The Digger No.32 June 1974

Sydney women’s rape sqad zaps first victim

ISSUE NO. 32, JUNE 18 - JULY 4 ,1 9 7 4 . 30 CENTS

Interview w ith the deputy PM

CAIRNS ON M AKING BUSINESS SEE TH E ECONOMY HIS WAY WORKERS’ CONTROL KEEPING THE YANKS OUT — Page 1

PHOTOS SHOWWATERGATE BUGGERS AT JFKASSASSINIMI -..

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. . . which is for the surveillance o f trade uhion leaders and student leaders in the Moratorium days of 1971. I f that same unauthorised activity was found out would you then argue for the total disband­ ment o f ASIO? Oh well, even the Victorian government has said this is old hat, this stuff. Have you noticed Yes, we have, and if we can that in the papers in the last couple convince them then we’ll have of days? No. I’m sure ASIO is success. And if at the same time as old hat as it possibly could be, and I wouldn’t be surprised if some­ we can convince the mass public, upon whom our power finally de­ where in the system this may not pends, then we’ll have the backing still be happening. But o f course of the public in this. I think that it’s old hat. It’s the first time, in­ on this question, not oiily of owner­ cidentally, I’ve seen an ASIO minute ship of resources, foreign or Aust­ paper .- . . 19th October 1971 , . . ralian, and the kind of guidelines Jack Mundey, R. J. Wellard, J. Halfpenny . . . G. Crawford of / that we are concerned with now, good industrial relations, an eco­ the Labor Party . . . logical arrangement of industry, to . . . Zelda d'Aprano, who it is cut it short, these are things for suggested should be moved into an­ which there is already a great deal other job. With ASIO, if it is shown of public support. Now the other that Joint Intelligence Organisation area with which, I think, we must and Australian Security Intelligence — particularly the trade union move­ Services, were operating within Aust­ ment, particularly the working class ralia, which is in excess o f their ought to be encouraged to be more charter, what could be done about concerned with, is their own partici­ that?

If this was so, this would be pation in the process of decision making about their own employ­ something I think that the govern­ ment doesn’t want to see continued. ment.

I think the examples o f Joint In­ telligence Organisation's counter in­ To come back to that point about surgency study group, which was worker participation, you've said formed to study counterinsurgency that's one area in which one can't in Australia, is this going to con­ move faster than the mass, but what tinue when it comes to your know­ of the very significant proportion ledge?

Does it exist? I would think that o f the younger work force who are now concerned not ju st about the military people are studying worker participation but about wor­ what • you can call counter insur­ gency, that kind of warfare . . . ker control?

But aren't the goals o f your ob­ jectives going to be different from those of a particular company — the fact that you have g o t to con­ vince them to accept your vision o f those objectives, not only in differences o f long and short term, but in terms o f what you're about?

J IM C A IR N S,

personally speaking On Monday June 11, Dr. Jim Cairns was elected to the position of Deputy Prime Minister in the Australian Labor government. The election to his new position has been seen by many observers as a victory for the Left in the Labor Party.

Dr. Cairns, who describes himself as a socialist, unhesitatingly gave the following interview to Digger the day after his election, amidst a tight and hectic timetable. The interview was given in his car on the way to Canberra airport. Cairns seemed to have regained the youthful energy that he dis­ played before the 1966 elections.

It is worth rioting that he continues to use normal commercial flights instead of the VIP jet he is entitled to.

It's been said that you're going to get extra access to information in your new role. Can you imagine any information that you would get in this new position that could lead you to accept the establish­ ment o f US controlled military facilities in Australia?

No. Well, to accept the ones that are here?

Personally, no. My long term vision o f that is that I do want to get Australia out of the big power military system. But that is a personal view and everyone knows that has been one o f my long term objectives. Both in respect to the presence, o f Australian troops in Asia, whiclr we’ve largely achieved, and in respect to the Australian integration into the international weapons system. I don’t want that any more. That’s personal, and I would always be looking towards that long term objective.

With the proposed base at Diego Garcia, do you see it as inevitable that if the base is built, there will be an arms race in the Indian Ocean?

Of course there will. The only way to prevent an arms race is to stop it from starting.

To stop Diego Garcia?

Yes. I don’t think that that’s necessarily the first step. But I think that our government is right in doing what it can to stop the development o f Diego Garcia. I think that the methods that we have been using have been good methods and I think we’ve got tremendous support around the Pacific for what we. have been doing.

But what about the methods that are being used in what appears to be maintaining the status quo vis a vis the other bases that are estab­ lished in Australia like the North­ west Cape, methods that basically amount to concurring with the United States' exclusive use?

Well, we are concurring with the American use. I think this, like every other question is a matter for judgement about how far you can go at a particular time in pur­ suit of your ultimate objective. The

Prime Minister has said that we will not renew these arrangements, contractual«arrangements.

With the Northwest Cape, that's 1988. In the long term objective it would seem that . , .

Well, I don’t want to see the present Australian government tackle any more than it can effectively politically digest. And I thipk that we have to, do a lot of education, education of public opinion, before we can digest much more than the present position the Prime Minister has taken.

With Indochina, do you regard the non recognition of the PRG [Pro­ visional Revolutionary Government] as a breach o f the' Paris Peace Accords?

I don’t think a breach, but I think it is not consistent with it.

I think the Paris agreement fully identifies the PRG as a substantial part o f the process of government, and especially ultimate government in South Vietnam. I think it is accepted with the same standing as the administration of the Re­ public of South Vietnam in Saigon.

I think any failure to! give it that recognition is inconsistent with the Paris agreements.

Discontent with the attitudes of the management o f the local Albion — heartbeat of Carlton — Hotel, had been simmering among the lo­ cals who frequent the pub in multi­ farious guises and consciousnesses,

In those terms, on Chile, would yoii support or consider a protest note on the treatment of the political prisoners?

Yes, of course.

While we are on international affairs, what are your views on the Kissinger strategy?

from the bistro bar. As they mounted, the grievances remained inarticulated as no* collective con­ sciousness had developed which could draw together the individual grievances. The potential for a com­ munity of interest to realise itself through laying demands on the management, went .unarrested.

That is until an article appeared in The Digger, issue No. 29, taking issue with the Albion management over an incident which occurred during the recent strike by Victorian hotel employees for a $20.00 p ays rise. The article vividly reported the eviction from the hotel and subse­ quent bashing of a unionist during the strike and seized upon the issue of the use of scab labor by the hotel during the strike to link up with its reportage of the incident in a call for a boycott of the pub.

Unfortunately the facts of the inci­ dent were selected to fit the issue and amongst those who witnessed the incident or heard other ver­ sions of it, the effect of the article»

was only in creating confusion with the issue of scab labor becoming of nebulous value.

To throw light on the miscon­ ceptions surrounding the incident, the first point that can be clarified! is that the woman was not thrown out of the pub merely because she was exposing the use of scab labor.

Having made her point and met v/ith no response amongst those drinking, she proceeded to reduce the issue of scab labor to a sexist confrontation with one of the barpeople. Provoking him with a “your mother must have been a fucking whore to produce a fucking scab like you”, she concluded by knock­ ing a line up of glasses over him.

Caught in the emotionalism of the confrontation the barperson picked up a bucket to hurl but was held back by the licensee of the hotel.

It was only after this exchange that she was asked to leave. Whatever happened after the pub closed, while deplorable, cannot be viewed as unrelated to the confrontation.

PROLONGED THE V IE T N A M W AR."

In relation to the Australian in­ volvement in the World Bank, and multilateral aid to Thieu, would this be regarded as a breach . . . if dollar for dollar wasn't given to the PRG would this be regarded as .

Yes, I think that would be wrong.

Address to: P.O. Box 77, Carlton, Vic. 3053

for some time. On Friday nights the atmosphere of the pub assumed the proportions of that in the crowded hulks of the convict ships of yesteryear. Frustrations piled up as the tension of closeness over­ spilled into incidents in which drinkers were physically assaulted while the management disclosed an astute sense of timing by only making its presence felt when it was all over. Thé management has displayed a reluctance to follow up such incidents equalled only by that of the police. At one stage, heavies were observed to be carrying knives. Police regularly visited the pub but their concern was with the known association between ex­ prisoners and politicos at the pub.

More recently kids were banned

Ponch Hawkes

The Deputy Prime Minister o f Australia play a much more significant role than it has in the past. I’m not only concerned to change foreign cor­ porations into Australian capitalist corporations, I want also AIDC to have a positive role, in the public interest, in those situations and to me that’s more important.

Would AIDC consider setting up an Australian commission for ex­ ploration o f oil?

Well, no, I think we do that through the kind of machinery that You mentioned before moving with Rex Connor has. I think that’s the the speed o f the populace, as it more logical way of doing it than were; you said that in terms o f bringing AIDC into administration action that might be taken on the in that way. AIDC is a fund raising bases and also in interviews about body' . . . and it is an investing internal matters in Australia, y o u " body. It’s a body to coordinate said the same sort o f thing in terms investment and to bring in, through that investment that it makes, the of worker participation.

I don’t think that a government guidelines, the influences that I’m can ever get very far ahead of the talking about when I speak of public interest and public policy. But no; masses .

Well, using things like AIDC [Aust­ about oil; this is completely in Rex ralian Industries' Development Cor- Connor’s area. He has already, and poration] and the Industry Assis­ he will get alter* the joint sitting, tance Commission, and all the other a much better basis to work than bodies around that can be used to I’ve got in AIDC. provide, constraints on the Australian What makes you so confident that business operations, do you expect the Australian mdnagerial class is the managers of these businesses going to accept what would essen­ to be convinced o f your govern­ tially be your government's defini­ ment's view o f national and inter­ tion o f national and international national interests, and to thereby interests, which are inevitably going unilaterally accommodate these con­ to be more long term than business ‘managements, who are always con­ straints? cerned in short term profit making?

Well yes. Our ultimate objective» Yes, I do. I think that from is long term but as I said before, what I know of industry they are willing to go a long way with what every objective we arrive at is one we propose about reducing, and we consider to be reachable. And bringing under Australian control \ye are not going to impose on areas of foreign investment in Aust­ ourselves some objective that isn’t ralia. I want to see AIDC itself reachable.

"N IX O N A N D KISSINGER

LETTERS Booze-up blues at A lbion

With Cambodia, do you think that the Australian government should recognise Sihanouk?

Personally, I would make this move, personally, I would not main­ tain recognition of the Lon Nol government. That’s the first step I would take. I think that un­ fortunately, Sihanouk has a doubt­ ful effective basis in Cambodia it­ self, and it would be a salute to Sihanouk rather than a recognition of the facts if we recognised him.

Changing from Indochina\ to South America, to Chile; are you satisfied with the approach the Australian government has taken in recognising the Chilean junta? , Well, my own principle is that I would recognise every existing government sooner or later. Whether I agree with it or I don’t agree with it. And I would have repre­ sentation there if it was significant enough for Australia to do so.

But weren't you just saying that you would withdraw recognition from Lon Nol's government?

Yes, but I don’t agree that Lon Nol is an effective government. I don’t think he has the hasis of effectiveness that the regime in Chile has, for example.

I think th e’ Kissinger strategy has produced a good deal of desirable modification in the conflicts in the Middle East. I don’t say the same thing about Vietnam, because I think Kissinger and Nixon prolonged the struggle in Vietnam, Nixon more than Kissinger, but prolonged it un­ duly rather than/modified it. But I think as far as the Middle East situation is concerned it has been beneficial.

which preceeded it.

In its use of the issue of scab labor, the article not only misread the general feeling among Albion drinkers to unionism; it also, by its presentation, made unionism for the sake of it, a value. This is par­ ticularly disconcerting given Digger's framework as a newspaper which conceptualises an alternative philo­ sophy in its social critique. Unionism in itself does not embody the vision of an alternative social arrangement.

Unions whose sights are narrowed to economism are. an incorporated part of the existing power structure and usually adhere to attitudes that reinforce that structure. An alterna­ tive social vision is only embodied in demands and issues which affirm new values, alternative relationships, and which challenge existing insti­ tutions. Certainly the Liquor and Allied Trades’ Union fails to fall under this category. Idealisation of unionism as it comes across in the article referred to, assists in aware­ ness of neither its limitations or

WORKERS' CO NTRO L: "Y O U PA R TIC IPA TE FIRST, YO U CONTRO L A FTER W A R D S .

I don’t want to distinguish bet­ ween participation and control.

But this distinction is made . . .

I know it’s made, but if it’s made it’s either pedantic or unreal.

You participate first, you control afterwards, and let’s not have pe­ dantic arguments.

Well, it's real in terms o f the degree to which one is behind or in front o f the mass.

What we need now is greater. . . is more working class leaders — and the young ones as well — explaining to workers how they can participate and finally achieve the ultimate ob­ jective of controlling their industry.

Taking this whole issue o f control, you might have seen the minute paper that ASIO . . . [Dr. Cairns was shown a copy o f an ASIO minute paper, dated October 1971, concerning a request by the then Attorney General, Senator Green­ wood, for information on six in­ dividuals] No, I didn’t see this . . . Does ASIO have minute papers? This is the first time I’ve ever seen one . . .

its possibilities.

The LATU reinforces legal dis­ crimination against women in its award. Under antiquated Victorian legislation incorporated in its federal award, no female can work behind a bar in Victoria without registration with the Australian Hotels’ Associa­ tion, and the LATU. At any time a female who works behind a bar without registration may be prose­ cuted while a male working behind a bar faces no threat of prosecution.

This makes it more difficult for a female without registration who tries to obtain 'a bar job for the first time, if she has to compete against males. The LATU also discriminates against womep in its basic attitudes as revealed during the strike when it ruled that a licensee’s wife might work but not his ‘de facto’. This is where a real attack on women lies, not in the Albion incident.

This is the real area o f concern, as is the attitude of the Albion management to its drinkers and neither need the pretext o f a strike

In reference firstly to Brian Toohey's article in the Financial Review, and secondly to the disclosure on the Lateline [ABC] program last week that Australian troops were learning counter insurgency warfare in Ire­ land with the British army and the speculation that Joint Intelligence Organisation has set up a unit to infiltrate Aboriginal groups . . .

If Brian Toohey gave me some evidence o f this I would be* very pleased to have it* I don’t want to see any Australians studying what’s happening in Ireland from a military point o f view, or even being part of it: And if theyhre there I Would want them to be brought home.

Can we expect to see you in Bourke Street again?

It depends what happens in Bourke Street. I didn’t cause what happened in Bourke Street. I was just there.* In the same circumstances, even in the position that you hold npw, you would go back?

Oh yes, yes.

or bashing to justify thought out action.

— Andra Jackson I didn't “select” facts for the article, any more than is humanly avoidable in the telling o f any story.

In the rush to prin t I was unable to contact the licensee o f the Albion.

N o one who gave me eye witness accounts o f the incident told me the terms in which Kay Chadwick challenged the barperson. ‘ What is the general feeling among Albion drinkers towards unionism?

I adm it I don't go there any more.

I don't like seeing blood shed, or listening to the sexist raving o f drunks. I'd be very surprised if I'd represented Albion drinkers as more radical than they are.

I agree that unions like the L ATU are not part o f an alternative social vision; but I don't think it's idealising unionism to document a case o f scab labor.

— Alice Bergen.

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THE DIGGER

June 18 — July 4, 1974

Published by High Times Pty. Ltd., 350 Victoria Street, North Melbourne, Vic., 3051.

Phone: 329.0977.

Postal Address: PO Box 77, Carlton, Vic., 3053.

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Melbourne: Editorial and Layout: Phillip Frazer, Helen Garner, Jon Hawkes, Ponch Hawkes, Alistair Jones, Bob Daly, and the Light, Powder and Construction Works.

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Phone: 660.6957.

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Seale claims SLA racist Bobby Seale, chairperson of the Black Panther Party, has attacked the Symbionese Liberation Army as racist.

Speaking to students at Loyola Marymont University in Los Angeles, Seale criticised the SLA for the August 1973 assassination of Marcus Foster, the newly appointed and first black superintendent of public schools in Oakland.

“Why is it,” said Seale, “that this organisation, which calls itself revolutionary, will capture the daugh­ ter qf a white capitalist, but shobt down Marcus Foster, the son of a slave?” The Panther leader added, “They gave [Patty] Hearst five weeks to decide whether she wanted to join the SLA or hot [but] they didn’t give Marcus Foster five minutes to see what he could do.” . The SLA first came to public attention when- it claimed responsi­ bility last summer for the Foster killing. The group said the school superintendent was engaged in a student identification program that discriminated against black and other minority children.

D ream m achine Back numbers of The Digger are 45 cents each, from “ Back Numbers", c/o The Digger, 15 Avenue Road, Glebe; NSW 2037.

No. 1: Wainer's abortion epic; Gary Young exposed; the Stuart case.

No. 2 : Drug history of Australia; New Guinea cannibals; Youth seizes city.

Cocker interview; Don Juan; Porny pics.

No. 4 : \ Zimmer's Essay; Football's freak; High, school revolt; Being a rock star,.

No. 5 : People's Park; FM radio; shared diseases; McMahon — after December r; No. 6 : Helen Garner/school kids; Reefer Madness; Abortion — a colonial history.

No. 7: Abortion on request; Cosmos adrift; Marxism in Maribyrnong; Poetry supplement.

No. 8 : Labor's victory; Bisexuality; Hawke interviewed; M t. Isa. No. 9 : Prostitutes; Conscripts and resisters; Libs — the abyss.

No. 10: Marg Vtfhitlam; the g a y »beat; Sunshine grass label; Four letter words — teacher fired.

No. 11: Women in pubs; Nimbin; Dope laws; Ringolevio.

No. 3 :

No. 12: Comix supplement; Angry Bri­ gade; -Sunbury.

No. 13: Rolling Stones; Drug “ problem"?; Porn and politics.

No. 14: Contraceptive guide; Women in a man's world: Sydney's junkie murder.

No. IS : Nurses; Higher Consciousness; Great Moments o f Rock.

No. 16: Anti-psychiatry; Fred Robinson; Port Phillip sewer; "Couples".

No. 17: SilVer Screen; Nimbirt; Zappa;

WEL. No-.

18: Watergate; Ford; Doomsday; ALP: godfathers and families.

No. 19:' Dalmas; medical students; wo­ men's strike; ASIO on the line.

No. 20 : Omega; No. 96; Communes; Victoria Street.

No. 21 : The fastest rising guru in the west;.

How Labor bought «Tasmania; Body rhythms; Suburb's siege; G rafitti Gue­ rillas; Philippines.

No. 22: Gay Lib.; the Crips.; Memoirs of a Sydney cop; Dylan mystery LP. No. 23: Victorian drug squad search war­ rant racket; Two ex-prisoners and their world; Captain Matchbox; Travels of Bazza McDope; Melbourne football; South American round up.

No. 24: Customs plan to smuggle drugs; oil in Middle East; Mary Whitehouse; The Rocks.

No. 2 5 : Students take Thailand; Metha­ done racket; Bali busts; Warrants in court and out; Soviet dissidents.

No. 26: Leunig's rude drawings; Marshal Green's sinister background; Bicycles; Children outside the nuclear family;* US plans for Vietnam 1974; Victoria Street evictions.

No. 27: Inside Bathurst; New Guineans learn to fail; Kids, communes . . . and now me; .Indonesia — the making of a riot; Rock Dreams; CIA in Australia.

No. 28: Woman sheltering from men in Glebe; Girls in jail; Three Marias; Workers' participation in action; Chile massacres; Kate Jennings on Joni M it­ chell; Portugal's empire crumbles.

N o.29Be nind the double dissolution; The lOllective at work; Vietnam - Did you think it was over; ideas about preschaoling; women's health centres.

No. 30: The great crane robbery; security organizations clash—ASIO vs. JIO; why Labor should win; Portugese dance in streets; The Anti-Feminist.

No. 31: Long March; ASIO attacks 1 Digger; Diego García; Cockroach ex­ pose; women's festival.

Researchers at 'the US Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland are reportedly hard at work on an anti day dreaming device. Ac­ cording to New Scientist magazine, the cigarette pack size device is being experimented with on guinea pigs, and is capable of signaling whenever the subject starts to lapse off into a day dream. The machine works on the principle of .the measurement of brain waves, which :cap reveal levels of concentration and relaxation. i The navy researchers say the gadget could have beneficial effects in terms of preventing accidents if it were applied to bus drivers, jet pilots and air traffic controllers, who must always be mentally alert.

New Scientist notes that a similar system is already in operation in the Ohmi Railway Company in Japan. There, 500 bus drivers par­ ticipate in a kind of bio feedback system, using a computer. Thes com­ puter ascertains whenever a driver’s so called bio rhythms are in a par­ ticularly bad condition, and issues a warning card to alert the driver to be especially careful on that day.

Nixon near death In a startling article Intelligence Report, the newsletter of the Or­ ganising Committee for a Fifth Es­ tate, charges that a Nixon related figure with access to all the Presi­ dential tapes may have been killed to keep her silent. The committee is a Washington, DC based research group that acts as a public watch­ dog over questionable government activities.

According to Intelligence Report, Beverly Kaye worked for Stephen Bull — the Secret Service agent in charge of the safe keeping of Nixon’s tapes — and she was responsible for storing the tapes.

“The stories that she told her friends and neighbors about her ex­ periences in the White House had them convinced that Nixon and his aides were fully involved in the Watergate bugging and coverup”, the R eport states. Government sources also told the committee that her testimony would have been “ the most damning ever presented against the Nixpn administration”.

