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Finding the sea that is already there How the city Bergen meets the sea is constantly changing. Is the water still reachable for the public or is it just a part of the pretty picture?
Diploma program Lise Messelt Fadnes Diploma 2014 Bergen Arkitektskole
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Index
Background
Registration
Objective
1.0
Introduction
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1.1
Bergen
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2.0
History
12-13
2.1
Gentrification
14-15
2.2
Water
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3.0
Mapping
20-21
3.1
Accessability to the water - Where
22-23
3.2
Accessability to the water - How
24-29
3.3
Edge conditions
30-33
3.4
Development - Built structures
34-41
4.0
Further work
42-43
5.0
Sustainability
44-45
6.0
Working plan
46-47
7.0
CV
48-49
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Limits Development of the sea line
2010 1957
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1.0
Introduction This diploma project is about Finding the sea that’s already there Bergen, Norway
This project aims to investigate and explore the connection between the city and the sea, resulting in proposing new ways of approach, hopefully creating new ways of access and use of the water.
Historically, Bergen has been a central port in Norway. This affected the architecture and also the activity around the waterfront of the city. Long rows of boat houses and high levels of activity was typical for the area. The port was the heart of the city. Today some of the historical architecture still exists, but the waterfront has gone through significant changes. Big buildings, industry and fenced areas work as barriers between the city and the fjord. The two parts have in some ways become disconnected. Based on experiments and findings through a mapping of the entire waterfront area, from Hegreneset at Sandviken in the north to LaksevĂĽg shipyard west of the city, this diploma project aims to identify how we use the waterfront today. This will result in architectural inserts along the waterfront with the aim to enhance the accessiblility and connection to the sea.
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1.1
Bergen West coast, Norway
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2.0
History The seafront in Bergen has developed drastically through history of the city.
When talking about the connection to the sea in Bergen, it is only natural to start with the fish market. Already in the 13´th century this was an important meeting place for traders, fishermen and locals. This open square was where the town´s inhabitiants and the traders sold their goods. Originally the market was situated closer to the fortress on Holmen, at Nicolaikirkealmenningen. During the 12th century the european traders of the Hanseatic Leauge came to Bergen, which contributed to the city Bergen growing in size, with more buildings in Vågsbotn and Nordnes.
The Hanseatic activity continued for more than 200 years alongside the local traders. In 1556 the local traders wanted more control of the marketplace and demanded that the market be moved. They built a wharf outside a local shoe shop at Vågsbotn and would not allow others to use it. Lord Christofer Walckendorf saw the opportunity to move the fish market closer to the new activity. A small building boom followed, and the fish market became the heart of a new central area in Bergen. After the city fire of 1702, more wooden houses were built. But another fire in 1855 led to more changes on the seafront. Buildings where built in brick in addition to wood.
The market grew in importance. The fishermen usually lived outside the city and they rowed to the market to sell their fish directly from their boats. Fish was transported and sold like this for several hundred years. The city grew, and new ways of building was developed. A popular place for the fishermen to land was Zacharias bryggen. The wharf was built on poles and was 13 metres in length. This technique after some time became common. In the beginnening of the 20th century the innermost part of Vågen had become so polluted by sewage that fish could not live in it. Because of this the Zacharias bryggen was moved, showing the ongoing change of the area along the seafront during the last centuries.
The city developing around the fish market
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2.1
Gentrification Further development of the seafront
Historically Bergen was an important harbor for trade and fish, which contributed to a specific development along the waters edge. These areas used to be sources of economic livelihood, resulting in boathouses for fishing and shipyards for boat crafting occupying most of the stretch. Today there has been a shift where these areas now also relate to recreation and living. It has in som ways gone from a site of work to a site of leisure. Leisure meaning commercial activities such as restaurants, public docks, and most importantly- private housing development. For my Social Anthropology studie I discussed gentrification, and how this phenomena has been the reason for mayor changes along the sea front in Bergen. First an explanation of the word- gentrification.
Gentrification is a shift in an urban community toward wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values,sometimes to the detriment of the poorer residents of the community.
