Shock Safe Nepal - design booklet team 3

SHOCK SAFE NEPAL

TEAM 3 DESIGN BOOKLET

CARLIJN VAN HOOGDALEM SEBASTIAAN KLAVER LODEWIJK LUKEN JASPER SONNEVELD JORIS VAN ZEBEN

LOW-BUDGET EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSING DESIGN IN RURAL NEPAL.

STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR

BASIC HOUSE

Stone masonry is most common in rural Nepal. Due to local availability of the stones and to cultural acceptance, this building method scores 71% on the MCA, making it one of the top building methods for rural Nepal. Solely the bearing walls will not resist earthquake forces, for which the masonry is reinforced with timber elements as stated in the Design Catalogue (DUDBC, 2015).

SPECIFICATIONS 21.5 m2 70 days skilled 76 days unskilled

Functional area Labourforce COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses

ADVANTAGES

$ 1,145 $ 575 $ 410 $ 340 $ 480 $ 2,870

Total

Local workers are familiar with stone masonry construction.

Use of local materials.

Possible re-use of stones.

MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LOCAL MATERIALS

DISADVANTAGES

Stones 36.2 m3 Clay (mud mortar) 1.7 m3 Clay (wattle and daub) 0.8 m3

Faith in this building method has decreased after the earthquake.

Reinforcements required.

Earthquake resistance completely relies on the quality of materials and execution.

EXTERNAL MATERIALS Cement 0.4 m3 Timber 3.7 m3 Sand 1.6 m3

POSSIBLE EXTENDED HOUSE SPECIFICATIONS

INCREMENTAL CONCEPT A one-storey stone masonry house is able to be expanded with an additional floor. A solid base, consisting of the foundation and first floor, is provided as are the columns which function as vertical reinforcement and carry the roof. A light wattle and daub upper structure is connected to these columns. An advantage of expanding in this manner, is that no additional foundation is needed and no extra land is needed.

47.9 m2 73 days skilled 96 days unskilled

Functional area Labourforce COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses

$ 1,340 $ 600 $ 520 $ 510 $ 600

Total

$ 3,570

MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LOCAL MATERIALS Stones 36.2 m3 Clay (mud mortar) 1.7 m3 Clay (wattle and daub) 3.7 m3 2

EXTERNAL MATERIALS Cement 0.4 m3 Timber 3.7 m3 Sand 3.1 m3

STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR EXPLODED VIEW WITH KEY DETAILS

light upper structure: wattle and daub

light roofing material: cgi sheets robust base: stone masonry with mud mortar

nail the floor beams to the seismic bands

wooden keys on both sides of the wall to fix the floor beams

damp proof course in floor construction

protected wood - floor finish (compacted earth) - polythene sheet - compacted fine clay - hardcore

wooden base plate

seismic bands and corner columns are well connected with nails

wooden columns run all the way to the bottom of the foundation

through stones every 1200 mm (horizontal) and 600 mm (vertical)

2

STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR BASIC HOUSE

Floor plan - scale 1:50

3

Cross section - scale 1:50

STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR BASIC HOUSE

Elevation front - scale 1:50

Elevation side - scale 1:50

4

STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR BASIC HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL

AMOUNT

Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base

11.0 m3 3.1 m3 0.4 m3 1.2 m3 9.3 m2 0.3 m3

Structural elements Stones, large Stones, small Clay (for mud mortar) Timber bands (soft wood, treated locally) Timber columns (soft wood, treated locally) Timber frames for attic walls (treated locally) Timber roof structure Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof ) Clay (for wattle and daub walls attic) Sand (for wattle and daub walls attic) Cladding components Doors Windows Other Timber floor boards Rubble stones (ground floor) Clay (ground floor) Nails

3

12.1 m 3.5 m3 1.7 m3 0.9 m3 0.2 m3 0.8 m3 1.2 m3

2

82.1 m 0.9 m3 0.4 m3

2

2.3 m 6.7 m2

3

0.7 m 21.4 m3 1.9 m3 1,642

TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL

OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expenses TOTAL

5

TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR) 8,651 Local 2,495 7,485 0 220

70 days 76 days

20%

Structural elements Stones, large Stones, small Cement mortar Reinforced concrete bands Reinforced concrete columns Bamboo roof structure

9,072 Local Local 575 372 264 738

15,220 0 0 8,953 2,193 7,514 11,484

2.766 Local 2.638

Cladding 28,712 Slate roof plates 0 C.G.I. sheets (attic walls) 689

110 324

418 Local Local 14 36,142

AMOUNT

MATERIAL ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL COSTS (NPR) Foundation 13,802 Reinforced concrete 0 Polyethene sheets 11,047 Wooden base 1,838 1,001 3,425

