Collective build-up_2020 by Lisa Eisen

Collective build-up

women driven socio-spatial change Marianna Jarina Lisa Eisen Ava Dehghani January 2020 Build Up or Build Out Re-Imagining Habitats in a Hyper Transforming Context Case of the Megapolis - Karachi - Pakistan Tutor - Asiya Sadiq

changing Karachi by empowering its women trough community involvement, micro economics, and spatial solutions

Content Reflection

Chapter One- Research

Ethnicity [Neighborhood, Religion, Language, Food] 14 Pakistani Calender [Events and Festivals] 16 Income Groups [Families, Property, Location] 18 Women [Traditional housing, Social change, Informal work] 20 History of Women’s empowerment 22 Family Setup 24 Informal settlements [Reasons, Density, Types] 26 Case Study Social Housing [Mass vs Incremental] 28 Architecture of empowerment [Reaching the poorest] 30 Creation of communities 32 Kampung Kali Cho-de | Indonesia 32 Favelas rehabilitation progress, Comunidades programe |Fortaleza, Brazil 33 Upgrading Slums 34 East Wahdat Upgrading Program | Amman, Jordan 34 The Kampung Improvement Program | Jakarta, Indonesia 35 Micro Finance 36 Mahila Milan Foundation | Mumbai, India 36 Grameen Bank Housing Program | Jobra, Bangladesh 37 Vernacular Architecture Karachi University 38 Housing Typology 39 Vernacular Vocabulary [Climate Response] 40 Empty Spaces 42

Chapter Two- Pilot Site

The Site 48

Chapter Three- Six Women

Six Women Profile 60 Six Women Habitats 68 Nargis 70 Haseena 72 Rehana 74 Nazneen 76 Salma 78 Sadia 80 Women’s spatial problems 82 Female Empowerment 85

Chapter Four- Design

Project Time-line 88 Concept 90 Micro-economics and Community 92 Community Street 94 Short-term Plug-ins 96 Collective Spaces 100 Master Plan 102 Detailed Plan 104 Densification [Family Growth] 116 Densification [Built-up] 118 Climatic Improvements 120 Spatial Improvements 121 Collective Spaces [Plan] 124 Collective Spaces [Section] 130 Unit 01 134 Unit 01 [Plan] 136 Unit 01 [Section] 142

Reflection General definition - The case of Karachi Hyper-transforming cities undergo immense changes with such a fast pace that the usual response of the urban structures is insufficient and so, specific problems and responses occur. The city of Karachi is categorized as a hyper-transforming city because in less than a century there was a tremendous population growth as well as the urban sprawl. In the late 1940s, the small fishing town of Karachi with about 500,000 citizens faced multiple immigration flows. Due to geo-political reasons like wars or economic crisis people from various neighbouring countries like, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Burma migrated to Karachi. In addition, different ethnicities and cultures chose to settle in Karachi because of the job opportunities and developing economy as a result of rural urban migration within the country. Within 70 years, these newcomers formed a 25 million city with diversified and fragmented communities. With the lack of enough housing, a huge amount of informal and incremental housing units have grown throughout the city of Karachi. However, the existing urban infrastructure has not been designed for this number of people. Consequently, the problems of sewage, waste disposal, clean water supply, proper public transportation, air pollution, street danger and unregulated construction with low spatial qualities arose. Global problems added on to these, mainly with regards to climate, social division and economy. In the last decades, these problems resulted in an unpleasant living environment for Karachiites, especially low-income population. As suspected, municipality and government do not seem adequate or willing in providing sufficient and reliable solutions. In the absence of government action, people start to change their surroundings themselves. It is evident from the observation of Karachi’s informal sector that the people do not lack initiative nor resourcefulness to face their problems. What is lacking is expert advice, skills and long-term vision. Densification happens incrementally, but often at the cost of spatial quality. In this line of thought, bottom-up NGOs are a good way to implement change. While analyzing the everyday life of Karachi people, we found out that women of Karachi play a crucial role in society, not only in the family structure but also in the economic composition. It is their willingness to have multiple jobs as well as the wide mutual support network that makes them powerful agents of change.

6 | Introduction

However, women (mainly in the informal sector) experience difficulties in their everyday life that can be slightly improved by better design and construction solutions in both their public and private spaces. Out of this reflection, two major questions arose: “How can Karachi densify smarter?” and “How can we involve women of the city in creating the change?” Female Empowerment through Women Driven Spatial Interventions In response to the second question, we aim to strengthen the resilience and engagement of the low-income Karachiites, especially women. Simply put, our project is based on female empowerment, community involvement and micro-financing. We aim to improve the daily life of the women, their families, the street and finally the whole city. In the beginning, the concept and basic idea are introduced by an NGO, which also provides initial skills training. Through the process, women from the community gradually take over the role of project leaders and start teaching skills to neighbouring communities. In result, our project becomes a pilot-project that grows over time and spreads to different areas of the city, creating a network of change lead by women. To answer the question of “smart densification”, we propose combining the micro-financing model with spatial solutions for the street and housing. The community shares funding, decides and executes changes to public space and coordinates changes to private property. However, on an everyday level, the community also flexibly shares parts of their private space and so, creates collective space. This central notion of collective space builds on the practices of close-knit informal communities and provides more usable space in dense areas while preserving treasured property lines. In addition to creating spaces for gatherings, this new spatial practice improves the safety of children (and women) on the street. Many of the collective spaces - such as courtyards and jalis - also serve a climatic and social purpose like privacy. Based on our in-depth analysis of the daily life of six example women, we further developed the project’s main idea of sociospatial change. We chose a street in the low-income area of “Al Fatah colony” which is located in north-western Karachi and imagined six groups of six women transforming a street, forming one community along with their families.

Reflection | 7

Reflection As a first step, a group of women living in one unit gather weekly to collect their daily savings and discuss personal as well as family issues. The whole community gathers on a monthly basis to discuss the improvements for their community, manages the micro-savings-fund, and develops a social connection through small projects and the time spent together. In the first phase of the project, the savings of the fund are used to implement small changes within the neighbourhood. By closing off the back street from traffic, the street becomes accessible for women and kids and becomes available for community use. Paving makes life easier. As trust is gained, families start opening their private spaces to collective use. Abandoned plots are cleaned from garbage and used for storage of building material as well as neighbourhood-scale festivities. The second phase deals with housing transformation. With the natural growth of the families through marriages, kids or expanding businesses, the inhabitants need additional space. Using loans from the micro-fund and the skills acquired from the project, the families can build up their houses and implement architectural changes to improve the ventilation and lighting. At the same time, the units get connected through shared bridges and courtyards and new collective spaces are created. The necessary privacy and possibility to build up is retained. Eventually, the connection on a spatial level alongside the community involvement will increase the social bond and create additional space for the habitants through the concept of collectivity. Impact on the women, families and the city As the project grows and skills are acquired through teaching and practice, positive changes happen to the involved women. Housing improvements impact their daily life, allowing for more comfort in chores, work done from home and other activities. Collective childcare on the street gives them more time to meet, form social bonds or devote time to preferred activities. Safe play areas for children coupled with tutoring possibilities in the community help them in the long run. Collective spaces provide opportunity to work together with other women on the street, which takes away the necessity to waste time on commute. Sharing experiences with new communities empowers them and gives them possibility to feel accomplishment. Additionally, some women might use their newly acquired skills for profit and change their job.

8 | Introduction

In the long run, the street serves as a living lab - a testing ground for strategies for change and an example for other communities to close off their back street, form collective spaces and develop micro-financing groups. People from around Karachi can come and experience the different feel of the transformed street. By tackling the question of density from the bottom up - from street to the city, multiple other concerns can be addressed, since local people understand the complexity of their problems best. Issues such as safety for children and elderly on the street, workspace conditions for house-businesses, ventilation in housing, adequate space for women gathering can all be achieved with our project. Having given consideration to the financial aspect ensures longevity of the project. The longevity of the projects is ensured by the consideration of the financial aspect as well as the concept of interweaving the aspect of community with the spatial configuration of the units and the street.

Reflection | 9

Chapter One Research

12 | Research

Our process of discovering Karachi started with exploring the daily life of Karachiites. We investigated their diverse cultural heritage and religious background, but also the economic and social divides. Focus on culture and daily life allowed us to imagine the spatial practices of the city. All the while, we also tried to understand the multi-faceted nature of Karachi’s problems, focusing more deeply on the informal sector. In this process, we got interested in women, who play a crucial role, not only in the family structure but also in the economic composition. After investigating their dual duty, the large support network and the issues they face, we decided to use women as our guides in our design process. Another strand of our research was focused on spatial and economic solutions to problems of low-income neighbourhood. We analyzed the existing informal settlements and their issues, as well as the vernacular design elements that are often forgotten. Later, we looked at different social housing projects, ranging from mass housing projects in Iran and Slovakia, to incremental housing projects in Chile and India. In our research, we realized the importance of a functioning financial model, which took us to investigate existing projects of micro-financing in the global South. Attention was given to the theory of division of public and private space, which lead us to reflection on “empty spaces”. This research was used to create profiles of 6 women that represent the typical inhabitants of Karachi. We also used the research to make assumptions about the houses they inhabit and the spaces they occupy daily.

Introduction | 13

Ethnicity [Neighborhood, Religion, Language, Food]

Rank Language 1 Rank Urdu 2 1 Punjabi 3 2 Pashto 4 3 Sindhi 5 4 Balochi 6 5 Saraiki 7 6 Others All 7

Rank 1 2 3 4 5

Federally Administered 6 Tribal 7 Areas All

All

Rank Language

Table 1 Table1998 1 census[27]

Table 1 Speakers

1981 census

Table 1

Speakers

Language 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers Table 1 1 Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 1998 census[27] 1981 census Rank Language Speakers1998 census[27] Speakers Speakers1981 census Speakers Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 Language 2 Punjabi 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers 48.52% 4,497,747 48.52% 54.34%4,497,747 2,830,098 54.34% 1 Urdu 2,830,098 Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 3 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 13.94% 1,292,335 13.94% 13.64%1,292,335 710,389 13.64% 2 Punjabi 710,389 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 4 Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 11.42% 1,058,650 11.42% 8.71%1,058,650 453,628 8.71% 3 Pashto 453,628 Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 5 Balochi 4.34% 402,3868.71% 4.39% 228,636 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 453,628 7.22% 669,340 7.22% 6.29% 669,340 327,591 6.29% 4 Sindhi 327,591 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 6 Saraiki 2.12% 195,6816.29% 0.35% 18,228 Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 327,591 4.34% 402,386 4.34% 4.39% 402,386 228,636 4.39% 5 Balochi 228,636 Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 7 Others 12.44% 1,153,1264.39% 12.27% 639,560 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 228,636 2.12% 195,681 2.12% 0.35% 195,681 18,228 0.35% 6 Saraiki 18,228 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 100%2.12% 9,269,265 100%0.35% 5,208,13218,228 Saraiki All 195,681 12.44% 1,153,126 12.44% 12.27%1,153,126 639,560 12.27% 7 Others 639,560 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 All 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Afghanistan Table 1 Language 1998 census Speakers Table 1 Table 1

Rank

Biryani

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 All

Rank Language 1998 census Table Speakers 1 1 Urdu 48.52% Language 1998 census 1981 census census Rank Speakers Language 1998 1 Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 Rank Language 2 1998Punjabi census Speakers 13.94% Urdu 48.52% 1 4,497,747 54.34% Urdu 48.52% 2 Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 1 Urdu 3 48.52% 4,497,747 Pashto 11.42% Punjabi 13.94% 2 1,292,335 13.64% Punjabi 13.94% 3 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 Sindhi 7.22% 2 Punjabi 4 13.94% 1,292,335 Pashto 11.42% 3 1,058,650 8.71% Pashto 11.42% 4 Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 Balochi 4.34% 3 Pashto 5 11.42% 1,058,650 Sindhi 7.22% 6.29% 4 669,340 Sindhi 7.22% 5 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 4 Sindhi 6 7.22% 669,340 Saraiki 2.12% Balochi 4.34% 4.39% 5 402,386 Balochi 4.34% 6 Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 5 Balochi 7 4.34% 402,386 Others 12.44% Saraiki 2.12% 0.35% 6 195,681 Saraiki 2.12% 7 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 100% 9,269,265 6 Saraiki All 2.12% 195,681 Others 12.44% 7 1,153,126 12.27% Others 12.44% All 100% 9,269,265 100% 7 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 100% 9,269,265 All 100% 5,208,132 100% 9,269,265 All 100% 9,269,265 100%

Pashtun People

1981 census 4,497,747 Speakers Speakers 54.34% 1981 census 1,292,335 2,830,098 4,497,747 13.64% 54.34% 1,058,650 710,389 1,292,335 8.71% 669,340 13.64% 453,628 1,058,650 6.29% 402,386 8.71% 327,591 669,340 4.39% 6.29% 195,681 228,636 402,386 0.35% 4.39% 1,153,126 18,228 195,681 12.27% 100% 0.35% 639,560 1,153,126 5,208,132 12.27% 100% 5,208,132

