Malind'or by Lian Chen Ng

MALINDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OR

Lian Chen Ng

Melbourne 2017

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture. by Lian Chen Ng

Supervised by: Janet McGaw Tanja Beer

For all those who encouraged me to “throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbour”: Let’s explore, dream, discover.

-Mark Twain

you

a t a ng . . . . . . w e

ar e

transcending national barriers

to e

eh ere !

at d

m el a

frien ds ....

k on a mbar

tu re. ...... .

H ey

er bord

CONTENTS

ven l and ad

ABSTRACT Instrumentalize Transfrontier Zone INTRODUCTION Malind’or

TYPOLOGY STUDIES Tools, Market, Retails, Port

DRAWINGS Plans, Diagrams

FORENSIC MAPPING Sites of Intensity, Material Possibilities

METHODOLOGY Typologies Hybridization

A DAY OF LIFE AT MALIND’OR Community Integration

A TALE OF TWO NATIONS Mutualistic Border Living

MATERIAL Palm, Concrete, Ceramic coated Steel

BINATIONAL TRADING Site Analysis

MALIND’OR Tran sn at i on a l Fre e Tra d e H u b

and mobilities.....

At the end of 4 ° 10 ‘N.......

there is a binational communities - Malind’or waiting for you to be explored !

land warfare age

globalization era

Abstract In the new millennium, we no longer simply confront urban space at national level, but the internationalization of transfrontier zones. Cities often understood as sovereign states which grow in the interior of their respective. This “shelter” pattern of settlement tended to leave border edges as dictative buffer zones. However, coming to the end of land warfare age and entering to the globalization phenomenon, physical boundaries begin to blur as offshore manufacturing, multination trade, international division of labour and surveillance are the new dominant realities.1 Although borderlands increasingly shaped by international corporate investors and cross-national governmental organizations, there have rarely been a decent planning programme to bridge the flows of economy, social, and ecological within these regions. In fact, they are often characterized by social polarities, where one side is more developed and the other is prone to conflicts and exploitations. These places can be a great political tension as immigration and drug smuggling characterize our era. As we move our cities warily seeking a safer refuge, architecture can “shelter” but also “imprison”. Anti-immigration factions advocating building walls, erecting fences, digging ditches and setting detention centres are akin to “blind[ing] ourselves to the regimes of control enacted in the name of safety which ultimately encroach on our civil liberties.” 2 To allow freedom crossing and economic developments without compromising immigration controls, the key challenge is to construct a precise spatial threshold that defining the experience of the binational cultures straddling the borders. As cities are emerging between national spaces due to mutual dependency on economies and trades, it is time to instrumentalize borderline fostering coexistence and trust rather than walling in or walling out.

Malind’or

4 ° 10 ‘N

SEBATIK ISLAND

Introduction At the eastern end of Kalimantan Border, lies the Pulau Sebatik, an island shared by two nations who owe much of its survival to its border trade, yet at what costs? “Life there is difficult.”, said Abdulrahman whose living dominated by oil palm cultivation on the island where travelling by jongkong still a way of life. 3 Despite Malaysians and Indonesian live harmoniously straddling the border along a river, many often put into risks as their traditional way of living are slowly being wiped out by the lucrative palm industry. Not to mention the pollution from burning and rotting tons of palm stems on the precious farmland, lacking of infrastructure and proper custom have forced people to smuggle commodities crossing the border to the nearest mainland. To confront its dependency on palm industry, this thesis proposed a free trade hub at the east end of the boundary to promote local livelihood and binational cultures through sustainable trading exchanges. While it is established as a gateway, the ambition is not only to improve the economy flows, but first and foremost in ethnics. Utilizing the largely disposed lignocellulosic (date palm trunks, fronds) as building material is calling to end palm exploitation and environmental destruction from burning, 4 revert to multi-horticulture practice. The project revolves around the concept of raw-processed exchange which hybridizes ‘farm village’ and ‘port warehouse’ typologies through a series of experimentation on flows of goods, services, water, people and economy. By integrating simple pulley and hoist mechanism under a draping roof is to symbolise their shared culture of textiles making that suit its practicality and vernacular settings. Like Bloomer considered D’or as alternative, Malind’or is an exit of the palm dominance but also an entry for the Indonesian and Malaysian to continue their kinship spirit. 5 mal= malaysia

ind= indonesia

d’or = door/way out 5 exit of palm industry entry of binational flows

NUNUKAN

MALINDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OR A Ta l e o f Tw o N a t i o n s 3 km

TAWAU

Malindâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;or

11 9

FORENSIC MAPPING Sites of Intensity, Material Possibilities Global Trades The Malay Archipelago Why Sebatik Island? Transfrontier Hotspots

GLOBAL TRADES

Exodus - Extraction - Extinction The understanding of global trades begin by mapping on how material flows across borders and its relation to mass exodus, extraction and extinction. Initiated by various social and economical factors, the dynamism can be explained through an imaginary line called the Political Equator dividing global north and south. Teddy Cruz, the architect and urbanist of US-Mexico border project, claimed that the line represents urbanities of surveillance and labour marking frontier zones between the mega-wealth and poverty. 6 When there is huge migration across borders (NonIntegrating Gap at South) in search of strong economies to the north, multi-national companies (Functioning Core at North) also outsourcing cheap labours and resources at the south. One of the most distinctive trades illustrating such phenomenon is the global coal’s import and export. 7 Despite China remains as the top coal producer, nearly 90% of the Indonesia’s coal are exported elsewhere and crowned as the world’s top exporter. 8 It is disturbing that foreign investors profit from such destructive industry in the heart of Borneo rainforest, endangering equatorial species and displacing indigenous communities.9 Its intensities are further examined in a regional scale on the next page.

