic tool for prostate cancer. This may save thousands of lives and save thousands of men from having to undergo invasive investigations. The test is now in advanced clinical trials and is expected to be available to in late 2017. Dr. Raj Persad, Consultant Urologist at Southmead Hospital, England, said: “If this test succeeds a full medical trial it will revolutionize diagnostics. Even with detailed biopsies there is a risk we may fail to detect prostate cancer in some cases.” More than 1.1 million cases of prostate cancer were recorded globally in 2012, according to the World Cancer Research Fund International.
The Hardap Dam is the largest man-made lake in the country and situated 15 km north-west of town Mariental. The word "safari" means "travel" in Swahili. The first railway line in the country was built at Cape Cross by the Damaraland Guano Company in 1895. First cinema in in Kolmanskop.
Namibia
was
built
Rossing Mine is the largest open-cast uranium mine in the world.
A duck's quack doesn't echo, and no one knows why. 23% of all photocopier faults worldwide are caused by people sitting on them and photocopying their butts. Tea is said to have been discovered in 2737 BC by a Chinese emperor when some tea leaves accidentally blew into a pot of boiling water. The tea bag was introduced in 1908 by Thomas Sullivan of New York. A person can live without food for about a month, but only about a week without water. If the amount of water in your body is reduced by just 1%, you'll feel thirsty. If it's reduced by 10%, you'll die.
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Hamburger Harry is quite literally the “Burger King”. With a house covered from top to bottom with an ensemble of beef, cheese, and buns, he’s the record holder for the Largest collection of hamburger related items. Harry's collection began almost by accident 26 years ago at a time when he was selling 1950’s memorabilia items . Looking to sell a vintage car tray used by at drive-in food establishments, he began searching for a fake hamburger he could use to illustrate the piece for a photograph. He ended up buying five hamburgers before he settled on one to use for the photograph, and thus, began his collection. Nearly three decades later, his house in Daytona Beach, Florida (USA) displays a plethora of 3,724 items, ranging from a cheeseburger water bed, happy meal cheeseburger toys, posters, all the way to a fully functioning cheeseburger dragster. “The Hamburger Harley is one of the favourite items in my collection, because I can take it out and show it off,” beams Harry. Many can find Hamburger Harry sporting a hamburger bike helmet with elongated horns, buzzing through town riding the huge, but tasty-looking, mechanical structure. The burger-enthusiast first got the idea of custom designing the Hamburger Harley by combining his two passions: bikes and burgers. Amongst the masses of burger memorabilia that line the walls of his house, many who enter what Harry calls “The International Hamburger Hall of Fame” can also see classic motorcycles displayed. Nonetheless, the Hamburger Harley which is a transformed 1987 HD Sportster, will undoubtedly stand out the most as one of Harry’s prized possession. Reflecting on two years of custom work, the Harley comes complete with fiber glass burger, cheese, lettuce, tomato, onion, pickle handle bars, tomato rims, ketchup bottle shock covers, and hydraulic cylinders that raise and lower the top bun for entry into the vehicle. It even features steam that rises from the burger, as well as a stereo that plays the sound of a sizzling patty for all to hear when it zips down the street. Those who wish to take the bike for spin can book it for their next hungry excursion, or for a fully-trimmed joy ride. Despite the hard work and expenses Harry put into the Harley, this isn’t the only item of his collection he has custom-built. His Cheeseburger Water Bed, which resides close by to his Hamburger Bed, was a labor of love that cost $3,500. According to Harry, he has already achieved the dream- collecting enough items to be in this year’s Guinness World Records annual. But his next dream, is to construct a proper home where his burger items can live: an official burger museum, shaped to look like an enormous double bacon cheese burger. For anyone who still asks the question “why burgers?”, the collector’s passion stems from the message the “burger” represents- which he feels is the core of American culture.
WAIT, THERE’S NO SUCH THING AS BLUE EYES? Turns out, we all have brown eyes. BY MARISSA LALIBERTE Blue eyes have been the subject of many poems, lyrics, and gushing diary entries, but brown-eyed beauties can have a moment of smugness. As it turns out, on a physical level, there’s no such thing as bluecolored eyes. They’re actually all brown. Melanin, the pigment that gives all irises (not to mention your skin and hair) is naturally brown, no matter what your eye color. So how does a dark brown pigment show up bright blue? It all comes down to how much melanin you’ve got. “Everyone has melanin in the iris of their eye, and the amount that they have determines their eye color,” said Gary Heiting, a licensed optometrist and senior editor of the eye care website All About Vision. From there, it’s basically just a light trick. The more melanin you have, the more light your eyes can absorb. With a lot of pigment absorbing that light, your eyes will look brown. On the other hand, blue eyes have the least amount of pigment, meaning they’ll also absorb the least light. Instead, more light is reflected back out in the form of blue wavelengths. (That light reflection also explains why some people’s eyes seem to change color—it depends on the type of light entering their eyes.) The melanin levels in people with green and hazel eyes falls somewhere between blue- and brown-eyed folks. Still, there’s no need to start lamenting the lie behind your “true blue” eyes. After all, the sky isn’t technically blue either (it gets its color because the short blue waves from the sun’s white light scatter more than the long red ones), but that doesn’t mean you should correct anyone commenting on a cloudless blue sky. Just take a moment to appreciate your peepers’ gorgeous shade as you see it—and maybe crank up “Brown Eyed Girl.”.
OLIEKOLLE: Kry oliekolle uit delikate materiale deur mielieblom op die kol te gooi. Laat dit vir ’n paar uur so staan. Skud die meel af en was die item dan met die hand of in jou masjien met die siklus vir fyn stowwe. Gebruik ’n wasmiddel vir fyn stowwe. VINGERMERKE: Raak ontslae van vingermerke op vlekvryestaal-toestelle deur ’n bietjie baba-olie op ’n lap te sit en die merke af te vee. STRAM LAAI: As ’n laai vassit, vryf ’n koekie seep al langs die lopers langs sodat dit weer glad is. HONDEHARE: Vee met klam rubberhandskoene oor klere en meubels om kat- en hondehare af te kry. MIKROGOLF: Maak jou mikrogolf skoon deur vier eetlepels suurlemoensap en ’n koppie water in ’n mikrogolfbakkie te gooi. Sit dit vir vyf minute op hoog in die mikrogolf, laat die stoom binne die oond kondenseer en vee dit dan skoon met ’n sagte lap. WASMASJIEN: Kry kalk-aanpaksels uit jou wasmasjien deur ’n koppie wit asyn in die waspoeier-vakkie te sit en die masjien leeg deur ’n volle warm siklus te laat loop. Die aanpaksel sal los kom. STRYKYSTER: Maak die onderkant van jou strykyster skoon deur ’n skoon lap op jou strykplank te sit, dit vol growwesout te strooi en met jou strykyster op sy hoogste gestel ’n paar keer heen en weer oor die lap te stryk. MUF: Kry mufkolle uit die badkamer deur een deel bleikmiddel met 11 dele water te meng. Trek rubberhandskoene aan en gebruik ’n spons, ’n borsel met sagte hare of ’n lap om die muf af te vee. Vee dit skoon met ’n klam spons en vryf dit dan droog. VLEKKE: Verwyder vlekke uit plastiekbakke deur koeksoda en warm water tot ’n pasta te meng. Skrop die bakke met ’n borsel met nylon-hare. ROES: Kry roesvlekke uit wit klere met ’n mengsel van kremetart en suurlemoensap. Sit dit op die kol en laat dit droog word voor jy dit deeglik uitspoel en gewoonweg was.
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