Table 1 Table 1 1998 Speakers 1981 census Speakers Table 1 Table 1 census[27] 1% Rank Language 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers Table 1 1 Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 1% 54.34% Speakers 2,830,098 Rankcensus[27] Language 1998 Speakers 1981 census Language Speakers 1981 census Table 1 Speakers Table 1 census[27] Speakers 1 Urdu 1998 2% 48.52% Speakers 4,497,747 1981 census 54.34% Speakers 2,830,098 Rank Language 2 Punjabi1998 12% census[27] 1% 1% 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 Sindhi48.52% People 54.34% Urdu 1 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 2,830,098 2% 2% Rank Language 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers Language 199812% census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers 2,830,098 2 Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 1% 710,389 48.52% 4,497,747 2,830,098 Speakers 1 Urdu 3 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 2% 54.34% 2% 2% 12% Punjabi 2 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 12% 1 Urdu4% 4,497,747 8.71% 2,830,098 Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 48.52% 2,830,098 710,389 3 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,65054.34% 453,628 2% 54.34% 2% 2 Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 2% Sindhi 412% 7.22% 669,34013.64% 6.29%710,389 327,591 2,830,098 Pashto 3 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 4% Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 Punjabi 2 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 2% 453,628 4 Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 3 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 7% 4% 5 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 8.71% 4.39%453,628 228,636 4% 710,389 Sindhi 4 Pashto 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 11.42% 6.29% 327,591 8.71% 49% 3 1,058,650 453,628 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 7% 327,591 5 Sindhi Balochi 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 4% 4 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 Saraiki 6 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 453,628 49% 7% Balochi 5 Sindhi 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 7.22% 4.39%669,340 228,636 6.29% 7%7.22% 4 327,591 Sindhi 669,340 6.29% 327,591 Saraiki 6 Balochi 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 228,636 5 49% 49% 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 Others 7 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 7% 327,591 11% Saraiki 6 Balochi 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 4.34% 0.35%402,386 18,228 4.39% 49% 5 228,636 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 Others 7 Saraiki 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 18,228 6 11%All 100% 2.12% 9,269,265195,681 100% 0.35% 5,208,132 18,228 228,636 Others 7 Saraiki 1,153,126 639,560 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 639,560 6 2.12% 100%12.27% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 12.44% 0.35% 18,228 12.27% 11% 11% All 7 Others Muslims 100% 9,269,265 5,208,132 639,560 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 14% 18,228 11% All 7 Others 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 Pshto Speaking 96% 639,560 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% Others 12.44% 100% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 All 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 14% 13% of the population 96% 639,560 100% 9,269,265 5,208,132 100% All 9,269,265 14% 100% 5,208,132 100% 14% 96% 96% 14% 96% Rank Language

Table 1

Rank 1981 census

Speakers 1 54.34%Rank 1981 census 2,830,098 2 Speakers 13.64% 1 54.34% 3 710,389 2 2,830,098 8.71% 13.64% 4 453,628 3 6.29% 710,389 8.71% 5 327,591 4 4.39% 453,628 6.29% 6 228,636 5 327,591 0.35% 4.39% 7 18,228 6 228,636 12.27% 0.35%All 639,560 7 5,208,132 18,228 12.27% All 639,560 5,208,132

Balochistan

Pashtuns

1960s-1980s

Urdo Punjabi Pashto Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Urdo Punjabi Pashto Table 1Punjabi Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Urdo Pashto Muslim Urdo Punjabi Pashto 1% Table 1 Sindhi Others RankTable Language 1998 census Table Speakers 1981 census Speakers Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Urdo Punjabi Pashto 1 1 Rank Language 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers 12% 1% Polish, , Table 1 Others Rank Language 1998 census Speakers 1981 census Speakers Table 1 Sindhi Others Saraiki Table 1American 2%Balochi 1 Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% Speakers 2,830,098 2% 12% Rank Language 1998 census[27] 1981 census Speakers 1% 1% RankTable Language 1998 census Speakers 1981 census Speakers Rank Language 1998 census Speakers 1981 census Speakers Table 1 Others Table 1 1 12% British, Iranians, Arabs 1 Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 2% 1 Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 12% 12% Rank Language 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers 2% 2% Rank Language 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 Speakers Rank Language2 12% 1998 census Speakers 1981 census Speakers 1% 4%census 2,830,098 Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 1 Urdu48.52% 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2% 2% 12% 1 4,497,747 Urdu 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 1 Urdu 48.52% 54.34% 2,830,098 2% 13.94% 2 Punjabi 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 Rank Language 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers 2% Rank Language 1998 census Speakers 1981 census Speakers Rank Language 1998 census Speakers 1981 census Speakers 2% 4% 2 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 12% 2% 1 Urdu 13.94% 48.52% 4,497,747 48.52% 54.34% 1 Urdu 4,497,747 2,830,09812% 54.34% 2,830,098 112% Punjabi Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 12% 4% 3 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 2% 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 2% 2% 2 Punjabi 7% 4% 4% 2 12% Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 2 Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 3 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 Table 2% 2% 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 1 Urdu1 Urdu48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 1 Urdu 3 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 4% Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 Punjabi 2 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 49% 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 2% 4 4% 2 Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 Table 2 7% Sindhi 7.22% 2 Punjabi 669,340 6.29% 327,591 Pashto 3 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 7% 4% 4%2 Punjabi 3 1,292,335 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 3 Pashto 11.42% 2 1,058,650 8.71%4 Sindhi 453,628 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 49% 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 4% 4% Punjabi 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389 2 Punjabi 13.94% 13.64% 710,389 Table 2 7% 7% 49% 4 Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 Pashto 3 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 3 Pashto8.71% 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 Table 3 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 453,628 7% 4% 5 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 49% 4 Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 7% 6.29% 49% 327,591 Table 96.45% 2 4 1,058,650 Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 4 Sindhi 7.22% 3 669,340 6.29%49% 327,591 5 Balochi 4.34% 402,3868.71% 4.39% 228,636 3 Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 453,628 11% Pashto 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 3 Pashto 11.42% 8.71% 453,628 7% 49% 7% 5 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 Sindhi 4 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 Sindhi 4 7.22% 669,340 7% 6.29% 327,591 7% 4 Sindhi 6 7.22% 669,340 6.29%49% 4.34% 327,591 96.45% 49% 5 Balochi 402,386 4.39% 228,636 Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 11% 2.42% 49% 7% 2.12% 195,6816.29% 49% 0.35% 18,228 5 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 5 Balochi 4.34% 4 402,386 4.39%6 Saraiki 228,636 4 Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 327,591 96.45% 11% Sindhi 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 4 Sindhi 6 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 96.45% 49% Balochi 5 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 Balochi 5 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 11% 11% 5 Balochi 7 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 2.42% 6 Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 11% 0.86% 96.45% 7 Others 12.44% 1,153,1264.39% 12.27% 639,560 11% 6 Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 6 Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 5 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 228,636 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 5 Balochi 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 2.42% 6 5Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 228,636 0.35% 195,681 2.42% 18,228 14% 2.12% 0.35% 18,228 7 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 11% 11% 6 SaraikiAll 2.12% 195,6816 Saraiki 0.35% 18,228 0.86% 11% 11% 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 100%7 Others 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 14% 0.17% 2.42% All 100%2.12% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 6 Saraiki 195,681 0.35% 18,228 7 1,153,126 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 7 Others 12.44% 12.27% 639,560 14% 11% Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 6 Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 0.35%7 Others 18,228 0.86% 96% 0.86% 7 6Others 12.44% 1,153,126 12.44% 12.27% 639,560 All 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 14% 14% 0.17% *The others include Dari, Gujarati,100% Dawoodi Bohra, Memon, Marwari, Brahui, Makra7 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 All 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 14% 0.10% 0.86% 14% All 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 7 Others 12.44% 1,153,12696% 12.27% 639,560 All 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 ni, Burushaski, Arabic, Farsi9,269,265 and Bengali. 7Khowar, Others 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 7 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 *The others Dari, Gujarati, Dawoodi Bohra, Memon, Marwari, Brahui, Makra0.17% Allinclude 100% 100%9,269,265 5,208,132 All 100% 0.17% 5,208,132 14% 14% AllKhowar, 100% 9,269,265 5,208,132100% 0.10% 14% 14% 96% 96% ni, Burushaski, Arabic, FarsiMemon, and100% Bengali. *The others include Dari, Gujarati, Dawoodi Memon, Marwari, Brahui, Makra*The others include Dari, Gujarati, Dawoodi Bohra, Marwari, Brahui,Bohra, Makra0.17% All 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132 14% AllKhowar, 100% 9,269,265 5,208,132 AllKhowar,100% 9,269,265 5,208,132 0.10% 0.10% Urdo Punjabi Pashto 96% ni, Burushaski, Arabic, FarsiMemon, and100% Bengali. ni, Burushaski, Arabic, Farsi and100% Bengali. *The others include Dari, Gujarati, Dawoodi Bohra, Marwari, Brahui, Makra-

Samosas

Table 1

Baloch People

after independence

Muslims, Hindus, Catholic Sindhi speakers

Africa

Haleem

4% 2% 7%

11%

Muslim Ahmadis Christian Muslim Other Ahmadis Christian Other

Urdo Sindhi Urdo Others Sindhi Others

Urdo Sindhi Punjabi Urdo Others Balochi Sindhi Punjabi Others Balochi

0.10% 0.10%Urdo Sindhi Punjabi Others Balochi Urdo Pashto Punjabi Sindhi Saraiki Balochi Urdo Pashto Others Sindhi Saraiki !1 Others

0.17% Punjabi Balochi Pashto 0.10% Saraiki Punjabi Pashto Balochi Saraiki Punjabi !1 Balochi

!1 Table 2

14 | Research 96.45% 2.42% 96.45% 0.86% 2.42% 0.17%

Table 96.45% 2 2.42% 96.45% 0.86% 2.42% 0.17% 0.86%

Pashto 0.10% Saraiki

Pashto Muslim Saraiki Ahmadis !1 Muslim Pashto Saraiki Ahmadis

!1 !1

Table 2 Table 96.45% 2 2.42% 96.45% 0.86% 2.42% 96.45% 0.17% 0.86% 2.42% 0.10% 0.17%

Table!1 2 Table 2 Table 2

Muslim Ahmadis Christian Muslim Other Ahmadis Christian Other

Muslim Ahmadis Christian

!1 !1

Other Muslim Hindu Christian Ahmadis Other Muslim Hindu Ahmadis

Christian Other Hindu Christian Hindu Other Christian Other

Hindu Hindu Hindu

96%

Muslim Ahmadis Christian Other Muslim Hindu Christian Ahmadis Other Muslim Hindu Ahmadis

49% !1 !1

Siddis People

0.10%

96%

2% of Pakistan 2% of Pakistan 1998 census !1 4% 1998 census Table 12% 2 12% 2% 4% 4% Table 2 Table 2 7% 1998 census of Pakistan 2% 2% Table 2 49% 4% Table 7% 96.45% 2 Table 2 49% 4% 4% Table 2 Table 2 7% 7% 96.45% Table 2 2.42% 49%Table 2 49% 7% 96.45% 96.45% 96.45% 2 11% 49%Table 2.42% 7%0.86% 7% 96.45% 11% 49% 96.45% 2.42% 2.42% 2.42% 49% 96.45% 96.45% 0.86% 96.45% 11% 11% 96.45% 2.42% 0.17% 2.42% 0.86% 14% 0.86% 11% 0.86% 96.45% 2.42% 2.42% 0.17% 96% 2.42% 2.42% 0.86% 11% 11% 0.10% 14% 0.86% 0.17% 0.17% Religion 96% 0.17% 2.42% 0.86% 0.86% 0.10% 14% 14% 0.17% 0.86% 0.86% 96% 96% 0.17% 0.10% 0.10% 14% 0.17% 0.10% 0.86% 0.17% 96% 0.17% 14% 14% 0.10% 0.17% 0.10% 96% 96%

