HAPU, HYDRO, ECO P I K I T U MAR A E PAPAKAING A DE VE LO PME NT
[ECO]LOGIC Sofia Fourman Gabrielle Howdle Alistair Newsome Luke Veldhuizen
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Thi s p ro j e ct i s ab ou t n arrative b u ilding: na rratives of la ndsc a pe a nd na r rat ives o f pe o p l e. To ach ieve th is [ Eco] Logic inte nd to dem onstrate how la n d sc ap e a na l ys i s , i n co n ju n ction w ith listening to the live s of those who have inh ab ited t he lan d s cap e for cen tu ries, can breathe new life into this a nc ient la nd sc ap e a nd e n ab l e a p eop le to come h o m e.
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CONTENTS Vis io n
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Pikit u Ma ra e
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Wao t u , R a u kawa
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Waikato
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C lien t
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Pro jec t O u t l i n e
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L a n d s c a p e C h a ra c te r
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S lo p e
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A s p ec t
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Land Use Capabilities
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A ra b le La n d Si te s
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L a n d Cove r
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Hyd ro lo g y
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I n f ra st r uc t u re
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A rc h eo lo g y
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C u lt u re
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Views h a ft s
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E xc lu s io n M a p
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C a s e St u di e s
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St rateg y
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Zo n in g P l a n
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Pa p akain g a
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Eco lo g y
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Ag r ic u ltu re
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Co mmerc i a l
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Referen ce s
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Ko TA I N UI te waka, Ko WA I K ATO te awa, Ko W H A R E PUHUN GA te mau n g a, Ko R AUK AWA te iw i Ko PIK I T U te marae te kain g a- tuturu, Ko NG AT I HUR I te h ap u
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The v i s i o n o f [ Eco] Log ic is to assist Ngati Huri a nd Pikitu Ma ra e w it h t h e m e a n s to h a r n ess th eir ow n lan dsc a pe na rrative a nd to e na ble the re t u r n o f t he i r p e o p l e to Waotu ; to foster the com m una lity of people both bet ween e a c h o t h e r an d b etween th eir n atura l env ironm e nts. The i d e a l o u tcome is to emb od y the notion of Ma urita nga , to encourag e t h e l i fe fo rce o f t h e Marae to d evelop a nd flourish. This involve s the w h o l e o f t he l an d s cap e, its p eop le an d it s a ncestors.
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PIKITU MARAE CONTENTS
SOUT H WA I KATO A R E A Loc ated in the cen t ral No r t h Islan d , the South Wa ikato i s kn ow n p r imar il y a s fine da iry- far mi n g an d fo rest r y country, with t h e S o u t h Waikato ’s three m a in tow n s To ko ro a, P u t ar u r u , a nd Tira u a l l ow in g a g reat d eal of workforce an d h isto r y to t h ese econom ic a nd l ifest yle p u r su i t s.
WAOT U The rolling hi ll s viewed by an cesto r s pa st, fa m ilia r i n an in st an t to all w h o have live d an d b reat h ed t h e ver y sights, sound s, an d scen t s o f t h e la nd. In a ddition to t h e many ro l li n g h i ll s, re m na nt nati ve b u sh fro m t h e Tau p o eruption era is a st an d - o u t n at u ral feature of great sig n ific an ce, val u e, a nd de light to lo c al i n h ab i t an t s an d v isitors to the reg i o n al ike.
P IK IT U M AR A E The centre of t h e u n i ver se, t h e h ear t , soul, a nd life o f t h e p eo p le o f t h is la nd - the cen t ral mass an d n exu s a round whic h al l co mmu n i t y li fe an d intera c tion hap p en s. A fo c al p o in t , a store house o f memo r i es b o t h p ast a nd to com e. For the pe op l e o f Ng at i H u r i , fo r i t s a nce stors a n d fu t u re d escen d an t s, for the deve l o p men t o f t h e fu t u re i s with the retu r n i n g o f t h e p eo p l e to the la nd, to the marae, to t h eir h o me.
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WAOTU, RAUKAWA Wi t h i n t h e rollin g , of ten sp arse yet a bunda nt la ndsc a pe of Wa ikato is Wao t u w h ic h co n t ain s p ro d u c t ive ag r i c u l t u ral as well as ecolo gic a lly a nd c ultura lly im porta nt a re as an d i s t h e an cest ral h o me o f Ng at i Hu r i . A l t h o u g h tech n ically a ‘ ru ral’ la ndsc a pe, Wa otu is intrinsic a lly l in ked to t h e main tow n s an d c it i es w i t h i n t h e u p p er N orth Island both physic a lly, by roa d a nd ra il, bu t also eco n o mic all y an d c u l t u rall y. A t h e m e o f ou r investig ation i s inta ngibility, Wa otu m ay not be a n u r b an si te; i t is, h owever, ir refu t ab ly af fe cte d by u rb an ism an d what that brings. S i m i l ar l y, th e marks lef t by colonia l people a nd the ir e nde avours leave in d el ib le c h an g e u p o n Wao t u i n te r m s of its mod if ied lan dsc a pe, a s they do for the wider Wa ikato ; h owever t h e ro l e o f l o c al i w i an d h a p u , p ar ticu larly N g āti R aukawa in the c a se of this proje c t, cont in u e to p ro j ec t an en d u r i n g sp ir i t u al p re s e n ce u p on th e lan d .
WAIKATO Wai = “ water ” , kato = “ th e pull of the river c urre nt in the se a ”. To t h e e ast of th e coastal hills lies the broa d floodpla in of the Waikato Ri ver, a l an d sc ap e o f larg el y p asto ra l farmlan d created by Europe a n se ttlers through the dra i n in g o f exten sive n at u ral swamp s. Th e l a n d is sp arsely p op u lated a nd intensively fa rm e d with bot h li vesto c k, main l y d air y c at t l e b u t w i t h s h e ep farmin g on th e hillier we st m a rgins, a nd c rops suc h as maize. Par t i c u l arly relevan t to th is proje c t is La ke Ara puni, form e d as t h e Wai kato was h ar n essed fo r hyd ro e l e ctricity. Water is a consta nt throughout this proje c t. It affec t s o u r rat i o n al e in ter ms o f p hys i cal an d p ercep tu al, in t a ngible la ndsc a pe a na lysis.