But, shortly before Christmas, Kaye told her co-workers that she was feeling ill. A White House physician was summoned, and as he was taking her down an elevator, she reportedly collapsed. She died shortly after, according to attending doctors, of a “ massive stroke”.

However, one doctor told Intelli­ gence Report that Kaye’s death could have been caused by the injection of an air bubble into her blood­ stream. This could easily have been

diagnosed as a stroke. A complete autopsy was never performed, and the White House paid for her funeral.

In the past year, there has been similar speculation that the death of the wife of Howard Hunt in an air crash while she was carrying a large sum of White House payoff money, and the death of administra­ tion adviser Writer Murray Chotiner who was hit by a truck — were not accidents.

W hat a nerve Washington — The US armed forces are pressing for a new family o f nerve gases to modernise what a Pentagon spokesperson described as an inadequate stockpile of chemical munitions. Their case, put to a House of Representatives- sub­ committee, was that fresh stocks were needed as a deterrent against the Soviet Union.

However, it is believed that the Pentagon is really trying to build up its already huge arsenal of chemical-biological warfare (CBW) agents for use in counter guerilla operations. A current Marine Corps manual points out that it is difficult for guerilla forces to get hold of chemical weapons and that lethal attacks over large areas by aircraft ‘offer optimum means for destruc­ tion of these forces’* The Americans’ most extensive use of CBW so far has been in Indochina. Several scien­ tific experts testifying before the subcommittee disputed the Pentagon argument that the Russians were better equipped in the CBW field.

Among the obsolete CBW stock in the nine US storage locations are 4.2 million tons o f nerve gas which the Pentagon says must be destroyed. The new type of nerve gas it is seeking consists of two chemicals whifch mix when the shell is fired; the shell bursts on impact and the gas kills everyone in the area, whether soldiers or civilians.

The new weapon would be produced at the Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas.

The US never signed the 1925 Geneva protocol outlawing CBW arms and the Pentagon spokesperson told the subcommittee that the Nixon ad­ ministration’s long held opposition to a ban on other chemical weapons such as herbicides and riot agents had not changed.

— People's News Service.

Saigon pay-off not on Tokyo 'tty Washington / Tokyo / World Bank plans to provide multi­ lateral financing to the Thieu re­ gime (see Digger Nos. 29 and 31) have suffered a setback which may be fatal.

Despite strong US and Japanese pressures for action, secret plans for a 15 year, $11,000 million aid package initiated at an October 1973 World Bank meeting have stalled.

The first blow came when the US Congress refused to pass the administration’s $1,500 million ap­ propriation, for the International Development Association, the World Bank’s soft loan affiliate, after it became known that its funds would be used for aid to South Vietnam.

The disclosure of the sensitive plan subjected the Bank to extremely embarassing charges o f political inter­ vention and deliberate violation of the Paris Accords on Vietnam which recognise the legitimacy of the Pro­ visional Revolutionary Government as well as Saigon. Finally, on May 2, Canada’s public criticism of an aid program which supports only one of the Indochinese parties may have dealt the plan its coup de grace.

4 The blow to Thieu’s hopes for his ailing economy, coming on the heels of France’s recognition of the Provisional Revolutionary Govern­ ment, suggests that the tide of in­ ternational opinion is swinging against Saigon and in support • of the Paris Accords.

June 5, the date scheduled for the next meeting of the Bank’s Indochina aid consortium — already postponed^ since February — has come and gene. Le Monde quotes authoritative World Bank sources that plans for a further meeting are “ indefinitely postponed” .

— New Asia News.

George Jackson T hai gas-lash killed screw George Jackson — the former “ Soledad Brother” who, after his own death, was technically acquitted of. killing a prison guard — confessed to his editor in 1970 that he had in fact killed the guard.

Jackson’s confession of the killing is one of several bombshells con­ tained in a new book about’his life, written by his editor, Greg Arm­ strong. Armstrong became very close to Jackson while he was editing his books from prison, and he says that Jackson inadvertantly con-, fessed the killing during an inter­ view that was tape recorded. Arm­ strong says that Jackson also claimed credit for arranging his escape at­ tempt, in which his brother Jonathon Jackson and a judge Were killed.

According to Armstrong, Jackson clearly vindicated Angela Davis of any involvement in that escape at­ tempt. Ms Davis was tried on & conspiracy charge and acquitted.

Armstrong’s book, called The Dragon Has Come — published by Harper and Row — also reveals numerous other escape plots that the editor became personally in­ volved in. He says that he himself at one point hatched a plot to kidnap someone to be held in ransom for Jackson’s freedom, but found that he lacked the “desperation” to carry it through.

Armstrong pictures Jackson as a gentle and passionate man, but dedicated to violent revolution. He says that the SLA, which has adopted Jackson as a kind of symbol and model revolutionary, lacks any of Jackson’s charisma, but are still his legitimate heirs. Says Armstrong, “George [Jackson] is the godfather of the SLA”.

Royalties London Queen Elizabeth II was paid $68,000 last year by the US Department o f Agriculture for not growing crops on a 25,000 acre farm in the Mississippi delta.

The Queen has a financial interest in Courtlands of London, the firm which owns the acreage and collected % the subsidy: the 68 grand was her share.

-A P S .

Thieu’s phantom army The US Congress, which is now debating the annual military aid appropriations to Saigon, should be interested to learn that the US is already paying the salaries of bet­ ween 50,000 and 100,000 South Vietnamese troops that don’t exist.

Investigations of the size o f the South Vietnamese military forces by both the Prime Minister of South Vietnam and the US embassy there have revealed that military com­ manders are padding their payrolls by claiming thousands of “ ghost” soldiers.

At least one General is known to have pocketed $30,000 by making payroll claims for soldiers who exist in name only. The investigations suggest that his is not an isolated case.

Earlier this month, a Senate com­ mittee was told in secret hearings by a South Vietnamese military figure that the total number of soldiers that could be mustered for duty amounted to only 700,000.

The US is footing the payroll for most of the officially claimed 1-1 million South Vietnamese troops.

The Los Angeles Times reports that the South Vietnamese military commanders pad their payrolls with both “ghost” soldiers — who don’t really exist at all — and so called “ flower pot” soldiers, who show up only for official inspections and then disappear into the woodwork.

The padding of payrolls by the South Vietnamese military has been an acknowledged fact ever since the US started footing the bill, but the extent of the padding was never believed to be so high.

A recently discharged Marine, now living in Detroit, claims that during the height of the gasoline shortage in the US he was ordered to burn over 30,000 gallons of fuel in an open pit every day for three months in Thailand.

Ex-Marine Daniel Tucker says that between May ¿nd August of 1973 he was stationed at a Marine base in Nam Phong, Thailand as a jet refueler. Says Tucker, “ I used to read about the energy shortage in the US and thought it was funny that I was burning over 30,000 gallons Of jet fuel a day for the three months I was stationed there” .

Tucker says that according to )iis log books, the same procedure was followed for at least nine months before he arrived.

Tucker claims that his immediate superior, Lt. Colonel J. C. Byram, told him the fuel was contaminated and had to be burned, but ordered him to keep quiet about it. Says Tucker, “ Hell, that fuel wasn’t con­ taminated. It came out of the same batch that I used to refuel the aircraft at the base”, v Tucker gave the impression in an interview that military com­ manders were getting kickbacks from the .oil companies for requisitioning huge orders of fuel. The oil com­ panies — according to this logic — cooperated because of the need to dispose of embarrasing surplus fuel supplies during the energy crisis.

The ex-Marine said that he ex­ pects* the government will attempt to silence him. He added that it’s doubtful, however, that he could ever prove his charges.

— Fifth Estate, Detroit.

O ne ton dope ru n good fun A forthcoming book from Harper and Row publishers — entitled Weed: Adventures of a Dope Smug­ gler — represents what is probably the first full literary documentation of the marijuana smuggling industry ever publsihed in the US. Written

by Jerry Kamstra, the book fully details the author’s ten year career of criss crossing the Mexican border with' tons of top grade marijuana.

Ironically, the biggest smuggling operation detailed in the book was indirectly financed by the now de­ funct Life magazine. Life had as­ signed Kamstra to go to Mexico and write an article about the cul­ tivation, harvesting, buying and im­ porting of marijuana. Armed with a photographer and an expense cheque, Kamstra — a convicted smuggler — took on the assign­ ment, and ended up bringing back a ton of marijuana. Life refused the piece, as did Look, which had also put up money for it.

People’s jury? f The New York State Supreme Court is hearing evidence this week from the defence in the Attica prison rebellion case, as to why the jury selection process shpuld be thrown out.

A total of 61 inmates of the prison have been indicted on more than 1,400 charges stemming from the rebellion at Attica State Prison in September 1971.

In an unprecedented pretrial manoeuvre, the Attica Brothers’ Legal Defence Committee — a team of lawyers representing all of the inmates — is petitioning the state Supreme Court that the defendants cannot get a fair, trial by their peers.

The committee says that the process of juror selection in Erie County where the trial is scheduled, “sys­ tematically keeps blacks, women, young people and poor people off juries”.

The committee, after an eight month research study* has deter­ mined that blacks are under re­ presented by 34%, women by 68% and persons aged 21 to 30 by 84% from juries in the county. The group is accusing the county of purposely identifying and disqualifying persons in these groups from jury duty, j

The committee also points out that the grand jury, which indicted the 61 inmates, did not indict a single prison guard or official, des­ pite the fact that a neutral in­ vestigating* body, the McKay Com­ mission, found that “ there was clearly indiscriminate firing in con­ gestive areas” by them.

Moo~zak Attica — “So on Friday play tunes to blow people down because they are wound up. On Mondays we want to pick them up because they are down. . We are playing games with people. That's really what we are doing. I hate to use the expression, but we are human engineers. But gee, that wouldn't look good in print. ” — Bob Willard, marketing vice president of The Muzak Corpora­ tion. * * * Muzak oozes through the halls of the Pentagon, the Astrodome and hen houses in San Bernadino.

It accompanies Nixon at work at the White House and San Clemente.

Grocery stores and cocktail lounges coat their customers in Muzak be­ cause it creates an environment that makes people want to stay longer — and the longer they stay the more they buy.

And in the Los Angeles area alone, reports Mary Murphy in the Los Angeles Times, Muzak is piped to nea4y one million secretaries, clerks and factory workers.

Now so integral a part of Am­ erican daily life, you might think that Muzak just naturally emanates from the ceiling. But The Muzak Corp. is a $400 million a year in­ dustry with an estimated captive audience of 80 million listeners in 26 countries.

80% of Muzak’s high precision speakers are aimed to the work environment, says Tony Woods, ex­ ecutive vice president of the Los Angeles Muzak franchise which, valued at $2 million, is one of 283 nationwide Muzak franchises.

Explaining the work habits of those bored by their jobs, Bob Willard, Muzak, marketing vice presi­ dent, says that “from 8.00 till 10.30 am they are in constant de­ cline. After a break and the idea of lunch they have a tendency to pick back up. When they return from lunch they are close to the efficiency they were in the morning.

It is constant decline from 1.00 to 3.00 pm and then after a break there is a tendency to pick up until quitting time.

“What we do with our music is to program just the opposite, varying the tempo, rhythm and the number of the instruments. When people are at high efficiency we are at low stimulus value and as people go down we climb.”

And each time of the day and each day of the week is different. “ A company’s yearly income is pretty well fixed,” says Wood. “Pro­ fit depends on only one thing — the output , of your people. And if you want more profit you’ve got to make your people more ef­ ficient. In this way, Muzak func­ tions as management’s tool.”

But, Willard hastens to add, Mu­ zak is not for everyone. “We know of no value of Muzak to a self thinking or creative person. Muzak has no value to engineers, archi­ tects, doctors, lawyers, business ex­ ecutives or any creative person.* For instance, obviously Tony’s and my jobs are quite stimulating. So we don’t use background music per se.

If we need stimulating, the company is in trouble,” he said with abig wink.

“The only time we recommend it for executives is to cover up conversation. Say we are talking about salaries and we don’t want the girls to hear. We* turn on the Muzak and it masks the conversation and keeps it in the room.”

Muzak has come under consider­ able fire for its inherent — and fully utilised — manipulative nature, and The Muzak Corp. is somewhat defensive. Says Willard: “People might consider it a form of brain­ washing but iffe don’t like that term.

We feel that people who are doing their jobs and who want to be working can benefit.

“Ultimately, it’s not a question of how a person feels,” says Willard, “but if they do a better job with Muzak.” , l-r Alternate News Service.

- - — -*■

Gay crusader With the arrival o f folk rocker Steven Grossman, the gay liberation movement finally has a recording artist it can call its musical spokes­ person.

Currently on a national tour to coincide with the release o f his first album, Caravan Tonight, Grossman’s music is nothing like the harder, bisexual rock of David Bowie and Lou Reed. Instead, Grossman is a soft rocker whose husky voice most resembles Cat Stevens’ and whose lyrics are unprecedented in rock.

Most of his material deals frankly with the ups and downs o f gay love — from how to communicate with his parents to forcible rape.

At least one of his songs, “ Out”, could become something of a political anthem for the gay movement.

Grossman, 23, recently attracted a mixed crowd — gays and straights — for a week long stand at .San Francisco’s Boarding House. There he talked of the difficulties gay song writers have. “There are a lot of gay composers, but they’ve been forced to write about he-she situa­ tions. Their work suffers for it,” he says. “It wasn’t until I could deal with my homosexuality directly that I could really write what I felt and not what I thought other people wanted to hear.”

Mercury Records decided to take a chance on Steven and is promoting his record to the hflt, calling him a “crusader”, the Bob Dylan of the gay movement.

Sioux ¿etam sacred lands It’s been about a hundred years since General Custer died to make the Dakotas safe for white America, but the US government has finally admitted that the Black Hills actually belong to the Sioux and Arapahoe tribes, under the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty.

To compensate for taking the land — which native Americans have always considered to be sacred terri­ tory —. the Indian Claims Com­ mission is offering each of the seven Sioux tribes, arid the Arapahoes $17-1 million. In addition, the tribes are being offered $450,000 to pay for the gold taken from the Black Hills.

But native American activists are resisting the compensation. The Black Hills Sioux Nation Council says the Black Hills are not for sale — and they want their land back.

The tribal council is sending a delegation to Washington to get legislation to return the disputed land.

Greek torture London — Amnesty International this week named 12 people, ten of them men, who have been tor­ tured in a new wave o f deliberate and systematic torture in Greece.

The 12 include trade union leader Antonios Ambatielos and the actor Dimitries Tokas. Amnesty reports that they were tortured by various means, including the falanga (beating with an iron bar on the soles o f the feet), electric shock, beatings, enforced standing and sexual vio­ lence. Mr. Ambatieols is now in hos­ pital recovering from injuries, in­ cluding broken ribs, that were in­ flicted on him at the Boyati mili­ tary prison. The torturers o f Mr. Tokas have left him unable to talk and hardly able to walk.

Amnesty has called for an official investigation into allegations against five members o f the security forces accused o f being torturers. Secretary General Martin Ennals named the five in a letter to President Phaedon Gizikis, asking that they be relieved o f their duties until the investigation is completed.

Mr. Ennals expressed alarm at the large number of arrests and incidents o f torture taking place in Greece. He urged that all detainees held incommunicado for more than 20 days — in violation of Article 10 of the new Greek constitution and of martial law — should either be released or brought to public trial immediately before civil tribunals.

Amnesty says fresh details of brutality in Greek police stations and prisons are arriving almost daily at the new department established last December within the organisa­ tion’s International Secretariat in London to further the Campaign for the Abolition of Torture. This department has established a clearing house of information on officially sanctioned torture.

— People's News Service.

Page 3

THE DIGGER

jJune 18 — July 4, 1974

‘Free World’ Forces make Rockhampton Safé for Democracy:

Seaweed commanders visit the peanut i The largest peacetime military ex­ ercise held in Australia since before World War II, took place last week in Queensland. The bperation, named “Kangaroo One” , was carried out in fine sunny weather at Shoalhaven Bay, 60 miles north of Rockhamp­ ton. More than 15,000 servicepeople, 40 ships and 200 aircraft from Aust­ ralia, New Zealand, England and the United States, were involved.

The highlight o f the exercise was to be an amphibious assault landing by 1,500 US marines. A rumor that Queensland Premier Bjelke-Petersen would welcome them as Australia’s saviors from the terrible Whitlam socialises proved false.

Most of the impartial observers were convinced the exercise was more hilarious than Dad's Army.

Some were disappointed at the nonappearance of Audie Murphy, but others were elated at the many por­ trayals of John Wayne. The ABC, unnerved by the criticism of their

decision to show the Antonioni film, covered the event as a cricket match.

They observed, in the midst of the battle: “The whole operation now closely resembles a Hollywood movie, stage managed and timed to perfection. American marines pro­ vide a running commentary of the exercise to the assembled multitude of commanding officers”.

Defence correspondents' on the daily press did not get to „view the greatest beach landing since Vietnam, because of the army’s in­ ability to fly them in. They ran into an area known as “Malfunction Junction” , and were retired to the Leichardt Hotel. There they re­ ceived third hand reports and second class press releases from the US marines. As Hugh Arm field of the Melbourne Age wrote: “While the war went on we remained in Rock­ hampton”.

It was a pity they could not

Burning out at NorthWfest Cape

iJ . . *

- V-

confirm the reports that Australian Customs officers were going to stop the exercise to carry out searches for drugs. Customs remember that!

37% of American troops In Viet­ nam picked up smack habits. What a headline it would have made — Custom Bust Stops War! It was later discovered that Customs had done their search at sea.

The first piece of high comedy for the . week came when the Royal Australian Navy claimed they shot down on^ of the air force’s pre­ cious F I l l s (they’ve only got 24 of them). Drunken arguments raged in the officers’ messes as to this possibility. The Biggies followers said it wasn’t possible because of the many defects in the antiquated Sidewinder missile. The Sidewinder, which fixes on its target by heat attraction, has a bad record for boomeranging and downing the air­ craft that fired it. The seaweed commanders pointed out that the

Was it you who hoisted the Eureka flag on the base?

Yeah. At the concert here last night I was talking to some people who said it’d be good to get it on base, so I did. I put it up at six o’ clock this morning. It was there about an hour and' a half.

Then some guy says, “ I’m going to pull it down”. I said “ You’d better be careful doing that be­ cause there’s guards around”. He said “ Did you put it up there?” “ Oh no, I guess some demonstrator got through and put it up.” I figured it would be a great idea to spread that a demonstrator had broken- through security. Anyway this asshole took it down.

What sort of work do you do?

I work in Area A. From Tower Zero, which is the highest structure in the southern hemisphere they send out a weather observation every three hours to Canberra and Perth and to the US. It’s part of

F 111 would have selfdestructed anyway; so more whisky and back to the carpet bowls.

The question of whether the exercise was a success depends on one’s criteria for judging it. The Marine Commander said it would be a success “if no one was killed”.

To arms manufacturers it will be revealed in increased sales of their ‘freedom loving, anticommunist wea­ pons’ But with their bad record over the last ten years only a sucker would fall for it. With all of his faults Barnard has heard of W. C. Fields and shouldn’t be taken in.

The memory of the Parliamentary staffer drunkenly acting out the F 111 in Barnard’s office is remem­ bered. The staffer collapsed to the floor and passed out.

by John Halpin

Perfect government explained when:

M arshal Green goes to the country

by Peter Britton

Exiled US serviceperson speaks:

' On the nights of May 19 and 2Q, when demonstrators on the Long March against the Northwest Cape Naval Communications Base were camped at the Exmouth caravan park, a few local people visited the camp, some out of sympathy with the marchers’ aims, others out of curiosity.

Among the sympathetic night visitors were two American servicepeople who had sneaked» off base to talk to the demonstrators. One of them, Joe, spoke to Digger.

What, reaction has there been on the base to the demonstration?

Last Friday they held a meeting and told us “ Don’t go down town unless you have to, if you live in town don’t come to the base, and don’t mingle with the demon­ strators”. I guess there’s some sort o f regulation against being part of a demonstration against a base. I don’t think they really expected any trouble and if it did arise then the Australian commonwealth and state police would look after it.

They just didn’t want us to get involved. A fight with American servicemen could have sparked off an international incident.

We heard that there were' heli­ copters at the 'RAAF base at Learmouth ready for any attack on Area C by the demonstrators. But they didn’t use them so it was possibly a scare tactic. Australians working on the base are pretty hostile to the demon­ strators. They say, “ Well, it’s my job, and I’d like to go out there and sock them one”. But .quite a number of enlisted Americans say “I’d like to go out there and join them”.

When the demonstrators arrived yesterday a whole lot of us tried to watch what was going on. We were told to mind our own business.

But we kept going. If we’ve got that instinct to question authority there’s nothing they can do to stop us. We climbed up on top of one of the barracks. We could barely see what was going on but we cheered and raised, our fists. They said they’d charge us. The military regulations are pretty strict and they can threaten to do all kinds of damage to you but since I’ve got a real apathetic attitude they’d have to threaten to shoot me before I’d think, “Wait on, is it really worth it?” I don’t, like them and I don’t like what they stand for. I don’t believe that the Americans should be here anyway. They’re for shit.

I feel that if there’s a general feeling to get the Americans out of Australia then they should get a vote on it and we shotild leave If they want us to.

I watched them take; the demon­ strators to the brig today. They really enjoyed it. The commonwealth police were itching to get into a fight, which is only natural for them — their only qualifications are brawn and stupidity. And they’ve got the law on their side.

king

Warragul, Victoria, i Exhibition Hall, 4.6.74. All the cracks had gathered to the fray. Warragul’s service clubs had managed to sub­ due their cherished rivalry to Come together to eat with, hear and meet Marshal Green, American ambassador to Australia . , . “the most es­ teemed visitor to the district since Queen Elizabeth, II in 1954”. ! Apexians, Rotarians, Jay Cees, and Lions had all come, wearing their name badges and their wives.