96%

14%

Language

Ahmadis Christian Other 2% 1%

Christian Other Hindu

Christian Other 2%Hindu

Hindu

2% 1% 2%

12%

Sindhi Balochi Saraiki 0.10% Urdo Punjabi Pashto ni, Khowar, Burushaski, Arabic, FarsiDari, and Gujarati, Bengali. *The others include Dawoodi Memon, Marwari, Brahui, Makra*The others include Dari, Gujarati, Dawoodi Bohra, Marwari, Brahui,Bohra, MakraUrdo Memon, Punjabi Pashto Muslim Christian Hindu Table 1 Punjabi Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Urdo Punjabi Pashto Urdo Pashto Muslim ni, Khowar, Burushaski, Arabic, Farsi and Bengali. ni, Khowar, Burushaski, Arabic, Farsi and Bengali. Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other Urdo Punjabi Pashto Muslim Christian Hindu 1% Urdo Punjabi Pashto Table 1 Sindhi Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis 1998 census of Pakistan Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other Urdo Punjabi Pashto Muslim1998 census[27] Christian Urdo Hindu Rank Language Pashto Speakers 1981 census Speakers Urdo Punjabi Muslim Christian Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Urdo Pashto Pashto Muslim 1% 1 Punjabi Table OthersHindu Punjabi Table 1 Others 1998 census of Pakistan Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other 2% Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other Urdo Punjabi Muslim Christian Hindu Rank LanguagePashto 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 Balochi census Speakers 1% Table 1 Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Sindhi Saraiki Ahmadis 1% 1% 12% 1 Urdu 48.52% 1998 census 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 1998 census of Pakistan of Pakistan !1 Others Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other Rank Language 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers 2% Rank Language 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers 1% 1 Table Others Table 1 Others 1% 12%2% 1 Urdu 1998 census of Pakistan 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 !1 Rank Language 2 Punjabi1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census Speakers Others 2% 2% 1% 1% 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 2% 710,389 1% 12% 1% 12% 12% 2% 1 Urdu 1998 census of Pakistan 1998 census of Pakistan Urdu48.52% Speakers 1census[27] 48.52% 4,497,747 4,497,747 2,830,098 Rank Language 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census54.34%710,389 Speakers 2,830,098 2%54.34% Rank Language 1981 census Speakers 4% 2 Punjabi1998 !12 2% 2% 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 2% 12%2% 1% Table 12% Shi’ites 1 Urdu 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098 3 Pashto in 1947, the 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 2% 11.42% to Pakistan's population of the 13.64% 4%2 Prior 2%2% 2,830,098 2 1,292,335 710,389 1,292,335 710,389 13.64% 2% Table 2%independence 12% 12% 2% 2 12% Urdu13.94% 1 Punjabi 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34%453,628 2,830,098 Urdu 1 Punjabi 48.52% 12% 11.42% 4,497,747 13.94% Shi’ites 3 1,058,650 8.71% 4% city to 1947, 50% Muslim,Table 40% Hindu, with the 54.34%669,340 7% 2 4%estimated 4% Prior to Pakistan's Punjabi in 2 Pashto 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% independence the population of the 2% 2% 4beSindhi 7.22% 6.29%710,389 327,591 Table 2 2% Table 2%was 2% 2 12% Shi’ites 49% Pashto 3 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 Pashto 3 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 Shi’ites 4% remaining 10% primarily (both British and with a 13.64% 7% Punjabi 2Christians 13.94% 1,292,335 6.29% 710,389 Punjabi 2 Prior 13.94% 1,292,335 710,389 13.64%327,591 Table Prior to Pakistan's independence 1947, theindependence population of in the 4% city was estimated toPakistan's be 50% Muslim, 40% Hindu, with the native), Table 21947, toin the population of the 4 7.22% 669,340 2 2% Pashto 3 Sindhi 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 49% Shi’ites Balochi 5Following 4.34% 402,386 4.39%453,628 96.45% 228,636 4% 4% small numbers of Jews. the independence Pakistan, 7% 7% 7% 4% city was estimated be 50% Muslim, 40% Hindu, with thenative), remaining 10% primarily Christians (both British and with Table 21947, Prior toto Pakistan's independence in the population of the 4% city was estimated to bePashto 50% Muslim, 40% Hindu, with Table 2a of11.42% 4 7.22%the 669,340 6.29% 327,591 4 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591 2 3 Sindhi 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628 Table 2 Pashto 3 Sindhi 11.42% 1,058,650 453,628 Table 96.45% 49% 49% Pakistan, 49% Balochi 5 4.34% 402,386 8.71% 4.39% 228,636 2.42% 7% estimated much of Karachi's Hindu population left for India while remaining 10% primarily Christians (both British and native), with small numbers of Jews. Following the6Christians independence 7% Sindhi 4 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 96.45% 4%Sindhi city was to be 50% Muslim, 40% Hindu, with the remaining 10% primarily (both British and native), with a Table 2a of Saraiki 2.12% 195,681 96.45% 0.35%327,591 96.45% 18,228 11% 49% Balochi 5 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 Balochi 5 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636 49% 7% 7% Muslim refugees from India inPakistan, turn settled in the city. city consmall numbers of Jews. Following the independence of Sindhi 4Following 7.22% 327,591 7% much of Karachi's Sindhi Hindu population left for India while Sindhi 4 small 7.22% 669,340 327,591 6.29% 2.42% remaining 10% primarily Christians (both British and native), with a The numbers of Jews. the independence of Pakistan, 7% 96.45% Saraiki 6 2.12% 195,681 6.29%669,340 4.39% 0.35% 18,228 0.86% 96.45% 11% 49% 49% Balochi 5 4.34% 402,386 2.42% Sunnis2.42% 7 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 2.42% 12.27%228,636 639,560 49% 49% tinued toIndia attract migrants from throughout Pakistan, who were much of Karachi's Sindhi Hindu population left for India while Muslim refugees from in turn settled in96.45% the city. The city consmall numbers of Jews. Following the independence of Pakistan, 7% much of Karachi's Sindhi Hindu population left for India while 96.45% 6 18,228 6 2.12% 195,681 0.35% 18,228 0.35% 11% 96.45% 96.45% 11% 11% Balochi 5 Saraiki 4.34% 402,38612.27% 228,636 Balochi 5 Saraiki 4.34% 402,386 2.12% 4.39%195,681 228,636 0.86% 2.42% Others 7 Hindu 639,560 Sunnis4.39% 49% 2.42% overwhelmingly Muslim, and city's population nearly doubled Muslim refugees from in turn settled in96.45% thethroughout city. The continued toIndia attract migrants from Pakistan, who were Saraiki 6 2.12% 195,681 18,228 0.17% much of Karachi's Sindhi population left for India while Muslim refugees from India in city turn settled in12.44% the city. The city1,153,126 con0.86% All 11% 100% 9,269,265 100% 0.35% 5,208,132 11% 14% 0.86% 0.86% 2.42% Others 7 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 96% Others 7 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 Sunnis 2.42% 2.42% Sunnis 2.42% again in the 1950s. As a result of continued migration, over 96.5% tinued 11% to attract migrants from throughout Pakistan, who were overwhelmingly Muslim, and city's population nearly doubled Saraiki 6 2.12% 18,228 Saraiki 6 tinued 2.12% 195,681who 18,228 0.35% Muslim refugees from India in turn settled in the city. The city conto attract migrants from throughout Pakistan, were 0.17% 11% All 100% 9,269,265 100% 0.35%195,681 5,208,132 0.86% 0.86% 11% 14% 11% Others 7 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560 0.10% 0.17% 96% 2.42% of the city currently isAllestimated to bepopulation Muslim. overwhelmingly Muslim, and city's nearly doubled again in All the 1950s. As a population result of continued migration, over tinued attract migrants from throughout Pakistan, who96.5% were 0.17% overwhelmingly Muslim, and city's nearly doubled 5,208,132 0.17% Sunnis 100% 9,269,265 100% 0.86% 5,208,132 100% 9,269,265 100% 0.86% 0.86% 14% 14% 14%to 11% 7 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 639,560 7 Others 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 0.10% 96%639,560 12.27% 96% 96%0.86% 0.17% 0.17% again in the 1950s. result of continued over of theAs citya currently is estimated to Muslim. overwhelmingly Muslim, andmigration, city's nearly9,269,265 doubled 100% 100% 5,208,132 again inAll the 1950s. Asbe a population result of96.5% continued migration, over 96.5% 14% 0.86% 14% 0.10% 96% 0.10% 0.10% 96% 0.17% 0.17% 0.17% 0.17% of the city currently is estimated to be Muslim. 100% 9,269,265 5,208,132 100% 9,269,265 5,208,132 100% again in All the 1950s. a result of continued migration, over 96.5%100% of theAs city currently isAllestimated to be Muslim. 14% 0.10% 0.10% 14%14% 96% 96% 14% 96% 0.17% 96% of the city currently is estimated to Punjabi be Muslim. Urdo Pashto Muslim Christian Hindu 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 14% 0.10% 96% Sindhi 0.10% Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other Urdo Punjabi Pashto Muslim Christian Hindu Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Other Urdo Punjabi Pashto Christian Muslim Hindu Urdo Punjabi Pashto Muslim Christian Hindu Urdo Punjabi Ahmadis Pashto Muslim Christian Hindu Urdo Punjabi Pashto Christian Muslim Hindu Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Other Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis OtherSaraiki Ahmadis Sindhi Balochi Muslim Ahmadis Other Urdo Punjabi Pashto Christian Hindu 1% Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other Urdo Punjabi Pashto Muslim Christian Other Hindu Urdo Punjabi Muslim Christian Muslim Hindu !1 Others Punjabi Others Others include Sikhs, Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis UrdoPashto Pashto Christian *Other Hindu Urdo Punjabi Pashto Muslim Christian Hindu Buddhists, 1% religious groups Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other 1 ! Bahai, and2% Jews. Others Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis *Other Other Sindhi Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other Buddhists, Urdo Punjabi Muslim Christian Hindu 1% 1%religiousParsis, groups include Sikhs, 12% Pashto !1 !1 Others Others 2% Bahai, and*Other Jews. Others 1% religious Others Sindhi12%2%Balochi Saraiki Ahmadis Other *Other religiousParsis, groups include Sikhs, Buddhists, groups include Sikhs, Buddhists, !1 !1 1998and census of Pakistan 2% Parsis, Bahai, and Jews. 1% 1%religiousParsis, Bahai, Jews. *Other groups include2% Sikhs, Buddhists, 12% 12% 2%Others 1 ! 2% 1 ! 4% Table 2 1998 census of Pakistan Parsis, Bahai, and Jews. 2% 12%2%

Muslim 1%

2% 2

Siddis

Kebab

Muslim Ahmadis Christian Other Hindu

Muslim Sindh People Ahmadis Christian Muslims Other Muslim 1% Ahmadis Sindh Speaking 2% 435,887in1% 1941

Table 1

!1 !1 !1

96% 96% 96%

Christian Other Hindu Christian Hindu Other Christian Other

Hindu Hindu Hindu

Mohajirs

Mohajirs Pashtuns

htuns

ng 41

Mixed

Malir Contonmet

Mohajirs Faisal Contonmet

Baloch

Mohajirs

Mixed

Bin Qasim

Baloch Mohajirs Wealthy

Arabian Sea

Mohajirs

Pashtuns

Raita

Rice

Korangi

Halva Puri

Philipinos, Sri Lanka, Chinese

Kashmiri Chai

Curry

Muhajirs

Punjabi People

India

1947- 1950s-1960s

Muslims Urdo Speaking 43% of the population

Dhal

Biharis & Bengalis

1971-1980s-1990s

Saraiki People

Bangladesh

Muslims 1 to 2 million

Roti

Burma

Paratha

More than 6 Languages More than 4 Religions More than 13 ethnics

Biharis People

(VERY) D I V E R S E COMMUNITY

Know the aim society and their needs and design for them

Architecture

Design as can work for everyone, Adaptable

Daily life | 15

Pakistani Calender [Events and Festivals]

Ra-th

‫ربیع الثانی‬

16 | Research

Ju-ou

‫جامدی االول‬

Ju-th

‫جامدی الثانی‬

4-7

12-15

Raj

‫رجب‬

Jun

Jul

Ram

‫رمضان‬

Aug

Shaw

‫شوال‬

Dh-Qi

‫ذی القعده‬

Christmas Day Quaid-e-Azam Day

Sep

Dh-Hi

‫ذی الحجه‬

Oct

Muh

‫محرم‬

Saf

‫صفر‬

Nov

Eid Milad-un-Nabi

May

Eid ul-Fitr

Shab

‫شعبان‬

Independence Day

Labour Day

Public Holiday

Apr

9-10

Urs of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai

Mar

Pakistan Day

Holi

Eid ul-Azha

Feb

Shab e-Meraj

Jan

14 4

Ashoura

Kashmir Solidarity Day

Ra-ou

‫ربیع االول‬

Dec

Ra-th

‫ربیع الثانی‬

Lessons Holi Day

Big Festival in the City

Pakistan Day

Military parades

Labour Day

Pallies, Marches

Eid-ul-Fitr

Public Prayer- Festival

Independence Day

Parades in the City

Ashoora

Processions in the City

+ Many of the every day life activities happening in the streets and public spasec

Most national and religious events happening in the streets and public spaces.

STREET P U B L I C S PA C E Importance of Public Space and Collective activities in Karachi culture and every day life

Architecture Always program collective spaces for social gatherings in Karachi

Daily life | 17

Income Groups [Families, Property, Location] This graphic characterizes the over-all living situation of the people in Karachi according to the income group (low, middle- and high income). Based on the monthly income of the family it shows the composition of a prototype family and the assets and infrastructure they have access to as well as the areas in the city they are mostly located.

