Panorama Paquetá - full research and design report by lluken

PANORAMA PAQUETĂ Sense of place for a vulnerable island community

Graduation project Lodewijk Luken

PANORAMA PAQUETĂ Sense of place for a vulnerable island community

LODEWIJK LUKEN 4098358 Delft University of Technology Faculty of Architecture Architectural Engineering Studio

Tutors Mo Smit (architecture) Jos de Krieger (research) Engbert van der Zaag (building technology) Dirk Dubbeling (examiner)

PREFACE This report summarizes the research and design of my graduation project ‘Panorama Paquetá’. This project forms the end of my study period that is characterized by the many projects and internships that made me spending a lot of time in Brazil.

project in my own style.

Panorama Paquetá is an attempt to bring together my understanding of the Brazilian context with the Dutch environmental consciousness and expertise in concepts such as Circular Economy and Industrial Ecology.

Jonas Klabin, for the many meetings and discussions we had about Ilha de Paquetá and the issue of the Guanabara Bay pollution.

My internship at the Dutch Consulate in Rio de Janeiro in 2017, prior to this graduation project, enabled me to visit Ilha de Paquetá several times. The beauty and calmness of the place attracted me. And the fact that it’s located right in the middle of Guanabara bay (subject to a continuous debate about environmental pollution) gives the place a relevance and made me decide to choose it as the location for my graduation project.

Luuk Rietveld, professor Drinking Water & Urban Water Cycle Technology, for his advice and feedback on the water system.

EFL STICHTING

Nadine Galle, from consultancy company Metabolic, for her feedback on the Material Flow Analyses. Ankita Singhvi, from Circle Economy, for providing me with valuable information and access to the CE assessment tool to reflect on the strategic interventions that I propose. All ‘paquetaenses’ that I interviewed and met.

Ilha de Paquetá has proven to be an inspirational location for many talks, thoughts and drawing over the past year. I am grateful for the support that I got throughout the entire research and design process: My tutors Mo Smit, Jos de Krieger and Engbert van der Zaag for their great support during this project. They helped me to develop my ideas and could reflect on these ideas by asking the right questions. And, more importantly, they encouraged me to develop and draw the

EFL foundation, for their financial support to fund my field work in April 2018. And, last but not least, Johan van Lengen, who inspired me greatly when we lived at TIBÁ in 2014 Delft, January 2019

CONTENT Introduction and relevance Part I: Research Part II: Island strategy Part III: Building design Conclusions and reflection Literature

INTRODUCTION Worldwide, the current take-makedispose economy has led to considerable environmental issues. Natural resources are depleting and waste is polluting the oceans. Addressing these issues is not new, and many ideas and concepts for system changes and paradigm shifts have been spread already (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2012; Frosch & Gallopoulos, 1989; McDonough & Braungart, 2002; Mollison, 1988; Pauli, 2010).

products IN

On Ilha Paquetรก, an island in the bay of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the current take-make-dispose economy is very much visible: on one side of the island new products such as food, water and energy arrive by boat, while on the other side another boat returns to the mainland with the waste that is generated. The beaches are polluted with solid waste that origins from the surrounding mainland and the water quality in Guanabara bay has deteriorated over the years.

waste OUT Paquetรก

At the same time, Paquetรก is characterized by its beautiful natural environment and the rich culture and history. Therefore, the island has become a very touristic place. The objective of this graduation project is to come up with interventions that improve the environmental performance of Ilha de Paquetรก, while at the same time adding economic and social value to the island community. 10

polluted surface water

polluted beaches

PROBLEM STATEMENT I. POLLUTION RECEPTION Since the urbanization in the 1960s and the subsequent growth of informal urban settlements and an increase of industrial activities, Guanabara bay suffers from massive amounts of polluted surface water that flow in via the surrounding rivers. This polluted bay water pollutes Paquetá’s beaches and swimming water. The local waste company has a separate waste collection service to take the solid waste away from the beaches. The pollution is a threat for the island’s natural environment. The result is that many tourists stay away from Paquetá. II. WASTE GENERATION This pollution problem has not led to a different attitude towards consumption of goods, energy and water on Paquetá. Every day, two trucks full of waste are transported by a dieselpowered ferry to a landfill in Rio de Janeiro and the local waste water treatment is poor. The amounts of resource consumption and

waste generation increase by the large number of tourists visiting the island. The system of import-consume-discharge is very much observable during two major events: Carnaval and Festa Junina. Around 15.000 people visit the island, all demanding for at least the basic needs such as alimentation and sanitation, increasing the in- and outflow.

IV. HIGH COSTS

III. LITTLE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES

Rio de Janeiro state and municipality had to cut the budgets for culture and heritage preservation. Historical buildings are in a bad shape and often not in use.

Most economic activities on the island mainly relate to tourism. Located one hour by boat from Rio de Janeiro, Paquetá receives many tourists for day trips. Despite of the environmental issues of the bay, the island is still known as an idyllic place: calm, car-free and very safe. The one-sidedness and the small size of this local economy result in a lack of work opportunities for the residents. Therefore, youngsters often leave Paquetá to work on the mainland, while elderly who look for a peaceful living environment replace them. Demographically, this leads to an aging population.

The isolated context and the lack of local production (of food for example) results in the import of all goods, energy and water that residents and tourists need. Transportation costs (by boat) increase the cost of living. V. LOSS OF CULTURE AND IDENTITY

Day tourists often show little respect to the culture and natural environment. Food and beverage packages are left behind. The massive tourism flows during major events do not fit with the cultural and historical meaning of the island. Thereby, the delivery of goods on the islands is done by oversized trucks that damage the characteristic, unpaved streets that are traditionally the domain of pedestrians. The trucks also cause clouds of dust when they pass by.

While Paquetá suffers from external pollution that threats the beautiful natural environment, the local economy works the same way: take - make - dispose. 12

MAP OF PAINS

little stuff to do

aging population

few jobs

product import: high costs of living

costs for waste disposal

isolated economy

tourism tourism peaks

polluted Guanabara bay

strong community

polluted beaches and swimming water

loss of local culture and identity

transport

OBJECTIVE

The aim is to combine circular strategies that improve Paquetá’s polluting linear system with interventions that make the island a better place in social, economic and cultural terms. This way, Paquetá has the potential to show an alternative for the current take - make - dispose economy, taking into account social inclusion.

Past (around 1970)

Present (2018)

RELEVANCE RELEVANCE

Islands as perfect test grounds

Social inclusion

In an age of increased environmental concerns, with depleting natural resources and waste pollution, this graduation project seeks alternative solutions for the current linear system.

This is exemplary for the challenges that islands have to deal with worldwide: resource pressure, limited economic diversity and vulnerability to external factors (climate change).

On the island Paquetรก, all products are imported from the mainland. After use, the waste is transported back with diesel-powered ferries. This represents in a very clear visual way the way the current take-make-dispose economy works. Economically, Paquetรก relies mostly on tourism, given its very attractive qualities. Result: very little economic diversity. Thirdly, there is the external factor of the pollution of Guanabara Bay the island has to deal with.

However being most urgent on islands, these kind of issues are global challenges that call for a circular economy approach. Considering their clear, natural boundaries, islands are perfect isolated test grounds to test how decentralized resource management systems work in practice.

Also, just like many other islands, Paquetรก has a very strong community. This makes it a suitable place to test how social inclusion in circular economy can be achieved. This aspect is often neglected in the implementation of CE strategies, taking a system-level perspective only. Guanabara bay On a more local scale, the Guanabara bay pollution proves the need for sustainable solution

Choosing an island as test ground is a strategic choice, considering the urgency, scale, scope and social structure.

Climate change

Circular cities

Islands as perfect test grounds climate change vulnerability challenge: social inclusion

Guanabara bay pollution

METHODOLOGY The main topics that will be studied to answer the research question can be divided in two tracks. One track consists of the investigation of the in- and output flows, resulting in a Material Flow Analysis for energy, water and materials. The other track is a search related to the context (Ilha Paquetá) to get a real sense of place. The outcome of these two research tracks will result in the boundary conditions for interventions and inspiration for architectural design. The building that will be designed will facilitate new synergies on Paquetá, reducing the in- and outflow quantities. The program is correlated with the economical and social aspects of intervening in the current situation on Ilha Paquetá. Important aspect is the proudness of the local residents of their history and identity. The overall research question is: How can the environmental state of Ilha de Paquetá be improved, taking an urban metabolism perspective, while strengthening the tourism sector and enhancing the island’s culture and identity?

The sub-research questions are: • What can be learned from the history, culture, traditions and social structure of Paquetá? • How is the local economy organized? • What are the local building methods and traditions? • What do residents and tourists think of the island and what would they like to change? • What are the current material, water and energy flows of Paquetá? • What system-level interventions can reduce the in- and output flows, based on the MFA? • How do the consumption pattern, behaviour and demand of tourists look like? • What are the physical, spatial and geological conditions of Paquetá? • How is the current waste management system organized?

Literature study and desk research is combined with more practical field work, data collection and interviews on site (17 April - 7 May). Urban metabolism and circularity: flow Apart from context-specific research, also urban metabolism, circular cities and circular economy in general is studied. Furthermore other islands will be studied, since they are most likely to provide insights in the possibilities for creating synergies on Paquetá. • What interventions are possible to decrease the system-level in- and output flows of an area? • What can be learned from other islands related to decentralized resource management? Connect top-down and bottom-up viewpoints This way, a top-down system-level strategy to improve the ecological footprint of the island is combined with thorough bottom-up understanding of the context and local needs and desires.

How can the environmental state of Ilha de PaquetĂĄ be improved, taking an urban metabolism perspective, while strenthening the tourism sector and enhancing the islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture and identity? PAQUETĂ field work, literature, interviews, observations

literature, case studies, research

CIRCULARITY

? history, culture and social structure

social inclusion in a circular economy

local economy

sustainable tourism

tourism urban metabolism and cyclifiers

spatial qualities building methods and traditions

current waste management system

inorganic

organic

waste-to-resource

? Material Flow Analysis materials

water

case studies: (self-)sustainable islands

energy

urban strategy + building program and ingredients for architectural design

PART I: RESEARCH

ILHA DE PAQUETÁ Ilha de Paquetá is home to around 4500 permanent residents on a land area of 1,2 km2. There is a boat connection with Rio de Janeiro, which takes between 45 and 75 minutes. Administratively it is a neigbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, but the place is known for its huge contrast with the city: calm and safe. Therefore, Paquetá has become a touristic hotspot for (mostly) inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro. Paquetá has access to all public services: a fire brigade, police station and a hospital are permanently established on the island. Fresh water, electricity and waste collection are organized by the same semi-private companies that provide these services elsewhere in Rio de Janeiro state.

‘I was born and raised on Paquetá. I still love this place, but I do miss the old times when it was more quiet.’

Marilena, 65. Librarian 24

GUANABARA BAY Ilha de Paquetá is located right in the middle of the Guanabara bay and therefore nicknamed ‘Perola de Guanabara’ (‘Pearl of Guanabara).

BRAZIL

Most recent controversies about the bay consider the conflict between all different economic activities in the bay (harbor, oil drilling, fishery) in relation to ecology and, moreover, the pollution that it is suffering. The rivers that flow out in the bay, discharge solid waste and other kinds of pollutants, due to urbanization and industrialization of the surrounding thirteen municipalities. Consequently, the most traditional economic activity on Paquetá, fishery, is now in a decline. The main economic activity where Paquetá relies on nowadays is tourism, given the very attractive qualities of the island.

Rio de Janeiro

‘In the past there was more fish, more species also. Because of the pollution there are only about 20 fishermen left.’

Vanderlei, fisherman 26

PAQUETÁ

RIO DE JANEIRO Copacabana

0 1

5 km

ISLAND CASE STUDIES What can be learned from other islands related to decentralized resource management?

ISLAND CASE STUDIES Closed ecosystems as perfect test grounds To place the case of Ilha de Paquetá in a broader perspective, four other islands where studied in terms of consumption, demographics and other characteristics. These places have in common that (1) they rely for a major part on the mainland for products import and waste disposal, (2) there is limited economic diversity (often tourism or agriculture) and (3) they are most vulnerable for external factors, such as climate change. These characteristics make them suitable test cases for circular strategies. On most of the studied islands projects have been initiated, most often related to local energy production.

‘As closed ecosystems with exceptional challenges, islands are the perfect playground to test circular economics.’ Nadine Galle, Urban Ecology consultant at Metabolic

Common island characteristics

Paquetá issues

Resource pressure

All food and consumption goods are imported from Rio de Janeiro and São Gonçalo. No local production (except fishery)

Limited economic diversity

Small local economy relies fully on tourism

Vulnerability to external factors (climate change)

Suffers from Guanabara Bay pollution

ILHA PAQUETĂ - BRAZIL 1,2 km2

4500 residents

Energy consumption ELECTRICITY 0% renewable

Island characteristics DENSITY 3750 people/km2 GEOGRAPHY Stones HIGHEST POINT 69 m ADMINISTRATION Neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, under administration of sub-region Centro

HEATING 2% renewable (roof solar collectors)

DEMOGRAPHICS - Aging population: youngsters leave the island for education and work, while elderly replace them ECONOMICS - Tourism - Historically exporter of agricultural products

TRANSPORT 0% renewable 0

OTHER - Car-free - Events: Carnaval and Festa Junina

5 km

VLIELAND - NETHERLANDS 36,1 km2

1131 residents

Energy consumption ELECTRICITY 20% 3% renewable PV-panels

Island characteristics DENSITY 34 people/km2 GEOGRAPHY Except for some wooded areas, the island consists mainly of dunes HIGHEST POINT 45 m ADMINISTRATION One municipality

HEATING 40% 0% renewable

DEMOGRAPHICS - Slow population decline ECONOMICS - Main business sector: tourism, with 200.000 visitors per year. OTHER

TRANSPORT 40% 0% renewable 0

5 km

PROJECT GOAL Become a circular island by closing resource cycles: energy, water and materials PHASE Initial: analysis and opportunity identification SOCIAL INCLUSION - Small scale pilots involving local businesses - Widespread implementation has not started yet, however the willing to improve seems to exist. MAIN LESSONS LEARNED - Tourism consumes a lot more water, energy and food than an average inhabitant, causing an increase of resource consumption per inhabitant. - Subsequently, waste generation is a lot higher than average. - Materials from construction and demolition form a significant part of all material in- and outputs.

