LAND - WATER CO HABITATION by Leung Tang

I am here to express my sincere gratitude to all of the people who have helped me over the course for the last one year, especially the deepest and greatest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Professor Maing Minjung, for her patient guidance and consistent support throughout the whole year, that made me feel sorry for my occasional idleness and absent-mindedness. Her considerate encouragement and lovely smile helped me get through a depressed period and get my progress back on track. I would like to thanks Professor Jin for his useful advises and all the reviewers for their concise and valuable design criticism. Also, I appreciate the help from my fellow classmates who usually had valuable conversation and shared necessary materials and tools with me. I deeply thank my friends that came and help me with my final models. Thanks to you, the models are far more pretty than I expected. Finally, thank you to my family for their care and strongest backing force.

Credits: Professor Maing Minjung, Professor Jin, Edith Leung, Yan Xiang, Leila Chan, Wong Tin Kun, Amber Shen, Mani Fan, Mr. and Mrs Tong

DRU INTRODUCTION DESIGN RESEARCH UNIT INTRODUCTION

SYNOPSIS

THESIS STATEMENT | KEYWORDS | SYNOPSIS | DESIGN PROJECT CONTENTS

ISSUES

LAND SHORTAGE | RECLAMATION | CLIMATE CHANGE

RESEARCH

RECLAMATION | OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY | MARINE STUDY

CASE STUDY

RECLAMATION | OFFSHORE DRILLING PLATFORM | FLOODING CONTROL

SITE ANALYSIS PROPOSED SITE | DESIGN PROPOSAL

CONTENTS

01 DRU INTRODUCTION

02 SYNOPSIS

03 ISSUES

04 RESEARCH ANALYSIS

05 CASE STUDY

06 SITE ANALYSIS

02-01 Thesis Statement 02-02 Keywords 02-03 Synopsis 02-04 Design Project Contents

03-01 Land Shortage Problems 03-02 Reclamation History and Failure 03-03 Influence of Climate Change

04-01 Reclamation Technology 04-02 Offshore Technology 04-03 Marine Study

05-01 Reclamation in Other Countries 05-02 Flooding Control Strategies 05-03 Typology of Nearshore & Offshore Structure

06-01 Proposed Site 06-02 Design Proposal

6 7 8 12

16 20 24

32 34 36

40 42 44

48 50

DESIGN

RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTRE | MODULARIZED RESEARCH PLATFORM | FLOODING CONTROL STRUCTURE

SCENARIO

COLLAGE | SKETCH | PERSPECTIVE

THESIS CONCLUSION THESIS CLOSING STATEMENT

PHOTO ACHIEVE MODEL PHOTOS

REFERENCE APPENDIX

CONTENTS

07 DESIGN

08 SCENARIO

09 THESIS CONCLUSION

10 PHOTO ACHIEVE

100

11 REFERENCE

100

104

12 APPENDIX

104

07-01 Integrated Design 07-02 Public Ground - Interactive Space for the Public 07-03 Research Layer - Open Space for Research 07-04 Observation Deck and Maintenance Dock 07-05 Program Integration and Vertical Space Connection 07-06 Modularized Research Platform 07-07 Flooding Control Structure

08-01 Collage 08-02 Sketch 08-03 Interior Perspective

54 56 58 59 60 62 64

69 70 72

01 DRU INTRODUCTION DESIGN RESEARCH UNIT INTRODUCTION BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN (BTSD)

Design and Technology are inseparable in attaining Sustainable Design solutions. BTSU is based on an understanding that successful architecture is a seamless integration between the two, where comprehensive and innovative solutions can be explored through a broad spectrum of applications, including responses addressing: climate, comfort, construction, material resources, and use. This platform will enable and support investigations in Building Technology and Sustainability at multiple scales in order to develop integrated design strategies that are appropriate to specific design problems, and that support solutions for the longevity of the built environment. Sustainability is a way of thinking, implementing, and designing that informs a user-motivated architecture, placing primary value on our environment. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Sustainability and bad design are contradictions in terms. It is the quality of architecture itself that contributes to both personal well-being and longevity of the built environmentâ&#x20AC;? (Matthias Sauerbruch) 2

RETRACTABLE TOWER MONITORING INSTALLATION 3

02 SYNOPSIS THESIS STATEMENT | KEYWORDS | SYNOPSIS | DESIGN PROJECT CONTENTS

02-01 Thesis Statement 02-02 Keywords 02-03 Synopsis 02-04 Design Project Contents

SYNOPSIS

FINAL MODEL MAINTENANCE DOCK 5

02-01

SYNOPSIS

THESIS STATEMENT

â&#x20AC;&#x153;This thesis is a proposal for adapting to the forces of climate change by embracing the ecological edge with platforms of nearshore habitation as prototype to coexist along a natural waterfront. It focuses on exploring a proactive way of expanding the edge of land to the open water in order to generate more habitable surface for the development of the city. It allows the possibility of cohabitation between land and sea, while confronts the rising sea level and potential flooding problem. â&#x20AC;&#x153;

02-02

KEYWORDS

SYNOPSIS KEYWORDS: NEARSHORE DEVELOPMENT | RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTER | FLOODING CONTROL | FLOATING PLATFORM | MODULARIZED TOWER

02-03

SYNOPSIS

In virtue of geographical profile and continuous sharp growth of population over the past decades, the urban development of Hong Kong has created one of the most dense habitation condition in the world. Hong Kong Government has long been struggling in pursuing for new lands for urban expansion by adopting a variety of strategies. Besides, the Government, together with insatiable developers control land transaction to maximize their respective profits, which leads to extremely high property price and deteriorating urban condition. Land shortage problem has long been one of the most controversial political issues which also initiates social and cultural problems. For a long period of time, even now, reclamation and exploitation of vacant lands are the most general and effective strategies to increase large amount of land supply for residential and commercial development, under the consensus of maintaining 75% of country park area tacitly approved by the authority and the public.

SYNOPSIS

However, such strategies are subject to severe interruption due to concerns over environmental damage and endless quarrels between politicians and different stakeholders, although the government has tried to adopt advance technologies and take active counsels with a diverse range of parties in order to satisfy the political needs. Mountainous topography and extremely long coastal line, such geographical features determine that extending territorial boundary to the open water is a more promising direction rather than exploiting remaining flat lands which is essential for loosening the urban density and softening the edge between nature and artificial compound. Reclamation is considered as an effective land-making strategy in terms of area to time-costing ratio, less contextual consideration and less communal ownership argument, but poses more adverse environmental impact, under the circumstance of Hong Kong.

SYNOPSIS

On the other hand, we are facing another potential risk to our city - the climate change. According to the estimation revealed by scientific research, sea level, due to globe warming, will rise about 2.5 meter at the end of this century, and there will be more frequent extreme weather and super typhoons which will hit Hong Kong directly and cause severe storm surges which may flood and paralyze all the low-lying downtown district made by reclamation, including large area of Kowloon, Hong Kong, and all coast districts in New Territories. It will not only damage the existing artificial coastal line but also pose great threat to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life. This thesis is based on the hypothesis that large area of habitable land in Hong Kong which is created by decades of reclamation, is threatened by the substantially rising sea level caused by climate change. It focuses on exploring a proactive way of expanding the edge of the land to the open water in order to generate more habitable surface for the development of the city, demonstrating 10

SYNOPSIS

the possibility of co-habitating both the existing mono-type urban context and ocean with countermeasures to tackle the social and environmental issues and trigger resilient space generation and creative public involvement. The design project will be an architecture for the research of climate change and marine study, it also acts as an experimental prototype that embraces the ecological edge and coexist along the natural waterfront.

