SHOCK SAFE NEPAL
TEAM 3 DESIGN BOOKLET
CARLIJN VAN HOOGDALEM SEBASTIAAN KLAVER LODEWIJK LUKEN JASPER SONNEVELD JORIS VAN ZEBEN
LOW-BUDGET EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSING DESIGN IN RURAL NEPAL.
STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR
BASIC HOUSE
Stone masonry is most common in rural Nepal. Due to local availability of the stones and to cultural acceptance, this building method scores 71% on the MCA, making it one of the top building methods for rural Nepal. Solely the bearing walls will not resist earthquake forces, for which the masonry is reinforced with timber elements as stated in the Design Catalogue (DUDBC, 2015).
SPECIFICATIONS 21.5 m2 70 days skilled 76 days unskilled
Functional area Labourforce COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses
ADVANTAGES
$ 1,145 $ 575 $ 410 $ 340 $ 480 $ 2,870
Total
Local workers are familiar with stone masonry construction. Use of local materials. Possible re-use of stones.
MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LOCAL MATERIALS
DISADVANTAGES
Stones 36.2 m3 Clay (mud mortar) 1.7 m3 Clay (wattle and daub) 0.8 m3
Faith in this building method has decreased after the earthquake. Reinforcements required. Earthquake resistance completely relies on the quality of materials and execution.
EXTERNAL MATERIALS Cement 0.4 m3 Timber 3.7 m3 Sand 1.6 m3
POSSIBLE EXTENDED HOUSE SPECIFICATIONS
INCREMENTAL CONCEPT A one-storey stone masonry house is able to be expanded with an additional floor. A solid base, consisting of the foundation and first floor, is provided as are the columns which function as vertical reinforcement and carry the roof. A light wattle and daub upper structure is connected to these columns. An advantage of expanding in this manner, is that no additional foundation is needed and no extra land is needed.
47.9 m2 73 days skilled 96 days unskilled
Functional area Labourforce COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses
$ 1,340 $ 600 $ 520 $ 510 $ 600
Total
$ 3,570
MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LOCAL MATERIALS Stones 36.2 m3 Clay (mud mortar) 1.7 m3 Clay (wattle and daub) 3.7 m3 2
EXTERNAL MATERIALS Cement 0.4 m3 Timber 3.7 m3 Sand 3.1 m3
STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR EXPLODED VIEW WITH KEY DETAILS
light upper structure: wattle and daub
light roofing material: cgi sheets robust base: stone masonry with mud mortar
nail the floor beams to the seismic bands
wooden keys on both sides of the wall to fix the floor beams
damp proof course in floor construction
protected wood - floor finish (compacted earth) - polythene sheet - compacted fine clay - hardcore
wooden base plate
seismic bands and corner columns are well connected with nails
wooden columns run all the way to the bottom of the foundation
through stones every 1200 mm (horizontal) and 600 mm (vertical)
2
STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR BASIC HOUSE
Floor plan - scale 1:50
3
Cross section - scale 1:50
STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR BASIC HOUSE
Elevation front - scale 1:50
Elevation side - scale 1:50
4
STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR BASIC HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL
AMOUNT
Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base
11.0 m3 3.1 m3 0.4 m3 1.2 m3 9.3 m2 0.3 m3
Structural elements Stones, large Stones, small Clay (for mud mortar) Timber bands (soft wood, treated locally) Timber columns (soft wood, treated locally) Timber frames for attic walls (treated locally) Timber roof structure Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof ) Clay (for wattle and daub walls attic) Sand (for wattle and daub walls attic) Cladding components Doors Windows Other Timber floor boards Rubble stones (ground floor) Clay (ground floor) Nails
3
12.1 m 3.5 m3 1.7 m3 0.9 m3 0.2 m3 0.8 m3 1.2 m3
2
82.1 m 0.9 m3 0.4 m3
2
2.3 m 6.7 m2
3
0.7 m 21.4 m3 1.9 m3 1,642
TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL
OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expenses TOTAL
5
TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR) 8,651 Local 2,495 7,485 0 220
70 days 76 days
20%
Structural elements Stones, large Stones, small Cement mortar Reinforced concrete bands Reinforced concrete columns Bamboo roof structure
9,072 Local Local 575 372 264 738
15,220 0 0 8,953 2,193 7,514 11,484
2.766 Local 2.638
Cladding 28,712 Slate roof plates 0 C.G.I. sheets (attic walls) 689
110 324
418 Local Local 14 36,142
AMOUNT
MATERIAL ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL COSTS (NPR) Foundation 13,802 Reinforced concrete 0 Polyethene sheets 11,047 Wooden base 1,838 1,001 3,425
Cladding components 454 Doors 1,323 Windows Other 6,513 Timber floor boards 0 Concrete ground floor 0 390
TRANSPORTATION COSTS DIFFERENCE (NPR)
MATERIAL COST DIFFERENCE (NPR)
+90,000 0 0
+142034 0 0
0 0 +18,000 +17,391 +24,385 Unknown
0 0 +25,611 +16,294 +35,269 Unknown
Local Local
+41,589 +3,071
0 0
0 0
0 +36,000
0 +53,693
114,558
COSTS (NPR) Labour Skilled 61,684 Borrowed labour 44,171 256,555 51,311 NPR 307,866 USD 2,870
COST DIFFERENCE (NPR) 0 Unknown
STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR EXTENDED HOUSE
Floor plan - scale 1:50
Cross section - scale 1:50
6
STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR EXTENDED HOUSE
Elevation front - scale 1:50
Elevation side - scale 1:50
EXPANDING THE STRUCTURE
The top of the column of the initial structure is shaped in such a way that the column can be extended. 7
First the roof structure needs to be disambled, which will be put together again after the house is expanded.