(Service club meetings are exclusive ly male.) ) Sherry was sloshed out of flagons near the door and everyone milled about wondering what the proce­ dure was and who else was there.

The tables were generously littered with champagne, beer and Cottees’ lemonade. The Guest of Honor shuffled in on cue just as that old

now be a break for five minutes, but if you can do it in less, then please do”.

It was generally agreed that it was Apex’s night. They had hosted the • night and all the inter-clubjibing couldn’t deny that. The glory of it all was upon Lester Mason, president of Apex, who had set about getting the ambassador to visit Warragul.

Now in the» ordinary scheme of things, an ambassador doesn’t visit country town Aj>ex clubs just be­ cause of an invitation. But Green’s story is that he was tired of the hurly burly of diplomatic social life in Canberra and was pleased to take this opportunity to get out and see the “real Australia”.

Marshal Green was traipsing about.

Gippsland on a three day tour. His reasons rerhained a mystery. He ad­ mitted to Digger that this was the first time he had toured a district;

American Grafitti are a couple I’ve seen recently. Or you can go into the Exmouth drive in to see movies there. [The drive in program for May included: Machinegun Kelly, 1,000 Do you know what else goes on Plane Raid, Cahill US Marshall, in Area A, like that the towers Hang 'Em High, A Fist Full of transmit VLF to nuclear missile Dynamite, Dirty Harry, Pocket Money, Gang War, Gunslinger, Hard carrying submarines?

Yeah, but I didn’t know that Ride, For a Few Dollars More, and till I spoke to demonstrators last Thè Green Slime.]

We get a few papers in, like night at the caravan park. They don’t tell us anything, of course. Rolling Stone, and Ì try to read Where I work the division officer Some. .This place is an ,exile. There’s knows what goes on — it’s a know M M , all and tell nothing type of situa­ a lot of problems on the base.

Militarily it’s kind of lax but it’s tion.

They just tell us the base is still messed up — being out in the here for communications purposes middle of nowhere with all those and to receive messages which could people [about 500 people work on be vital for world democracy and the base] every day, it brings out so on. Communications bases are the prurient instinct in you.

This sort of life burns you out. a vitaLlink of course and the fact that it’ll come into u se' in a war I’m 19 and I feel like I’m getting " f ill situation crosses some people’s old. You’re either on duty or you’re minds but mostly people think that drunk. That’s virtually it.

T adjik, You know One Flew Over the that won’t happen. ^WÈÊÈm — There’s an Australian electronics Cuckoo's Nest? I feel like that right technician where I work who’s sort now. o f checking things out but most of the Australians on the base are. As ive talk all the town lights sud­ pretty righteous about the fact that denly go off — the pow er plant Green (circled) meeting ilthe real Australia" at Warragul Apex Club. they work there and what a great has been hit by saboteurs. Joe is place it is, etcetera. Probably be­ jubilant. national anthem, “God Save the it had come about because of the In my room I had a statement cause they get high» wages. The Queen” finished and the "“Stars and invitations from Apex and Arthur American enlisted men are different from Karl Marx stuck up on the Stripes” had begun grinding out. Hewson, Victorian Minister for Fuel — a lot of them are in just for wall. \i said “Workers of the world One or two glasses of beer and and Power. He had three civic re­ the four years so as to get the unite. You have nothing to lose then into the champagne. Plates of ceptions where he could pitch this benefits from the GI Bill, such as but your chains”. Some guy came thinned pea soqp were followed by story about the rigors M protocol free college education. Most of them in (I was drunk), and said “You other pieces of tasteless fodder. The and his longing to see the real say “ I’m .here to do my job. When take it down”. And I said “You hundreds and thousands had been Australia, and he had three dinners make me”. So it was left there. my time’s up I’ll leave”. on the cream so long that the with assorted clubs, and the Salé They made it known they were colors had run. The fare was most Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

What about you? Do you get any­ very mad it was there. I put it unambassadorlike, as was everything Not all that much time for seeing thing out o f the work you do? up to arouse conversation about else to do with the occasion. Chipped the real Australia. But he did have It’s not work that I should be what th,at statement said, which I unmatching crockery and plastic tea­ a look at the Morwell and Hazel­ doing so why should I give my all? felt was true. spoons, and the style of chairperson- wood sections of the La Trobe I feel my government’s screwing A lot o f the time I deliberately, ship. The chairperson, for example, Valley power plants. And he did screw things up — make up figures things up. They’re, just a bunch asked that people not knock off find’ time to fly out to the Esso the glasses; there were souvenir pro­ offshore oil installation. and so on. Quite a few people of idiots trying to make everyone grams for taking home, he said. on the base have that attitude. They think they can handle the situation There were too , and they had a come and tell me | that I’ve done when in actual fact they can not.

HE TELLS A JOKE . . . it wrong so I say I’ll get around Everyone tries to blame the mess special space provided for auto­ to fixing it up later. But I never on Watergate but I think every graphs. After coffee, and before the TI heard the other day on the do. I’ve told them that there’-s politician has • his own Watergate speech, he announced “There will radio that the average man speaks nothing they can do or say that and Nixon just got caught. If Nixon’s impeached they’ve got to find an­ will change my attitude. other leader. What they’re really looking for is a superhero type Why did you join up?

That’s a good question. I was leader to make it the “great country out of a job. That’s the only reason. it once was”. It’s just not going I joined up a year ago for four to happen, the way the economy years. There’s ways of getting out is just n ow ,’with the energy crisis, — I’ve been desperately trying ever it’s one big mess, and it’s going Perhaps it can’t happen here. But

by Joan Coxsedge since I got in. I’m part of this? to" take a lot of doing to make one way to ensure that it does not, is Jesus Christ. It’s ridiculous. I haven’t any real changes.

The proliferation of agencies de­ to insist, as a minimum demand, that been successful so far. But, whd knows, one day I might find myself How do you think these changes dicated to the maintenance, of “in­ the “security” forces are kept down, with those discharge papers in my should be made? ternal security” in Australia cannot that their role be strictly defined and, I really don’t have a surefire be explained in terms of a threat above all, that “internal security” hand. does not fall into the hands of the They tell you all t h e 1benefits solution. But first of all peoplè from the left. It cannot be explained . o f enlisting all right. But they don’t of the world have got to realise in terms of protection of military sec­ military.

There are things that can and tell you all the bullshit and hassles that the present system is wrong rets, few of which exist. It cannot and that complete change has to be explained as safeguarding against should be done immediately. One you have to go through. a threat from the right,' since the is to demonstrate openly that the I enlisted in the States of course, be made, by them. agencies mentioned (ASIO, JIO, alleged “security’’ role of political and then I got sent here, to North­ Do you think the Long March has ASIS and other military intelligence) police is a sham; that these forces west Cape. were all nurtured for decades under are not, nor have ever been, part achieved anything?.

What's it like living here when you're Yeah, well as I said before, it’s right wing governments, and all their of aiT intelligence apparatus. not on duty?

This is being done by CAPP (Com­ only a 'matter o f time before the associations — NCC, RSL, CIA, and Most people get very drunk a the military and political establish­ mittee for the Abolition of Political Yanks are kicked out.

A lot of people around here ments — are themselves of the right. Police), who are investigating the lot of the time. Quite a few guys investigators; and who have, without At best, oné can take the view here like smoking dope but there^s said that you haven’t got your shit hardly ever any around. There’s a together but I think, that if you’re that the growth of these organisations employing more than ordinary native determined enough to make efforts is part of the Parkinsonian spiral, and wit, been able to list not only the guy indefinitely confined to. the of this nature then they should that their infighting, like that of the details of air Victorian ASIO estab­ brig at the moment because they found some hash in a letter sent listen to you and not scoff at what left, is a sign of their ifripotence: but lishments, but as well are publicising you believe in and not just dismiss a much more sinister view can be a growing list of ASIO personnel. in to him by a friend.

This action is continuing, and you as, young radicals going through taken.

The base has got its own closed Ponch Hawkes’ experience as written This view takes into account the circuit television network which the motions.

I just hope that something comes recent events in Chile, where a majo­ in the last issue of Digger, is part shows endless old soap opera type of this continuing struggle. from what you’ve done. I mean rity government was destrqyed by movies shipped in from the States Check the following list to fipd and news broadcasts. There’s a you’ve put all this hard effort in right wing forces maintained by the and it’s got to a lot of people. state; also similar events in other out whether you have an ASIO theatre too which shows more recent person for a neighbor. countries in the last few years. movies — Clockwork Orange and Thanks. Thanks a lot. the agreement with Australia that we give them' weather reports.

I’m on the regular enlisted wage which is around A$100 a fortnight.

1111

Ií?É

M p r fl i

25,000 words a day and the average woman speaks 30,000 words a day.

And I thought to myself that that's the tragedy of most American mar­ riages. We men use up our 25,000 words at the office, or indeed as I am doing now, only to go home at night to wives who haven't even started tKeir 30,000. " With that pearl Green won the ¡audience, and began reading his pre­ pared speech on overseas aid.

There was a day, he sighed, when “we thought we could overwhelm the problems of the world with our resources. Those were the days when our strength was preponder­ ant”. But now, no country can take •Sl the job alone . •. . more countries have to give aid and give it through qiultilateral and international insti­ tutions. In other words, America cannot foot the bill any more and has to lure other countries into sharing resopnsibility for aid». (See Digger No. 29 for the story of US-World Bank scheme to. get the rest of the world to underwrite US commitments to South Vietnam.) “ Aid giving is not a rath ole operation. It does produce results, witness the extraordinary progress of East Asia today or over the past decade. And where w ou J4y°u be and where would we be and where would the Pacific Basjn be if we had not given that aid?”

AND MENTIONS TORTURE Then it was question time. He was asked to explain why America gives aid to countries which use torture against political prisoners.

As for torture in Vietnam, his answer was that “we don’t apologise or explain these things away; they just happen; that is the nature of the situation. It is a: bit of a problem giving aid to authoritarian regimes, but there aren’t many democracies left in the world, and they’re getting fewer,” he says. The regimes are often quite suitable. “I think that jn Indonesia they have the best form of government of all, which is a kind of military regime that has enough civilians in it to give it a blending. And if that military becomes a law unto itself and op­ presses the , people and beats them up, then I think it’s the Lind of regime we’d wanna take a very hard look at before we continue the assistance. Fortunately, that’s not so . ip “When I arrived in Jakarta, the rate of inflation was two per cent per day,” he mentions. “Indonesia

was at war with all its neighbors, and the country was gonna go com­ munist in a year » . . And yet due to a curious chain of events all of that collapsed.” [Marshal Green’s movements around Asia have often coincided with “ curious chains of events” — coups and massacres. See Digger No. 26.]

“In its place we find a country that has friendship with all of its neighbors, is doing a serious job about stabilisation and improving the conditions of life for its people.

And when you think about it, that, country, 130 million people is your nearest neighbor. Just think how your fate would have been changed had those events not taken place when they did . \. . As it all worked out, it certainly worked out for the good, or putting it another way, how horrible it would be if it had gone the other way.” (You see it was Marshal Gfeen who saved you from the marauding commie Indo­ nesians. Best form of government of all, and more political prisoners than any other as well.)

Green closed off with another epic of diplomatic wit: “As Susie Wong said to me when I was leaving Hong Kong, it's been a real business doing pleasure with y o u ”.

Green’s” travelling" party included the US Agricultural Attache, Fred Lege and wife. There were no other official members of the party. Lege described his work to Digger as “economic intelligence”. He may be a world wide expert on cattle, but at the Warragul dinner he was handing out the press releases. A tail Texan with a gnarled face, his garb was too good to be true . . . a huge sandy colored cowboy hat, sunglasses and a crumpled trench coat.

This was the only flamboyance on the tour. The whole ambassa­ dorial foray into Gippsland was mys­ teriously- low key. No huge cars, no flag waving, no visible police or security guard.

Green’s visit to the power plant at Morwell was quite an intimate affair. Arthur Hewson, Victorian Minister for Fuel and Power, himself drove 'Green in a small yellow Renault, believed to be his own.

Presumably Green had good reasons for this campaign. The trip smacked very much of a campaign to consolidate America’s image. In an area which included the/ rich Bass Strait oil, perhaps it’s not a wasted effort. A pre-emptive strike, he would call it.

Security is a wet blanket LIST OF ASIO STAFF MEMBERS Bruce Campbell 21 Plantation Avenue East Brighton, Vic. George Clegg 12/49 Kensington Road South Yarra, Vic. Donald Fraser L ot 9 Petronella Avenue Wheelers Hill, Vic. John Cecil Elliot 21 Cityview Road North Balwyn, Vic. James Robert Landman 62 Sutton Street North Balwyn, Vic.

Howard Miller Giana Court Ringwood, Vic. «(Howard is presently serving in London.)

Douglas Seaton Pratt 20 Rosaline Avenue Mount Waverley, Vic. Darwin Kennedy Mules 14 Barnard Grove North Kew, Vic. John Charles Behm 22 Werder Street Box Hill, Vic. (Recently retired as director.)

Harold John D. Whitehead (Jack) Recently moved from 43 Scotland Avenue Greensborough, Vic. Transferred to Queensland.

John Raym ond Mace 5 Head Street Balwyn, Vic. Gordon Henry Kiear 25 Chalmers Street McKinnon, Vic.

regional

In line with our declared policy of releasing further names until ASIO is either disbanded or its purpose satisfactorily explained to thè Australian people, we add the following names: Francis Xavier. Murphy 9 Chaddesley Avenue East St. Kilda, Vic. Blair Nienaber 68 Balwyn Road, Balwyn, Vic.

Page 4

THE DIGGER

June 18 — July 4, 1Ô74

Hamer halves freeways & makes roads twice as wide and crashes have on the community and despite decisions to increase ex­ penditure on public transport.

Before last year’s state elections, Hamer, Victoria’s premier, was The Eastern Freeway so far getting pretty worried about rising has cost $10 million and is due to get another $13 million. After public agitation around the issue of straightening out the Yarra, and de­ freeways. So he simply decided to halve the then proposed 307 miles of cimating the Yarra Bend national eight lane highways, and the freeway park the Eastern freeway, like some vast open cut mine, terminates at map in Melbourne now looks like a Hoddle Street in Collingwood. The mass of worms which begin and end blasting has caused structural da­ quite arbitrarily. mages to houses in the area.

Hamer’s action successfully de­ The Collingwood Council has de­ fused the issue at that time. What’s cided that the freeway will stop at on the books now though are several Hoddle Street. They accept that as points o f absolute traffic chaos like the start of the Tullamarine freeway. a fait accompli and are working out strategies to contain it and cope The freeways may. stop in mid air, with it. The local councils have de­ but the cars don’t. cided to adopt extensive road clo­ What Hamer intends to do is to sure plans to prevent commuter upgrade major arterial roads to cope traffic disrupting residential areas. with the increased volume of traffic. This means a channelling of cars Such roads would then become deN along Alexandra Parade, which, due facto freeways and consequently the to the road width, will frustrate argument to extend the arrested cars coming off the Eastern freeway. program would become irresistible.

The fewer that can get off means The Country Roads Board is the the fewer that can get on. master planner o f all this along with However road closures under the the Australian Asphalt Pavement Local Government Act can only be Assodation Ltd., the oil men, con­ effective for one year. The state will crete makers, and sundry designers, not grant Councils the power for j planners and engineers — a massive permanent road closures. Meanwhile cartel which has lived off federal early in April the Board of Works handouts for years. Cars are profit­ decided to formally notify the Fitzable to them and so are more im­ roy and Collingwood Councils that portant than the community. it intends to make Alexandra The ’73-’74 budget for freeways Parade an eight lane extension of is $27 million. This is $5 million up the Eastern freeway. It is under­ on last year’s estimates and in fact stood that ultimately the board double the expenditure for ’72-’73. plans to link the Eastern freeway This is despite promises o f a slow (F19) with the Tullamarine freeway down to see what effect six lanes (F14). This means inevitable road of noise, carbon monoxide, rubber widening along Princes Street betby Greig Pickhaver

ween the University and the Mel­ bourne cemetry and cutting Royal Park in half.

The CRB only has to notify statutory bodies like local Councils and the SEC of its intentions. The residents have no say except through local government. The Collingwood and Fitzroy Councils are appealing against the decision to widen Alexandra Parade. The appeal will be held sometime after July 1 when the CRB will already have taken over from the Board of Works the responsibility for freeway building.

Meanwhile there are plans for the F2 stop on the corner of St. George’s Road and Holden Street, Brunswick. This monster of a pro­ ject calls for the preservation of “Merri Creek in concrete”. The creek offers access into the inner suburbs and the CRB isn’t opposed to turning anything that flows into a gutter. So far the paving orders haven’t been written but the deal has an air of finality: land is already changing hands. The terminating point of the F2 will mean 1,000s of cars pouring into narrow streets.

Carlton and Fitzroy will be flooded with cars. There has been no con­ struction as yet so this project can be stopped.

Typical of government attitudes, Meagher, Minister for Transport (you’ll remember his activities as Minister for Housing), says that a freeway on top of Merri Creek would not necessarily conflict with the government’s environmental planning policy. When building a freeway the government has always

chosen the line of least resistance.

Tracks are poured through the open spaces, across public land where the least uprooting of citizens takes place. The deal is then presented to the Councils as a finished package.

Each Council is broken in turn and the options presented never include not having the freeway.

field.

In 1957, not long after the niass advertising campaign and the mar­ keting of thalidomide, reports started coming in of nasty side effects.

Several doctors reported a high in­ cidence of polyneuritis, a numb­ ness and paralysis o f thè hands and feet among patients who had started and eventually thalidomide taken this drug. To counteract the I t isn't surprising the company ' by Joan Coxsedge was sold by licences in JL1 Euro­ negative impression caused by these was, most anxious td conceal the Thalidomide has been in the pean, seven African, 17 Asian and reports, the sales promotion cam­ facts, because the book tells a news again recently. This time in­ shocking story o f lies and black­ 11 countries in the western hemi­ paign was further stepped up, and terest has been revived because a mail, and highlights the complete from January to March 1960, sphere. belated offer o f compensation has subservience to the profit motive A little over three years later, Grunenthal representatives visited been made by the drug company in tfie pharmaceutical industry.

Distillers (Biochemical) Ltd., a sub­ 19,186 physicians. Early in 1960, to the unfortunate Australian vic­ sidiary of the huge British whisky Dr. Muckter, the director of the tims.

1 * * * firm, who had the licence for scientific department at Grunenthal, But the responsibility for this thalidomide from Chemie Grunen­ indicated his reactions to the doc­ tragedy has never been sheeted thal, put the following ad. in tors’ reports in the following terms On August 2, 1958, 40,245 doc­ home to where it really belongs. several leading mevdical journals in in an internal memo: “ Unfortu­ tors in West Germany received a That is, until recently.

Britain: “ Distaval (thalidomide) can nately we are now receiving in in­ glossy memo from the Chemie Last year a bombshell o f a book be given with complete safety to creasing numbers, reports of the Grunenthal Company of Stolberg. hit the market called Thalidomide pregnant women and nursing mo­ side effects of the drug, as well The contents were familiar. The and the Power of the Drug Com­ thers ^without adverse effect on as1 letters from doctors and phar­ previous October the same com­ panies. I t is a Penguin Special, macists who want to put Conter­ mother and child”. pany placed 50 advertisements in written by two Swedes, Henning gan on prescription . . . From This theme of “safe for child-medical journals, sent out 200,000 Sjostrom and Robert Nilsson. Sjos­ ren” was a favorite of thalidomide our side everything must be done letters and 50,000 circulars about trom, as a lawyer, acted for plain­ advertisements all over the world. to avoid prescription enforcement their sedative, Contergan, whose tiffs in several Swedish actions In fact, a liquid form made since already a substantial amount major ingredient was the new won­ over thalidomide, | and Robert Nils­ specially for children became West of our turnover comes from over der drug thalidomide. son, a scientist, advised many plain­ Germany’s baby sitter. Hospitals the counter sales”. tiffs in similar cases. These two By then almost half of GrunenHowever, the August 1958 cir­ employed it to quieten children men had access to mountains of cular added an advantage of Con­ for electroencephalographic studies, thal’s sales ' were I in> : thalidomide documents uncovered by police tergan not previously mentioned: and of course Contergan gave mai% products and to side track possible during the prosecution o f Chemie “ In pregnancy and during the lac­ a pregnant woman a good night’s criticism from medical people the company decided to set up “ Re: Grunenthal in the 1960s. tation period, the female organism sleep. search”. On July 25, 1960, a And to the credit o f Penguin is under great strain. Sleeplessness, At the thalidomide trial at Books, they ignored a stern letter unrest and tension are constant Aachen, Dr. Konrad of the Uni­ Grunenthal executive wrote to the from Distillers' legal department complaints. The administration of versity Clinic of Bonn described Portuguese company licensed to sell warning them o f the probability, a sedative and a hypnotic that will to the court some of the tests thalidomide: x“We would ask you o f proceedings o f contem pt o f hurt neither mother nor child is h e ’ performed in order to “sub­ to find a suitable researcher for Ultra-Grunovit (thalidomide) who court, if they went ahead and often necessary”. Soon a launching stantiate” these claims. would produce a- favorable report published the book. for the international market was He had tested thalidomide on on this preparation. There will, 40 children in his clinic, more of course, be suitable remuneration”. than half of whom had brain The doctors who had announced damage or other mental disorders. the incidence of polyneuritis had The parents of these children were a “visit” from a representative of neither asked for their permission, the company, who tried to “per­ nor told that their children were suade” them to alter their findings,being used as guinea pigs for a or at the very least to defer any new drug. publication, of critical material. ‘ The doses given were 11 to 20 If the doctors were noj? always times higher than that recom­ cooperative, at least the editors of mended for adults. Following these medical journals were generally tests, one child had a circulatory more flexible. In September 1960 collapse, one child died from heart Professor Uaubehthal of Essen and failure, a 20 month old baby with his head physician Df. Raffauf, convulsive disorders had a tem­ submitted an article to Deutsche porary. loss of vision, and another Medizinische Wochen Schrift, about died from congenital heart failure. the high proportion of polyneuritis Dr, Lang told the court it was in patients who had taken thalido­ “very questionable” whether these mide. On sevefal occasions the reactions had any connection with Professor complained to the»editorial the thalidomide tests, but then ad­ board about the long delay in mitted that he had never previously printing the article, and was in­ tested a drug before it came on formed there were “too many the market. obituaries” ^to print.