02-04

SYNOPSIS

DESIGN PROJECT CONTENTS

The design projects mainly consists of 3 parts for different purposes and yet interworks and interconnect with each other: 1. The first part is the flooding control structure. It connects the north point in Ma On Shan and the Plover cove Dam to the North. The structure will open up to allow exchange of water in usual days, and close up to block off the rising tide during typhoon and storm. It create a typhoon-sheltered zone within this circle, and offers protection to the cities inside including Taipo and Shatin. Apart from its flooding protection, the structure makes use of the existing plover cove dam connection to allow pedestrian and cyclists to move along the structure, traveling between Ma On Shan and the other side of the Tolo harbour in a short time, it provides a nice leisure options for the surrounding residents.

SYNOPSIS

2. The second part of the project is a Research and Education Center constructed in Starfish bay. The Research Center is designed to be the largest research location specialized in climate change study and marine study in Hong Kong. It is also an educational institute for students with relevant profession and also for public education. 3. The third part of this project is a floating platform extending from the end of this linkage structure. It consists of several functional components for experiments including water storage tanks, filtration system, pipe works in order to allow researchers to perform on-site experiment slightly above the sea level.

03 ISSUES LAND SHORTAGE | RECLAMATION | CLIMATE CHANGE

03-01 Land Shortage Problems 03-02 Reclamation History and Failure 03-03 Influence of Climate change

ISSUES

FINAL REVIEW 1ST SEMESTER PRESENTATION 15

03-01

ISSUES

LAND SHORTAGE PROBLEMS For the past century, Hong Kong population has recorded a rapid surge in number by increasing from less than 500 thousand in 1900s to over 7.24 million todays . The population increase is the result of colonial history, and the outbreak of Second World War in 1940s, explosive growth of economy and large amount of immigrants from China, transforming Hong Kong from a tiny village on the edge of China into a world-class big city. In order to ensure social stability, Housing has always been the top priority in the Government Agenda. Hong Kong Government adopted an integrated housing strategy which includes mainly 3 types of housing; the public rental housing, subsidized sale flat (Home Ownership Scheme) and private housing, which are provided for different income class. Data estimated by Hong Kong Ideas Centre indicates that for the next 10 years, Hong Kong is in need of average 43,100 flats annually that includes around 25,000 public housings, but the actual supply of public housing is around 18,000 which is far less than the goal. Moreover, according to the population projection by Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department , the Hong Kong Resident Population is projected to increase from 7.24 million in mid-2014 to the peak 16

Hong Kong is facing severe land shortage for further urban expansion which may caused predictable impact on economic growth in the future. While the housing price and rental price. Housing is at the top of the present governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s list of priorities, as stated in the 2013 Policy Address. A qualitative study o consultation on the topic has just ended. It is generally agreed that young people who want to live independently have serious problems in Hong Kong.

In the 1950s, when Hong Kongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population was growing rapidly with the arrival of migrants from the mainland, an ambitious resettlement programme beg or seven stories high, with no lifts, tiny household units and communal washing and cooking facilities.

Sixty years later, about 30% of Hong Kongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population lives in public housing and about 17% lives in government-subsidized home ownership units. How be discussed in this issue. They include conflict over land use and infrastructure projects, inadequate and sometimes unsafe housing, and sky high purchas

gan. At that time, public housing blocks were simple, six

30 17 54 0.6

e land shortage problem also give rise to the inflation of of views was commissioned earlier this year and a public

Housing Affordability Ratings by Nation: All Markets HK 17.0

wever, there are still shortages, the reasons for which will se prices and rents.

6,690

percent of Hong Kong’s population lives in public housings

at persons per square kilometer, and Kwun

57,250

Tong, with persons per square kilometer, was the most densely populated district among the district Council districts

POPULATION GROWTH

Hong Kong population is estimated to reach up to

percent of Hong Kong’s population lives in government-subsidized home ownership (HOS) units

8,380,000 by 2033

percent of Hong Kong’s population lives in government-subsidized home ownership (HOS) units

percent of Hong Kong’s population lives in Temporary Housing

5.5

JAPAN

4.4

SINGAPORE CANADA USA AVERAGE

ISSUES

The land population density as at mid-2014 stood

AUSTRALIA:

5.0

3.9

3.4

3.8

The Top 10 Cities With Highest Property Price HK: LONDON:

NEW YORK:

SINGAPORE: =1000/s.q. ft.

TOKYO

SINGAPORE:

10,892/sq.ft. Hong Kong has highest average Property Price in the World. Almost twice as high as Singapore’s 17

03 ISSUES

of 8.22 million in mid-2043 and then gradually decline to 7.81 million in mid-2064. That means the Government needs to generate more housings to accommodate nearly 1 million of expanding population, as well as spaces for working, infrastructure and public facilities in the coming 30 years.

HOUSING DEMAND Housing Demands

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

New Residents

30,800

31,800

30,900

30,700

32,600

33,600

34,200

32,400

31,900

30,300

31,500

31,800

32,100

32,400

32,800

33,100

33,400

33,700

34,000

34,300

10,700

10,800

10,900

11,000

11,200

11,300

11,400

11,500

11,700

11,800

Non-subsidary Housing Needs Subsidary Housing Needs

Hong Kong Government has proposed 42,200 42,700 43,100 43,500 43,900 44,400 44,800 45,300 45,700 46,100 land supply strategies that includes devel- Total opment of vacant land and reclamation. 2013-2017 Average 43,100 43,100 43,100 43,100 43,100 Reclamation are receiving strong against from the society. For vacant land develop- 2018-2022 Average 45300 45300 45300 45300 45300 ment, as seen from Graph “Classification of Land Use in Hong Kong”, there are only According to Housing Demand Calculations, the demand of housing between 2013-2017 is estimated to be 43,100 6% percent of developed land classified as each year and between 2018-2022 is 45,300. vacant development land or land under construction. The Government proposed several sites including Hung Shui Kiu, Tung Chung Extension for future new town deChart Title AVERAGE FLOOR PER CAPITA velopment but the whole process from discussion, planning and consequently 80 72 67 construction, including connection of in- 70 frastructure, will take years to complete, 60 which cannot fulfill the short-term needs. 50

Shortage of available land for housing provision has pushed the housing price to a sky-high value. According to the Housing Affordability Survey Conducted by Demographia ，Hong Kong’s affordability rating is 17 which is the highest record recorded in the 11 years of the Survey, while housing affordability with rating at 5.1 or above is considered as severely unaffordable. On the other hand, Land shortage has led

40 30 20 10 0

35.2

39.9

35.4

39.4 30

31.35

29 18

13.1

19.6

19.8

CLASSIFICATION OF LAND USE IN HONG KONG

ISSUES

to deteriorating living condition. Due to high rental price in Hong Kong, there are about 195.5 thousand of people lived in the subdivided units with average living space less than 5m2 per capita. While the average floor area per capita is 13.1 which is the lowest among the studied countries. Degraded environment and limited space become the characteristic of living condition in Hong Kong.