18 | Research

prototype family

Lower Class

Najam (50) hawker

(second husband)

Rameez (22) motor mechanic

Fezan (21)

involved in drugs

as s ets

Hisham (19) mentally disabled

Samina (41) mid-wife $

Irfa (17)

married

(moved out)

poverty line

i nc o m e

urban districts

22h/day

4 000 Rs 8 800 Rs

15 000 Rs

Ilsa (15)

helping in the household

Maqsood (12) mentally disabled

Middle Class

Ahmed (40) sales $ $

Laiba (7) schoolgirl

Upper Class

Farzana (32)

Farrukh (50)

teacher

chief ofﬁcer

(currently at home)

Rayyan (2)

Naveed (28) sales & service job $ $

housewife

Huda (25) Summaiya (20) fashion designer

student

$ $

75 000 Rs 20 000 Rs

Rukhsana (45)

$ $ $

700 000 Rs 100 000 Rs [Rs/month]

Daily life | 19

Gender imbalance imbalance Gender imbalance 47% 47%53% 47% 53%Gender 53% 55% 55% 55% 31% 31%

31%

Illiteracy Illiteracy rate rate rate Illiteracy

20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 80%20% 80% National 80% National Assembly Assembly National Assembly

more mo (espe (es

SOCIAL SOCIAL CHANGE CHANGE SOCIAL CHANGE

informal Sector

informal Sector informal Sector

Karachi Karachi Karachi

economic economic pressure pressure economic pressure extended extended families families extended families nuclear nuclear families families nuclear families

ethnic ethnic conﬂicts conﬂicts ethnic con economical economical issues issues economica socialsocial tension tension social ten info

socio-economic socio-economic status status status socio-economic = = = marital marital status status status marital

FEMNIZATION FEMNIZATION of POVERTY of POVERTY FEMNIZATION of POVERTY

w und

20 | Research

work] work] CLIMATE CLIMATE

TRADITIONAL TRADITIONAL HOUSING HOUSING Typology Typology

Mashribiyya Mashribiyya

shadow, shadow,ventilation ventilation

CULTURAL CULTURAL

Entry Entry

reputation, reputation,dignity dignity

RELIGIOUS RELIGIOUS

protection protectionof ofwomen women

PSYCHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL

freedom freedomfor forwomen women

courtyard courtyard

looking lookingoutside outside without withoutbeing beingseen seen

blind blindspot spot

PERSONAL PERSONAL privacy privacy

Womens Womenswork workin indifferent differentincome incomesectors sectors telephone telephoneoperators operators garment garmentindustry industry schoolteachers schoolteachers stenographers stenographers service servicesector sector bank bank sales sales

higher income income higher

more more women women are are working working (especially (especially in in urban urban areas) areas)

ininthe thecity city

DAILY DAILY ISSUES ISSUES ininthe the neighbourhood neighbourhood

houshold houshold chores chores

lower income income lower

fear fear harassment harassment child childcare care nﬂicts nﬂicts exploitation exploitation all issues issues less lesswage wagethan thanmen men nsion nsion informal informalsurveillance surveillanceby bymen men judgement judgementof ofsociety society

atathome home

nannies nannies midwives midwives urban urbanlaborers laborers domestic domesticservants servants sweepers sweepers nannies nannies stitching stitching embroidering embroidering filling fillingmatchboxes matchboxes making makinghair hairbands bands sewing sewingprayer prayercaps caps making makingpaper paperflowers flowers

HOME HOME BASED BASED WORKERS WORKERS

DUAL DUAL DUTY DUTY working working women women are are under under additional additional pressure pressure

no nolight light ==no nowork-environment work-environment no noventilation ventilation

health healthproblems problems eyesight weak weakeyesight eyes watering wateringeyes backpain backpain

social socialisolation isolation no nofree freetime time lack lackof ofpublic publicspaces spaces for forwomen women

Karachi Women | 21

History of Women’s empowerment History History History History History History History History History History of of of of of womens of womens womens of womens of womens of womens of womens womens womens womens empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment empowermen

English English English English English English colony English colony English colony English colony English colony colony colony colony colony colony 1857 1857 1857 1857 1857 1857 1857 1857 1857 1857 20. 20. 20. century 20. century 20. century 20. 20. century century 20. 20. century century 20. century 20. century century century

1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 INDEPENDACE INDEPENDACE INDEPENDACE INDEPENDACE INDEPENDACE INDEPENDACE INDEPENDACE INDEPENDACE INDEPENDACE INDEPENDACE

> >8> 8mio >8 mio >8mio > > refugees 8mio refugees > 8mio 8> refugees mio 8 mio > refugees 8mio > refugees 8mio refugees refugees 8mio refugees mio refugees refugees refugees 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 from from from from India from India from from India from India from India from India India from India India India India

Industrialization Industrialization Industrialization Industrialization Industrialization Industrialization Industrialization Industrialization Industrialization Industrialization families families families families families familie movi famil mov fam m fam f 1950s 1950s 1950s 1950s 1950s 1950s 1950s 1950s 1950s 1950s economic boom economic economic economic economic economic economic economic economic boom economic boom boom boom boom boom boom boom boom

1960s 1960s 1960s 1960s 1960s 1960s 1960s 1960s 1960s 1960s

fall fall fall of fall of fall the of fall the offall of the eco fall the offal ec th ofet 1972 separation separation separation separation separation separation separation separation separation ofseparation ofBANGLADESH ofBANGLADESH ofof BANGLADESH BANGLADESH ofBANGLADESH ofBANGLADESH ofof BANGLADESH BANGLADESH ofBANGLADESH BANGLADESH 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 women women women women women wome are wom are wom are wo al aw nationalization process nationalization nationalization nationalization nationalization nationalization nationalization nationalization nationalization nationalization process process process process process process process process process (=(=closed economy) (=closed (=(= closed closed (=closed (=closed (= (= economy) closed closed (= economy) closed economy) economy) closed economy) economy) economy) economy) economy)

ISLAMISATIO ISLAMISATIO ISLAMISAT ISLAMISA ISLAMIS ISLAM ISLA ISLA ISL I

======

MODERNISA MODERNIS MODERN MODERN MODER MODE MOD MO MM martial martial martial martial martial martial law martial law martial law martial under law martial under law under law under law under law General under law General under law General under General under General under General General Zia General Zia General Zia ul-Haq General Zia ul-Haq Zia ul-Haq Zia ul-Haq Zia ul-Haq Zia ul-Haq Zia ul-Haq Zia ul-Haq ul-Haq ul-Haq 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977

1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988

Globalization Globalization Globalization Globalization Globalization Globalization Globalization Globalization Globalization Globalization 1990s 1990s 1990s 1990s 1990s 1990s 1990s 1990s 1990s 1990s

increase increase increase increase increase increas increa incre ofincr ofin lo oilo

22 | Research

ment

the social control of women and „Purdah“ is reinforced by the power given to the landlords

Independance movement: muslim women engaging in political activities creation of a sub-committee for women in the Muslim League Social welfare work in womens organisations to help the refugees and fulﬁl their basic needs

families moving to the cities and women working in the textile industry

need for female doctors and teachers for girls and women in strict „Purdah“

the jobs of teachers and doctors become socially accepted for women improvment in education and health of women

fall of the economy and no jobs for women in the industry anymore

starting to work in the informal sector

women are allowed to work in the government services

ISLAMISATION

restrictions for women in the public

MODERNISATION

foundation of the „Ministry of womens development“ and expand womens employment reserving 5 - 10% of all ministry jobs for women

Benazir Bhutto = ﬁrst female Prime Minister female empowerment through media

new job opportunities: women police station, banks 1. Womens University

women start working in previously unacceptable jobs with contact with men and the public increase of low and middle-income women working in the informal sector

Karachi Women | 23

Family Setup

traditional family setup

supported by family

24 | Research

traditional setup is what can allow women to have time to pursue work and other opportunities, because the support network can help with childcare and chores

traditional setup can be challenging in terms of privacy and also, can limit women from breaking conventions, for example by expecting them to fullﬁl most of the house chores.

supported by family

traditional setup is what can allow women to have time to pursue work and other opportunities, because the support network can help with childcare and chores

traditional setup can be challenging in terms of privacy and also, can limit women from breaking conventions, for example by expecting them to fullﬁl most of the house chores.

limited by family

Karachi Women | 25

Informal settlements [Reasons, Density, Types]

Informal settlements [reasons, density, types] 1 % remittances

increasing land inaffordability

6,3 %

clothing 7,9 %

others

food

58,3 %

13,1 %

rent

cost PKR per m2

housing costs & wages

monthly expenditure

recreation 1,5 %

transport

8000 7000

tru

io ct

sts

tc ka

growing population on limited area

6000

ch kat d in

lan 4000

ial ent

3000

adis

i ab

5000

id res

2500

lots

tan

akis in P

Formal plan for low inco (Orangi

2000

daily wage

1000 300 2000

2013

2007

720 2017

time

1. unorgani invasions state land during parti regularize

population (unofficial)

1991

population trends

i s

35 million

32,5 million

30 million

27,5 million

25 million 20 million 18,1 million

15 million 10 million 5 million 0

density

1955

26 | Research

1965

Bratislava 0.5 million people

1975

1985

1995

Berlin 3.6 million people

2005

2015

2025

2030

Tehran 15 million people

time

Karachi 22 million people

low den (Khud

homogenity of culture

increasing land increasing land inaffordability inaffordability

informal informal settlements settlements

differ in:

extent of government involvement

growing increasing land growing population inaffordability population on limited area on limited area growing population on limited area

i on people

hi lion people

homogenity of culture services such as education extent of government involvement housing typology

informal settlements

differ in:

infrastructure - sewers, water, electricity

infrastructure - sewers, water, electricity place of work, type of work........ services such as education

development models

housing typology

Formal planning for low income (Orangi)

Formal planning 1.for unorganized low income invasions of (Orangi) state land during partition, regularized 1. unorganized invasions of state land during partition, regularized

place of work, type of work........ Upgradation Upgadation by formal Urban Design Informal Planning Types of informal supported bysettlements NGO sector (Katchi Abadi by the Formal (Pakistan Bazaar) (Orangi Pilot Project) Improvement) sector

development models legal status

Upgradation Informal Planning 2. informal subdivisions supported by NGO (Pakistan Bazaar) of state land (Orangi Pilot Project) 2a notified katchi abadis

2b non notified legal status katchi abadis

2. informal subdivisions of state land

investment

2a notified katchiincremental abadis Khuda Ki Basti

Upgadation by formal 3. slums sector (Katchi Abadi Improvement) 3a inner city

Urban Design by the Formal sector 3b goths/old villages

3. slums

2b non notified 3a inner capital intensive katchi abadis city Korangi housing scheme

3b goths/old villages

density and rise investment low density low rise (Khuda Ki Baast)i

high density medium rise medium density medium rise incremental capital intensive (Paposh Nagar) (Fahad Square) Korangi housing scheme Khuda Ki Basti

density and rise low density low rise (Khuda Ki Baast)i

medium density medium rise (Fahad Square)

high density medium rise (Paposh Nagar)

Analysis | 27

Social Housing [Mass vs Incremental]

Social housing [mass vs incremental]

incremental]

incremental mass housinghousing projectsprojects

jects

ng ->people

land -> infrastructure ->infrastructure housing ->people people -> land -> -> housing

1967-80 Pune 2009Pardis 2008 AranyaPetržalka 1986 Lo Espejo 2007

Pardis 2008

SLOVAKIA (S.Talas, J.Chovanec) INDIA( F. Balestra, S. Göransson)IRAN CHILE (Elemental - A. Aravena) INDIA (Balkrishna Doshi)

IRAN

1443 ha

140 p/ha

project area density

85 ha

911 ha

1443 ha

764 p/ha

173 p/ha

140 p/ha

0,1 ha area project

density

900 p/ha

40-60 000 158 000 inhabitants inhabitants

5500 inhabitants

202 600 inhabitants

900 population inhabitants

80+6500 49 829 units units

1000 units

84 721 units

145 #units units

unit size

35 or up 36 to or up to 2 470 m2 80 m

25-38 m2 (if extended)

80 or up to 120 m2

36-72 m2 size unit (if extended)

government

developer

government government

subsidy

support model

202 600 inhabitants

84 721 units

80 or up to 120 m2

population

#units

lessons

nctional

28 | Research

infrastructure construction assigned flats toilets (private residences traninig forbidden)

government subsidy

• cost now -10x•original price monofunctional character • after years, only 15 % of problems for •thelocal families engaged in the creates original residentscentre live there process • still functional (some could not afford it) • densification replaced • original strenghtening the informal • valued individualpark character space • 3 different types of structure • 0,5 m allowed• fornow extension houses mid-income • simple structural frame on street families instead of low-income

government subsidy

developer

private investment

support model

subsidy

• once properties finished, sense of community left • lack of guidance for extension a lessons • 60 % feel at home there • modular units • high density achieved

• • • •

area

incremental housing projects

Aranya 1986

INDIA (Balkrishna Doshi)

764 p/ha

ion

40-60 000 inhabitants

80+6500 units

per

Pune 2009

INDIA( F. Balestra, S. Göransson)

85 ha

what to watch out for?

people -> land -> infrastructure -> housing

35 or up to 470 m2

government infrastructure construction toilets traninig • cost now -10x original price • after years, only 15 % of original residents live there (some could not afford it) • valued individual character • 0,5 m allowed for extension on street

Lo Espejo 2007

CHILE (Elemental - A. Aravena)

0,1 ha

• • • • • •

scale of project density unit dimenstions financial model support model public and open space design • places for culture • longterm vission • participation of residents

900 p/ha 5500 inhabitants

900 inhabitants

1000 units

145 units

25-38 m2 (if extended)

36-72 m2 (if extended)

government subsidy

• local families engaged in the process • strenghtening the informal • 3 different types of structure • simple structural frame

private investment subsidy

• once properties finished, sense of community left • lack of guidance for extension a • 60 % feel at home there • modular units • high density achieved

• participation of residents leads to feeling of belonging • urbanisation of land leads to higher prices land becomes unaffordable • longterm loans may inhibit vertical social mobility • high density can be achieved through low rise settlements but often at the cost of public space

Case Study | 29

Architecture of empowerment [Reaching the poorest] Orangi 1980 total local investment - 63 795 300 PKR saved 10 mil $ to the government

Investment Rs

Cost paid by the family

- concrete foundations for a two-floor construction (loan of steel shuttering) - 150-millimetre machine-made load-bearing concrete blocks - 100-millimetre partition walls - precast concrete batten-and-tile roofing (span of 4.90 m) - precast concrete staircases; - trained masons and design advice