- Visitors don’t have access by car - Yearly festival: ‘Into the great wide open’ (around 5000 visitors)

EL HIERRO - SPAIN 269 km2

10.587 residents

Energy consumption ELECTRICITY 46% renewable windmills hydro storage HEATING 0% renewable

Island characteristics DENSITY 39 people/km2 GEOGRAPHY El Hierro is of vulcanic origin, very mountainous HIGHEST POINT 1501 m ADMINISTRATION Autonomous community of Spain, 3 municipalities DEMOGRAPHICS - ... ECONOMICS - Agriculture, fishery, craftmenship - Little tourism, no industries

TRANSPORT 0% renewable 0

Other - Small airport

5 km

PROJECT GOAL Become self-sufficient in energy, using renewables only PHASE Partially implemented SOCIAL INCLUSION No active participation by residents. The project was created by the local Gorona del Viento El Hierro consortium with financial aid from the European Union. The wind power plant is for 60 percent owned by the island authorities and 10 percent by a local technology institute. Revenues (between 1 and 3 million) will benefit residents, with subsidised water prices, infrastructure, social policies. No direct benefits from ‘cheaper’ energy: price of electricity is fixed in Spain. MAIN LESSON LEARNED Major investments required for the renewal of the energy system 33

SAMSØ - DENMARK 114,3 km2

3724 residents

Energy consumption ELECTRICITY 100% renewable windmills

Island characteristics DENSITY 33 people/km2 GEOGRAPHY Wavy landscape of meadows and small patches of woodland HIGHEST POINT 64 m ADMINISTRATION Municipaility in Central Denmark Region

HEATING 75% renewable solar collectors biomass (straw, wood chips) TRANSPORT

5 km

3% renewable electric cars rapeseed oil (farms)

PROJECT GOAL Become fossil fuel free and self-sufficient using renewable energy PHASE Implemented SOCIAL INCLUSION - Initially: skepticism. Residents feared the required adaptations to the landscape. - Numurous meetings: the debate opened. - Real trigger: closure of the slaughterhouse and the loss of 200 jobs. EMPLOYMENT - Construction work: positive effect on local employment. However, the windmills were all constructed by construction teams from the mainland. - The number of permanent jobs is limited. MAIN LESSONS LEARNED Eventually, economic benefits are the key to success. In the case of Samsø these were (1) energy savings and profits from renewable energy and (2) the new job opportunities. 34

DEMOGRAPHICS - Decreasing population: young people move away after secondary school and only few return ECONOMICS - Main business sectors: agriculture and tourism industry - Samsø is exporter of many fruits and vegetables - Smaller sectors are public services and the building and construction industry OTHER - Energy Academy

MALÉ - MALDIVES 2,0 km2

92.555 residents

Energy consumption ELECTRICITY 7% renewable

Island characteristics DENSITY 46.278 people/km2 GEOGRAPHY Part of a ring shaped atoll HIGHEST POINT 1501 m ADMINISTRATION Malé City Council DEMOGRAPHICS

HEATING 0% renewable

- Population increased from 20.000 in 1987 to 100.000 in 2006 ECONOMICS - Main industry: tourism - Others: construction, fishery, agriculture Other

TRANSPORT

- Small airport

0% renewable 0

5 km

PROJECT GOAL - (no project) PHASE SOCIAL INCLUSION ... MAIN LESSON LEARNED Most vulnerable to climate change due to its geography.

MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS What are the dimensions of the current energy, water and material flows on Ilha de Paquetรก, and what are the opportunities for system-level interventions?

MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS Energy, water and material flows on Ilha de Paquetá and the potentials SUMMARY

METHODOLOGY

The current take-make-dispose economy, resulting in resource pressure and environmental problems, calls for new economic approaches. Islands are perfect living laboratories, because of their clearly defined boundaries and the urgency for a circular economy due to their vulnerability. In this research paper a Material Flow Analysis for energy, water and materials was constructed as a basis to propose impactful, system-level interventions. It was found that the energy consumption is dominated by the dieselpowered ferries, calling for cleaner modes of transportation. Regarding water, the fresh water input can be significantly decreased by utilizing rainwater. Considering materials, organic flows can be utilized to harvest biogas from digestion. Further research is required into the possibilities for utilizing C&D waste, coconut waste and recyclables. The integration of these interventions in an architectural design lie most probably in the integration of multiple solutions, because of the possible synergies between different flow types.

In this chapter, a Material Flow Analysis on a regional scale is developed, also referred to as Material Flow Accounting. In such an analysis, the economy is considered to be an embedded subsystem in its environment, dependent on a constant throughput of materials and energy. It is important to clearly define the system boundary for the MFA (Hammer, Giljum, & Hinterberger, 2003). Considering that Ilha de Paquetá is an island, the system boundary is clear: there is a clear frontier to the surrounding economies. However, a second system boundary is introduced: the boundary between the economy and the local, natural environment. Apart from soil, air, trees and other components, also the waters around the island, Guanabara bay, are considered part of this domestic environment (see figure). Furthermore, it must be noted that only direct flows are considered in this MFA, so lifecycle aspects of the considered products and materials are not considered. Secondly, durable consumption goods, infrastructure and buildings are considered as stocks. The waste deposit center on Paquetá is not considered as a stock, since it functions as a transit station. Data collection Several methods were used to collect the data to construct the Material Flow Analysis. Fieldwork allowed to carry out a survey among the commercial and public entities on the island. Firstly, a questionnaire was used is

provided in appendix A. A complete overview of all consumption for the entire island was not achieved, but extrapolating several data sets among similar users (retails, bars, restaurants, shops) provided an approximation of the overall consumption. Secondly, observations and personal interviews during the fieldwork provided insights in the metabolism of Paquetá. Thirdly, online sources and literature were consulted for making additional assumptions and for conversion factors. Research questions This paper answers the following research question: What are the dimensions of the current energy, water and material flows on Ilha de Paquetá, and what are the opportunities for system-level interventions? Sub questions: • What are the dimensions of the current energy, water and material flows on Ilha de Paquetá? • What is the impact of tourism peaks on the energy, water and material flows? • What are the opportunities for system-level interventions and what is the potential impact of system-level interventions on the MFA? • How can the proposed system changes be facilitated by an urban or architectural intervention?

ÁGUA

Nome

Quantidade

Tipo de comércio ENERGÍA

Endereço

Electricidade

Horário de funcionamento

Gas

Espaço

Gasolina

Clientes/dia Nome do funcionário/dono

LIXO

PRODUTOS O que

Quanto

Da onde

Como (balsa, barca)

O que

Comida

Orgânico

Comida - legumes, frutas

Reciclável

Bebida

Plástico

Não orgânico

Vidro

Quanto

Papel Não reciclável

Total

General scheme for an economy-wide MFA (own illustration, based on Hammer et al. (2003))

The questionnaire that was used for data collection

DATA COLLECTION Consulted online sources, conversion factors, assumptions and observations Value

Source / explanation

Number of residents

4897

IBGE (2017)

Number of households - residents

1942

populacao.net.br (2010)

Number of households - veranistas (vacationers)

281

populacao.net.br (2010)

Occupation of veranistas households

2 days/week

Assumption

Number of tourists per week

2000

Assumption, observation

Electricity consumption per household - residents

2101 kWh

Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (2017)

Electricity consumption per household - veranistas

3151 kWh (150%)

Higher consumption (tourist profile)

Price electricity

0,72523 reais/kWh

Energy bill confectionary Bodega

Fuel consumption boat CCR barcas

33 L/km

de Almeida Guimarães et al. (n.d.)

Fuel consumption truck Comlurb

0,29 L/km

16valvulas.com.ar (2016)

Fuel consumption small truck

0,125 L/km

Oliveira (2018)

Electricity consumption electric taxis

0,40 kWh/km

Glen (2010)

CO2 emission: electricity generation

0,0927 tCO2/MWh = 25,75 tCO2/TJ

Ministério da Ciência (2018)

CO2 emission: LPG gas (cooking)

62,2 gCO2/MJ = 62,2 tCO2/TJ

Atlantic Consulting (2009)

CO2 emission: gasoline (car)

1,747 kgCO2/L = 49,91 tCO2/TJ

de Carvalho (2011)

CO2 emission: diesel (truck)

3,2 kgCO2/L = 87,91 tCO2/TJ

de Carvalho (2011)

CO2 emission: diesel (ferry)

2,671 kgCO2/L = 73,38 tCO2/TJ

de Almeida Guimarães et al. (n.d.)

GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS

ENERGY

Value

Source / explanation

coal 9%, oil products 9%, natural gas 21%, nuclear 5%, hydro 42%, solar/geothermal 3%, biofuels/waste 12%

IEA (2015)

Fresh water consumption per resident

187,9 L/day

Ribeiro (2016)

Annual rainfall

764 mm/year

climate-data.org (n.d.)

Swimming pool water consumption

15 m3/month

Dawson (n.d.)

Number of swimming pools on PaquetĂĄ

Observation

Density of faeces

1,17 kg/L

MĂźnch (n.d.)

Daily collected amounts: domestic (all catagories), pruning, streets, beaches, debris

(several numbers)

Comlurb (2018)

Weight per waste container (200L)

40 kg

Observation

Coconut weight and coconut water content

1,5 kg, of which 0,6 kg coconut water

belezaesaude.com (n.d.)

Daily food consumption in Brasil

1,588 kg/day

IBGE (2011)

Electricity generation per resource WATER

MATERIALS

THE CURRENT ENERGY, WATER AND MATERIAL FLOWS What are the dimensions of the current energy, water and material flows? The following paragraphs describe the main observations, based on the Material Flows Analyses. Also the sources and the assumptions are given and described.

ENERGY FLOWS By far most energy is consumed by the ferries. Three different types of passenger ferries are used for the trip from Praça XI in Rio de Janeiro to Paquetá (19 km) and back, with capacities of 237, 500 and 2000 passengers. The 2000 passenger-ferry, constructed in the 1960s, consumes 33 liter diesel per kilometer (de Almeida Guimarães, Junior, de Sales, da Costa Abade, & Fernandes, n.d.). It is assumed that the newer, smaller ferries consume considerable lower amounts of diesel. Over land, fossil-fuel driven cars and trucks is allowed for the distribution of goods and waste collection, resulting in a daily consumption of around 20 liter gasoline/diesel. The main mode of transportation for residents and tourists are bicycles, eco-taxis and electric buggy cars. Most electricity is consumed in households. This energy is mostly used for heating (shower) and cooling (air conditioners). The potential of solar

energy is left unused, except for few household that have vacuum tube solar collectors installed on the roof, to generate heat to prepare hot water. Gas is used for cooking only; 30 13-kg tanks are distributed daily by a single company (Luis do gas, 2018). The amount of tons CO2 emissions (tCO2) per TJ-energy input depends on the energy source. For electricity, it is assumed that this is generated with a typical Brazilian mix with hydro-energy as the largest contributor (IEA, 2015), resulting in a relatively low emission of 25,75 tCO2/TJ. The other energy inputs from LPG gas, gasoline and diesel range between 49,91 and 87,91 tCO2/TJ (Atlantic Consulting, 2009; de Almeida Guimarães et al., n.d.; de Carvalho, 2011; Ministério da Ciência, 2018). The result is that the CO2 emissions from boat transportation accounts for 92% of the total direct emissions, while the energy input (diesel) is 79% of the total energy input.

WATER FLOWS Fresh water is provided via a submarine pipeline from São Gonçalo, by water company SEDAE. The total daily consumption of Paquetá is 1300 m3. A loss of 8% of the total water import is accounted, based on observations and an interview at the water station on Paquetá. Apart from leakages, a substantial amount of fresh water is immediately discharged into the bay upon arrival on land, to ‘balance supply and demand’ (Flavio - SEDAE, 2018). Based on interviews and a survey among several supermarkets, restaurants, hotels and others, the MFA shows how the total water consumption is subdivided among the different user groups. It is not surprising that the residential sector is by far the biggest consumer, since there are no industrial activities on the island. Some households (estimate: 20%) have access to a well. Groundwater is extracted to water the household’s gardens.

Potable water is imported and sold by one water distributor, which sells 20-liter water tanks, apart from sales in bars and restaurants. It is assumed that 95% of all household make use of domestic water filters to convert fresh water into potable water. Regarding the water outflow, it was assumed that 20% of the waste water does not end up in the sewage system, considering the three informal neighborhoods on Paquetá. These favelas consist of 319 households in total (SABREN, 2014), of which a substantial amount is possibly not connected to the urban service grids. The collected wastewater is treated to a certain extent, before it is discharged into the bay. It is doubtful how effective the treatment is, possibly contributing to the further pollution of the bay, despite of financial investment before the Olympic games in SEDAE’s local wastewater treatment plant. Certain is that no products are recovered from the wastewater.

MATERIAL FLOWS Unsurprisingly food is a major input, with a daily consumption of 1,588 kg of food and beverages per inhabitant (IBGE, 2011). The 4897 permanent residents, together with the 2000 tourists and veranistas per week, consume a total of 3003 tons of food annually. Packaging is another large input flow, consisting of plastics, paper, glass and metal. Construction materials are another major inflow. Considering construction and demolition waste (C&D) it was estimated that the total amount that is illegally dumped on the island counts up to one ton per day, based on observation and interviews (Marcus Comlurb, 2018). The main source for mapping the waste flows of Ilha de Paquetá was data that was provided by waste company Comlurb (2018). It shows that another considerable flow consists of recyclables such as paper, glass, metals and plastics.