But the drug was not marketed In March 1961, Dr. Werner, a exclusively for children. Right from strong supporter for Chemie Grunen­ the beginning, Chemie Grunenthal thal, wrote to his directors: “The insisted the words “atoxicity” and appearance of negative articles has “innocuousness” should be* em­ been delayed so far, but they phasised in their ads. As a result cannot be avoided during the next the drug was sold in Germany over month”. But the doctors who did the counter, without a prescrip­ succeed in publishing critical ma­ tion. This made the immediate terial were smeared by the Grunen­ hand of a doctor unnecessary and thal PR machine. The company further contributed to the uncon­ hired a private detective to snoop trolled use of the drug. into the private lives Of these The past record of Chemie physicians.

Grunenthal as a reliable drug tester The father of one doctor was was far from perfect. Two of the described as an “ ex-communist”, company’s mam products • prior to while another doctor was called thalidomide, Pulmo 500 and Para- “trouble maker no. 1 in the south tebin, had, despite strong contrary Germab area”, and a Grunenthal claims, proved to be much more sales representation added “ We have •toxic than other drugs in the same to pull out this sick tooth before

The Thalidomide Story:

PACKAGING & M A R K E T IN G

AT AU

ACCORD STORCS

Melbourne’s public transport sys­ tem urgently needs revising. Over half of Melbourne’s population do not own cqrs and so freeways are largely useless to them. The Colling­ wood Council is asking for an ex­ press bus lane to be included on the Eastern freeway and for a rail link to Doncaster and beyond. A double

lane railway can more than match six lanes of highway in terms of the volume of people shifted. One tram­ way carries eight times the number of people shifted by one lane of road traffic. And, of course, cars' are killer machines — about ten deaths per day not counting the in­ jured. Freeways are simply built to

i i i iiiiffliiipii iii^^

O inmi

cope with peak hour traffic and cannot be justified in terms of space, expense and disruption of life. They must be stopped. There must be better, cheaper, in fact free public transport. People should fa­ miliarise themselves with freeway plans for their suburbs and organise to stop them.

...

,i i-,.............. ...............

“Freeways are an art form"~r Director, Vic.’ Country Roads Board

the infection spreads”. ledge of any “ bunker” within the A Dr. Frankel, described by the factory area of the firm, but the company as enemy no. 1, was “ in­ officers took a chance ?and asked vestigated” by a detective, posing one of the Grunenthal staff for as a patierit in the hope of en­ the key to the “ bunker” . The couraging some “unprofessional con­ 'surprised company ’ representative duct”, She didn’t succeed. handed over the key, and took Scientists, physicians and phar­ the police to a huge factory chim­ macists who did not conform to ney beneath which lay a well dis­ the official Grunenthal line were guised bunker. This was neatly described as “demagogues”, “ com­ piled with various important docu­ munists” , or “ fanatics”. ments. But unfortunately an essen­ But it . was nqt until early 1961 tial part of the original documen­ that it was revealed how shocking tation was never found. these, side effects could really be.

Nevertheless, the work continued Evidence began to accumulate of steadily, and on September 2 1965, a far more devastating effect — the prosecutor’s office concluded the birth of deformed children to Its investigations. The- enquiry had mothers who had taken thalidomide been concentrated around 11 people during the early stages of pregnancy. associated with Chemie Grunenthal,' On February 23, 1961, Chemie but two were not called to stand Grunenthal received the first letter trial. For five years about 1,200 asking about a possible effect on people associated with the company the foetus. were questioned in the longest court On March 23, with customary procedure in Europe since the efficiency a company “expert” re­ Nuremberg trials. plied: “We ourselves have no ex­ During the trial itself, Chemie perience regarding the question of Grunenthal organised a press agency Contergan and pregnancy and the of its own, which skilfully pre­ transplacental passage of Contergan pared special press releases. All to the foetus”. pharmacies throughout West Ger­ With similar more urgent ques­ many were regularly furnished with tioning it was revealed that neither the Grunenthal version of what .was Chemie Grunenthal nor Distillers, happening at the trial. The Chemie nor any other thalidomide licensee Grunenthal public relations section had done one single test on the consisted of the news agency, with foetus o f animals before advertising four permanent experts, two re­ the drug specifically for pregnant porters and 12 staff engaged on women. Afterwards the company deformity and nerve damage, four complained that in 1957 there were staff engaged in the legal section, no established methods of testing and sometimes as many as eight stenographers and six typists working drugs on the foetus.

This was nonsense. As early as continuously.

1939 clear guidelines had been laid The defence for Chemie Grunen­ down for different ways o f testing thal was conducted by the most the foetus. If these methods had expensive and fastest talking law­ been used by Chemie Grunenthal yers in Germany. They used every or Distillers or anyone else marketing known and unknown trick to des­ thalidomide, they would have quickly troy the prosecution case. Highly shown the dangers involved. By respected scientists and physicians, 1964-’65, Charles Pfizer, the Ameri­ were slandered, and endless ob­ can company, carried out some jections were raised. Many of the tests on pregnant monkeys in­ witnesses who were quite unused volving the use of thalidomide: to any kind of publicity and were “When the drug, was given to the thoroughly nervous during the pro­ pregnant monkeys between day 34 ceedings, fell ah easy prey to the and day 40 after the last men­ aggressive well oiled machinery of struation, every single embryo of tjhe defence. And often the atmo­ these animals became deformed. sphere in the courts was so ex­ The foetuses were damaged in plosive that further negotiations exactly the same manner as had were made impossible. In contrast been observed in man . . ."(sic). with many other countries the press These tests were carried out three of West Germany became markedly years after the disaster. polarised.- As the case advanced a In December 196 V the public group of right wing newspapers prosecutor’s office in Aachen started emerged, supporting the thalido­ an ' independent investigation into mide producers and assisting in the thalidomide tragedy. Josef spreading the Grunenthal version of Havertz, the prosecutor of the city the thalidomide story. In the gutter court of Aachen, worked alone for press, some witnesses were accused two years on this gigantic under­ of “compensation craziness”. taking, but he was later assisted In December 1970 a deal was by two assistant prosecutors and arranged. Compensation, was paid seven detectives. When the criminal to the families, and under a loop­ law suit was instituted, the Chemie hole in the German constitution, Grunenthal files were seized. After the case was abandoned by the the material had been gathered by court. In their final summary the police and taken to the city court judges stated that most o f the at Aachen, Dr. Havertz received an charges originally brought against anonymous telephone call. It said Chemie Grunenthal by the prose­ that a great deal more thalidomide cution were considered to have been material existed at the company’s legally substantiated.

Stolberg offices. A second raid was The strangest and most disturbing made by police with good results. account in Sjostrom and Nilsson’s In a second anonymous telephone book is the revelation that the call the same person told Havertz West German government has barely where even more documents could reacted to the thalidomide tragedy. be found; the “bunker” should be In spite of the fact that 6,700 searched. The police had no know­ deformed babies were born in West

Germany as a result of the drug, apparently very little has been done to protect society against any future tragedy.

To quote Paul Foot in the New Statesman: “ In Britain the thalidomide disas-. ter stirred the conservative govern­ ment to set up the Dunlop Com­ mittee on the safety o f drugs. The Committee investigated new drugs which came on the market, and tested them for likely damage to public health. In a brief moment of radicalism at the end of 1964, the incoming Labor government added the Standing Joint Corftmittee on the1 Classification o f Proprietary Preparations under the chairpersonship of Alistair McGregor of Aberdeen University.

“To the horror of the drug in­ dustry, which had nestled down comfortably with the Dunlop Com­ mittee, McGregor and his mates announced their ( intention of pub­ lishing a list of all drugs on the market called Proplist and grading them according to their usefulness.

McGregor also decided to “ blacklist” the most useless and ineffectual drugs. The blacklisted drugs ap­ peared in Proplist, on pages marked with a black corner, and the relevant manufacturers were harried by the Committee until the drugs were withdrawn from the market. This was intolerable to, the drug industry, which had grown fat bn countless patented preparations which were no more useful, and often more toxic than„ the old drugs.

“The Commission is no longer headed by Sir* Derrick Dunlop, who retired in 1971 and moved promptly into the boardroom of one of Eu­ rope’s biggest drug combines, Sterling-Winthrop-Bayer. * “The McGregor Committee was quickly buried.” .Sjostrom and Nilsson conclude in their book, “The main impetus for the running of the j pharma^ ceutical industry, like any other type of industry in the west, is profit “The profit motive in the drug industry turns the natural order of things upside down. It demands public relations rather than infor­ mation, packaging rather than re­ search, marketing success rather than safety. “ It builds' mighty corporations, ever less competitive and more ir­ responsible whose armies of pub­ licity men and lawyers are more than a match for the ramshackle safeguards »thrown up by this or that government in the wake of scandal.

“When disasters occur, the pro­ fit motive demands that the entire industry join together to cover up, to whitewash and to maintain the conditions which caused the tragedy in the first place . . . The mind of man. has removed the stopper from the medicine jar. The chemical genie formerly imprisoned within, now stands before us. He is a spirit known to work miracles, but also to wreak havoc, to improve life or destroy it. It is not clear that we are yet sufficiently wise to con­ trol the genie adequately. It is quite clear that we can never wish him back into the jar.”

Jime 18 — July 4, 1974

THE DIGGER

Page 5

CONCRETE REALITY housing commission builds up and talks down a means test — for example, d family with two kids would have to be earning less than $102 a week. Rent, to give you some idea, on a three bedroom flat or house is $15.30 a week, or less if you’re eligible for a special rebate. At the moment there are about 16,000 applicants on a waiting list with waiting time ranging from about nine months to rent a two bed­ room flat up to maybe four years to buy a three bedroom hoilse.

Until 1970 the Housing Com­ mission’s slum reclamation activi­ ties had been massive block clear­ ances and replacement with medium and high rise flats. Since 1970, the slum reclamation role has been redefined as urban renewal, which permits the Housing Commission to supervise and subsidise renova­ tion and restoration of run down areas rather than simply knocking them all down. ^ i{!

The Commission is a massive thing — as the Melbourne inner suburban skyline constantly re­ minds you. It is landlord to some 170,000 tenants, proprietors of huge chunks of Melbourne, in­ cluding the highest density hous­ ing areas of the dty, as well as some of the most desolate areas of the new outer suburbs.

Can the Housing Commission

cake the job on. Which meant self respect as well as somewhere that a competitive market ' was to live. At present they feel they turned into a monopoly one — are 'treated as. children. the Commission was forced to The "residents of Brooks Cres­ Sunday May 26, Melbourné . . . take what it could get when no cent, under siege by the Com­ Victoria's Housing Commissioners tenders had turned up. However, mission for years now (see Digger, stayed at home. Or if they went as the Commission says in one of No. 21), find that the belated re­ out, it wasn't to the public meeting its glossy publications: cognition of their demands to be about the Housing Commission.

“The Commission has gained included in the planning of the They were invited, but thought their valuable experience and knowledge area’s redevelopment, means nothing attendance would be inappropriate.

The May 26 meeting was called of the conditions under which pri­ in practice. The Commission has by a group o f community organisa­ vate developers can be attracted promised to “ consult” with them; tions: the . Housing Com m ission to' compete for cleared land”. the Commission interprets this as Tenants' Union, the Brotherhood Just a few days ago too there j inviting their “ comments” * when of St. Laurence,, the Victorian was a bit of ripple on the pond the plans have been drawn up by Council o f Social Service, the when the Melbourne Age showed the appropriate government bodies.

Committee for Urban Action, the how, in buying up land a t , SunMeetings are always private. Says bury (about 20 miles from Melb­ the secretary of the Commission, North Melbourne Association, the ourne and until quite recently green Collins Street Independent Church Alan Bohn: “We prefer the in­ rural area) and Melton — for satell­ and the Kensington Social Action formality of a private meeting, ite town development — the Com­ not even a stenographer present” .

Group. They are all organisations representing people who one way mission paid more than $8 million In both cases, people have or another have experienced the .for a couple of thousand acres reached the stage where they ex­ Housing Commission at close range. which had changed hands within pect nothing from, a meeting with A b o u t 200 people turned upi the last 18 months for half this the Commission. There have been and the outcome was a resolution price. A cool $4 million profit lots in the past; and complaints supported by 30 organisations, call­ to two developer companies. But, have been fobbed off, or else ing for a sweeping public enquiry after all, ‘“it’s only public money agreements made which later have into the Commission, and setting we spend,” as Commissioner Ashman been ignored. Meetings with the up a steering com m ittee to run a once declared, “and we have enough Commission are talked about joking­ campaign. That was May 26. Since of that to be able to kick it out ly. But it’s a very wry joke. The Commission has quite a reputation then, the Victorian Premier, Dick the door”.

Hamer, has said a firm “N o ", and The Housing Commission, quite for the way these meetings are another eight organisations have legitimately, according to its pre­ managed — committees and dele­ thrown their weight behind the sent charter, spends most of its gations and deputations simply run campaign. time bulldozing, building, and col­ off their feet 'by the bland and I t seems a lot o f people have lecting rent. It seems also that experienced Commission.

Following the invitation to the May 26 meeting, the Commission suggested that the organisers might like ta meet with the Commission.

This return invitation was taken up, but the deputation asked that the meeting be video taped and the press invited. The Commission arranged to meet a delegation, but rejected the proposal about video and the press. In the event, the delegation turned- up for the meeting, and took the video equipment and ABC and Melbourne Sun representatives. The Commission was apparently incensed, refused to admit the delegation and refused to come out arid meet it. ÏÏÊSBÈsÈÈÊBm Eventually a deputation of two was admitted — Chairperson Max [Photos and caption from, Housing Commission of Front Gardens Landscaped by Housing Commission Stephens, and Secretary David Grif­ Victoria, Annual Report, 1971-1972] fiths, of the steering committee axes to grind. Their grievances build cheaper than anyone else? when it ! comes to dealing with set up on May 26. The meeting against the Commission are many Should it be involved in actual people, it mostly bulldozes. This didn’t last long. The presence of and varied. So are the arguments building, or restrict itself to monj-, comes out again and again when the press and video was discussed, for an enquiry. toring and regulating the market — people talk about their grievances again rejected. The Commission watching out for manipulation of against the Commission . . . “it’s was informed that its conditions the market by developers? What­ no good talking to the Commission, for a meeting were unacceptable, The Housing Commission stems ever the answers, at the moment it is always right, and recognises and the .deputation left.

Commission secrétary Bohn later from an enquiry — it was in the the Commission appears to be only its own rights”. told Digger that in his view it was mid ’30 s, when the depression quite ill equipped for this role — A lot o f the grievances against was still bad but past its worst. in fact it seems quite uncertain of the Commission are those o f the inconceivable that the Commission There was an intense campaign to itself out there in the market, tenants, concerned to make life woüld agree to anything other than a private meeting; but in this par­ do something about the shortage another public victim. better in the Commission’s estates. of low cost housing, and the squalor There’s the 40 acres of slum And a lot o f grievances stem from ticular case, concerning the call for of the poorest parts of the oldest reclamation land which was made the people whose houses — and a public enquiry, the matter was suburbs. In 1936 the government available to private developers for lives — stand in the way of the out of the hands of the Com­ set up a board o f enquiry, arid building middle income flats in Commission’s redevelopment plans. mission, since the Premier had al­ its findings led to the establish­ several places in the inner suburbs. In both cases the Commission’s ready rejected an enquiry.

Both sides of course accept that ment in 1938 of the Housing In each case the Commission spent bureaucratic arrogance has been this is true. Arguments for an en­ Commission to act as a slum re­ an awful lot more on acquiring oppressive. quiry are not confined to com­ clamation and housing authority. and clearing the land than it was The Housing Commission Te­ Since then the Housing Com­ able to get back. In other wofds, nants’ Union, for "example, has a plaints about how the Commission mission has built, and sold or let, it provided a very substantial sub­ string of specific issues to argue does its job. IThey include the de­ over 58,000 houses, nearly 11,000 sidy for the provision o f middle with the Commission — such as finition of the Commission’s job — definition by the Commission family flats and another 5,500 income inner suburban flats. standards of maintenance, but they pensioner flats. It has proclaimed Observers Claim that the price argue that it is the nature of the itself, and by the government to' 300 acres of “slums” to be “ re­ the Commission got for the land tenancy agreement and the im­ which it is responsible. But public claimed” ; 250 acres have been (or was extraordinarily low at a time personal way it is administered accountability of the Commission are being) redeveloped by the Com­ when the market value of that which is at the root of the com­ is a central point. And the demand mission itself; another 40 acres kind o f land was skyrocketing. plaints. They want the tenants to for the presence of the press and video cameras at the abortive meet­ have been turned over to private Why? be involved in working out a new ing with the Commission has to enterprise for large scale flat building.

One answer is that the Housing tenancy agreement which recog­ This year the Commission is Commission’s insistence on haying nises their rights as well as their be seen in that light. The Com­ building 2,500 houses and about the areas redeveloped in massive obligations. They want to be in­ mission has got to be seen in that a thousand flats. To get hold of blocks meant that only a few volved in the management o f the light. The Commission has got to one ofi these you have to satisfy very big developers were able to States. They want dignity arid be brought out of its bureaucratic

by Alan Smith

Having difficulty in obtaining albums by Australian artistes?

283 Glqnferric Road, Malvern, Victoria, Australia. 3144 Hour doors from High Street. Phone: 50.1952; ‘ ^Approximate hours: Mon. - Thu., 8.30 am - (f pm/ Friday, till 9.00 pm Saturday, 8.30 am - 1.00 pm

Well then, we have a special section set aside just for our own girls and boys, including Sid Rumpo, Dingoes, Graeme Lowndes, Jeannie Lewis, Stevie Wright (hopefully), first Easybeats, and Russel Morris for those who remember.

Browse A t Your Leisure Digaroos

cloister, and the precedent has got Housing Copimissio-n ‘ estates, and to be set. avoiding the creation of the sameThe steering committee itself is problems in the future with a cheap attempting to keep itself completely housing only approach. Essentially open. Membership is open to who­ both approaches are hinged on the ever wants tb attend its meetings. scope of the job signed over to, It feels it is important that the or carved out by, the Commission Commission’s own preference for as an urban planning body. It is

^ ^ ^

privacy should not be allowed to turn a delegation'into a negotiating elite whose dealings with the Com­ mission cannot be seen by the mem­ bers it represents.

for workers. This is an incredibly clear example of land speculation in which the local government of­ ficers sold out for their individual interests and those of the private companies.

One of the more important facts of this new occupation, the biggest over the past year of struggle for better housing conditions, is that for the first time those involved in it are. mainly working class fami­ lies, many of whom are immigrant workers employed at the Alfa Ro­ meo, Pirelli, Siemens, Alemagna Motta and Innocenti factories and other small plants in the Milan industrial area. This is in contrast to the occupations in Rome and Naples in February, where a few thousand people have occupied big popular housing projects, churches and schools. In the main, the people who took part in those actions were unemployed people living in shanty towns on the outskirts of the cities, people who live by begging, or “hust­ lers”, as the bourgeois press tends to call them.

The Housing Commission was set up to overcome a shortage o f low, cost housing, and to clear away the ‘environment of poverty’. But the real problem, as was made clear back in 1936-’37, was poverty itself.

It wasn’t that there were no houses available, but that poor people had no access to them. The need for, subsidised housing was an admission that society simply doesn’t pay everybody enough to be able to live decently, not even enough to provide them with satisfactory shel­ ter. But is the solution to subsi­ dise a few people on low incomes by providing public housing, or to make sure that everybody has enough to live on?

When the Housing Commission ’ was set up in 1938 it, was ack­ nowledged to be a short term solu­ tion; maybe a public enquiry will enable us to rediscover the problem.

one now, but an unsatisfactory one.

It has very unclear relations with otheV service departments and plan­ ning bodies. Its activities are not closely coordinated with those of other bodies by some overall plan­ 5}c î{î * ning authority, nor does it itself constitute such a body. It consults The Commission appears to want with, for example, the Education to define itself in concrete. Its ac­ Department and local councils. But tivities as an' urban housing au­ who ensures that the establishment thority are so vast that it is vir­ of schools and child care facilities tually responsible for the creating (and destroying) of whole commu­ accompanies the building of new nities. Its activities determine the estates? And who makes sure that character of whole suburbs. To the problems of tenants can be and what extent should the developer, are dealt with? Too often the Com­ in this case the Commission, be mission’s role is simply to evict, required to accept responsibility for providing the facilities which make an estate into (at least po­ tentially) a community? The ques­ tion is important, not just because of the scale of its operations, but because it is catering to people who are poor, and who are sub­ ject to a great many other prob­ lems — problems which have made them and kept them poor, or which result from them being poor.