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CLIENT
R au kawa C h aritab le Tru st/ Pikitu Ma ra e Th e as p i ration s of R au kawa Cha rita ble Trust a nd in p ar t i c u l ar P ikitu Marae as cli ent drive this projec t. Th e i r d e sire to b rin g th eir dia spora hom e to Wao t u an d to p rovid e for the ir ongoing ne eds by me an s o f Pap akain g a h ou sing drive the m ethods by w h i c h [ Eco] Log ic d rill d own from the regiona l to t h e l o cal an d to th e site spe c ific . It is Pikitu a nd t h e i r R an g atiratan g a th at a c t a s our c ustodia ns an d as o u r g u id es as well as the la ndsc a pe. I n o rd e r to u n d erstan d ou r c lients’ ne eds [Eco] Lo g i c h a s ap p lied some of the cornerstone s o f M ao r i cu ltu re in to ou r de sign process a nd re a s o n i n g . A s an in trin sic p art of MÄ ta ura nga , the l a n d s cap e is very mu ch alive a nd pa rt of a wider syste m , e ach elemen t feed s off a nd into e a c h of t h e o t h e r s.
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PROJECT OUTLINE Ou r b r i ef i s u lt i matel y to p rovi de Pa pa ka i n ga h o u si n g fo r P i t it u Marae. Th i s sh o u l d co n s i st o f ap p roximately 6 h o mes, 9 -1 5 h o me ste a ds , a s m a l l med i c al cen t re an d o t h er feat u res a s we a re a bl e to co n si d er. I n o rd er to ac h i eve t h is we mu st b egi n by a n a l ys i n g an d u n d er st an d i n g t h e l an d sc ap e. By do i n g s o we c an id en t i fy an d exami n e t h e resul t s i n te r m s o f over lap s, zo n in g an d t h e co n n ec t i o ns a n d m at r i ce s w i t h in t h at c reate a u n i q u e mesh o f f l o ra , fa u n a , h u man ac t i vit y, eco l o g ic al d i st ress , re ge n e rat i o n an d p o ten t i al. Th e p ro cess i s o n e o f d i st i ll at io n a n d n a r rat i ve b u i ld in g . Th is site h as a sto r y to te l l a n d i t i s t h e t ask o f [ Eco] Lo g ic to b l en d t he ve r y n ewe st tec h n o lo g y w i t h t h e o ld est New Ze a l a n d cu l t u re in o rd er to p ro d u ce a n ar rat i ve syn t h e s i s . We exp l o re the essen t ial definitions and c atc h men t s w it h i n t h is sp ace. No pa r t o f t h i s s i te exist s in iso lat i o n ; eac h p ar t i s at t a ch e d to o t h e r s , ei t h er p o l it i c al ly, p hysi c al ly o r p erce pt u a l l y. By examin i n g areas o f veg et at io n , a s pe ct , l a n d u se c ap ab i li t y etc we are ab le to s e e n o t o n l y w h at i s o n t h e Marae site b u t also wh at i s ro u n d it o n a far larg er sc ale. Why is a ce r t a i n a re a o r sec t io n i mp o r t an t , w h at veg et at io n i s t h e re a n d h ow d o es t h i s li n k to t h e r iver s, tr i bu t a r i e s a n d wet lan d s? C r it i c al ly we n eed to d efin e a st rate gy t h at do e s n ’ t t r y to b e al l t h in g s to al l p eo p l e o r pl a ce s . Th i s i s a h i g h l y mo d i fi ed l an d sc ap e an d at te m pt i n g a ny b l an ket ap p ro ac h is l ikel y to b e as de t r i m e n t a l o r in ap p ro p r i ate as many o t h er h i sto r i ca l e n de avo u r s .
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LANDSCAPE CHARACTER Wao t u i s a rollin g , ag ricu ltu ra l la ndsc a pe. It is c ha ra c terised by c u l t ivated far mlan d , d air y p ast u re an d i t s water so u rce t h e Wai kato River. I t i s a l a n ds ca pe o f h i l l s , m ou n tain s an d valleys spa rsely populate d by hum a ns. The area aro u n d P ikit u co n t ain s L ake Arap u n i, recen t l y mo d ified to en ab le a hydro e l e ct r i ci t y p ro j e ct . Remn an ts of n ative fore st still re m a in a lthough it is im p o r t an t to reco g n i se t h at t h i s is a h i g h l y mo d ified l an d sc ap e.
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SLOPE
Th i s wa s id en tif ied an d exam ined to dete rm ine suita ble a re a s for a n u mb er o f i n terco n n ec ted reaso n s 1.
Po te n tial b u ild in g areas.
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D rai n ag e & water man age m e nt.
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Pat te rn s of erosion .
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L i ve stock movemen t.
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Eco l o g ical sp ecies an d ha bitats re leva nt a nd spec ific to physi c al lo c at i o n .
We i mmed iately d iscou n ted slope s a bove 1 5 de grees a s be ing u n su i t ab l e mo st d evelo p men t an d s l o p e s a b ove 20 d eg rees as unsuita ble for live stoc k.
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ASPECT
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[Eco]Logi c co n cen t rated o n No r t h , No r t h - E ast , an d E ast asp ec t s to h el p i d en t ify de s i ra bl e a n d a ppropriate b u il d i n g l o c at io n s.
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Not only imp o r t an t fro m a d esi rab l e p hysic al b u il d i n g p o i n t o f view, asp ec t i s c r i t i ca l f ro m a c ultura l p o i n t o f view i n t h e eyes o f t h e P i ki t u Marae. E ast an d No r t h - E ast b ein g pa r t i cu l a r l y im porta nt asp ec t s t h at li n k b ac k to t h e cen t ral Marae as c r it i c al to c u l t u ral t h in king.
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If we a re to fo r mu late p lan s cen t red o n t h e fu t u re well b ein g (Oran g at an g a) i t is ess e n t i a l to know where an d h ow p l an t s an d w il d l ife in terac t w it h t h eir p hysic al enviro n men t , a n d a s pe ct i s pa rt of th i s.