COFFIN HOMES 棺材屋/鳥籠 SUBDIVIDED UNITS 劏房 Due to high rental price in Hong Kong, many low-income families are living the Subdivided Units with degrading living condition. According to the survey conducted by Long Term Housing Strategy Steering Committee, there are

170,000 people living

in the subdivided units with average living space less than 2 per capita.

RECLAMATION HISTORY AND FAILURE

The reclamation of land from the ocean has long been used in mountainous Hong Kong to expand the limited supply of usable land. The first reclamations can be traced back to the early Western Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 9 CE), when beaches were turned into fields for salt production. Major land reclamation projects have been conducted since the mid19th century.

>1000 Hectare 900 Hectare 700 Hectare

Kwai Chung

Kwun Tong Bay Takoo

Cheung Sha Wan

1919

1946

1952

1957

1960

1964

1970

Stage 4 From 1970-1980

1897

During this periodthere was comprehensive land reclamation in New Kowloon and the New Territories. There were large-scale recl mations for Tsuen Wan, Kwai Chung, Tuen Mun and Shatin New Towns, occupying a total area of 1500 hectares

Wanchai Early Reclamation

Stage 3 1946-1970 Post Second World War Ngau Tau Kok & Kwun Tong

1,000,000 1,000

Stage 2 Reclamation

Praya Reclamation (1904), The Naval Dockyard Extension (1906), The Taikoo Dockyard in Quarry Bay (1908) The Praya East Reclamation (1930) The North Point Reclamation (1934)

2,000,000 2,000

Stage 2 1898-1941 Pre-war Period

3,000,000 3,000

Shatin New Town

Reclamation projects were undertaken by private British companies for transshipment function i.e. to obtain wa-

4,000,000 4,000

Kai Tek

500 Hectare

5,000,000 5,000

Kai Tek Airport

300 Hectare

6,000,000 6,000

100 Hectare

7,000,000 7,000 Ha.

in Victoria Harbour

Nevertheless, the reclamation strategy have received concerns and objection throughout the recent years, opponents proposed the following issues regarding

Population Total Reclamation Area

<50 Hectare

Rapid growth in population means the increased needs for expanding the capacity of housing and attachment facilities and buildings for accommodating commercial and industrial activities, and therefore lands supply becomes a rigid demand for the development and expansion of the city. However, such demands are severely restricted by the physical topography of Hong Kong that displays more mountainous features (80% of hilly land) and limited flat ground, specifically in the old developed region, for example, Central and Kowloon which have fully occupied the existing available lands and faced bottleneck for further expansion. Although development on hilly slope is an available option, it will increase of potential of slope failures and landslide disaster during heavy rainfall. To meet the demand of land for development and to accommodate such population outbreak, the British Hong Kong Government adopted a Territorial Development Strategy to create land through extensive reclamation. This Strategy has been proven effectiveness in increasing the operable area with up to 7,737 hectares reclaimed from water zone, which almost occupied 30% of the total built-up area (26500 hectares ) in Hong Kong.

Fully-dredge Reclamtion • Good for fast racking • Settlement rish is lower • Large amount of marine deposit

RECLAMATION HISTORY

Stage 1 1841-1897 Early Reclamation

03 ISSUES

03-02

1992 1994 1996 2000 2003 2005 2010

The Three Runway proposes reclamation of approximately 650 hectares of land north of the existing airport island, bounded by approximately 13.4 km of seawall.

Penny’s Bay Stage 1

The proposed HKBCF will be located on an artificial island of about 130 hectares reclaimed from the open waters off the northeast of the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA).

Container No.8

Penny’s Bay Reclamation, Stage 1 is a 200ha reclamation constructed at Penny’s Bay on Lantau Island that forms the land platform for Hong Kong Disneyland being.

1989

In 1980s, about 60 hectares of land were reclaimed for the construction of Container Terminal 6 & 7; 96 hectares of reclaimed area were for terminal 8 and 106 hectares were for terminal 9.

1980

Stage 5 Mid 1980s and Onward Reclamation and Central Harbour Reclamation

1977

The land reclamation shifted to the New Territories, i.e., and decentralization. Reclaimed land was used to supply about one third of the land for building new towns. e.g. Shatin, Ma On Shan and Junk Bay. T

ISSUES

Decentralization

New Technology?

Fully Non-dredge Reclamtion • No dredging is required • Reduced Marine Traffic • Expensive

Partially dredge Reclamtion • No dredging is required • Reduced sandfill/rock fill • Required large amount of rockfill

Fully-dredge Reclamtion • Good for fast racking • Settlement rish is lower • Large amount of marine deposit

Chek Lap Kok

k Airport Extension

Airport Third Runway

Junk Bay West Kowloon

HKBCF

Container No.9

Penny’s Bay Stage 2

2015

03 ISSUES

the adverse impact of reclamation:

RECLAMATION LOCATIONS AND AREA

1.Coastal Damage Reclamation is a permanent and irreversible process. It involves the process of dumping soil/sand to the proposed water zone and completely overriding the habitat of marine ecosystem. The reclaimed land cannot be reinstated into its original status technically and economically, especially once the upper structures are built. The reclaimed lands are therefore deem as permanent and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;naturalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The changing appearance of the coastal line may also reduce the scenic value and affect the anticipation and psychological feeling of the public to living condition. 2.Shipping Industry The narrower waterway caused by reclamation increases the density of shipping industry and risk of ship collision. The reduced volume of the waterway increases the flowing speed of the currents and tidal height and encourage the accumulation of pollutants. 3.Environmental Impact. Reclamation is a process of dredging marine deposit and replacing with rock debris and sand. The heavy metal, bacteria, toxin and other pollutants contained in the deposit and infill materials will spread into the surrounding water body and contaminate the habitat of marine creatures which will be later turned into the ecological cycle and cause ham to human health at the end. In addition to the direct impact of reclama-

RECLAMATION DISPUTES

RECLAMATION IN VICTORIA HARBOR

tion, the industrial, residential and commercial that are built on the reclaimed land will cause air and noise pollution and sewage discharge that will aggravate the problems.

ISSUES

The extended part of new land will reduce the water surface area and water volume. That means the quantity of water flowing in the region is lowered and the ability of self-cleansing to dilute the pollutants will be reduced. 4.Marine Ecosystem Overriding the water ground with soil and rock means destruction of marine habitat, will cause large amount of suspended solids in the water which may reduce the penetration of sunlight and consequently reduce the photosynthesis of underwater microorganism and plants. Marine creatures will suffer from higher change of suffocation and shortage of food. In particular, there will be a loss of population of sensitive species such as mussels, oyster, scallops and thus worsening the species diversity. Moreover, occupying the marine habitat will affect active zone of fish creatures due to reduction of breeding zone, food and oxygen. There will be a loss in fish stock, for example, an important fish nursery grounds at Pennyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bay has been eliminated by the Lantau Port Development. (FOE.1996) Due to issues raised by reclamation as mentioned, several reclamation proposal had been rejected by the Legislative, different parties, groups and individuals since 2000. For example, the Central Reclamation Phase III was rejected in 2004, the Ma Liu Shui site in Sha Tin near Chinese University received strong opposition.