There is no easy way out, for QUS , the Commission or anybody else. travel There are two approaches to the problem which must be recognised as equally inescapable — .finding a TRAVEL THE STUDENT way to minimise the problems on TRAVEL AUSI

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Milan blockbusters It's not that there is a shortage o f houses . ; . but that a lot o f people don't have access to them, legally. The rise o f squatting, rent strikes and militant tenants' unions in the last few years, in cities all over the world, throws this fact into sharp relief. This recent up­ surge in militant action on housing issues first really blossomed in Italy, where this movement to ‘take over the c ity ’ continues to flourish. * * * In the first week o f March,, 300 families occupied a big complex of state owned apartments in Baggio, an area a few miles from the centre of Milan. On March 27, another group of workers broke in and oc­ cupied a giant luxury housing pro­ ject in the working class neighbor­ hood of Gallaratese. Almost 700 families are now in occupation there.

The Gallaratese project was built by a private company, mainly with Vatican capital, on a vast site origi­ nally destined by the city council for low rent apartment buildings

or add to the problems by threaten­ ing eviction (only 20 evictions, but 2,000 eviction notices a year).

One opinion is that the fault is with the role of the Com­ mission as defined by the govern­ ment. The Commission should have clearly defined powers and respon­ sibilities in providing the com­ munity facilities required by the people it houses.

Its record in this respect is not a good one. Social welfare or­ ganisations supporting the enquiry blame the high delinquency rate in outer suburban Commission areas .on the provision o f houses without adequate community facilities. The cost of providing these jextra fa­ cilities, as well as the difficulty of coordinating the establishment of them, is a part of the argument against urban sprawl. It’s an argu­ ment which led the Commission to throw so much of its resources into high rise estates in the inner suburbs so as to utilise the fa­ cilities already in existence. That may be true o f things like public transport and sewers, but the con­ venience o f making use o f the land acquired through slum clearance, has meant that pockets o f very high density housing have been created in already high density areas where community facilities were already inadequate.

Alright, so there’s an extensive argument here about possible al­ ternative approaches to urban hous­ ing. Not just the effectiveness of the Commission as a developer, but about what kind of city we want.

It’s an argument that we should all be in on, so that we can realistically assess the alternatives.

But tbe argument for an enquiry into public housing can be taken further. It concerns poverty.

The new occupations show that the struggle for decent housing has extended to a larger section of the working class. More and more fac­ tory workers are seeing the impor­ tance of struggles in other sectors of society, for example the housing problem. This is in direct reaction to the bureaucratic policies of the unions insidç the factories.

The families at Gallaratese have formed an occupation committee re­ presenting the families, left groups and autonomous workers’ groups.

Every night there is a general as­ sembly in which the most important problems of the occupation are dis­ cussed, for example how to resist the Jiysterical attacks of the police.

Pickets have been organised for day and night. The occupiers have or­ ganised a creche for children of all ages, a free clinic, a communal eating place, all things that together, give the idea of this place as a liberated zone.

— People's News Service.

WAY

84 Cleveland Street, Chippendale, NSW. Ph:.: 698.3719 220 Faraday Street, Carlton, VIC. Ph.: 347.8462

RECORD COLLECTOR

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Cnr. Toorak Rd. & Davis Ave., South Yarra, 267.1885

Page 6

THE DIGGER

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Believing in any kind of conspiracy theory about the shooting of US President John F. Kennedy has been a lot like believing in UFOs or ESP. It’s becoming increasingly respectable to have, at least, an “it’s probably true but who will ever know” opinion.

But the evidence that Kennedy was wiped out by professional dirty tricksters working for political rivals is now overwhelming and only the continuing suppression of the evidence by Kennedy’s successors keeps the lid on the true story.

This article argues the most likely assassins were the three “ bums” arrested with guns at the scene of the assassination, and from photographs taken at the time, these three bums could be three of the Watergate burglars.

From the Yipster Times When JFK defeated Nixon in the 1960 elections, shivers began to run up the spine of the anti-Castro Cubans in Miami. Having worked closely with Vice-President Nixon on the plan­ ning of a Bay of Pigs invasion through Gen. Cushman, E. Howard Hunt and other CIA officials, the Cubans had been forced to postpone the action until after the elections because of inclement weather. Now they were dealing with an unknown quantity — JFK — rather than Nixon, a man who forged a career out of anti-commu­ nism and who Hunt later describes as the Operations Officer for the Eisen­ hower-sponsored Bay of Pigs.

Shortly after the election, plans for the invasion were presented to JFK by Howard Hunt, who still served as a liason between the Execu­ tive Branch and the CIA operatives assigned to planning and implement­ ing the action. Their strategy was to have the US Air Force blitz Cuba and then land a battalion of Cuban refu­ gees who’d march through the rubble and murder the Castroites with the help of sympathetic countrymen.

Although Kennedy was down on direct US military intervention, pre­ ferring an Alliance For Progress ap­ proach in fighting communism in Latin America, he was convinced by his military advisors that some action had to be forthcoming because of Ike’s commitment, so he allowed the Cubans to train for the invasion on US soil and supplied them with arms.

Things looked good for the antiCastroites until just before the inva­ sion when Kennedy began to have second thoughts.

Rather than cancelling the action entirely, Kennedy made the greatest mistake of his short lifetime — he pulled out the air support but allowed the invasion to go on — without the Air Force’s saturation bombing. The reactionaries were killed or captured minutes after they landed. What a fiasco! Many of the Gusanos must have sworn, if they ever got out of Cuba alive, they’d kill Kennedy.

When E. Howard Hunt tried to explain JFK ’s actions to the Cuban refugees he loved and respected, they spat on him. Once a symbol of Amer-

ica s anti-Castro commitment, Hunt had to bear the brunt of the Cubans’ criticism. He too must have sworn to get JFK. He’d also failed the acid test of the military-industrial complex by being “ soft on communism” . This amalgamation of Masters of War, Pentagon officials, the Intelligence Community and their friends in Con­ gress had grown incredibly powerful, thanks to the Korean War and the prolonged Cold War that followed it.

They were fanatically anti-communist China and Eisenhower warned Amer­ ica, in his farewell address, that they, posed the greatest threat to demo­ cracy.

The order went down from the Joint Chiefs of Staff that Kennedy Must Die. They knew their program of counter-insurgency in Vietnam was failing and that the commies were growing stronger day by day. The only way to wipe them out was with American troops and air power — which Kennedy would never commit.

If he wasn’t willing to wipe out the commies 90 miles from America’s shores, he certainly wasn’t going to go 4,000 miles away and do it.

Although he went along with having advisors there to help Diem’s army, the J.C. of S. looked at this as another half-assed measure and wanted a Commander-in-Chief willing to wage a full-scale war. They were very much aware of what had hap­ pened in China — 1/3 of the world communist in one swift revolutionary blow — and were determined that the same thing wouldn’t happen to the rest of Asia.

The same people who worked on the Bay of Pigs were assigned the job of terminating JFK. They didn’t have to worry about being caught because J. Edgar Hoover, the man who’d supervise the investigation of their crime, was a part of the operation.

Hoover had been seriously disturbed

by RFK, the only Attorney General to ever suggest he resign, and was definitely out for Kennedy blood.

During his half-century as Director of the FBI, he’d filled the organiza­ tion he’d virtually created, with ex­ treme right-wingers, carefully weed­ ing out anyone with the slightest liberal tendencies by internal spying

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San Francisco — Few observers believe that an experienced political infighter like Richard Nixon is de­ fending himself against Congress solely by “ stonewalling” and dribbl­ ing out edited transcripts. Thermal White House strategy to block im­ peachment is to play for time and, this summer, present Congress with such powerful foreign policy achieve­ ments that the waiverers will be brought back to the President’s side.

One of the Nixon administration’s major contributions to foreign po­ licy techniques is the concept ol “linkage” — using side issues and other parties to gain one’s objec­ tives on the main issue. Kissinger’s shuttling . between Damascus and Jerusalem is a case in point: while he appeared to be acting as mediator, Kissinger in fact used every weapon of US foreign policy to achieve the accord, regarded as the crucial stepping stone to Nixon’s Moscow visit this month. Significantly, the scheduling of the visit was an­ nounced a day after the accord was signed.

With Syrian-Israeli disengagement the US has managed to swing the Arabs around in one of the most remarkable turn abouts achieved by US foreign policy. But despite dis­ claimers, the disengagement could not have been achieved without dis­ creet Soviet support, evident in Foreign Minister Gromyko’s hardly coincidental appearances on the scene at critical moments.

While a US-Soviet detente is widely questioned in the 0Jnited States, the official Soviet press has vehemently urged Washington to nail down the detente. The Russians consider Nixon’s visit vital for this, even though the President may be

facing an impeachment vote in the House.

Value for Russians What does the detente mean to the Russians? It is generally ad­ mitted that there cannot be an arms limitation agreement of any sub­ stance while Nixon is in Moscow, neither side is prepared to scale down deployment of strategic wea­ pons. It is possible Nixon will sign a US-Soviet trade agreement that will clear the way for sizeable American investments and credits for the USSR, yet such a move will face strong opposition in the US Congress, a factor the Russians are fully aware of. Signing a trade agreement does not mean it can be implemented.

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Chicago police arrest report on Thomas Arthur Vallee, said to have been one o f Kennedy's assassins posing as Lee Harvey Oswald and puritanical regulations. Hoover was in complete control of the agency. After Kennedy was mur­ dered, Hoover called up RFK and coldly announced — “ Your brother is dead.”

The young President only hastened his demise by refusing to go along with Hunt’s plan to assasinate Castro (which was eventually carried out, but failed) and by closing down the anti-fcastro Cubans’ training bases in Louisiana.

Kennedy was to be shot while he attended an Army-Navy football game at Chicago’s Soldiers Field.

Thomas Arthur Vallee, a military in­ telligence agent who was a look-alike for a patsy they’d been grooming named Oswald, was supposed to shoot him with a high-powered rifle, then fly to Texas where he’d suddenly turn into Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald wouldn’t know what had hit him since he was a low level military in­ telligence operative who thought he was attempting to penetrate Cuba by pretending to be a leader of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Kennedy’s death would be blamed on pro-Castro elements, giving America an added incentive to send in the Marines.

But JFK got sick and didn’t at­ tend the game, so the plan had to be aborted. Unfortunately it wasn’t that easy: since the only one who could tell Vallee to stop couldn’t be con­

tacted in time, the Agency sent an operative named Groth (the same pig who led the December 1969 ‘search and destroy’ mission into Black Panther Fred Hampton’s Chi­ cago flat) out to have Vallee arrested.

Groth pointed Vallee to a cop just as he was leaving his house and he was arrested for possession of a con­ cealed weapon. But by the time they reached the stationhouse, the fix was in and Vallee was accused of illegal possession of a knife, rather than a rifle.

Attempted assassination being big news, word of the original firearms arrest reached NBC’s News Manager Bill Corley, as did the license plate number of Vallee’s car. When Corley tried to find out the name the car was registered in, by running a routine check with the Department of Motor Vehicles, he found that the FBI had put a ‘freeze’ on the information. He told all of this to the FBI. Sherman Skolnick, one of Amer­ ica’s leading researchers, discovered this FBI report along with the original Chicago Police, Dept. Arrest R ecord, which is reprinted on this page.

Another part of the Chicago plot uncovered by Skolnick involved the assassin having access to Secret Ser­ vice credentials. A black SS agent named Albert Bolden wanted to testi­ fy about this part of the conspiracy.

Bolden was soon railroaded to prison

N ixon’s detente-for diversion and profit

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flow out of a political detente.

Moscow needs massive foreign in­ vestment from capitalist nations to develop sectors of its economy.

As in the US, there is powerful opposition to any reduction in de­ fence effort. But since as much as 40% of Soviet national income is reported as going onto defence, even the hard bitten Soviet military would find it difficult to resist pressures for defence cutbacks if detente works.

Nixon-Kissinger Aims

The Nixon-Kissinger foreign po­ licy thrusts are more intricate. The US needs peace in the Middle East and a new working relationship with the Arab countries in the light of its growing dependence on Middle Eastern oil. So long as the The value of a nailed down de­ Arab-Israeli and other conflicts fes­ tente for the USSR lies elsewhere. ter in the region, the door is open Like Nixon, Brezhnev faces strong to the return of Soviet influence. opposition to his own “ peace for The US approach to assure its a generation” policies. For years position in the Middle East is Brezhnev (like Kruschev before him) three pronged: mend fences with argued that the Americans would and give munificent aid to the eventually come around to co­ Arab governments; seek detente operating with the Russians in a with the USSR; and, as a reserve dual superpower policing of the in case of trouble, build up military world. No concept has Been dearer and political power in the Indian to Russian foreign policy strategists Ocean (see Digger No. 31: “ Diego than that of global bipolarity. Only Garcia: Nothing to rule but the the two great military powers, the waves?” ).

USSR and the US, working to­ Both Kissinger and Gromyko gether, could assure the peace of brought military factors to bear in the world. their negotiations with the Middle As the Russians see it, the most Eastern parties involved. But neither important testing ground of detente could deliver their respective Penta­ is the Middle East. If stabilisation gons, only their bosses could. It can be achieved there without is no secret in Washington that freezing out the Russians, Brezhnev ■Nixon has been eagerly courting will consider it a personal triumph Congressional leaders with military strengthening his power position ties, notably southern Democrats. within the Politburo.

While that may gain him favorable The Russians believe economic votes in an eventual impeachment and military advantages will naturally proceeding, it also solidifies his ties

to the Pentagon, whose support Nixon needs if he is to wage a successful foreign policy.' Nothing more dramatically illustrates this than the huge defence budget.

If the Syrian-Israeli disengage­ ment lasts, and if Nixon concludes a trade but not a strategic arms agreements in Moscow, he will have scored real diplomatic successes with demonstrable payoffs. He can tell the Pentagon he managed to secure Ryssian cooperation in the Middle East without compromising on American strategic capabilities, and without impairing a defence budget which even government of­ ficials now admit has “ counter­ cyclical” , that is antirecessionary, effects. He can tell the business community that the paths have been cleared for investment in one of the greatest untapped markets of the world. He can tell the proIsraeli forces in Congress that it would be open partisan politics to continue to refuse credits and most favored nation status to the Russians.

Watergate Linkage The game of politics is linkage, and Nixon has always been an expert practitioner of the art. In the arena of domestic politics, his capacity to make linkage payoff has declined sharply. But in foreign policy thU White House strategy sees a chance of making linkage pay off through “ peace for a generation” coupled with a rising antirecessionary defence budget and final assurance by the Arabs of Israel’s right to exist. Nixon is betting that this and not his Water­ gate misdeeds will count when im­ peachment comes to a vote.

— Pacific News Service.

by none other than State’s attorney Ed Hanrahan, another CIA operative in on the murder of Black Panther Fred Hampton.

If at first you don’t succeed — it was on to Dallas where Vallee would be joined by hired hitman Frank Sturgis, an ex-marine turned outright mercenary who fought with Castro and was put in charge of gambling casinos after the revolution. Soon, Castro announced there was no room for vice or hired killers in a Marxist society and Frankie got the bounce.

He became a leader of Alpha-66, a SUPER-reactionary faction of the Gusano movement and went as far as flying over Havana and dropping antiCastro leaflets, despite heavy anti­ aircraft fire.

Frank, an expert marksman, lurked behind the grassy knoll under the supervision of none other than E. Howard Hunt (who’d become ob­ sessed with his hatred for Kennedy) and fired the fatal shots. Vallee, who’d spent the night in a secluded part of the Book Depository Building, shot at Kennedy from there, catching him in a crossfire. The rifle he used had been stolen from Oswald’s garage a few nights before.

In the confusion that followed the shooting, Hunt and Sturgis fled to some nearby boxcars, under the watchful eye of a Secret Service agent who waved people and police away from the grassy knoll, announcing that he had the area covered. One of the team’s support men, Jim Hicks, was spotted at the knoll with a radio transmitter and was a witness at Gar­ rison’s Clay Shaw Conspiracy Trial.

He’s now in a Federal Mental Hos­ pital.

Vallee ran out of the Book De­ pository and over to the boxcars where the three killers rendezvoused.

The killers met about halfway be­ tween the knoll and the Book De­ pository. Someone saw Vallee leave the building — in the section of the Warren Report, titled rumors and speculations, we find that a Mrs. Jean Hill stated that after the firing stopped she saw a white man, wearing a brown overcoat and hat, running away from the book building in the direction of the railroad tracks. The report goes on to say that her testi­ mony wasn’t corroborated by films and other witnesses and the police were unable to come up with the identity of the man.

Since the FBI was in on thé plot, the CIA-operatives who planned it de­ cided the best way to get the assassins out of the area would be to have them disguised as bums and have the police pick them up and escort them to a nearby Stationhouse. They’d be held there until everyone’s attention was focused on Oswald (about 45 minutes after JFK’s assassination) — then they’d be released (either be­ cause they were ‘checked-out’ and found to be clean or for National Security Reasons) without being booked or fingerprinted.

Hunt didn’t dig this plan, since it might involve him being photo­ graphed while being led to the sta­ tion. As a confirmed spook (when he was busted for Watergate, there were no known pictures of him on file anywhere) he couldn’t relate to this at all. But he had to follow orders.

Sure enough, several photogra­ phers took the team’s picture and newsphotos were printed in early editions of the Dallas Times Herald and the Fort Worth Telegram. These are the shots of the bums numbered 1, 2, 5 and 6.

Firstly, these guys looked too composed to be derelicts, too clean shaven and too-well groomed. Their

shoes have thick soles on them (see no. 2). But the strangest thing about them is that the bum shown in no. 3 is a deadringer for Lee Harvey Os­ wald. If you saw this man in the 6th floor window of the Book Deposi­ tory, you would definitely mistake him for Oswald.

Richard Sprague, a computer pro­ grammer, reprinted them in a pic­ torial study of the JFK killing he did for the May 1970 issue of Computers and Autom ation Maga­ zine. At the end of his piece he asked people to write him if they could identify the bums. Since no pixs of Vallee or Hunt were ever published anywhere and the last picture of Sturgis appeared in a May 1961 Parade Magazine, no one was able to identify them. Judging from his con­ nection with The Committee to In­ vestigate Assasinations, a CIA front group, the purpose of running these pictures was to make sure no one was on to anything.

Recently I called Sprague: He said no one had contacted him about the similarity of the bums to the Waterbuggers (although he’d told others the opposite). He also said there was a height discrepancy be­ tween Sturgis and ‘the bum’ of four inches in the bum ’s favor — he went down to Texas and measured the wall the bum stood up against and found he was 6’4” tall.

Sprague also helped spread the false lead that one bum was a Minuteman from Washington and that another was known as “ Frenchy” and resembled the police sketch of the man who shot Dr. King.

Mark Lane, co-author of Executive Action and member of the Wounded Knee Legal Offensive Committee also published the pixs — only he did it in the underground press back in 1968.

Let’s take a close look at each picture and see how two of the bums compare to the Waterbuggers. The give-away that the guy in no. 4 and the bum on the far right are one and the same person, is the ear: it’s exact­ ly the same shape and both inner ears are large and without cartilage.

Now take a look at the shape of the face, the oblong nostrils, deepset eyes and thin lips. Compare the clefts in the chin and the builds. Notice how ‘the bum’ walks with his thumbs in (pix no. 5 and no. 6) — so does Sturgis (no. 7). Something he learned in the Marines. The only difference between the two is hair color, hair­ line and absence of grease.

Now let’s look at the profile shots of Sturgis and the bum. Check the chins and ears in no. 6 and no. 8. An identical curvature of the face below the nose is exhibited in no. 6 and no. 7. Clearest resemblance is in ex­ pressions in no. 5 and no. 6.

Since the bum who very closely resembles E. Howard Hunt keeps a low profile, we’ve had to blow-up the pixs in which he appears to give you a better look at him. Observe the incredible likeness between no. 9 and the bum in no. 1 and no. 10.

Every feature and shape of the face is the same. Of course, E. Howard has a very ordinary visage — except for his left ear which sticks out like a sore thumb (see no. 11). But while he was disguised as a bum, Hunt made sure only the right one was photo­ graphed, which, as you can see from no. 11, isn’t as pointy. So Hunt can be two different people simply by turning his head! By the way, no. 11 comes from Hunt’s new book, Give . Us This Day, and is the only one of Hunt back in the days of Bay of Pigs available . . . it’s also the only photo badly blurred.

There were some pictures taken of the bums that were never printed, but when we called the Fort Worth Telegram we were told the negatives had been stolen. In Vol. 1, No. 8 of Yipster Times we reprinted a ZNS story about how CBS newsreel foot­ age of Hunt near the grassy knoll was missing from their Archives. The same thing seems to be happening with these pictures. The Dallas Times Herald told the Committee that they don’t give out any pictures connected with the killing.

Aside from the fact they were photographed, the plot went as plan­ ned. With all the attention focused on Oswald, the bums got lost in the rush — after their release they were probably flown home by private plane.

E. Howard Hunt’s name never came up in relation to the Execu­ tive Action, but Frank Sturgis was questioned by the FBI (according to Mae Brussell because he owned an arsenal). Frank was also one of a number of Cubans who told the FBI they saw Oswald in Miami a few months prior to the assasination, trying to start a fight with antiCastroites. Sturgis also said Oswald had been in touch with Cuban Intel­ ligence and many pro-Castro groups.