CURRENT ENERGY FLOWS

ENERGY IN

ENERGY OUT

electricity (kWh)

gas (bottles)

diesel (L)

gasoline (L)

heat (kWh)

tCO2

RESIDENTIAL

4.332.684

7.300

14.180

431

Households residents (1942)

4.079.692

6.570

14.180

404

Households veranistas (281)

252.993

730

COMMERCIAL

1.091.776

3.285

114

Retail

681.448

Bars and restaurants

237.048

2.373

Hotels and pousadas

173.280

182,5

Cultural and informal toerism

730

PUBLIC (SERVICES)

765.255

365

TRANSPORTATION

130.291

3.110.812

1.389

7.792

Ferries freight

300.596

754

Ferries passengers

2.804.540

7.006

Land transport

130.291

5.675

1.389

Island total

6.320.006

10.950

3.110.812

1.389

14.180

8.409

Island total (TJ)

22,8

7,0

113,2

0,05

ENERGY energy flows < 0,25 TJ

Local energy potential is unused

LOCAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 0,05 TJ

GAS 7,0 TJ

HOUSEHOLDS RESIDENTS

nuclear hydro

404 tCO2eq

4080 MWh

2,1 TJ

coal oil natural gas

26 tCO2eq

0,5 TJ 4,2 TJ 0,2 TJ

ELECTRICITY 22,8 TJ

HOUSEHOLDS VERANISTAS

253 MWh

solar heat 0,05 TJ

PUBLIC SERVICES

LPG is imported and used for cooking

72 tCO2eq

765 MWh 1092 MWh

COMMERCIAL

130 MWh

geo, solar biofuels/waste

1389 L

LAND TRANSPORT

114 tCO2eq

33 tCO2eq

5675 L

GASOLINE 0,05 TJ DIESEL 113,2 TJ

7006 tCO2eq 2.805.000 L

FERRIES PASSENGERS

754 tCO2eq 300.000 L

Most energy is consumed by ferries and boats

FERRIES FREIGHT

CO2 EMISSIONS 8409 tCO2eq

CURRENT WATER FLOWS

WATER IN

WATER OUT

rainwater

groundwater

fresh water

potable water

evaporation

sewage

surplus/ groundwater/ surface water

4624

404104

11824

329847

67102

Households residents (1942)

4039

339110

7639

268453

67102

Households veranistas (281)

584

64994

4184

61394

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

1040

25068

339

3887

22560

Retail

6994

158

7152

Bars and restaurants

9977

125

10102

Hotels and pousadas

1040

7034

3887

4234

Cultural and informal toerism

1063

1072

PUBLIC (SERVICES)

7368

5895

1520

OTHER/LOSSES

Island total

37960

916800

5664

474500

37960

431

755045

353928

288422

WATER Rainwater potential is left unused

water flows < 1000 m3

RAINWATER 916.800 m3

EVAPORATION 755.045 m3

HOUSEHOLDS VERANISTAS

WWTP 355.555 m3

SURFACE WATER 460.617 m3

FRESH WATER 474.500 m3

HOUSEHOLDS RESIDENTS

All fresh water is imported

Waste water discharged to the bay; effectiveness of central treatment is questionable

PUBLIC SERVICES

GROUNDWATER 4624 m3

RETAIL

SURPLUS 288.422 m3

POTABLE WATER 431 m3 BARS AND RESTAURANTS

TOURIST ACCOMMODATION

bad infrastructure: fresh water losses

639

Beaches

164

1150

1533

1150

packaging

construction

Streets

consumer goods

730

1250

elec-tronics

Parks/trees

260

inert

3003

coconut

food Rio

bay: solid waste

104

clothes

Res/com/pub

plant growth

MATERIALS IN (ton)

bay: fish

CURRENT MATERIAL FLOWS

365

3833

365

3833

274 329

Construction

Parks/trees

156

566

420

139

365

faeces

debris local

home compost 183

1904

730

Streets

913

Beaches

1643

Construction

2555

Total

730

Total

2240 (biobased)

debris export

mixed

bulky waste

inert material

electronics

glass

paper

textile

1307

6074 (other materials)

plastics

3263 (food)

1852

metal

Res/com/pub

260

leather

MATERIALS OUT (ton)

3003

wood

2787 (local)

coconuts

TOTAL

organic

104

pruning waste

Total

1307

156

566

420

139

6703 (non-biobased)

365

2555

365 183

365

2452 (local)

1904

MATERIALS material flows < 17,5 ton

Different waste collection services exist

synergy with other flow types

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 2787 t

All waste is mixed and tranferred to landfill in Rio LOCAL PROCESSES 2452 t

bay: fish 104 t

compost 183 t

plant growth 1533 t

PARKS, TREES urine and faeces 1904 t

bay: solid waste 1150 t

water 355.555 t

BIOBASED 2240 t pruning 730 t

FOOD AND BEVERAGES 3263 t

HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC

food and drinks 3003 t

organic 1307 t

coconut 156 t wood 45 t leather 1,5 t

NON-BIOBASED/MIX 6703 t plastics 566 t

coconut 260 t

OTHER MATERIALS 6074 t

packaging 1852 t

clothes 21 t inert 2,2 t electronics 2,2 t

Food and construction materials are the major inputs

paper 420 t

STREETS

glass 139 t metal 80 t textile 19 t electron. 2,2 t inert 2,2 t bulk 365 t

BEACHES mixed 2555 t

consumer goods 365 t

construction materials 3833 t

CONSTRUCTION

debris 2555 t

illegal debris dump 365 t

COLLECTION 8475 t

FUTURE SCENARIO - OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERVENTIONS What are the opportunities for system-level interventions and what is the potential impact of these interventions on the MFA? This chapter elaborates on the possibilities for achieving resource efficiency in terms of water, energy and materials, based on the insights from the Material Flow Analysis. The sum of these interventions results in a future scenario for Paquetá in which resource efficiency is improved in terms of energy, water and materials. The Material Flow Analyses for this scenario follow on the next pages.

Summary of the interventions for energy, water and materials Energy

Water

Materials

Substitute LPG with biogas

Repair piping and waste water treatment plant

Biogas from organic household waste and pruning waste

Substitute the diesel-powered ferry with an electric ferry

Biogas from sewage sludge

Compost organic waste and utilize in local food production

Utilize solar energy: PV

Utilize rainwater to substitute nonpotable water use

Collect recyclable ‘dry’ household waste separately

Utilize solar energy: heat

Benefit coconut waste Benefit C&D waste

FUTURE SCENARIO - ENERGY Electric boats Based on the energy consumption and the related CO2-emissions, an obvious intervention would be to replace the current dieselpowered by the electric boats. Considering also the low occupation rate of these current ferries also smaller boats could be used. The current occupation rates are on average lower than 30 percent. The peaks occur during rush hours and are partially caused by the deployment of the smallest 237-passenger boat (Secretaria de Estado de Transportes, 2017). If the diesel-powered ferries were substituted with an electric boat, the diesel consumption and CO2 emission decrease significantly. Starting with the passenger ferry and assuming the performance of a Norwegian electric boat (Vorrath, 2018), the energy consumption can be brought back massively by 85% from 102,1 TJ to 15,6. The CO2 emissions decrease by 94% from 7006 tCO2eq to 402 tCO2eq, as a result of the lower emissions for electricity generation than for diesel consumption. Small electric vehicles Transportation holds a second opportunity for improvement. The daily provision of (mainly) food and beverages from the mainland (Ilha do Governador in Rio de Janeiro) is taken care of by several trucks that are transported to Paquetá with a freight ferry. In opposite direction, waste is transported back to the mainland by waste company Comlurb. A considerable amount of diesel is consumed and CO2 emitted. All trucks are owned or 52

ordered by a single company, like Coca Cola, Itaipava, Sadia and Piraque, that deliver their goods to their clients. This way of organization is very inefficient, since all trucks are one of the two ways empty and often not fully loaded on the other way. Furthermore, the daily movement of the 6 to 8 trucks on the island is experienced as a disturbance on the car-free island, by the noise and the dust from the dirt roads that is caused by the trucks. Replacing trucks by another kind of load carriers, with standardized dimensions and weight, is an opportunity to increase the energy efficiency (not included in the future scenario-MFA). An independent distributor could organize this, responding to the supply that is demanded by the island’s retail, bars, restaurants and hotels. The usage of smaller, electric vehicles on the island decreases the consumption of fossil fuels and holds employment opportunities for the approximate 200 taxi drivers that have little work to do on weekdays, since tourist frequent the island in weekends only. Local renewable energy A third possibility to improve the energy performance of Paquetá is to generate electricity locally. With respect to the identity of the island and the restriction to build higher than three floors, small and decentralized renewable energy systems are preferred. Instituto Paquetá Sustentável (2017) made a project proposal to utilize 200 roofs of houses to generate electricity by installing 15 m2 PV panels on the roofs, enough to generate

720 MWh. This would be enough to meet 17 percent of the electricity demand of all households as calculated in this research paper. The project, called ‘Paquetá Solar Island Project’, is not implemented yet. Fourthly, solar energy can be captured to for hot water preparation, utilizing vacuum tube solar collectors (a fairly common technology in Brazil). On Paquetá, just like in regular Brazilian households, a substantial part of the electric power is consumed by electric showerheads. Some houses on Paquetá already have these solar collectors installed on the roofs. Installing 500 of these (on around 25% of the houses) would reduce the electricity demand by 22% (2,6 TJ). Another heat source, on a very local scale, are the cold storages of the island’s biggest supermarket. It is assumed that half of the electricity consumption of 245 MWh per year (Ademi, 2018) could be used with an efficiency of 70% by using a heat exchanger. This way, 0,3 TJ could be supplied to 80 households. Biogas from organic waste A fifth intervention utilizes organic waste to produce biogas. In the current situation, LPG gas is distributed for cooking, counting to over a 10.000 13-kg gas bottles annually. The 1307 tons of organic waste that is produced by households, hotels, bars and restaurants could be collected and digested to produce biogas. This way, all LPG gas could be substituted with biogas (material flow interventions).

ENERGY Future scenario replace LPG by biogas

energy flows < 0,25 TJ synergy with other flow types

utilize heat from cold storages

LOCAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 33,7 TJ

86 MWh

(19 TJ unused potential)

methane 26 TJ

0,5 TJ 4,2 TJ

solar power 2,6 TJ

0,2 TJ

solar heat 5,1 TJ

HOUSEHOLDS VERANISTAS

253 MWh

2,1 TJ

26 tCO2eq 1418 MWh

HOUSEHOLDS RESIDENTS

720 MWh

180 tCO2eq

2662 MWh

ELECTRICITY 22,8 TJ

PUBLIC SERVICES

coal oil

71 tCO2eq

765 MWh

natural gas

1092 MWh

nuclear

COMMERCIAL

CO2 EMISSIONS 1203 tCO2eq

114 tCO2eq

130 MWh

hydro geo, solar biofuels/waste

LAND TRANSPORT

1389 L

33 tCO2eq

5675 L

GASOLINE 0,05 TJ DIESEL 5,1 TJ

402 tCO2eq

4332 MWh

150.000 L

FERRIES PASSENGERS

utilize solar energy for electricity and heat 377 tCO2eq

+ replace diesel-fired ferry by a smaller electric boat

FERRIES FREIGHT

increase transportation efficiency and replace diesel trucks

FUTURE SCENARIO - WATER Infrastructure renewal A quick win to reduce the fresh water consumption is repairing broken pipes on the island. Large amounts of fresh water are lost due to the broken pipes. Also the local waste water treatment system needs major maintenance in order to avoid further polllution of the Guanabara bay. Connect all household to sewage Connecting all households (including the three favelas) to the sewage system reduces the amount of untreated waste water that is discharged into the soil or Guanabara bay Rainwater utilization Rainwater utilization is possible for 43,5% of the total residential water consumption (Rio Resiliente, 2015b), which means for the case of Paquetรก that 157.201 m3 of the fresh water supply can be replaced by rainwater. In 2015, the municipality of Rio de Janeiro launched a program to improve the climate resilience of the city (Rio Resiliente, 2015a), including a

strategy for the utilization of rainwater (Ribeiro, 2016). Based on the methodology by Ribeiro, climate data for Paquetรก (climate-data. org, n.d.), and a dataset regarding the roof surfaces (Prefeitura Rio, 2018), an estimate is made of the amount of water that can be saved by utilizing rainwater (see appendix E). On an annual basis, over 93.000 m3 of fresh water input can be saved, which accounts for 20% of the total water supply by water company SEDAE. Biogas production from sewage sludge From sewage water 36.000 m3 biogas can be produced from the sludge that is a residue from the treatment process, with an annual potential of 0,8 TJ after purification (see appendix A). Furthermore, nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Kalium) can be extracted to recover value from this outflow. The yield of biogas and NPK depend largely on the used treatment system and the concentration of the wastewater flow (mixed with water flows such as rainwater or not) (STOWA, 2014).

WATER Future scenario water flows < 1000 m3 synergy with other flow types sludge 80 t

RAINWATER 916.800 m3

EVAPORATION 661.672 m3

HOUSEHOLDS VERANISTAS

WWTP 384.697 m3

SURFACE WATER 385.494 m3

FRESH WATER 343.140 m3

rainwater collection and utilization

HOUSEHOLDS RESIDENTS

collect organic waste for biogas production

PUBLIC SERVICES

RETAIL

GROUNDWATER 4624 m3

SURPLUS 288.422 m3

POTABLE WATER 431 m3 BARS AND RESTAURANTS

TOURIST ACCOMMODATION water biodigestor 797 m3

FUTURE SCENARIO - MATERIALS Biogas and compost from organic waste

incorporated in the future scenario-MFA.

Apart from wastewater sludge, also pruning waste and organic waste from households hold potentials to yield biogas and nutrients. The annual amount of 730 tons of pruning waste has the potential to be converted into 438.000 m3 biogas, and the mix of organic waste from households, bars and restaurants 730.600 m3 (see appendix B). Together with the biogas from wastewater sludge, this represents an energy potential of 25,9 TJ.

Recyclables

A wide variety of applications are possible for biogas. After upgrading (remove CO2 to purify the methane), the biogas can replace the LPG that is currently used for cooking on Paquetá. This is technically an easy step, but practically there might some barriers, since the cooking stoves on Paquetá are all suitable for LPG only. Other applications of biogas on a bigger, industrial scale are in biofuels and in electricity and heat generation. Furthermore, it must be noted that anaerobic digestion to yield biogas is only one way of converting organic waste in a valuable product. Also composting, pyrolysis, gasification and incineration are possible (Potts & Martin, 2009). In the future scenario it is chosen to only use the biogas to replace LPG. A proposal for composting organic waste and associated local food productions was already proposed for Paquetá in a ‘butterfly garden’ (Instituto Paquetá Sustentável, 2017). In three-month cycles 6000 kg of organic waste is composted in 30 composters and used to produce 1000 kg vegetables per month on a piece of land of 632 m2. This proposal is 56

Regarding ‘dry’ household waste, the association of residents of Paquetá convinced Comlurb to collect this separately. In June 2018 Comlurb will start to collect paper, plastic, metals and glass separately, by using a different truck that collects the waste door-todoor (Leonardo, 2018). The large amount of coconuts that are consumed on Paquetá results in 156 tons of coconut. This has a potential to be benefited for various applications, considering the properties of the fibers. The investigation of the possibilities is beyond the scope of this research paper. Debris from demolition is partially collected by Comlurb and partially (illegally) dumped on the island. This holds the potential to be used as aggregate in concrete (Shahidan, Azmi, Kupusamy, Zuki, & Ali, 2017) or in compressed earth bricks (CEB) (Bogas, Silva, & Gomes, 2018). Both applications require labor and a crushing machine and therefore hold job opportunities. The production process of CEB is more extensive, since a full construction component is produced. In the future scenario, it is assumed that 1917 tons of concrete consist of 30% recycled aggregates. The possibility of using recycled aggregates in CEB is not considered in this paper.