It is a global phenomenon that industrial areas in cities have and are undergoing a major transformation. Commercial development in addition to housing projects is shaping these areas. It has become sought after to live close to nature, in particular the sea where one can enjoy beautiful views inside ones home. This makes these places highly attractive, resulting in wealthy people pressing the prices for the apartments up. In order to convince politicians and people of concern, it is often argued that the development of such kind would create a better quality in life in addition to increasing property value. There are also laws and regulations stating that such plans must include good public space and green areas. It would seem that these public spaces are attempts in creating a better quality in life not just for the people living there but also for the people in the city in general. It is interesting to look at these changes of the seafront in a social point of view, and discuss wether or not these places are funtioning in a way that includes use for others than for the people living or working there.
Illustration: Marvin Halleraker, høyt over husene
Georgernes Verft in Bergen is a classic case of gentrification, where an earlier industrial area has been transformed into an attractive neighborhood with close by cultural programs such as cafĂŠs and galleries, in addition to apartment complexes on the waters edge. These apartments are directly linked with balconies facing a very popular public space, where people go to sun bathe and swim on a nice summer day. People enjoy this place, but there has occured a kind of conflict with the people living there. One can imagine that their private sphere in some ways has become invaded. These are importand aspects to concider when planning such areas. The work in this project will investigate how such places close to the water can provide an interaction between different groups, not excluding people by developing private, introvert programs on the waters edge.
Georgernes Verft on a sunny day
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Bergens Â
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2.2
Water Exploring the possibilites of activities and connections to the water
History shows a variety of use of the water in Bergen. It has been and still is for some a place for work, but has also always been enjoyed through activities and leisure. Big developement on attractive sites by the water has resulted in buildings providing homes and work space for a many people. There has perhaps been less focus on programs that facilitate for activity and leisure.
While mapping the area, some different sorts of use was registered. This was fishing, kaiaking and sailing. There are also two public ocean pools along the stretch that was investigated.(activity low during winter season). Water related activites are those that make direct use of outdoor natural and artificial water resources. These can be divided into the following categories:
Water related recreation offers oppertunities for environmental volenteering that can improve community cohesion and develope social inclusion programs such as for example kaiak clubs, or fishing competitions.
Bergen is surrounded by beautiful landscapes, and people have a close connection to this natural environment, either it´s the mountains on the one side or the sea on the other.
-sports and recreation activities that make direct use of water such as boating, sailing, scuba diving, kaiaking, fishing
Well managed opportunities to enjoy the water environment have a number of positive outcomes, including improved health, social inclusion and environmental protection.
-Land based sport and recreation activities that are enhanced by proximity to water such as walking, joging, cycling and bird watching.
Other use that has the aim to improve the invironmental issues such as sea farming is very interesting and will be investigated further.
Water based activities: canoeing, kaiaking, kite boarding, surfing, model boating, sailing, fishing, outdoor swimming, rowing, triathlon, water sking, windsurfing Water related activities: bird watching, bird feeding, cliff climbing, cycling, jogging, walking, spending time on the beach, investigating bio diversity (finding crabs and small fish) 17
Buildings approximately on the water
Boat marinas
Areas facilitated for direct contact with water
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Various conditions along the edge A random selection of pictures showing some of the different conditions along the waters edge
Water polluted by industrial dumping over many years
Obsolete buildings situated at industrial areas
Parks
Piers for boats
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3.0
Mapping Registrations of the different conditions of the meeting between the sea and the city. Where is the water approachable and how are the edges facilitated for use? The following topics will be investigated:
1: Accessibility. Where and how are the connections to the water? 2: Edge conditions. How does land and water join? 3: Built structures. Which programs exist along the water today?
The spots on the map symbolize the degree of connection, where the biggest spot indicates a good connection either providing a big open space or a facilitated area for easy access to the water. The smallest spots indicate an opening, without it being categorized as a good connection.
