Castlegate Restoration Ecology

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RESTORATION ECOLOGY

Castlegate Green Oasis.

Urban Reclamation and Design

Castlegate Market Design

1 FOREWORD This Landscape and Ecology Management Plan has been drawn up in behalf of Sheffield City Council and sets out the objectives and prescriptions for the restoration and management of vegetation and habits around the Castlegate area.

This document will provide context for the proposed site location, its landscape value and why the need for restoration.

An important aim of this management plan is to prescribe works and habitats which will enhance and maintain the proposed area of benefit to protected species known to be present within the local area, as well as providing general enhancements for the wider benefit of local flora and fauna.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. FOREWORD 1.1 Objective 1.2 Aims 2. INTRODUCTION 2.1 Site Location 2.2 Rationale for Restoration 2.2.1 The River Don ANHI/SINC 2.2.2 The need for restoration 3. PLANS AND INITIATIVES 3.1. UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) 3.2. Sheffield Local Biodiversity Action Plan 3.2.1 Wetland Habitat Action Plan 3.2.2 Woodland Habitat Action Plan 3.2.3 Grassland Habitat Action Plan 3.3 The River Don and the Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation Canals Spatial Biodiversity Action Plan 4. BASELINE 4.1 Waterways 4.1.1 Geology, topography 4.2 Dynamics 4.3 Ecology 4.3.1 Flora 4.3.1.1 Perennials and grasses 4.3.1.2 Trees 4.3.2 Fauna 4.3.2.1 Fish 4.3.2.2 Insects 4.3.2.3 Birds 4.3.2.4 Mammals 4.3.2.5 Reptiles and Amphibians 4.3.3 BAP listed Species 4.3.3.1 White Clawed Crayfish 4.3.3.2 Kingfisher 4.3.3.3 Water Vole 4.3.3.4 Otter 4.3.3.5 Great crested newt 4.3.4 Invasive species 4.3.4.1 Himalayan Balsam 4.3.4.2 Japanese knotweed 4.3.4.3 American Mink 4.3.4.4 Signal Cray Fish

4.4 Biodiversity Loss 4.4.1 Modification 4.4.2 Canalisation 4.4.3 Water Pollution 4.4.4 Changes in place 4.5 Human and historical context 4.5.1 Historic land use 4.5.1.1 Birth of Sheffield 4.5.1.2 Farming and Industry 4.5.1.3 Fishing 4.5.2 Future Contemporary land use 5. VISION 5.1 Plan 6. MASTERPLAN 7. DETAIL PLAN 8. ESTABLISHMENT 8.1 Green Engineering 8.1.1 Planning 8.1.2 Geotextile 8.1.3 Coir rolls 8.1.4 Marginal Vegetation 8.2 Seeding and Planting 9 HABITAT MANAGEMENT 9.1 Wetlands 9.2 Floodplain 9.3 Wet meadow 9.4 Wet Woodland 9.5 Scrub 9.6 Swales 9.7 Management Tables 10. ACCESS 11. SURVEYING AND MONITORING 12. CONCLUSION 13. REFERENCES

1.1 OBJECTIVE Sheffield City Council has the ambition to rejuvenate the Castlegate area, part of this is the ambition to create a “green oasis� that respects the particular characteristics of the river site and complements the ecological character of the surrounding city. To that end, the management plan is focused on where the 2 rivers, the River Don and the River Sheaf meet alongside the Tinsley channel. The river and wetland habitat regeneration scheme would result in a significant buffer between the heavy urban that allows for flora and fauna migration along the water courses as well as provide for an area that stores water during flood periods which is deep in the Sheffield Council’s interest.

1.2 AIMS The Regeneration Management Plan is greatly influenced by the Sheffield Local Biodiversity Action Partnership and their extensive work in creating the following aims for this document: • This Regeneration Management Plan will guide measures to bring the Castlegate area into favourable condition, with benefits for wildlife, recreation, flood risk, water quality and the landscape, by presenting an assessment of the current state of the river • Developing a vision of the ideal future condition of the Castlegate area • Presenting the habitats which need to be introduced in order to realise this vision

RIVER DON

TINSLEY CHANNEL CASTLE GATE CITY CENTRE

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INTRODUCTION

The implementation of the Castlegate green oasis will be a important crossroads in the emerging structure of Sheffield

2.1 SITE LOCATION

2.2 NEED FOR RESTORATION

The proposed green oasis sits in the Castlegate Quarter which is one of the oldest areas of Sheffield, South Yorkshire. It is the site of the old Norman fortress and currently the main market area of Sheffield. The quarter is seen as an important gateway to the city centre, with the proposed site sitting in and on the confluence of the River Sheaf and the River Don which only exemplifies the importance of regeneration. The green oasis largely incorporates the River which runs from its southern Pennine source to the Humber through some of the most industrial and degraded landscape urban centres of She¬ffield and Rotherham, before joining the River Ouse at Goole. It is this however, that which gives the site the great potential for re-emerging as a central feature in the region’s urban ecology and in the new lifestyles of Sheffield’s city dwellers.

Sheffield is rediscovering its riverside and the Castlegate oasis can play the pivotal role in uniting the city centre with the riverside regeneration already well underway. The vision for Castlegate is to positively harness the wave of change that is moving through Sheffield City Centre. Transformational regeneration that can uncover the lost River Sheaf and reunite these with the River Don and link in a greater ecology system that will give a truly unique, sense of place to the new Castlegate.

The Castlegate green oasis will be an important crossroads in the emerging structure of Sheffield, a place of transition making vital connections from the city centre to the riverside and surrounding ecological habitats. It will continue to be a system and destination in its own right, but with a new character and purpose facing to the further green future of Sheffield.

In addition to protecting valuable biodiversity resources and mitigating the impact of climate change, the restoration of Sheffield’s waterways has the potential to bring considerable socioeconomic benefits, offering excellent opportunities for recreation and generating a sense of pride and ownership amongst local communities. The aesthetic and cultural appeal of healthy, well managed waterways and wetlands can increase land values and help to attract investment and tourism to the region, strengthening the area as a cultural and leisure destination in Sheffield and the wider sub-region.

