BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM REPORT HUA YANG BERHAD
Tutor: Mr.Mohamed Rizal Mohamed Charlotte Chin Ya-Le 0326940 Ho Yen Liang 0326660 Lin Shan En 0331085 Lock Tian Jiun 0327636 Neo On E 0326727 Nurul Rihana Bt K.K. Sihabutheen 0326468
Content
1.
Introduction / 3 1.1 Abstract 1.2 Acknowledgement 1.3 Hua Yang Berhad
2.
Fire Protection System 2.1 Overview 2.1.1 Active fire protection 2.1.2 Passive fire protection 2.2 Components of Active Fire Protection System 2.2.1 Water based system 2.2.2 Non-water based system 2.2.3 Fire detection & alarm system 2.2.4 Smoke control 2.3 Components of Passive Fire Protection System 2.3.1 Compartmentation 2.3.2 Means of Escape 2.4 Summary 2.4.1 Analysis of active fire protection system 2.4.2 Analysis of passive fire protection system
3.
Air Conditioning System 3.1 Overview 3.2 Components of Split Unit air conditioning system 3.2.1 Outdoor unit 3.2.2 Indoor unit 3.3 Summary
4.
Mechanical Ventilation System / 77 4.1 Overview 4.2 Supply-Only Ventilation 4.2.1 Introduction to supply-only ventilation 4.2.2 Stack effect across the stairwell 4.3 Stairwell and Lobby Air Pressurisation System 4.3.1 Introduction Air Pressurisation System 4.3.2 Components of Air Pressurisation System 4.4 Other Mechanical Ventilation System Used 4.4.1 Wall mounted fan 4.4.2 Window Mounted Propeller Exhaust fan 4.4.3 Shutter Wall Mounted Exhaust Fan 4.4.4 Side wall inlet grilles 4.5 Summary
5.
Mechanical Transportation System 5.1 Overview 5.1.1 Elevator System Used 5.1.2 Comparison of Traction Lift 5.2 Components of Mechanical Transportation System 5.2.1 Machine Room 5.2.2 Hoistway 5.2.3 Lift Car 5.2.4 Lift Cabin 5.2.5 Safety Features 5.3 Summary
6.
Conclusion
7.
References
INTRODUCTION
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Abstract
The aim for this project is to understand the basic principles, processes and equipments of various building services systems found in buildings through real-life studies. Through site visit, understanding of building services systems and statutory requirements is crucial to carry out the basic design requirements that are practical and technically functional. The selection of building must be more than 18.3m height but not exceeding 14 stories height. Our group selected Huayang Berhad in Selayang, Selangor as our case study to carry out studies on building services components. We are to analyse the fire protection systems (divided into active and passive fire protection system), air-conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system and mechanical transportation system. Site visit is conducted with recordings, pictures and videos taken to be presented visually of the building services inside a documentation report. An in-depth case study report and 5 minute videologue is produced for this case study of Huayang Berhad. The collected data are analysed using research methods and according to statutory requirements like Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 (UBBL 1984), MS 1184 and MS 1525. This collective data and analysis helped in understanding of integration of various building services systems through an explorative learning of a building.
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Acknowledgement
In the progress of carrying out this project, our group would like to express our gratitude to the individuals who actively assisted the group on finishing this module and project. All effort and assistance given are highly appreciated. This project would not have been successful without the cooperation, understanding and communication of the group. The respected individuals are as follow: Huayang Berhad, for allowing us to carry out this project in its headquarters building, which allows us to understand the building services in more detail through the tour arranged for us. Mr. Siaw, the project manager for Huayang Berhad for being there to supervise and educate us during our site visit at Huayang Berhad. We greatly appreciate his effort for helping us to understand each building services in detail which enables us to finish up our work in a successful manner. We would like to extend our gratitude to the other staff members of the Huayang Berhad that followed us along the tour. We would like to take this opportunity to apologize for the disturbance and inconvenience caused by our group in the office area. Apart from that, our tutor, Mr. Mohamed Rizal who gave us guidance throughout this assignment. Last but not least, the people who made this documentation successful, our group members who poured in countless effort and hardwork.