Support model

- street sewage drain through community - sewage drains across the neighbourhood - housing program - healthcare program - educational program - model replicated on larger scale

Steps taken

Impact

affordable collector price - 900 PKR real estate prices increase by 15 %

• • • •

more employment, higher wages for workers shown solutions for low income technical problems 90% of streets got involved it recognised that the major problem for informal-sector, low-income communities is that they do not receive expert professional advice

Orangi 1980 total local investment - 63 795 300 PKR saved 10 mil $ to the government

30 | Research Rs

affordable collector price - 900 PKR

Aranya 1986

Khuda Ki Basti 1998

The gross cost per square metre was Rs71.23 for the total development. The average monthly income of the EWS was Rs700

average household income of Rsl,567

families put down 1000 PKR to be alloted a plot

- concrete foundations - loans for materials and construction

infrastructure construction toilets traninig

- reception area - evaluation for suitability - plot alloted - self built housing 1. reed and wood 2. brick - infrastructure incremenentally through cooperatives

• reached the very poor without being overtaken by the middle class • providing loans and not supporting the informal sector directly has helped the NGO to stay on good legal ground • credit and income-generation played a pivotal role and the adoption of the people-land-housing-services sequence made it possible for the poorest to develop a community

architecture of empowerment

- The interest rate was 12 % on a 20-year loan. - down payment for the plot: Rs200/ 300/400 - the loan balance : Rs2 103/3 593/ 7 748 - the monthly instalment was Rs23,23/ 52 /85,23 - monthly maintenance charge Rs2

- 80 model houses built - infrastructure and foundations laid in place - plots alloted with different level of built up - incremental variability and designs

• cost now -10x original price • after years, only 15 % of original residents live there (some could not afford it) • valued individual character • 0,5 m allowed for extension on street

reaching the poorest

Aranya 1986

Khuda Ki Basti 1998

The gross cost per square metre was Rs71.23 for the total development. The average monthly income of the EWS was Rs700

average household income of Rsl,567

Case Study | 31

families put down 1000 PKR to be alloted a plot

- The interest rate was 12 % on a 20-year loan. - down payment for the plot: Rs200/ 300/400

Creation of communities reation of Communies

Kampung Kali Cho-de | Indonesia

mpung Kali Cho-de

Indonesia

Creation of Communies Indonesia

Architect YB Mangunwijaya

local government

35 families

political liaison

volunteers unskilled labour

technical skills & fund management

„House of the brotherhood of neighbours“ provides electricity

space for dialogue and consensus to determine the priorites of the village

ACTORS

Kampung Kali Cho-de

local government

35 families

political liaison

volunteers unskilled labour

t fu

„House of the brotherhood of neighbours“

provid electric

construction of model houses & retaining walls are reinforced space for dialogue and consensus to determine the priorites of the village

construction of model houses & retaining walls are reinforced

protection against ﬂooding

accepted by the government provides housing for homeless, guests and visitors

houses are replaced as required

50 Rs

Families pay 50 Rs/day rent

self respect of the inhabitants respect of the community permanent cooperative

protection against ﬂooding

provides ho home guests an

CONTIUNITY of the project

houses are replaced as required

permanent

50 Rs

co-operative Families pay 50 Rs/day rent

fund

permanent

co-operative Rs

fund local government

Architect YB Mangunwijaya

political liaison

mmunies

technical skills & fund management

provides electricity

Indonesia

accepted by the government provides housing for homeless, guests and visitors

32 | Research

self respect of the inhabitants respect of the community

permanent cooperative

CONTIUNITY local government

Architect YB Mangunwijaya

Community-based

Comunidades progra ommunity-based urbanisation | Favelas rehabilitation progress Favelas rehabilitation progress, Comunidades programe |Fortaleza, Brazil

omunidades programme Brazil

Brazil

Municipality of Fortaleza

popular council of Rondon district

„GRET“ = french NGO

50 low-income families

strategic objectives

micro-settlemet

„Mutirao 50“

municipalities 1. setting for self-build houses 2. job opportunities state 3. sustainable development

NGOs community groups

municipalities state

integration council

university & technical schools

statewide

MANAGEMENT

negociation with public authorities

annual workplan with autono co-ordination of private, public and ensuring of the implementation o discussion of the ﬁnancial assistance

governmental credit line Rs

for start-up business

Casa Melhor credit programm Rs

infrastuructural services

zero interest loans for houseowners improvement of their dwellings

(water puriﬁcation)

elas rehabilitation progress

nursery

market

social life

shops

WORKSHOP

public spaces

= produces building materials providing skills participation in the community efﬁciency in the construction

ogress

urba

n ag

„GRET“ = french NGO

glom

eratio

n ex

pan

50 /ha 1-3 ha

50 low-income families

integration in the city fabric strategic objectives

micro-settlemet

„Mutirao 50“

1. setting for self-build houses 2. job opportunities 3. sustainable development

ed urbanisation | Favelas rehabilitation progress Comunidades programme

statewide

reinforce citizenparticipation& community based organisation

ramme

negociation with public authorities

governmental credit line strategic objectives

for start-up business

1. setting for self-build houses 2. job opportunities 3. sustainable development reinforce citizenparticipation&

Municipality of Fortaleza

infrastuructural services community based organisation

Casa Melhor credit programm popular council Rs

for houseowners zero interestofloans district Rondon improvement of their dwellings

(water puriﬁcation)

market

negociation with public authorities

social life

ental

shops public spaces

nursery

integration council

reinforce citizenparticipation& community based organisation

Comunidades programme

annual workplan with autonomous projects co-ordination of private, public and communiy inputs ensuring of the implementation of the programme discussion of the ﬁnancial assistance with the community

popular council of Rondon district

NGOs

„GRET“ = french NGO

Case Study | 33 50 low-income families

grading Slums Upgrading Slums

East Wahdat Upgrading Program | Amman, Jordan Jordan Wahdat Upgrading Program | Amman,

Jordan

Upgrading Slums

East Wahdat Upgrading Program | Amman, Jordan

Jordan

1980

Informal settlements (basic Shelters) on privet lands 1980 No legal right and tenure 25% of new housing Informal settlements development in Am(basic Shelters) on man privet lands No infrastructure, No legal right and school and health tenure facilities

Shanty Town

25% of new housing development in Amman

Urban Development Department (UDD)

Convinced Amman municapility to work with the poor Upgrading Esat Wahdat Program

No infrastructure, school and health facilities

Urban Development Department (UDD) Improve living condition Convinced Amman municapility to work with the poor The land was bought

Jordan

Mortgaged to housholds monthly installment: 33% of the income of each beneficiary

Improve living condition The land was bought

%31 World Bank %25 Goverment of Jord %44 Housing Bank

Mortgaged to housholds Over 10 years monthly installment: over 500 serviced plots (5000 people) 33% of the income of each beneficiary Jordan water and electricity, paved roads, footpaths, shops, workshops and community facilities, sanitary core connected to the main sewer, health centre, a clinic, a Over 10 years mosque, a park and a community centre over 500 serviced plots (5000 people) Serviced Urban Community

l settlements Shelters) on m | Amman, et lands al right and enure

Serviced Urban Community

Jordan

%31 World Bank %25 Goverment of Jordan Upgrading %44 HousingEsat BankWahdat Program

Thechnical assistant to people to build watertheir andhouses electricity, paved roads, footpaths, shops, workshops and community facilities, sanitary core 1980 rastructure, connected to the main sewer, health centre, a clinic, a and health mosque, a park and a community centre % of new housing Informal settlements cilities elopment in Am(basic Shelters) on Thechnical assistant to people to build their houses man

ent (UDD)

with the poor

gram

ban

privet lands No legal right and tenure

No infrastructure, school and health facilities

%31 World Bank %25 Goverment of Jordan %44 Housing Bank Department Development 34 | Research

(UDD)

nced Amman municapility to work with the poor eficiary

grading Slums

Indonesia

The Kampung Improvement Program | Jakarta, Indonesia

Kampung Improvement Program | Jakarta, Indonesia

Creation of Communies Kampung Kali Cho-de

Indonesia

1969 KIP (stands as the Jakarta Administration’s responsive)

Involving local in the improvment procces to be ongoing and sustainable „House of the brotherhood of neighbours“

World Bank Indonesian Goverment

Community Contribution

ACTORS

provide basic urban services, roads and footpaths, water, drainage and sanitation, health and education facilities.

local government

35 families volunteers unskilled labour

political liaison

t fu

Rs 2x

provid electric

Rs x

space for dialogue and consensus to determine the priorites of the village

donesia

construction of model houses & are reinforced

retaining walls Creat a model to replicate through the country

sia

Public sector Enabeling environment (at least titling land to the poor) protection against ﬂooding

Empower the poor to deal with their own environment

provides ho home guests an

houses are replaced as required

Indonesia

sponsive)

am | Jakarta, Indonesia

much improvement programmes are taking place throughout Indonesia

50 Rs

Families pay 50 Rs/day rent

permanent

co-operative

fund

1969 ces to be nds as the Jakarta Administration’s responsive)

provide basic urban services, roads and footpaths, water, Rs 2x rainage and sanitation, health and education facilities. Rs x

g local in the improvment procces to be country ongoing and sustainable

World Bank the poor) Indonesian Goverment ironment

Case Study | 35 Rs

Rs 2x

Micro Finance Mahila Milan Foundation | Mumbai, India

Micro Finance India

Mahila Milan Foundation | Mumbai, India

Micro Finance

India

Mahila Milan Foundation | Mumbai, India

National Slum Dwellers Federation Society for the Promo(NSDF) tion of Area Resource

National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF)

Centres (SPARC)

Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC) the Alliance

1985 Mahila Milan Foundation

the Alliance

1985 Mahila Milan Foundation

Aim Group: women of pavement dwellers in Mumbai

Design the future home

initial focus: get ration cards and bank accounts, Looking critically at their home, and decide what they focus: bank register births and deaths, and gaininitial access to school get ration cards andwant for accounts, their future house Looking for their children. register births and deaths, and gainUnderstanding access to school Materials for their children. Creating Plans

1985 Eviction Crisis

Mahila Milan started daily savings

They need money and job

Housing Exhibition

and asked SPARC to help them explore options for secure shelter

Representing their efforts to the government through Eviction cancled a house model exhibition

Looking for vacant land

They decided they needed a longer-term solution Goverment suggest aoptions land for 150 SPARC to help them explore forhouses but Mahila Milan refused secure shelter

All people together, as a march or festival and asked Women steped forward Determined the suitability of a site Rs

Looking for vacant land Unless they didn‘t find a land

Dindoshi nagar relocation Max Rs500

People started to follow their path in the city, India Rs Allsettlement people together, as a march They wanted a beeter situation in their future andor lotsfestival of other countries

Women steped forward Determined the suitability of a site They needed skills in design and construction and

Proccess is They can borrowand finance, sources of ave small amount an understanding of costing pay-back incredit case and of crisis or systems. every day emergancy Dindoshi nagar relocation

They wanted a beeter situation in their future settlement Rs

e what they Rs

Collect money ollect repayments ople request loan from them

Max Rs500

Rs construction and They needed skills in design and an understanding of costing and finance, sources of Rs credit and pay-back systems.

How much? Save small amount Group of 15 why? women every day How they want to repay?

vings

They can borrow in case of crisis or emergancy Rs

s intresed banks to use assistance of ahila Milan for their loans Rs

ent through

They chose one person as member of the loan committee

36 | Research

No Intrest

Group of women

Collect money Collect repayments People request loan from them

How much? why? How they want to repay?

but Mahila

This progress intresed banks to use assistance of Mahila Milan for their loans

Mahila Milan started daily savings Separate loan fund for crises They chose one Collect money person as memCollect repayments Issue of land ber of the loan People request loan committee from them

How much? why? How they want to repay?

Housing Exhibition Representing

This progress intresed banks to use assistance of their efforts to the government through Mahila Milan for their loans

a house model exhibition

Goverment suggest a land for 150 houses but Mahila Milan refused

more important

No Intrest

They can borrow in case of crisis or emergancy

Separate loan fund for crises

Documentation with help of Mahila Milan Women on pavement dwellers Issue of land (We The Invisible) They decided they needed a longer-term solution

No Intrest

Group of 15 Save small amount Understanding Materials women every day

Creating Plans

Eviction cancled

India

Max Rs500 Rs

critically at their home,Rsand decide what they want for their future house

They need money and job

1985 Eviction Crisis

Documentation with help of Mahila Milan Women on pavement dwellers (We The Invisible)

Design the future Rs home

No Intrest

Unless they didn‘t find a land People started to follow their path in the city, India and lots of other countries

Proccess is more important

They chose person as m ber of the lo committe

Grameen Bank Housing Program | Jobra, Bangladesh

Micro Finance

Grameen Bank Housing Program | Jobra, Bangladesh

Grameen Bank Housing Program | Jobra, Bangladesh Bangladesh

Bangladesh

120 million People borrowers

%60 government

groups gather form Center

borrowers

Cyclone

Flood 60 million Landless People

%60 government

Flood

Living in shelter

60 million Landless People

1976

Living in shelter

Village of Jobra

Mahmud Yunus (Director of the Rural Economics Programme of the Department of Economics in Chittagong University) Grameen Bank Housing Program

1976 Village of Jobra

one person from each houshold

Bangladesh

One yeargroups loan

gather form small solidarity groups Rs Center

group of 5

%93 of the Grameen Bank members are women

Mahmud Yunus (Director of the Rural Economics

group of 5 1984

instalments %2 of total amount

n Bank becamegroup independent bank of 5 %10 government

One year loan Max 5000TK

group fund account

%60

refund in 10 years with intrest

groups gather form Center

every member of group can borrow money

group of 5

%5 of each person loan as group tax

group of 5

family has less than 0.5 er acers land

Basic group of 5 12000TK 20 sqm

The bank provide: Basic Plans 4 concret columns secure attachment for walls & roof By the end ofpoint June 1996, the

Grameen million to 340,000 borrowers, at an average o TK15,373 per head. Payments are made on a weekly basis at a minimum rate up to 10 years.