2.2.1 THE RIVER DON SINC The watercourses of the proposed green oasis are a defining characteristic of the local landscape and an important part of the region’s cultural heritage. In the Castlegate area, the river Don in junction with restoration can provide a vital link between fragmented habitats, as it is seen as the last refuge for wildlife and vegetation which would otherwise be lost from the surrounding area of the site. Rivers and canals have therefore been identified as priority habitats in the Sheffield Local Biodiversity Action Plan, designated as Areas of Natural History Interest (ANHI) in Sheffield’s Unitary Development Plan and proposed as Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINC) in the Sheffield Development Framework. The direct connection to the existing river front and the potential River Sheaf frontage is not exploited in the existing situation. With the site’s location status deemed a place for conservation, restoration only seems right to close the scraggly ecology gap between the urban Castlegate frontages.

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PLANS AND INITIATIVES

Relevant planning strategies that contribute to the strategic restoration plan and contribute to informing restorative habitats

3 PLANS AND INITIATIVES The success of the strategic restoration plan will require that it is informed by, and can be coordinated with other relevant planning strategies in force. The following section lays out how these plans will contribute and inform to what habitats are of importance in restoring and managing to the proposed urban wildscape.

“Increase the number of Local Nature Reserves with wetland habitats by 1 by 2016”

3.1. UK BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN (BAP)

3.2.2 WOODLAND HABITAT ACTION PLAN

“UK BAP priority habitats cover a wide range of semi-natural habitat types, and were those that were identified as being the most threatened and requiring conservation action under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP). Such include:”

“Wet woodland is a UK BAP priority habitat, characterised by alder, birch and willows. This habitat supports a variety of species, including otters and many invertebrates, but is threatened by invasive plants, water pollution and riverside development. The Upper Don Valley supports fragments of wet woodland habitat which could be extended and joined up with careful management”

• • • •

Rivers and Flush areas Ponds and Standing Open Water Wet woodland Scrub

3.2. SHEFFELD LOCAL BIODIVERSITY PLAN 3.2.1 WETLAND HABITAT ACTION PLAN

“Many wetland sites have been designated as Local Wildlife Sites and although this offers no statutory protection, it does identify the sites and the wildlife they support as a nature conservation priority.”

“Wetlands include a range of habitats and habitat features that can support a great diversity of plants and animals some of which are locally or nationally rare and often ones which are afforded legal protection. A number of these species such as white-clawed crayfish, great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) and bats are all UK and Local Biodiversity Priority Species.”

“Create wetland habitats at 2 sites by 2016” “Link existing wetland habitat through restoration, enhancement and creation of wetland sites.”

“Increase the extent and quality of the woodland habitat resource through the creation, enhancement and restoration of woodland sites.”

“Link existing woodland habitat through restoration, enhancement and creation of woodland sites”

3.2.3 GRASSLAND HABITAT ACTION PLAN “Wet grasslands can contain a rich diversity of vascular plant species, supporting invertebrates, birds, fun -gal and lower plant communities, and providing further conservation interest as part of a mosaic of habitats.”

“The species which utilise a grassland site and its associated features should also be considered. These may include invertebrates, mammals, amphibians, reptiles

and often birds normally associated with farmland or woodland, many of which have suffered serious population declines in recent years.”

“Increase the extent of the grassland habitat resource through the creation, enhancement and restoration of grassland sites.“ “Create physical links between grasslands through the restoration and creation of 16 ha of grassland by 2016.”

3.3 THE RIVER DON + SHEFFIELD & SOUTH YORKSHIRE BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN “The impact of climate change is already affecting our wildlife species and habitats as well as our communities and economy. Healthy waterways provide a route for wildlife to move in search of suitable conditions, making vulnerable species more likely to survive in a changing environment. Improved habitat connectivity along our waterways is therefore becoming ever more important to biodiversity conservation. “ “Creating natural washland areas on the River Don’s floodplain will provide valuable wildlife habitat as well as playing a vital role in flood mitigation. A holistic, catchment-scale approach to waterway management is becoming increasingly important as climate change begins to impact on wildlife, our communities and the economy.”

“By re-naturalising the river channel and installing fish passes in weirs, the river can achieve its potential as a green corridor for wildlife.”

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CASTLEGATE BASELINE

The Castlegate site has an invaluable context and history, the plan provides an insight into the rich context of the site and allows for ideas

4.1 GEOLOGY/TOPOGRAPHY

4.3 ECOLOGY

The River Don runs from its Pennine source in the highlands and flows east to the Humber, it changes dramatically in its landscape. It metamorphoses from upland stream and clear-flowing brook, to urban watercourse and sometime sewer, to agri-industrial drain.

Over time, it has ‘evolved’ from its origins as a wildlife-rich landscape of meandering channels and floodl and. From highly acidic water sources of the Don, in contrast to our water on our site, there lies the Lower Coal Measures of the Rivers Loxley, Rivelin, Porter and Sheaf. As the water has crossed for most part rocks of the Coal Measures they become less acidic and less turbulent.

A ‘natural’ ecosystem has probably not existed within the Castlegate site and Lower Don catchment for many centuries. The area is now re-emerging as a central feature in the region’s urban ecology and in the new lifestyles of city dwellers. Yet the waterways are by no means ‘natural’ and its fauna and flora mix native and exotic in proportions. The post-industrial ecology can now be defined as ”recombinant”. For many years, BAP listed species such as the urban kingfishers, water voles and otters have habituated the area but by people’s introduction of invasives (Himalayan Balsam, Japanese Knotweed, American Mink) it has significantly decreased it so and changed the site and surrounding waterways. Both natives and exotic, competing and growing as a major green corridor through Sheffield.

4.2 DYNAMICS With two hundred years of industrial urbanisation, and agri-industry its flow has been constrained and its ecological soul has been gutted”. The rivers on site are shallow, yet fast-flowing, winding between vegetated banks. Even in this highly modified environment there are vital pockets of wildlife habitat provided by vegetation which has colonised islands, installed silt banks and even stone walls and bridges. The waterways on site visually are quite influenced by the remains of earlier water-based industries.