Sandviken
Skuteviken
Nordnes
City center Nøstet
Dokken
Sydnes
Laksevåg
Møhlenpris Store Lungegardsvatnet Damsgård
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3.1
Accessibility- Where A registration of where the water is physically approachable
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Accessibility- How Connections to the water sites 1-24
1_Dock under construction 2_Sandviken bath 3_Small pier outside old boat house 4_Big open space by the old mechanical workshop. Floating dock 5_Floating dock inbetween dance school building 6_Parking with fence 5 meters above sea level 7_Small floating dock in between offices in old sea houses 8_ Small rock beach in between office buildings 9_Small pier with bench in between office bildings 10_Small pier outside office building with bench 11_Wooden docks in between apartment buildings 3 places. 12_Boat harbour 13_Pier with sitting possibilites 14_Pier behind office building used for parking 15_Old boat house with pier 16_Semi public pier otside Bergen school of architecture 17_Parking 18_A small beach, benches and boats. Kystkultutsenteret 19_Small beach in between big old boat houses 20_Place to release boat 21_Smal pier along wall of office building 22_Big new construction, office buildings with public dock 23_Small opening in between office bildings 24_Big Open space on the water
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Connections to the water sites 25-48
25_Small dock used for parking 26_Beach easily accessable 27_Big open space on dock used for big boats and cruice ships. 28_Steps down to water 29_Pier for Statsr책d Lemkhul and other big boats 30_Pier for boats 31_Bryggen 32_Zacharias bryggen 33_the fish market 34_Small opening 35_Small public pier with bench and parking for boats 36_Opening in between buildings 37_Big open space parially roofed. Boat terminal 38_Openings in between buildings. Pier with parking 39_Office building with public dock used for parking 40_Big space used for parking. Office buildings and nice open view 41_Small opening in between buildings 42_Pier outside offices 43_Nordnes ende. Restaurant with small pier 44_Public beach and park 45_View point with fence 1-2 meters above sea level 46_Small pier with bench used for fishing 47_Nordnes Bath 48_Apartment buildings with public pier used for bathing during summer
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Connections to the water sites 49-76
49_Verftet restaurant and culture house 50_Small piers outside artist studios 51_Boat harbour 52_Open space behing old boat house 53_Parking and boat harbour outside TV2 54_Boat harbour 55_Nøsteboden sea pool 56_Parking 57_Public pier behing apartment building 58_Public pier and art installation behind buisness school BI 59_Parking and storage 60_Benches and gras and public dock behing UIB 61_Public pier with cafÊ 62_Public pier by DNB 63_Apartment building with public pier 64_Parking and pier by apartment building 65_Parking and boat parking (house boat) 66_Public pier beside and behing apartment building 67_Big open space used for parking 68_Bakery with small pier 69_Big pier with parking 70_Public pier under office building 71_Floating pier and parking behing office building 72_Parking 73_Park with beach, birds and molo. Boat harbour 74_Parking andpier 75_First part of industrial site with access to pier connected to old brick building 76_Industry
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3.3
Edge Conditions
Direct
Human
Natural
Boat
A catalogue of the different edge conditions. Categorizing connections between land and water.
The metting between land and water varies, making the water more approachable at some sites than others. A majority of the sites are best suited for boats, while other sites are facilitated for a more direct use. The following pages list a mapping of the different conditions, catalouging a variety of edge conditions. 30
â’ś Big parts of the city is built on the water, and the meeting with the water that often occurs in such a process is monotonous and repetitive. The drop depends on the hight of the high and low tide, varying between 0-2.5 meters. This type of edge condition mostly facilitates for boats and can perhaps be viewed as a barrier between land and sea, but it can also function for fishing or other such activities.
Location 01,03,06,09,10,12,14,15,16,20,23,24,25,27,29 30,31,32,33,34,36,38,39,41,42,43,46,49,50,51 52,53,54,56,59,60,61,62,63,64,6568,69,74
â’ˇ Many people own leisure boats or sail boats and this type of edge condition facilitates for that sort of use. It can be found a few places, mainly at boat marinas outside the city centre. This floating structures also provide a good spot for fishing or swimming.