MATERIALS Future scenario material flows < 17,5 ton synergy with other flow types

LOCAL RECYCLING 2117 t 26 TJ

methane 517 t

N 110 t P 14 t K9t

water 797 t

biodigestor 1751 t

organic 2037 t

other 620 t sludge 80 t

butterfly garden composting 24 t

utilization of coconut waste flow

home composting 183 t

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 5173 t local food 12 t bay: fish 104 t plant growth 1533 t

PARKS, TREES

collect organic waste for biogas production

urine and faeces 1904 t

water 355.555 t

BIOBASED 2240 t

bay: solid waste 1150 t

pruning 730 t

FOOD AND BEVERAGES 3263 t

organic 1307 t

HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC

coconut 156 t wood 45 t leather 1,5 t

food and drinks 3003 t

NON-BIOBASED/MIX 6703 t

(undiscovered potential for local utilization)

COLLECTION RECYCLABLES 1204 t

plastics 566 t

coconut 260 t

paper 420 t

OTHER MATERIALS 6074 t

glass 139 t metal 80 t textile 19 t electron. 2,2 t inert 2,2 t

STREETS

packaging 1852 t

COLLECTION MIXED 1204 t

bulk 365 t

utilization of debris for new concreteBEACHES and CEB production

clothes 21 t inert 2,2 t electronics 2,2 t consumer goods 365 t

mixed 2555 t

separate collection of recyclables and remanufacturing into new products

other materials 1917 t

CONSTRUCTION

construction materials 3833 t

debris 2555 t

concrete 1917 t

LOCAL RECYCLING 575 t aggregate from crushing 575 t

debris 575 t

CONCLUSIONS What are the dimensions of the current energy, water and material flows on Ilha de Paquetá, and what are the opportunities for system-level interventions? The Material Flow Analysis of Ilha de Paquetá is characterized by the large in- and outflows for all three researched flow types: energy, water and materials.

consumption decreases the total fresh water demand with 20% (93.000 m3/year). Secondly, the improvement of the local wastewater treatment plant to avoid further pollution of the Guanabara bay (it is doubtful how effective the current water treatment is). Furthermore, the sludge from the treatment process can be utilized to harvest energy in the form of biogas, which can be used to substitute LPG or to produce electricity or biofuels.

Regarding energy, the consumption for naval transportation is 80% of the overall consumption of the island. The electricity (a relative clean energy source in Brazil, due to large proportion of hydro power in the mix) is mostly consumed in the households of permanent residents. An obvious intervention to make is the substitution of the ferries for cleaner, smaller boats. Other interventions have a smaller impact on the energy consumption and related emissions. The future energy scenario results in an overall CO2 reduction of 81% (6845 tCO2eq) to which the boat substitution contributes 96,5%, the vacuum solar heaters 1,9%, the PV solar panels 1,0% and the transition to biogas 0,6%.

The material inflow consists mainly of food and other organics and construction materials. The outflow is characterized by more or less equal amounts for organic waste, C&D waste, recyclable waste and mixed waste from public spaces. Waste company Comlurb collects and mixes all these waste flows before they are brought to a landfill on the mainland. From June 2018 onwards, however, the recyclables will be collected separately and brought to a recycling station in Niteroí. The identified possibilities for interventions mostly relate to organic flows. Further investigation is required into the possibilities for local treatment of other material flows (such as C&D waste, coconut waste and the recyclables).

Considering water, the fresh water inflow is major flow of 474.500 m3/year, of which 71% is consumed by permanent residents. The rest is consumed by veranistas, tourists and the public and commercial sector. The import of drinking water is relatively low, since most household use domestic filters to prepare their own potable water. Two possibilities for waterrelated interventions were identified. Firstly, the usage of rainwater for non-potable water

The opportunities for urban and architectural interventions lie most probably in the integration of multiple solutions, because ‘design solutions that fulfill multiple functionalities are in many ways better than single, detached solutions’ (Metabolic, 2018). Regarding urban and architectural interventions, it must be furthermore noted that the reduction of the in- and outflows of the island are only one indicator for a successful

intervention. Other indicators for a successful intervention are the added value for the local economy, the number of jobs that is associated with a new building, the attraction on tourists, how it relates to the history and culture of the island and the receptiveness of inhabitants.

APPENDIX A CALCULATIONS OF RAINWATER USAGE POTENTIAL jan

feb

mar

apr

may

jun

jul

aug

sep

oct

nov

dec

water consumption (l/p/day)

187,9

residents days/month

number of residents

4892

veranistas days/month

number of veranistas

4000

3000

2000

1000

500

1000

2000

4000

total water consumption (m3)

51043

37012

31878

29267

28965

28046

28965

28046

30187

30958

43527

396860

total non-potable water consu (m3)

22204

16100

13867

12731

12600

12200

12600

12200

13131

13467

18934

172634

rainwater (mm)

136

134

166

111

106

764

usable rainwater (mm) (80%)

109

107

133

611

roof surface (m2)

256347

usable roof surface (70%)

179443

collected rainwater (m3)

19523

19236

23830

15935

2728

1005

287

144

1148

3445

7178

15217

109676

meet demand and supply

88%

119%

172%

125%

22%

26%

53%

80%

59%

fresh water required to meet the nonpotable water demand

2680

9872

11195

12313

12456

11052

9686

6289

3718

79261

required fresh water input

31520

20912

18011

16536

26238

27041

28678

28822

26898

26741

23781

28311

303487

reduction of total fresh water input

19523

16100

13867

12731

2728

1005

287

144

1148

3445

7178

15217

93373

total

APPENDIX B CALCULATIONS OF BIOGAS GENERATION POTENTIAL total

sludge from 355.555 m3 wastewater

organic household waste

pruning waste

98,5%

50%

32%

wet flow (m3 or ton)

355.555

1124

730

357.409

material (ton)

1124

730

1934

biogas potential (m3/ton)

450

650

600

biogas (m3)

36.000

730.600

438.000

1.204.600

methane (m3)

21.600

438.360

262.800

722.760

energetic value (MJ) (35,8 MJ/m3)

773.279

15.693.288

9408.240

25.874.807

energetic value (TJ)

0,8

15,7

9,4

25,9

methane (ton)

314

188

517

water (m3)

562

235

797

COD (ton)

306

540

457

1302

N (ton)

53,3

44,4

12,3

110,1

P (ton)

7,1

5,1

1,5

13,6

8,8

CHARACTERISTICS water content INPUT

OUTPUT

K (ton)

ILHA DE PAQUETĂ History, culture, developments and current trends

PAQUETÁ: A BRIEF HISTORY Ilha de Paquetá has always been seen as an idyllic place close to Rio in the middle of the Guanabara bay, nicknamed ‘the Pearl of Guanabara’. After colonialization in 1565 many eminent people, such as the Portuguese king João XI, have resided on the island. The construction of infrastructure in the beginning of the twentieth century, such as water- and energy supply and a regular boat connection to Rio, made Paquetá also accessible as a retreat for rich inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro. Employment in the construction industry in the 1970s led to a rapid population growth and the subsequent formation of three favelas on the island, just like it happened in Rio de Janeiro in that period. Due to its geographic location, Ilha de Paquetá has always been affected by controversies about Guanabara bay. The pollution, caused by the discharge of both industrial and domestic waste water, had led to many discussions and several initiatives to clean the bay. However, no real measures have been taken yet and Paquetá continues suffering from the polluted beaches and bay water.

Ilha de Paquetá in 1908 (Arquivo Nacional)

after 1565 Farm São Roque Export of fruits, vegetables and granite

1600

1769 Independent from Magé: rivalry North-South

1903 Administrative part of ‘Distrito das Ilhas’ 1922 Foundation of the ‘Liga Artistica’ by Pedro Bruno

1697 Construction of chapel São Roque

1700

1800

2011 Project ‘Paquetá Sustentável’ 2016 Horse and carriage forbidden

1900

2000

1908-1918 Infrastructure: water- and energy supply, boat connection

1565 Colonialized by the Portuguese

1975 Part of Rio de Janeiro, with own administrative office

1970 Urbanization

Farms and country houses

Holiday homes

Favelas

Paquetá as retreat for royals and politions

Paquetá becomes accesible for more wealthy Brazilians as retreat

Employment in the construction industry cause rapid population growth 65

1565-1912 Retreat for royals and politicians CHACARAS Paquetá was conquested by the French in 1556 and then rapidly incorporated by the Portuguese when they founded Rio de Janeiro ten years later. Since then, the island has been administrated by the municipality Magé, has functioned as independent municipality and has been united with other islands in the bay. Finally, when the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro merged in 1975, Paquetá became administratively part of Rio de Janeiro, which it still is to date.

Map of Ilha de Paquetá in the 18th century (Cardoso, 1986) 66

Ilha de Paquetรก, 1894 (Arquivo Nacional)

1912-1970 Holiday destination 1912 - 1970: CASAS DE VERANEIO In the epoch that Rio de Janeiro was capital of Brazil (1822-1960), Paquetá was a very popular holiday destination for wealthy residents of the capital. Many governors, politicians and others owned estates on the island, to frequent their holiday houses in summer and during holidays. Nowadays, still many houses are owned vacationers (‘veranistas’): many houses are not permanently inhabited (populacao.net.br, 2010).

Map of Ilha de Paquetá in the 19th century (Cardoso, 1986) 68

1970-DATE Permanent occupancy 1970 - NOW: URBANIZATION This characteristic of being a touristic destination for Rio’s residents has remained. However, the island has changed significantly: the population has grown enormously. In the seventies (time of rapid urbanisation in Brazil), lime and rocks where mined from the island and transported to Rio for construction work. Apart from fishery, this added new economic activity to the island, resulting in the arrival of low-skilled workers from outside that started to construct their homes on the hills of Paquetá. According to 2010 figures, the three favelas on the island are now inhabited by a total of 908 residents (SABREN, 2014).

Map of Ilha de Paquetá in 1968 (Cardoso, 1986) 70

FAVELAS ON PAQUETÁ THREE FAVELAS During the period of rapid urbanization of the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, also the population of Paquetá grew dramatically. Men moved to the island for construction work or fishery, and started inhabiting the hillsides ‘temporarily’. The resulting favelas, however, still remain on Paquetá in 2018. Data: Sabren, 2014

Morro do PEC: 133 homes Código: 792 Situação: Isolada 1º Registro de ocupação: Entre 1976 e 1985 Área: 10.084 m2 População (2010): 391 Domicílios (2010): 133 Programas governmentais: Urbanização: Defesa civil: Outros (UPP): A parte mais baixa do terreno começou a ser ocupada por volta doa anos 1970. A parte mais alta, em 1988. 72

A.M. do Morro do Vigário: 95 homes Código: 615 Situação: Isolada 1º Registro de ocupação: Entre 1976 e 1985 Área: 9.777 m2 População (2010): 257 Domicílios (2010): 95 Programas governmentais: Urbanização: Defesa civil: Outros (UPP): A ocupação é bastante antiga, os moradores se são oriundos da própria ilha. Nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, a comunidade sofreu um grande processo de expansão.

Morro da Gari: 91 homes Código: 617 Situação: Isolada 1º Registro de ocupação: 1981 Área: 11.971 m2 População (2010): 260 Domicílios (2010): 91 Programas governmentais: Urbanização: Defesa civil: Outros (UPP): A comunidade alega ter comprado o terreno em sistema de condomínio, em 1981. Posteriormente, foi realizado o desmembramento dos lotes.

GUANABARA BAY HYDROGRAPHIC REGION Domestic and industrial waste water pollution AREA The hydrographic regian is about 4000 km2, comparable to the size of Dutch province Zuid-Holland. INHABITANTS 7,6 million ADMINISTRATION 17 municipalities are located in the hydrographic region, of which 11 entirely. Entirely: Niterói, São Gonçalo, ltaboraí, Tanguá, Guapimirim, Magé, Duque de Caxias, Belford Roxo, Mesquita, São João de Meriti, Nilópolis

Consequently, the water quality of the bay is very poor. This has a negative impact on the tourism sector on Paquetá, the only economic activity on the island. Tourist that were attracted by the beautiful beaches and swimming water now stay away.

CLEANING THE BAY: A STAKEHOLDER PROBLEM

POLLUTION

Many efforts have been initiated (mostly prior to the 2016 Olympic games) to clean the bay, but without any result. The Clean Urban Delta Initiative (2015) was a project started by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (as acquisition for Dutch companies), as a result of a lack of funding from the Brazilian side.

Industries and (in)formal urban settlements have grown since the rapid urbanisation around the 1960s. To date, the infrastructure is still lacking (or in a poor state), so large amounts of waste water is discharged into the 55 rivers that flow into the Guanabara Bay.

The Guanabara bay problematics are often seen as a stakeholder problem, since so many municipalities are involved. There is no water board that has decisive power. Furthermore there are several (semi-)private parties that have interest, like the water company SEDAE.

Partially: Maricá, Rio Bonito, Cachoeira de Macacu, Petrópolis, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro.

Map showing the water quality of the Guanabara bay (Zee et al, 2017)

Right: Map of the hydrographic region RH-V, showing all 55 rivers that flow into the bay 74

on ca

Rio

go R

San to

R io

Có

r re

'A od

e Rib

Nova Fribur

. !

i be

ô ni a

a nh ab a

Có rre

Córre

Areal

Rio B

a Bo

rtão d o Se

Rio P

i ra Vi e

rte So

Rio U

ba doSul Sul

. ! P

. !

Rio Fa gunde s

ó rre

Ri be irã o

Valença

al ed

Rio

Ri oC

ar ia

Sa nt a

Ri o

Ma cac

Ri o

Sec o

Mo le

d ei

. !

Rio

Sa pé

Ri o

ar a

Rio S

Rio

as sia no

Ri oC

Pia bet á

Rio

In ho m iri m

pu í

Pi loto

Rio

ro gé

P ir

e nd

. !

á gu an as oT Ri ng ita Ip

. !

ã oia n

. !

Rio Alcântara

. ! ! . . !

o Ri

. !

uandu Rio G

rgem Va

. !

R io

. !

Ri o

uandu

ar o P il

. !

ur o

R io

baú Rio Im

ir i

Rio G

Ic onh a

R io

Baía de Guanabara

il An

RH V

. !

o o I co b e

. !

R i u ru í oS Ri

. !

r eito E st

Rio P aqueq u

uia bá

. !

R io

Rio Pia banha

ue n o

d es

io Peq

aíb

Ri o P

á Ub

. !