4.3.1 FLORA 4.3.1.1 PERENNIALS AND GRASSES The area is lacking in a clear diverse vegetation habitat instead mainly consisting of various pioneer and exotic species. The urbanisation surrounding the river habitat has brought forth an array of presentable cut shrub and grasses such as Cotoneaster and Deschampsia cepsitosa. Whilst decay in landscape is eminent by the influx of Buddleia davidii, which has thrived itself along the river corridor, its walls and land. Similarly, along the river corridor banks you can find scarce patches of sedges and other grasses as well as these species there are a variety of mosses, lichen. Overall, there are patches of great value especially on the river front but majority the area can use a significant ecological improvement if introduction of greater biodiversity is wanted.

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CASTLEGATE BASELINE

The Castlegate site has an invaluable context and history, the plan provides an insight into the rich context of the site and allows for ideas

4.3.1.2 TREES

4.3.2.2 INSECTS

4.3.2.4 MAMMALS

On the urban collective, Acer pseudoplatanus can be found regularly whilst a different story is told in the river corridor. The cleaning and maintenance of the river has recently led to the introduction of silt banks, naturally Alnus glutinosa which is found in influx in the surrounding river corridor can be seen to dominate though not matured. This follows with Betula pendula and Salix babylonica that have also commonly scattered themselves along the Don River corridor, both found in young and mature stages.

BUTTERFLIES

BATS

4.3.2 FAUNA 4.3.2.1 FISH The waterways surrounding the Castlegate site are now clean enough to support a thriving population of fish including brown trout, pike, grayling and bream.

Fishing is a common recreation use in the River Don waters. To tackle the problem of weirs, stopping population increase the council has already implemented fish passes along Lady Bridge to allow fish to get up and down to their spawning grounds. Fish passes are increasingly being used installed on weirs in Sheffield’s rivers to help and already are on site’s surrounding weirs.

As stated above, flora such as buddleia and nettles are common particularly along the river Don and provide food and egg laying sites for a range of butterflies.

During the summer months you are likely to see peacocks and red admirals.

DRAGONFLIES

Due dragonflies having lay their eggs in water, many species inhabit the waterways surrounding the side, particularly to the Tinsley Channel area.

4.3.2.3 BIRDS The waterways support a wide variety of birds, including several of the UK’s most threatened species.

Many once-common birds such sparrows are seriously threatened by habitat loss, requiring urgent conservation action. The Don’s vegetated banks and islands provide a vital refuge for urban bird species.

HERON

Herons are not fussy about the water they fish in, and can be found commonly. Their distribution within the Don catchment reflects this, casually at home in wide urban rivers.

OTHERS

The grey wagtail and moorhen can be found widely distributed along the Don and Sheaf due to their generalist qualities. Whereas the Coot, although common throughout the UK is scarce around the site due to its dislike of the relatively shallow and faster flowing conditions of the Don and Sheaf.

Sheffield waterways provide good habitat for several bat species. Sheffield City Council has marked “bats as not likely to see them in the daytime, but at night bats will use the canal and river for drinking water, as well as for hunting small insects.” The Daubenton’s bat, in particular, is often seen skimming over the top of the water to feed on a variety of water insects, and Pipistrelles, although being the most commonly found bat in buildings, they will often feed over the site’s waters.

4.3.2.5 REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS The Don and the Sheffield and Tinsley Canal are both home to a variety of reptiles and amphibious species.

Grass snakes, common toads, slow worms, adders, smooth newts and common frogs have all been seen in the vicinity of the Sheffield waterways, in spite of several pollution incidents. With the hopeful proceedings of the Castlegate green oasis, there is ambition it will encourage the BAP list species, great crested newt, to return to the River Don.

4.3.3 BAP LISTED SPECIES The Sheffield Biodiversity Action Plan has been used to identify the priority species. Large number of species associated with wetland habitats have suffered serious declines and many have acquired a number of conservation status designations such as UK Biodiversity Priority Species.

4.3.3.1 WHITE CLAWED CRAYFISH (Austropotamobius pallipes)

The white clawed crayfish is a UKBAP priority species and is important for biodiversity conservation nationally and locally. Although mentioned, it is not found on site instead its invasive nemesis the signal crayfish has manifested itself. It is at the point where the eradication of the signal crayfish is futile and only a waste of resources which can be allocated towards the restoration and management for other species. Therefore, the wetland habitats the white clawed crayfish will be restored but no extra management will be put in place specifically.

This decision can be re-evaluated with future surveys, if species is found to return.

4.3.3.2 KINGFISHER (Alcedo atthis)

One of the most distinctive and beautiful birds found along the Don, the Kingfisher is a UKBAP species of conservation concern. Having decreased in population, they can now be found regularly around Lady Bridge in the Castlegate area where you can spot them flying under the bridge.

The presence of kingfishers, even in the heart of the city, is proof of the great improvement in the Don’s water quality over the past few decades.

Because they feed mainly on fish and aquatic insects, kingfishers are near the top of the food chain, so are vulnerable to the accumulation of water-borne pollution.

4.3.3.3 WATER VOLE (Arvicola amphibious)

The Water Vole is a UKBAP priority species facing the fasted decline of species and is in urgent need of action. Though not seen on site, the water vole is the largest member of the vole family, and lives along the banks of the gentler stretches further along the River Don. Water vole numbers have declined in recent years, due to a combination of habitat loss and predation and therefore restoration will be key in their return.

4.3.3.4 OTTER (Lutra Lutra)

The European otter is a UKBAP priority species which suffered a dramatic decline in the 1960s.

Otters utilise all wetland habitats, including rivers, streams and wet woodland alongside watercourses. Otters have returned to Sheffield’s rivers further along the Don . They need fish to eat, and quiet river banks covered in dense planting where they can hide and rest up.

4.3.3.5 GREAT CRESTED NEWT (Triturus cristatus) The great crested newt is Britain’s largest and most threatened newt. It is not found on site, however the management plan aims to restore its habitats and successfully reintroduce the species.

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CASTLEGATE BASELINE

The Castlegate site has an invaluable context and history, the plan provides an insight into the rich context of the site and allows for ideas

4.3.4 INVASIVE SPECIES

4.3.4.1 HIMALAYAN BALSAM

As said, the ecology within the Castlegate site is a mix of both native and exotic species. Invasive species are of considerable economic and ecological significance globally due to the loss of native biodiversity that they cause and the resulting disruption to valuable ecosystem services. Invasive species are concerning and the detection and management of invasive species within the catchment is necessary.