Bankthing hadelse distributed TK5,479.6l Every provided by borrower

refund in 10 years with intrest

The level of technology required for buil ding and maintaining these houses is per fectly adapted to the users. All the mate rials are familiar and no new technica innovation is required. The residents have faith in the materials used in their houses all of which have been tried and proved successful. Innovative techniques and materials would probably not be popu lar with people of such modest needs.

group of 5

The bank provide: Basic Plans 4 concret columns1984

secure point for & roof ng loan was attachment Demand forwalls better House Grameen Bank ful Every thing else provided by borrower

1983

Housing Loans

became independent bank %10 government

borrowers

%60 government

borrowers

Standard 25000TK larger

Basic 12000TK 20 sqm

The bank provide: one person from Basic each Plans

groups gather form Center

to bank

emergency fund

every member of group can borrow money

Bangladesh

Jobra, Bangladesh

ne 1996, the Grameen ted TK5,479.6l million owers, at an average of d. Payments are made on a minimum rate up to 10

Every week each person 2 TK

innovation is required. The residents have faith in the materials used in their houses, all of which have been tried and proved successful. Innovative techniques and weekly materials would probably not popu%25betotal intrest lar with people of such modest needs. Insurance

group fund account

one person from each houshold House Housing Loans oofto be a member of bank

Standard %93 of the Grameen Bank 25000TK members are women larger

emergency fund

borrowers

ernment oup of 5

The levelgroups of technologyRsrequired for builsmall solidarity paid back in weekly ding and maintaining these houses is perinstalments fectly adapted to the users. All the mate%2 of total amount rials are familiar and no new technical

Insurance Rs

Basic

25000TK 12000TK income-generating loan was larger 20 sqm successful

weekly %25 total intrest to bank Every week each person 2 TK

Housing Loansmembers

Standard

to 340,000 borrowers, at an average of TK15,373 per head. Payments are made on a weekly basis at a minimum rate up to 10 $ years.

to be a member of ba family has less than 0 acers land

%93 of the Grameen B are wome

Demand for better House

Provide credit to the rural, landless poor Byfor the end of June 1996, the Grameen Bank had distributed paid back in weekly income-generating activitiesTK5,479.6l million

%16 intrest No collateral

one person from eac houshold

group of 5

to be a member of bank family has less than 0.5 acers land

Provide credit to the rural, landless poor Programme of the Department of Economics in Chittagong University) for income-generating activities loan was Grameen Bankincome-generating Housing Program successful

%5 of each person loan as1983 group tax

Grameen Bank became ind

%10 government

borrowers

Cyclone

Max 5000TK

1983

Grameen Bank became independent bank

120 million People

%16 intrest No collateral

Bangladesh

Case Study | 37

Vernicular vocabulary: Case study - Karachi University

Vernacular Architecture Karachi University

The Karachi University campus was designed by Michael Ecochard in 1951. It is a ﬁne example of utilizing vernicular passive solutions to optimise local weather conditions. To tackle Karachi’s hot weather, Ecochard capitalised on Karachi’s south-west sea breeze. Important climate design features: orientation of buildings to optimise wind and sun impact double roof for wind cooling shading with ﬁns, balconies and overhangs outdoor vegetation for cooling clestory windows for cross ventilation

38 | Research

Vernicular vocabulary: housing typology

Vernicular vocabulary: housing typology Housing Typology

incremental uniﬁed construction

module incremental

uniﬁed construction module

aligned and close to the street

connected to the courtyard

water air

a access problem

water

utlility wall

street

typical room connections living room/ working space

kitchen

street

courtyard bathroom

living room/ working space bedroom

kitchen

courtyard bedroom

bathroom

air

terasses

b b b b b b

gradually transformed

stairs in the courtyard

access problem

aligned and close to

sanitation the street

utlility wall

b b b b b b

connected to the courtyard

foundations

typical room connections

sanitation

terasses gradually transformed multipurpose

bedroom on the side of the building

entrance buffer

private courtyards

stairs in the courtyard

bedroom

courtyard

shared courtyards

courtyard on the side of the building

entrance buffer

private courtyards

shared courtyards

multipurpose

Vernacular Architecture | 39

Vernicular vocabulary: climate response

Vernacular Vocabulary [Climate Response]

shading

Jali (mashrabyia)

shading can reduce heat gain from solar glare by 80%, shaded surface can be 11-25°C cooler than unshaded one

climatic function

deep balconies

light blocking & airﬂow support => temperature and humidity control

air

shading ﬁns

parameters ideal 85% perforation ideal depth ratio 0,75:1

vertical shades

air

sun

women’s privacy

overhang

horizontal shades

forms

`balcony window mashrabyia portico

vegetative cooling wind catcher

40 | Research

air outﬂow

wind inﬂow

east/ north east

west/ south west

trees on streets temperature in the shade of trees is 1-5°C lower than when unhaded

ground covered with vegetation

Ground cover and shrubs around buildings to lower air temperatures and reduce reﬂected sunlight.

Vernicular vocabulary: climate response

courtyards

morning

windows

cross ventilation

roof solutions

roof solutions reﬂective surface reﬂective surface

reﬂection index 0-1 -

reflection index 0-1 white coloured roofing white coloured roofing

radient barriers radient barriers midday

midday

small intake and large outﬂow allows for intake circulation small and- removes large outﬂow heat and allows for 1.5°C- removes allows for circulation temperature drop

heat and allows for 1.5°C temperature drop

clerestory windows

shiny foils with emitance of 0.5 reduce heat gain through theshiny roof foils with emitance

of 0.5 reduce heat gain through the roof

double roof

evening

SW wind

evening wind ﬂow cools the roof by taking out the heat

windows beneath the ceiling allow the hot air to escape

SW wind

wind ﬂow cools the roof by taking out the heat

windows beneath the ceiling allow the hot air to escape

Vernacular Architecture | 41

Empty Spaces “Empty” spaces public space

private

Streets (gulleys) Cross Sections (chawk) Roadsides (bari saaraak) Parks (baghs) Market place (bazaar) Public Grounds (maidans) issues (in low income areas) - trafﬁc limits street life - separation of income groups into separate and distinct spaces - overbuilt settlements make the streets smaller - unmaintaned purpose - community & discourse - children play - interaction

- economic enterprises - multipurpose

- heterogenous

42 | Research

courtyards terrasses balconies issues (in low income areas) - building over courtyards with densification - sunshine makes them often too hot for use - only available to ground floor users - missing in high rise flats purpose - privacy

- climate

- family life - workplace

places for silence silence = space for reﬂection - a basic human need

our approach - ﬁnd lowcost solutions provide a silent place accessible to all - silence as a tool to help social mobility

neglected spaces Tbillisi Georgia

issues with gaining silence - usually very high cost solutions - hard to ﬁnd in high density - considered a luxory - usually an afterthought

expansion of the second layer of the City Taipei Taiwan

purpose - reﬂection

- mental health - privacy

Empty Spaces | 43

Chapter Two Pilot Site

In order to test our project, we further developed the project’s main idea of socio-spatial change. We chose a street in the low-income area of “Al Fatah colony” which is located in north-western Karachi and imagined six groups of six women transforming a street and forming one community along with their families. To fit our project, the pilot street had to meet criteria of income, density and distance from the center. As time goes by, we imagine the pilot site working as an inspiration to the rest of the city.

46 | Pilot Site

Introduction | 47

the site The • lowSite income •

informal settlements

•

can be transformed

•

possibility to densify

some free space

the site Al Fatah colony - located in the North of Karachi • low income • informal settlements • canWest be transformed • possibility to densify

Al Fatah Colony- Located in the North West of Karachi 48 | Pilot Site

•

some free space

•

low income

•

informal settlements

•

can be transformed

•

possibility to densify

•

some free space

satelite view Satellite view

morphology Morphology The Site | 49

The Site

siddqui park

arshi ground

faq

uir

pu hab bli ib cs ch oo

col

y ro

rki ng

family park

bad

ar c

roa d

Religious Buildings Educational Buildings

graveyard

Health Related Buildings Food Related Stores Restuarant

Neighborhood 50 | Pilot Site

100

200

Costruction &d Hardware Stores

Religious Buildings

Electrical & Computer Stores

Educational Buildings

hill

Auto & Motorcycle Stores

Health Related Buildings

Book Shop

Food Related Stores

Beauty parlor

Restuarant

Park

Costruction &d Hardware Stores

Religious Buildings

Graveyard

Electrical & Computer Stores

Educational Buildings

Bus Stop

Auto & Motorcycle Stores

Health Related Buildings

Book Shop

Food Related Stores

Beauty parlor

Restuarant

Park

Costruction &d Hardware Stores

Graveyard

Electrical & Computer Stores

Bus Stop

Auto & Motorcycle Stores Book Shop Beauty parlor Park

11/19/2019

BN Homeopathic Welfare Clinic, Rubab Lab, Shareef Homeopathic Medical Store badar Chock Road Sector 4 Orangi Town Karachi - Google Maps 11/19/2019

New Quetta Al-Madina Hotel - Google Maps

BN Homeopathic Welfare Clinic, Rubab Lab, Shareef Homeopathic Medical Store badar Chock Road Sector 4 Orangi Town Karachi

11/19/2019

New Quetta Al-Madina Hotel

11/19/2019

Siddiqui Park - Google Maps

Shareef Homeopathic Medical Store

Image capture: Feb 2014

ALLAH Wala Autos Badar Chock Road Sector 10 Orangi town Karachi - Google Maps

ALLAH Wala Autos Badar Chock Road Sector 10 Orangi town Karachi

New Quetta Al-Madina Hotel

Siddiqui Park

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Image capture: Sep 2017

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Jamia Masjid Aqsa - Google Maps

Siddiqui Park

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Saeed Autos - Google Maps

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The Site | 51

The Site

pa rkin g

family park

pu hab bli ib cs ch oo

y ro on col

bad

faq

uir

ar c

graveyard

hill

Street Profiles 52 | Pilot Site

100

arshi ground

siddqui park

200

roa d

arshi ground 2m

small pedestrian lane

small pedestrian lane 5m

small lane with some traﬁc

arshi ground 2m

small lane Smallpedestrian Pedestrian Lane 5m

small lane with some traﬁc

small lane with some traﬁc 7,6 m

tertiary road two Tertiary road twolanes lanes

small lane with Small Lane with some some traﬁc traffic

7,6 m

tertiary road two lanes

7,6 m

tertiary road two lanes 19,2 m

Secondary roadfour 4 lanes Secondary road lanes

The Site | 53

7,6 m

19,2 m

The Site

siddqui park

pu hab bli ib cs ch oo

uir faq

bad

ar c

graveyard

hill

Our chosen street - located in Al Fatah colony 0

100

200

Our Chosen Street- Located in Al Fatah Colony 54 | Pilot Site

arshi ground

col

y ro

rki ng

family park

roa d

nearby streets Nearby Streets

nearby streets The Site | 55

Chapter Three Six Women

Although women of Karachi face multiple restraints, they are also powerful agents in the lives of their families and in the economy of the city. Because of that, we decided to be guided by them in our design. In order to have a more precise image of their needs, we created 6 profiles of women that represent a typical life in a low-income neighbourhood. We imagined these woman living in our pilot site. Their lives differ in employment, education, family size as well as age and overall situation. Because of their unique position in the society, change driven by them could have a big impact. By analyzing their lives, we came to understand the specific issues of public and private space, which are addressed in our design.