When the roof structure is disambled, the existing columns can be extended after which the second floor can be added.
Detail column connection
STONE MASONRY WITH MUD MORTAR EXTENDED HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION* MATERIAL
AMOUNT
Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base
11.0 m3 3.1 m3 0.4 m3 1.2 m3 9.3 m2 0.4 m3
8,288 Local 3,087 9,260 0 312
13,802 0 11,047 1,838 1001 3,425
Structural elements Stones, large Stones, small Clay (for mud mortar) Timber bands (soft wood, treated locally) Timber columns (soft wood, treated locally) Timber frames (for wattle and daub walls, treated locally) Timber roof structure
12.1 m3 3.5 m3 1.7 m3 0.9 m3 0.3 m3 1.1 m3 1.4 m3
9,072 Local Local 816 244 994 1,260
15,220 0 0 8,953 2,679 10,901 13,826
Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof ) Clay (for wattle and daub walls) Sand (for wattle and daub walls)
94.5 m2 3.7 m3 1.9 m3
4,081 Local 14,852
33,049 0 2,949
Cladding components Doors Windows
2.3 m2 13.4 m2
156 919
1,713 10,077
Other Timber floor boards Rubble stones (ground floor) Clay (ground floor) Nails
1.3 m3 6.5 m3 0.7 m3 1642
1,187 Local Local 9
13,026 0 0 392
54,537
143,898
TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL
OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expenses TOTAL
AMOUNT 73 days 96 days
20%
TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR)
MATERIAL COSTS (NPR)
COSTS (NPR) 64,648 55,804 318,887 63,777 NPR 382,664 USD 3,570
* These costs include the materials of the basic house as well. 8
RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB
BASIC HOUSE
Rammed earth and wattle and daub are both earth-based techniques. Rammed earth is characterised by solid and stable bearing walls, where wattle and daub, in contrary, is made of a light framework. By applying both building methods in one design both their structural characteristics are combined. This system with rammed earth columns and wattle and daub walls form a solid and stable house that can resist the tensile forces induced by seismic loads. This building method is suitable for rural Nepal, for the main material, clay, can be found in the ground.
SPECIFICATIONS Functional area Labourforce
19.5 m2 78 days skilled 104 days unskilled
COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses
$ 1,010 $ 650 $ 565 $ 375 $520 $ 3,120
Total
ADVANTAGES MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Use of local materials. Simple building method, easy construction. Flexible floor plan. Repetivity columns: formwork can be re-used
LOCAL MATERIALS Clay (rammed earth) 12.8 m3 Clay (wattle and daub) 1.8 m3
DISADVANTAGES The combination of these two techniques in one building is not approved by the government of Nepal. This design is conceptual, behaviour under seismic loads is unknown (do the rammed earth and wattle and daub work as a system?). This building method differs from the traditional building method of rural Nepal > people need a clear demonstration and training for construction.
Horizontal expansion is possible by continuation of the wattle and daub and rammed earth system. New rammed earth columns are constructed after which wattle and daub frames can be placed in between them, forming the outer walls of the expanded house. For seismic stability it is important to take into account the rectangular shape of the floor plan, meaning that expansion may not lead to L- or U-shaped floor plans.