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LAND USE CAPABILITIES
In co n j u n ction w ith lan d cove r it is essentia l that we know exac t l y w h at c an b e d o n e w i t h t h e lan d an d h ow th at influe nces our de sign strategy. Th e l an d ’s c u r ren t u sag e wa s ce r t ain ly imp acted by what c a n physic a lly done with it, w h et h er t h at u sag e i s a p p ro p r i ate or su stain ab le long term is pa rt of our process.
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ARABLE LAND SITES
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LANDCOVER
K n ow i n g w h at is actu ally in the la ndsc a pe, on broa d term s, e na b l es u s i d en t ify areas o f key ve g etation for example native forest a nd a rea s of e colo g ic al imp o r t an ce. Th e e co l o g i cal imp act of th e p roje c t a nd susta ina bility of the design h in g e u p o n ap p ro p r i ate u s e o f wh at is alread y th ere. Muc h of the a rea is da iry pa sture w it h remn an t p atc h es o f n at i ve ve getation .
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HYDROLOGY
I d en t ifyi n g t h e n et wo r k o f st reams an d t r ib u t ar ies t h ro u g h o u t t h e site e n a bl e s u s to u n d er st an d t h e i mp ac t o f d evel o p men t u p o n t h is vi t al elemen t . Wh et h er a bove o r be l ow g ro u n d , t h e hyd ro lo g i c al c h arac ter ist ic s fu n d amen t all y sh ap e t h e lan d s ca pe. A s a key d r i ver o f o u r p ro j ec t ( hyd ro) , we i d en t ified t h e hyd ro lo g i c al c atc h men t s o f Wa o t u a re a . On a c u lt u ral l evel L ake Arap u n i an d i t s i n ter lo c kin g t r i b u t ar i es an d stre a m s a re t h e li fe fo rce o f t h e g reater l an d sc ap e, in c lu d in g i t s p eo p l e. It i s t h erefo re ce n t ra l to o u r st rateg y fro m a c u lt u ral st an d p o i n t . P roximit y to water an d i t s asso c iat io n wi t h r i pa r i a n p l an t an d w il d l ife sp ec i es fo r ms an essen t i al p ar t o f h ap u l ife an d i s co n s e qu e n t l y an essen t ial elemen t o f o u r fu t u re st rateg y. Th e man ag emen t o f wastewate r to a n d fro m any d evel o p men t is al so fu n d amen t al , so t h e h eal t h o f t h e water syste m s i s n o t ad ver sel y affec ted .
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INFRASTRUCTURE
Th i s s i te d oes n ot b eg in an d e nd at loc a l bounda rie s. Infra struc t u re n et wo r ks o f ro ad s, py l o n s , p ower lin es an d water m a na gem e nt a ll ex tend fa r beyond w h at is visi b l e fro m any p ar t i c u lar p oin t w ith in Wa otu or Wa ikato. The re a re conne c t i o n s to an d fro m t h e s i te, p o te n tial for p op u lation m ovem e nt a nd e nv ironm e nta l im pa c t . Th e ab il it y to move i n , o u t an d arou n d th e site and what im plic ations those ne tworks h ave o n t h e l an d sc ap e an d p e o p le are major con side rations.
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ARCHEOLOGY
Th e ver y essen ce o f a sp ir i t u al co n n ec t io n to t h e lan d sc ap e i s emb ed d ed i n t h e cu l t u re an d h isto r y o f t h e p eo p l e. Often w i t h o u t a h i erarc hy o r sp ec i fi c ter m s o f re fe re n ce sites o f sp ec ific Mao r i in terest , fo r examp l e Pa si tes, b u r i al g ro u n d s o r o t h e r s i te s o f w h at we mig h t ter m ‘sig n ific an ce’ o ffer u s a view i n to an o t h er layer o f l a n ds ca pe. Remn an t s o f t h ese si tes c an o ften b e seen b u t o ften exist p ercep t u all y; t h e k n owl e dge o f t h em is p assed d ow n o rall y an d fo r m p ar t o f t h e li fe o f t h e Marae a n d i t s pe o pl e. Wi t h o u t ac kn ow l ed g emen t o f t h ese sites an d o t h er s t h e ver y n at u re o f t h e pro j e ct is fu n d amen t all y c h an g ed . It i s wo r t h n o t in g t h at many o f t h ese sites a re ba s e d i n a sp i r it u al u n d er st an d i n g o f a p ar t i c u l ar si te b u t al so o f p hysic al an d g eo g ra ph i c fe at u re s , fo r examp le Wh arep u h u n g a, t h e mau n g a o r mo u n t ai n o f t h e i w i an d Pa s i te s wh i ch ac ted as st rateg i c d efen sive p o si t io n s.
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CULTURE SOM E K EY P R I N C I PA L S Whā na ungatan g a - en h an c in g t h e d ist in c t ive c ha ra c te r, he r i t ag e an d i d en t it y o f a set t lemen t . Ac knowledgin g b u r i al si tes an d areas u sed by a nce stors a nd b u i ld u p o n g en ealo g y, li n eag e an d desce nt. Māta ura nga - Mao r i wo r l d vi ew ; t h e ro l e o f h i sto r y, gene a logy, myt h o lo g y, an d c u lt u ral t rad it i o n s Wa iruata nga A sp i r it u al an d emo t io n al conne c tion b et ween p eo p le an d p eo p l e, p eo p le a nd a ncestor s, p eo p le an d d ei t y, an d p eo p le an d the e nv ironmen t . Ora ngata nga – h eal t h an d wel l- b ei n g .
K EY C ULT U R A L P E R C E P TI O N S
Lo n g p attern rep resen ts journeys m a de by an ce sto r s, Tū ron g o an d Mā hina a ra ngi, through t h e l a n d s cap e.
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The la ndsc ap e an d set t lemen t s w it h i n i t are a liv ing, b reat h in g b ein g . L an d c ap es are n o t se pa rate fro m h u man s.
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The la nd sc ap e b r in g s na rritive an d li fe.
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The regio n h as li n ks, b o t h p hysic al an d pe rceive d , w i t h many o t h er sites an d systems; some of them distinctly urban and international others int r i n sic all y l o c al an d p er so n al .