RUSSIA

485 Mt

EXPORT

134 Mt

CENTRAL EU

396

CHINA

USA

935

3,660

EXPORT Mt

114

SURVEILLANCE LABOUR

INDIA

595 Mt MALAYSIA - INDONESIA - PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

EXPORT

443 Mt 383 Mt COLOMBIA

EXPORT

89 Mt

82 Mt

S AFRICA

264Mt

EXPORT

79 Mt

AUSTRALIA

EXPORT

460 Mt 336 Mt

NON-INTEGRATING GAP

IMPORT LABOUR/ ILLEGAL MIGRANT

FREE TRADE BORDER

multi-national in search of cheap labour market

migrant in search of strong economies

moving to south (2nd world country) for better living

US- Canada Latin America LAFTA Syrian-Jordanian- Turkey - Lebanon

WILDFIRE Mt = Megatones

CORAL TRIANGLE

Malaysia- Indonesia-Philippines SERIOUS EXTINCTION

EXPORT

FUNCTIONING CORE

INDONESIA AUSTRALIA COLUMBIA

THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

Southern Philippines Civil War Stateless Sea Gypsies Indonesian Illegal Immigrant

The trilateral relations between Malaysia, Indonesia and Philipphines are revealed through their long simmering affairs on the Borneo Island. During European colonisation of Southeast Asia, a series of agreements was made between Great Britain, Dutch and Spain to claim the sovereignty over the territories of the continent of Borneo. Although line and boundaries divided the people geographically and changed their identity, they undeniably shared the same ideologies and kinship ties. Hence, the demarcation often became survival crossings for informal trade and relative visitings. Various political, social and economical push-pull factors have triggered massive water and land migration into Malaysian states seeking for safer refuge and stable income. However, questions arise as the illicit nature of the routes leading to widespread of human insecurities. 10 Due to the long-standing insurgency in southern Philippines, many have escaped to west and north coast of Sabah struggling to gain new citizenship. Meanwhile, the nomadic sea gypsies - Bajau communities are moving to mainland because of climate change and the Mindanao conflicts, which could mean an end to their unique way of life as boat dweller. 11 At the south, massive palm plantation, deforestation, and coal extraction continue to displace remote communities in Kalimantan. Following the 2013 Sulu Intrusion, the strengthening of government bordering practices is to target armed invasion and smugglings. However, it also impacts those who depend on border crossing for everyday living. 12 Immigration sweeps do not necessarily improve human security, rather it often put undocumented children of migrants in deadly risk . 13 human insecurities: kidnapping, piracy, extortion, drugs, arms, people trafficking, smuggling

THE MALAYO POLYNESIAN STORIES

FILIPINOS & GYPSIES WATER ROUTES

INDONESIAN BACKDOOR ROUTES

SEPTEMBER AVERAGE RAINFALL

CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION

ASIA EU

15%

N AMERICA

80%

OTHERS

MARAWI

SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES CIVIL WAR EVERY YEAR, TUNA EXPORTS FROM THE CORAL TRIANGLE YIELD

US$ 1 BILLION

PIRACY - KIDNAPPING - EXTORTION - BOMBINGS

a long-simmering Muslimsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; insurgency 1970

2013

GAYA ISLAND

2016

2017

TO THE ECONOMY

TANDUO Mindanao civil war triggered massive migration of Bajau, Bajau Laut, Suluk

Sulu invasion caused 68 deaths (56 Sulu, 9 Malaysian authorities, 6 civilians)

Phili ppines, Indonesia and Malaysia trilateral patrols on the borders to prevent terrorism

German hostage beheaded, 2 Canadians killed 3 Indo fishermen abducted by gunmen off

KUNAK

TAWI-TAWI

LONG BAWAN

SEMPORNA

NUNUKAN LONG BANGA

TARAKAN TANJUNG SELOR

LONG NAWANG NANGA BADAU

SERIKIN

PUTUSSIBAU PONTIANAK

SINTANG

SAMARINDA

INDONESIAN ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS marginalised Indonesian enter Sabah and Sawarak illegally to seek for living and mostly ended up as labour in construction, plantation, and domestic workers

OD LABO FO

FAM I

PULL RELATIVE

E FIR

WORK F

ITY

OIL POLL

PUSH

CE SECUR OR

COAL PAL NE

2 STATELESS SEA GYPSIES sea nomadic community (Bajau & Mindanao) with no nationality and no consistent infrastructure, whose collective life practices have survived long through human history may soon vanish forever

sea

LUBOK ANTU

SINGKAWANG

SULU ARCHIPELAGO

TAWAU

LONG PUJUNGANG

MINDANAO

ROW

o Sabah scape t ug) e s u a (T lian civi

PALM OIL EXPANSION AREA

ASIA

78%

MALYSIA - INDONESIA BORDER

land

ION WILD UT

WHY SEBATIK ISLAND ?