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Introduction to Huayang Berhad
Company Name: Huayang Berhad Location: C-21, Jalan Medan Selayang 1, Medan Selayang, 68100 Batu Caves, Selangor Completed: 2005 Type of building: Modern shop lots with basement parking Function of building: Office building Huayang Berhad is located at a row of commercial shop lots that is situated at Batu Caves, Selangor. Huayang Berhad is the headquarters of the company and consist of 8 floors in the building. This building is completed in the 2005 and comprises of offices and meeting rooms. The building consist of three fire staircases at the ground and first floor; while the remaining 6 floors consist of two fire staircases.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
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2.1 Overview
2.1.1 Active Fire Protection Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a network of systems that can include manual or automatic fire detection and suppression. An example of an automatic fire suppression is the fire sprinkler system which reacts once triggered. Hose reels and fire extinguishers are examples of a manual system and can be operated by the occupants of a building. AFP requires a certain amount of action to work efficiently in the event of a fire. These systems are always on duty and is crucial for any building for the safety and protection of people and any important items. The main objective of AFP is to detect a fire hazard, alert the occupants of the building and if possible, to eliminate the fire hazard.
2.1.2 Passive Fire Protection Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a form of fire safety provision that remains dormant, or inert during normal condition but become active in a fire situation. It is an integral component of structural fire protection in a building and must be considered at the planning stage in the building design in terms of mitigation of fire hazard and fire risk. Main function of PFP is to contain the spread of fire within the building, provide sufficient time for the safe evacuation of all occupants of the premises, ensure the building remains safe for the fire brigade’s entry during a fire and limit the damage of the building during a fire.
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2.2 Components of Active Fire Protection System 2.2.1 Water based system 2.2.1.1 Hose reel system 2.2.1.2 Dry riser 2.2.1.3 External fire hydrant 2.2.2 Non-water based system 2.2.2.1 Portable fire extinguisher 2.2.2.2 Carbon dioxide fire suppression system 2.2.3 Fire detection & alarm system 2.2.3.1 Alarm bell 2.2.3.2 Smoke detector 2.2.3.3 Heat detector 2.2.3.4 Emergency break glass (manual call point) 2.2.3.5 Fire control room 2.2.3.6 Fire alarm control panel 2.2.3.7 Fireman’s switch 2.2.4 Smoke control 2.2.4.1 Pressurized system
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2.2.1 Water based system
Water tank
Hose reel
Duty pumps & Stand-by pumps
Figure 2.1: An overview of hose reel system (Fireknock, n.d.)
Figure 2.2: Fire hose reel in Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
2.2.1.1 Hose reel system Hose reel system serves as an initial fire-fighting aid and can be used by the occupants of the building during the early stages of fire. The system consists of a water supply stored in a tank on site, pumps (duty pump & stand-by pump), pipework and hose reels which are placed strategically in a building. Fire hose reels are provided for use by occupants as a ‘first attack’ firefighting measure but in some instances, can also be used by firefighters. Thus they are installed in every floors, near the fire staircase in Hua Yang Berhad. A hose reel can be operated by turning on the valve (located at the connection on the pipe), reeling out the hose and directing the nozzle at the flame base and then turning on the nozzle. The discharge of water is approximately 6 metres far.
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2.2.1 Water based system (cont’d)
Fire staircase
Fire lift
Figure 2.3: First floor plan showing fire hose reel is located in a closet facing the fire staircase (Neo, 2018)
Figure 2.4: Fire hose reels are installed in a closet (recessed area) to not obstruct the escape route (Lin, 2018)
2.2.1.1 Hose reel system (cont’d) According to BS 5306:1976 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS AND EQUIPMENT ON PREMISES (PART 1: HOSE REELS AND FOAM INLETS): “Hose reels are to be installed in recesses so that they do not form obstructions on a route of escape. “
In Hua Yang Berhad, the fire hose reel in each floor is located in a recessed closet along the fire exit, facing the fire staircase, thus it can be easily accessed by the occupants in an event of fire without obstructing the escape route. The fire hose reel in each floor is connected together by pipeworks to the pumps and water storage tank in the hose reel pump room at basement (car park) level of Hua Yang Berhad. All these pipeworks all painted in red which complies to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 248: “Marking on wet riser, etc. (1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red. “
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2.2.1 Water based system (cont’d)
Figure 2.5: Standby pump (left) & duty pump in the hose reel pump room (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.6: Ladder climbing up to water storage tank (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.7: Hose reel pump set connected with pressure switches in the hose reel pump room (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.8: Fire control panel in the hose reel pump room (Lin, 2018)
2.2.1.1 Hose reel system (cont’d) Hose reel system’s water is supplied by duty pump and standby pump from the water tank in hose reel pump room at basement level.