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Rivers a n d st reams d o n o t b eg i n an d en d within ne at p arcel b lo c ks; n eit h er d o b ird s a nd inse c t s, ever yt h i n g is in terco n n ec ted in a se ries of relat i o n sh i p s.
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Som etimes feat u res are p hysi c al , c ar vi n g s e tc but so met i mes t h ey n eed fu r t h er inte rpre tat i o n as t h e sp i r it u al asp ec t s o f t h e la ndsc a pe imb u e t h em an o t h er r ic h layer.
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l ig h t ,
fo o d ,
water,
Th i s rep resen t s t h e fo u r Po u Whe n u a a n d t h e Wai kato as a li fe g i ver. It al so in c lu d e s bu r i a l s i te s an d l o c at io n s o f p ast Pa sites t h at a re i m po r t a n t b o t h h i sto r i c al ly an d c u lt u ral ly to t h e pe o pl e o f P i ki t u Marae.
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VIEWSHAFTS
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EXCLUSION MAP
Ro ad s , st reams, existin g signific a nt vegetation, a rc ha e ologic a l sites an d steep sl o p es were id en t i fi ed as areas exc lu d ed fro m d evel o p men t : •
I n d i g en ou s an d forested la nd cover is exc lude d from develop men t b ec au se t h ey are co n si d ered eco lo g i c al ly, h isto r ic all y, c u lt u ral ly o r e co n o m i ca l l y s i g n i fican t. F u rth ermore the se green spa ces form a pa rt of t h e w id er n et wo r k o f p atc h es an d co r r i d o r s an d ser ve an eco lo g i c al fu n c t i o n .
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A 2 0 m b u f fer was p rop o sed a round the stre a m s a nd the river as b u ffer s an d to ac t as eco l o g ic al co r r id o r s. Ad d it i o n al ly t h ese p ro tec t t h e v u l n e ra bl e st re a m environ men t.
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We ad d ed a 20m b u f fer a round the roa ds to c re ate dista nce fro m t h e mai n ro ad fo r safet y reaso n s an d al low sp ace fo r b ar r ier p lan t i n g at ro a d e dge. Th i s w ill p rovid e sh elter, noise buffe ring, a nd protec tion. Pla nt in g at ro ad sid es al so g ives t h e visu al ap p earan ce o f n ar rower ro ad s w h i ch e n co u ra ge s c ar s to slow d ow n .
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A 2 0 m b u f fer arou n d arc ha e ologic a l site s e nsures that the se areas are p ro tec ted fro m d evel o p men t an d are st il l sit u ated in t h ei r n at ura l l a n ds ca pe.
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We ch ose to exclu d e any slope a bove 20 de gre es from deve l o p men t as t h ese are to o steep fo r li vin g an d ag r ic u lt u ral p u r p o ses.
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St reams an d slo p e
Veg et at io n , r iver an d Wao t u b lo c k
E levat io n , ro ad s an d P ikit u Marae
E xc l u sio n an d elevat io n
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CASE STUDIES M A N G ATAWA PA PA KA I N GA Th e Man g at awa Pap akai n g a is a ho u s i n g pro j e ct d esig n ed sp ec ific all y fo r Ng a Po ti k i pe o pl e ; t h e Man g at awa vi sio n i s to all ow w ha n a u to e n j oy maxi mu m b en efit as sh areh o l d er s. Th e p ro jec t was to b u i ld 30 d wel l i n gs , t h e f i r st st ag e o f w h ic h is ten kau mat u a h o u s e s . Th i s fir st st ag e i s co mp lete an d co n s i st s o f te n n ew t wo b ed ro o m ren t al h o mes wi t h ca r po r t s . Th e h o mes are o n t h e n o r t h er n sl o pe o f t h e h i l l lo c ated i n c lo se p roxi mi t y to t h e m a ra e a n d o n t rad i t io n al Mao r i l an d so t h at resi de n t s ca n e n j oy t h e fu ll b en efit s o f t h i s c u l t u ral l an ds ca pe. Th i s p ap akai n g a is a p ar t n er sh i p wi t h H o u s i n g New Zeal an d an d all ows Ng a Po t i k i to prov i de su b si d i sed ren t s ( n o mo re t h an 25 % o f t h at pe r s o n s weekly in co me) to t h eir p eo p le by e n te r i n g i n to a leasin g ag reemen t w it h H o u si n g N ew Ze a l a n d w h ereby, Ng a Po t iki b u il d an d ow n t h e h o u s e s , t h en l ease t h em to H o u sin g New Ze a l a n d to ten an t t h em o n t h e b asi s t h at Man gat awa Ku i a n d Kau mat u a are g i ven p r i o r i t y i n t h e s e l e ct i o n . To q u ali fy fo r t h e u n i t s yo u mu st b e M a n gat awa ; mu st b e over 6 0 year s o f ag e an d be co m m i t te d to t h e l ife o f t h e marae Fo l low i n g t h e su ccess o f t h e fi r st 1 0 t wo be dro o m u n it s, Man g at awa i s c u r ren t ly b u i ld i n g a f u r t h e r 2 t wo b ed ro o m u n it s.