Found further along both the Sheaf and Don, the Himalayan Balsam is an invader that trives and spreads well along the river network. Himalayan Balsam does so well in many riparian locations that it out competes most other plant species. As said it is a common sight on the River Don and could be on site, therefore measurement need to be put in place in preparation.

(Impatiens glandulifera)

4.3.4.2 JAPANESE KNOTWEED (Fallopia japonica)

Japanese Knotweed is one of the most troublesome invasive, introduced such as the Himalayan Balsam as an ornamental plant before its dangers were understood. It extremely difficult to eradicate and can rapidly outcompete native species. Such as the other invasives, surveys would be used regularly to record any dangers such as this species before measurements are put in place.

4.3.4.3 AMERICAN MINK (Neovison vison)

Mink are voracious predators that have adapted well to life in Britain. Protected BAP species such as the water vole have evolved mechanisms to avoid British predators, but are poorly adapted to protect themselves against mink, leading to a huge decline. The mink is spread through the Don catchment area scarcely on site, however with implementation of the Castlegate oasis and the enhancement of Water Vole it would need to be regulated.

4.3.4.4 SIGNAL CRAYFISH (Pacifastacus leniusculus)

The signal crayfish are an aggressive predatory omnivores with a wide tolerance for a range of environmental conditions. Their particular love for water sites with lower water quality has resulted in them introduced and infesting the River Sheaf which has been hidden away.

Therefore trapping and baiting would have to be used before establishment, however they cannot be eliminated and it would be deemed hopeless to spend resources on fighting to introduce the White-clawed Crayfish as barriers do more harm for overall biodiversity introduction.

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CASTLEGATE BASELINE

The Castlegate site has an invaluable context and history, the plan provides an insight into the rich context of the site and allows for ideas

4.4 BIODIVERSITY LOSS 4.4.1 MODIFICATION Modifications to the river channels have exerted significant impacts on the ecology of the Don catchment on site. The river systems have been engineered extensively to drain agricultural and urbanised land, forming narrower, less natural channels. More recent modifications have included urban drainage for sanitary purposes, and flood defence works. Such modifications would have transformed the diverse wetland ecosystem into land deemed more suitable for contemporary human activities. But this can be helped and in turn combine needs with ecology, the main example being flood defence on the Castlegate site and a wetland ecosystem go hand in hand.

4.4.2 CANALISATION Canalisation also affects in-river ecosystems by creating more homogenous conditions and by eliminating structures that play an important habitat role, hence reducing biodiversity. As a result of increased river velocity, riverine communities would have shifted towards species adapted to fast flow conditions, although this would be mediated to some degree by the weirs.

4.4.3 WATER POLLUTION The most dramatic impact on ecological quality in the Don catchment resulted from water pollution, as described in earlier sections. Pollution from sewage effluent discharges, agriculture, and particularly industry, resulted in the Don being rendered lifeless throughout much of the 20th century. The river ecology was subjected to toxic, deoxygenating pollution with the effect

that very few organisms would be able to tolerate resulting environmental conditions. It should be noted that with the help of the council and volunteering organisations the water on site has been cleaned significantly to its previous days. In response, fish and birds have returned to follow the river back to the site. But more can be done as ecological value can clean and enhance further as the water on site is the Castlegate area’s most valuable wildlife asset.

4.4.4 CHANGES IN PLACE In key with this Landscape and Management Plan, Sheffield City Council has deemed stretches of the Don and the Canal which make up to be targeted for ecological improvement in the coming years. The area around Lady’s Bridge which sits attached to the proposed site, has been targeted as a potential location for otters.

Ecologically-led planting schemes should hopefully create viable otter habitat, and the area will be monitored for signs of improved activity. Into the twenty-first century, the implementation of ecological restoration in conjunction with the local biodiversity action plan will help to ensure the long-term ecological prosperity of Sheffield’s waterways and in turn the proposed oasis.

On the waterfront itself, much has changed, with many practical measures being put in place such as the installation of ‘fish passes’ to allow migrating fish to navigate local weirs. New developments on Sheffield waterways surrounding the site are now encouraged to comply with the requirements of ecological restoration.

Whereas in the past development would inevitably entail the loss of valuable habitat, present-day developers can be much more sensitive to the ecological impact of expansion.

4.5 HUMAN AND HISTORIC CONTEXT 4.5.1 HISTORIC LAND USE 4.5.1.1 BIRTH OF SHEFFIELD The Castlegate site, is the site of the original Sheffield Castle on the confluence of the Rivers Don and Sheaf, was the birthplace of the City and has always been a key area in its development. Restoration can help to rediscover and celebrate these great rivers, reveal the original castle site and for the first time connect the city centre back to its waterfront by creating important new public spaces and rescuing the historic streets from the burden of heavy traffic.

4.5.1.2 FARMING AND INDUSTRY Though river restoration does not imply the return to any previous state, the long history of land management in the catchment goes a long way to explaining the contemporary situation. The Don is a river with ‘attitude’, and a tendency to flood. In prehistoric times it would have been an extensive landscape of wet alder and willow woodland, with meandering river channels, pools and marshes. Over time, people colonised the landscape and farming pushed the edges of the waters back.

From its origins as a wildlife-rich landscape of meandering channels and floodland, two hundred years of industrial urbanisation and agri-industry has constrained the area’s river flow and gutted its ecological soul. Used for cooling the industry, the rivers, once vibrant with life became devoid of anything living.

4.5.2 FUTURE CONTEMPORY LAND USE Sheffield City Centre overall is undergoing dramatic change. Extensive investment in cultural buildings, public space, the retail quarter and city living is having a marked and welcome impact on the City. This transformation, to a living, vibrant, high quality urban environment can be seen all over the City Centre. With this change has come a shifting pattern of land use and character. With these trends come increasing demands for high quality environments and a greater need for ecological enhancement surrounding and within the City Centre. The Castlegate “green oasis” provides the opportunity to establish a new vision for the area, in light of the proposed relocation of the markets.

A new setting and land use to the area that not only enhances biodiversity, but brings life and investment into the area for offices, homes, leisure, entertainment.