Dominating Palm Industry Paradox of Binational Cultures As the east coast of Borneo and its waters becoming a bordering laboratory after instrusions, the impact is especially evident on the eastern border end where an island is split between Malaysia and Indonesia. Despite the land is divided evenly, population ratio between Malaysia and Indonesia is 1:8. 14 Many Sebatik Malaysian (majority Tidung people) migrated to Tawau to gain employment and access better public services, abandoned large area of its territory to palm tycoon. On the southern half, it is home to the Bugis ethnic (originate from southern Sulawesi Indonesia), who are mostly farmers, fishermen and traders crossing border to Tawau everyday by jongkong to sell their agriculture produce. Although the island has long history of cocoa, rubber and forest industry, lucrative palm plantation starting to sweep across villages and remote areas as many are working for the giant corporates and markets based in Tawau. Being the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s two biggest oil exporters assests, the island is claimed to be the threshold site for a way out of current exploitation. Disposal of lignocellulosic (palm trunks) on the peatlands could potentially reutilised as building materials rather than becoming source of open burning. 15 Unlike other transfrontier neighbourhood, Sebatik Island is an anomaly. Political division is merely a line on the map as villages straddle along border with some households having kitchen in Malaysia and living room in Indonesia. 16 Except few Indonesia soldiers napping at border station, there is no guards on the Malaysian side, neither immigration office nor custom house. 17 Border communities exude dualism lifestyle swapping identity contextually depending on their social and economic interest.18 Having a red book pass, being flexible to trade using two currencies and fluent in two dialects are the essential survival guides on the island.

TAWAU

PALM ESTATE PEATLANDS

BUILDING MATERIALS

Palm oil cultivation disposed tons of stems annually often left to rot in the field become a breeding ground for pests and fungi. Hence, burning is a common disposal practice for many years, threaten the animals and people who used to depend on the forest land for living.

Reutilising this enormous amount of lignocellulosic (oil palm stem) as construction material is a great way to stop the pollution and help the people to rebuild their villages into a free trade market that can become a source of living for both nations on the island.

NORTH BORNEO TIMBER

COWIE HARBOUR ex-coal terminal

SEBATIK

WALLACE BAY ex-logging consession

FISH MARKET

MALAYSIA 153 km² 25,000 CERAMIC REEF fish breeding

BERGOSONG VILLAGE

PALM OIL ESTATE

SG BERGOSONG

40 km²

aquafarming SG LIMAU SG PANCANG

mangrove swamps

4 ° 10 'N

SG AJI KUNING

BINALAWAN

fish & paddy farm

SG MELAYU VILLAGE

HAJI KUNING VILLAGE

SG LIMAU VILLAGE

SG NYAMUK SG NYAMUK VILLAGE

LIANG BUNYU TANJUNG ARU

SEBATIK

INDONESIA SETABU

SEBATIK ISLAND A Tale of Two Nations

3 km

299 km² 80,000

TANJUNG KARANG

NUNUKAN

TRANSFRONTIER HOTSPOTS

Haji Kuning - Lalosalo - Sei Pancang Its long established border trades have been developed along the rivers, estuaries and coasts since many arrived in the earlier times as seafarers and become fishers or farmers. 19 Such intensities can be found at three different villages stretching from the inner border of Haji Kuning, to the east end at Lalosalo and Sei Pancang. Although farm produce and household are the common trades along the borders and across the international waters to Tawau, Lalosalo has became the main export zone for oil palm. Due to its coastal lowlands topography, agriculture and maritime resources are the main economic life. In exchange for household goods and services from the mainland, border communities travelling by jongkong boat across borders everyday, building a much more complex economic market as it interlinked between social and political welfare. 20 Because of the long haul custom process and deficient of immigration checkpoints, many could not afford following offical procedure to trade within the 4-hour allowance of crossing. 21 Eventually, smuggling goods via illegal routes become a nature of the border activities. To establish an efficient immigration control, the river mouth at Sei Pancang has been chosen as the border trade gateway site for it being the closest entry point of both countries.

TO TAWAU

SEBATIK ISLAND A Tale of Two Nations

200m

HOUSEHOLD IMPORT

FARM PRODUCE EXPORT

MANGROVE SWAMPS

PALM OIL EXPORT

PALM ESTATE

PADDY & FISH FARM

HAJI KUNING SEI PANCANG LALOSALO

A TALE OF T WO NATIONS Mutualistic Border Living Tidong - Bugis Relationship Way of Life in Sebatik Border Villages Listen to their Voices

TID ONG-BUGIS RE L ATIONSHIP Due to the long history of amalgation between Malaysian Tidong and Indonesian Bugis cultures, majority of the current population in Sebatik are called the Bugis Melayu. They are neither pure Tidong nor Bugis, but half Malaysian half Indonesian. Hence, crossing border is part of their essential activities for both relative visitings and informal trading.

slaves Sulu

cDe

ary nu Ja

Tidong Kingdom 1980

European items Singapore

Kutai Kingdom

Jun e-

July

BUGIS DIASPORA TO TIDONG KINGDOM 22

vases

BUGIS Makassar

INTERMARRIAGE

TIDONG

BUGIS

FARMER/ FISHER

hill people

ISLAM

(originally)

(religion)

SPEAK MALAY

Malay custom

seafaring people

RELIC

(religion)

COASTAL PLAINS

(originally)

LITTLE BUGIS CUSTOM

BUGIS MELAYU

Makassar custom

Textiles

PLANTATION WORKER

Ship Building & Woodcraft (men’s skill)

Malaysian native

STILT HOUSE

Indonesian native

(women’s skill)

COMMONALITIES

Kingdom Era

British Dutch Era

after WWII

after Independent

Amalgation Period

1667

1880

Bugis escaped to Kutai, dissatisfied of The Treaty of Bongaya signed between Sultan and Dutch East India Company (VOC)

Bugis moved to Northern East Kalimantan due to active logging & mining industries set up by British North Borneo Company

1963 Bugis married Tidong women and speak Malay, heavily Islamic influence, practice both Bajau pagan & Malay customs

Malaysia Indonesia Confrontation

System Barter along inner village border river

International Maritime Trade

inconsistent utilities

palm oil plantation

trade in two currencies

practice Islam

red book pass

seacatching

time marked by tides

jongkong as transport

farm

WAY OF LIFE IN SE BATIK “Garuda di Dadaku, Malaysia di Perutku” (“Garuda in my chest, Malaysia in my stomach”) Due to the proximity to the neighbouring country (Malaysia), Sebatik Indonesian has been relying on Tawau for commodities exchange. The trade begins everyday morning as early as 5am to export tons of palm and other agriculture produce to Malaysia and often return with full loads of household goods. 23 Over the years, the island has gained notoriety as the entry point for smuggled goods, especially for subsidized items such as cooking oil, fuel and sugar.