Rio

o Ri

. !

baia

bá

e o Alegr Ri

Cór a reg Rio dos Frades Santa Rit oS r C Ribeirão alin R e io u e o as Rio V d d r q a a n P r e g a r em o qu Ri o G Ri s da oG Có ra Pa s A nta Ri n r o de re s Ri go s R rte do R u o i re o Teresópolis M Vassouras ixo ac lo Ga d c e s l F o a A to da s Paty do Alferes M Ja g Rio do da go có Fa io d bá das Arara s o R o o R o i i i U i o R R i R Macacu do R Cachoeiras de gre Rio de Poç Rio Bo ida Miguel Pereira Ale od a d C o V o i is i B a ta a o a Vista Qu oF R Ci lia R io d err da mi ana eir R io Fa de R ant Ri S a a R Petrópolis do o a Engº PAULO acr io Rio Sa ntan Ág io S S a Sa pu ua h es iliaDE R o i R t n n R r i i sC o c a h d I a m ta m a r aia rb n be he a FaFRONTIN lar a c t R R o a i r o i as i cr u Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin A Rio Q R r o ng al e a a o Rio Macaco B j d do d o o i a Pico Rio São João Ri o Re R Guapimirim M Ri gis o t i á r d u o o o ro Rio Ting Pa i Rio P a ato ro Ou t d i R o R R n e M a o i o nelas io P Gu Ri i acac anta o od do T in o ap Ri io Sã S Ta gu M R i o i tu á io Rio Japeri R Silva Cap u c ac u m a ra a Magé Ri o I g u a ç ivari M o c i R l u u r o un e Rio ac ai a dam Cac ac u lP Ma M erib Do o i cerib a a R d acaxá n u o a Ca l Rio BRio a a o Ri i V Bonito C R o Queimados o das Velhas l Louça eh Ri Tanguá s erm o V d Itaboraí Rio Bacaxá ropédica a Rio im Nova Iguaçu ue Bot a Baía de Guanabara a Q d Ri o Ri o Rio Ipiran ga Belford Roxo R i o Cá g a G Jac Duque de Caxias Ri o do Rio s a Mesquita t Vol Nilópolis a ete un S v R a s R io o io P da São Gonçalo pé Ri Po to de Meriti Rio SaSão aJoão ra lo i ç o P oF d und o du Ri o Rio Ti ngu o an á g u i n G s a r o a a i i d Niterói i o r o R Lu od Fa d a s Pe re c Ri io ad Rio o P R i Rio de Janeiro o R Ri nã eg o C a çã o Ri o G ra ca órr uçu b a a C á r C Maricá It Lagoa de Saquarema ou Ma do ê io Lagoa de Jaconé u Saqua R s a aq Lagoa de Piratininga ei r Lagoa de Maricá Anil n o i d a Lagoa de Itaipu Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas Canal da Costa Sistema Lagunar de Jacarepaguá o Ri

. !

DEMOGRAPHICS An aging population The number of 4500 inhabitants fluctuates throughout the year, due to the large number of holiday homes owned by citizens of Rio de Janeiro. One of the current trends is that young people move away from the island for work or study, while elderly move (permanently) to Paquetá, searching for a calm, safe lifestyle. Typical for the island are its residents, who are very proud of their place of living and the identity of Paquetá. This is illustrated by their habit to name themselves ‘paquetaenses’. Together with Tijuca (‘tijucanos’), Paquetá is the only neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro that does so.

‘I am from Rio but a few years ago I moved to Paquetá. I like to live on this calm, safe place. At my house, Casa Amarela, I organize gastronomic and cultural events.’

Marcia Kevorkian, 58 76

2 km 77

BUILT ENVIRONMENT Densely populated, but green

residential commercial public / cultural 79

ECONOMY A tourism-dependent economy Most economic activity on Paquetá relates to tourism. Bars, restaurants, hotels, supermarkets, bicycle rentals, souvenir shops, ecotaxis and bicycle taxis all serve tourists and employ most people. Other jobs are found in the public sector: administrative office of the Rio de Janeiro municipality, the ferry operator CCR Barcas, water company CEDAE, electricity supplier Light, a post office, a hospital, a fire brigade, a police station and waste company Comlurb. Remarkable is that only Comlurb and the hospital employ island residents; all other employees in the public sector live in and around Rio and come to Paquetá for work only.

‘Tourists frequent the island mostly in weekends and on holidays. We mostly drive families and other groups of tourists around. On other days we have little work.

Agricultural products and raw materials (such as lime and granite) are no longer extracted from the island. In the most traditional sector, fishery, around 20 people are still active as fulltime job.

Rafael, electric tourist cart for max, 6 people 80

fishery public services

tourism

supermarket

electric bycicle taxis 81

TRANSPORTATION A (not completely) car-free island It is forbidden to drive a car on Paquetá. However, all public services make use of motorized vehicles: • • • • • •

Police: 1 car Hospital: 1 ambulance Fire brigade: 1 truck Energy company: 1 car Post office: 1 car Waste company: 4 trucks

On top of that, every day a ferry transports between 5 and 8 trucks and cars to the island to supply shops, bars and restaurants with goods. On the way back the ferry leaves with the empty trucks and with 2 trucks full of waste. This transportation is privately organized. Companies such as Coca Cola, Sadia, Itaipava and Heineken do not combine their goods on to one truck, instead they send a truck for their own delivery.

‘We, ecotaxi drivers, serve residents by bringing their purchases that they got in Rio from the boat to their homes.’

All this movement together results in quite some movement of motorized vehicles on the unpaved roads, even though the island is labeled as ‘car-free’.

Paulinho, ecotaxista for max. 2 people 84

WASTE MANAGEMENT Seperate collection but mixed treatment Waste company Comlurb employs around 50 people and does a great job in keeping Paquetá clean, compared to many other neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro. Three different collection services exist: • beach collection of (1) waste that flows in from the bay and (2) waste that beach visitors leave behind, such as plastic packaging and cans • street waste collection • door-to-door waste collection from households and bars, restaurants, hotels and shops.

‘Every day we collect waste from the beaches, streets and households. Two trucks per day are brought to a landfill in Rio.’

• pruning waste After collection all waste is brought to the central waste collection center on the island where alll different waste flow mix. Then it is brought by boat to a landfill in Rio de Janeiro, in general two trucks per day (16 m2).

Marcus, 52, Comlurb (waste company) 90

TOURISM The economic driver of Paquetá Just like many other islands around the world, Paquetá has a small economy with limited diversity and tourism as the main driver. Most jobs are in shops, bars and restaurants to serve the needs of tourists. The main touristic hotspots are (indicated on the map on the right): • • • • •

Pedra Moreninha and praia Moreninha Bird cemetery Parque Darke de Mattos Praça São Roque Maria Gorda, a very old, famous baoba tree • The commercial center with bars and restaurants

‘I promote bicycle usage on Paquetá. We, residents, organize ourselves to serve the needs of tourists.’

There are different tourist profiles: • Most tourists visit Paquetá for daytrips, mainly in the weekends and on holidays. This type of tourist is to some extend interested in the history and the culture of Paquetá and makes tour around the island to visit the characteristic hotspots. • The so called ‘veranistas’: people that own a holiday home on Paquetá but live in Rio. They also stay mostly in weekends, and more in summer time (November February) than in winter time. • Tourists that visit Paquetá for major events: Carnaval (Bloco Pérola da Guanabara) and Festa Junina attract up to 15.000 tourist on a single day. Also the (more traditional) event Festa de São Roque attract many people. Ricardo, 41, bicycle shop 94

square

beach

commercial centre

park

TOURISM TREND ‘We don’t want a Disney park here’ On Paquetá, a debate has started about the tourism. Most residents like the movement on the island and the economic opportunities that tourism brings, but many see also the downside of it.

‘Households are turning into local businesses. We want to stimulate this, because this way the local community benefits from tourism. We don’t want huge developments from outside, trying to make money by turning Paquetá in a new Disney park.’

Especially during the major events (like carnaval) many people only come for the party and don’t care about the history, culture and environment of Paquetá. This is a threat for the island’s environmental and cultural status. Recently, a group of residents has started a different kind of tourism, inviting people to their homes for cultural events. Music, theater and the local gastronomy are typical activities that very much relate to the place and the rich culture and history of Paquetá.

José Lavrador, Casa de Artes 98

151610974869250

Casa de Artes

Casinha Amarela

Casa da Coruja

Casa Verde Casa Flor

Event: domestic food festival

Hospedaria Sta. Barbara

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS Various sustainability initiatives exist Increasing concerns about the enviromental state of Paquetá has led to a large range of sustainability initiatives. These initiatives are often driven by island residents: • Open calls on Facebook to help cleaning the beaches on the day after a major event. • Plantar Paquetá is a group of residents, led by Ricardo Saint Clair, that plants new trees on the islands on places where they add value to the environment. The goal is not to reflorest the island, but to educate tourists and residents about nature and the traditional Paquetá tree species.

‘I would like to realize a project in which we keep all organic waste on the islands. We could start by collecting all organic waste from restaurants and compost it.’

• Caminho de Borboletas is a project proposal by Ricardo Saint Clair to make a ‘butterfly pathway’ on a specific vacant location on the island (see map). Collection of organic waste and an organic garden can make this a nice place and a new touristic spot. • The Associação de Moradores (association of residents) has convinced the waste company Comlurb to collect recyclables (such as plastic, paper and metal) separately and bring it to a recycling station in Niteroi on the mainland, in order to recycle it at high value. This is implemented in June 2018. • A proposal to install PV panels on 200 rooftops. There is no funding yet.

Ricardo Saint Clair, 58, Plantar Paquetá 100

separate collection of recyclables

butterfly garden (compost + local food)

beach clean-ups (facebook)

solar PV on 200 homes 101

80%

Tourists SURVEY QUESTIONING TOURISTS AND RESIDENTS

TURISTA

Where from

What do residents and tourist think of the island and what would they like to change? Most

Foreign countries 5% important

homen

mulher

Eu cresci em

Idade

Quanto tempo na ilha (um/mais dias)

survey outcomes:

Que eu gosto mais da ilha é:

• Most residents and tourists call for practical improvements: ‘quick wins’ Examples: benches, another ATM, better signs for tourists Other Brazil

36% Rio de Janeiro • Envrironmental concerns come second, 59% mostly focused on the dirty beaches

Sonhando sobre Ilha Paquetá, eu mudaria:

What would you change or improve on Ilha de Paquetá?

52 respondents

14%

Nothing/ no answer

tourists

7% 10%

14%

Other

10% 12%

residents

MORADOR

all questioned

Eu cresci em

homen

mulher Idade

Dias por ano em Paquetá

Tourism

13%

Eu:

10%

Culture and history

17% 12%

Trabalho/estudo 27%

Environmental

Onde

17% 21%

Faço compras em

60% 56%

104

Sonhando sobre Ilha Paquetá, eu mudaria:

50%

Services, facilities, entertainment 10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

105

FLORA AND FAUNA GARร A BRANCA GRANDE Bird specie that inhabits polluted areas The garรงa branca grande is a bird that is often seen on the island. This symbolizes the pollution of Paquetรก in a way, since this specie often inhabits polluted areas.

Garรงa Branca Grande in Brazil (IBGE)

106

107

FLORA AND FAUNA TREES MARIA GORDA The best known tree on the island is Maria Gorda, a baobab tree. Paquetรก is the only place in Brazil where this tree grows and it has around twenty of them. Maria Gorda has become a touristic attraction.

108

Right: tree map of Paquetรก

109

110

111

PEDRO BRUNO Pedro Bruno founded the ‘Liga Artistica de Paquetá’ to promote the natural beauty of Paquetá and to preserve it as much as possible. Many projects are still visible, such as the world’s only cemetery, the unpaved roads, several parks and waterfront folleys.

112

113

PART II: ISLAND STRATEGY

STRATEGY Combine a system-level perspective with local knowledge

+ Local wishes

116

System-level interventions

Material Flows Analysis System-level interventions

RESEARCH MFA

Agendas

STRATEGY ILHA DE PAQUETĂ

Painpoints Local economy Sustainability intiatives Tourism

RESEARCH LOCAL REALITY

Local wishes

Physical context

117

2018 OVERVIEW

RIO DE JANEIRO

polluted Guanabara bay

ENERGY energy flows < 0,25 TJ

polluted beaches and swimming water tourism peaks

DIESEL 113,2 TJ

loss of local culture and identity

TRANSPORT

CO2 EMISSIONS ENERGY CONSUMPTION 8409 tCO2eq

Most energy is consumed by ferries and boats FERRIES PASSENGERS

GASOLINE 0,05 TJ GAS 7,0 TJ

strong community

tourism

LPG is imported and used for cooking FERRIES FREIGHT

ELECTRICITY 22,8 TJ coal oil natural gas

LAND TRANSPORT

nuclear hydro

EVAPORATION 20.000 m3

geo, solar biofuels/waste

LOCAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 0,05 TJ solar heat 0,05 TJ