The Castlegate oasis does not have to solely consist of greenspace alone, it can be combined with the previous mentioned elements to create a spectacular public realm of riverside terraces, public spaces celebrating Sheffield’s history and new easy connections to surrounding areas for both flora and fauna.

5 VISION At the most fundamental level, restoration should seek to achieve: • A system that is dynamic, sustaining a diverse range of habitats with minimal intervention.

• A system that is a haven for wildlife, in favourable ecological condition, supporting healthy communities of vibrant flora and fauna (including healthy populations of fish) for which rivers are celebrated.

• An integrated, functioning river corridor which sustains wetlands and active floodplains which embraces flooding and will naturally manage flood risk and intercept sediment.

• A system that reflects its heritage, both in past and future landscapes, and in cultural, recreational and spiritual value.

• A system that is resilient to change and will continue to deliver in context of the environmental and human pressures it will face in the future

5.1 PLAN The Landscape and Ecology Management Plan aims to guide the future management of the site. This plan is intended to cover the first 30 years of management at which point the success of the regime should be assessed every 5 years and revised prescriptions considered if necessary. Prescribed management works are intended to generally increase the botanical diversity and habitat structure on site for the benefit of local wildlife and invertebrates.

The Sheffield Biodiversity Action Plan and Wetland Habitat Action Plan have been used to identify priority habitats for restoration. As the Castlegate site sits along three water bodies, the great focus in detail and in masterplan lends itself to predominantly wetland habitats which provide biodiversity as well as flood protection. Other habitat types will be created along the more urban skirts of the masterplan. This document will address these issues ensuring that they are maintained to be as rich and diverse as possible. For the purposes of simplicity and clarity, this management plan will take forward the following habitats from the Action Plans into Masterplan and Detail level:

RIVER Comes in the form of the River Don and the River Sheaf. Offers cool flow with a range of habitats such as exposed banksides or gravel beds. Linked with UKBAP species, Otter and Water Vole FLOODPLAIN Periodically inundated habitat containing standing or fresh water, rich in plants and invertebrates.Linked with UKBAP species, Great Crested Newt, Otter and Water Vole WET WOODLAND Found in floodplains, offer a rich mosaic of invertebrate habitatsLinked with UKBAP species, Otter and Water Vole WET MEADOW Low lying habitat, seasonally flooded alongside rivers offering a range of damp loving flora. Linked with UKBAP species, Otter and Water Vole SCRUB Vegetation consisting of woody plants with many stems, transition zone between forest and adjacent habitats, such as grassland or wetland. Linked with UKBAP species, Great Crested Newt and Kingfisher Furthermore, on a masterplan level the following habitats will also be included: • STANDING OPEN WATER • WOODLAND • MEADOW

RIVER DON

DETAIL

WETLAND FLOODPLAIN

WOODLAND RIVER SHEAF GRASSLAND

RUBBLE MEADOW

WOODLAND

6 MASTERPLAN This restoration seeks to explore the power of water in its capacity to influence landscape change by utilising fluctuation in Sheffield’s river system, both directly & indirectly. At the site of the former Castlemarket, the culverted River Sheaf will be reopened and at the confluence with the River Don will be the site of a new water side “oasis” park. The river wall along Castlegate will be moved, stepping back the landform into a three-tier system: a sculptural wetland floodplain in which changing water levels progressively open and close habitats: and an urban green, serving as the catalyst for new waterside built development. Each of these tiers will aim to offer a different level of experience through the progressive fluctuation and manipulation of landscape elements - creating an environment in a progressive state of flux.

The masterplan shows the restoration of the River Don bank edge, progressing into new wetland habitats with facilities and pathways open for the public. These will be focused and taken forward into detail.

7 DETAIL PLAN Focusing on the relationship between river and target habitat, the detail plan shows the newly associated created wetland habitats. Each will be taken into further detail of its description, character, establishment and management.

W1 - Inunduated edge planting W2 - Wet woodland W2.1 - Waterlogging trees W3 - Wet meadow

RIVER DON

W1 W4

W2

BOARDWALK

W2

W2.1 Alnus glutinosa

SWALE

Salix babylonica W3

GRAVEL PATH

W3

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ESTABLISHMENT

The Castlegate site has an invaluable context and history, the plan provides an insight into the rich context of the site and allows for ideas

8.1 GREEN ENGINEERING 8.1.1 PLANNING

8.1.4 MARGINAL VEGETATION

Areas of riverbank will be identified as priority areas of erosion that would benefit from green engineering protection. Alongside surveys, it checks prior to implementation to ensure there would be no adverse impacts on species.

Marginal vegetation provide a valuable habitat for wildlife and erosion protection for the river bank. Individual plants will be obtained from elsewhere on the Don and plant onsite. Vegetation will be planted in spring, immediately into shallow water or moist ground. Faggots can be used to provide protection from river flow and better the chance of establishing.

8.1.2 GEOTEXTILE Biodegradable geotextiles are meshes or rolls of natural fibre to be used as a rooting base that protect and stabilise the riverbank while allowing vegetation to grow through. The original line of the bank of the Don and Sheaf will have to be identified and marked. Geotextile matting would then be attached to the wooden stakes and coir rolls placed behind with re-vegetation schemes to aid rapid re-establishment and thereby to stabilise an eroding bank

8.1.3 COIR ROLLS Coir rolls pre-planted with native wetland species will be used to provide a soft engineering solution that will enhance the biodiversity value whilst still preventing erosion of the bank during high flows. Once established the coir rolls will lead to the development of a marginal vegetation fringe which will provide habitat for fish and invertebrates as well as protecting the toe of the bank from erosion.

BENEFITS • Increase in marginal habitat for fish and invertebrates.

• Reduction in diffuse pollution as less silt input from erosion.

• Protection and enhancement of well used public access.

• Aesthetic improvements • Improved habitat for water voles

8.2 SEEDING AND PLANTING It is important that a cover of vegetation is established as soon as possible having stabilised the river banks.

In some situations where quick greening is required, a nurse species can planted to stabilise the soil and provide niches for more desirable species to establish.

Vegetative propagation and subsequent planting of potted plants or rooted cuttings is currently the standard method of revegetation. With the size of the river banks, direct seeding can be achieved and implanted in spring. It would mean restoration costs might be dramatically reduced while increasing tree density and maximizing genetic diversity within restoration.