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2.2.1 Water based system (cont’d)
Figure 2.9: An overview of dry riser system (Ultrasafe, n.d.)
2.2.1.2 Dry riser As a 8-storey (approximately 24 metres) high building, Hua Yang Berhad adopt dry rising system, which complies to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 230: “Installation and testing of rising system. (1) Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 19 metres but less than 30 metres above fire appliance access level. “
A dry riser system consists of main vertical pipes through multiple levels of a building. The pipe is maintained empty as indicated by ‘dry’ riser system. The pipe is fitted with an inlet connection at fire engine access level and landing valves on various floors. The system serves as an internal hydrant for fireman to use after water is pumped into the system through the inlet by a fire engine. Air release valve is installed at the top to relieve any trapped air in the system.
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2.2.1 Water based system (cont’d)
Figure 2.10: Dry riser breeching inlet at fire engine access level of Hua Yang Berhad. (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.11: Landing valve & fire hose at each floor of Hua Yang Berhad. (Lin, 2018)
2.2.1.2 Dry riser (cont’d) Dry riser breeching inlet is located on the outside of Hua Yang Berhad at the fire appliance access level and is housed in a cabinet for protection. Pressurized water is pumped into the system through the inlet from the fire engine only during a fire emergency. Landing valves are installed in every floor of Hua Yang Berhad, located in a vertical shaft through the building, in the same closet with fire hose reel (refer Figure 2.3) which can be easily accessed from a fire staircase and a fire lift. As internal hydrants during fire fighting, they are installed 0.75 metres above floor level. Fire hose of 30 metres long is also provided each floor. This complies to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 230: “Installation and testing of rising system. (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby. “
Unlike hose reel system (can be operated by occupants), dry riser system should only be operated by firemen during a fire emergency.
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2.2.1 Water based system (cont’d)
Figure 2.12: Overview of external fire hydrant system (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.13: Fire hydrant in front of Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
2.2.1.3 External fire hydrant A fire hydrant is found right outside the building of Hua Yang Berhad to act as an alternative fire brigade pumping inlet connections during the case of fire emergency. This fire hydrant system is located at near the main entrance of Hua Yang Berhad which is noticeable from the main road and easily accessible by the fire brigade which complies to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 225: “Detecting and extinguishing fire. (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access. “
With water source provided by public water service, it maintains a water supply with sufficient pressure to be delivered through pipes throughout the building to the located network valves. The system consists of water tank, suction piping, fire pumps, and a distributed piping system. The fire hydrants are fixed to the piping system where the water in the pipe is pressurized by the pump from the water tank. A hose reel will be attached to the fire hydrant in case of fire hazard occurrence to distribute more water to assist firefighters.
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2.2.2 Non-water based system
Figure 2.14: ABC powder type fire extinguisher (9kg) in Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.15: Carbon dioxide type fire extinguisher (2kg) in Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.16: Instruction manual on how to operate a fire extinguisher (Lin, 2018)
2.2.2.1 Portable fire extinguishers Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device and is commonly used for initial outbreak of fire to prevent full scale fire escalation. It consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish fire. In Hua Yang Berhad, two types of fire extinguisher are used: ABC powder type fire extinguisher and carbon dioxide type fire extinguisher. Both have similar operation method. ABC powder type fire extinguisher is a multipurpose fire extinguisher that can be used for initial outbreak of fire from class A burning solids (wood, paper, cloth), class B liquid fires (flammable liquids), class C gases (flammable gases) and electric-contact fires. Thus this type of fire extinguisher is used in all the office levels of Hua Yang Berhad. Each canister consists of dry powder with with compressed nitrogen as the propellant. When the powder is layered on the fire, it will cut the fuel off from the oxygen that surrounds it, hence, putting out the fire temporarily.