58 | Six Women

Introduction | 59

Nargis Six Women Profile

Haseena

Haseena Nargis Haseena

atus

Nargis

Haseena

striving young women father motivates her

aged housewife husband is dead

married happy marriage

lives in family of 8 (parents, grandma, 5 kids) extended family

lives in family of 9 (2 sons with wifes, 5 kids) extended family

lives in family of 4 (parents, 2 kids) nuclear family

Nargis

mily omposition

Nargis

b/ Activity

rmal/Informal

ducation

haracteristic

Haseena

Rehana

Rehana Nazneen

divorc head of th

lives in fam (alone with h

support from the neighb

Nazneen

student helping with the household tutors at home

takes care of the children sews at home gives quran lessons

works as a nurse family lives nearby to take care of the children

formal sector

well educated (speaks english)

knows how to read and write

educated

Nazneen

Rehana ambitious to be conservative about changes Haseena independent time for community Haseena Rehana

Nazn

Salma

engages in politics

works 2 midwife and em informal

uneducated

appearance is he

„power-w

Haseena Rehana 60 | Six Women

Salma

hana een na

arried marriage

family of 4 ts, 2 kids) ar family

as a nurse nearby to take he children

al sector

ucated

s in politics

Salma

Nazneen

Salma Salma Salma

Sadia Children Sadia

divorced head of the family

married abusive husband

lives in family of 5 (alone with her 4 kids)

lives in family of 7 (parents, 3 kids, second wife and 1 kid)

lives in family of 3 (with her husband and his father)

works 2 jobs: midwife and embroidering

works as a nanny (prefers her job over home)

runs her own beauty parlour

informal sector

uneducated (illiterate)

uneducated (only 3 years of school)

support from women in the neighbourhood

Salma

married to her cousin

Sadia Children

several miscarriages

educated

Salma

appearance is important to her „power-women“

Children Sadia Sadia

Sadia

connection to the middle class sector

Women

takes care of her sick father-in-law

Women Profile | 61

Six Women Profile

Nargis striving young women father motivates her

Status Age

moral support to study

lives in family of 8 (parents, grandma, 5 kids) extended family

Family Composition

house support takes care of children

Nargis Status Job/ Activity Age

striving young women father motivates her student

helping with the household 18 tutors at home

Characteristic

62 | Six Women

in or tutice and help

Education

well educated student helping with the household (speaks english) tutors at home -

ambitious to be well educated independent (speaks english) ambitious to be independent

school

in or

Characteristic

school

tut

Formal/Informal

moral support to study

erv ts

Education Job/ Activity

lives in family of 8 (parents, grandma, 5 kids) extended family -

Family Formal/Informal Composition

Commiunity

| household

sews

cookin

e car li d h

Haseena aged housewife husband is dead

Status

Age

lives in family of 9 (2 sons with wifes, 5 kids) extended family

sews at home

takes care of the children sews at home gives quran lessons

Formal/Informal

lessons

school

knows how to read and write

Characteristic

n qura

lives in family of 9 (2 sons with wifes, 5 kids) extended family

Family Formal/Informal Composition

n+ tio ica

Age

co m

aged housewife takeshusband care of the children is dead sews at home 63 gives quran lessons

so cia l

Job/ Activity Status

Job/ Activity

| household

cookin

Haseena

Education

e car ild

Family Composition

conservative about changes

Education

knows how to read and write

Characteristic

conservative about changes

school

Commiunity

Profile | 63

Six Women Profile

forms a polit link ica t l fr

Os NG s o nd ie

Rehana

Age

Family Composition

Education

Characteristic

64 | Six Women

ld ho us Rs

l issues | resp ect ed

Characteristic

hospital

ca edi

Formal/Informal

outside Commiunity

m th wi

Education Job/ Activity

basic works as aeducation nurse family lives nearby to take care of the children formal sector

engages in politics basic education

engages in politics

s lp

Family

Formal/Informal Composition

lives in family of 4 (parents, 2 kids) nuclear family formal sector

cooking

Age

nurse family lives 32 nearby to take care of the children

Rehana Status Job/ Activity

Os NG o nds ie

lives in family of 4 (parents, 2 kids) nuclear family

married happy marriage works as a

ld ho s u

forms a ink o polit lc t king ica o l fr

Status

married happy marriage

Commiunity

Commiun

g cookin | childc

head of the family divorced

Status Age

47 lives in family of 5 (alone with her 4 kids) support from women in the neighbourhood

Age

head of the family works 2 jobs: divorced midwife and embroidering 47

uneducated (illiterate)

Job/ Activity

works 2 jobs: midwife and embroidering

Formal/Informal

Characteristic

Education

Characteristic

informal sector

appearance is important to uneducatedher (illiterate)

helps at home

gets support

Education

stitches at home

midwife

lives in family of 5 (alone with her 4 kids) informal sector support from women in the neighbourhood

Family Formal/Informal Composition

sholds divorced

Job/ Activity Status

Nazneen

h e|

g cookin | childc

Family Composition

sholds divorced

Nazneen

u ho

Commiunity

„power-women“

appearance is important to her „power-women“

Profile | 65

works

Six Women Profile

Salma married abusive husband

Status Age

ab us e

Formal/Informal Education

Characteristic

66 | Six Women

connection to the

uneducated (only 3 years middle class sector of school) connection to the middle class sector

works

s fer

ect

h 2. wife

middle class family p res

d oushol

are| h ldc

uneducated (only 3 years works as a nanny (prefers her job over home) of school)

lives in family of 7 (parents, 3 kids, second wife and 1 kid)several miscarriages

dcare chil

Education Job/ Activity

Characteristic

ab us e

(prefers her job over home) 39

Family Formal/Informal Composition

pre

c ild

married abusive husband works as a nanny

Age

are| h

Salma Status Job/ Activity

oushol

lives in family of 7 (parents, 3 kids, second wife and 1 kid) several miscarriages

Family Composition

2. wife

married to her cousin

Status Age

cousins

Sadia Rs

lives in family of 3 (with her husband and father-in-law)

Family Composition

takes care of sick father-in-law

runs

Age Family Formal/Informal Composition

Job/ Activity

Formal/Informal

Characteristic

Education

Characteristic

bea par

22 lives in family of 3 (with her husband and formal sector father-in-law)

educated

runs her own beauty parlour

formal sector

takes care of her sick educated father-in-law

work and meeting space beauty parlor

m er s custo

Education

parlour

her own runs

Job/ Activity Status

married hertoown beauty her cousin

cousins

Sadia

her own runs

Comm

work and meeting space

Commiunity

takes care of her sick father-in-law

Profile | 67

Six Women Habitats

Nazneen

Sadia

We divided the street into different units composed of multiple families, that need to cooperate in order to bring change to their housing. Each of the units has some shared and collective spaces and is taking care of their part of the community street. Our 6 women are placed in 3 units to show the smart-build up approach.

Nargis

Salma

Haseena

Rehana

68 | Six Women

Unit 01

Unit 02

Unit 03

Habitat | 69

Nargis

6 am

bridal wear

home helping with breakfast getting ready for school

busstop

shop

school

mosque

students corner

8 pm

sho

ppin

all

shrine

making beds going to sleep

Walking paths in neighborhood

70 | Six Women

Activities in one day

helping with dinner

1 pm

8 am

street

school

walking to school with sister

studying

street walking home with friends

home buying sweets at a hawker

helping with lunch playing with siblings

5 pm

home

street

tutoring lessons for kids in the neighbourhood

playing and chatting with friends

helping grandma with embroidering

doing homework

Daily life | 71

Haseena

rke

7 am

home preparing breakfast sending kids to school beauty parlor

shop

mosque

bakery 11 pm

shrine

making beds going to sleep

Walking paths in neighborhood

72 | Six Women

Activities in one day

dinner with the whole family

10 am

street work at home: sewing clothes

market

home

buying groceries

going to the market

taking care of kids

drinking tea with a friend

1 pm

3 pm

street

shrine

street

walking back home

visit shrine and socialize

going to shrine with friends

teaching Quran-lessons

cooking lunch

Daily life | 73

Rehana

6 am

park

home

busstop

preparing breakfast beauty parlor grammar school

shop

hos

pita

making beds going to sleep

Walking paths in neighborhood

74 | Six Women

Activities in one day

8 am

hospital

street

neighbour

walking kids to a neighbours house

bus

hospital

taking the bus to work

working as a nurse at the hospital

6 pm

8 pm

cooking dinner family time

street

market

bus

walking home

running some errands on the way

taking the bus

Daily life | 75

Nazneen

rke

8 am

bridal wear

home preparing breakfast transforming space beauty parlor shop

shop

mosque

going to sleep

Walking paths in neighborhood

76 | Six Women

Activities in one day

11 am

street working at home: embroidering

going out to run some errands

market

street

buying food

meeting people on the way

home cooking lunch taking care of kids

8 pm

10 pm

having a chat with friends

1 pm

home

street

neighbourhood

street

cooking dinner taking care of kids

walking home late

working as a midwife

hurrying to a neighbours house

Daily life | 77

Salma

7 am

home preparing breakfast sending kids to school

busstop

school

mosque

mid

dle

clas

s fa

mil

making beds going to sleep

Walking paths in neighborhood

78 | Six Women

Activities in one day

8 am

busstop

bus

rikshaw

middle class family

waiting for the bus with friends

taking the bus to work

changing transport

working as a nanny doing household chores

7 pm

9 pm

home

bus

market

rikshaw

cooking dinner gets hit by her husband when she‘s late

hurrying to take the bus back home

buying groceries chatting with hawkers

going to the market

Daily life | 79

Sadia

rke

8 am

home busstop

preparing breakfast taking care of father-in-law

shop

12 pm

sho

ppin

all

home going to sleep taking care of father-in-law

Walking paths in neighborhood

80 | Six Women

Activities in one day

10 am

street

market

street

beauty parlor

walking to the market

buying food and supplies for the beauty parlor

walking back gome

opens beauty parlor working

1 pm

8 pm

friends come over chatting in the street cooking dinner

beauty parlor

home

working

cooking lunch taking care of father-in-law

Daily life | 81

Women’s spatial problems Private Space

Private spaces

Home

limited space

Home

shared space with family

- no silent and separate space to study - there is always the presence of someone - no silent and separate space for tutoring - no private space to change clothes - no separate space for work at home - no being alone space - one space with different functions at different times of the day and night - hard to move furniture all the time (like mattresses) - not enough furniture for everyone

design solution for same space different functions have private spaces

82 | Six Women

building related problems - not good ventilation - not good lighting - no isolation - no separation between spaces

design and technical solutions for light and ventilation improvements

Public Space

Public spaces

Street/day

Street/night

Bus stop

Bus

Bus stop

walking/ playing/ socializing

walking

wait too long

stay in traffic

no sidewalk conflict with cars no pavement no shades no green spaces no urban furniture fear of harassment

no sidewalk conflict with cars no lighting possibility of harassment no pavement

not enough place to sit no shading crowded--- possibility of harassment

not enough space for women crowded--- possibility of harassment

design sidewalk with pavement add trees to make green space and shade design some urban furniture

design sidewalk with pavement add lightings to streets to make it more safe design some urban furniture

design bus stop with places to sit and shading

provide spaces in the community to avoid travel

Daily life | 83

Women’s spatial problems

public harassment in impersonal spaces

limited acess to transportation during evening/night out of fear

restricted presence

WOMAN

tea shops restaurants bath houses meeting clubs etc.

bodily discipline & emotional restraints required clothing and behaviours

only for men

informal surveillance on the streets and public spaces

appropriation of public space conﬁdence about the public life sense of community & mutual support

84 | Six Women

Female Empowerment

Aurat March

Lyari Girl‘s Cafe

Karachi United - womens squad

Ranchor Line - Ghazdarabad

Paxi

All-Girl Boxing Club

Daily life | 85

Chapter Four Design

Project Time-line

2. Short term plug - ins

divorced

1. Funding & Community

Nazneen

cross ventilation

adapting windows

6 WOMEN

meet & unite

safe money daily

emotional support

COLLECTIVE

meet every

week

identify problems

TRUS

deﬁnition of strategies

within the co

form

collect the money

CO-OPERATIVE

meet every

FUND

month

inprove

cooperation

Community

NGO

CITY Karachi

88 | Design

closing the street

greenery

shading

seating

lightning

paving

ommunity

divorced

4. Extending

divorced

3. Long term Housing emprovement

Nazneen

Nazneen windcatcher

jalis

new layout of the house

changed entries

shared and collective COURTYARDS

BUILD-UP

shared and collective BRIDGES & PATHS

Collective Network

safety INFORMAL SURVEILLANCE „eyes on the street“

ACTIVITIES on the street

example

for the entire city

similar projects

Concept | 89

Concept

90 | Design

Simply put, our project is based on female empowerment, community involvement and micro-financing. We aim to improve the daily life of the women, their families, the street and finally the whole city. In the beginning, the concept and basic idea are introduced by an NGO, which also provides initial skills training. Through the process, women from the community gradually take over the role of project leaders and start teaching skills to neighbouring communities. In result, our project becomes a pilot-project that grows over time and spreads to different areas of the city, creating a network of change lead by women. Women of the community meet together for mutual support and gradually identify problems of their community. Cooperating with their families, they propose solutions and work together on them. Additional support of an NGO is assumed with regards to materials and skills. Developing the project tightens the bond of the community, which allows them to work on more projects. Improvements to their lives can be felt in the family, street, neighbourhood and eventually, the city.

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

inspiration

Better City

Better Neighbouhood

family

NGO

women

issues

Better family situation

time

cultural spatial economic education health

impulse

materials

NGO

develop project

advice

community

solutions public facilities & infrastructure improvement

cooperation on projects

advice, discussion

family

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

microﬁnance model

identify problems

improve health & education facilities

public space improvement incremental housing solutions

skills training

better community

empowered women

formed platform with common funds

save means work together

support each other

Fourth Phase | Extending

Concept | 91

Micro-economics and Community

We propose combining the micro-financing model with spatial solutions for the street and housing. The community shares funding, decides and executes changes to public space and coordinates changes to private property. The micro-financing model is based on meetings of women. A group of women living in one unit gather weekly to collect their daily savings and discuss personal as well as family issues. This way, trust is developed, which allows for the common use of the fund. The whole street community gathers on a monthly basis to discuss the improvements for their community, manages the microsavings-fund, and develops a social connection through small projects and the time spent together. In our proposed project, the first phase includes using the funds to implement small changes within the neighbourhood. Later, the money is used for housing transformation and smart build up. The community level of micro-finance goes hand in hand with the spatial notion of the collective.