03-03

ISSUES

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

In virtue of globe warming is getting more and more severe, climate anomaly is becoming more visible and sensible. According to the record by Hong Kong Observatory, the average temperature from June to November last year is recorded at 27.6ă&#x20AC;&#x201A;C, which is the highest temperature ever recorded. Hong Kong Observatory predicts that the hot wave will last and the number of hot days of 2016 will keep increasing. The changes in Hong Kongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate in the 21st century is summarized as follows:

TEMPERATURE RISE

RAINFALL

ISSUES 25

03 ISSUES

Hong Kong Climate Change Report 2015 released by the Environment Bureau reveals a cruel truth that all Hong Kong people and our offspring are and will be facing in the coming future: that we will suffer from a catastrophic disaster to our city caused by climate change. There are a few important things to be pointed out: 1. Temperature is rising gradually. Compared with the data recorded in 1880, the temperature in 2010 has been risen by about 1.5 째 C. The annual number of hot nights and very hot days is increased significantly from less than 5 days in total in 18851914 to more than 30 days in 1985-2014, and the chance of having daily maximum temperature larger than 35 째 C is 22% in early 21st century compared with 3% in early 20th century. 2. More extreme rainfall. As estimated, the number of extremely wet years is expected to increase from 3 in 1995-2005 to about 12 in 2006-2100. Besides the annual rainfall in last 21st century is expected to rise about 180 mm when compared to the 1986-2005 average abnormal annual rainfall. Extreme rainfall events will also become more frequent this century. Heavier rainfall means larger loading requirement on the drainage system and once the amount of the collected rainwater exceeds the storage capacity of rainwater reservoir and meanwhile the sea level rise above the discharging level, flooding will occur in the city.

RISING SEA LEVEL

3. Due to globe warming, sea level has been recorded constant increase since 1950. Sea level rose at a rate of 30mm per decade in Victoria Harbor and is estimated to reach 1m increase at the end of the century.

ISSUES

“A major impact is an increase in sea flooding associated with storm surges caused by tropical cyclones. The extreme sea level brought by storm surges of the same typhoon will be higher when the mean sea level is raised.” “A sea level of 3.5 mCD that can cause serious flooding in certain low-lying areas in Hong Kong” Typhoon Hagupit hit Hong Kong in 2008, which was deemed as a 1-in-50 year event today. It brought significant storm surges with maximum sea level at 3.53m above the Chart Datum at Victoria Harbor, which caused severe flooding in some low-lying district in Hong Kong. However this super typhoon would become a 1-in-5 year to 1-in-10 year event by 2021-40 - that means extreme weather and super typhoon will become more and more frequent in the coming decades.

Severe Flooding in Tai O during passage of Typhoon Haguplt in 2008

Unlike storms and rain, which last a relatively short time, sea level rise will move the coastline incrementally although gradually. It will diminish our limited habitable space on the ground and affect whatever is in its way, such as property and communities. Since sea level rise is di27

03 ISSUES

rectly related to the melting glacier, which will, as revealed by the recent studies, pass the point of no return. That means the rising sea level is likely to lean to a higher value at the end of the century but not the other way. Flooding Prevention Methods: 1. Construction of stormwater drainage system. Hong Kong Government has adopted several infrastructure projects on stormwater drainage system for decades, to enhance the threshold of flooding prevention capacity. However, as mentioned, heavy downpour might overload the capacity and even cause landslides that can lead to blockage of stormwater drainage system as a result. 2. Revitalizing water bodies. By making use of the existing river-ways and adopting drainage improvement projects, we may increase the loading capacity of the whole system. 3. Coastal Protection. Under the circumstance that increase frequency of occurrence of extreme sea level events and coastal flooding, the strengthen wave may overload the existing coastal infrastructure and cause damage. Therefore, we need continuous maintainance and adopt better design of the coastal defence.

ISSUES 29

04 RESEARCH RECLAMATION | OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY | MARINE STUDY

04-01 Reclamation Technology 04-02 Offshore Technology 04-03 Marine Study

RESEARCH ANALYSIS

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE 1:200 31

04-01

RECLAMATION TECHNOLOGY

Fully Dredge Reclamation Flowchart A. Dredging

D. Vibro-compaction

C. Sandfilling

RESEARCH

B. Disposal

Hong Kong had conducted more than 100 years of reclamation practice to increase land supply. As technological advancement, the method of reclamation has been made a significant progression to shorten the construction period and reduce environmental impact. Traditional reclamation, technically called fully dredge reclamation, is the reclamation technology once used in the West Kowloon Reclamation, Hong Kong Airport and Container Terminal No.9. The first step of reclamation is to remove the soft and liquefied marine deposit that contains a large proportion of water content, the marine deposit will be then disposed in the specific area on the open water. The second step is to fill the sand/rock in the reclamation area. After infilling the raw materials, the reclaimed ground will be solidified through vibro-compaction and then left for sedimentation for a certain period of time before itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s being used for construction of on-top structure. The traditional reclamation procedure is shown left: As mentioned, fully dredged reclamation involves relocation of marine deposit that causes double contamination in both dredging and disposal process. To reduce the amount of contamination, partially dredged reclamation is adopted that only requires dredging of the trench for seawall.

Fully Dredge Reclamation (FDR) Existing Profile

Dredging of Maine Deposit at Seawall Area

West Kowloon Reclamation (FDR)

Construction of Seawall and Filling at Main Reclamation Area

Hong Kong Airport (FDR) Partially-Dredge Reclamation Flowchart A. Dredging

C.Band Drains

D. Sandfilling

E. Vibro-compaction

B. Disposal Partially-Dredge Reclamation/ Fully Dredge Seawall (PDR) Existing Profile

Dredging of Maine Deposit at Seawall Area

Pennyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bay Stage 2 Reclamation (PDR) Construction of Seawall and Filling at Main Reclamation Area

Non-dredge Reclamation with Typical Seawall

B.Band Drains

A.Ground Improve-

STAGE 1 PILING

C.Sandfilling

D.Vibro-compac-

Fully Non-Dredge Reclamation (FNDR) Existing Profile

MACHINE FOR FORCING PILES INTO SEABED

PILES

BOAT FOR TRANSPORTING SAND

Ground Improvement HKBCF Reclamation (FNDR )

RESEARCH

STAGE 2 BUILDING SEAWALL

SEA WALL

Cofferdam Type Seawall with Ground Improve STAGE 3 SAND FILLING

SHIPS FOR SPREADING SAND

Chek Lap Kok Third Runway (FNDR) Method Fully-dredged

Pros • Good for fast tracking • Settlement risk is lower

Cons •Large amount of marine deposits to be disposed • Large amount of sandfill and rockfill is required • Adverse environmental impact due to dredging work and filling works (especially if rainbowing of sand is adopted)

• No dredging is required • Environmental friendly

• Large amount of rockfill is required • No preferable if strength of surrounding soil is very low

• No dredging is required Non-dredged:Sand Compaction Pile (SCP) • Environmental friendly • Require lesser rockfill/ sandfill

• Special plant required from overseas and long booking period required • No track record in HK • Up-heaving of soil • Working height limit

Non-dredged:Stone Column

Non-dredged: Deep Cement Mixing (DCM) Non-dredged: Cofferdam Type Seawall

• No dredging is required • Require lesser rockfill/ sandfill • No dredging is required • Reduced Marine Traffic • Use for disposal of public fill