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S EABIRD ISLAND COM M UN IT Y H O U S IN G P ROJ ECT Ho me to some of C an ad a’s First Nation pe ople S e ab i rd I slan d is located in British Colum bia on t h e b an k s of th e F raser R ive r. P ro j e ct p lan n in g an d d esig n for its new, susta ina ble h o u s i n g develop men t b eg a n in May, 2002, a nd i s n ow at over 65 % comp lete. It ha s involve d a w h o l e ran g e of strateg ies, new te c hnologies, i n n ovat i o ns, an d n ew p rod uc ts. F u n d e d by a p artn ersh ip between severa l o rg a n i s at ion s, in clu d in g the Se a bird pe ople an d n at i o n al an d local g ove rnm ent, the proje c t d e mo n st rates a n ew way of fina nc ing a nd building af fo rd a b l e h ou sin g p rojects. House s a re rented to me mb e r s w h o h ave b een on a new housing wa iting l i st fo r a nu mb er of years. P r i n ci p l e s of su stain ab ility were esta blished co l l e ct i vely, very early on , a nd have continued as t h e g u id in g force. Refe re nces to tra ditiona l ve r n acu l ar an d p ast tech n o logie s a re em bodie d i n t h e p roject’s d esig n , stru c ture, a nd de ta iling. I n d i g e n o us materials h ave been used, suc h as re cyc led old - g row th yellow a nd red ce da r l o g s , ce d ar sid in g , river roc k, tra ditiona l form s, l o c al cra f tsman sh ip, an d a rtworks. Virtua lly a ll S e ab i rd I slan d resid en ts, f rom the e lders to the s c h o o l ch i ld ren h ave taken pa rt in som e way. Th e h o mes are d esig n ed to bene fit from sola r, w i n d , a n d earth en erg y, a nd m a in liv ing a rea s an d s o l ariu ms are orien ted to the south in a s e m i - c i rcu lar p attern arou n d a com m una l hea ling g ard e n . The g ard en is th e foca l point of the site a nd d e marc ates th e fou r sacred c a rdina l direc tions. A b o r i g i n a l- C ap acity B u ild in g It ha s been ex tre m e ly i m p o r t an t th rou g h ou t th e Se a bird Isla nd projec t to make s u re th at exp erien ce and knowle dge ga ined f ro m t h e en tire p rocess can be use d by the loc a l co mmu n i t y an d tran sferred to othe r First Nations l o c al e s .
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STRATEGY We h ave ch osen to focu s on four m a jor strategies whic h a re desig n ed to in ter l o c k an d co mp l emen t e ach o t h e r. For th e life- force of the Ma ra e /ha pu to flourish ways n eed to b e fo u n d to c reate a cyc l e o f e co l o gy, ag ricu ltu re an d com m e rce that give s incom e a nd emp loymen t to fami li es w h i lst en su r in g t h e u n d e rlyin g ecolog ical h ea lth of the la ndsc a pe is enha nce d. St ag e 1 : To en h an ce th e valu e of Pikitu Ma ra e to its p e o p l e t h rou g h th e d evelop ment of a Pa pa ka inga , by re ach in g in to its community a nd bringing t h e m b a ck h ome, w ith an env ironm e nt that va lues s u st a i n ab ility, en d u ran ce, fa m ily a nd future. St ag e 2 : To ap p ly th e valu es of the people into t h e i r l an dscap e an d h ome, by re-v ita lising their l i fe s o u rces; water an d ve getation. Blending n at u re b a ck in to P ikitu an d its pa pa ka inga but al s o to re-veg etate remna nt native patc hes, re b u i l d e colog ical p atch es a nd corridors in the l o c al are a , an d to p hysically a nd spiritua lly bridge t h e p e o p le to A ru p u n i R iver. St ag e 3 : To g row th e Marae a nd its com m unity into a l i v i n g an d workin g environ m e nt, encoura ging the p e o p l e to live an d work w ithin a nd for the ir ha pu, cl o s e to h ome. To estab lish a soc ia l, com m erc ia l an d e nv i ro n men tally f lou rishing pla ce of re sidence to i n s p i re th e p eop le of P ikit u Ma ra e to live, work, l e a r n an d p lay in th e area for m a ny ge ne rations i n to t h e f u tu re.
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ZONING PLAN
N o te : Al l commercial en terprises a nd proposa ls a nd a gric ultu ral p rac t i ces mu st b e eco l o g ic all y s e n s i t i ve a n d d evelop ed in a ccorda nce with susta ina ble processes an d g u i d eli n es.
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PA PA K A I N GA St ag e 1 : Situ ated arou n d the m a ra e, with the mara e b uild in g as th e cen tra l foc a l point of the e st a b l i s h men t, w ith in a com forta ble 2km wa lking zo n e. St ag e 2 : Situ ated w ith in sight dista nce of the mara e, b u t h ou sed w ith in la nd with signific a nt l a n d s cap e featu res to b lend com m unity a nd n at u re. St ag e 3 : Situ ated on th e borde rs of the first t wo an d b ou n d ed by rip a ria n pla nting, native ve g e t at i o n , an d more p astora l ope n la nd. Suita ble fo r h o m e stead livin g . E COLO GY St ag e 1 : Fou n d alon g an ex pa nse of the Ara puni R i ve r a n d in clu sive of sig nific a nt patc hes a nd co r r i d o r s f lan kin g th e river.
SC A LE @ A3 1:80,000
St ag e 2 : Sited w ith in alrea dy dense a rea s of ve g e t at i o n , to b e classif ied a s re-ve getation a rea s, o f te n b o rd ered by lan d w ith few or no e cologic a l p atch e s . St ag e 3 : Sp aces w ith limite d ecologic a l va lue, to b e st rateg ically su p p ort ing ripa ria n pla nting al o n g t h e existin g streams, bounded by e cologic a l zo n e s a n d ag ricu ltu ral zon es, whic h a re lim ite d by r i p a r i a n ed g es. AG R I C ULTUR E St ag e 1 : S ited close th e p apa ka inga , to continue t h e l i fe an d work relation ship, but within or nea r t h e ex i st in g d airy farm sites, lim ited by ripa ria n e d g e s an d veg etative w in d brea ks. St ag e 2 : Located in relatively spa rse la nd, within a c lose driv ing d ist an ce to t h e P i ki t u co mmu n i t y l ivi n g sp ace. St ag e 3 : P laced on th e b ou nda ry of site s state d a bove a nd borde r i n g a vast exp an se o f veg et at io n , li mi ted by t h e r i p ar i an p l an t in g as it s f u r t h e st po i n t , to s e cu re ecolog ical sites and a gric ultura l sites in spe c ific zones. CO M M E R CIA L St ag e 1 : Located alon g th e stre a m ’s ripa ria n bounda ry, with lim i ted an d so ft d evelo p men t ap p ro p r iate. Co mmerc i al ven t u res t h at d o n o t re qu i re h e avy mo d i f i c at ion of th e lan d scape. St ag e 2 : S itu ated b etween the e cologic a l sites a nd pa rtly a gric u l t u ral to co mb i n e t h e exp er ien ce o f b o t h i n a mo d erate l an d sc ap e. St ag e 3 : Position ed on existing la ndsc a pe suita ble for a dve nturo u s an d ext reme ac t ivi t ies, to li mi t ad ver se ter rafo r min g .