92 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

HOUSEHOLDS

Micro - economics & Community

to group of families only

Rs Rs

6 families

COMMUNITIES

saving small amount per week

Rs Rs

Co-operative

(36 families)

Rs Rs

loans

group of 6 women

FUND

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

fun

din

partnership

COOPERATIONS

guaranteeing for eachother

NGO

non-governmental organisations

local government

Fourth Phase | Extending

improve housing start-up business education of kids

IMPROVE infrastructure health transport education

Concept | 93

Community Street

In this area of Karachi, the tertiary street is not a well-used space. It is too narrow to host business and encroachments in many places make it dark and inhospitable. It is also unpredictably used by cars and motorcycles, which makes it dangerous for children and the elderly. By closing off the back street from traffic, the street becomes accessible for women and children and becomes available for community use. Paving and lights add to the comfort of the street. Nearby courtyards can be easily opened up to create a larger community space. Since multiple women work from home, children can be watched while they play on the street. In the long run, the street serves a living lab - a testing ground for strategies for change asv an example for other communities. People from around Karachi can come and experience the different feel of the transformed street.

94 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Closing the Street to traffic Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Community Street | 95

Community Street [Short-term Plug-ins]

In the first phase of the project, street plug-ins are proposed. These low cost solutions allow for a quick increase in the quality of the street. The street is paved, shading and lightning is added and public benches and tallas make the street ready to everyday use.

96 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

space rt or- the term public plugins space for the public space

portable selling portable selling booth portable selling booth booth

jali jaliselling portable portable selling booth jali portable selling booth booth

ste ste mu mu ste mu

jali jali jali

shorterm---plugins plugins shorterm plugins termplugins pluginsfor forthe thepublic publicspace spaceshorterm --term term plugins for the public space

portableselling selling portable portable selling booth booth booth

stepsused usedfor for steps steps used for multiplethings things multiple multiple things

jali jali jali

shorterm- plugins -- plugins shorterm -- term plugins for the public space plugins for the public space pluginspublic sterm term plugins for the public space shortermshaded shaded public s portable planters portable planters space portable planters portable planters space for greenery for greenery shaded public s portable planters portable planters for greenery for greenery portable selling shaded public portable planters jalijali portable selling shaded public portable planters shaded public portable planters jali portable selling space for greenery for greenery booth space for greenery booth space for greenery space for greenery booth

shaded public shaded public space shaded public space steps used lighting steps used forfor lighting lighting steps used for space multiple things multiple things multiple things

shorterm plugins t - term plugins for the public space shorterm - plugins shorterm - -plugins term plugins forfor the public space - term plugins the public space

portable selling portable selling portable selling booth booth booth portable planters portable planters portable planters greenery forfor greenery for greenery fabriccreating creating fabric fabric creating specialplaces places special special places

portable planters portable planters portable planters for greenery for greenery for greenery

fabric creating fabric fabric creating specialcreating places fabric creating fabric creating special places fabric special places specialcreating places special places special places

fabric creating fabric creating fabric creating special places special places special places

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

steps used for steps used for for steps used multiple things multiple things multiple things lighting lighting lighting

jali jali jali

shaded public shaded public shaded public space space space pavingthe theroad road paving paving the road

shadedroad public paving the shaded public shaded public space paving the road space space fabric creating fabric creating paving road paving thethe road special places paving the road paving the road fabric specialcreating places special places

sha sha sha

treesfor forshading shading trees trees for shading

lighting lighting lighting

paving the road paving the road paving trees the trees for shading forroad shading trees for shading

paving the road paving the the roadroad paving

Fourth Phase | Extending

trees for shading trees for shading trees for shading

Community Street | 97

trees pav trees pav pav trees

Community Street [Short-term Plug-ins]

collective = A privately owned space that its owner makes available to the use of the community. It changes from private to semi private based on the owner’s will throughout the day and so, allows for community use without disrupting ownership of property. eg: a courtyard that multiple women share to work together during the day that is used privately in the evening shared = Space that is used by a defined set of families, which can always access it. It is closed off from the wider public but does not explicitly belong to a single owner. eg: a staircase shared by multiple families to ascend to their higher floors.

98 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

collective transfer point private

transfer point semi private

private

semi priv

transfer point

civic core

barrier

barrier semi public

public

transfer point

Anatomy of Urban Realm (Community and Privacy, Christopher Alexander)

Anatomy of Urban Realm

collective

fer nt

transfer point semi private

private

semi private

transfer point

civic ore

transfer point

civic core

Shared Space

barrier semi public transfer point

semi public

public transfer point

New Version of the Anatomy of Urban Realm

Urban Realm

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Anatomy of Urban Realm

Fourth Phase | Extending

Community Street | 99

Community Street [Collective Spaces] On the everyday level, the community flexibly shares parts of their private space and so, creates collective space. This central notion of collective space builds on the practices of close-knit informal communities and provides more usable space in dense areas while preserving treasured property lines. In addition to creating spaces for gatherings, this new spatial practice improves the safety of children (and women) on the street. Many of the collective spaces - such as courtyards and jalis - also serve a climatic and social purpose like privacy. Also, it makes up for a more effective use of space, since it adds new uses to abandoned areas.

100 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Community Street | 101

Community Street [Master Plan] Movable Walls

Shared Empty Space

102 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Shared Workspace Sadia’s House/ Sadia’s Beauty Parlor

Street Entrance Gate Movable Flower-box

Nazneen’s House Street Lighting

Movable Flower-box

Shared Empty Space

Movable Walls

Street Lighting

Public Space

Talla

Shared Space

Bench

Collective Space

Shading

Master Planofofthe theStreet Street Master Plan Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Scale: 1:500

Community Street | 103

Community Street [Detailed Plan]

Entrance of the Street- Before 104 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Sadia’s Beauty Parlor

Street Entrance Gate

Shading Movable Flower-box

Talla

Nazneen’s House

Bench Street Lighting

Movable Walls Shared Workspace

Entrance of the Street- After Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Community Street | 105

Community Street [Entrance]

106 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Community Street | 107

Community Street [Detailed Plan]

Middle of the Street- Before 108 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Shading

Shared Staircase to Shared Courtyard

Street Lighting

Bench

Shared Bridge to Shared Courtyard

Collective Courtyard

Movable Flower-box

Middle of the Street- After Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement Public Space Shared Space

Fourth Phase | Extending

Community Street | 109

Community Street

110 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Community Street | 111

Community Street [Detailed Plan]

Garbage site

Empty Space- Before 112 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Empty Space Plan- Before

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Movable Flower-box Shared Empty Space Gathering Space for the community

Flexible Shading System

Movable Furniture

*The arrangement of the Empty Space can change by different events happening in it

Empty Space- After Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Empty Space Plan- After

Fourth Phase | Extending

Community Street | 113

Community Street [Empty Space]

114 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Community Street | 115

Densification [Family Growth]

Nargis Family

116 | Design

Haseena Family

First Phase | Funding & Community

Rehana Family

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Nazneen Family

Salma Family

Sadia Family

cousins

2. wife

divorced

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Densification | 117

Densification [Built-up] natural growth of the street

predicted build up

current state

Natural growth of the street 118 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

proposed street transformation

longterm transformation - after build up

ﬁrst steps - street furniture, trees, windcatchers, shading

beginning of transformation - three units chosen

Proposed street transformation Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Densification | 119

Climatic Improvements climatic improvements

cross ventilation Cross Ventilation

climatic improvements

Windwindcatchers catchers

120 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Spatial Improvements spatial improvements

bridges and stairs Bridges and Stairs

spatial improvements

collective spaces Collective Spaces

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Smart Built-up | 121

Community Street [Bridges and Stairs]

122 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Community Street | 123

Collective Spaces [Plan]

Courtyard Shared Space Collective Space

Original Plan Scale: 1:500

Current Status of the street Plan 124 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Public Space Shared Space Collective Space

Ground Floor Plan Scale: 1:500

Collective and Shared spaces- Ground Floor Plan Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Collective Spaces | 125

Collective Spaces [Plan]

Public Space Shared Space Collective Space

First Floor Plan Scale: 1:500

Collective and Shared spaces- First Floor Plan 126 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Public Space Shared Space Collective Space

Second Floor Plan Scale: 1:500

Collective and Shared spaces- Second Floor Plan Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Collective Spaces | 127

Collective Spaces [Plan]

Public Space Shared Space Collective Space

Third Floor Plan Scale: 1:500

Collective and Shared spaces- Third Floor Plan 128 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Public Space Shared Space Collective Space

Roof Plan Scale: 1:500

Collective and Shared spaces- Roof Floor Plan Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Collective Spaces | 129

Collective Spaces [Section]

private roof (double) private roof (green)

sleeping area private roof (isolated)

private roof (green)

sleeping area

father-in-law

family of 2. son

private terrace private roof (green)

family of 1. son

cafe/ womens space

kitchen

BEAUTY PARLOR kitchen/ workspace

Family 1

shared Stairs

Family 2

SADIA

windcatcher

living area

NAZNEEN

Community street

Unit 01

private roof

Unit 01

private roof

sleeping area

private terrace

sleeping area

Unit 02 sleeping area living area

kitchen area + bathroom

bathroom

Unit 03 kitchen area

Family 1

130 | Design

shared Courtyard & Stairs

private roof

REHANA

Community street

First Phase | Funding & Community sleeping room

Family 2

windcatcher

SALMA

private roof

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins sleeping area

private terrace (workspace)

kitchen area + bathroom

bathroom

kitchen area

Family 1

REHANA

shared Courtyard & Stairs

Family 2

Community street

SALMA

windcatcher

private roof (double) private roof (green)

sleeping area private roof (green)

private roof (isolated)

private roof

sleeping area

sleeping room

private terrace

private roof

father-in-law

family of 2. son

private terrace (workspace)

sleeping area private roof (green)

family room

BEAUTY PARLOR

women’s workspace/ kitchen

private living area

family of 1. son living area

cafe/ womens space private terrace

kitchen

living room

toilet

living area kitchen/ workspace

kitchen

Family 1

shared Stairs

NARGIS

Family 2

SADIA Community street

windcatcher

Community street

HASEENA

living area

NAZNEEN

Unit 02

private roof

sleeping area

private terrace

sleeping area

sleeping area living area

kitchen area + bathroom

bathroom

kitchen area

Family 1

shared Courtyard & Stairs

REHANA

Community street

Family 2

windcatcher

SALMA

Unit 03

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

private roof

sleeping room

Fourth Phase | Extending

private roof

sleeping area

Collective Spaces | 131 private terrace (workspace)

Collective Spaces

Private Courtyard

Shared Workspace

Close to public Unit 01- Ground Floor Plan Collective Courtyard

Shared Workspace

Unit 01- Collective space- Changing function 132 | Design

Open to public

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Sadia’s Living Room/ Kitchen

Close to public Unit 01- First Floor Plan

Sadia’s Living Room

Collective Women’s Cafe

Open to public

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Collective Spaces | 133

Unit 01

Nazneen Family

Sadia Family

Unit 01

In order to zoom in on the proposed changes, we decided to focus on unit one. It includes houses of Sadia and Nazneen, as well as a newly formed shared workplace, for the women of the community.

134 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Sadia & Nazneen house transformation

longterm transformation - after build up

ﬁrst steps - street furniture, trees, windcatchers, shading

beginning of transformation

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Unit 01 | 135

Unit 01 [Plan]

Unit 01- First Floor Plan

Sadia’s Beauty Parlor Nazneen’s House

Unit 01- Ground Floor Plan

Unit 01- Current Status Plan- Ground Floor 136 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Unit 01- First Floor Plan

Collective Courtyard Shared Workspace Sadia’s Beauty Parlor Nazneen’s House

Unit 01- Ground Floor Plan

Unit 01- Proposed plan- Ground Floor Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Unit 01 | 137

Unit 01 [Plan]

Sadia’s House

Nazneen’s House

Unit 01- First Floor Plan

Unit 01- Current Status Plan- First Floor 138 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Unit 01- Second Floor Plan

Sadia’s House Shared Rooftop Sadia’s Living room/ Collective Women’s Cafe Nazneen’s House

Unit 01- First Floor Plan

Unit 01- Proposed plan- First Floor Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending Collective

Courtyard

Unit 01 | 139

Unit 01 [Plan]

Unit 01- Third Floor Plan

Sadia’s House Nazneen’s House

Unit 01- Second Floor Plan

Unit 01- Proposed plan- Second Floor 140 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Sadia’s House

Nazneen’s House

Unit 01- Third Floor Plan

Unit 01- Proposed plan-Third Floor Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Unit 01 | 141

Unit 01 [Section]

142 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Unit 01 | 143

Continuance

The previous three phases show how the project improves the daily life of the women, their families and the street. The street serves as a living lab - a testing ground for strategies for change and an example for other communities to close off their back street, form collective spaces and develop microfinancing groups. People from around Karachi can come and experience the different feel of the transformed street. Following the example of our pilot street the female empowerment and improvement of housing can spread with similar projects in other neighbourhoods of Karachi and finally the whole city. In result, our project becomes a pilot-project that grows over time and extend to different areas of the city, creating a network of change lead by women.

144 | Design

First Phase | Funding & Community

Second Phase | Short term plug - ins

the city neighbourhood community family women

Third Phase | Long term Housing improvement

Fourth Phase | Extending

Continuance | 145

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