Cladding components 454 Doors 1,323 Windows Other 6,513 Timber floor boards 0 Concrete ground floor 0 390

TRANSPORTATION COSTS DIFFERENCE (NPR)

MATERIAL COST DIFFERENCE (NPR)

+90,000 0 0

+142034 0 0

0 0 +18,000 +17,391 +24,385 Unknown

0 0 +25,611 +16,294 +35,269 Unknown

Local Local

+41,589 +3,071

0 0

0 0

0 +36,000

0 +53,693

114,558

COSTS (NPR) Labour Skilled 61,684 Borrowed labour 44,171 256,555 51,311 NPR 307,866 USD 2,870

COST DIFFERENCE (NPR) 0 Unknown

STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR EXTENDED HOUSE

Floor plan - scale 1:50

Cross section - scale 1:50

6

STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR EXTENDED HOUSE

Elevation front - scale 1:50

Elevation side - scale 1:50

EXPANDING THE STRUCTURE

The top of the column of the initial structure is shaped in such a way that the column can be extended.

7

First the roof structure needs to be disambled, which will be put together again after the house is expanded.

When the roof structure is disambled, the existing columns can be extended after which the second floor can be added.

Detail column connection

STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR EXTENDED HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION* MATERIAL

AMOUNT

Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base

11.0 m3 3.1 m3 0.4 m3 1.2 m3 9.3 m2 0.4 m3

8,288 Local 3,087 9,260 0 312

13,802 0 11,047 1,838 1001 3,425

Structural elements Stones, large Stones, small Clay (for mud mortar) Timber bands (soft wood, treated locally) Timber columns (soft wood, treated locally) Timber frames (for wattle and daub walls, treated locally) Timber roof structure

12.1 m3 3.5 m3 1.7 m3 0.9 m3 0.3 m3 1.1 m3 1.4 m3

9,072 Local Local 816 244 994 1,260

15,220 0 0 8,953 2,679 10,901 13,826

Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof ) Clay (for wattle and daub walls) Sand (for wattle and daub walls)

94.5 m2 3.7 m3 1.9 m3

4,081 Local 14,852

33,049 0 2,949

Cladding components Doors Windows

2.3 m2 13.4 m2

156 919

1,713 10,077

Other Timber floor boards Rubble stones (ground floor) Clay (ground floor) Nails

1.3 m3 6.5 m3 0.7 m3 1642

1,187 Local Local 9

13,026 0 0 392

54,537

143,898

TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL

OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expenses TOTAL

AMOUNT 73 days 96 days

20%

TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR)

MATERIAL COSTS (NPR)

COSTS (NPR) 64,648 55,804 318,887 63,777 NPR 382,664 USD 3,570

* These costs include the materials of the basic house as well.

8

RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB

BASIC HOUSE

Rammed earth and wattle and daub are both earth-based techniques. Rammed earth is characterised by solid and stable bearing walls, where wattle and daub, in contrary, is made of a light framework. By applying both building methods in one design both their structural characteristics are combined. This system with rammed earth columns and wattle and daub walls form a solid and stable house that can resist the tensile forces induced by seismic loads. This building method is suitable for rural Nepal, for the main material, clay, can be found in the ground.

SPECIFICATIONS Functional area Labourforce

19.5 m2 78 days skilled 104 days unskilled

COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses

$ 1,010 $ 650 $ 565 $ 375 $520 $ 3,120

Total

ADVANTAGES MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Use of local materials.

Simple building method, easy construction.

Flexible floor plan.

Repetivity columns: formwork can be re-used

LOCAL MATERIALS Clay (rammed earth) 12.8 m3 Clay (wattle and daub) 1.8 m3

DISADVANTAGES The combination of these two techniques in one building is not approved by the government of Nepal.

This design is conceptual, behaviour under seismic loads is unknown (do the rammed earth and wattle and daub work as a system?).

This building method differs from the traditional building method of rural Nepal > people need a clear demonstration and training for construction.

Horizontal expansion is possible by continuation of the wattle and daub and rammed earth system. New rammed earth columns are constructed after which wattle and daub frames can be placed in between them, forming the outer walls of the expanded house.

For seismic stability it is important to take into account the rectangular shape of the floor plan, meaning that expansion may not lead to L- or U-shaped floor plans.