Another link surfaced after a Cuban refugee named Odio told the Warren Commission she was visited by “ Oswald” and two other men a

HUNT STURGIS, K NIXON W ERE IN DALLAS ON THAT DAY month before Dallas and told that JFK was going to die because of Bay of Pigs. Soon, a man named Hall, who, along with a member of Sturgis’ Alpha 66, had been ques­ tioned about their purchase of a rifle by the Warren Commission, claimed he and two other men (one of whom looked like Oswald) were the men who visited her. He later retracted this statement.

Nixon hired Hunt to forge diplo­ matic telegrams linking JFK to the assasination of Diem. He also had a disguised Hunt (complete with wig and voice modulator) visit Dita Beard.

It’s also strange that the only thing Earl Warren ever did that Hunt and his superconservative friends ap­ proved of was to issue the Warren Report. In Give Us This Day, Hunt parrots their line — “ . . . let it not be forgotten, Lee Harvey Oswald was a partisan of Fidel Castro, an admitted Marxist who made desperate efforts to join the Red Revolution in Havana [A reference to Oswald’s trip to the Cuban Embassy in Mexico City. Hunt just happened to be the chief of the CIA station there at the time.] and an Activist for The Fair Play For Cuba Committee. But for Castro and the Bay Of Pigs disaster . . . perhaps there would have been no assassin . . .” There is an element of truth in this last sentence if you take if out of context.

After Watergate broke, evidence began to trickle in linking Nixon to the killing and cover-up — he was probably the brains behind the entire plot. First of all, we found out who Nixon had hired for his war on the Democrats — his old friends from Bay of Pigs. As the pictures show, at least two of these dudes were on the scene in Dallas.

As the Watergate investigation be­ gan to point to the White House, Tricky Dick had to call in his most trusted allies — many of whom had worked on the JFK cover-up: Gerald Ford, Warren Commission member; Leon Jaworski, Warren Commission consultant and CIA operative; Arlen Specter, Warren Commission investi­ gator; and, most recently, Albert Jenner, another Warfen Commission sleuth who’s now on the Congres­ sional Committee studying impeach­ ment. And we m ustn’t overlook the meteoric rise to power of Fxecutive Action casualty John Connally.

Nixon’s close friendship with Bebe Rebozo is also very revealing. Bebe’s partner is partners with Manuel Artime, the leader of the anti-Castro Cubans during the Bay of Pigs period.

Artime distributed CREEP hush m o­ ney to the families of the Cuban political saboteurs and is the God­ father of one of Hunt’s kids.

Nixon was in Dallas on the day of the assassination, and Executive Action co-author Don Freed reports he definitely spoke to someone who was in touch with Jack Ruby. Sher­ man Skolnick reports he had an of­ ficial document ordering JFK’s death with him.

Looking back at the past ten years, it seems that anyone who seriously challenged Nixon’s power has been discredited (Muskie, Ted Kennedy), murdered (JFK, RFK) or wounded (Gov. Wallace). Hitler’s rise to power was preceded by a long string of similar incidents.

As long as he’s in government, and maybe as long as he’s alive, there’ll be assassinations, frame-ups, sabotage of the electoral process, witch-hunts and the ever present threat of martial law and out and out military dictator­ ship.

No wonder there’s been a rebirth of interest in exorcism in America — the DEVIL has been elected President!

THE DIGGER

Page 7

P hotos 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 were taken at Dallas when three " b u m s " w ere arrested a fte r the s h o o tin g o f President Kennedy.

P hoto 10 is an enlargem ent o f one " b u m " fro m p h o to 1 - and p h o to 9 is o f E. H o w a rd H u n t w ho c o u ld have been th e bu m Wearing th e hat. P hoto 11 is o f H u n t (at rig h t).

Photo 3 is allegedly o f Vallee, w ho is said to have been th e Man in th e B ook D e p o sito ry id e n tifie d as O swald (to p rig h t p h o to , unnum b ere d.)

ÂĄPhotos 4, 7 and 8 show F rank Sturgis, a W atergate burglar. The bu m in fr o n t o f ph o to s 1 and 2, and at rig h t o f p h o to 5 is allegedly S turgis in 1963.

â–

June 18 -

July 4, 1974

TH E D IG G ER

Page 8

That subtle, trendy nuqnce — the distinction between communists and “some left wing’

The rise of the New Right

by Grant Evans Backstabbing and feuding have plagued the Liberal Party and the Lib.-CP coalition for the past ten years. At first the disputes were simply motivated by selfish at­ tempts to take over Menzies’ mantle. Now they are disputes over policy between the ‘trendies’ and the right wing o f the Party. Former Prime Minister John Gorton wants the Liberal Party to have trendier policies.

John Gorton in flared jeans and a levi jacket would be taking the whole thing a bit too far, but he can probably leave that to his two younger, trendy sidekicks, Don Chipp and Andrew Peacock “ Don and Andrew and I, we’re three o f a kind I guess,” he says, as if it should be common knowledge.

Who’s. Trendier?

For those who only remember Gorton as a Prime Minister fully committed to conscription and the Vietnam war it is possibly worth­ while mentioning that Gorton’s association with the small T Liberal wing of the Liberal Party is not a recent phenomenon. In the scramble for Prime Ministership over Holt’s dead body, Gorton was presented as a ‘go ahead’ PM with adventurous policies. And, mild as they were, Gorton’s policies (con, ceming economic nationalism for instance) and idiosyncracies proved too ‘far out’ for the real reaction­ aries in the Liberal Party and so after a rather colorful and short reign Gorton was forced to resign.

Gorton was a major participant * in the events which first showed the disintegration of the edifice of Liberalism constructed during the Ming dynasty. The battle around who was to succeed Holt revealed numerous personal and philosophi­ cal factions within the Liberal Party all vying with each other.

Gorton still features strongly in the divisions within the Liberal Party. Recently he actively inter­ vened in the dispute in the Vic­ torian section of the Party, and supported the ‘progressive’ Party president, Mr. Peter Hardie. Gorton has always been seen as a bit of a larrikin, but his statements during this recent dispute have been extra­ ordinarily forceful and sharp. He said that Malcolm Fraser and Ivor s; Greenwood should either cop the policies o f the Party under Hardie or get out. Strong stuff — “doesn’t help the Party” says Greenwood.

Gorton replies: “The only reason i can see for anybody to stand against Hardie is to get back, to crawl back, to the Menzies era”.

He denies that the differences within the Party are personal: “There are philosophical differences within the Liberals as there are in any other party. Philosophical dif­ ferences are natural, but since the election there have been a number o f secret meetings held by the ex­ treme right down at the Sir Robert Peel Hotel which have planned to depose Who were they? “ Well I only know Bums, the bloke who owns the pub and I <^on’t know who else he had there.” .

Cool Guys at the Bar Publican Bums has nominated a certain Mr. Ian Holyman, a Tqorak businessperson, for the Victorian presidency of the Party. Holyman is

the main conservative candidate and a cool guy who is likely to go a long way in politics. “Gorton is. round the bend on the meetings at Whatever hotel it is,” he says.

Personal Jibes John Jess, who is also challeng­ ing Mr. Hardie for the Victorian presidency, questions^whether Mr. Gorton is a “fit man” . But then he -sees the basis of his and Mr. Gor­ ton's differences as personal.

And there’s certainly no love , lost between them. Gorton thinks it would be disastrous if Jess managed ' by some fluke to get the presidency. “ He’s got a lot of charm saying that,” says Jess, nastily adding, “Mr. Gorton’s position is understandable, after all Mr. Hardie’s wife is his sec­ retary . . .”

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The closer you get,-the harder it is to see what, precisely, are the differences within the Liberal Party. “ I don’t think that trendy poli­ tics apply on defence,” says Gorton. “ Defence is not a very popular thing to be advocating, but it’s one we should be advocating. It’s not popu­ lar, especially amongst the young, anyway. I think we should be strongly anticommunist, even more than we are now. Defence could be important again, but you need to be quite sure that you are talking about a communist when you are talking about one, and be sure you are not talking about some left wing or something like that”.

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“W eill only know Burns, the bloke who owns the pub. shift the Party in a centrist direc- ' tion. The main difference between the two parties in the recent elec­ tion was that the two parties had • approached the centre from ,diffe­ rent directions.

Right Wing Guns Out

The Liberal shift towards the centre is being strongly opposed by . the right of the Party, which is fur­ ther strengthened by the traditional Liberal alliance with the Country Party, and sympathy with the Democratic Labor Party.

Gorton’s attitude to the DLP is “thè sooner they get out thè better” . Jess’s response to this is of And, flash, there it is, that subtle course, that Gorton “was talking* trendy nuance; the distinction bet­ through his hat, and when it was ween communists and “some left okay for him to use these parties it wing” . The black and white days was okay, but now he has no use are being bypassed. for them then they’re punks” .

There are, however, important The conservatives argue the differences within the Liberal Party.

As Gorton points out, the right straight Menzies line that the Coun­ wing of the Party is simply nostalgic try Party is crucial to Liberal suc­ for the soipnambulent days of cess and that ties with the Country Menzies. Besides being reactionary, => Party should be strengthened. Gor­ the policies the right wing of the ton’s opinion is that “if the Coun-

“ D on and A ndrew and I are three o f a k in d .”

Party hang on to are of little rele- , vance to the needs of capitalist Australia.

The Vietnam war had to be ended, and these events burst past the Liberals in ’72 and to a lesser degreee this year. And as the trendies — who might be described as non paranoid Liberals — argue, events will continue to bypass them unless the Liberals adapt their po­ licies.

Just as Labor under Whitlam is establishing a more centrist political environemnt in Australia, so the trendies among the Liberals want to

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A Bit o f a Dill Besides being something of a right winger in the Liberal Party, Jess also appears to be regarded as a bit of a dill. Despite this he seems to have inadvertently expressed the présent situation inside the Liberals most concisely: “I think the Liberal Party is at the crossroads and it will just have to make its mind up”.

:||§ Ì|

Womeife course makes waves at Flinders

try Party is prepared to allow the Liberal Party to stand candidates in their seats then I am, all for strengthening ties with the Country Party. But if they kick up a row about it then I’m not in favor of that . . . We will have to, look at the Country Party to form a govern­ ment for some time to come but I don’t think that we should subju­ gate ourselves for that purpose. I think that Mr . Lynch’s idea of a merger is a good idea but I don’t see how the hell it can work. It would be quite probable that a new Country Party would be set up as

soon as all the new members join you and you are all one and united”.

Merger by Necessity Talk of amalgamation between the two opposition parties has been bandied.around for many years now and has always beerj rejected by the Liberals because the Country Party, especially under Jack McEwen, wanted amalgamation on their terms rather than the Liberals’.

This was also tied up with McEwen’s Prime Ministerial ambitions.

McEwen towered over his Party and seemed the obvious successor to * Menzies, especially after Holt’s death. At least up to the recent elections Anthony seemed to be playing a similar role by presenting himself as a more popular national leader of the opposition and poten­ tial Prime Minister than Snedden.

However, the objective conditions of Australian politics may cause amalgamation of the major opposi- , tion parties in the near future to , s triumph over strictly personal am­ bition and interests.

Over the past decade or so the electoral base of the Country Party has been dwindling as people drifted to the cities. McEwen set out to broaden the narrow sectional base of the Country Party through his overtures to the manufacturers hence his totally contradictory po­ sition on tariffs. Anthony has at­ tempted to maintain this and even broaden the Party’s compass to in­ clude the miners. The steady erosion of their base, however, has con­ tinued and if Labor manages to redraw the electoral boundaries their influence will decrease drastically.

Under such conditions the Country Party may just have to bury the hat­ chet and merge with the Liberals.

Country Blackmail The Country Party has been an annoying thorn in the side of the Liberals for some time, and as the Liberals required the CP numbers to form a government, they could-do little about the open blackmail the

Virginia Coventry

CP practised occàsiònally to get its way; for example, the way McEwen completely destroyed McMahon’s chances in thè leadership scramble in. 1968 by saying the CP would re­ fuse to support him as PM.

WANTED . . . ran the ad last February in the local rag circula­ ting in the suburbs, around Flin-> ders university . . . women for a women’s studies course. No mat­ riculation required. Course will be self-managed.

One hundred women rolled up and joined the forty enrolled students who’d read about it m the university handbook. Nor was that the end of it — women are still coming in. Most of the women are around thirty and iqarried.

“They see me as a nervous, undbnfideni, hung-up young kid,*’ says Jean Curthoys, the tu­ tor responsible for the course.

“But they’re kind about it.”

If the liberal Party does move towards the centre it would leave the space for the formation of an extreme right wing party out of the remnants of the DLP, the CP, and disaffected Liberals. Gorton feels

Snedden — He’s developed a number of policies” .

In line with their narrow sec­ tional base the Country Party has al­ ways been an insular and extremely conservative force within the coali­ tion. Asked if he thought a merger would make it harder for more pro­ gressive policies.to permeate the Party, Gorton seemed a trifle jeya-J sive,; “ Qq' the oq,e hand it mqy be , . . , harder, on the other hand it may be easier,” he replied. That is, he went on, “It may be harder given the pos­ sible influx o f conservatives into an amalgamated party, but on the other hand these conservatives would no longer exist as an inde­ pendently organised force, and would not be able to practise black­ mail if progressive policies were ac­ cepted by* the amalgamated party” .

Gorton obviously envisages a long struggle.

Harking Back to Pig-Iron Bob The formation o f the Australia Party was a symptom of the struggle for new policies now taking place inside the Liberal Party, but Gorton is probably right when'he says there is little future for the Australia Party and the main struggle will have to be conducted inside the Liberal Party. He felt that there was little likelihood of the trendies ever being forced out of the Party and felt it more likely that the real right wingers would leave.

that such a formation would be doomed to failure.

Either way, in the immediate fu­ ture the Liberal Party has many in- , temal problems to'resolve, and there1 is certainly no guarantee that the Party will shift to a more trendy position. Malcolm Fraser, darlihg of the right, has been waiting in the wings for seven years now, always one step behind Snedden. He’s been waiting for his moment to swoop on Snedden, and if he is successful in , the coming years ib6*will most cer­ tainly lead to bitterness and faction fighting within the conservative par­ ties.

When it was suggested to Gorton that Snedden was simply a comprpmise between the right and the left factions of the Party, and a stronger leader would be needed for more coherent policies, he refused to answer in those terms, but his reply was far from encouraging for Sned­ den. “Who else can put you there?

He’s a competent sort of man. He’s developed a number of policies,” (long pause) “I don’t know how new they are” (wry Gorton smile).

“I don’t know . . . I don’t really want to answer that question. He’ll probably develop new policies.”

All of which leaves the distinct impression that in the not too dis­ tant iuture the meat in the sand­ wich between left and right in the Party will be Bill Snedden.

Jean’s role has been to provide reading lists on request, to help design surveys, to circulate re­ prints, to get the monthly news­ letter together, to teach the dup­ licating machine, to negotiate with places like the library for access, and to provide whatever support she can for individual women making waves. She’s backed up in this by half a dozen “move­ ment” women who are enrolled students. She’s also supported by the rest o f the Philosophy Department, which rosters itself for day child-care.

After the initial general meet­ ing, people spun off into about ten groups. One set about a sur­ vey O f local child-care needs and is how in the process of setting up an after-school centre for latchkey kids at Glenelg primary school.

Another became a con­ sciousness-raising group. “ In their isolation,” says Jean, “they had worked a lot of things out, but they’d never talked to each other about things that really mattered.” Some got together to move through a series o f topics like “ women in art” , “ ... in religion”, “ ... in industry” etc.

Others got into women’s liberation theory.

There are 20 men doing the course. Five o f them have hived off on their own to form a men’s consciousness-raising group.

The rest are scattered through the various groups.

“You don’t have to worry about me, I’m here because it’s a soft cop and I wanna pick up a few birds,” was the routine ; , one of the. rfleri ‘tyied orf when the problem o f men in groups came up at the second general meeting. The women are, in Jean’s words, “still coping” with such specimens. “ Coming up the hill to the uni” — Flinders sits atop some of those Adelaide hills — “ has boostr ed these sisters’ confidence,” says Jean. Coping with Women’s Studies I, and Women’s Studies men,'will probably qualify these women to do other courses.

Jean Curthoys was appointed by a Philosophy Department com­ mittee on which women and stu­ dents were a majority. Their recommendation was ratified by a departmental general meeting of staff and students.

“That must be some kind o f first,” says Jean. As a working model o f radical education, and o f that kind o f political activity in which militants link up with the rank and file and encourage them to take the initiative, it must be some kind o f first too.

Japan and the Third World get into the act

Ambitions for the nuclear club In the wake of India’s recent surprise ten kiloton nuclear bomb test, Canada has announced that it will suspend all shipments of nuclear equipment and materials to India.

External Affairs Minister Mit­ chell Sharpe said that Canada will review its relations with India, and may stop sending other indus­ trial materials to that country, in protest over the iecent nuclear bomb test. Ironically, it is be­ lieved that the nuclear materials used to make the Indian bomb were derived from a nuclear pow­ er plant in India built by Canada.

In the meantime, a Soviet newspaper has reported that the Soviet Union and India will pool resources to latinch India’s first satellite. The device will be . launched with a Soviet booster rocket, with the help of Soviet technology.

The Indian blast has caused a rash o f atomic activity in other parts o f the world. Recently India’s foreign minister, Swaran Singh signed an hgreement, for the peaceful use of atomic energy with the Argentine government,

and the new accord could include Indian aid in building an Argen­ tine A-bomb.

Argentina is the most advanced country in Latin America in nu­ clear energy development. It’s had its own atomic energy com­ mission for 24 years, and con­ struction of the nation’s second atomic power plant is under way.

Once a nation has a nuclear power plant, it is fairly easy to go on to build an A-bomb, as the reactor by-product plutonium is the key ingredient in a bomb.

Argentina is not the only country thought to be on the verge o f an A-bomb breakthrough.

The international atomic energy agency in Vienna sajrs that Brazil could soon join“the nuclear bomb club.

And not far behind, the agen­ cy says, are South Africa, Spain, Pakistan, Israel, and possibly even oil-rich Iran, . . and also Japan, which is another story. . . ‘ Not satisfied with Japan' number two position in the “peaceful” development o f nuclear technology, important military and

political forces both within and outside o f the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) are re­ doubling their efforts to force entry into the exclusive Nuclear Arms Club.

Although the LDP government bowed to the Japanese people’s well-known anti-nuclear senti­ ment, based on the US devasta­ tion of Hiroshima and* Nagasaki a generation ago, and signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968, it has n ot yet ratified it. Thus far the treaty has been signed by 96 governments but ratified by only 83. Among the signatories, Japan has joined Italy, Switzerland and Egypt in delaying ratification.

The officially cited reason for Japan’s failure to ratify is the difficulty of negotiating satisfac­ tory inspection guarantees from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

But the real reasons lie else­ where. Ratification has been de­ layed because of significant hawk opposition to the treaty within the LDP. The leading figure pressuring for Japan’s nuclear ar­

mament is Moriyama Kinji, Direc­ tor o f the Science and Technology Agency. Even after instruments of ratification were presented to the Diet, Moriyama delayed nego^ tiations with the IAEA. Within the ¡Diet, Ishiwara Shintaro, the novelist turned Dietman who leads the rightist Seirankai group, is the most outspoken pro­ ponent of nuclear weaponry. He declared recently that the ratifica­ tion of the treaty would decisive­ ly hamper Japan’s nuclear arms potential.

LDP*opponents of the treaty assert: 1. that it merely perpetuates the US and Soviet. nuclear mono­ poly; 2. that it is faùlty since both China and France refused to sign it; 3. that peaceful development of nuclear energy can be promoted without the treaty; 4. that Japan should not tie its hands by precluding future nu­ clear armament.

Japan is officially and repeated­ ly on record — most recently during Foreign Minister Ohira Masayoshi’s May visit to Washing­

ton — as rejecting nuclear arms.

Moreover, the Foreign Ministry is concerned that refusal to rat­ ify the treaty might induce the US to restrict its supply of enriched uranium to Japan for peaceful purposes.

Confronted by mounting crit­ icism o f Japan among, her Asian neighbours — driven home by the riots which greeted Prime Minis­ ter Tanaka during his January tour of five Asian countries — and in the West, the Foreign Ministry has been anxious to al­ lay suspicions of Japan’s inten­ tions. Thus the Ministry was less than pleased when IAEA Secretary General Ecklund, visit ing Japan in March, expressed that Japan is already second only to the US in the peaceful appli­ cation of nuclear technology. He used this achievement to lend weight to his attempt to persuade Japan to speed ratification of the treaty.

These diplomatic considerations took precedence in a policy statement on behalf of the NonProliferation Treaty recently pre­ pared for the Diet by Premier Tanaka. Before he could deliver the speech of which it was a part, however, Minister Moriyama . and others succeeded in elimin­ ating all mention of the treaty.

Indeed, support in ruling circles for a non-nuclear Japan has always been at best a weak reed. Gov­ ernment disclaimers about nuclear

arms have never ruled out the* future development of nuclear war warheads. Rather, government and military leaders speak of “nu­ clear option diplomacy”. This means maintaining maximum cap­ ability to produce atomic weapons while at least temporarily fore­ going their production to streng­ then bargaining power with the US, the Soviet Union and China.

The advantage of such a policy is that it enables Japan to remain the number one non-nuclear mil-, itary power rather than inviting world censure by becoming a fourth rate nuclear power. More­ over, it enables Japan to continue to wield the threat of nuclear weapons without their expense.