Location 04,05,07,71
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â’¸ The stairs, either man made or natural is perhaps the type of edge condition that is best suited for direct contact with the water. This also facilitates for boat use, and other activities such as kaiaking or bathing.
Location 02,04,11,13,17,22,26,28,31,36,40,44,45,47 48,55,60,66,67,72,73
â’š Sandviken is translated the sand bay. This area used to be a beach, before boat houses eventually were built and covered the sand and beach. There are still some traces of these natural connections to the water, but only a few. Some have been slightly adjusted with big rocks while others still have sand and appear natural.
Location 02,04,08,18,19,44,47,58,73
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Ⓕ A few places along the water have areas that are roofed. These areas provide shelter from the rain but they are also dark and cold away from the sun. Some new office buildings and apartment buildings have this feature in an attempt to provide good outdoor areas in connection with the programs inside.
Location 37,57,70
Ⓔ Since large parts of the area along the water is developed, this type of edge condition where the building is directly positioned by the water is very common. This doesn´t provide any kind of public approach to the water. Physical and visible connection to the water is blocked, exept for those that are inside the building.
Location See next map of built structures
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3.4
Development at the edge A mapping of the different built structures existing along the waters edge today 6 categories: Type A: Type B: Type C: Type D: Type E: Type F:
Industrial / Storage Commercial / Public program Office space Educational / Research Unused / Unoccupied Housing
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Type C: Office space
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Type A: Industrial / Storage
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Type B: Commercial / Public program
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Type D: Educational / Research
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Type E: Unused / Unoccupied
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Type F: Housing
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A
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4.0
Further work The mapping of the seafront has resulted in many finds. There is a close connection between the city and the sea, but very few areas are facilitated for use towards the water, other than boating. Industry, apartment buildings and offices occupy most of the areas along the sea, and there are not very many public programs except from the city center Bryggen, and the two outdoor swimming pools that exsist and provide good palces for activities and leisure The following topics were investigated:
1 Accessibility Finding out where and how the water is physically approachable 2 Edge conditions Describing how the meeting between land and water varies 3 Built structures Buildings are creating a barrier between the city and the water, and the program of the building provides various connections to the water, depending on wether it holds a private or public program.
Through the mapping of the seafront and the investigation of the different conditions mentioned above, I have found 5 sites that are compelling and appealing for further studies. These sites where found interesting because of different factors: -Unoccupied buildings -Free space -Space with the absence of activating programs in close proximity -The potential of social inclusion of a nearby neighborhood. The aim of the continued work with this diploma is to further investigate the sites that have been categorized as potential areas for developing a stronger connection to the water, through proposing inserts aimed at recreation and invironmental interventions. A deeper explanation and investigation of the sites will be produced and presented in the second part of this program.
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2 1 Abandoned buildings on industrial site 2 Free space in area providing few public programs 3 Parking space approximately on the water, very central 4 Old boat houses in need of maintenance and reprogramming 5 An old mechanical workshop connected to a big open space 43
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5.0
Sustainability Initial thoughts of sustainability, structure and materials
For my sustainability approach I will start with a decomposition of the word sustainability. Sustain- also meaning maintain, and ability translated to opportunity or possibility. With a project focusing on the way the city meets the sea in Bergen these words become interesting in an architectural and a social point of view. The city meets the water in many different ways, where some areas are closed of due to buildings creating walls, whereas other areas offer a good connection providing public harbors and docks. Often architecture ends up being a matter of subjective preference disconnected from the context of the natural condition. How can we sustain a strong connection to the water through interventions that give the landscape first priority? By enhancing social and ecological systems present in the landscape, these places can create opportunities for people to connect amongst each other and to nature. This project will focus on reprogramming existing buildings, as well as the space in between buildings along the waterfront in Bergen. It will be important to study the development of these areas during the last decades and the environmental consequences when building on the waters edge.