SPECIFICATIONS 32 m2 142 days skilled 187 days unskilled

COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses

$ 1,525 $ 1,175 $ 1,010 $ 560 $ 850 $ 5,120

Total MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LOCAL MATERIALS Clay (rammed earth) 17.6 m3 Clay (wattle and daub) 2.8 m3

9

Timber 4.7 m3 Sand 4.7 m3

POSSIBLE EXTENDED HOUSE

Functional area Labourforce

INCREMENTAL CONCEPT

EXTERNAL MATERIALS

EXTERNAL MATERIALS Timber 7.0 m3 Sand 5.8 m3

RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB EXPLODED VIEW WITH KEY DETAILS

light roofing material: cgi sheets

light walls between columns: wattle and daub

nail the floor beams to the seismic bands rammed earth +shaped columns with wooden posts on each side to connect the wattle and daub to

wattle and daub

wooden post in rammed earth

strip foundation below light wattle and daub walls to save material bracing in wattle and daub walls

- floor finish (compacted earth) - polythene sheet - compacted fine clay - hardcore

damp proof course in floor construction

protected wood wooden base plate

wooden columns run all the way to the bottom of the foundation

rammed earth

wattle and daub

the wooden posts in the columns are connected to eachother to transfer horizontal tensile forces: wattle and daub and rammed 10 earth work as one structure

RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB BASIC HOUSE

Floor plan - scale 1:50

11

Cross section - scale 1:50

RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB BASIC HOUSE

Elevation front - scale 1:50

Elevation side - scale 1:50

Formwork rammed earth Locally available CGI sheets are (re)used to make the round shape of the plus-shaped rammed earth columns. Therefore, they are bent and hold in place by wooden members.

Building the columns 4 CGI sheets 875 x 1500 mm 4 wooden boards 400 x 1000 mm 12 wooden supports (made of timber beam 50 x 100 mm) 12 steel bars 500 mm 24 washers and buttery nuts

1) the four wooden posts of the rammed earth columns are ďŹ xed in the foundation

3) the four posts are integrated in the rammed earth column.

2) the formwork is set around the four posts and the columns are rammed in four layers (max 800 mm): up to sill level (1), up to lintel level (2,3) and up to the roof (4). Wire and wood is used to connect the bands through the column.

4) the wattle and daub partition walls are connected to these posts.

12

RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB BASIC HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL

AMOUNT

TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR)

Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement mortar Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base

4.6 m 2.0 m3 0.2 m3 0.5 m3 11.7 m2 0.4 m3

3,437 Local 966 3,443 0 276

Structural elements Sand (for rammed earth) Clay (for rammed earth) Timber bands (soft wood, treated locally) Timber columns (soft wood, treated locally) Timber frames (for wattle and daub walls, treated locally) Timber roof structure (untreated)

3.2 m3 12.8 m3 0.7 m3 1.3 m3 0.2 m3 2.4 m3

21,056 Local 460 818 147 1,482

Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof ) Clay (for wattle and daub) Sand (for wattle and daub) Cladding components Doors Windows Other Timber floor boards Clay (ground floor) Nails Steel bars (rammed earth mold) C.G.I. sheets (rammed earth mold)

3

2

71 m 1.8 m3 0.9 m3

2

1.3 m 1.0 m2

3

0.5 m 0.4 m3 2384 0.0003 m3 5.2 m2

TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL

OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expenses TOTAL

13

657 Local 6,216

78 days 104 days

20%

ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL

Foundation 5,767 Reinforcement concrete 0 Polyethene sheets 4,918 Wooden base 818 1,262 4,384

5,006 0 7,302 12,982 2,338 23,515

Structural elements Sand (for rammed earth) Clay (for rammed earth) Reinforced concrete bands Reinforced concrete columns Bamboo frames (for wattle and daub walls, treated locally) Bamboo roof structure (untreated)

Cladding 28,945 Slate roof plates Clay (for wattle and daub) 0 1,478

215 181

Cladding components 854 Doors 717 Windows

302 Local 21 9 49

Other 4,784 Timber floor boards 0 Cement ground floor 569 210 1,836

39,736

AMOUNT

MATERIAL COSTS (NPR)

TRANSPORTATION COST DIFFERENCE (NPR)

MATERIAL COST DIFFERENCE (NPR)