WATER water flows < 1000 m3

Local energy potential is unused

polluting transport system

BUILDINGS AND CONSUMPTION

WWTP 355.555 m3

Disfunctional waste water treatment plant

ENERGY (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

FRESH WATER 474.500 m3

All fresh water is imported

WATER (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

isolated economy

GROUNDWATER 4624 m3

leaking pipes: fresh water losses

POTABLE WATER 431 m3

LOCAL PROCESSES 183 t

high cost of living

costs for waste disposal

MATERIALS MATERIALS (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

synergy with other flow types

FOOD AND BEVERAGES 3263 t

coconut 260 t

compost 183 t

BIOBASED 2240 t organic 1307 t

material flows < 17,5 ton

food and drinks 3003 t

coconut 156 t wood 45 t leather 1,5 t

Large amounts of food and construction materials are imported

NON-BIOBASED/MIX 6703 t

few jobs

plastics 566 t paper 420 t

PUBLIC SPACE

aging population

glass 139 t metal 80 t textile 19 t electron. 2,2 t inert 2,2 t bulk 365 t

PARKS, TREES

mixed 2555 t

packaging 1852 t

clothes 21 t inert 2,2 t electronics 2,2 t

STREETS

consumer goods 365 t

BEACHES

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 2787 t bay: fish 104 t plant growth 1533 t

little stuff to do

Different waste collection services exist, but waste is mixed

CONSTRUCTION

bay: solid waste 1150 t

debris 2555 t

CONSTRUCTION

118

COLLECTION 8475 t

pruning 730 t

OTHER MATERIALS 6074 t

construction materials 3833 t

SURFACE WATER 460.617 m3

illegal debris dump 365 t

2 trucks per day to Rio

FUTURE

restore and reutilize heritage buildings RIO DE JANEIRO

RIO DE JANEIRO

preserve nature

ENERGY

TRANSPORT

energy flows < 0,25 TJ synergy with other flow types

(smaller) electric ferry

increased transport efficiency and small electric vehicles

DIESEL 5,1 TJ

CO2 EMISSIONS 1203 tCO2eq

FERRIES PASSENGERS

GASOLINE 0,05 TJ

ELECTRICITY 22,8 TJ coal oil

FERRIES FREIGHT

natural gas nuclear hydro geo, solar biofuels/waste

LAND TRANSPORT

LOCAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 33,7 TJ

utilize solar energy for power and heat

BUILDINGS AND CONSUMPTION

solar heat 5,1 TJ

WATER water flows < 1000 m3

RAINWATER 78.936 m3

synergy with other flow types

rainwater collection and utilization

improved existing housing stock

solar power 2,6 TJ

ENERGY (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

EVAPORATION 21.605 m3

waste water 78.936 m3

rainwater 78.936 m3

WWTP 384.697 m3

SURFACE WATER 385.494 m3

FRESH WATER 343.140 m3 home composting 183 t

repair waste water treatment plant

urine and faeces 1904 t

WATER (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

butterfly garden for organic food production and education

composting 24 t

GROUNDWATER 4624 m3

POTABLE WATER 431 m3

MATERIALS

MATERIALS (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

material flows < 17,5 ton synergy with other flow types

aggregate from crushing 575 t

BIOBASED EXPORT 203 t coconut 156 t wood 45 t leather 1,5 t

FOOD AND BEVERAGES 3263 t

food and drinks 3003 t

utilization of debris for new concrete and CEB production

PUBLIC SPACE

NON-BIOBASED OR MIXED 6703 t

(undiscovered potential)

separate collection of recyclables

COLLECTION RECYCLABLES 1204 t

plastics 566 t paper 420 t

coconut 260 t

glass 139 t metal 80 t textile 19 t electron. 2,2 t inert 2,2 t

PARKS, TREES

OTHER MATERIALS 6074 t

COLLECTION MIXED 1204 t

bulk 365 t

packaging 1852 t

STREETS

mixed 2555 t

clothes 21 t inert 2,2 t electronics 2,2 t consumer goods 365 t

BEACHES

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 5173 t local food 12 t bay: fish 104 t

debris 575 t

CONSTRUCTION

plant growth 1533 t

bay: solid waste 1150 t

distribution of fertilizer for local food production

CONSTRUCTION

construction materials 3833 t

other materials 1917 t

methane surplus: export opportunity or utilization in CHP plant

concrete 1917 t

water 797 t

biogas production from organic waste

methane 517 t

biowaste 1751 t

debris 2555 t

fertilizer 620 t

pool from bay water

electricity 0,02 TJ

LOCAL RECYCLING 2692 t organic waste 15 t

pruning 730 t

organic household waste 1307 t sludge 80 t

BAY WATER 8250 m3

119

120

restore and reutilize heritage buildings

1. SUPPORT CURRENT INITIATIVES BUTTERFLY GARDEN: SMALL FARM FROM ORGANIC WASTE RIO DE JANEIRO

RIO DE JANEIRO

preserve nature

ENERGY

TRANSPORT

energy flows < 0,25 TJ synergy with other flow types

(smaller) electric ferry

increased transport efficiency and small electric vehicles

DIESEL 5,1 TJ FERRIES PASSENGERS

GASOLINE 0,05 TJ

ELECTRICITY 22,8 TJ coal oil

FERRIES FREIGHT

natural gas nuclear hydro geo, solar biofuels/waste

LAND TRANSPORT

LOCAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 33,7 TJ

butterfly garden for organic food production and education utilize solar energy for power and heat

BUILDINGS AND CONSUMPTION

solar heat 5,1 TJ

WATER water flows < 1000 m3

RAINWATER 78.936 m3

synergy with other flow types

rainwater collection and utilization

CO2 EMISSIONS 1203 tCO2eq

improved existing housing stock

solar power 2,6 TJ

ENERGY (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

EVAPORATION 21.605 m3

waste water 78.936 m3

rainwater 78.936 m3

WWTP 384.697 m3

SURFACE WATER 385.494 m3

FRESH WATER 343.140 m3 home composting 183 t

repair waste water treatment plant

urine and faeces 1904 t

WATER (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

butterfly garden for organic food production and education

composting 24 t

GROUNDWATER 4624 m3

POTABLE WATER 431 m3

MATERIALS

MATERIALS (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

material flows < 17,5 ton synergy with other flow types

‘I prefer to plant 1 trees with 30 people over planting 30 trees with 1 person.’

aggregate from crushing 575 t

BIOBASED EXPORT 203 t coconut 156 t wood 45 t leather 1,5 t

FOOD AND BEVERAGES 3263 t

food and drinks 3003 t

utilization of debris for new concrete and CEB production

PUBLIC SPACE

NON-BIOBASED OR MIXED 6703 t

COLLECTION RECYCLABLES 1204 t

plastics 566 t paper 420 t

coconut 260 t

OTHER MATERIALS 6074 t

(undiscovered potential)

separate collection of recyclables

glass 139 t metal 80 t textile 19 t electron. 2,2 t inert 2,2 t

PARKS, TREES

COLLECTION MIXED 1204 t

bulk 365 t

packaging 1852 t

STREETS

mixed 2555 t

clothes 21 t inert 2,2 t electronics 2,2 t consumer goods 365 t

BEACHES

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 5173 t local food 12 t bay: fish 104 t

debris 575 t

CONSTRUCTION

plant growth 1533 t

bay: solid waste 1150 t

distribution of fertilizer for local food production

CONSTRUCTION

construction materials 3833 t

other materials 1917 t

methane surplus: export opportunity or utilization in CHP plant

concrete 1917 t

water 797 t

biogas production from organic waste

methane 517 t

biowaste 1751 t

debris 2555 t

fertilizer 620 t

pool from bay water

electricity 0,02 TJ

LOCAL RECYCLING 2692 t

Ricardo, 58, Plantar Paquetá

organic waste 15 t

pruning 730 t

organic household waste 1307 t sludge 80 t

BAY WATER 8250 m3

121

122

restore and reutilize heritage buildings

2. IMPROVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM HIGHER EFFICIENCY + ELECTRIFICATION RIO DE JANEIRO

RIO DE JANEIRO

preserve nature

ENERGY

TRANSPORT

energy flows < 0,25 TJ synergy with other flow types

(smaller) electric ferry

increased transport efficiency and small electric vehicles

DIESEL 5,1 TJ

CO2 EMISSIONS 1203 tCO2eq

FERRIES PASSENGERS

GASOLINE 0,05 TJ

ELECTRICITY 22,8 TJ coal oil

FERRIES FREIGHT

natural gas nuclear hydro geo, solar biofuels/waste

LAND TRANSPORT

LOCAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 33,7 TJ

utilize solar energy for power and heat

BUILDINGS AND CONSUMPTION

solar heat 5,1 TJ

WATER water flows < 1000 m3

RAINWATER 78.936 m3

synergy with other flow types

rainwater collection and utilization

improved existing housing stock

solar power 2,6 TJ

ENERGY (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

EVAPORATION 21.605 m3

(smaller) electric ferry

waste water 78.936 m3

rainwater 78.936 m3

FRESH WATER 343.140 m3

home composting 183 t

increased transport efficiency and small electric vehicles

WWTP 384.697 m3

repair waste water treatment plant

urine and faeces 1904 t

WATER (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

butterfly garden for organic food production and education

composting 24 t

GROUNDWATER 4624 m3

SURFACE WATER 385.494 m3

POTABLE WATER 431 m3

MATERIALS

MATERIALS (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

material flows < 17,5 ton synergy with other flow types

aggregate from crushing 575 t

BIOBASED EXPORT 203 t coconut 156 t wood 45 t leather 1,5 t

FOOD AND BEVERAGES 3263 t

food and drinks 3003 t

utilization of debris for new concrete and CEB production

PUBLIC SPACE

NON-BIOBASED OR MIXED 6703 t

(undiscovered potential)

separate collection of recyclables

COLLECTION RECYCLABLES 1204 t

plastics 566 t paper 420 t

coconut 260 t

glass 139 t metal 80 t textile 19 t electron. 2,2 t inert 2,2 t

PARKS, TREES

OTHER MATERIALS 6074 t

COLLECTION MIXED 1204 t

bulk 365 t

packaging 1852 t

STREETS

mixed 2555 t

clothes 21 t inert 2,2 t electronics 2,2 t consumer goods 365 t

BEACHES

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 5173 t local food 12 t bay: fish 104 t

debris 575 t

CONSTRUCTION

plant growth 1533 t

bay: solid waste 1150 t

distribution of fertilizer for local food production

CONSTRUCTION

construction materials 3833 t

other materials 1917 t

methane surplus: export opportunity or utilization in CHP plant

concrete 1917 t

water 797 t

biogas production from organic waste

methane 517 t

biowaste 1751 t

debris 2555 t

fertilizer 620 t

pool from bay water

electricity 0,02 TJ

LOCAL RECYCLING 2692 t organic waste 15 t

pruning 730 t

organic household waste 1307 t sludge 80 t

BAY WATER 8250 m3

123

124

restore and reutilize heritage buildings

3. UTILIZE POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC WASTE RIO DE JANEIRO

RIO DE JANEIRO

preserve nature

ENERGY

TRANSPORT

biogas production from organic waste

energy flows < 0,25 TJ synergy with other flow types

(smaller) electric ferry DIESEL 5,1 TJ FERRIES PASSENGERS

GASOLINE 0,05 TJ

ELECTRICITY 22,8 TJ coal oil

increased transport efficiency and small electric vehicles

replace LPG by biogas

FERRIES FREIGHT

natural gas

CO2 EMISSIONS 1203 tCO2eq

nuclear hydro geo, solar biofuels/waste

LAND TRANSPORT

LOCAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 33,7 TJ

utilize solar energy for power and heat

BUILDINGS AND CONSUMPTION

solar heat 5,1 TJ

WATER water flows < 1000 m3

RAINWATER 78.936 m3

synergy with other flow types

rainwater collection and utilization

improved existing housing stock

solar power 2,6 TJ

ENERGY (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

EVAPORATION 21.605 m3

waste water 78.936 m3

rainwater 78.936 m3

WWTP 384.697 m3

SURFACE WATER 385.494 m3

FRESH WATER 343.140 m3 home composting 183 t

repair waste water treatment plant

urine and faeces 1904 t

WATER (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

butterfly garden for organic food production and education

composting 24 t

GROUNDWATER 4624 m3

POTABLE WATER 431 m3

MATERIALS

MATERIALS (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

material flows < 17,5 ton synergy with other flow types

‘We should try to keep all organic waste on the Paquetá.’

aggregate from crushing 575 t

BIOBASED EXPORT 203 t coconut 156 t wood 45 t leather 1,5 t

FOOD AND BEVERAGES 3263 t

food and drinks 3003 t

utilization of debris for new concrete and CEB production

PUBLIC SPACE

NON-BIOBASED OR MIXED 6703 t

COLLECTION RECYCLABLES 1204 t

plastics 566 t paper 420 t

coconut 260 t

OTHER MATERIALS 6074 t

(undiscovered potential)

separate collection of recyclables

glass 139 t metal 80 t textile 19 t electron. 2,2 t inert 2,2 t

PARKS, TREES

COLLECTION MIXED 1204 t

bulk 365 t

packaging 1852 t

STREETS

mixed 2555 t

clothes 21 t inert 2,2 t electronics 2,2 t consumer goods 365 t

BEACHES

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 5173 t local food 12 t bay: fish 104 t

debris 575 t

CONSTRUCTION

plant growth 1533 t

bay: solid waste 1150 t

distribution of fertilizer for local food production

CONSTRUCTION

construction materials 3833 t

other materials 1917 t

methane surplus: export opportunity or utilization in CHP plant

concrete 1917 t

water 797 t

biogas production from organic waste

methane 517 t

biowaste 1751 t

debris 2555 t

fertilizer 620 t

pool from bay water

electricity 0,02 TJ

LOCAL RECYCLING 2692 t

Ricardo, 58, Plantar Paquetá

organic waste 15 t

pruning 730 t

organic household waste 1307 t sludge 80 t

BAY WATER 8250 m3

125

126

restore and reutilize heritage buildings

4. IMPROVE EXISTING HOUSING STOCK RIO DE JANEIRO

RIO DE JANEIRO

preserve nature

ENERGY

TRANSPORT

energy flows < 0,25 TJ synergy with other flow types

(smaller) electric ferry

increased transport efficiency and small electric vehicles

DIESEL 5,1 TJ

CO2 EMISSIONS 1203 tCO2eq

improved existing housing stock

FERRIES PASSENGERS

GASOLINE 0,05 TJ

ELECTRICITY 22,8 TJ coal oil

FERRIES FREIGHT

natural gas nuclear hydro geo, solar biofuels/waste

LAND TRANSPORT

LOCAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 33,7 TJ

utilize solar energy for power and heat

BUILDINGS AND CONSUMPTION

solar heat 5,1 TJ

WATER water flows < 1000 m3

RAINWATER 78.936 m3

synergy with other flow types

rainwater collection and utilization

improved existing housing stock

solar power 2,6 TJ

ENERGY (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

EVAPORATION 21.605 m3

waste water 78.936 m3

rainwater 78.936 m3

WWTP 384.697 m3

SURFACE WATER 385.494 m3

FRESH WATER 343.140 m3 home composting 183 t

repair waste water treatment plant

urine and faeces 1904 t

WATER (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

butterfly garden for organic food production and education

composting 24 t

GROUNDWATER 4624 m3

POTABLE WATER 431 m3

MATERIALS

MATERIALS (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

material flows < 17,5 ton synergy with other flow types

aggregate from crushing 575 t

BIOBASED EXPORT 203 t coconut 156 t wood 45 t leather 1,5 t

FOOD AND BEVERAGES 3263 t

food and drinks 3003 t

utilization of debris for new concrete and CEB production

PUBLIC SPACE

NON-BIOBASED OR MIXED 6703 t

(undiscovered potential)

separate collection of recyclables

COLLECTION RECYCLABLES 1204 t

plastics 566 t paper 420 t

coconut 260 t

glass 139 t metal 80 t textile 19 t electron. 2,2 t inert 2,2 t

PARKS, TREES

OTHER MATERIALS 6074 t

COLLECTION MIXED 1204 t

bulk 365 t

packaging 1852 t

STREETS

mixed 2555 t

clothes 21 t inert 2,2 t electronics 2,2 t consumer goods 365 t

BEACHES

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 5173 t local food 12 t bay: fish 104 t