B ORDER VIL L AGES Though crossing border can be risky at some areas, nothing can hinder the interactions of the peoples. The unique demarcations became common shared path and river that brings people together easily.

M A L AY S I A

INDO NESI A

divided by street 24

M ALAY S I A

I NDO N E S I A

divided by river 25

BORDER TRADER Nunukan is too far...Tawau is nearer but 4hrs still not enough as the queue are too long at border check point, we can “gulung tikar” if we follow the rules.....26

CUSTOM OFFICERS Why not just set up a border trade center to boost the economies of both countires and perhaps can reduce smuggling activities? 28

BORDER POLICE This job is boring us to death... We actually don’t want to be too strict...27

Every time there is a cultural event, such as a harvest feast, we gather as a family... Only the demarcation line separates us. Actually, we have common ancestors and our family ties have remained strong until now 29

BORDER VILLAGERS LISTEN TO THEIR VOICES

BINAT IONAL TR ADE Site Analysis Existing Trading Situation Transnational Trading Timeline Intensities of Activity

PRAWN, FISH FARM

TIDUNG fisher, farmer Sebatik Malaysian has no issue bringing in household goods from Tawau

PADDY FIELD

often visit village for tuckshops

GOLDEN RICE FACTORY

PUBLIC POOL

70% household goods are imported from Tawau Malaysia by c a rt, o n f o o t

MULTI HALL

BORDER CROSSING PASS

household ILL EG goods unloading AL agriculture loading

1967 Malaysia-Indonesia Basic Agreement allow border communities to cross for non-work related visits within 30km in 4hrs

CE O R +P RA

palm depot centre

100 tonnes

oil palm export daily

PALM ESTATE no street light, heavy palm trucks damage the road

ringgit are the ma currencies for trad although rupiah is also being used

supported by local gov to eradicate poverty

TAWAU factories , markets

0.5 8k m b

20 tonnes seafood export daily

bik o e,

t Sei Nyamuk r textiles, s and KTVs etc.

s od go d old h foo e s sea hou h s IN fre d, drie EX

ot fo

PROBOSCIS MANGROVE

500

About day travelers from Sebatik to Tawau a day

ain ding s

FISHERMEN VILLAGE ds goo ood old h eaf e s s u h o s re -h IN d, f drie EX-

on foo

LIGHTHOUSE k, by truc

ILL

agriculture loading

EX agricu lture, seafood IL L E G AL

without cold storage boat directly trade in Tawau market after seafaring, would come back with cheap/lower value seafood for own consumption to seasoned and sell again

60 tonnes

banana export daily

BUGIS

TEXTILES TUCKSHOP KTVs

fisher, farmer, trader

E XISTING TR A DING SITUATION

SE BAT IK - M A L AYSIA ( TAWAU )

5A M

10AM p e a k t i me

LO O SE PRODU CE E X P ORT

TONS/ BUL K EXPORT

vend or, f isher man l e av i ng isl and to mai n market in Taw au to s el l f ar m pro du c e

pl ant at i on e x p or t at S e i Panc ang

MA L AYSIA ( TAWAU ) - SE BAT I K

12P M

3P M

TON S/ BU L K I M P ORT

LO OSE IMPORT

ve ndor, f ishe r man come b ack w it h e xchange d com mo dit i e s 32

TR ANSNATIONA L TR A DING TIME LINE

I N T E N SITIES OF AC TIVIT Y

THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 1000 INDONESIANS CROSSING INTERNATIONAL WATER BORDERS EVERYDAY TO TAWAU from three islands Nunukan, Sebatik, Tarakan

20-100 per trip 20 TONNES

60 TONNES

100 TONNES 200-300kg per trip sugar, rice, noodles, etc

AMOUNT OF GOODS IN A DAY

HENCE IT IS ESTIMATED...... for Sebatik NUMBER OF JONGKONG: ~5 (BIG), 10 (SMALL) FREQUENCY OF TRIP: ~ 2-3 rounds MAXIMUM LOADS (tons): ~less than 100

INDONESIA RM815,075,588.61

MALAYSIA

TEXTILE & CRAFT

GARMENTS & TOYS

bamboo handicraft, souvenirs,woven fabric, mats, basket, garments, sarung, songkok, musical instruments

baby products, shoes and boots, cradles, toys,

DRIED FOOD

HOMEWARE

traditional crackers amplang, dried seafood such as anchovies, shrimps, squids, farm seaweed

kitchen tools, lamps, rice cookers, furniture, craddle, brooms, mops, glassware, utensils, gas stoves, motor parts, pump sprayers, agricultural tools, electrical goods, water dispensers, cigarette lighters, pillows and mattresses, floor mats, bicycles, noodle machines, grass-cutters, tilling machines, slash parangs, plastic bags