9

HABITATS

The Castlegate site has an invaluable context and history, the plan provides an insight into the rich context of the site and allows for ideas

9.1 WETLANDS The wetland habitat encompasses a broad habitat range including:

Objectives for the creation of the wetland area are as follows:

• A floodplain with fluctuating water levels • Swales • Wet meadows • Wet woodland • Scrub

• To increase significantly the existing biodiversity of the site by providing freshwater pond habitat with submerged, floating and marginal vegetation for freshwater invertebrates, amphibian, water vole and bird life.

In the north area of the site, a sloping wetland area acting as part of the river flood plain will be created, comprising of a mixture of permanently wet pools with a series of scrapes of varying depths. The scrapes will act as an ephemeral temporary habitat that have added importance for providing a suitable habitat for the great crested newt. As the summers will completely dry up the scrapes and thus eliminate fish, the scrapes will allow newt adults which are vulnerable to predation to breed successfully. The wetland area will form a mosaic of vegetation species that support a varied range of aquatic plant species that migrate into the wetland from the floodplain and river. great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) and bats are all UK and Local Biodiversity Priority Species.”

Prominent plant species will include flag iris, great willowherb, purple loosestrife and meadowsweet, alongside a range of aquatic invertebrates such as waterbeetles, dragonflies and damselflies which in turn provide good foraging for bats such as the Pipistrelles and Daubenton’s bat found on site. Additionally, as the wetland habitat establishes it will become suitable for bird species such as Kingfishers and Sedge Warblers and hopes for mammals such as water voles. With expectation for the great crested newt to colonise the habitat within five to ten years.

• To provide water bodies sufficiently large to incorporate shallow margins for Water vole and amphibian access • To connect the River Don to the wetland area to provide top up water during periods of drought IIMPORTANCE Managing fluctuating water levels within the wetland system has great importance. Being part of a floodplain and having no control over weather through the year, there is a possibility the pools and scrapes would join together to become large homogenous body of water.

This will limit the potential of the mosaicked habitats and decrease species diversity. There is an added importance in the scrapes, which would provide a suitable habitat for great crested newt. Newt larvae and adults are vulnerable to predation by fish. So as scrapes dry up completely will eliminate fish and thus should allow the newt to breed successfully.

Supplementary water can be added via the connection to the River Don, however lowering water levels cannot just be left to seasonal variation in rainfall and temperature. Rather than periodically pump the water from the system, a less invasive method will be introduced through an outlet valve that artificially reduces water levels

MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS • The introduction of plant subjects such as cowslips, and orchid species such as northern Marsh orchid and common Spotted orchid • The introduction of desirable marginal and emergent aquatic species • The long term removal of dominating vegetation – removed material will be left by the waterside for several days to allow any trapped invertebrates to migrate back to the water • The removal of large accumulations of fallen leaves • The evaluation and/or removal of unexpected alien species • The introduction of rock and log piles to enhance the suitability of the habitat for great crested newt

9

HABITATS

The Castlegate site has an invaluable context and history, the plan provides an insight into the rich context of the site and allows for ideas

9.2 FLOODPLAIN The original concept for the site was to introduce people to the river, therefore greatly bringing back the River flood plain. Situated right on the River Don, the planned flood plain, not only for defence but also aesthetics will incorporate various wetland-esque zones which would be seasonally inundated with water.

The principles involved in the creation and management of this habitat are as follows: • The basin will be allowed to flood as prevailing conditions dictate • The basin area will be zoned according to wetness and evaluated for appropriate species to introduce according to frequency of inundation and average water levels • Allow for natural colonisation of the basin i.e. Alders commonly do so along the water margins of the River Don

The envisaged vegetation zones will broadly follow: WET1 – Wettest region This zone will be introduced in the very wettest areas of continual flooding and introduce a mixture of vegetation such as: Hemp agrimony, Pendulous sedge, Purple loostrife and Flag iris. These species are selected for not only their water-loving quality but the ability to provide colour and interest during different times of the year as well as providing a good habitat for invertebrates and birds.

WET 2 - Wet woodland Strips of wet carr woodland between fenland type vegetation and water meadow. The wet woodland will incorporate relatively low growing trees such as Hazel, Dogwood, Guelder rose and Pussy willow. Chosen not only for their hydrophilic properties but also because due to their height they will be able to be cut back periodically.

WET 2.1 Included alongside the wet woodland and meadow habitats there will be planting of waterlogging tolerant trees that are found along the River Don, such as Alders, Willows, Poplars and Downy Birch. Chosen for their autumn/winter colours, the trees’ diverse aesthetics during the seasons will enhance the aesthetics of the flooded landscape.

WET3 - Water Meadow This zone will be seeded sporadically along several areas with these areas would be seeded with a species mix including Bistort, Meadow Cranesbill, Wild tansy and hopefully over time Spotted Marsh orchids will colonise within the area. The meadow is chosen to provide a rich hue of colour and texture to the flood landscape aswell as suitable habitats.

MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS

The floodplain will follow a minimal intervention strategy, with the main management operations being: • Coppicing of low growing wetland woodland trees • Removal of over dominant vegetation long term • Seasonal cutting of wet meadow in late July or early august to allow flowers enough time to set seed

9.3 WET MEADOW The details of the wet meadow are already explained, the sowing down of wet meadow throughout the wetland region has to be carried out as part of a nutrient management regime. The construction and design of opening the River Don will leave large areas susceptible to pollution and soil change. Furthermore as the wet meadow has no still standing water it will therefore have a dual function. Intended to cleanse the soil it also act as small, controlled barriers that reduce nutrient leaching into managed separate water bodies on site.

The wet meadow will majority be at sward height at structure, with variation. In the short to medium term, the wet meadows will be cut once yearly. It may take several years before the wet meadow finds its equilibrium, but once it has been established it will reward with low maintenance and high aesthetics and biodiversity.

It is anticipated that species from adjacent species-rich meadow hills used on other parts of the site will migrate in and colonise over time, thus steadily increasing the proportion of biodiversity.

MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS • Once established, the wet meadows will be cut once yearly in late July/early August. Cutting height will be around 5cm and all arising will be uplifted and removed.

• Excessive grass development will be controlled to give less aggressive species an opportunity to colonise.