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2.2.2 Non-water based system (cont’d)
2.2.2.1 Portable fire extinguishers (cont’d) Carbon dioxide type fire extinguisher can only be used when there is fire involving electricity appliances and class B liquid fires. Carbon dioxide works by displacing oxygen which aids combustion. This type of fire extinguisher can be found in electrical room of Hua Yang Berhad. However, some of the fire extinguishers in office levels are carbon dioxide type instead of ABC powder type, which might be a hazard during an initial outbreak of fire as they are not effective enough (unable to displace enough oxygen), in extinguishing burning solids especially paper and wooden furnitures. These Class A materials may also smolder and re-ignite. In Hua Yang Berhad there is two fire extinguishers in each floor for 3rd floor to 7th floor, and three fire extinguishers in each floor for ground floor to 2nd floor(refer to Figure 2.17). Ground floor to 2nd floor extended out to an extra shop-lot thus there is an extra fire staircase with portable fire extinguisher. These fire extinguishers are located near the fire exits for easy access and not blocked visually which complies to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 227: “Portable extinguishers. Portable extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.”
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2.2.2 Non-water based system (cont’d)
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3
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Figure 2.17: First floor plan (left) & 5th floor plan showing the placement of portable fire extinguishers in Hua Yang Berhad (Neo, 2018)
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Figure 2.18: (1) at main office entrance from lift lobby (with fire lift & fire staircase) (2) at fire staircase at the back of office (3) at fire staircase at the right (extended) side of the office (Lin, 2018)
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2.2.2 Non-water based system (cont’d)
Figure 2.19: Carbon dioxide stored in cylinders under great pressure (Lin, 2018)
Main switch & genset room Fire control panel for HPCO2 suppression system
Figure 2.20: Fire control panel for carbon dioxide suppression system (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.21: Basement plan of Hua Yang Berhad indicating HPCO2 suppression system (Lock, 2018)
2.2.2.2 High pressure carbon dioxide (HPCO2) fire suppression system For certain equipments (especially electrical), water damage is just as harmful as fire damage and therefore other fire-mitigating suppression system needs to be applied. Therefore, the main switch room & genset room use carbon dioxide (CO2) suppression system in which carbon dioxide stored in cylinders under great pressure will be discharged during a fire emergency to extinguish fire or to prevent combustion as oxygen level is reduced by the increased concentration of CO2.
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2.2.2 Non-water based system (cont’d)
Figure 2.22: Heat detector in main switch room (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.23: Smoke detector in main switch room (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.24: Green light indicates the main switch room is safe to enter (Lock, 2018)
2.2.2.2 High pressure carbon dioxide fire suppression system (cont’d) Only when both heat detector and smoke detector in the room are triggered, fire control panel will activate the discharge of carbon dioxide to prevent wastage in case of false alarm. Since CO2 has a high rate of expansion, the suppression system works in a quick manner to prevent damage to any property on site. This allows the system to be highly effective and requires minimal clean up. However this can only be used in normally unoccupied hazard locations or otherwise avoided by personnel when discharged, due to carbon dioxide, when in high concentration, can cause headaches, dizziness, confusion and loss of consciousness. Therefore no one is to enter the room the during the discharge of CO2 until the red light above the door is off, indicating the room is safe to enter.
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2.2.3 Fire detection & alarm system
Figure 2.25: Overview of fire detection and alarm system in Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.26: Alarm bell at fire lobby of each floor in Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
2.2.3.1 Alarm bell Fire alarm systems are made of fire detection equipments and fire alarm control panels. These devices work together to detect and issue warning to occupants through visual and audio appliances so that fire fighting action can be taken. Fire alarm bell is activated when it is triggered by any detection devices. These alarms may be activated automatically from fire detectors or manually via manual call points. It serves to alert the occupants of a building to evacuate as soon as possible and to send signals to the authorities to take immediate action. In Hua Yang Berhad, fire alarm bells are installed together with manual call points and beside the closet with fire hose reel & landing valves of dry riser system.