debris 575 t

CONSTRUCTION

plant growth 1533 t

bay: solid waste 1150 t

distribution of fertilizer for local food production

CONSTRUCTION

construction materials 3833 t

other materials 1917 t

methane surplus: export opportunity or utilization in CHP plant

concrete 1917 t

water 797 t

biogas production from organic waste

methane 517 t

biowaste 1751 t

debris 2555 t

fertilizer 620 t

pool from bay water

electricity 0,02 TJ

LOCAL RECYCLING 2692 t organic waste 15 t

pruning 730 t

organic household waste 1307 t sludge 80 t

BAY WATER 8250 m3

127

128

restore and reutilize heritage buildings

5. DISCOVER OTHER POTENTIALS OF WASTE RIO DE JANEIRO

RIO DE JANEIRO

preserve nature

ENERGY

TRANSPORT

energy flows < 0,25 TJ synergy with other flow types

(smaller) electric ferry

increased transport efficiency and small electric vehicles

DIESEL 5,1 TJ

CO2 EMISSIONS 1203 tCO2eq

FERRIES PASSENGERS

GASOLINE 0,05 TJ

ELECTRICITY 22,8 TJ coal oil

FERRIES FREIGHT

natural gas nuclear hydro geo, solar biofuels/waste

LAND TRANSPORT

LOCAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 33,7 TJ

utilize solar energy for power and heat

BUILDINGS AND CONSUMPTION

solar heat 5,1 TJ

WATER water flows < 1000 m3

RAINWATER 78.936 m3

synergy with other flow types

rainwater collection and utilization

improved existing housing stock

solar power 2,6 TJ

ENERGY (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

EVAPORATION 21.605 m3

waste water 78.936 m3

rainwater 78.936 m3

WWTP 384.697 m3

SURFACE WATER 385.494 m3

FRESH WATER 343.140 m3 home composting 183 t

repair waste water treatment plant

urine and faeces 1904 t

WATER (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

butterfly garden for organic food production and education

composting 24 t

GROUNDWATER 4624 m3

POTABLE WATER 431 m3

MATERIALS

MATERIALS (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

material flows < 17,5 ton synergy with other flow types

aggregate from crushing 575 t

BIOBASED EXPORT 203 t coconut 156 t wood 45 t leather 1,5 t

FOOD AND BEVERAGES 3263 t

food and drinks 3003 t

utilization of debris for new concrete and CEB production

PUBLIC SPACE

NON-BIOBASED OR MIXED 6703 t

(undiscovered potential)

separate collection of recyclables

COLLECTION RECYCLABLES 1204 t

plastics 566 t paper 420 t

coconut 260 t

glass 139 t metal 80 t textile 19 t electron. 2,2 t inert 2,2 t

PARKS, TREES

OTHER MATERIALS 6074 t

COLLECTION MIXED 1204 t

bulk 365 t

packaging 1852 t

STREETS

mixed 2555 t

clothes 21 t inert 2,2 t electronics 2,2 t consumer goods 365 t

BEACHES

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 5173 t local food 12 t bay: fish 104 t

debris 575 t

CONSTRUCTION

plant growth 1533 t

bay: solid waste 1150 t

distribution of fertilizer for local food production

CONSTRUCTION

other materials 1917 t

utilization of debris for new concrete and CEB production construction materials 3833 t

methane surplus: export opportunity or utilization in CHP plant

concrete 1917 t

water 797 t

biogas production from organic waste

methane 517 t

biowaste 1751 t

debris 2555 t

fertilizer 620 t

pool from bay water

electricity 0,02 TJ

LOCAL RECYCLING 2692 t organic waste 15 t

pruning 730 t

organic household waste 1307 t sludge 80 t

BAY WATER 8250 m3

129

130

restore and reutilize heritage buildings RIO DE JANEIRO

RIO DE JANEIRO

preserve nature

ENERGY

TRANSPORT

energy flows < 0,25 TJ synergy with other flow types

(smaller) electric ferry

increased transport efficiency and small electric vehicles

DIESEL 5,1 TJ

CO2 EMISSIONS 1203 tCO2eq

FERRIES PASSENGERS

GASOLINE 0,05 TJ

ELECTRICITY 22,8 TJ coal oil

FERRIES FREIGHT

natural gas nuclear hydro geo, solar biofuels/waste

LAND TRANSPORT

LOCAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 33,7 TJ

utilize solar energy for power and heat

BUILDINGS AND CONSUMPTION

solar heat 5,1 TJ

WATER water flows < 1000 m3

RAINWATER 78.936 m3

synergy with other flow types

rainwater collection and utilization

improved existing housing stock

solar power 2,6 TJ

ENERGY (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

EVAPORATION 21.605 m3

waste water 78.936 m3

rainwater 78.936 m3

WWTP 384.697 m3

SURFACE WATER 385.494 m3

FRESH WATER 343.140 m3 home composting 183 t

repair waste water treatment plant

urine and faeces 1904 t

WATER (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

butterfly garden for organic food production and education

composting 24 t

GROUNDWATER 4624 m3

POTABLE WATER 431 m3

MATERIALS

MATERIALS (HOUSEHOLDS, COMMERCIAL, PUBLIC)

material flows < 17,5 ton synergy with other flow types

aggregate from crushing 575 t

BIOBASED EXPORT 203 t coconut 156 t wood 45 t leather 1,5 t

FOOD AND BEVERAGES 3263 t

food and drinks 3003 t

utilization of debris for new concrete and CEB production

PUBLIC SPACE

NON-BIOBASED OR MIXED 6703 t

(undiscovered potential)

separate collection of recyclables

COLLECTION RECYCLABLES 1204 t

plastics 566 t paper 420 t

coconut 260 t

glass 139 t metal 80 t textile 19 t electron. 2,2 t inert 2,2 t

PARKS, TREES

OTHER MATERIALS 6074 t

COLLECTION MIXED 1204 t

bulk 365 t

packaging 1852 t

STREETS

mixed 2555 t

clothes 21 t inert 2,2 t electronics 2,2 t consumer goods 365 t

BEACHES

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 5173 t local food 12 t bay: fish 104 t

debris 575 t

CONSTRUCTION

plant growth 1533 t

bay: solid waste 1150 t

distribution of fertilizer for local food production

CONSTRUCTION

construction materials 3833 t

other materials 1917 t

methane surplus: export opportunity or utilization in CHP plant

concrete 1917 t

water 797 t

biogas production from organic waste

methane 517 t

biowaste 1751 t

debris 2555 t

fertilizer 620 t

pool from bay water

electricity 0,02 TJ

LOCAL RECYCLING 2692 t organic waste 15 t

pruning 730 t

organic household waste 1307 t sludge 80 t

BAY WATER 8250 m3

131

PART III: BUILDING DESIGN

134

BUILDING PROGRAM BEACH POOL

BEACH POOL

COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS

small scale tourism

things to do for residents

regenerate Guanabara bay

OPEN KITCHEN

conciouss tourism

BIO-DIGESTER

improve metabolism

economic opportunities for residents

135

LOCATION PAQUETAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SOUTH SIDE Parque Darke de Mattos

Cocheira

136

137

LOCATION COCHEIRA Cocheira is the small neighborhood around the former stable where the 12 horses resided until 2014. The area is enclosed by a hill on the north side and the bay at the south and only accessible by a dead-end road from the east side. The public space consist of a square, football field, public toilet and a small bar.

FORMER STABLE

140

The old stable before itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s closure in 2014, when all horses were taken away from PaquetĂĄ

141

NATURAL POTENTIAL High potential of an unused, vacant lot

beach potential

142

commercial opportunities for direct environment

natural sloping terrain

143

144

DESIGN RESEARCH AND INSPIRATION ‘Placemaking capitalizes on a local community’s assets, inspiration, and potential, with the intention of creating public spaces that promote people’s health, happiness, and well being. ‘

145

TIBÁ JOHAN VAN LENGEN Low tech architecture and sustainable technologies, which I like to call ‘Common sense architecture’.

146

SOUND MIRROR ELMO VERMIJS Collecting, concentrating and reflecting the sound from meadow birds in the Terschelling polder

148

FAVELIZATION BLURRING URBAN-GREEN BOUNDARIES VIDIGAL Populating the hillsides, overlooking the richest neigborhoods in Rio de Janeiro.

My home in favela Vidigal, Rio de Janeiro (2014)

149

150

PERGOLAS AND PAVILIONS

Pergolas: embrace nature

light upper structure (wood)

heavy base (granite)

Pavilions: experience natural environment

151

152

DESIGN SKETCHES

153

162

DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION

163

IMPLEMENTATION BEACH - OLD STABLE - HILL

BAY

164

IMPLEMENTATION POOL ON FOOTPRINT

POOL

BAY

IMPLEMENTATION WATER SYSTEM

IMPLEMENTATION HEAVY BASE

IMPLEMENTATION LIGHT UPPER STRUCTURE

IMPLEMENTATION

Section through wetlands 1:200

Plan ground floor 1:200

Plan Upper floor 1:200

Section through pool 1:200

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

BUILDING METABOLISM

ENERGY no net energy input (utilize power grid and ecotaxi batteries to balance out electricity demand fluctuations)

WATER water flows < 400 m3

FRESH WATER 1980 m3

MATERIALS material flows < 1000 kg

FOOD 7500 kg ORGANIC WASTE 14.700 kg

food 7500 kg fresh water 180 m3 biogas 600 kg

ELECTRICITY 4560 kWh

beach showers 900 m3

biogas 2760 kg

BAY WATER 8250 m3

fresh water 900 m3

bay water 450 m3

fresh water 900 m3

bay water 450 m3

lighting and appliances 1560 kWh

electricity 4560 kWh heat 4320 kWh

reed harvest 400 kg

SURFACE WATER / EVAPORATION 1350 m3

FERTILIZER 5550 kg

185

186

TECHNICAL ELABORATION Further investigation into the water system and organic waste processes that enable the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s metabolism to work together with existing and design material, water, energy and people flows

187

WATER SYSTEM INVESTIGATION OF POSSIBILITIES Investigated systems: from low tech to high tech systems The schemes on the right present the small scale, low tech system of Kampung Naga (top) and the bigger scale, high tech system of chemical treatment of surface water (bottom). From the Kampung Naga system is learnt that a well-functioning system can be designed by benefitting natural systems and circumstances (geography). Chemical treatment consists of cleaning steps that are often unavoidable for taking out some specific pollutants.

188

WATER SYSTEM PLANT SELECTION What plants purify the saline bay water? REQUIREMENTS Used plants must: • be able to purify the water • be able to grow in the Rio de Janeiro temperate climat • be able to survive in saline water conditions • be not to invasive The most obvious strategy is to select native plants that have the capacity to purify the water. But also other plants, that have greater purifcation capacities, are selected.

190

194

HARVEST MAP MATERIAL VENDORS AND ORIGINS

PAQUETÁ

RIO DE JANEIRO

SAND from Rio de Janeiro state

TREATED PINE reforested wood from São Paulo state

GRANITE locally sourced on Paquetá

CLAY on site

CEMENT produced in Rio de Janeiro state 195

196

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

197

198

BUILDING METHODS SELECTION CRITERIA SENSE OF PLACE

not too different from common methods

fit in the natural landscape

use of local materials

no import of heavy tools, cranes, etc.

199

200

EXISTING SITUATION BEACH - OLD STABLE - HILL

201

BUILDING METHODS HEAVY MATERIALS FOUNDATION AND PAVEMENT: GRANITE

FOUNDATION: CONCRETE

local material

common building method (RCC frame)

traditional building method

WALLS: RAMMED EARTH

FLOORS: CASCAJE ELEMENTS

local material (clay-sand-silt mixture)

similar to common method, but with much less cement

heavy base, grounded its natural environment

202

HEAVY BASE

203

BUILDING METHODS LIGHT MATERIALS

STRUCTURE: TIMBER made of smaller, lighter (imported) parts tectonics derived from traditional methods (simple connections

204

LIGHT UPPER STRUCTURE

205

BUILDING METHODS FINISHES

206

SEPARATION WALLS: WATTLE AND DAUB ELEMENTS

GREEN ROOFS

local material

rainwater retention and filtration

‘modern’ version of an alternative natural building method

blends in the landscape

THE COMPLETE BUILDING

207

208

LIGHT STRUCTURE WOOD

209

FLEXIBILITY PLATFORM

210

FLEXIBILITY PLANTER

211

FLEXIBILITY WATER CANAL

212

FLEXIBILITY COMBINATION

213

Plan stairs and corridor zone 1:40

1:10 on page 224

1:10 on page 229

1:10 on page 228

Long section through wetlands 1:40

1:10 on page 223

1:10 on page 222

Short section through pool 1:40

1:10 on page 226 1:10 on page 227

Short section through pool 1:40

220

1:10 on page 225

221

CONNECTION RAMMED EARTH WALL - GREEN ROOF 1:10

222

CONNECTION STAIRS 1:10

223

CONNECTION RAMMED EARTH WALL - GREEN ROOF 1:10

224

CONNECTION WOODEN STRUCTURE AND GREEN ROOF 1:10

225

CONNECTION CONCRETE COLUMN - WOODEN STRUCTURE - GREEN ROOF 1:10

226

RAMMED EARTH WALL PLATE 1:10

227

CONNECTION RAMMED EARTH WALL - WINDOW FRAME 1:10

228

CASCAJE ELEMENT 1:10

229

REFLECTION

REFLECTION Panorama Paquetá - Sense of place for a vulnerable island community Based on former experiences in the Brazilian context in the field of architecture, construction and trade between the Netherlands and Brazil, I decided to dedicate my graduation project to the island Ilha de Paquetá, located in the middle of the bay of Rio de Janeiro. The clear scope and iconic location made me choose this site. I saw the opportunity to project a ‘circular’ strategy to improve the environmental and economic performance of the place. The knowledge and tools that I have learnt in the master’s program Industrial Ecology, I could integrate this way in my Architecture graduation project. RESEARCH AND DESIGN Research approach The research approach for my graduation project is twofold. On one hand, there is the very systemic approach of urban metabolism and circular economy. This part of the research, resulting in a Material Flow Analysis (MFA) for energy, water and material consumption on the island, shaped the boundary conditions and solution space for the interventions to be developed. The MFA was the focus during the first part of the graduation project and led to a set of possible interventions on system level to improve the environmental state of the island. However, this very analytic approach does not provide insights or inspiration towards architectural or urban design. Therefore, another research layer was added: achieving a deep understanding of the 232

culture, history, society, geography, built environment and traditions. The acquired ‘sense of place’ gave inspiration and design ideas that the analytical research approach didn’t. METHODOLOGY - For both researches, the systemic layer (top-down perspective) and the context-sensitivity layer (bottom-up perspective), fieldwork has been carried out. For composing the MFA a questionnaire and interviews with companies were the applied research methods to collect the required data. For understanding the place, information was acquired via conversations, interviews, observations, filmmaking and (historical) literature reviews. Resulting design Building program: After the initial idea to build a recycling facility, it was concluded that a swimming pool with community functions could be a valuable addition to the island, for the following reasons: 1. Tourism. One of the main tourism attractions have always been the beaches, but due to the pollution of the Guanabara Bay, swimming is no longer possible. 2. Metabolism. The function of a swimming pool can make valuable metabolic connections with the current system (similar as a recycling facility does): bay water is cleaned, used for the swimming pool and given back to the surface water. Organic waste is put in for extraction of fertilizers, heat and electricity.