RM274,322,056.10

FARM PRODUCED

GROCERY (in cartons)

vege

various green, potatoes, chillies

clean

shampoo, toiletries, detergents

fruits

palm oil, banana (main), coconut

consume

grains

cocoa beans, peanuts

dairy products, sweet potatoes, chilli sauce, soya sauce, jelly drinks, Sedaap, Maggi, mee kuning, beverages, chicken feed, ice

SEAFOOD & LIVESTOCK

CONTROLLED & HEAVY ITEMS

live fry grouper, fresh fish, baby lobsters, live crabs, crab meat, fresh prawns, dry shrimps, cockles and dried seaweed

fossil

frozen seafood cuttlefish, mackerel, Indian mackerel (kuring), octopus, dried fish, salted fish and anchovies

medicine

LPG, cooking oil, sugar, rice, flour

alcohol

basung, tulai, kembung, lumahan (family of mackerel), kayu (tuna), merah (red snapper), baulu (milkfish), bulan (tarpon), bawal (pomfret), mayong (halibut), pari (stingray) and senangin (threadfin fish).

T YPES OF EXCHANGE GO ODS

TYPOLOGIES STUDIES Tools, Market, Retails, Port, Custom House Jongkong Size & Capacity Other Transportation & Tools Trading Space Evaluation Port of Entry

JONGKONG BESAR CAPACITY PER TRIP

2.5

10 tonnes of goods 20 passengers

1.5

JONGKONG KECIL CAPACITY PER TRIP

5 tonnes of goods 10 passengers

JONGKONG SIZE & CAPACITY 35 40

2.3m

2.1

4.6

MID SIZE TRUCK

FOOT, CART

Carriage BASKET NYIRU FISH NET

OTHER TRANSPORTATION & TOOLS 41

Micro

warung

open hut tuckshop

tamu

extended

Deterritorialized

storefront

kiosk

kaki lima

Controlled

shophouse three storey atrium alley urban market

Macro

T R A DI NG SPAC ES EVALUAT ION Different types of trading spaces that belong to the south-east asian are studied here to identify their functional relationship between peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behaviour and environmental settings. To create a binational market that not only provide spaces for goods, it is fundamental to maximise the exchange interactions by removing elements of distinction. So, how do we create a micro public space that behave international and involves two countries? With forms follow function, the indonesian side would be suitable for a farm market typology as it inclined towards export whereares malaysian side with shophouse/storefront typology for the import goods. To foster interactions, trades should not be limited to specific space or zonings. Therefore, both farm market and warehouse are to be integrated blurring the border for micro tades (warung) circulating across both sides.

Jetty

Pier

Quay

Wharf

☑ ☑ ☐

built on piles (water) commercial cargo ships rail-mounted heavy crane (only required medium hoist crane)

☑ ☑

built on fill (mud bank)

☐

floating pontoon (not feasible for heavy goods)

fishermen boats and ships

FARM MARKET

GEDUNG MALL

20m

4˚

‘N

☑

limited corridor 20m custom border control

P ORT OF E N T RY The understanding of various scales of harbour and port is to determine the right infrastructure set up for the existing trades situation. According to the size, numbers of the jongkong, frequency of unloading & loading activities, and intensity of the goods (less than 100 tons per trip), the right typology for the custom port falls within a medium scale wharf plus crane infrastructure. As the current river mouth spanning only 15-20 metres wide, it needs to behave as border entry point where it allows certain security measure without comprimising the flows. Hence, having two custom office at both ends connected with an elevated bridge above would be the most suitable intervention.

METHODOLOGY Architectural Responses Malindâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;or Binational Trade System Revitalisation Programs Design Translation

MALIND’OR BINATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM

9 RULES #1 NO CURRENCIES TO BE USED #2 FARM GOODS IN EXCHANGE TO “MALIND’OR” TOKENS #3TOKENS ONLY TO BE USED WITHIN MALIND’OR MARKET #4COMMUNITY OPERATE ON-SITE PROGRAMS CALLED THE “AGENTS” $5AGENTS PAID IN TOKENS OR HIS/HER OWN NATION’S CURRENCY AT CUSTOM BOOTH #6 EXPORT-IMPORT NEED TO PASS THROUGH CUSTOM CONTROL #7 COMMUNITY FACILITIES ARE FREE TO USE TO ENCOURAGE INTERACTION, BUT OTHER SERVICES ARE TO BE EXCHANGED WITH TOKENS #8 CLEANING SCHEDULE MUST INCORPORATE BOTH SIDES COMMUNITY #9OTHER VISITOR CAN PURCHASE TOKEN USING OWN CURRENCIES AT CUSTOM BOOTH TO ENJOY THE GOODS AND FACILITIES IN MALIND’OR

DEPOT at custom warehouse EXPORT at custom collection center own produced import goods

SELL, PACKAGE, PROCESS at provided areas in systematic way

exchange token

purchase anything available on site with token

work as AGENT

MALINDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OR micro community trade hub

canteen

jongkong port

cleaning area

workshop

custom

farm market

custom

commune hall

warehouse storefront

prayer room

Malaysian farmer, fisher

retailer

(import) trader m 0.5 k

warung

workshop stores

warung

incoming

TAWAU

stage warung

outgoing

pack

whol es

we restat market uran t

ale ex

port

passenger jetty

(export) trader agents

Indonesian farmer, fisher

REVITALISE TRADES + CULTURE

Muti-scalar relationships on site

kaki lima

shophouse

TRADING TYPOLOGIES

FOOT

FARM MARKET

4˚

GEDUNG MALL

‘N 10

LOGISTIC & FLOWS SMALL JONGKONG TRUCK

TRUCK & FOOT

DESIGN TRANSLATION

Form Iteration

PROGRAMS

CUSTOM WAREHOUSE COMMUNITY MARKET

DRAPING SCARF

selendang batik

conceptual sketch

The relationship between Malaysia and Indonesia are often at odds due to having similar roots. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Batik perhaps is the most convtroversial dispute sparked in recent years to claim for cultural identity. The Bugis who are famous for their textile making in Sebatik, whether they are Malaysian or Indonesian, their artwork contains deep influences of the two countries flavours. Therefore, selendang their iconinc scarf is used as symbolic translation for the roof to drap across their border.