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2.2.3 Fire detection & alarm system (cont’d)
Figure 2.27: Smoke detector in main switch room of Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.28: Smoke detector at fire lobby of each floor in Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
2.2.3.2 Smoke detector Smoke detector is one of the fire detection equipments in Hua Yang Berhad. They are found in each floor at the fire lobby which complies to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 153: “Smoke detectors for lift lobbies. (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. “
Hua Yang Berhad uses photoelectric smoke detectors which respond faster to fire hazards than ionization smoke and heat detectors. Photoelectric smoke detector operates using a light source, a light beam collimating system and a photoelectric sensor. This type of smoke detector can detect smoke through scattered light particles around the air caused by the smoke using its light electric sensor. Alarm will be triggered when the light hits the sensor, sending signal informing the existence of fire hazard to the fire control panel. High sensitivity towards light and efficiency in detecting smoke makes this type of smoke detector preferred as fire detection system in Hua Yang Berhad.
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2.2.3 Fire detection & alarm system (cont’d)
Figure 2.29: Heat detector only found in main switch room of Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
2.2.3.3 Heat detector Heat detector is one of the early stage fire detection systems with specialization in detecting thermal changes around the installation area of the device. Sudden thermal change or higher temperature from the fire hazard will be detected by this detector and result in triggering the alarm that is connected to the fire control panel. Heat detector is only found in main switch room of Hua Yang Berhad where it works with smoke detector in carbon dioxide fire suppression system. Only when the fire control panel receives signal from both detectors, it will activate the discharge of carbon dioxide in the room (refer to 2.2.2.2). Due to heat detector usually has a lower false alarm rate, this can prevent unnecessary discharge of carbon dioxide gas, which is costly according to Mr. Siaw, the project manager
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2.1.3 Fire detection & alarm system (cont’d)
Figure 2.30: Emergency break glass in Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.31: Emergency break glass located along with fire alarm beside the closet with fire hose reel (Lin, 2018)
2.2.3.4 Emergency break glass (manual call point) Break glass manual call points are used in Hua Yang Berhad. It enables the occupants to raise a fire alarm in the case of fire emergency by pressing or breaking the glass to activate the fire alarm system that is connected directly on top of it (manually initiated). They are located near the exits and are easily accessible, identified and operated. In Hua Yang Berhad, the manual pull station is located along with the fire alarm bell at each floor of the building.
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2.2.3 Fire detection & alarm system (cont’d)
Figure 2.33: Fire control room in Hua Yang Berhad (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.32: Basement plan showing highlighted location of fire control room in Hua Yang Berhad near the front fire engine access (Lock, 2018) Fire control room Fire staircase
2.2.3.5 Fire control room In Hua Yang Berhad, the fire control room is located strategically by the fire staircase at the side of basement level which can be accessed easily from the front fire engine access. The main fire alarm control panel which relays fire detection and initiates response and communication between detectors, alarms, suppression systems and other fire fighting systems is found in the fire control room. The signal sent by the fire system sensor when it detects fire will be received by the control panel inside the fire control room. Security in charge will be taking shift in monitoring the fire detection system in the fire control room and be the one in executing the command when fire hazard occurs. Fire signal will be automatically sent to nearest firefighter department or hospital by digital alarm communicator in case of fire hazard occurrence.
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2.2.3 Fire detection & alarm system (cont’d)
Figure 2.34: Fire alarm control panel (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.35: Fire mimics diagrams (Lin, 2018)
2.2.3.6 Fire alarm control panel Fire alarm control panel is situated in the fire control room in Hua Yang Berhad. It acts as a media to monitor the fire control system and provide manual control of the fire system device remotely. Detected fire signal received from fire alarm system in the building will be displayed through the control panel, allowing prevention acts to be executed in case of emergency such as contacting the nearest fire brigade immediately or requesting emergency treatment from the nearest hospital. This complies to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 155: “Fire mode of operation. (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually. “
On top of the fire alarm control panel, there is a series of fire mimic diagrams showing the location of the break glass and fire alarm on each floor inside Hua Yang Berhad. In case that there is fire and the break glass has been broken, a red light will appear on the panel showing the location of where the fire occurs. This system is also known as addressable system. This system is to ease the personnel and firefighter to monitor the condition of the building when fire emergency occurs.