Seawall Method Existing Seabed

Fully-dredged Seawall

Marine Deposit

May still need surcharge for a few months (not shown for clarity)

Rock Fill

Reclamation Method Reclamation Fill Dredged Level

Sand Fill/Rock Fill

Alluvium/CDG

SANDS ARE STORED ON THE SEABED TEMPORARILY

Fully-dredged Reclamation

Filter

Much more surcharge (not shown for clarity)

Fully-dredged Seawall

Existing Seabed Existing Seabed

Marine Deposit

Reclamation Fill Marine Deposit

Sand Fill / Rock Fill

Sand Fill/Rock Fill

Alluvium/CDG

• Similar to the Cons of SCP except up-heaving of soil • Significant environmental impacts: grout leakage • Expensive • Slow construction rate • Require considerable amount of steel • Less track record in HK • Working height limit

Armour rock + underlying layer(s)

Geotextile

Non-dredged Reclamation (with Band Drains)

STAGE 4 COMPRESSION

Band-drains

Surcharge surcharge same as (B) Much more (not shown for clarity)

Existing Seabed

Reclamation Fill

Existing Seabed

Non-dredged Seawall with Ground Improvement Method

Non-dredged Reclamation (with Band Drains)

Marine Deposit

ROLLER FOR COMPRESSING SAND GRANITE WALL

Alluvium/ CDG Ground Improvement Methods

Ground Improvement Methods

Band-drains

The inner part of marine deposit will be remained in the site, dried and consolidated by inserting band drain. By doing so, the amount of sandfill can be greatly reduced. It can reduce the cost of disposing the deposit and environmental side-effect simultaneously. Types of Seawall and Reclamation

Figure 4.5

STAGE 5 SOLIDIFICATION

In order to completely prevent the pollution of marine deposit, recently a new reclamation method called fully non-dredge reclamation was adopted in the reclamation of Hong Kong Border-Crossing Facility Island. Literally, this method doesn’t require any removal of marine deposit. Instead, by adopting ground improvement to consolidate the marine deposit layer, the whole layer of marine deposit can be left in situ and the infill is placed on the top.

TREE

04-02

RESEARCH

OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY

According to the survey conducted by the IEA Oil Market Report that forecasts the worldwide average demand of oil and liquid fuels per day is nearly 96 million barrels. The ravenous demand for fossil fuels have forced all countries to constantly comb the planet for new reserves. Since the ocean covers nearly three-quarters of Earth’s surface, there are a huge potential reserves hidden underwater. In order to reach the inner cell of the planets with a thick layer of water skin covered on the top, keep from polluting the ocean, and to accommodate tons of special equipment away from the sea water, a structure called offshore drilling platform is developed.

Offshore Drilling Platform Movable rigs are commonly used to drill exploratory wells. In some instances, when exploratory wells find commercially viable natural gas or petroleum deposits, it is economical to build a permanent platform from which well completion, extraction, and production can occur. These large, permanent platforms are extremely expensive, however, and generally require large expected hydrocarbon deposits to be economical to construct.

Before setting-up of a permanent drilling platform on the ocean, an exploratory drilling rig will typically be moved to the suspected deposit to perform drilling for four temporary exploratory wells. The typical exploratory rigs has four types: drilling barge, jack-up rigs, submersible rigs and drill ship with different working depth. All of them except drillship requires towing by tugboat designated drilling site while the jack-up rigs will lower its ‘legs’ to the bottom of the sea. If the exploratory wells are found commercially viable natural gas or petroleum deposits, it is economical to build a permanent drilling platform for long-term production. The permanent drilling platforms are much complicated and larger in size and thus extremely expensive that require large expected petroleum deposit to be economical to construct. 34

The Statfjord B Platform

Statfjord B is an integrated production, drilling and quarters (PDQ) platform which stands in 145 metres of water at the southern end of the field. The installation comprises a four-shaft Condeep concrete gravity base structure (GBS), built by Norwegian Contractors, and a steel topside assembled and outfitted by Moss Rosenberg Verft’s yard. The concrete structure comprises 24 cells, with 19 used to hold crude oil, Cellar Deck

The cellar deck comprises the whole interior of the robust MSF and encompasses facilities at its eastern end for gas treatment and metering of exported oil and gas. Large areas also hold ventilation equipment covering the whole platform.

Fixed Platform

Sub-sea System

Compliant tower

Spar Platform

Gravity Base Platform

Floating Production System

RESEARCH

Tension leg platform

Fixed Platform

In order to provide a drilling system with high stability, the structure system of offshore drilling platform must be designed to be strong enough to withstand wave impact, storm impact, weather erosion and water erosion and prevent double damage to the ocean. There are basically 3 types of different structural systems that allow the drilling platforms stand over water. For the platforms constructed in the shallow water, they usually employed the use of massive steel structure to fix the platform to the seabed which make them viable to operate in depths up to 500 meters. Another structural system operates in shallow water uses reinforced concrete tube to provide support instead of steel, which gives stronger erosion-resistance to salty sea water. This system are normally used in the sea area with hard seafloor, for instance, the North Sea, that driving piling is not feasible, so that the force required to keep the drilling platform from being knocking over by weather is simply the gravity. For the platforms constructed in the deep zone with depth over 1000 meters, direct connecting support structure is no longer feasible in terms of structural stability and economic viability. Therefore, the drilling platforms are designed to be able to float on the sea water. A network of cables and lines trail out from the platform to secure to the sea floor to increase stability. The platform is heavy enough to stand against the impact of wave. Since there are no any physical connection between the mainland and the drilling platform, supplies are required to be shipped to the platform regularly to sustain the living needs of the staffs. In order to accommodate massive special equipment, pipes and control systems that occupy large amount of space, and the living space for the crews, while maintained a reasonable size of the platform, drilling platform displays a relative compact and ordered plan.

04-03

MARINE STUDY

RESEARCH

WATER COMPLIANCE RATE According to the research by Hong Kong Water Quality Resource Center (HKWQRC), ocean water quality has noticeable improvements over the years. Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.) and E. Coli are two important parameters that are used to indicated the general conditions of water and its health risk to the public. The graph indicates the water compliance rate which is measured by the level of D.O. and E. Coli.. Due to polluted water mainly comes from the Pearl River Estuary, the western water zones show relative lower water compliance rate than the eastern water zones while Mires Bay has the best water quality.

FISH CULTURE ZONE In Hong Kong, aquaculture includes marine fish culture, pond fish culture and oyster culture which are the three main types of fisheries industry. Marine fish culture zones are loosely distributed on the southern and eastern water zone of Hong Kong that produce marine fish by clusters of fish rafts floating on the water. Pond fish culture zone and oyster culture is located on the northern water zone of Hong Kong. 36

Fish Culture Zone Pond Fish Culture Oyster Culture Zone

ENDANGER SPECIES

RESEARCH

Protection of endanger marine species are always be first priority to be concerned before any development on the water. Chinese white dolphin, also called indo-pacific hump-backed, most frequently observed in the water zone of Norther Lantau, usually travel in small school of less than 10 individuals. Due to heavy marine traffic, water pollution and over fishing, the population of Chinese White Dolphin has recorded worrisome decrease in recent years. It is believed that there are less than 2,600 individuals inhabiting the Pearl River Estuary. On the southern water zone, finless porpoises, also called Indo-pacific finless porpoise, are facing the same dilemma as Chinese White Dolphin. The sighting of these two species are indicated in the graph left.