• Periodic monitoring of the vegetation sward will take place. The succession of trees and scrub will be prevented in wet meadow zones. And any desired species needing to be re-introduced can be done so either by plug planting or over sowing.

• During dry seasons the area will be watered and moisturised from local water bodies (River Don/ Sheaf/etc.)

9.4 WET WOODLAND The wet woodland on the proposed site is mosaicked with open and closed habitats on varying topography. As detailed above it consists of strips that interlock with other habitats. The area will be planted with a selection of native woodland species found along the River Don, mainly Alder, Birch and Willow and low shrub species such as common hazel and dogwood. Elsewhere the areas will be more open and provide a good range of wetland plants The wet woodland in ecological terms is not a stabilised climax condition, but a transitional habitat in which pioneer plant communities are replaced by successive colonists as part of the natural process of succession from open water. Management and restoration of wet woodland therefore aims to maintain the species composition of a wet woodland, encouraging a diverse range of natives as follows: • Non-intervention management will take place in particular areas of wet woodland. For the long term, choosing not to undertake any management allows for spacial variety across the wet woodland.

• Woodland with high structural and age diversity provides habitat for a greater number of species. Coppicing can be used as a method to increase diversity. Ensure breaks in the canopy will allow young trees to develop.

• Coppicing will be used as a method to increase diversity as it opens the ground flora and provides sheltered spots particularly valuable for insect. Coppicing management consists of rotation lengths between 10 and 20 years depending on growth rates.

• Retaining some standard trees within coppiced areas reduces the rate of growth of the coppice stools and retains a diverse woodland ground flora.

• Willows can be pollarded, repeating the process every two or three years to increase the levels of light reaching the ground.

• Standing or already fallen dead wood is an excellent habitat for insects and the birds that feed on them, so leave in place wherever possible rather than removing, and resist over-tidiness. If need be extraction should be carried out with great care as it could result in ground flora being heavily disturbed.

9

HABITATS

The Castlegate site has an invaluable context and history, the plan provides an insight into the rich context of the site and allows for ideas

9.5 SCRUB The scrub habitat situates itself largely on edges of the floodplain in between the wetland, wet woodland and other habitats to act as a transition ecotone as well as a habitat of its own. Well-managed scrub and its margins support a range of wildlife, providing seeds, shelter and nest sites for invertebrates, birds and mammals whilst improving water quality. Although it is seen as unwanted, diverse scrub mosaics is most valuable to wildlife and will consist of species similar to wet woodland such as Buckthorn and Dog Rose which are easy to cut back.

Since scrub is a transitory habitat, it needs management to maintain it otherwise it will develop into woodland or can become invasive and reduce the biodiversity of a site. It can be managed in the following measures: • Rotate the management so there is a mix of young and mature scrub, this ensures more structural diversity and will appeal to a wider variety of species. Low intensity management at regular intervals is generally better and easier than major work every few years.

• Scrub generally takes about 15 years to reach maturity so coppice 3/15th of the site every third year.

• Leave some bare ground and dead wood to increase the range of micro-habitats • Leave some scrub as a source of shelter and food and ensure there are patches of tall and short vegetation in and around it

• Make sure the scrub links up with surrounding habitats, wet woodland and wet meadows because scrub can provide vital wildlife corridors and enable species dispersal through the landscape • Control invasive species • Time management work to minimise the impact on wildlife: do not cut during the bird breeding season (try to do the work between November and February).

However, even in January, reptiles can be found basking in a sunny, sheltered spot, so avoid cutting near hibernation sites.

• Dispose of arisings by stacking into piles of deadwood.

The swales will serve a dual purpose of providing a more naturalistic landscaping alongside the heavy urban fringes of the site as well as a micro habitat link to the larger peripheral landscape. Combining species already found in the wetland such as Purple loosestrife, Marsh marigold with more presentable cowslips and bulb species, the swales serve a greater benefit for migration between habitats as well as serving invertebrates such as dragonflies.

MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS

9.6 SWALES

• Weekly removal of litter and rubbish

The strategy for draining the new Castlegate site has been developed to provide a sustainable system that will harvest water for discharge into the wetland areas using a combination of swales. Swale design will vary throughout the site in accordance to anticipated water volumes carried and the character of the landscape setting it passes through. In the urban southern and western areas, the soft landscape areas around buildings, the swales are sinuous dry grassed channels with variations in gradient and width. As the swales progress up north through the site towards the wetland floodplain they take on a different character becoming wider and deeper conveyance swales and having a more ‘ditch’ like appearance.

• Accumulated leaf litter will be routinely removed.

Vegetation within the swale channel will be cut down during the autumn move during autumn and removed for composting on site • Evaluation and monitoring of species within swale channel towards the urban fringes, if the species mix is not satisfactory then replant if necessary

9

HABITATS

The Castlegate site has an invaluable context and history, the plan provides an insight into the rich context of the site and allows for ideas

9.7.1 WET MEADOW TABLE

9.7.2 WET WOODLAND TABLE

Management Action

Time of Year

Frequency

Coppicing (Birch and Willow) – Stools should be cut high enough to leave plenty of live wood in order to ensure successful growth

Late winter once seeds have shed

Every 20 years

✓

Allows light to penetrate through to ground level and maintain ground flora

Coppicing (Alder) Both coppicing can be completed just before dredging is being carried out to allow machinery to cover as much ground as possible

Late winter once seeds have shed

Every 15 years

✓

Same as above

Pollarding – This can also be carried out when dredging is taking place

Late autumn/winter

Every 15-20 years

✓

Keep pollarded trees and root systems for otter holts

Artificial wind blow – the pulling over of entire trees

Autumn

Random

✓

Monitor and review habitat

Summer

Every 5 years

✓

Allows light to penetrate to ground level and decaying timber will benefit ecosystem as a whole Ensure that the habitat is delivering the required results

Control of exotic species and weeds by cutting and spraying herbicides approved for use near water

9.7.2 SCRUB TABLE

All year round

Regularly

1-5 Years ✓

5-10 Years

10-20 Years

20+ Years

Implications

Allows target species to establish

1

10

ACCESS

Reconnecting the people back to the rive to be an amenity resource

10. ACCESS The Castlegate oasis is designed to be an amenity resource for local communities with the vision of reconnecting people to the river environment. The level of use will be determined by the facilities and access put in place to encourage visitors to the site, which could include footpaths and benches.