DAYAK SHIELF

Warrior Motif

The authentic local art and culture that best represent Kalimantan Borneo is the warrior motifs by Dayak tribe who live at the borders stratching along 2019.5km. The motif is adopted and abstracted into Malay floral way. Due to Islamic religion, fauna pattern is avoided here.

DESIGN TRANSLATION

Motif Panels

MATERIAL INTEGRATION Palm Plywood, Steel, Concrete

WHY PALM ?

Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;or of Exploitation

Borneo forest lost has started since rubber plantation and logging event in the 1900s. However, it is becoming worst as Malaysia and Indoneisa are the two biggest palm oil producer and exporter, which means mass deforestation and burning happen frequently. 58

water gutter

heavy duty ropes, cordage

flexible planks

all kinds of basket

PALM ARCHITECTURE

Eco-friendly material

As the damage has already done and large cover of palm are to be chop off and burnt again in the next 20 years time. Rather than leaving it to be burnt, why not reusing it in a more sustainable way?

SALT WATER AND CORROSION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 36

low permeability increase ventilation decrease contact on building

water moves to evaporation height

fresh NaCl

ESTUARIES

1 - 2.5%

salt OPEN SEA

3.5%

O2 / temp

Corrosivity controlled by Cl, O2, Â°C

fouling agents Salinity Conductivity

http://corrosion-doctors.org/Corrosion-by-Water/Types-of-water.htm

DESIGNING ON BR ACKISH WATER

Eco-freindly structure against corrosivity

Due to the marsh settings of the site, the material and construction follow the vernacular stilt pier technique with using mainly natural palm wood material to avoid corrosion and ventilation issues.

UC/UB

most suitable logistic crane for its strength properties + coated with ceramic paint

PALM PLYWOOD/ PLANKS/WAFFLE

abundant oil palm stem, trunks can be used to achieve traditional contempletive finishes

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE ENCASE concrete mixed & cured in seawater + palm stem fibre/ shells as alternative bridging agent to heavy stone aggregates

PROPOSED STRUCTURE

Palm Stilt on Concrete Footings

Due to the marsh settings of the site, the material and construction follow the vernacular stilt pier technique with using mainly natural palm wood material to avoid corrosion and ventilation issues.

DRAWINGS Components Diagrams Plans

Multi-purpose deck

MAIN ROAD (Malasia)

COMMUNITY HALL

Basin

Prayer

Custom Oï¬&#x192;ce

Dock

Jongkong Dock

Loading Bay

Depot Area

Warung Stand

GROUND FLOOR

MAIN R (Indon

Wet Market

ROAD nesia)

Retail

RETAIL ENTRANCE

Warehouse

Open Stage Warung Stand

MARKET FOYER

roller roof blind

Market

Canteen

FIRST FLOOR

Verandah Craï¬&#x2026; Workshop

Retail

Attic

Warehouse

ATTIC FLOOR

SEBATIK 3m

SECOND FLOOR

A DAY OF LIFE AT MALINDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OR Community Integration

MARKET HALL

Sebatik Indonesia

TAMU ELEVATION

Sebatik Indonesia

GEDUNG SECTION

Sebatik Malaysia

ENDNOTES 1

Herzog, Lawrence A. “Transfrontier Metropolis.” Business Mexico (1992).

Sigler, Jennifer. “Dreadful Design.” Harvard Design Magazine 42 (2016).

“Proud to be Malaysian,” Philip Golingai, The Star Online, last modified August 17, 2017, http://www.thestar. com.my/story/?file=%2F2012%2F9%2F16%2Flifefocus%2F11941207&sec=lifefocus

Lim, S. C., and K. S. Gan. “Characteristics and utilization of oil palm stem.” Timber Technology Bulletin 35 (2005): 81-96.

4,15

Jennifer Bloomer, “D’or” in Beatrice Colomina, (ed.), Sexuality and Space New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1992, pp. 163-184.

Cruz, Teddy. “The Political equator: Global zones of conflict.” Border conditions (2010): 130-144.

Schücking, Heffa. “Banking on Coal.” Germany: urgewald/BankTrack/CEE Bankwatch Network/Polska Zielona Siec (2013).

“Mining the Heart of Borneo: coal production in Indonesia, ” Wendy Miles, Mongabay, last modified November 20, 2013, https://news.mongabay.com/2013/11/mining-the-heart-of-borneo-coal-production-in-indonesia/ 8

“Swallowed by coal: UK profits from Indonesia’s destructive mining industry, ” John Vidal, The Guardian, last modified October 30, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/oct/30/coal-mining-uk-profits-indonesia

10 Ullah, AKM Ahsan, Yusnani Mohd Yusof-Kozlowski, and Maria D’Aria. “How Safe Is Safe?“Safe Migration” in Southeast Asia.” In Human Insecurities in Southeast Asia, pp. 89-101. Springer Singapore, 2016.

“Last of the sea gypsies: Fascintating images of the nomadic Borneo tribe who spend their lives on the water.” Qin Xie, Daily Mail Australia, last modified February 9, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3436939/Fascinating-images-reveal-nomadic-life-water-Borneo-s-disappearing-sea-gypsies.html.

