Leanne Bowater | James Currey | Sam Hendrikse | Vishaal Shah
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Mission Statement To retain the ecological values of the Ngati Huri and culturally enhance the area of Pikutu Marae: Through low impact design to establish growth whilst retaining the lands sustainability throughout the rural landscape. “Ki te kore nga putake e makukungia e kore te rakau e tupu” “If the roots of the tree are not watered the tree will never grow”
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Contents
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Mission Statement
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Contents
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Context
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Introduction to Waikato Introduction to the Pikitu Marae
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Maps Hillshade Aspect Slope Streeams Land Use Capabilities Land Cover Infrastructure Archeological Sites
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Revegetation Exclusion Zones Zoning Plan
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Papakainga Ecology Revegetation Strategy
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References
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Context For Maori, landscape is an amalgam of history, present and future. Landscape provided the frame for the narrative and tangible form of the ancestors to inform cultural life and to affirm and confirm identity with place. We are to recognise and analyse the main landscape factors, elements, processes and patterns within the wider context of Putaruru in order to identify areas where innovative forms of settlement growth can be appropriately located and illustrate as well as demonstrate landscape architectural analysis and design processes to support informed spatial decision making.
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Introduction to Waikato A local government region of the upper north island. The region stretches from the Coromandel Peninsula in the north, to the north-eastern slopes of Mount Ruapehu in the south. It is the 4th largest region in the country in area and population with an area of 25,000km2 and population of 430,800 (from the 2014 June estimate). In the area there are a lot of towns including Cambridge, Matamata, Ngatea, Taupo and many more including Hamilton City. The Hamilton area has a history of 700-800 years of Maori occupation and settlement, highlighted by pa sites, traditional gardens and agricultural features along the Waikato River. In 1863, the New Zealand Settlement Act enabled land to be taken from Maori by the Crown. This resulted in 1.2 million hectares of land being taken away in the Waikato region, and part of this land provided the basis for European settlement. Before the arrival of Europeans, the Waikato contained the 3rd most densely populated part of New Zealand, after Northland and the Bay of Plenty. The name for the region is taken from the Waikato river, Waikato is the Maori translation for ‘flowing water’ (wai = water and kato = the pull of river current in the sea). The length of the Waikato River is 425km. It is the longest river in New Zealand, it rises to the slopes of Mount Ruapehu, joining the Tongariro river system and emptying into Lake Taupo. The present course of the river was largely formed about 17,000 years ago. The river has spiritual meaning for different local Maori tribes, who regarded is as a source of their mana. A well-known saying about the Waikato River uses taniwha as a metaphor for chiefs ‘Waikato taniwha rau, he piko he taniwha, he piko he taniwha’ (Waikato of a hundred taniwha, on every bend a taniwha). This saying attributes the power and prestige of the Waikato tribes to the river.
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Introduction to the Pikitu Marae The Pikutu Marae located on Wiltsdown Road, Waotu is the projection of Ngati Huri Hapu, 4km from the banks of the Waikato River and 24km from both Utururu and Tokaroa. There are a number of sites of significance near and around the Marae including the ancient rock drawings done by early Maori settlers. A rocky shelf that once projected out of the side of a cliff face and now forms the name of the northern dairy unit. There are many rocks, hills and mountains that hold stories and meanings behind them and provide a connection with lost ancestors. One of which is a distinctive rocky outcrop 500m from the dairy farm called “Te Rape a Huia”. The Marae itself is the Huri meeting house, built in the 1870’s along with a kauta (cookhouse) which is only used now by the men when they put a hungi down next to it. The Marae is widely used by the community with the south Waikato district council hosting the first monthly council meetings at the Marae. Proudly upheld by Ngati Huri Hapu it provides a significant area for the people and those once living there. The Marae maintains a balance of peace and tranquillity between the people and the land and provides an essential connection between the tribe and all those before them.
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Hillshade LEGEND Pikitu Marae Full sun
Shaded
Hill shade is a relative measure and is relative to the position of the sun in the sky which you can alter by changing the altitude and azimuth when you compute hill shade. A value of 0 indicates that the surface/cell is in the shade and a value of 255 indicates that it is pointing directly at the sun and would therefore be receiving the most “energy� if you chose to equate to those terms. You could exploit a hillshade if you knew/could calculate the incident radiation at your location as a function of solar azimuth and angle.
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Aspect LEGEND Pikitu Marae North & East Aspect South & West Aspect
This map shows the sites aspect highlighting the areas grouped as North/East and South/West aspect. Our site is within a large contoured area so this factor was a significant variable for the areas suitable for development as well as traditions of which direction development must be faced decided from the Hapu
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Slope LEGEND Pikitu Marae 0-8째 slope 8-15째 slope >15째 slope
This map is used to find the steepest slopes of the map, showing the least suitable areas for development, and those over 8 are included in the exclusion map. From looking at this map, you can see that the site is steep throughout but there are certain areas allowing for development. Slopes greater than 15째 require revegetation to prevent further erosion.