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2.1.3 Fire detection & alarm system (cont’d)
Figure 2.36: Fireman’s switch (Lin, 2018)
2.2.3.7 Fireman’s switch Fireman’s switch is a specialized switch for firefighter to disconnect power from high voltage devices which may pose a threat in the event of fire emergency. These switches can be found beside the fire lift at each floor level, which complies to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 240: “Electrical isolating switch. (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant or zone served.”
There is only one type of fireman’s switch provided and used at fire-fighting access lobby in every floor of the building. In the case of fire emergency, electrical power supply can be disconnected by the switch to prevent further loss.
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2.1.4 Smoke control
Figure 2.38: Pressurisation exhaust outlet grilles at each floor (Lin, 2018)
Figure 2.39: Pressurisation supply propeller inlet fan at roof top (Lin, 2018)
Compartmentalization (further discussed in 2.3.1) Pressurisation system
Figure 2.37: Stairwell and lobby pressurisation system in Hua Yang Berhad shown in first floor plan (Chin, 2018)
2.2.4.1 Pressurized system Pressurization system functions to provide a smoke-free escape route during a fire emergency with the help of mechanical ventilation system (further discussed in 4.3). This system is applied to stairwell and lift lobby in Hua Yang Berhad. In Hua Yang Berhad, 1 set out of 3 stairwells are pressurized as means of escape. This staircase are located closer to the center of the building as the density of occupants is higher in those spaces. A supply fan for this stairwell is located on the rooftop. In an event of fire, this fan will be activated to supply clean air from outside continuously into the stairwell so as the pressure in the stairwell chamber can be constantly higher than the other side. When the door to the stairwell chamber is opened, the higher pressure prevents smoke from entering the stairwell. The side of the door with higher pressure is the escape route. Using a pressure difference across a door to the stairwell, the movement of smoke is controlled to provide a smoke free evacuation path.
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2.3 Components of Passive Fire Protection System 2.3.1 Compartmentation 2.3.1.1 Introduction 2.3.1.2 Flame containment materials 2.3.1.3 Fire resistance structural members 2.3.1.4 Openings control 2.3.1.5 Compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas 2.3.2 Means of Escape 2.3.2.1 Fire Evacuation Route & Type of Exits 2.3.2.2 Travel Distance 2.3.2.3 Emergency Light Fixtures & Exit Signages 2.3.2.4 Fire Fighting Access Lobby 2.3.2.5 Fire Lift 2.3.2.6 Fire Engine Access
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2.3.1 Compartmentation
Figure 2.40: Compartmented Area in Hua Yang Berhad (Ho, 2018)
2.3.1.1 Introduction Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 133, Compartmentation can be defined as “any part or space of a building, which is separated from all other parts by one or more compartment walls or compartment floors or by both such walls and floors�. The division of a
building into cells, using construction materials that will prevent the passage of fire from one cell to another for a given period of time (Fire Precautions, 2018). In Hua Yang Berhad, the working spaces are organized around the lift lobby. The compartmented area is situated in the center part of the building, which is the lift lobby, together with the fire evacuation staircase at the back of the building.
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2.3.1 Compartmentation (cont’d)
Figure 2.41 Indication of Concrete Walls in Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.42 Concrete Walls in Hua Yang Berhad (Ho, 2018)
2.3.1.2 Flame Containment on Materials Concrete The components of concrete are made up of cement, which is the mixture of limestone, clay, gypsum and aggregate materials. These components are chemically inert and therefore concrete is a non-combustible material. Concrete also has a slow rate of heat transfer, which means that concrete walls in a the office spaces act as a fire shield, protecting adjacent rooms from flames and maintaining its structural integrity despite exposure to intense heat (Cancio, 2012).