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PAPAKAINGA Wh e n e nvisag in g p ossib le are a s for building we we re m i nd f u l of b u ild in g s a nd spa ces a re not i s o l ate d e lemen ts an d sh ou ld be construc ted within a n at u ra l environ men tal contex t, not intrusive or i nvas i ve bu t rath er ref lected the relationships a nd co n n e ct i o n s b etween p eop le a nd the e nv ironm e nt. C h ara cte r O u r st rateg y focu ses on ref le c ting a nd e nha nc ing t h e d i st i nctive ch aracter, he rita ge a nd identity o f t h e s e ttlemen t. B u ilt spa ces a nd buildings re p re s e n t relatives an d an cestors, the persona lity an d n at u re of p eop le n o lon ger physic a lly present. Wh e n s e l ectin g areas for possible developm e nt we h ave a lso taken in to account natura l fe atures s u ch a s water an d mou n tains, not just a s physic a l o b j e c t s b u t also as someth ing very pe rsona l. C h o i ce The location, aspect and positioning of any potential d eve l o p m en t p lays an imp o rta nt role in re lation to n at u ra l resou rces, security, a nd prote c tion. Trad i t i o n a lly th e selection of a se ttlem e nt site wa s ex t re m e l y imp ortan t an d influenced the types of b u i l d i n g s th at were con stru c te d. Co n n e c t i o n s Ce n t ra l to ou r strateg y was ide ntify ing a nd e nha nc ing how differen t n et wo r ks li n k to g et h er fo r t h e p eo p le w h o w i ll o n e d ay l ive at t h i s si te. We h ave a l s o t ake n i n to accou n t trad itiona l m odes of tra nsport whic h were wa lkin g o r c an o e, w h ic h emp h asi ses t h e n eed fo r sp aces to b e accessi b l e, we l l co n n e cte d w i t h access to availab le resources, a nd to e nsure soc ia l inte ra c tio n . S u st ai n ab ility Th e re l i an ce on th e environ ment for surv iva l persua ded a nd encou rag ed Māo r i to fo ster a p h i lo so p hy o f g u ard ian sh i p o r c u sto d ian sh i p fo r t h e e nv i ro n m e n t . M ā o r i co n sid er th emselves c a reta ke rs a nd protec tors of la nd a n d it s asso c iated reso u rces. Ou r p ro p o sed d evelo p men t si tes t ake in to a cco u n t t h e s u st a i n ab ility an d ‘ p lace’ of Wa otu by a na lysing a nd unde rsta nd i n g t h e in t r i c ate web o f flo ra an d fau n a an d h ow t h at c an b e su st ain ab ly m a n a ge d a n d b ro u g h t b ack to f u ll p oten ti a l.
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M AO R I DE S I G N P R I N C I P L ES
Ste p 1 : B uild in its f irst stage, a sm a ll pa pa ka inga o f s i n g l e storey d wellin g s to a ccom m odate (m ost l i ke l y ) t h e eld erly an d retired, in the surrounding l a n d o f P i kitu M arae. E n h an ce the va lue by c reating mo d e r n - bu ilt stru ctu res, with the overriding t ra d i t i o n a l valu es of op en, sha re d liv ing a nd co mmu n i t y p ossib ilities.
H i g h l evel , over - arc h in g p r i n c i p al s a re : Māt au ran g a C an b e d esc r i b ed as kn ow led g e t h at i s ba s e d o n a Māo r i wo r ld vi ew an d as ‘ t h e k n owl e dge, co mp reh en sio n , o r u n d er st an d i n g o f eve r y t h i n g visi b l e an d invi sib le exist in g i n t h e u n i ve r s e ’ , a n d is o ften u sed syn o nymo u sly w i t h wi s do m .
Ste p 2 : Exp an d on th e stag e 1 pa pa ka inga hom es to acco m mod ate more p eople, from retire es to s m al l families w ith ch ildren. Build struc ture s i n t h e st yle of th e f irst sta ge in a nother zone d e d i c ate d to family- sized dwe llings with a la rge ce n t ra l commu n ity sp ace, fo r play a nd a c tiv ities. A l o n g with creatin g a m ore susta ina ble a nd e nv i ro n men tally self - su f f ic ient e nv ironm e nt, w h e re fo od can b e g row n fo r the com m unity, suc h as an o rc h ard , water can b e re cyc led a nd wa ste is l i mi te d an d re- p u rp osed . P ursue to c re ate a ze ro waste, s e lf su f f icien t p ap aka inga deve lopm e nt.
Wh ān au n g at an g a: Māo r i are a co m m u n a l pe o pl e an d val u e co ll ec t ive p ar t ic ip at io n an d m e m be r s h i p. Ko t ah it an g a: Trad i t io n all y, u n i t y and co l l a bo rat i o n were an i mp o r t an t p ar t o f Māo r i li fe. Wai r u at an g a: Māo r i reco g n i se an i m m o r t a l e l e m e n t in man , w h i c h i s refer red to as t h e wa i r u a .
Ste p 3 : E xp an d th e P ikitu com m unity to one of l i v i n g an d workin g , w ith th e a ddition of educ ationa l b u i l d i n g s (su ch as a koh anga re o a nd/or a kura ka u p a p a) , a h ealth clin ic, an d a com m una l building to r u n p e rson al trad es or b usine sses out of, a long w i t h f u r t her d evelop men t of com m una l buildings, s u ch as a larg er meetin g room , libra ry (historic ro o m /m u seu m) . Th is is to a ccom m odate for a ll n e e d s o f t h e commu n ity so le ss travel is re quired to o b t a i n th ese services elsewhere.