Japan presently operates six nuclear power plants generating 2,283,000 kilowatts and producing annually the plutonium equival­ ent of ten Hiroshima-type bombs.

Eighteen additional nuclear power plants are presently under cons­ truction. At the same time, it was recently disclosed in the Diet that Mitsubishi Heavy Indus- * try’s Nagasaki Shipyards are pro­ ducing launchers for nuclear tor­ pedoes.

Japanese proponents of nuclear armament have won support from an unexpected quarter. There is' evidence that the US government is wavering in its support for the

Non-Proliferation Treaty, although it is unclear how opinions on this issue are divided within, the gov­ ernment. As early as March 1972 Robert Kilmarx o f the Strategic Research Center o f Georgetown University told a meeting of foreign Ministry and Defence De­ partment officials here that there • was increasing criticism o f the Treaty within the US government.

Kilmarx, for 20 years an Air .

Force intelligence operative prior to his appointment as a special advisor to the Secretary of the Air Force, suggested that it was to the advantage o f the US to see nuclear weapons proliferate among its allies. He advised Japan to begin by equipping ite submar­ ines and artificial islands with nu­ clear1warheads, suggesting that US nuclear technology would be av­ ailable through private business channels. Kilmarx’s speech is • presently circulating in the upper reaches o f the Government as de­ bate over the Non-Proliferation Treaty intensifies.

Despite Foreign Minister Ohira’s Statement o f May 25 that India’s nuclear explosion would not derail Japan’s ratification o f the NonProliferation Treaty, it seems clear that it will combine with pressures from other quarters on the eve o f new Diet elections to doom the Treaty once again.

— Earth News; N ew Asia News

fJune 18 — July 4, 1974

THE DIGGER

Page 9

Tim Pigott at the Melbourne Film Festival

Confessions o f a celluloid eater Film festivals remind me of what the Queen o f Hearts said to Alice about jam: ‘Jam yesterday and jam tomorrow but never jam today’. The movie you missed yesterday was in­ credible, the movie you missed to­ morrow was unreal, but the movie you watched today ‘is a flawed ex­ ample o f this great director’s work which was much better shown in his earlier and lesser known film seen last Tuesday . . . ’ *Critical coherence lapses into a bleary eyed endurance test as the front stalls slowly go down under an' avalanche o f close up, mid shot, long shot angle shots, dissolves, color, black and white, 35 mm., 16 mm., even super 8 mm., and the moviegoer slides into oblivion with a swirling collage of imagery: serious, signifi­ cant, even solemn imagery, clinging like a thin film of well crafted 20th century hallucination on both eyes.

So a catalogue o f the movies — about 50 o f them from 20 different countries — with some critical notes is likely to be haphazard: confused and/or confusing. An interesting thing about this festival is the visit o f ’ three filmmakers (Mamoulian, a cigar smoking symbol o f .’30s Hollywood; Don Shebib, a young Canadian socio­ logist turned moviemaker; and Raymundo Gleyzer, and Argentinian re­ volutionary from Grupo Cine de la Base). All had movies in the festival and in talking with young Australian filmmakers, displayed three very different viewpoints on how movies are made, what or who movies are made for, and how movies are seen. * * * Rouben Mamoulian sat in the centre o f a cluster o f journalists. He smoked a cigar. The reporters began tb ask the ritual questions: The Exorcist: “ It is not an ho­ nest film. I’m not against horror films blit this is not purely a horror film. 1 don’t like the pretentious­ ness o f it . . . bringing in religion, bringing in metaphysics . . . and the worst sin o f all . . . it’s boring.”

Sex in movies: “ Eroticism be­ longs to the Arts. It always has . . . always will. Pornography doesn’t.

“Sex is a very important part of life. The question in movies is: how do you use it?”

The Oscars: “What do they mean? They mean $2-4 million to the film that wins. They often make the wrong choices, so personally, I don’t take them too seriously. But I do think it’s legitimate to give an award like this . . .”

Mamoulian talked at some length about professionalism in the arts. “ A professional to me is some­ one who .has the utmost respect for the art they practise: thought, in­ vention, criticism, not just what I feel. At a seminar in a movie school in America I was told that young filmmakers don’t want to learn. “ I consider myself an audience.

If it is exciting, beautiful, the au­ dience will agree. The only judge­ ment is: I like it!

“A director must generate en­ thusiasm rather than authority. It has to be one point of view because a work of art can’t be produced by a committee. A director must also, be flexible rather than rigidly di­ recting performers.”

Four Mamoulian films are on the

“ 16,000 Argentinian workers festival program: Love Me Tonight have seen this film in groups of (his most successful musical made in 1932 with Jeanette MacDonald and . two or three hundred. Good discus­ sion always follows. As the film is, Maurice Chevalier), Queen Christina of course, banned this is very suc­ (with Greta Garbo, 1933), Song of cessful for us.

Songs (Marlene Dietrich, 1933) and > “ All films are political. US cul­ City Streets (1931). tural imperialism shows us the way Love Me Tonight has been pos­ of life of the North American bour­ sibly the most enjoyed film by the geoisie. Film is a political weapon festival audience. It is a perfect ex­ and the bourgeoisie understand this ample of Mamoulian’s concerns as a very well. director. He has described his film “The artist is an intellectual wor­ perhaps better than anyone: ker, who, as part of the people, “If you. were to see Love Me To­ must choose. Either use his skill in night, although it is a very light, gay service of the people, urging on musical, you’d see in it most clearly their struggles and the development what motivate? me, what I like. The of a revolutionary process, or opem whole o l Love Me Tonight is a ly side with the dominating classes, poem from beginning to end. Every­ serving as a transmitter and repro­ thing is rhythm, counterpoint, styducer of bourgeois ideology. lisation, slow motion, fast motion, “We, as intellectuals, must take split screen, double exposures, two scenes playing at the same time on a the same risk as the working class in our daily lives. Are we really part of split screen. All of it is stylised. It’s the people?” a poetical film. But as I said, styliAn ABC journalist asked if he sation applies validly to any kind of thought our government was “socia­ story, except perhaps to what we list”. call kitchen plays; you don’t worry Raymundo replied: “The Ford too much about stylising scrambled Company exploits its workers the eggs.” same here as it does in Argentina * * * 4 . . . the factories are still in the hands of the bosses, the capitalists.

It’s a long way from the world of No, I don’t think this is socialism.” the Holly wood musical to Third He was then asked several more World Cinema: the movie camera as questions, equal to the last in intel­ an instrument for liberation. ligence and sensitivity, about his Raymundo Gleyzer is explaining fear of being tortured, jailed killed: how the Grupo Cine de la Base “ We are not making films to die, (Rank and File Cinema Group) from but to live, for better living. If I am Argentina works. killed, someone will take my “We work collectively. We don’t place . . .” give credits to the director, the The Third World Cinema Mani­ cameraman. Why have the director festo by Cine de la Base states: as a star? Actors used to be the “ Filmmakers who work towards star, now the star is the director, a revolutionary cinema in South maybe next year ‘extras’ will be the America must not limit themselves star.” to denouncing, or to the appeal for The Rank and File Cinema reflection; it must be a summons Group takes films into the streets for ACTION. It must appeal to our and the factories of working class people’s capacity for tears and areas in Argentina. Los Traidores anger, enthusiasm and faith . . .

(The Traitors) has been shown to, “We must therefore serve as the : unionists as well as film festival au­ ■stone which bieaks silence, or the diences in both Sydney and Mel­ bullet which starts the battle. bourne. ' Poetry is not a goal in itself. Among The film traces the corruption of us, poetry is a tool to transform the Roberto Barrera, a Peronist union world . . . ” leader, who comes to identify his own interests with those of his boss. Although’the film is drama­ Meanwhile, back in the bleak tised, rather than a straight didactic alienated wastelands of contempor­ documentary, it is no way compar­ ary western industrial civilisation, able to “political” thrillers like looking at Canadian moviemaker Don Shebib’s Between Friends. It’s Costa Gavras, or to the experiments a nicely made film, sensitive use of in revolutionary cinema, by Jean-Luc Godard. This film is not an ‘intellec­ color, smooth functional editing, and a terrific performance by actor tuals cinema’. It is class cinema Bonnie Bedelia. But I don’t think using the medium of film for the it’s as good as Going Down the political education of the workers in Argentina.

The film contains several power­ ful sequences: corrupt union leader dreams his own death at a Br^chtian style funeral where industrialists, CIA agents, fascist generals, laugh around his graveside. An owner ap­ proaches him with a racehorse as a gift. A blood covered worker shakes his hand while he wanders bewil­ dered, dressed again as a poor wor­ ker, around the ceremony, where the ruling class bury him with false honors. Another sequence shows a “medical examination” where two women workers stand naked in front of a doctor who talks on the ’phone about them. He surveys them like livestock (“ Have you had VD?” “ No” “Are you sure?” ) . . .

Raymundo talked about the-film.

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Road, an earlier feature shown here, in which the exploration? of the - characters were much deeper. The script, although at times witty and in the fashionable unsentimental humanist style, was too vague. But, if you liked, say Five Easy Pieces, Badlands, that kind of new Ameri­ can movie, don’t miss it.

Don was very interesting be­ cause in many ways,.a young Cana­ dian filmmaker is in the same po­ sition as their Australian counter­ part. Don was a sociology student before studying film in California.

He’s another advocate of profes­ sionalism in movie making: “Everybody wants to make a movie these days. Everyone is a movie critic. I mean, nobody just sits down and plays a Bartók con­ certo on the piano but everyone thinks they can make a movie. “ Ail that non professionalism: you know, I’m not going to use actors, I’m going to pick up some­ one off the street because that’s real, and Honest, all that shit, runn­ ing up the flag . . . it’s all crap. The underground lacks discipline.

“I thought when I was at film school in the States that the best movies would be by young Ameri­ cans from the film schools. Like American Grafitti. A very large number of very talented film­ makers have come out of the film schools. “ However, I don’t think that the film schools can make somebody in­ to a filmmaker. You either have it or you don’t. r' “ I’d rather make short films than features. Shorts are far more ab­ stract, far more cinematic. I think ‘a story’ can be a real tyrant. A fea­

Censorship for five cents

Ping pong photography

by Helen Garner Some fervent person, last week made a couple of threatening ’phone calls and succeeded in getting An­ tonioni’s documentary on China scrubbed from the Melbourne film festival. Several local maoists have opined that the calls either “didn’t happen” or “came from the right”?

The identity and affiliations of the caller may not have been stated — Rick Hill, secretary of the Theatri­ cal Employees’ Association (the union which, to protect its mem­ bers, would have closed down the festival if its organisers hadn’t co­ operated), described him as “ well spoken” and that’s all, except that his threats were very specific, and that he knew the names and addres­ ses of the projectionist and other staff whom he threatened with vio­ lence. But his actions tuned in con­ veniently with pamphlets issued by Norm Gallagher (federal secretary of the Building Construction Workers’ Union), Geoirge Slater (general sec­ retary of the Postal Workers’ Union of Australia) and George Crawford (general secretary of the Plumbers’ Union of Australia). The AustraliaChina Society printed a leaflet des■cribing the film as “reactionary” .

Protests were also conveyed to Erwin Rado, Melbourne film fes­ tival organiser, through the De- t partment of Foreign Affairs, from the Chinese embassy.

Most — not all — maoists we spoke to wholeheartedly endorsed the act of political censorship, in­ terpreting the issue as a class ques­ tion. Some, we re a little squeamish about the threats of violence.

Evidently the film’s most vocal critics haven’t seen it. One, who hacl, described it as “very boring” .

Another, who hadn’t, said he’d heard it was a series of “ cinematic sledgehammer blows” .

Maoist censors may have taken their cue from the People's Daily article describing the film as “venom to the core” . This indignant article claims that Antonioni’s purpose is to “make the audience draw the re­ actionary conclusion that China should not have made revolution . . . and (that) the only way is to go back and restore the old order,” and goes on to.say that “ Antonioni des­ cribes the Chinese people as a mass of human beings who are stupid, ig­ norant and isolated from the rest of the world, who knit their brows in despair, are listless, unhygienic, love to eat and drink and enjoy them­ selves, and muddle along without any aim”.

From other accounts (<in Mel­ bourne we’ll have to wait till July to see the film on the ABC), An­ tonioni’s documentary is a humane,A sympathetic and unabashedly sub­ jective vie\y of China.

But of course this is not the point.

ture movie can be two years of your life. I’m much more interested in re­ lationships within the movie instead of the story . . . the narrative. “ Directors I like are Marcel Came, Fritz Lang and I really like some of the American movies being made now. I think the best film for a long while was American Grafitti.

Deep Throat was a better five bucks’ worth than Last Tango, which couldn’t have possibly lived up to all that ballyhoo . . . And The Exorcist was just plain silly.”

The main hassle for young Cana­ dian filmmakers is money. It’s the same story as here.

“Starting a film industry now is impossible. It’s like trying to build a railroad now to start a feature film industry. There just isn’t enough capital . . .”

And every film festival entry has a dream sequence, these days, too. , Here goes mine: it starts at the opening of the Sydney film festival with that truck pouring ail that ab­ surd pink concrete. Rouben Mampuliari is bending to place his fabled handprint in the concrete, which is metamorphising into scrambled sty­ lised eggs, and Cecil B. de Mille is in the trailer of the Ten Commandmerits showing a photograph of Michelangelo’s Moses followed by a photbgraph of Charlton Heston and smirking: ‘Notice the resemblance?’

Don Shebib is trying to hassle a wealthy Canadian dentist into fi­ nancing a movie explaining the tax exemption possibilities to him, and

Raymundo Gleyzer has returned to the FAS (Anti Imperialist Front for Socialism) swimming like a fish through the moving waters o f the Argentinian working class, the film festival audience has become an en­ counter group, and they’re wel­ coming Antonioni into the St. Kilda Palais which has emblazoned in neon lights the words: IDEO-.

LOGY IS ONE THING BUT SHOW BIZ IS SHOW BIZ . . . playing to­ night.

Meanwhile, I relax and decide, to go and see a movie.

Still slouching onwards toward Hollywood, waiting for 'something to be born . . .

A chase through Sydney streets and Film festivals don’t really make it without some scandal. This year it was the Antonioni/China Affair (in that order). Bourgeois humanism raised its pious head at interval and rumbles of “I don’t believe in cen­ sorship, of course . . . ” and “this festival only makes artistic choices.

It is completely non political or un­ political” and even murmurs of “ film for film’s sake”. Some iso­ lated psychopathic leftist sectarians had threatened bashing the projec­ tionist if the film was shown. It will be, instead, on channel 2. History will now judge this footage instead of the Festival Judges’ Committee.

And read the whole exciting melo-' drama, also on this page.

The whole business is a ludicrous and counterproductive overreaction; the Chinese and the maoists are so vehemently against the film that when the ABC shows it on July 1 (in its entirety, according to Rado, except for a sequence showing child­ birth under acupuncture), thousands more people will have been alerted to watch it than would ever have seen it in the elitist set up of the film festival.

A few bits of background infor­ mation to the China-ABC friction have surfaced: one involves the pre­ sence in Peking of Paul Raffaele, ABC correspondent, who is not popular there for two reasons.

Firstly, he is married to a Chinese woman whose parents supported the Kuomintang, and who under­ went three years’ rectification; se­ condly, he once visited China as a member of an Australia-China dele­ gation, and is said to, have abused the Society’s privilege by taking film out of the country undeveloped and'uncensored — he took but film and sold it for several thousand dollars to an American photo agency. Raffaele’s appointment as ABC correspondent was at first re­ sisted by the Chinese, then accepted.

But he is virtually confined to the Peking area, and does not have the, services of an interpreter, treatment which the other two Australian press people do not have to contned with.

A simple interpretation one maoist put forward to explain the sur­ prising vehemence of Chinese ob­ jections to the film is that the fac­ tion which invited Antonioni to China two years ago, accepting his credentials as a member of the re­ visionist Italian Communist Party, has since been ousted, and is' being discredited in this roundabout way.

Well, it’s a theory . . .

See for yourself on July % That’s if the telephone censorship clique doesn’t get stuck into ABC personnel between now and then.

. . .

Feminist i ^ e squad get their man . The Feminist Action Front made its first public appearance on Sydney streets bn Wednesday June 5, when three of its members attacked a man who had raped a woman of their acquaintance. The man let rooms in his house in Newtown and on the previous Thursday, while the young woman was home sick, he let himself into her room with his key, flashed ten dollars at her and when she would not agree to fuck him, forced himself on her. He threatened to go and get a gun which she knew he kept in another part of the house and so she let him get it over with as quickly as possible. She did not want to go to the police as she knew they would not take her story seriously — because she makes no secret of the fact that she fucks around — and that she would have to endure several humiliating interviews and examinations before she would ever be permitted to press charges. Her boyfriend (with whom she lives) wanted to take some action against the man but she preferred to ask some women friends to deal with it. She approached some women she knew who had been discussing setting up a rape vigilante group and they agreed to take-revenge for this rape.

On the day after the rape a member of the group followed the man to work to see which route he took. A meeting that night made detailed plans. At 6.35 am on Wed­ nesday morning three FAF mem­ bers, together with the rape victim, approached the man in the street as he walked towards Red fern rail­ way station. As soon as he saw the group the man knew what was coming and he ran. An FAF fighter chased and caught him, denounced him as a rapist, and started to beat him around the shoulders with a stick; he retaliated by hitting her across the arms with his umbrella.

He then ran again. As he pkssed-

a street newspaper ■seller the FAF women yelled out that he was a rapist: “ Get the dirty dog away from me,” responded the paper seller. The man rounded a corner and jumped onto a bus that had just pulled up; he was followed *onto it by a FAF woman who told the people on the bus that he was a rapist. The bus driver refused to move the bus and tried to hail a cab to call for the police; women moved from the front to the back of the bus hissing at the man, while the rapist himself urged the driver to call the police. He knew he’d get more sympathy from them than from the women, who thought that he had not been sufficiently punished for his act. The FAF members said they didn’t want the police involved but when the bus driver insisted on having the man arrested the wo­ men disappeared.

In statements made since, FAF has promised to terrorise men “ as men have terrorised women for cen­ turies”, and to avenge every rape they are informed of. They are a secret action group who must main­ tain strict security. They plan more violent actions against men who have committed brutal rapes and the group realises that it could face" assault and other charges.

FAF is preparing a manifesto on rape and plans- to inform women all over Sydney that they need no longer endure the brutality and hu­ miliation o f rape, that once women begin to act against rapists, men might be a little more reluctant to force themselves on women. Al­ ready the inner city has been co­ vered with spray painted sighs reading, “The Feminist Action Front warns all men: Rape will be re­ venged”^ The reaction of women to this first action has been one of delight and relief-, that at last women are beginning to take a posi­ tive strong stand against the sexual abuse of women.

Linkup Community, 59 St John Street, Prahran. 51-9129.

Linkup people give help by telephone, and have the best alternative-information'f iles in Melbourne. However. . . people are needed to help Linkup keep going/expand/ change.

Page 10

THE DIGGER

I reckon I'm liberated"

Linda Lewis: a rising star

by Alistair Jones Linda Lewis is a British singer who sings her own songs, mostly.

She is 23, has a soulful childlike voice and has released her third al­ bum, Fathoms Deep, (hot avail­ able in Australia yet). She is currently touring Australia with Cat Stevens. “ Steve” (Stevens) comes on at the beginning of the* show, sings a couple of songs, then Linda appears and does a duet with him. Linda carries on in her own right for the next half hour.

“When you have a half hour it’s a bit forced sometimes,” she said. “ You can only give them the hard stuff. Mostly people are sitting there thinking When’s Cat coming back on?”

Stevens is staying out o f Eng­ land for twelve months to show that he’s not a British citizen and not liable to pay the enormous taxation the British Chancellor of the Exchequer desires. “When we started they gave us a gig list, but by now I just turn up where we go. After here we’re going back to the States* and after that I don’t knbw.”

Linda’s manager Tony Wigham works ofit those details and her boyfriend Jim Cregan plays lead guitar. Wigham, a skinny English roadie with a tooth missing and . clothes from some considerable denim affair, calls Linda “The Governor.”

Linda wants to be rich and famous. She wrote a hit record.

“You get real determined,” she says. “I’ve had two albums, Say No More and Lark, and they got nowhere. I was pretty pissed off about it. You get so that you don’t care that no-one is buying them, you just wish people would listen to them; “I was watching Top o f the Pops on television and they were playing all these dreadful records.

could arrange their own grand piano in their room. Record players maybe . . . but what do you do with someone like Sinatra?

Lay a couple of Tower of Power albums on him and say Away you go?” # Beside me writer Colin Talbot was muttering, with considerable thought, “ I think she’s gonna be famous. Her albums have got class. Famous people like her, like Stevie Wonder. Hmmm . . . it might take her another album . . .” and our photographer had turned the conversation on to feminist lines. “ I reckon I’m, liberated,” said Linda. “Like I’m not a heavy lady who goes around beat­ ing up men,t but I reckon I’m liberated.

I thought, There must be a way: Now, most of Top of the Pops’ audience is under 16. So I asked my little sister — she’s 13 — for advice. .1 wrote the song from the point of view of a 13-year-old old.” The song was Rock a Dood­ le Do , a pleasant pop record slightly better than most because Linda has an extraordinary range and a winging lightness to her voice. It made the British Top Twenty. and established Linda to a wider audience than the .

VIPs of the British music industry.

“After I’d written Rock a Doodle Do I didn’t want to have anything to do with it. But we released it and it was a hit. You know, someone has released a cover version of it and put it out on a budget album. I was in a supermarket and I heard it.