12 Carson, Gordon. “Space, Mobilities, and Insecurity in Maritime Sabah: The Impact of Government Bordering Practices Following the 2013 Sulu Intrusion.” In Human Insecurities in Southeast Asia, pp. 69-88. Springer Singapore, 2016. 13 “Sabah’s Invisible Children.” Sarah Yeo, Aljazeera, last modified May 1, 2015, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2015/04/sabah-invisible-children-150428090433383.html

“UMS Sea Mammals Station at Sebatik Island,” e-Tawau, last modified September 10, 2016, http://www.etawau.com/Geography/Sabah/5_TawauDivision/SebatikIsland.htm

“A tale of two nations, ” Philip Golingai, The Star Online, last modified July 23, 2012, http://www.thestar.com. my/opinion/columnists/one-mans-meat/2012/07/23/a-tale-of-two-nations/

Heather Meadows, “Sebatik Island, ” Pixelscribbles (blog), August 13, 2005, http://pixelscribbles. com/2005/08/sebatik-island/.

Rudiatin, Endang. “The Way of People in the Borderland Exploiting Island Assets and Maritime Resources: Study in Aji Kuning Village Sebatik Island North Kalimantan Province The Borderline of Indonesia and Sabah Malaysia.” IMC 2016 Proceedings 1, no. 1 (2017).

Schneeberger, Werner Friedrich. Contributions to the ethnology of central northeast Borneo: parts of Kalimantan, Sarawak and Sabah. University of Berne, Institute of Ethnology, 1979.

21, 26 “Mayoritas Pedagang Sebatik Terpaksa Lewat Jalur Ilefal, Ini Alasanny..., ” ProKaltara, last modified November 2, 2015, http://kaltara.prokal.co/read/news/925-mayoritas-pedagang-sebatik-terpaksa-lewat-jalur-ilegal-ini-alasannya.html

Z. Dundin et al., Diaspora Bugis di Sabah, Malaysia Timur: Migrasi Transnasional, Integrasi, dan Identitas Budaya (LIPI Press, 2011).

“Sembako Malaysia Jadi Primadona Warga Sebatik, ” ProKaltara, last modified June 11, 2016, http://kaltara. prokal.co/read/news/3885-sembako-malaysia-jadi-primadona-warga-sebatik

Aku Menulis, “M 114 Sebatik: Satu Pulau Dua Negara, ” Putera Lapis Mahang: Malaysia Tanah Air Ku (blog), March 1, 2016, http://puteralapismahang.blogspot.com.au/2015/03/114-satu-pulau-dua-negara.html

Dlumenta, “A Day Out With The Malaysian Border Police,” Asian Border Traveler (blog), November 18, 2005, http://asianbordertraveler.blogspot.com.au/2005/11/day-out-with-malaysian-border-police.html

“Call to open up Sebatik island border trade gateway,” The Borneo Post, June 16, 2015. day-out-with-malaysian-border-police.html

“In Kalimantan, bloggers share tales of life on the border, “ BorneoPost Online, last modified March 2, 2013, http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/03/02/in-kalimantan-bloggers-share-tales-of-life-on-the-border/ 29

M Rusman, “60 Ton Pisang Sebatik Dipasarkan ke Malaysia Setiap Hari,“ AntaraKaltim, last modified February 9, 2013, http://www.antarakaltim.com/berita/12016/60-ton-pisang-sebatik-dipasarkan-ke-malaysia-setiap-hari

30, 33

“Ekspor Kelapa Sawit, “ Berita Daerah, last modified march 30, 2015, http://beritadaerah.co.id/2015/03/30/ ekspor-kelapa-sawit/ 31

“Sembako Product Malaysia, “ AntaraNews, last modified May 12, 2013, http://www.antaranews.com/ foto/44896/sembako-produk-malaysia

“Potential for cross-border trade with Kalimantan,“ Daily Express, last modified December 11, 2016, http://www. dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=2336

“Ratusan Ton Sawit Lolos ke Tawau,“ ProKaltara, last modified August 10, 2017, http://kaltara.prokal.co/read/ news/13192-ratusan-ton-sawit-lolos-ke-tawau.html

“Building in a Saline Environment, “ Local Government Salinity Initiative, accessed October 30, 2017, http:// www.ruralresidentialliving.com.au/soil/resource_downloads/Local%20Government%20Salinity%20Initiative/ Building%20in%20a%20saline%20environment.pdf