Mau r it an g a: Mau r it an g a o r ig in ates f ro m t h e wo rd mau r i , w h ic h mean s li fe fo rce o r e ss e n ce, a n d i s b o t h an imate an d in an i mate. Oran g at an g a: Refer r in g to h eal t h a n d we l l - be i n g, t h e ter m o ran g at an g a o r i g i n ates f ro m t h e ro o t wo rd o ra, w h i c h mean s l ife, well , an d h e a l t h . Man aaki t an g a: Man aakit an g a i s a n i m po r t a n t c u l t u ral t rad i t io n . H o sp it al it y a n d k i n dn e ss exten d ed toward n eig h b o u r s an d vi s i to r s e st a bl i s h st ro n g relat i o n sh i p s. Māt au ran g a: Th e su st ai n ab l e u s e o f n at u ra l reso u rces an d t h e i n ter - co n n ec t i o n be t we e n t h e n at u ral envi ro n men t an d p eo p l e is a key te n e t o f kait i aki t an g a. Ran g at i rat an g a: Ran g at i rat an g a fo r M ā o r i i s ab o u t d eter min i n g an d ac h i evi n g t h e i r a s pi rat i o n s b o t h in d ivi d u al ly an d co ll ec t ivel y a n d re i n fo rce s in d ig en o u s r i g h t s to p ar t i c i p ate wi t h i n u r ba n d esig n an d p lan n i n g . Māt au ran g a: Th e ro le o f h isto r y, ge n e a l o gy, myt h o lo g y, an d c u lt u ral t rad i t io n s h a s pl aye d a n imp o r t an t p ar t i n sh ap in g Māo r i at t i t u de s , be l i e f s , valu es an d b eh avi o u r s.
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ECOLOGY G R E E N / B LU E I N F R ASTR U CT URE
A key st rateg i c d ec i sio n was ma de to excl u de a 20 met re st r ip alo n g eac h r i p ar i a n e dge f ro m p o ten t ial d evelo p men t ( w h ere p o ss i bl e u s e 5 0 m b u ffer at eac h sid e to c reate a st ri p, to t a l be i n g 1 0 0 m co r r id o r as p ro p o sed by Meur k & H a l l ). We also d ec id ed to in c lu d e all u n d erg ro u n d st re a m s an d t r i b u t ar i es i n t h is eq u at i o n b ec a u s e a l t h o u gh t h e water may n o t b e p hysi c al ly vi s i bl e, i t i s st i l l affec ted by any d esig n moves an d st i l l fo r m s a n in teg ral p ar t o f t h e l an d sc ap e mat ri x . Remn an t n at ive fo rest an d o t h er are a s e co l o gi ca l sig n ific an ce were h ig h li g h ted an d re m ove d f ro m areas o f p o ten t i al d evel o p men t . I f we ca n l i n k a n d man ag e p atc h es an d co r r id o r s o f n at i ve ve ge t at i o n we c an en co u rag e b i rd s an d w i ld li fe ba ck to t h e area. C arefu l ap p li c at i o n o f reg en erat i ve st rate gi e s
Ste p 1 : Pl a n t n ative rip arian buffe rs to border the stre a m s within th e p ap akai n g a d evelo p men t area to wi t h h o ld th e d ow n stream a ffe c t a nd filte r storm wate r. Natura l p l an t in g an d access to b r i n g t h e l i fe o f t h e rivers an d its vege tation into the com m unity. Ste p 2 : Exp an d rip arian p lanting further out of the pa pa ka inga area to st reams w it h p o o r r ip ar ian e d g i n g a n d d evelop an d ex pa nd on ex isting ve getation ba rrie r s b et ween d ai r y far ml an d an d i m p o r t an t p atch es an d corridors. Continue to e duc ate the com mu n i t y ab o u t t h e val u es o f t h eir l i fe s o u rces, water an d n ature, a nd its im porta nce within the commu n it y, c u l t u re an d d ai ly li fe. Ste p 3 : D evelop a commu n ity group that is proa c tive a nd a c t a s g u ard ian s toward s t h e r iver s an d re m n a n t ecolog ical p atch es, by holding regula r c le a n ups of loc al an d n ei g h b o u r i n g tow n r iver s an d to e du cate oth ers w ith their knowledge. This c a n be pa rt of sc h o o l in g ed u c at i o n .
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G R EEN PATCHES A N D COR R ID OR S
ECO LOGICA L A IMS
•
E x p an d existin g p atch a nd corridor networks w i t h n ative p lan tin g suita ble for the site co n d i tion s. In crease p atc hes in size to c reate a mo re valu ab le in terio r ha bitats for spec ies n o t to leran t of ed g e conditions.
•
I n d evelop ed areas in c lude gre en patc he s (s u c h as p arks, street tre es, buffe r pla nting an d s helterb elts) to contribute to the patc hes an d corrid ors n etwork as fe eding stations for av i an fau n a.
•
Re move p atch or corri dor ba rrie rs or ga ps an d create ecolog ical loops to im prove co n n ectivity, circu late nutrie nts, wildlife flow an d seed d isp ersal.
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Eve n t h o u g h some areas may have other func tions o r d eve l o pmen t th e over- arching a im of ecologic a l i m p rove men t sh ou ld b e p ursue d for ecologic a l an d c u l t u ral b en ef its of th e re sidents. We propose t h e fo l l owin g :
B E N E F I TS FO R R E S I D E N TS : •
Rec reat io n al o p p o r t u n i t ies
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Ed u c at i o n
I n c re a se f lora d iversity whic h conseque ntly i n cre a ses fau n a d iversity.
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Passi ve sp aces
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P rovid es reso u rces; fo o d , m e di ci n a l e tc
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Co n n ec t io n w i t h n at u re
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R i p a r ian p lan tin g on a ll stre a m s to a c t a s co r r i dors, erosion con trol, buffers a nd filte rs.
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St ren g t h en in g o f c u l t u ral id en t i t y
Mi t ig at io n o f u r b an d evel o p ed areas
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L i n ki n g sp aces
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Air fil t rat io n
•
Sto r m water fi lt rat i o n
P l a n t trees to p rovid e sha de, filtration a nd e ro s i o n con trol, p articu l a rly at steep slope s.