As detailed, a boardwalk will be designed within close proximity of the River Don as it touches wetlands, close enough for the user to feel immersed and integrated into the river scene but at a length to allow wildlife interest and habitats to flourish without disturbance.

Furthermore, access can be managed by designated footpath around the site, to guide visitors away from sensitive areas. Access control may need to be considered to ensure sustainable development, this includes the siting of potential furniture. Except for the boardwalk, access alongside the river will be kept relatively informal.

MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS • Improve access opportunities for a wide range of user groups • Establish designated footpaths around the Castlegate oasis, with signage and gates. The surfacing of paths need to be considered, whether gravelled or simply cut through grass.

• A twice-yearly cut with brushcutters or mowers, where suitable for cut through paths.

• The clearing of overgrown vegetation surrounding access points and views once every year.

• Long term management concentrating on maintaining the current paths and internal structure, such as entrances, benches and boardwalks to a safe useable standard.

11 SURVEYING + MONITORING Surveying and monitoring of the Castlegate oasis will be a key part of understanding how it is developing and will allow objectives to be monitored. A full survey of vegetation at the end of the first five-year management plan will give information about the initial development of the proposed site and the success of management. Annual surveys of flora and fauna will also help build an informed picture of how the site is developing and whether management is meeting its objectives.

MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS: • Establish annual flora transects across the site.

• Undertake regular surveys of birds, mammals and invertebrates (including butterfly transects).

• Regularly monitor otter holts to assess their level of use.

•Make use of photography as a means of keeping record of the site’s development and establishment

12 CONCLUSION The main conclusions from this document are: 1. This Castlegate restoration strategy and plan will be an important step towards bringing the area of Castlemarket touching upon the River Don, Sheaf and Tinsley Channel into favourable conditions and excellent ecological status.

2. The plan will provide invaluable insight into the context of the site and allow for ideas and possibilities to be discussed further 3. A vision for the river has been established which tries to consider and appreciate the area’s context and history. There is a high level vision which seeks to establish a dynamic area which is a haven for wildlife in an integrated, river corridor whilst providing a system that is resilient to change and reflects its heritage.

4. The focus of the plan is for good wetland habitats to be introduced as detailed, to be implemented and integrated into the river’s floodplain. With direct links and explanation to the reintroduction of BAP list species.

The suggested management measures are mainly involved in giving the river more freedom, and implementation to deliver multiple benefits and local engagement to hopefully become an integral zone into Sheffield’s Castlegate regeneration.

13 BIBLIOGRAPHY [PDF] 13.1 SITE CONTEXT CASTLEGATE MASTERPLAN AND VISION

Sheffield City Council, 2010. Castlegate Masterplan and Vision. [pdf] Available at: <http://sheffielddemocracy. moderngov.co.uk/Data/Cabinet/20060308/Agenda/$1-2-1%20Castlegate%20Masterplan.doc.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

MODERN HISTORY OF THE RIVER DON CATCHMENT

DCRT, 2011. Modern History of the River Don Catchment. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.dcrt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/900-years-of-the-RDon-fishery-4.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

SHEFFIELD RIVER CORRIDORS AND SUSTAINABLE LIVING AGENDAS

Ursula, 2011. Sheffield river corridors and sustainable living agendas. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.sheffield. ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.137607!/file/URSULA_Bulletin2_Birdsrivers.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

UK BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN

JNCC, 2007. UK Biodiversity Action Plan. [pdf] Available at: <http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5705> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

WOODLAND HABITAT ACTION PLAN

Woodland Habitat Action Plan. [pdf] Available at: <http://sheffielddemocracy.moderngov.co.uk/CeListDocuments.aspx?CommitteeId=123&MeetingId=887&DF=08%2f03%2f2006&Ver=2.pdf > [Accessed 15/09/2014].

WETLAND ACTION PLAN

Wetland Habitat Action Plan. [pdf] Available at: <http://sheffielddemocracy.moderngov.co.uk/CeListDocuments. aspx?CommitteeId=123&MeetingId=887&DF=08%2f03%2f2006&Ver=2.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

THE RIVER DON NAVIGATION CANALS

Sheffield Local Biodiversity Action Partnership, 2008.The River Don and The Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation Canals. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.theblueloop.org/pdf-downloads/Bio-diversity-Document.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

13.3 MANAGEMENT 13.2 ECOLOGY AND HABITAT DISTRIBUTION OF INVASIVE SPECIES IN THE RIVER DON

RIPARIAN VEGETATION MANAGEMENT

Blue Loop, 2010. Riparian Vegetation Management. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.theblueloop.org/pdf-downloads/Bio-diversity-Document.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

Don Catchment Rivers Trust, 2008. The distribution of invasive species in the Don River catchment, South Yorkshire, UK. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.dcrt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/CrayfishReport1-19.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

SCRUB MANAGEMENT

GRASSLAND HABITAT ACTION PLAN

WET MEADOW: MANAGEMENT ADVICE LEAFLET

Grassland Habitat Action Plan. [pdf] Available at: <http://sheffielddemocracy.moderngov.co.uk/CeListDocuments.aspx?CommitteeId=123&MeetingId=887&DF=08%2f03%2f2006&Ver=2.pdf > [Accessed 15/09/2014].

THE RIVER DON: A LINEAR URBAN WILDSCAPE

Rotherham. I. 2010. The River Don: a linear urban wildscape. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.ukeconet.org/ wp-content/uploads/2009/10/River_Don_urban_wildspace_chapter_Ian_2.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

Wildlife Trust, 2008. Scrub Management [pdf] Available at: <http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.137607!/ file/URSULA_Bulletin2_Birdsrivers.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

Wildlife Trust, 2009. Management Advice Leaflet Wet Meadow. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.dbrc.org.uk/i/ Habitat_management_leaflet_wet_meadow.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

WETLAND NATURE RESERVES

Welcome Trust, 2010. Wetland Nature Reserves. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/ corporatesite/@msh_publishing_group/documents/web_document/wtx024753.pdf> [Accessed 15/09/2014].

VVV

LIBAAN WARSAME STUDENT NUMBER 110216238