ARTIFICIAL REEF The map on the left shows the experimental locations of the artificial reef in Hong Kong. The experiment of cultivating artificial reef has been conducted for a period of time in order to study the possibility of restoring underwater habitat. ` Marine Parks with AR 2nd Phase AR Sites Marine Exclusion Zone with AR AR Deployment Site

05 CASE STUDY RECLAMATION | FLOODING CONTROL

05-01 Reclamation in Other Countries 05-02 Flooding Control Strategies 05-03 Typology of Nearshore & Offshore Structure

CASE STUDY

OOSTERSCHELDEKERING NETHERLANDS 39

05-01

RECLAMATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES

CASE STUDY

Singapore Singapore had adopted several large scale of reclamation project since its independence in 1965. Over the past half-century, the city-state has added onto its total area by 22 percent, using earth obtained from quarries, seabed or sand purchased from surrounding countries. Large reclamation projects like Marina Bay in 1970s, Changi Airport in 1981s, Jurong Island and Tuas Industrial Area, had greatly increased the area from 581km2 to 718km2. The reclamation method used in Singapore employed fully non-dredge reclamation similar to the case in Hong Kong. Dredging of marine deposit is not required but ground improvement is made by piling to strengthen the ground base for the following construction of sea wall and infill.

Tuas Tuas

Jurong Island

1965s Independence 581.5 sq km

1970s Marina Bay

Marina Bay

Changi Airport

Sand Buisness

1981s

2000s

2009s

2014s

Changi Airport

682.7 sq km

Jurong Island

718.3 sq km

Netherlands The Netherlands is situated in a low-lying delta where the rivers Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt and Ems debouch into the North Sea. Approximately 27% of the Netherlands is below sea level and 60% of surface area of the Netherlands is at risk of flooding which is threaten by the storm surges from the sea. Contrast with the Reclamation method that is widely used in Hong Kong and Singapore, The Netherlands had employed a totally different system, called Polder-and-Dike System, to generate va40

Illustration of land being gradually reclaimed from the sea over a period of 8 years, Netherlands

2021s Tuas Mega Port

2030s 766 sq km

Windmill Drainage

Zuiderzee Works The Zuiderzee Works (Zuiderzeewerken) are a human-made system of dams, land reclamation and water drainage works. The basis of the project was the damming off of the Zuiderzee, a large shallow inlet of the North Sea. This dam, called the Afsluitdijk, was built in 1932-33, separating the Zuiderzee from the North Sea and preventing the frequent storms pushing water through the bayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inlet which may result in failure of dikes and flooding. As a result, the Zuider sea became the IJsselmeer â&#x20AC;&#x201D; IJssel lake. Following the damming, large areas of land were reclaimed in the newly freshwater lake body by means of polder. The works were performed in several steps from 1920 to 1975.

Polder-and-Dike System is an integrated system to cultivate dried land for development. First of all, a polder is created by separating lower land, for example: a lake bed or part of the river bed, from the surrounding higher land by means of dikes and pumping the water to the other side of the dike. A complicated water management system that includes a network of ditches and drainage canals maintained by the inhabitants, to control the water level in the polder. The inhabitants must inspect and maintain the ditches bordering their land twice a year. For the low-lying areas near the coast, a drainage system called sluice is designed to allow water to drain from within a diked area. It is a simple gate or door that opens to allow the water out when the tide outside the dike is low and closes to stop water flowing inward when the tide is high.

CASE STUDY

Dike

cant lands for residential, industrial, agricultural and commercial uses.

Before the mechanical pumping system was invented, the Netherlander made use of a system of windmill pumps to gradual drain the water out from the polder, in order to overcome the significant height difference between the polder and the canal. The windmill technology was adopted since the 15th century, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s complicated and robust that can provide multiple functions for a single unit. The system requires wind forces to function properly which is abundantly blowing from the North Sea.

05-02

CASE STUDY

FLOODING CONTROL STRATEGIES

NETHERLANDS STORM PROTECTION The Delta Works is a series of construction projects in the southwest of the Netherlands to protect a large area of land around the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta from the sea. The works consist of dams, sluices, locks, dykes, levees, and storm surge barriers. The aim of the dams, sluices, and storm surge barriers was to shorten the Dutch coastline, thus reducing the number of dikes that had to be raised.

NEW ORLEANS AREA HURRICANE PROTECTION After Katrina, Congress gave the Army Corps of Engineers $14.6 billion to repair and improve hurricane and flood protection in New Orleans, About $10 billion later, the 130mile system of levees, walls and gates designed to keep out a 100-year storm surge is essentially complete. The corps says the city now is safe from flooding in a storm that has a 1percent chance of hitting in any year, and the levee system also is designed to significantly reduce flooding from even larger storms. Interior drainage improvements designed to deal with heavy rainfall. however, are still under construction.

CASE STUDY 43

05-03

CASE STUDY

TYPOLOGY OF NEARSHORE & OFFSHORE STRUCTURE

Fishing Village

Floating Pitch, Singapore

Marina Barrage

TYPOLOGY OF NEARSHORE/ OFFSHORE STRUCTURE

Type • Habitation • Industrial • Trading • Public Facility

HABITATION

<3m

Structure • Floating Buoy • Stilt Support • Steel Truss

Lofoten Island Village

INFRASTRUCTURE

<10m

PUBLIC FACILITY

<20m

INFRASTRUCTURE

<20m

INDUSTRY

<50m

Jack-up Rigs

INDUSTRY

<300m

Compliant Tower

INDUSTRY

<450m

Spar Platform

US Navy Flip

INDUSTRY

CASE STUDY

Fishing Raft

INDUSTRY

<2800m

unlimited

06 PROPOSAL PROPOSED SITE | DESIGN PROPOSAL

06-01 Proposed Site 06-02 Design Proposal

STARFISH BAY 47

06-01

PROPOSAL

PROPOSED SITE This thesis proposed Tolo Harbour as the site for experimentation. Tolo Harbour is a sheltered harbour in northeast New Territories of Hong Kong. It connects several important residential areas includes Tai Po, Sha Tin, Tai Wai and Ma On Shan which are situated on the west and south-west of the Harbour. A few important fishing villages are also located in or close to the Harbour. To the North lies the Plover Cove Reservoir and Dam. To the east is the Mire Bay with several Marine Parks of high conservation values and research values. The water depth is approximately 5m near the coast, over 20m in the outer part and 12m on average. The geographical profile of Tolo Harbour is funnel-shaped with larger inner water surface and a much narrower inlet to the open sea with mountains surrounding on three directions, this will enhance the intensity of wind speed and make Tolo Harbour the most susceptible location to storm surge tide and sea level rise. Records shown that the highest storm tide was 6m in the Tolo Harbour. A deadly typhoon, struck on September 1937, pushed a great tidal surge that flooded the whole Tolo harbor and swamped villages which caused 11,000 people died. â&#x20AC;&#x153;At the time, Hong Kong harbor was the seventh busiest port in the world. During the height of the typhoon the sea level in the harbour rose about 1.8 48

A4 A2 A3

PROPOSAL

m (6 ft) above the predicted level of high tide.â&#x20AC;? Tolo harbour is a popular location for leisure activities, such as hiking and cycling. There is a cycling path starting from the coast near the University to the end of the Plover Cove Dam which is another starting point for hiking activities.