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h e at
island
in
AGRICULTURE E n s u r i n g th at th is is a p rod uc tive la ndsc a pe going fo r wa rd mean t th at id en tify ing a n a ppropriate ag r i c u l t u ral mod el forms p a rt of the strate gy. The e co l o g i cal strateg y mu st fo c us on the well-being o f t h e l a n dscap e b u t th e ag ric ultura l strate gy m ust e n s u re t h at it remain s a p roduc tive la ndsc a pe. Key t ra n s p o r t lin ks in to an d th rough the site m ust a lso b e t ake n in to accou n t for movem e nt of produce an d p e o p le. Th e h ap u alread y ow n an d run severa l da iry units an d h ave op tion s to secu re m ore. A m ove to a n o rg a n i c a n d more su stain able fa rm ing m ode l will b e n e f i t t h em on b oth a lon g-te rm com m erc ia l a nd cu l t u ral l evel. Af te r an a lysin g soil typ e, land use c a pa bility a nd cu r re n t u sag e we were ab le to identify a rea s for p o te n t i al ag ricu ltu ral d evelopm e nt a nd ex pa nsion. Han d i n han d w ith th e ecologic a l strategy this can wo r k to en h an ce rathe r tha n de gra de the l a n d s cap e an d ecolog ical h ea lth of the a re a .
Ste p 1 : Con tin u e d airy farmi ng on ex isting owned fa rm la nd a nd b eg i n t rain i n g p eo p l e w it h i n t h e H ap u o f t h e t rad e. E n su re t h at t h e ag r ic u l t u ra l a ct i v i t i e s are b o u n d ed by rip arian ma rgins away from rem na nt native patch es an d si g n i fi c an t h ab it at p atc h es o r co r r i d o r s. Ste p 2 : Exp an d th e amou n t of la nd use d for da iry fa rm ing (sm a l l - med i u m far min g ) w it h H ap u memb er s as t h e h ead ag r ic u lt u rer s an d farm h a n ds , a l o n g w i t h co n t in u in g th e valu es of c a ring for the la nd by using env iro n men t al ly fr i en d ly p ro cesses an d d evel o p in g t h e l an d w it h o rg an i c m ate r i a l s , a n d s u b st an ces su ch as org an ic fertiliser. Ste p 3 : To allow for b road er a gric ultura l e nde avours ex pa nding fro m t h e c u r ren t d ai r y far m, su c h as sp ec i fi c far min g o f an imals fo r smal ler, m o re s pe ci f i c cu l t u ral deman d s, for example, goats (goats m ilk a nd c he ese), or mo re c ro p b ased ag r i c u l t u re, su c h as soy (soy mi lk) , al l w i t h o rg an ic g row i n g pro ce du re s to m ake t h e p rod u cts more va lua ble a nd high qua lity.
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COMMERCIAL Th e n e e d for th is lan d scap e to prov ide a n econom ic b e n e f i t to its in h ab itan ts in order to m a inta in a life fo rce i s also a vital to ou r strategy. By identify ing s i te s a n d areas for activitie s suc h a s e duc ationa l fa ci l i t i e s , retreats, w ild life pre servation projec ts an d to u r ism we h op e to add a n effec tive a nd ap p ro p r i ate mean s of attra c ting a nd reta ining fa mi l i e s a n d f u tu re g en erations. Aga in, this is i n t r i n s i cally lin ked to th e other key strategies a s t h e e co l o g ical an d Pap akainga a spec ts form the co r n e r ston e of ecolog ical com m erce. S o me i d eas i n cl u d e :
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p oten tia l
econom ic
a c tiv ity
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C u l t u ral walks th rou g h the rura l, historic a lly r i c h lan d scap e, in clu d i ng signific a nt Ma ori sites, nationally important remnant vegetation.
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N ew Zealan d farm stays a nd a gric ultura l to u r s - con n ect w ith th e re a l outdoor world of fa r mi ng in N Z.
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Te ch nical N Z tou rs for nationa l a nd oversea s b u s i n esses wan tin g to follow in sim ila r ag r i c u ltu ral footstep s (e.g natura l fertiliser).
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M a o r i lan d scap e exp lorations- tra ditiona l a rt, an c i e nt Maori leg en d s a nd va lues, hiking trips O ve r seas an d n ation al tourism m a rke ting.
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N u r s ery b u sin ess focu sing on native spec ies. Re i nvest p rof its in to re-ve getation proje c ts s u ch as rip arian p lan tin g.
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Ed u cation , estab lish a centre of exce llence for e co l o g y an d cu ltu re. Publish env ironm e nta l g u i d es or b ooks, e.g kawa kawa leaves used to make tea - a g ood h ealth re m e dy.
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O rc h a rd s w h ich can p roduce food a nd incom e fo r t h e h ap u or sell excess produce to loc a l town s.
Sta ge 1 : Create a b en efi c i al rel at io n sh ip w it h t h e lan d by g row i n g n at ive p l an t s i n a n u r s e r y (loc a lly so l d ) , g row i n g fo o d in co mmu n it y g ard en s, re-veg et at in g r ip ar ian marg i n s an d ex pa n di n g ecologic a l p atc h es w h ic h w il l co n t r i b u te to vi sito r s’ ap p rec iat i o n o f t h e area an d re i n fo rce t h e natura l c harac ter o f t h e l an d . Sta ge 2: Exp l o re w i d er co mmerc i al g ai n s n at io n all y an d in ter n at i o n al ly t h ro u g h sma l l e r to u r i s m a c tiv ities s u c h as c u lt u ral wal ks, far min g to u r s, o r n at u ral h i ki n g t r i p s t h ro u g h t h e ro l l i n g h i l l s of the Wa i kato al l lead by exp er t g u i d es fro m w it h i n t h e co mmu n it y. F u r t h er mo re Pi t i k i M a ra e re sidents may w i sh to sh are t h ei r r i c h c u l t u ral h isto r y, wo r l d views an d u n i q u e l an d sc a pe t h ro u gh educ ation w it h i n to u r ism o r by p rovi d i n g ac t i vit i es fo r sc h o o l c h il d ren , u n i ver sit y st u de n t s a n d intereste d w i d er co mmu n i t y. Sta ge 3: Exp l o re ad ven t u ro u s to u r i sm ac t i vit i es w i t h in t h e u n d u l at i n g lan d sc ap es t h at a re l e ss suita ble fo r ag r ic u lt u ral o r c u lt u ral p u r p o ses, set w it h i n t h e at t rac t i ve lan d sc ap e o f t h e S o u t h Wa ikato re g i o n p ro mo t i n g to u r i sm an d sen se o f p l ace.
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REFERENCES
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[ECO]LOGIC