Reusing our existing buildings, considering the amount of embodied energy in an existing building, thus making the case of demolition, waste disposal, and the construction of a new building more difficult to justify. Some of the places I will look further into are very much affected by heavy industry, and the sea around these areas is heavily polluted. Can architecture improve such places, and perhaps contribute to a more positive development considering the polluted water and seabed? Can development work as a rebuilder of ecosystems and also revitalize these areas by providing places for common activities close to the water? The project will focus on a healthy development of the seaside architecturally while emphasizing the social meetings, making the sea approachable for others than the people living or working in the buildings in direct contact to the water. Architecture can enhance social sustainability by providing built opportunities that create neighborhoods where social relationships comprise community, and perhaps a healthy environment. How can urban design at such places enhance social interaction and participation?
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In short the focus of discussion regarding the sustainability approach will be within the following: -Environmental conditions on site (water) -Reprogramming of existing buildings -Connectivity through built environments TTA For the tta approach it will be interesting to look further into the different ways of “updating� old buildings in a sustainable manner, adjusting to climate, as well as connecting to new structures in the best possible way. New materials and construction methods will be important factors. It is difficult to go into detail when the exact site at this time remains unknown. I will perhaps also look into the technology of building floatable structures.
6.0
Working plan
Febuary
March
Suggested work Febuary-June 1 st. week
2 nd. week
2.nd presentation
Site mapping Further investigations on selected sites
Sustainability work
1:1 investigations
Site work- context
Drawings and analyzes of selected 5 sites
Work in model 1:200/1:500
Axonometric drawings Finish program part 2 Pictures of edge from boat
3 rd. week
4 th. week
Make Landscape models 1:200/1:500 depending on site
Define programs for the different sites through a context study
Possible study trip
Landscape model 1:1000
Define arguments for inserts
1:1 presentation Suggest interventions for sites
Define arguments for inserts
1.st presentation
1:1 presentation
2.nd presentation
jan 30-31th
feb. 27th
mar. 6-7th
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April
May
June
Sustainability presentation Re-evaluate programs 1:1 on site
Model work 1.200
Detailing
Plans 1.200
Build exibition
Make framework for exibition
Experiment with drawing (film?)
DAV work 3D drawings of sites
Make prints
Suggest new inserts for sites
Re-evaluate produced work
Make narrative Reherse exam
Sections 1.200
Model 1:100 Selected areas
Finish exibition work Visualize project pre presentation
Fix missing pieces
Exam
Drawings
3 rd. presentation
Sust.presentation
3.rd presentation
Exibition start
Exam
apr 3rd
apr 28-29th
jun 2nd
jun 27-30th
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7.0
cv Lise Messelt Fadnes Art history Bergen University 1.5 years 2003-2004 Kunstskolen i Bergen (Bergen art school) 2 years 2007-2009 Art preparatory studies Bachelor degree Bergen School of Architecture 2009-2012 Teachers: Magnus Våge, Gunvor Bakke Kvinlog, Trygve Soløs, Bjarne Ringstad, Hector P. Barrios Dav: Trudi Jaeger, Eva Kun, May Elin Bjerk 1st. semester master course Bergen school of architecture Fall 2012 The Library Planning and construction of a new library at BAS Teachers: Cecilie Andersson, Jacob Schroll, Harald Røstvik DAV: Eva Kun, May Elin Bjerk 2nd. semester master course Exchange program Valparaíso, Chile Spring 2013 Santuario de Schoenstatt + Taller de obra Designing a church/sanctuary in Valparaíso, Chile + (concrete workshop) Professors: David Luza, David Jolly 3.rd semester master course Bergen school of architecture Fall 2013 Bergen Think Tank Densification studies and urban planning at Sandsli, Bergen Teachers: Jerome Picard, Jonathan Woodroffe, Harald Røstvik DAV: Eva Kun Competitions 120 hours, 2011 (with Anders Sletten Eide) 120 hours, 2012 (with Anders Sletten Eide) Northern lights 2012 (with Anders Sletten Eide) Hurtigruten Summer job on the Norwegian Cruise ship 2008-2012 Sports Participant on the National swimming team of Norway 2005-2007 49