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Streams LEGEND Pikitu Marae Stream
This map shows all of the streams in the area around the Pikitu Marae. There is an abundance of small streams and waterways within 10km of the marae. Land within a 15m buffer around the streams is suitable for revegetation to improve the health of the streams. 18
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Land Use Capabilties LEGEND Pikitu Marae Land suitable for agriculture and forestry Land with moderate agriculture and forestry limitations Non-arable land suitable for pastoral or forestry use only Non-arable land unsuitable for crops, pasture or forestry River Town
Through our LUC assessment we have been able to identify the limitations currently throughout the landscape. With this information we can work towards establishing the key areas for development with low to moderate limitations. This will play a significant role in insuring that development throughout the landscape will be low impact and the landscape will remain rich in character. 20
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Land Cover LEGEND Pikitu Marae Native vegetation Exotic vegetation Agricultural land River Settlement and infrastructure Quarry
This map analyses the site showing what the land is currently used for. The overall area is agricultural land with exotic and native vegetation throughout. We have decided to retain as much of the exotic and native vegetation as possible since the area immediately outside the Pikitu Marae is mostly agricultural land with small amounts of native when there could be so much more. 22
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Infrastructure LEGEND Pikitu Marae Road
The vast majority of infrastructure surrounding the Pikitu Marae is roading. Long stretches of rural road connect small country towns (such as Tokoroa seen at the bottom right of this map) to rural schools, farms and the marae.
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Archeological Sites LEGEND Pikitu Marae Archeological Site
There are significant geological and archaeological areas present in this study that need to be recognized. These areas need to be protected to manage the effects for future development on the cultural heritage values associated with the ancestral Maori land. 26
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Revegetation LEGEND Pikitu Marae Areas of Revegetation Existing Native Vegetation
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Exclusion Zones LEGEND Pikitu Marae Areas unsuitable for development Archeological Site
The exclusion zone map includes an overlay of revegetated slopes and riparian margins with land already in use for forestry and crops. Areas of archeological importance have also been highlighted on this map to highlight the need for sensitivity and consideration when building on or near culturally significant sites.
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Zoning Plan LEGEND Pikitu Marae Preferred zone for Papakainga housing development Existing native vegetation zones Revegetation zones Areas identified as ideal for agricultural use Northern and eastern aspect Archeological site
Our Zoning plan is split into 4 additional areas. Papakainga housing: The Zone for the Papakainga housing is located in that area due to its close proximity to the Pikitu Marae and the lands subtle slope insuring that development is as low impact as possible. Revegetation zone: Our revegetation plan is located around the river as a buffer zone and on steep slopes where agricultural would not flourish. Agricultural zone: The agricultural zone has been dictated by the slope levels throughout the landscape and the soil types which were calculatedthrough the land use capability map. Northern and Eastern Aspects: The northern and eastern aspects further more helped to identify the areas which would be more suited for development especially since the Pikitu Marae and all the surrounding buildings are facing east.
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Papakainga Papakainga refers to ‘papa’ or Papatuanuku as the ancestral earth mother and ‘Kainga’ as the village communal living environment. Today the term is used to define both ancestral land base as well as a collection of dwellings used by Maori and connected by Kaupapa located reasonably close to each other and usually relating to a Marae or other communal area or building. It has been said that the increasing cost of living has resulted in some Maori moving out of urban areas and returning to their ancestral land. When Maori return to their own land, they often look to build a house there. Since Maori strongly identify the land, it is important for them to be in close proximity with Whanua. There is also a perception where Maori and European view land ownership differently. Many Europeans view land mostly in economic terms while Maori have main emphasis on spiritual, cultural and social values associated with the land. The main barriers to the development of Papakainga housing is the difficulty of obtaining loans for the land that is multiply owned. Banks as well as other lenders are reluctant to lend on this type of land as it is pretty much impossible to place a capital value on it, also it cannot be sold on the open market so banks are wary of their lack of security if owners default on mortgage payments. Another challenge is a common vision is not shared by all owners, as land is passed through generations, the number of owner’s increase which adds to the complexity of ensuring everyone’s needs are fulfilled. Council has been told it can help to make Papakainga housing more successful by ensuring Maori are involved in the development of the process and provisions, making processes and provisions uncomplicated useful, relevant and aimed at achieving the desired results.