While concrete walls can generally withstand up to four hours of extreme fire pressure, most wood-framed walls would fall in less than an hour. It's also important to note that when concrete does burn, it doesn't emit toxic fumes, produce smoke, or drip molten particles (Cancio, 2012).
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2.3.1 Compartmentation (cont’d)
Figure 2.43: Indication of Fire Resistance Walls in Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.44: Fire Resistant Walls in Hua Yang Berhad (Ho, 2018)
2.3.1.3 Fire Resistance Structural Members Fire Resistance Walls Fire resistance walls may be required to provide a barrier to the spread of fire or perform structurally when exposed to fire, or both. The fire resistant walls are located around the building and also in the compartmented area of the building (Fire Resistant Walls, 2018). Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 222(1), these walls are constructed from concrete walls which are non-combustible, and cladded with gypsum sand plastering, they are able to withstand the spread of fire for not less than a minimum period required.
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2.3.1 Compartmentation (cont’d)
Figure 2.45: Indication of Fire Resistance Doors in Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.46: Fire Resistant Doors in Hua Yang Berhad (Ho, 2018)
2.3.1.4 Opening Controls Fire Resistance Door
Figure 2.47: Timber Door Frame Sectional Detail (Fire Rated Door, 2018)
Referring to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 163 (b)(i), the fire rated door identified in Hua Yang Berhad is the one hour rated fire door. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 173, the exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of key or any special knowledge or effort. The door has the dimensions of 810 millimetres wide x 44 millimetres thick x 2030 millimetres high, constructed solid hardwood core together with fire board and rockwool insulation, faced both sides with 3 millimetres thick plywood. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 163 (b)(iv) & (b)(v), the door is constructed in accordance with BS 459: Part 3: 1951: Fire Check Flush Doors and Wood and Metal Frames (One Hour Type).
Figure 2.48: Cross Section of One Hour Rated Door (Fire Rated Door, 2018)
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2.3.1 Compartmentation (cont’d)
Figure 2.50: Mechanical Pressurization System in Compartmented Area (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.49: Indication of Openings in the Compartmented Area in Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.51: Openings in Fire Escape Staircase (Ho, 2018)
2.3.1.4 Opening Controls (cont’d) Ventilation Referring to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 198, all staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square metre per floor. Two openable windows were built in the fire
evacuation staircase on each floors at the back of the building. Referring to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 148, no openings shall be made in any compartment wall or compartment floor with the exception of an opening for a ventilation duct. Hence, there is only one opening
identified in the compartmented area, which is the Supply-Only Pressurization Ventilation System. Referring to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 200(b), for staircases in buildings exceeding 18 metres above ground level that are not ventilated in accordance with by-law 198, mechanical pressurization of the staircase enclosure is required to meet the functional requirements of the D.G.F.S.
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2.3.1 Compartmentation (cont’d)
Figure 2.53: Machine Room located at Rooftop (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.52: Indication of Fire Risk Areas in Basement Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.54: Genset Room in Basement (Ho, 2018)
2.3.1.5 Compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas The main control rooms found in Hua Yang Berhad are the Main Switch Room, Genset & Transformer Room and Hose-Reel System Room, which are located at the basement level, while the Elevator Machine Room is located on the rooftop. These fire risk areas are separated from the building to different compartments in the building. This is to prolong the time for occupants to evacuate from the building if any of these rooms caught fire. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 139, fire risk areas shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by local authority based on the degree of fire hazard.
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2.3.2 Means of Escape
Figure 2.55: Indication of Fire Evacuation Route Circulation on First Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.56: Indication of Fire Evacuation Route Circulation on Third Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
2.3.2.1 Fire Evacuation Route & Type of Exits Storey Exit There are total three storey exits identified in Hua Yang Berhad from the first floor to the second floor, due to the extension of floor areas to the shop lot beside. The three exits are located at the fire lobby and two fire escape staircases. While the third floor to the rooftop have two storey exits, one that leads to the fire lobby and another leads to the fire escape staircase at the back of the building. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 167, every compartment shall be provided with at least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer than 4.5 metres. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 174(2), each storey exits should give direct access to a final exit; a protected staircase leading to a final exit; or an external route leading to a final exit. The
basement is used solely for services, thus there is no alternative means of egress provided.