+90,000 0 0

+ 142034 0 0

0 0 19,329 18,000 Unknown Unknown

0 0 21,100 32,849 Unknown Unknown

Local 0

+39,264 0

0 0

0 0

0 +27,000

0 +42,583

107,686

COSTS (NPR) 69,427 60,110 280,247 56,050 NPR 336,300 USD 3,135

COST DIFFERENCE (NPR) Labour Skilled Borrowed labour

0 Unknown

RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB EXTENDED HOUSE

Floor plan - scale 1:50 14

RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB EXTENDED HOUSE

Elevation front - scale 1:50

15

Elevation side - scale 1:50

RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB EXTENDED HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL

AMOUNT

Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement mortar Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base

7.8 m3 3.4 m3 0.3 m3 0.9 m3 21.3 m2 0.7 m3

5,908 Local 1,629 6,303 0 414

9,913 0 8,605 1,432 2,295 6,982

Structural elements Sand (for rammed earth) Clay (for rammed earth) Timber bands (soft wood, treated locally) Timber columns (soft wood, treated locally) Timber frames (for wattle and daub walls, treated locally) Timber roof structure (untreated)

4.4 m3 17.6 m3 1.3 m3 1.6 m3 0.3 m3 3.7 m3

30,296 Local 786 960 192 2,142

6,883 0 13,256 16,192 3,240 36,134

Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof ) Clay (for wattle and daub) Sand (for wattle and daub)

103.8 m2 2.8 m3 1.4 m3

925 Local 9,902

36,294 0 2,250

Cladding components Doors Windows

0.4 m2 0.3 m2

203 170

854 717

Other Timber floor boards Clay (ground floor) Nails Steel bars (mold rammed earth) C.G.I. sheets (mold rammed earth)

0.9 m3 0.4 m3 3574 0.0003 m3 5.3 m2

518 Local 20 9 47

8,814 0 853 210 1,836

NRP 60,188

NRP 163,483

TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL

OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expenses TOTAL

AMOUNT

TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR)

MATERIAL COSTS (NPR)

COSTS (NPR)

142 days 187 days

125,829 108,545

20%

458,045 91,609 NPR 549,654 USD 5120 16

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS

BASIC HOUSE

CEB is very similar to conventional brick work. The main advantage of CEB is the ability to use local materials such as sand and clay. The soil, raw or stabilized, for a compressed earth block is slightly moistened, poured into a steel press and then compressed either with a manual or motorized press.

This building method is dependant on vertical and horizontal reinforcement for earthquake safety. This can be done in either reinforced concrete or timber. Bricklaying is a known building technique in Nepal. CEB, however, is relatively new to Nepal and need to be properly introduced so people have conďŹ dence in the material.

SPECIFICATIONS 29.5 m2 54 days skilled 87 days unskilled

Functional area Labourforce COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses

$ 1,510 $ 450 $ 470 $ 750 $640

Total

ADVANTAGES

$ 3,820

MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Local production and use of local materials.

Modern looking brick house: cultural acceptance.

Possible business opportunity for CEB production.

LOCAL MATERIALS Clay 9.5 m3 Stones 16.6 m3

DISADVANTAGES Reinforcement required.

Preparation time needed to make the bricks.

Some experience required to obtain the proper soil mixture.

EXTERNAL MATERIALS Cement 1.6 m3 Sand 11.2 m3 Steel 0.03 m3

POSSIBLE EXTENDED HOUSE SPECIFICATIONS

INCREMENTAL CONCEPT The house can be expanded vertically to a two storey house with an attic. The vertical reinforcement can be lengthened to achieve the required structural safety. The foundation is designed to support the expansion and does not need to be altered. The roof structure is dismanteled and rebuild during the process.

Functional area Labourforce

60 m2 80 days skilled 129 days unskilled

COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses

$ 2,110 $ 660 $ 700 $ 1,090 $ 910 $ 5,470

Total MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LOCAL MATERIALS Clay 19 m3 Stones 16.6 m3

17

EXTERNAL MATERIALS Cement 2.7 m3 Sand 20.6 m3 Steel 0.04 m3

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS EXPLODED VIEW WITH KEY DETAILS

light roofing material: cgi sheets

roof connection to seismic band

- floor finish (compacted earth) - polythene sheet - compacted fine clay - hardcore

damp proof course in floor construction

compressed earth bricks are made with a press. Prefered soil composition:

5% of cement is added to stabalize the soil, especially if the soil doesn’t match the desired composition exactly

column-band connection

brick laying at corner and interior wall: 1/4-stones and 3/4 stones

18

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS BASIC HOUSE

Floor plan - scale 1:50

19

Cross section - scale 1:5

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS BASIC HOUSE

Elevation front - scale 1:50

Elevation side - scale 1:50

CEB production With the soil composition as described on the previous page, the way CEB’s are produced is described in a construction manual that was published by the architects of Abari in 2015. 8 steps are distinguished (ABARI, 2015): 1: sieving the soil 2: measuring (to compose the ideal soil composition as good as possible 3: mixing 4: checking the moisture content 5: production: see diagrams on the right 6: quality control 7: humid curing and stacking 8: final curing and stacking