A1 A5

B4 B2

B5 B1

B3 B6

B4 B2 B1

A1 A4

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5

Science Park Ma On Shan Tai Po CUHK Hoi Hai Wan Marine Park

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

Sam Mum Tsai Plover Cove Dam Plover Cove Island Plover Cove Reservoir Sha Tin Plover Cove Dam

CONNECTING SHORES

06-02

PROPOSAL

DESIGN PROPOSAL

In view of the potential flooding risk in Tolo Harbour, this thesis proposed a flood control device built across the Tolo Harbour that connects the end of Plover Cove Dam and the coast of Ma On Shan. The flood control device normally opens to allow the flow of the sea water to flush away the pollutants generated by the sewage from the city but closes when there is a rise of external sea level to prevent the water from flooding into the core area of the city. If there is rare heavy rain in the city which greatly increases the amount of water discharged into the harbour, the device will closes and makes use of mechanical pumping system to drain the water out to the outer sea and lower the inner sea level. The structure also creates a sheltered water zone for ships and provide protection in case there is a typhoon striking Hong Kong and cause severe storm surges. On the other hand, this structure will act as a place for marine science study and education. It is benefit from its location that is close to the University which allows the researchers and students to study and experiment in the structure, and also close to the marine parks to the east of Tolo Harbour which is valuable locations for marine science research. Apart from research, it can act as an education center which is freely accessible by the public to allow them get in touch with first hand

science and on-site experience. The Structure will enhance the proximity between researchers, public and ocean, in turns, optimize the best convenience and efficiency and the relationship with the public.

TAI PO CIRCULATION PATH

FLOODING PROTECTION FOR BUILT AREA

For the public involvement, since the structure connects the Plover Cove Dam and Ma On Shan, it extends the hot cycling track in the coast of Tai Po to the coast of Ma On Shan and forms a complete cycling loop. It will also allow the pedestrians get access to Plover Cove Dam more easily and have nice leisure walks at the middle of Tolo Harbour.

BUILT FOR LEISURE

UNIVERSITY CONNECTION RESOURCE INTEGRATION RESEARCH/EDUCATION MULTIFUNCTION

STUDENT TOUR

RESOURCE SHARING

FACILITIES SHARING

PROPOSAL 51

07 DESIGN RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTRE | MODULARIZED ABOVE-WATER RESEARCH PLATFORM | FLOODING CONTROL STRUCTURE

DESIGN

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTER 53

07-01

DESIGN

INTEGRATED DESIGN

This project is a fully integrated design: Flooding Control structure for flooding control, Research building for marine and climate research and education, floating platform for on-site experiment. The design tries to generate a vision for the future development of the city, an alternative method for habitation along the coastal edge while providing flooding protection for the city.

DESIGN 55

07-02

DESIGN

PUBLIC GROUND INTERACTIVE SPACE FOR THE PUBLIC The main public layers, including ground floor and 1st floor, adopt a open plan layout to create large space penetrating the whole building. It enhances communication and collaboration of different programs in the plan while people can move freely in the floor to easily reach any part of the plan without spending too much unnecessary walk distance. There are several public concourses with abundant gathering space to allow people gather and interact with each other. Large staircases are installed to let people transfer between different floors.

1F Public Educational Centre 56

DESIGN

GROUND FLOOR - PUBLIC CONCOURSE

40 57

07-03

DESIGN

RESEARCH LAYERS OPEN SPACE FOR RESEARCH

In virtue of the massive scale of the experimental equipments, the 2nd floor plan adopted a open plan to ensure the feasibility of the space which can be changed according to the size of equipments and specific configuration for experiment. For 3rd-5th floors, there are small room for research and dwelling unit for researchers.

2F Laboratory

3F Research Chamber

07-04

OBSERVATION DECK AND MAINTENANCE DOCK

DESIGN

An observation sky-bridge extending from the main research building with height up to 10 meters high. It provides a observation deck with 70m distance away from the shore and allows small ship pass underneath the bridge. Also there is maintenance dock which allow the docking of maintenance ship for the maintenance works of the flooding control structure.

07-05

DESIGN

PROGRAM INTEGRATION AND VERTICAL SPACE CONNECTION

The Research & Education Center contains a wide range of program, including research hall, library, classroom, research chamber, carpark, resestaurant and multifunctional hall, dock. These programs supplement with each other to generate a integrated entirety. Vertical space with height up to 2 to 3 floors high connects multiple floors at the same time to enchance spacial quality and optimizes vertical movement.

DESIGN

MODULARIZED TOWER & FLOODING CONTROL STRUCTURE 61

MODULARIZED RESEARCH TOWER

07-06

This modularizing research tower consists of several working decks protected by this wind-shielded facade, a vertical filtration system for the water treatment for experiment purpose, and a hatchery wall to for the cultivation of aqua creatures. The upper part of the tower is connected to the lower main structural column with base isolator installed in the junction which is for absorbing vibration from the wave and maintaining stability of the whole structure. Water pipe and sensor pass through the void in the middle of the column and reach out from the inlet/outlet underwater. This platform acts as a small workshop or research chamber being built in the nearshore water area.

DESIGN

DESIGN 63

DESIGN

The research Tower is designed to be assembled by modularizing units which allow it changes its function according to different needs and the requirement of the site. That means the tower has the possibility to be installed in different locations and conditions.

Above-Water Research Platform Perspective

DESIGN

Modularizing Research Platform Unit Isometric 65

07-07

SITE ANALYSIS

FLOODING CONTROL STRUCTURE

The Flooding Control Structure connects the north point in Ma On Shan and the Plover cove Dam to the North. The structure will open up to allow exchange of water in usual days, and close up to block off the rising tide during typhoon and storm. The structure makes use of the existing plover cove dam connection to allow pedestrian and cyclists to move along the structure, travelling between Ma On Shan and the other side of the Tolo harbour in a short time. The upper layer of the structure is the vehicle pathway and the middle part is the pedestrian walkway. Wind-proofing screen is installed in the windward side to protect the activites on the structure.

The Flooding Control Structure connects the north point in Ma O the North. The structure will open up to allow exchange of water off the rising tide during typhoon and storm. The structure ma dam connection to allow pedestrian and cyclists to move along Ma On Shan and the other side of the Tolo harbour in a short tim for the surrounding residents.

Flooding Control Structure Perspective

DESIGN

On Shan and the Plover cove Dam to r in usual days, and close up to block akes use of the existing plover cove g the structure, travelling between me, it provides a nice leisure options

Flooding Control Structure Closed

Flooding Control Structure Opened

Gate Closed - Flood Protection

Gate Opened- Water Exchange

Flooding Control Structure Perspective

08 SCENARIO SCENARIO | COLLAGE | SKETCH

08-01 COLLAGE

A reasonable habitable space in the waterfront is ought to be integrated with well-established circulation connection including ground access and water access, leisure area on both solid surface and soft surface, secure structure to vensure the safety and comfortability of the dwellers. It allows the dwellers to reside and work within the area that can lessen dependency on the support of the main urban body.