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http://www.naturespace.org.nz/sites/default/files/u6/Maungatautiri%20restoration_plan_Nov_04_0.pdf
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Ecology The rural landscape surrounding the Pikitu Marae is very rich in ecological significance due to the high productivity of the land and the supporting role of the Waikato stream that runs through the landscape. “One of the richer ecological systems in the area is the Maungatautari Ecological Island. Maungatautari was once a high point in a large area of conifer broadleaved forest, but today it represents nearly half of the forest remaining in the district. Many birds, invertebrates and reptiles that are now extinct or gone from the area would have lived in the forests.� Due to the high potential and productivity of the Maungatautari Island the land surrounding the Pikitu Marae could help support the restoration projects that are currently taking place. Various planting around the river could enhance the wildlife as well as bird life and could create a corridor between Pikitu and Maungatautari. Our aim is to reactivate the major successional processes likely to have operated in pre-human times. Through planting such as our proposed riparian buffer we wish to restore the forest ecosystem to a self-sustaining state where minimal human interaction is required.
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Revegetation Strategy
Proposed Riparian Buffer
Low Impact Design
Enhance the ecological and cultural significance around the Pikitu Marae
Retain existing native and exotic vegetation
Multipurpose vegetation
Agriculture
-Improve soil quality.
-Application of ecological carrying capacity concept; key element of sustainable development ‘ecological footprint’ introduced.
-Encourage native birds to return to restored habitats.
-Modern revegetation work using only locally sourced plants; Pikitu nursery.
-Beneficial to local people.
-Pastoral land managed sustainably where appropriate.
-Riparian vegetation as a major source of energy and nutrients for stream system. -Improved water quality; riparian zones prevent sediments, fertilisers, pesticides and other pollutants from entering stream.
-Current and future generations t0 learn about the plants, how they were and are continue to be used.
-Minimise impervious surfaces and impact of human activity.
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-Historically and culturally significant plants, such as those with healing properties, to be encouraged and recognised.
-Dairy and crops of value to local economy.
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References Claire Mortimer, L. R. (2010, November 12). Our Future. Retrieved from Collections / Low Impact Urban Design and Development: http://www.ourfuture.net.nz/Collections/13 Department of Conservation - Te Papa Atawhai, Wayne Bennett. (N/A). Ecological restoration in the Waikato. Retrieved from Plant restoration: http://www.doc.govt.nz/get-involved/run-aproject/restoration-advice/native-plant-restoration/local-planting-guides/ecological-restoration-in-the-waikato/ Design Tribe. (2012, April 30). Design Tribe. Retrieved from Papakainga Technical Report for Auckland Council: file:///C:/Users/bowatl01/Downloads/DesignTRIBE_Unitary_Plan_TechReport. pdf ESRI Understand our world. (2005, August 16). ESRI Understand our world - Archived Forums. Retrieved from ArcGIS Desktop Discussion Forums: http://forums.esri.com/Thread. asp?c=93&f=995&t=166234 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2014, December 20). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from Waikato: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato Hamilton and Waikato Tourism. (2011). Hamilton and Waikato New Zealand . Retrieved from About Hamilton and Waikato : http://www.hamiltonwaikato.com/about Hamilton New Zealand . (N/A). Hamilton New Zealand . Retrieved from Hamilton History : http://www.visithamilton.co.nz/welcome/hamilton-history McQueen, J. C. (2004, September). Maungatautari Ecological Island . Retrieved from An Ecological Restoration Plan : http://www.naturespace.org.nz/sites/default/files/u6/Maungatautiri%20 restoration_plan_Nov_04_0.pdf Pikitu Ngati Huri . (2015). Pikitu Ngati Huri . Retrieved from Pikitu Marae: http://www.pikitu.co.nz/pikitu-marae/ Pikitu Ngati Huri. (2015). Ngati Huri. Retrieved from Map Of Location : http://www.pikitu.co.nz/map-of-location/ Planeta Wiki. (2015). Planeta Wiki. Retrieved from Maori Proverbs: http://planeta.wikispaces.com/maoriproverbs Stream Notes. (N/A). Stream Notes. Retrieved from Riparian Buffers: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/wqg/sri/riparian5.pdf Te Raparahi Lands Trust. (2013). Te Raparahi Lands Trust. Retrieved from Our Whenua, manaaki whenua, manaaki whaanua: http://www.raparahi.org/#!our-whenua/cs2e The Native Plant Centre . (2007). The Native Plant Centre . Retrieved from Revegetation Guide: http://www.nznativeplants.co.nz/Articles/Revegetation+Guide.html Waikato River Authority . (2015, March 12). Waikato River Authority . Retrieved from The Waikato River and its catchment : http://www.waikatoriver.org.nz/about-the-waikato-river/history/ Wassilieff, M. (2012, July 13). Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from Story: Horticultural use of native plants: http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/horticultural-use-of-nativeplants/page-5
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