SPECIFICATIONS 32 m2 142 days skilled 187 days unskilled
COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses
$ 1,525 $ 1,175 $ 1,010 $ 560 $ 850 $ 5,120
Total MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LOCAL MATERIALS Clay (rammed earth) 17.6 m3 Clay (wattle and daub) 2.8 m3
9
Timber 4.7 m3 Sand 4.7 m3
POSSIBLE EXTENDED HOUSE
Functional area Labourforce
INCREMENTAL CONCEPT
EXTERNAL MATERIALS
EXTERNAL MATERIALS Timber 7.0 m3 Sand 5.8 m3
RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB EXPLODED VIEW WITH KEY DETAILS
light roofing material: cgi sheets
light walls between columns: wattle and daub
nail the floor beams to the seismic bands rammed earth +shaped columns with wooden posts on each side to connect the wattle and daub to
wattle and daub
wooden post in rammed earth
strip foundation below light wattle and daub walls to save material bracing in wattle and daub walls
- floor finish (compacted earth) - polythene sheet - compacted fine clay - hardcore
damp proof course in floor construction
protected wood wooden base plate
wooden columns run all the way to the bottom of the foundation
rammed earth
wattle and daub
the wooden posts in the columns are connected to eachother to transfer horizontal tensile forces: wattle and daub and rammed 10 earth work as one structure
RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB BASIC HOUSE
Floor plan - scale 1:50
11
Cross section - scale 1:50
RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB BASIC HOUSE
Elevation front - scale 1:50
Elevation side - scale 1:50
Formwork rammed earth Locally available CGI sheets are (re)used to make the round shape of the plus-shaped rammed earth columns. Therefore, they are bent and hold in place by wooden members.
Building the columns 4 CGI sheets 875 x 1500 mm 4 wooden boards 400 x 1000 mm 12 wooden supports (made of timber beam 50 x 100 mm) 12 steel bars 500 mm 24 washers and buttery nuts
1) the four wooden posts of the rammed earth columns are ďŹ xed in the foundation
3) the four posts are integrated in the rammed earth column.
2) the formwork is set around the four posts and the columns are rammed in four layers (max 800 mm): up to sill level (1), up to lintel level (2,3) and up to the roof (4). Wire and wood is used to connect the bands through the column. 4) the wattle and daub partition walls are connected to these posts.
12
RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB BASIC HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL
AMOUNT
TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR)
Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement mortar Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base
4.6 m 2.0 m3 0.2 m3 0.5 m3 11.7 m2 0.4 m3
3,437 Local 966 3,443 0 276
Structural elements Sand (for rammed earth) Clay (for rammed earth) Timber bands (soft wood, treated locally) Timber columns (soft wood, treated locally) Timber frames (for wattle and daub walls, treated locally) Timber roof structure (untreated)
3.2 m3 12.8 m3 0.7 m3 1.3 m3 0.2 m3 2.4 m3
21,056 Local 460 818 147 1,482
Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof ) Clay (for wattle and daub) Sand (for wattle and daub) Cladding components Doors Windows Other Timber floor boards Clay (ground floor) Nails Steel bars (rammed earth mold) C.G.I. sheets (rammed earth mold)
3
2
71 m 1.8 m3 0.9 m3
2
1.3 m 1.0 m2
3
0.5 m 0.4 m3 2384 0.0003 m3 5.2 m2
TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL
OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expenses TOTAL
13
657 Local 6,216
78 days 104 days
20%
ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL
Foundation 5,767 Reinforcement concrete 0 Polyethene sheets 4,918 Wooden base 818 1,262 4,384
5,006 0 7,302 12,982 2,338 23,515
Structural elements Sand (for rammed earth) Clay (for rammed earth) Reinforced concrete bands Reinforced concrete columns Bamboo frames (for wattle and daub walls, treated locally) Bamboo roof structure (untreated)
Cladding 28,945 Slate roof plates Clay (for wattle and daub) 0 1,478
215 181
Cladding components 854 Doors 717 Windows
302 Local 21 9 49
Other 4,784 Timber floor boards 0 Cement ground floor 569 210 1,836
39,736
AMOUNT
MATERIAL COSTS (NPR)
TRANSPORTATION COST DIFFERENCE (NPR)
MATERIAL COST DIFFERENCE (NPR)
+90,000 0 0
+ 142034 0 0
0 0 19,329 18,000 Unknown Unknown
0 0 21,100 32,849 Unknown Unknown
Local 0
+39,264 0
0 0
0 0
0 +27,000
0 +42,583
107,686