3. Architectural design and placemaking. More than a recycling facility, a swimming pool and community functions very much relate to the context and opens possibilities to express that in the architectural design. For filtering the bay water, wetlands with local purification plants are integrated in the design. In materialization, the local materials granite and earth are used. The tectonic of the wooden structure is inspired on the pergolas by a famous painter and inspirator of Paquetá, named Pedro Bruno. The construction methods are all simple, low tech, easy to understand and possible without the use of uncommon tools and knowledge. In conclusion: the functional/programmatic ideas for the intervention are based on the understanding of both the urban metabolism and the needs of residents and tourists. The elaboration of this in an architectural design finds its roots in a thorough understanding of the place (culture, history, identity, history, geography, building tradition). RELEVANCE Architectural Engineering Studio The thematic focus of the Architectural Engineering Studio is in line with my personal interest and specialization of the last couple of years: circularity, productiveness of the city, and similar approaches in response to the current take-make-dispose economy. In the ‘flow’ direction, similar research questions related to urban metabolism and circular

economy have been posed. Subsequently, the expertise was present to support and criticize my research and design process.

analytical side from Industrial Ecology and the design and visualization power from Architecture.

Relevance for the profession

Within the faculty of Architecture of the TU Delft (and other universities) the relevance lies in the way I involve the human factor in a project that is about ‘circularity in the built environment’. Many research programs that are currently running (like RePair in collaboration with AMS) very much focus on quantifications of the urban metabolism and the related system-level implementation but

Also, both the studio and the chosen topic allowed me to apply the knowledge and skills that I acquired in the master’s program Industrial Ecology (in the Material Flow Analysis for example). This is where my project distinguishes itself: expertise of two different disciplines are combined and applied. The

Material Flows Analysis System-level interventions

RESEARCH MFA

Agendas

STRATEGY ILHA DE PAQUETÁ

Painpoints Local economy Sustainability intiatives Tourism Physical context

RESEARCH LOCAL REALITY

Local wishes

focus less on societal aspects. My graduation project shows how the systemlevel perspective to come up with circular interventions can be combined with a hyperlocal and pragmatic approach, that make proposed interventions more likely to be successfully implemented.

DESIGN PROCESS: MILE STONES 1st stage: ‘Let’s make that island circular’ The concept of a circular economy is very much embraced by Dutch governments and some Dutch companies and knowledge institutions, but much less known in Brazil. In my graduation project my first aim was how to apply the concept in a real Brazilian urban context (including the proposal for practical interventions). This first stage of the project resulted in a complete MFA for the whole island, which is very much a top-down view on the current situation. Based on this quantification I could propose interventions from a system-level perspective. The insights that I gained from the bottom-up approach (observations, a questionnaire, photography, etc.) played a minor role in the research results that I presented after the first semester. 2nd phase: ‘Let’s make a beautiful project’ Reflection on this in a three-month summer period made me realize that my focus was too much on the analytical side of the project. A two-week cycling holiday gave me the time to really digest the observations and knowledge that I gained from fieldwork and research. And when I visited Oerol festival on the beautiful 233

Dutch island Terschelling, I saw many location specific landscape architecture projects. One example is ‘Gegrond’, by Elmo Vermijs, which is a very simple building form, made of local materials, that really gived me the ‘sense of place’. I realized that making a project is not only about proposing the best interventions from a system-level perspective and by understanding social structures, but that the landscape, the geography, the culture, the history of the place are equally important. This made me study some literature that I had collected during the fieldtrip, about the culture and history of Ilha de Paquetá. The main insight was the role of the painter Pedro Bruno in the beginning of the twentieth century, who founded the ‘Liga Artística’ with the aim to preserve the natural landscape and (animal) life. Furthermore, I understood much better how the building tradition had developed over time.

3rd phase: ‘Let’s make the island a better place’ On top of that, I now much less believe in circularity (or ‘sustainability’ in general) as the central goal where a project derives its identity from. I do more believe that, in a time of major concerns about resource consumption and climate change, it is not more than a selfevident underlying condition of any kind of project. In the case of Ilha de Paquetá, there is much more going on than environmental performance. The map of pains, that was constructed in a very early phase of the project, where mentioned: high costs of living, few jobs, dusty roads, little things to do, the polluted Guanabara Bay, dependency of the local economy on tourism, tourism decline and a strong separation between tourists and residents.

These ‘pains’ all relate to each other and can play a major role in a future strategy for Ilha de Paquetá. Therefore, I shifted the priorities in my project from ‘something circular’ to ‘something to make the island a better place’. The building that must do this is no longer a recycling facility, but a swimming pool. LOOKING AHEAD The main challenge towards finalizing the project lies in the relation between the architectural design and the island strategy. After setting the main boundaries for the strategy, choosing the interventions and proposing a prioritization, the focus had shifted to the building design. The challenge is to align (and re-align if necessary) the building with other interventions, such as organic waste collection system and different modes of transportation.

‘My graduation project shows how the Circular Economy system-level perspective can be combined with a hyper-local and pragmatic approach to achieve social inclusion.’

234

235

REFERENCES LITERATURE Antoine, M. (2017). “This island is 20 years ahead of the rest of the world.” Retrieved 11 April, 2018, from http://andemu.co/en/cette-ile-a-20-ansdavance-sur-le-reste-du-monde. Arup (2016). The Circular Economy in the Built Environment. Bobbink, I., et al. (2013). Water purification, Master Landscape Architecture, TU Delft. Cardoso, M. A. L. (1986). Paquetá, História das Ruas. de Oliveira, R. R. S., et al. “Análise comparativa entre o desmatamento e o aumento populacional da Ilha de Paquetá/RJ.” Históriafgmbcp: 143. Diazacuna, A. J. (2018). “Gorona Del Viento has the wind on its sails.” Retrieved 11 April, 2018, from http://steamgreen.unibo.it/2018/03/04/gorona-delviento-wind-sails/. Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2012). Towards the Circular Economy; Economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition. Frosch, R. A. and N. E. Gallopoulos (1989). “Strategies for manufacturing.” Scientific American 261(3): 144-153. Gaag, J., et al. (2010). Halophyte filters as saline treatment wetlands; Applicators and constraints, Alterra. Griffiths, S. (2014). “The world’s first island powered entirely by wind and a lake that’s a huge battery: Spain’s El Hierro will take advantage of gusts from African coast.” Retrieved 11 April, 2018, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2614804/Spanish-island-world-powered-entirely-wind-water. html. Hermansen, S., et al. (2007). “Samsø, a Renewable Energy Island: 10 years of development and evaluation (10 year report)--Samsø, Vedvarende Energi-Ø: 10 års Udvikling og Evaluering (10årsrapport).” Instituto Baía de Guanabara (2015). “Fauna e Flora.” Retrieved 19 November, 2018, from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/ search?q=cache:2LA_s3rbJJ4J:baiadeguanabara.org.br/site/%3Fpage_id%3D4854+&cd=9&hl=nl&ct=clnk&gl=nl. Instituto Paquetá Sustentável (2017). Paquetá Tradition + Innovation Program. Jongert, J., et al. (2015). “Cyclifiers: an investigation into actors that enable intra-urban metabolism.” Place: Publisher. Journal of Nordregio (2011). “Samsø Island 100% wind.” Journal of Nordregio; European energy challenges April no. 1: p. 12. Klabin, D. Z. R. M. F. R. S. I. (2017). Baía de Guanabara: passado, presente, futuros. Kolbert, E. (2008). “The island in the wind.” Retrieved 9 April, 2018, from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/07/07/the-island-in-the-wind. McDonough, W. and M. Braungart (2002). “Remaking the way we make things: Cradle to cradle.” New York: North Point Press. ISBN 1224942886: 104. Mohamed, M. (2016). State of the environment, Ministry of Environment and Energy. Mollison, B. (1988). “Permaculture: a designer’s manual.” Permaculture: a designer’s manual. 236

Paquetur (n.d.). “Geografia e economia.” Retrieved 4 April, 2018, from http://www.ilhadepaqueta.com.br/geografia.htm. Passenier, A. and Y. Wolthuis (2015). Clean Urban Delta Initiative Rio de Janeiro; An integrated agenda & approach. Pauli, G. A. (2010). The blue economy: 10 years, 100 innovations, 100 million jobs, Paradigm Publications. populacao.net.br (2010). “População Paquetá - Rio de Janeiro.” Retrieved 20 May, 2018, from http://populacao.net.br/populacao-paqueta_rio-dejaneiro_rj.html. Rau, T. and S. Oberhuber (2016). Material matters: hoe wij onze relatie met de aarde kunnen veranderen, Bertram + de Leeuw Uitgevers BV. Rio Resiliente (2015). Rio Resiliente; Estratégia de Resiliência da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. SABREN (2014). Informações sobre Favelas e loteamentos, SABREN - Sistema de Assentamentos de Baixa Renda. saneamentobasico.com.br (2012). “Rede de saneamento chega à Ilha de Paquetá.” Retrieved 14 April, 2018, from https://www.saneamentobasico. com.br/rede-de-saneamento-chega-a-ilha-de-paqueta/. UMCES (2013). “Diagnóstico do estado da baía de guanabara.” van Hinte, E., et al. (2007). Superuse: Constructing New Architecture by Shortcutting Material Flows, 010 Publishers. Veríssimo, F. S. (1998). Arquologia da memória Paquetaense, UNI Rio. Mestrado em memória social e documento. Women and Gender Constituency (2018). “When circular economy works hand in hand with social inclusion.” Retrieved 11 April, 2018, from http:// womengenderclimate.org/gjc_solutions/when-circular-economy-works-hand-in-hand-with-social-inclusion/. Yazan, D. M., et al. (2017). “Environmental and economic sustainability of integrated production in bio-refineries: The thistle case in Sardinia.” Renewable energy 102: 349-360.

LITERATURE - MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS DATA 16valvulas.com.ar (2016). “El éxito del camión Volkswagen Constellation 17.280.” Retrieved 22 May, 2018, from https://www.16valvulas.com.ar/el-exitodel-camion-volkswagen-constellation-17-280/. Abrantes, T. (2015). “Onde mais se consome água no Brasil.” Retrieved 28 May, 2018, from https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/onde-mais-se-consomeagua-no-brasil/. Ademi (2018). Personal interview. L. Luken. Atlantic Consulting (2009). LPG’s Carbon Footprint Relative to Other Fuels. belezaesaude.com (n.d.). “Benefícios da Água de Coco.” Retrieved 28 May, 2018, from https://belezaesaude.com/agua-de-coco/. Bogas, J. A., et al. (2018). “Unstabilized and stabilized compressed earth blocks with partial incorporation of recycled aggregates.” International Journal of Architectural Heritage: 1-16. climate-data.org (n.d.). “Clima: Paquetá.” Retrieved 21 May, 2018, from https://pt.climate-data.org/location/312139/. Comlurb (2018). Quantidades de resíduos coletados em Paquetá. 237

Dawson, P. (n.d.). How much water does pool use after filling? de Almeida Guimarães, V., et al. (n.d.). Análise da ecoeficiência dos modos de transporte urbano de passageiros com ênfase no modo aquaviário. de Carvalho, C. H. R. (2011). Emissões relativas de poluentes do transporte motorizado de passageiros nos grandes centros urbanos brasileiros, Texto para Discussão, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA). Deublein, D. and A. Steinhauser (2011). Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources: An Introduction, Wiley. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (2017). Anuário Estatístico de Energia Elétrica 2017. M. d. M. e. Energia. Eurostat (2001). Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators; A methodological guide. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Flavio - SEDAE (2018). Personal interview. L. Luken. Hammer, M., et al. (2003). “Material flow analysis of the City of Hamburg.” Sustainable Europe Research Institute (SERI), Vienne. IBGE (2011). Análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil: Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística Rio de Janeiro: 45-46. IBGE (2017). Estimativas da população residente para os municípios e para as unidades da federação brasileiros com data de referência em 1 de julho de 2017, IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. IEA (2015). Brazil: Energy balance 2015. Kennedy, C., et al. (2007). “The changing metabolism of cities.” Journal of industrial ecology 11(2): 43-59. Kennedy, C., et al. (2011). “The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design.” Environmental pollution 159(8): 1965-1973. Lavrador, J. (2018). Personal interview. L. Luken. Leonardo (2018). Personal interview. L. Luken. Luis do gas (2018). Personal interview. L. Luken. Marcus - Comlurb (2018). Personal interview. L. Luken. Meerlanden (2017). Jaarverslag 2016. Ministério da Ciência, T., Inovações e Comunicações, (2018). Arquivos dos fatores médios de emissão de CO2 grid mês/ano. Münch, E. v. (n.d.). “Characteristics of urine, faeces and greywater.” Retrieved 30 May, 2018, from http://slideplayer.com/slide/3513992/#. Oliveira, R. d. (2018). “Hyundai HR 2018: detalhes, motor, fotos, preço, consumo.” Retrieved 22 May, 2018, from https://www.noticiasautomotivas.com.br/ hyundai-hr-2018-detalhes-motor-fotos-preco-consumo/. Potts, L. and D. J. Martin (2009). “Anaerobic digestion, gasification, and pyrolysis.” Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems: Waste Management and Minimization: 194-294. Prefeitura Rio (2018). Edificações. Ribeiro, P. (2016). Resiliência Hídrica: O Potencial de Reúso de Água de Chuva no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biociências, Universidade 238

Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio Resiliente (2015). Uso de Água de Chuva no Rio de Janeiro, Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Pereira Passos | COR e IPP. Secretaria de Estado de Transportes (2017). Projeto operacional básico para exploração do serviço público de transporte aquaviário coletivo de passageiros, Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. SGC (2012). “Basic data on biogas.” Shahidan, S., et al. (2017). “Utilizing Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste as Recycled Aggregates (RA) in Concrete.” Procedia engineering 174: 1028-1035. STOWA (2005). Afvalwaterketen ontketend. STOWA (2014). Evaluatie Nieuwe Sanitatie Noorderhoek Sneek. Vorrath, S. (2018). “Norway electric ferry cuts emissions by 95%, costs by 80%.” Retrieved 1 June, 2018, from https://reneweconomy.com.au/norwayelectric-ferry-cuts-emissions-95-costs-80-65811/. Wolman, A. (1965). “The Metabolism of Cities.” Scientific American 213(3): 178-190.

239