BIBLIOGRAPHY Aku Menulis, “M 114 Sebatik: Satu Pulau Dua Negara, ” Putera Lapis Mahang: Malaysia Tanah Air Ku (blog), March 1, 2016, http://puteralapismahang.blogspot.com.au/2015/03/114-satu-pulau-dua-negara.html “A tale of two nations, ” Philip Golingai, The Star Online, last modified July 23, 2012, http://www.thestar.com.my/ opinion/columnists/one-mans-meat/2012/07/23/a-tale-of-two-nations/ “Building in a Saline Environment, “ Local Government Salinity Initiative, accessed October 30, 2017, http://www. ruralresidentialliving.com.au/soil/resource_downloads/Local%20Government%20Salinity%20Initiative/Building%20in%20a%20saline%20environment.pdf “Call to open up Sebatik island border trade gateway,” The Borneo Post, June 16, 2015. day-out-with-malaysian-border-police.html Carson, Gordon. “Space, Mobilities, and Insecurity in Maritime Sabah: The Impact of Government Bordering Practices Following the 2013 Sulu Intrusion.” In Human Insecurities in Southeast Asia, pp. 69-88. Springer Singapore (2016) Cruz, Teddy. “The Political equator: Global zones of conflict.” Border conditions (2010). Dlumenta, “A Day Out With The Malaysian Border Police,” Asian Border Traveler (blog), November 18, 2005, http://asianbordertraveler.blogspot.com.au/2005/11/day-out-with-malaysian-border-police.html “Ekspor Kelapa Sawit, “ Berita Daerah, last modified march 30, 2015, http://beritadaerah.co.id/2015/03/30/ ekspor-kelapa-sawit/ Heather Meadows, “Sebatik Island, ” Pixelscribbles (blog), August 13, 2005, http://pixelscribbles.com/2005/08/ sebatik-island/. Herzog, Lawrence A. “Transfrontier Metropolis.” Business Mexico (1992). “In Kalimantan, bloggers share tales of life on the border, “ BorneoPost Online, last modified March 2, 2013, http:// www.theborneopost.com/2013/03/02/in-kalimantan-bloggers-share-tales-of-life-on-the-border/ Jennifer Bloomer, “D’or” in Beatrice Colomina, (ed.), Sexuality and Space New York: Princeton Architectural Press (1992). “Kisah Prada Wiranto Penjaga Tapal Bata RI-Malaysia di Pulau Sebatik, ” detikNews, May 6, 2015, https://news. detik.com/berita/2906803/kisah-prada-wiranto-penjaga-tapal-batas-ri-malaysia-di-pulau-sebatik “Last of the sea gypsies: Fascintating images of the nomadic Borneo tribe who spend their lives on the water.” Qin Xie, Daily Mail Australia, last modified February 9, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3436939/Fascinating-images-reveal-nomadic-life-water-Borneo-s-disappearing-sea-gypsies.html. Lim, S. C., and K. S. Gan. “Characteristics and utilization of oil palm stem.” Timber Technology Bulletin 35 (2005). “Mayoritas Pedagang Sebatik Terpaksa Lewat Jalur Ilefal, Ini Alasanny..., ” ProKaltara, last modified November 2, 2015, http://kaltara.prokal.co/read/news/925-mayoritas-pedagang-sebatik-terpaksa-lewat-jalur-ilegal-ini-alasannya.html “Mining the Heart of Borneo: coal production in Indonesia, ” Wendy Miles, Mongabay, last modified November 20, 2013, https://news.mongabay.com/2013/11/mining-the-heart-of-borneo-coal-production-in-indonesia/ M Rusman, “60 Ton Pisang Sebatik Dipasarkan ke Malaysia Setiap Hari,“ AntaraKaltim, last modified February 9, 2013, http://www.antarakaltim.com/berita/12016/60-ton-pisang-sebatik-dipasarkan-ke-malaysia-setiap-hari “Potential for cross-border trade with Kalimantan,“ Daily Express, last modified December 11, 2016, http://www. dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=2336 “Proud to be Malaysian,” Philip Golingai, The Star Online, last modified August 17, 2017, http://www.thestar.com. my/story/?file=%2F2012%2F9%2F16%2Flifefocus%2F11941207&sec=lifefocus “Ratusan Ton Sawit Lolos ke Tawau,“ ProKaltara, last modified August 10, 2017, http://kaltara.prokal.co/read/ news/13192-ratusan-ton-sawit-lolos-ke-tawau.html Rudiatin, Endang. “The Way of People in the Borderland Exploiting Island Assets and Maritime Resources: Study in Aji Kuning Village Sebatik Island North Kalimantan Province The Borderline of Indonesia and Sabah Malaysia.” IMC 2016 Proceedings 1, no. 1 (2017). “Sabah’s Invisible Children.” Sarah Yeo, Aljazeera, last modified May 1, 2015, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2015/04/sabah-invisible-children-150428090433383.html “Sembako Malaysia Jadi Primadona Warga Sebatik, ” ProKaltara, last modified June 11, 2016, http://kaltara. prokal.co/read/news/3885-sembako-malaysia-jadi-primadona-warga-sebatik “Sembako Product Malaysia, “ AntaraNews, last modified May 12, 2013, http://www.antaranews.com/ foto/44896/sembako-produk-malaysia Schneeberger, Werner Friedrich. Contributions to the ethnology of central northeast Borneo: parts of Kalimantan, Sarawak and Sabah. University of Berne, Institute of Ethnology (1979). Schücking, Heffa. “Banking on Coal.” Germany: urgewald/BankTrack/CEE Bankwatch Network/Polska Zielona Siec (2013). Sigler, Jennifer. “Dreadful Design.” Harvard Design Magazine 42 (2016). “Swallowed by coal: UK profits from Indonesia’s destructive mining industry, ” John Vidal, The Guardian, last modified October 30, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/oct/30/coal-mining-uk-profits-indonesia Ullah, AKM Ahsan, Yusnani Mohd Yusof-Kozlowski, and Maria D’Aria. “How Safe Is Safe?“Safe Migration” in Southeast Asia.” In Human Insecurities in Southeast Asia. Springer Singapore (2016). “UMS Sea Mammals Station at Sebatik Island,” e-Tawau, last modified September 10, 2016, http://www.etawau. com/Geography/Sabah/5_TawauDivision/SebatikIsland.htm Z. Dundin et al., Diaspora Bugis di Sabah, Malaysia Timur: Migrasi Transnasional, Integrasi, dan Identitas Budaya (LIPI Press, 2011).

M A L I N Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OR A Ta l e o f Tw o N a t i o n s 3 km