They’ve just reproduced it! The little drum bit and all. And I hear this muzak! , Weird. “ Sometimes I hear something on the radio and it sorta sounds familiar and then I realise it’s me.

I was listening to the radio one night and they had Stevie Wonder in the studjo. And he said, ‘The person I’d most like to meet is.

Linda Lewis.’ He’s saying that! I almost fell on the floor. I finally got it together to call him at his hotel and he started singing ‘I’m in Love Again’ to me, one of my songs. I eventually went, and saw him. He carries a little tape re­ corder with him wherever he goes, and takes down ideas as they come to him. He played it to me. Wow! By this time our lunch with Lihda (courtesy WEA) was getting rather drunken. At* one end of , the table the record company branch reps had just finished be­ moaning the radio stations’ lack o f solid co-operation, and were moving on to keeping visiting cel­ ebrities happy. “ . . .1 said they

“ I don’t play much guitar now that I’m surrounded by good mus­ icians. Jim (Cregan) plays with n^e now. It’s strange to play with your old man. ,It’s hard to be lovers and work together because I’m the one who works out what we’re going to play. We’ve been together for four years now. We : used to fight once,* like smashing up doors ànd stamping around. I packed up once and said Right!

I’m leaving. But there was 12 inches of snow outside and it was so beautiful I stayed. I’d like to do an album with Jim. He’s got a whole lot of ideas that he can’t get out because he doesn’t have a recording contract. “ I never get close to women musicians. I always seem to get on with men musicians. I don’t

Pònch Hawkes

osedly true experience this popular This has made it even more nec- ■ version was based, was a male. Ob­ essary for conservative patriarchal viously there was a very important anti-sexual forces to increase their ef­ reason for the change of sex of the forts, to use all kinds of coercion — possessed. especially mass psychologicahcoercBy Steven King ing “ Fuck me Jesus, fuck me!” — an ion which tends to be the most eff­ In patriarchal society there has You might not have seen The event which produced an atmosphere been an out and out attempt to ective, subtle and unnoticable ¡8 to Exorcist, but a lot of people haver % of mass hysteria, shock, repulsion * squash female sexuality while the att­ reverse or at least halt this trend.

Time February 11,1974, said that ^nd sexual excitement all at the same itude towards male sexuality has been The orgasm anxiety on which The by that date it had “rung up more time.

Exorcist plays, is the thing which comparatively liberal — an anomaly than $10 million at box office cash Sexuality is portrayed only as a takes advantage of people’s repressed made popular in the double standard. registers in 20 cities” and that Warn­ distorted, repulsive, perverted secon­ orgiastic hangups to attract an audi­ Of course male sexuality has also er Brothers executives had predicted dary drive. There is a complete abs­ ence, and then takes advantage of been repressed, but the attitude to­ that it would easily top the all-time ence o f happy, fulfilling, sex-love re­ the audience’s learned orgasm-anxiety ward male sexuality, especially in money maker, The Godfather, which lationships; and there is an interesting certain homosexual forms, can even *to turn them not only against their grossed more than $155 million., Af­ lationships. And there is an interest­ be said to be; something between neu­ perverted secondary sexual drives but ter waiting in the queue and having ing contradiction of stereotypes. tral tolerance and benevolent approv­ also against their pure creative prim­ to fight for a ticket, I believe them. ary ones.Then when these repressed The mother’s relationship to the al — shown clearly in the film in the The usual storyline given out by drives manage to force their way father is obviously very close to non­ relationships between the priests. the makers and repeated in reviews through a person’s armor they appear existent, and yet at the same time When the priest-psychiatrist-hero is roughly as follows« Regan McNeil in the warped forms of pornographic she is portrayed as the perfect moth­ kisses the hand of his superior it pro­ — a normal, loveable, well-adjusted sexuality, sadism, aggression, greed, er; Shades of the Virgin Mary. duced many a self-indulging, tension12 year old giri, goes to Washington which have to be disowned and proj­ The evidence becomes more incri­ relieving giggle. with her mother who is acting in a ected into an outside force — the minating when we take a look at the Female sexuality on the other , film. There, Regan’s behaviour chan­ sexuality of the possessed. hand has been/is ferociously oppress­ devil. ges alarmingly. An entirely different The institutions of the patriarchal The first thing is that she is just ed by all social, economic and psych­ personality takes over. She gets inten­ reaching puberty, but before she is church, the state and the family all ological weapons available. The basis sive and extensive examination by require orgasm anxiety as a basic nec­ psychiatrists but they admit their in­ cessary condition for their existence. ‘ ability to help and reccommend that They are forced in order to survive, the mother gets the Roman Catholic to encourage fear o f self-regulation church to perform an exorcism. in all areas.

I The mother appeals to a Jesuit The Roman Catholic church is the priest, who is also a psychiatrist, to most obvious perpetrator of this org­ perform an exorcism. He is doubtful asm anxiety, and it has given full app­ but eventually decides that the case roval to The Exorcist. There are ev­ fulfills the neccessary conditions for en three “real Catholic priests” cast M ÊM í¿4 exorcism. He presents the case to his in supporting roles — Father Thomas superiors who agree with him, and J. Bermingham, Father William brings in an experienced exorcist, •V. :ïÇ ;•'i'v •/:’ *.i ':v* • O’Mally and Father John Nicola, fa ­ Then the battle between the Devil, ther Nicola is also the film’s consult­ m ' ■ ¡I who possesses the girl, and God, rep­ ant and advisor on matters of demon­ resented by his clergy, begins., And ic-possession. As well he is Director after many an arduous ordeal the *#1 ; of the National Shrine in Washington girl’s soul is eventually reclaimed.

DC, and the official investigator for Well, that’s the story as given. the Roman Catholic church on However, to get to the heart o f the ■‘manifestations of the devil” among m ■ matter — what the film is really humans. about, and how, in my opinion, it * Within the American Roman Cath­ g§ has an adverse affect on nearly every­ m m olic church there is of course division one who sees it, it is neccessary to over the worth of the film. It is criti­ ask an unaskable question: What is cised for being simplistic, primitive, possessed she appears to exhibit no and a neccessary condition’ for the the devil? not giving rise to thought, hysteriasexuality whatever — except of formation of patriarchal society is Sex, in various forms, plays a cru­ course when, with an unmistakable that a woman has been/is the sexual, producing, and for over-emphasising cial role in the film. The priest and glint in her eyes, she asks her moth­ economic and psychological property the power of the devil. But it still his compulsive athletics, and the kiss­ seems that the super-reactionaries er whether she loves jand intends to of her husband; his to do with what ing o f his superior’s hand, are port­ are winning over the mild conserva­ marry her friend the film director. he wants. In order for this to occur rayed as the “ right” channelling of tives, simply by helping get the After she is possessed her (distort­ she must be armoured against the \ sex; but the film is also full of swear­ fim shown. ed) sexuality is the defining feature outbreak of hersexuality by a proc­ ing — fucks, cunts, and arses — which ?Qne of the film’s most articu­ o f her personality. With that in mind ess carried out by her parents, school, made the audience laugh nervously. it isn’t hard to see what she was, poss­ church, state, etc. late critics is Dominican, Father Rich­ Sex is being used to attract the au­ essed by and exactly what the devil However,, changes in ideas over the ard Woods, a ^oung expert on occult­ dience and then repel them. is: her repressed sexuality. ism at Chicago’s Loyola University, last century ahd the recent activism This can be most clearly seen in Another important characteristic /who recently published a book called of feminist and other civil rights the scene where Regan is stabbing o f the possessed is that in thq film The Devil (Thomas More Press). movements is leading to thé slow, herself; masturbating and mutilating the possessed4s female. The original Woods discovered 23 cases of people grudging acceptance of sexuality in her genitals with a crucifix while yell“ possessed” person, on whose supp- ’ females. who thought they were possessed by

The devil unmasked

ts§

June 18 — July 4, 1974 know why. I went to a convent.

I’d like to try playing with other women.

“I remember the time I tried to drink Bonnie Raitt under the tkble. I’ve only seen her three or four times, and the last time she .had a bottle of Jack Daniels in ' one hand and a joint in the other.

She told me she was a good drink­ er but I thought I could put a few away; I failed miserably and woke up the next morning on my hotel floor, fully dressed and crying ‘I want to go home.”

Bonnie is a bit of a gipsy really.

She just gigs around with her bass­ ist Freepo - doesn’t bother to check into hotels or anything; she just crashes wherever she finds her­ self. She’s got a rich father, like a really rich father, so she has no worries about being rich and fam­ ous. She just doesn’t give a shit.

She’s a good guitarist.”

“There’s a lot of difference between playing for Linda and playing in my last band, Family,” said Jim Cregan. “ Family was a group thing whereas with Linda it’s a back-up job.”

“Aha!” cried Linda, “so it’s own-up time.”

“You’ve got a cheek,” protested Jim. “Oh, I give you your free- , dom,” laughed Linda, the woman out front.

“It was hard to cope with at first,” cóntinued Jim. “I used to get irritable and take it out on peo­ ple after the shows. But I’ve become more involved in Linda’s music now.

Like I’m her record producer too.

I’ve worked on all the songs from the moment she first started singing them around the flat. I guess it was easier when I was playing in Family and could only play with Linda on my days off. The first tour was drea­ dful. We fought all the time.

“It’s a bit of a team now. We do it together and Linda does the lead appearance. The hardest thing to get used to is the stage thing. It’s hard to steo back from the front row. It’s hard for your ego.”

Digger: How do you take it Jim, when Linda is recognised in public and you’re not?

Jim: Oh, I dig all that.

Linda: One time someone came up and recognised you.

Jim: Thanks a lot.

Linda: It was me.

Jim: It was planted by you.

Linda: I think I’d be lost musically without Jim. Linda is the brightest, most varied part of the Cat Stevens tour. In a mist of swirling white fringes she sails and belts through a half hour of her own songs plus Lennon-McCartney’s “She’s a Woman” . There iare . , flashes of reggae in her music, but it’s based in soul with simple images of personal experience.

She’s a rising star. the devil after reading The Exorcist; he now fears another wave of hyster­ ia from moviegoers. “The movie is go­ ing to cause so many problems I wish they had never made it,” he said.

Beyond that argues Woods, the film never really grapples with the problera of evil. “The devil’s true work is temptation. He leads us into sin. Evil as we know it is basically,

I've mapped that quiet space walked its borders traced the paths both ways then forgotten, like mist that dissolves gradually leaving a face stripped bare.

And I ¡ponder how foolish Fve been to take a chance like that.

Sometimes when we lie very close I can see parts o f you, but lately fust a shadow crouched against the wall.

The choice is removed I can only be there separately.

So with all that in mind I take it easy, feel the air chill on my shoulders lean back to read a note dashed off with a plane to catch.

Read it again because I don't know this man, so articulate yet too stoned to put the words together right.

Trying to write an apology that won't hurt.

So I map the space again, knowing I'll forget but needing to remember.

Wondering how many women left with a poem still in the typewriter.

How many diaries buried with women who never once said no ■ i but blamed themselves and suffered silently.

V

,

;;

And I want'to say that this time it's my turn to remain intact.

And this time, whatever we build together, if we do, will be oh my terms too.

— Margot Nash.

itional Catholic theory of exorcism is based are only neuroses, but of course he doesn’t say how they were created. He is forced by his aca-1 demic training to give up his belief in possession^ but by this renaming he can still keep his belief in the. personal devil ahd not get too close to his orgasm anxiety.

Throughout the Time article is

l $ ilirie

fundamentally sin. That is almost entirely- missing from the movie. The devil in the movie was an easy devil to deal with”, he said..

Both Woods and the Rev. Juan Cortes* a Jesuit psychology teacher at Georgetown, point out that in traditional Cathojic teaching on posession, the evil spirit was considered to be a lesser demon, not the devil himself. Cortes doubts the existence of such lesser demons, seeing them merely as mental and psychological disturbances. Though Cortes be­ lieves in a personal devil who incites evil,, he does not believe in possess­ ion. Thus, he says, the movie results in a “victory for the devil, because people will believe he can actually possess them.”

However, WoodS\then goes on to say, rather evasively, that the devil (sexuality) can’t be easily removed; that it’ll take more than it did in the picture. It seems that he too thinks sexuality can never be removed from people.

Cortes on the other hand admits that the demons on which the trad-

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the fear that people will lose their fear of the devil (sexuality, aggress­ ion), or on the other hand become possessed by it. And if it is true that Woods has been the most arti­ culate Catholic critic of the film, what hope . , ?

And it seems obvious that the Roman Catholic church has taken such an extraordinary and rather dangerous step o f involving itself in The Exorcist, as an attempt to fight against the tide of the sexual revolution, distorted and exploited as it is.

This movement towards self.regulation and away from moralistic authoritarianism has prompted the exodus of lay people and clergy from the Catholic church, and the break­ away of part of the Dutch Catholic church, which was liberal and life­ positive enough to insist on the right o f its priests to marry.

While there’s no doubt that the producers and backers are in it for the money, even Friedkin was attrac­ ted to the story in the first place by his orgastic longing accompanied r

by his orgasm anxiety. Movie News (1974,-VoL 10, No. 3), says, ‘^Friedkin read The Exorcist one night ‘The book really took hold of me. I became physically ill. I was-amazed at the power this thing had, and I just had to direct it,” he said.

Clearly he saw that anything dealing with ¡people’s deep fears and longings in the sensational way The Exorcist does would have to be popular, and so. did whoever put up tiie money. And here I think is where the warfare between the dif­ ferent sex-political forces is probably going to be decided — on the mar­ ket. Capitalism has shown that it will take any side in any argument if it can benefit from it. They make anti-sexual movies for money the same way they’ll make pro-sexual movies for money. They’ll make anything for money.

This being so, we can e'xpect an increasing number o f distorted, per­ verted, pomographically sexual films, a sexuality that sells itself and other commodities but never really satisfies. The businessman’s dream.

Meanwhile the news carries little items about people freaked by seeing the film, like the unhappy story of a Townsville woman who attacked with a mop handle three girls watch­ ing TV in a hostel, and said later she had been feeling distressed and dis­ turbed since seeing The Exorcist two days before.

To help more people make this kind of sensational connection, dis­ tributors o f the film are pulling a few publicity stunts. One Melbourne cinema paid an actor to sit halfway through the film then leap up and career, gagging and crying ‘I can’jfc stand any more!’ out the door.

They are also rumored to be responsible for the pasting up of small signs in inner city suburbs saying BAN THE EXORCIST. POSTSCRIPT Young Linda Blair’s conversion is complete. She’s the 15 year old actor who played the giri possessed by the devil in the S\m The Exor­ cist. During the film, She’s freed from the devil’s control by rituals. performed by two Catholic priests.

Last week Linda winged from Salt Lake City — where she’s making another film — to New York to take confirmation as a member of the Catholic church.

T

June 18 — July 4, 1974

THE DIGGER

Page 11

M U SIC W A N TE D

PRABHIPADA

Several prisoners in B division, Pentridge, have decided to form a “Music Group”, but unfortunately due to their situation, they are unable to afford to buy instruments and equipment.

They are asking some people, to donate any old music articles that are be­ yo n d repair or unfit fo r sale.

They are hoping to eventually make workable some instruments from any old equipment that may be given.. I f you can help in any small way please do.

•

AT W HO SE FEET ALL MASTERS SIT

The only way they can show their appreciation is by making something for you in the woodwork hobbies shop. i f you can help, would you contact Mr. Barry O ’Brian at PO Box 114, East Brunswick. Vic.

R A TN A YA TR A p y à DE SflT. JUNE

29

THUR.27JUNE MELB.T0WN HALL7-30pm His Divine G race AC. Bhaktivedanta Swam i Prabhupada Founder-Acarya o f The Hare Krishna Movement w ill be speaking on SAT JUNE 29 Exhibition Building 4 0 0 pm.

SUN. JUNE 3 0 O rm ond Hall M oubray St. Prahran 5 0 0 pm. (includes a free vegetarian feast) MON. JULY 1 O rm ond College Parkville 7 0 0 pm. 1

Wherein the editor is in touch with Tooheys & Top 40.

Friday, June 21:

Wednesday, June 26:

Whitehorse Hotel: Stevie Wright Band, Frog.

Sundowner: Red House RbIPBand, Sha dow Facts.

Sandown Park: La De Das, Tank.

St. Kilda Town Hall: Big Push.

Torquay Hotel: Dastas Thol, Cloud 9.

Whitehorse Hotel: Masons Cure.

Sundowner: Stevie Wright Band, Shadow Facts.

Croxton Park: Red House Roll Band.

Saturday, June 22: Whitehorse Hotel: Henchmen.

Sundowner: Cloud 9.

Croxton Park: Big Push.

Southside Six: Stevie Wright Band.

Torquay: Ffog, Hot City Bump Band.

Blaises: Sid Rumpo, La De Das, Stevie Wright Band.

Frankston: Fat Alroy, Tank.

Chelsea Civic Centre: Buster Brown.

Matthew Flinders: Sid Rumpo.

Ormond Hall: Sid Rumpo.

Beverley Crest Hotel: Skyhooks, Chain.

San Remo Hotel: Skyhooks

Sunday, June 23: Ormond Hall: Buster Brown, Chain.

Matthew Flinders: Bobby James Syndi­ cate. . Croxton Park: Fantasy, Hi, Iceland: Stevie Wright Band.

Monday, June 24: Croxton Park: Henchmen.

Tuesday, June 25: Croxton Park: Stevie Wriaht Band.

Thursday, June 27: Whitehorse Hotel: Red House Roll Band.

Matthew Flinders: Stevie Wright Band.

Sundowner: Strangers.

Waltzing Matilda: Band o f Light, Tank.

Matilda's: Big Push St. Alban's Hotel: Madder Lake.

Martini's: Dingoes Summerhill Hotel: Bluestone.

Friday, June 28: Ormond Hall: Ayers Rock.

Martini's: Buster Brown.

Station Hotel: Rock Granite, Profiles.

Whitehorse Hotel: Chain.

Sundowner: Colored Balls.

Sandown Park: Band of Light, Shadow Facts.

Matilda's: Big Push.

Torquay: Bootleg Family, Dastas Thol.

Saturday, June 29: Whitehorse Hotel: Henchmen.

Sundowner: Red House Roll Band.

Croxton Park: Big Push.

Sputhside Six: Chain.

Brighton Town Hall: Cloud 9, Chain.

Frankston: Lazek, Chain.

Torquay: Frog.

Chelsea City Hall: Madder Lake.

Ormond Hall: Dingoes.

Southside Six: Chain.

Station Hotel: Ayers Rock.

Sunday, June 30: Croxton Park: Fantasy.

Iceland: Band o f Light.

Monday, July 1: Croxton Park: Henchmen,

Tuesday, July 2:, Croxton Park: Aztecs.

Wednesday, July 4: Whitehorse Hotel: Colored Balls.

Sundowner: Hot City Bump Band, Sha­ dow Facts. * Croxton Park: Red House Roll Band.

Southside Six: Aztecs.

Thursday, July 4: Matthew Flinders: Dingoes.

Martini's: Glenrowan.

St. Alban's Hotel: Skyhooks.

Friday, July 5: Sandown Park: Madder Lake.

De Marcos': Glenrowan.

FUSSING CITY SQUARE AT 2 00PM ★

C O M M E N C IN G A T 1.30 PM, C A R L T O N G A R D E N , E X H IB IT IO N B U IL D IN G S .

Saturday, July 6:

★

F IN IS H IN G 4.00 PM, E X H IB IT IO N B U IL D IN G S ,

Box Hill Town Hall: Madder Lake.

Beaumaris Civic Centre: Ayers Rock.

Matthew Flinders: Sid Rumpo.

DeMarcos': Glenrowan.

Matthew Flinders: Rock Granite.

★

V E G E T A R IA N F E A S T IN G FOR TH O U SA N D S. F IL M S , BOOTHS A N D PUPPE

★

SPEC,AL G U EST FR O M IN D IA _ HIS D IV IN E GR A C E A. C. B H A K T IV E D A N ¡SWAMI

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,

T H E S P IR IT U A L L E A D E R O F T H E H A R E K R IS H N A PEOPLE.

DOCTOR DUNCAN

T O R Q U A Y PUB RE-OPENS

KKVOLUTIOX

F R ID A Y , JUNE 21

BOOKSHOP

(See PUBS AND DISCOS)

FEMINIST & GAY LIBERATION RESOURCES

HOORAY! A COOPERATIVE NON-PROFIT BOOKSERVICE Non-sexist & quality homosexual literature.

SEND FOR FREE CATALOGUE NOW! KEEP INFORMED! SUBSCRIBE TO OUR MONTHLY BOOKNEWS - $1-50 per y e ar' BOX 1H P.Q EASTWOOD STH. AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA 5063 Telephone Adelaide (08)267-3159

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ASTROLOGY F O R U M ON C O M M U N IT Y R A D IO M E E T IN G ON JUNE 30 AT PRAM F A C T O R Y 325 D R U M M O N D S TR E E T CARLTON T IM E : 2.30 PM

A discussion on FM community radio in preparation for the 'Department of Media's conference in July.

Speakers include D. Griffiths and M. Counihan.

Have your personal horoscope draWi up by an experienced astrologer. Your chart will be supplied with a serious, exhaustive character analysis. For mail service, enclose $12.40 together with details of your date, time, and place of birth, to: RAYMOND MOORE 52 CROMWELL ROAD SOUTH YARRA 3141, or call personally. Compatability charts, etc.* also erected.

L 35109

ÜM UHI

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