COSTS (NPR) 69,427 60,110 280,247 56,050 NPR 336,300 USD 3,135
COST DIFFERENCE (NPR) Labour Skilled Borrowed labour
0 Unknown
RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB EXTENDED HOUSE
Floor plan - scale 1:50 14
RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB EXTENDED HOUSE
Elevation front - scale 1:50
15
Elevation side - scale 1:50
RAMMED EARTH AND WATTLE AND DAUB EXTENDED HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL
AMOUNT
Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement mortar Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base
7.8 m3 3.4 m3 0.3 m3 0.9 m3 21.3 m2 0.7 m3
5,908 Local 1,629 6,303 0 414
9,913 0 8,605 1,432 2,295 6,982
Structural elements Sand (for rammed earth) Clay (for rammed earth) Timber bands (soft wood, treated locally) Timber columns (soft wood, treated locally) Timber frames (for wattle and daub walls, treated locally) Timber roof structure (untreated)
4.4 m3 17.6 m3 1.3 m3 1.6 m3 0.3 m3 3.7 m3
30,296 Local 786 960 192 2,142
6,883 0 13,256 16,192 3,240 36,134
Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof ) Clay (for wattle and daub) Sand (for wattle and daub)
103.8 m2 2.8 m3 1.4 m3
925 Local 9,902
36,294 0 2,250
Cladding components Doors Windows
0.4 m2 0.3 m2
203 170
854 717
Other Timber floor boards Clay (ground floor) Nails Steel bars (mold rammed earth) C.G.I. sheets (mold rammed earth)
0.9 m3 0.4 m3 3574 0.0003 m3 5.3 m2
518 Local 20 9 47
8,814 0 853 210 1,836
NRP 60,188
NRP 163,483
TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL
OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expenses TOTAL
AMOUNT
TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR)
MATERIAL COSTS (NPR)
COSTS (NPR)
142 days 187 days
125,829 108,545
20%
458,045 91,609 NPR 549,654 USD 5120 16
COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS
BASIC HOUSE
CEB is very similar to conventional brick work. The main advantage of CEB is the ability to use local materials such as sand and clay. The soil, raw or stabilized, for a compressed earth block is slightly moistened, poured into a steel press and then compressed either with a manual or motorized press. This building method is dependant on vertical and horizontal reinforcement for earthquake safety. This can be done in either reinforced concrete or timber. Bricklaying is a known building technique in Nepal. CEB, however, is relatively new to Nepal and need to be properly introduced so people have conďŹ dence in the material.
SPECIFICATIONS 29.5 m2 54 days skilled 87 days unskilled
Functional area Labourforce COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses
$ 1,510 $ 450 $ 470 $ 750 $640
Total
ADVANTAGES
$ 3,820
MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Local production and use of local materials. Modern looking brick house: cultural acceptance. Possible business opportunity for CEB production.
LOCAL MATERIALS Clay 9.5 m3 Stones 16.6 m3
DISADVANTAGES Reinforcement required. Preparation time needed to make the bricks. Some experience required to obtain the proper soil mixture.
EXTERNAL MATERIALS Cement 1.6 m3 Sand 11.2 m3 Steel 0.03 m3
POSSIBLE EXTENDED HOUSE SPECIFICATIONS
INCREMENTAL CONCEPT The house can be expanded vertically to a two storey house with an attic. The vertical reinforcement can be lengthened to achieve the required structural safety. The foundation is designed to support the expansion and does not need to be altered. The roof structure is dismanteled and rebuild during the process.
Functional area Labourforce
60 m2 80 days skilled 129 days unskilled
COST ESTIMATION Materials Skilled labour Unskilled labour Transportation Unforseen expenses
$ 2,110 $ 660 $ 700 $ 1,090 $ 910 $ 5,470
Total MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LOCAL MATERIALS Clay 19 m3 Stones 16.6 m3
17
EXTERNAL MATERIALS Cement 2.7 m3 Sand 20.6 m3 Steel 0.04 m3
COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS EXPLODED VIEW WITH KEY DETAILS
light roofing material: cgi sheets
roof connection to seismic band
- floor finish (compacted earth) - polythene sheet - compacted fine clay - hardcore
damp proof course in floor construction
compressed earth bricks are made with a press. Prefered soil composition:
5% of cement is added to stabalize the soil, especially if the soil doesn’t match the desired composition exactly
column-band connection
brick laying at corner and interior wall: 1/4-stones and 3/4 stones
18
COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS BASIC HOUSE
Floor plan - scale 1:50
19
Cross section - scale 1:5
COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS BASIC HOUSE
Elevation front - scale 1:50
Elevation side - scale 1:50
CEB production With the soil composition as described on the previous page, the way CEB’s are produced is described in a construction manual that was published by the architects of Abari in 2015. 8 steps are distinguished (ABARI, 2015): 1: sieving the soil 2: measuring (to compose the ideal soil composition as good as possible 3: mixing 4: checking the moisture content 5: production: see diagrams on the right 6: quality control 7: humid curing and stacking 8: final curing and stacking
Source: ‘How to build a permanent home: Compressed Earth Block’, Abari, 2015)
20
COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS BASIC HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement mortar Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base Structural elements Sand (for bricks) Clay (for bricks) Sand (for mortar) Cement (for mortar) Sand (for reinforced concrete bands) Cement (for reinforced concrete bands) Sand (for reinforced concrete columns) Cement (for reinforced concrete columns) Steel Timber frames (for doors and windows) Timber roof structure Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof ) Cladding components Doors Windows Other Timber floor boards Rubble stones (ground floor) Clay (ground floor) Nails
AMOUNT
3
11.6 m 5.0 m3 0.3 m3 1.0 m3 11.8 m2 0.3 m3
3
6.3 m 9.5 m3 1.8 m3 0.6 m3 1.9 m3 0.6 m3 0.2 m3 0.1 m3 0.03 m3 1.0 m3 2.3 m3
2
65.0 m
2
4.6 m 5.0 m2
2
0.7 m 5.8 m3 0.7 m3 478
TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL
OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expenses TOTAL 21
TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR) 8,707 Local 1,643 5,123 0 142
34,037 Local 9,564 3,068 10,106 3,242 1,177 377 740 531 1,246
649
54 days 87 days
20%
ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL
Foundation 14,608 Reinforcement concrete 0 Polyethene sheets Wooden base 8,942 1,488 1,265 2,600
9,887 0 2,778 16,694 2,946 17,640 342 2,054 17,783 9,732 22,836
Structural elements Sand (for bricks) Clay (for bricks) Sand (for mortar) Cement (for mortar) Timber bands Timber columns Timber frames Bamboo roof structure
Cladding 22,731 Slate roof plates
110 324
Cladding components 908 Doors 987 Windows
350 Local Local 4
Other Timber floor boards 6,420 Cement ground floor 0 0 114
80,707
AMOUNT
MATERIAL COSTS (NPR)
TRANSPORTATION MATERIAL COST COST DIFFERENCE (NPR) DIFFERENCE (NPR) +90,000 0 0
+ 142034 0 0
0 0 0 0 10,106 3,242 0 Unknown
0 0 0 0 -27,234 -9,467 0 Unknown
649
+37,418
0 0
0 0
0 +36,000
0 +53,229
161,598
COSTS (NPR) 47,662 50,334 341,080 68,216 NPR 409,296 USD 3,820
COST DIFFERENCE (NPR) Labour Skilled Borrowed labour
0 Unknown
COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS EXTENDED HOUSE
Floor plan - scale 1:50
Cross section - scale 1:50
22
COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS EXTENDED HOUSE
Elevation front - scale 1:50
23
Elevation side - scale 1:50
COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS EXTENDED HOUSE - COST ESTIMATION MATERIAL
AMOUNT
Foundation Stones, large Stones, small Cement mortar Sand Polyethene sheets Timber base
11.6 m3 5.0 m3 0.3 m3 1.0 m3 11.8 m3 0.3 m3
8,707 Local 1,366 4,316 0 104
14,608 0 8,942 1,488 1,265 2,600
Structural elements Sand (for bricks) Clay (for bricks) Sand (for mortar) Cement (for mortar) Sand (for reinforced concrete bands) Cement (for reinforced concrete bands) Sand (for reinforced concrete columns) Cement (for reinforced concrete columns) Steel Timber frames (for doors and windows) Timber roof structure
12.6 m3 19.0 m3 3.6 m3 1.2 m3 3.0 m3 1.0 m3 0.4 m3 0.2 m3 0.04 m3 1.1 m3 2.3 m3
57,348 Local 16,114 5,101 13,370 4,233 1,983 628 933 419 917
19,773 0 5,556 33,388 4,610 27,703 684 4,108 26,532 10,429 22,836
Cladding C.G.I. sheets (roof )
65.0 m2
548
22,731
Cladding components Doors Windows
4.6 m2 10.0 m2
110 324
908 1,974
Other Timber floor boards Rubble stones (ground floor) Clay (ground floor) Nails
1.6 m3 5.8 m3 0.7 m3 478
617 Local Local 3
15,359 0 0 114
117,141
225,608
TOTAL COSTS MATERIAL
OTHER COSTS Labour Skilled Unskilled SUBTOTAL Unforseen expences TOTAL
AMOUNT 80 days 129 days
20%
TRANSPORTATION COSTS (NPR)
MATERIAL COSTS (NPR)
COSTS (NPR) 70,836 75,145 488,730 97,746 NPR 586,476 USD 5,470 24