Source: ‘How to build a permanent home: Compressed Earth Block’, Abari, 2015)

20

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS BASIC HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement mortar Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base Structural elements Sand (for bricks) Clay (for bricks) Sand (for mortar) Cement (for mortar) Sand (for reinforced concrete bands) Cement (for reinforced concrete bands) Sand (for reinforced concrete columns) Cement (for reinforced concrete columns) Steel Timber frames (for doors and windows) Timber roof structure Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof ) Cladding components Doors Windows Other Timber floor boards Rubble stones (ground floor) Clay (ground floor) Nails

AMOUNT

3

11.6 m 5.0 m3 0.3 m3 1.0 m3 11.8 m2 0.3 m3

3

6.3 m 9.5 m3 1.8 m3 0.6 m3 1.9 m3 0.6 m3 0.2 m3 0.1 m3 0.03 m3 1.0 m3 2.3 m3

2

65.0 m

2

4.6 m 5.0 m2

2

0.7 m 5.8 m3 0.7 m3 478

TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL

OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expenses TOTAL 21

TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR) 8,707 Local 1,643 5,123 0 142

34,037 Local 9,564 3,068 10,106 3,242 1,177 377 740 531 1,246

649

54 days 87 days

20%

ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL

Foundation 14,608 Reinforcement concrete 0 Polyethene sheets Wooden base 8,942 1,488 1,265 2,600

9,887 0 2,778 16,694 2,946 17,640 342 2,054 17,783 9,732 22,836

Structural elements Sand (for bricks) Clay (for bricks) Sand (for mortar) Cement (for mortar) Timber bands Timber columns Timber frames Bamboo roof structure

Cladding 22,731 Slate roof plates

110 324

Cladding components 908 Doors 987 Windows

350 Local Local 4

Other Timber floor boards 6,420 Cement ground floor 0 0 114

80,707

AMOUNT

MATERIAL COSTS (NPR)

TRANSPORTATION MATERIAL COST COST DIFFERENCE (NPR) DIFFERENCE (NPR) +90,000 0 0

+ 142034 0 0

0 0 0 0 10,106 3,242 0 Unknown

0 0 0 0 -27,234 -9,467 0 Unknown

649

+37,418

0 0

0 0

0 +36,000

0 +53,229

161,598

COSTS (NPR) 47,662 50,334 341,080 68,216 NPR 409,296 USD 3,820

COST DIFFERENCE (NPR) Labour Skilled Borrowed labour

0 Unknown

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS EXTENDED HOUSE

Floor plan - scale 1:50

Cross section - scale 1:50

22

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS EXTENDED HOUSE

Elevation front - scale 1:50

23

Elevation side - scale 1:50

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS EXTENDED HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL

AMOUNT

Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement mortar Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base

11.6 m3 5.0 m3 0.3 m3 1.0 m3 11.8 m3 0.3 m3

8,707 Local 1,366 4,316 0 104

14,608 0 8,942 1,488 1,265 2,600

Structural elements Sand (for bricks) Clay (for bricks) Sand (for mortar) Cement (for mortar) Sand (for reinforced concrete bands) Cement (for reinforced concrete bands) Sand (for reinforced concrete columns) Cement (for reinforced concrete columns) Steel Timber frames (for doors and windows) Timber roof structure

12.6 m3 19.0 m3 3.6 m3 1.2 m3 3.0 m3 1.0 m3 0.4 m3 0.2 m3 0.04 m3 1.1 m3 2.3 m3

57,348 Local 16,114 5,101 13,370 4,233 1,983 628 933 419 917

19,773 0 5,556 33,388 4,610 27,703 684 4,108 26,532 10,429 22,836

Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof )

65.0 m2

548

22,731

Cladding components Doors Windows

4.6 m2 10.0 m2

110 324

908 1,974

Other Timber floor boards Rubble stones (ground floor) Clay (ground floor) Nails

1.6 m3 5.8 m3 0.7 m3 478

617 Local Local 3

15,359 0 0 114

117,141

225,608

TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL

OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expences TOTAL

AMOUNT 80 days 129 days

20%

TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR)

MATERIAL COSTS (NPR)

COSTS (NPR) 70,836 75,145 488,730 97,746 NPR 586,476 USD 5,470 24