NEAR-SHORE HABITATION AT THE EDGE OF CITY

SCENARIO 69

08 08-02 SKETCH 01

MONITORING TOWER

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

FISH CULTIVATION CAGE

WATER TUBES

WATER TANK

SCENARIO

INTEGRATED FLOATING RESEARCH PLATFORM

Large floating platform has been applied to extend the edge over water to fulfill different needs in accordance with users demands. Yet most of them are built on gently water, such as river and lakeďź&#x152;to acquire a stable surface. This floating research platform, is built above sea water surface close to the shoreline, that allows researchers and scientist to conduct on-site research programs. It is comprised of water tank, filtration system, pipe works and cultivation tank.

08-02 SKETCH 02

This habitable tower, shows the initial concept of experimental integrated model for city expansion on the sea, that is built on the water combined with dwelling units, working decks, machinery components as well as flooding control device. Fishery cages are built on the inner side and small farms are planted on the upper decks to provide food to support the small community. The tower is partially self-sustainable.

STANDALONE ABOVE-WATER HABITABLE TOWER WITH PRODUCTIVE COMPONENTS

SCENARIO 71

08 08-03 PERSPECTIVE 01

SCENARIO

PUBLIC CONCOURSE WITH LIGHT WELL

The public concourse is situated at the middle of the research & education center, just behind the entry sector. It is a triple high space with a huge light well illuminating the interactive space underneath which allows public circulation, interaction and leisure activities. The glass roof is supported by two Y-shaped columns with shading panels installed on the top. Artificial lighting is installed in the structural beam of the glass roof to ensure sufficient lighting level inside the space.

The entrance lobby is a triple height space which allows large amount of people gather simultaneously. In order to encourage peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement by walking, the design not only adopts large void space for better view penetration, but uses the long staircase on one side to link through all floors so as to facilitate the movement of people between different layers. It is important to let people know, especially new comers, what is the function of different of parts of the open plan just by observation, that means less seeking time and walking effort. Therefore, lighting, space, circulation are the main aspects to be considered carefully.

08-03 PERSPECTIVE 02

ENTRANCE LOBBY WITH TRIPLE HEIGHT SPACE

SCENARIO 73

08 08-03 PERSPECTIVE 03

SCENARIO

RESEARCH LABORATORY WITH OPEN LAYOUT

One of the main design feature of the Research and Education Centre is the open research laboratory with almost 15m wide and 5-6 meters high. For marine and climate research, it normally requires room for equipments in large size, the laboratory is therefore designed to have open plan to best fit for any equipments with any sizes in need. Also, the layout can be changed according to different requirements, conditions and usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preference.

The flooding control structure serves as circulation connector crossing Tolo harbor. Apart from a vehicle pathway to allow cars pass through the harbor, there is a pedestrian walkway underneath the vehicle pathway to allow people walk on the bridge. The pedestrian walkway is fully shaded by the pathway and the windscreen on one side and it is designed to be leisure and sightseeing space for the public.

08-03 PERSPECTIVE 04

PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY BENEATH FLOODING CONTROL STRUCTURE

SCENARIO 75

09 THESIS CONCLUSION THESIS CLOSING STATEMENT

Development of visionary architecture has always been difficult to architects because of its lack of experience from the precedents and requiring a flexible mind to rethink the things that we have made in the past and transform it into solutions adaptive in certain situations in some day. The idea proposed in this thesis , is actually simple in terms of the purpose to extend the city boundary to the open water and prevent potential flooding in the future, and yet complicated in terms of structural composition and coordination of different programs and circulation. It is always hard to strike a balance between environmental protection and artificial constriction in such project with water being one of the main construction ground. Especially nowadays, projects that are built on water always raised enormous concerns and discussions over years and most of them miscarried ultimately. For this thesis, the main goal is absolutely not to build such massive project to cater for the good of the city but an experimental approach to stimulate more ideas and creations to satisfy the development need and respond to the crisis of climate change. 76

FINAL REVIEW 2ND SEMESTER PRESENTATION 77

10 PHOTO ARCHIVE URBAN SCALE | ARCHITECTURAL SCALE

PHOTO ARCHIVE

TOLO HARBOR Scale 1:20000

09 PHOTO ARCHIVE

RESEARCH & FLOODING CONTROL 80

Scale 1:2000

PHOTO ARCHIE

RESEARCH & FLOODING CONTROL Scale 1:2000

09 PHOTO ARCHIVE

RESEARCH & FLOODING CONTROL 82

Scale 1:2000

PHOTO ARCHIE

RESEARCH & FLOODING CONTROL Scale 1:2000

09 PHOTO ARCHIVE

MODULARIZED ABOVE-WATER RESEARCH PLATFORM Scale 1:50

PHOTO ARCHIE

MODULARIZED ABOVE-WATER RESEARCH PLATFORM Scale 1:50

09 PHOTO ARCHIVE

MODULARIZED ABOVE-WATER RESEARCH PLATFORM DETAILS - CIRCULATION & WORKING DECK Scale 1:50 86

PHOTO ARCHIE

MODULARIZED ABOVE-WATER RESEARCH PLATFORM DETAILS - CRANE Scale 1:50 87

09 PHOTO ARCHIVE

MODULARIZED ABOVE-WATER RESEARCH PLATFORM DETAILS - HATCHERY WALL & FILTRATION TANK Scale 1:50

PHOTO ARCHIE

MODULARIZED ABOVE-WATER RESEARCH PLATFORM DETAILS - BASE ISOLATOR Scale 1:50 89

09 PHOTO ARCHIVE

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE Scale 1:200

PHOTO ARCHIE

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE Scale 1:200

09 PHOTO ARCHIVE

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE ENTRANCE PLAZA Scale 1:200 92

PHOTO ARCHIE

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE Scale 1:200

09 PHOTO ARCHIVE

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE Scale 1:200

PHOTO ARCHIE

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE CORES Scale 1:200 95

09 PHOTO ARCHIVE

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE 96

EAST - MAINTENANCE DOCK Scale 1:200

PHOTO ARCHIE

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE LIGHT WELL WITH PUBLIC CONCOURSE UNDERNEATH Scale 1:200

09 PHOTO ARCHIVE

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE 98

MONITORING & OBSERVATION TOWER Scale 1:200

PHOTO ARCHIE

RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTRE Scale 1:200

10 REFERENCE REFERENCE

100

REFERENCE

1:200 FINAL MODEL WORKING STATUS DAY 3 101

REFERENCE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

102

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

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REFERENCE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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12 APPENDIX

104

1:200 FINAL MODEL WORKING STATUS DAY 7 105

11 APPENDIX 106

RECLAMATION & DEVELOPMENT IN HONG KONG

DIGITAL TOPOGRAPHY MAP

APPENDIX 107

11 APPENDIX 108

SATELLITE MAP

STATJFORD DRILLING PLATFORM PLAN

APPENDIX

Module Deck

This comprises 13 separate modules. At the eastern end are the drilling unit and the main process plant. The utilities are located on the western side, separate from the process facilities.

Weather Deck

This area largely comprises the tops of the modules making up the deck below. It also contains its own module for storage of drilling equipment. These large open areas are used for storage and for positioning equipment being loaded from or discharged to supply ships.

Cellar Deck

109