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2.3.2 Means of Escape (cont’d)
Figure 2.57: Indication of Horizontal Exit Route in Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.58: Horizontal Exit from Fire Lobby (Ho, 2018)
2.3.2.1 Fire Evacuation Route & Type of Exits (cont’d) Horizontal Exits Horizontal exits are the fire protected pathways that leads the occupants to the places of assembly when there’s fire occurring in the building. The horizontal exit provides an additional layer of fire-resistive protection between the fire source and the occupants to allow them to safely exit through a vertical exit enclosure, or some other exit component (Geren, 2009). In Hua Yang Berhad, the horizontal exits are the route that leads to the fire escape staircases at the back of the building and the compartmented area in the center. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 171(1), where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.
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2.3.2 Means of Escape (cont’d)
Figure 2.61: Fire Escape Staircases (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.59: Indication of Vertical Exits in First Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.60: Indication of Vertical Exits in Third Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.62: Final Exit to the outside (Ho, 2018)
2.3.2.1 Fire Evacuation Route & Type of Exits (cont’d) Vertical Exits Vertical exit is any path of travel such as a stair, ramp, escalator, or fire escape, serving as an exit from the floors above or below the street floor. The vertical exits in Hua Yang Berhad is the fire escape staircases. There are three staircases from the first floor to the second floor, while there is only two staircases from the third floor to the topmost floor of the building. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 168 Staircases, the dimensions of the staircases in the building are measured with 1080 millimetres width of tread x 265 millimetres depth of tread x 160 millimetres riser. Final Exit The fire evacuation route to the final exit begins at the fire escape staircase on the side on the second floor level to the ground level. Occupants who used the staircases at the back and the center will eventually led them to the outside.
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2.3.2 Means of Escape (cont’d)
Figure 2.63: Indication of Travel Distance in First Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.64: Indication of Travel Distance in Third Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.65: Indication of Travel Distance in Fifth Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
2.3.2.2 Travel Distance Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 165(2), in the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote point of occupancy provided that the direct distance shall not exceed two-thirds the permitted travel distance. According to the Seventh Schedule
Maximum Travel Distances to Exists and Dead End Limits, the travel distance in Hua Yang Berhad is measured by the unsprinklered distance for evacuation route due to lack of water sprinkler system. None of the open unsprinklered distance exceed the permitted distance, which is 45 metres for offices. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 165(3), in the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy not more than six persons, the travel distance shall be measured from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 metres. None of the individual room travel
distance to the nearest exits exceed 15 metres.
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2.3.2 Means of Escape (cont’d)
Figure 2.66: Indication of Emergency Lights & Signages in Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.67: Emergency Exit Signage (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.68: Emergency Light (Ho, 2018)
2.3.2.3 Emergency Light Fixtures & Exit Signages Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 172, storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipments. Emergency exit signages are found on each storey exits, a sign reading “KELUAR” placed on top of the exit doors, to guide the occupants for an efficient evacuation. Emergency light is also installed in the building at the fire lobby area on each floors. Both the signages and the light will illuminate continuously during the period of occupancy and also evacuation.
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2.3.2 Means of Escape (cont’d)
Figure 2.69: Indication of Fire Lobby on FLoor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.70: Fire Lobby (Ho, 2018)
2.3.2.4 Fire Fighting Access Lobby Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 242, each fire lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.57 square metres. The floor area of the fire fighting access lobby in Hua Yang Berhad is 12.18 square metres. The lobby is also ventilated by the mechanical pressurization system near the staircase enclosure at each floor levels. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 229(2), fire fighting access lobbies shall be provided at every floor level
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2.2.2 Means of Escape (cont’d)
Figure 2.72 & Figure 2.73: Fire Lift in Fire Fighting Access Lobby (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.71: Indication of Fire Lift on Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
2.3.2.5 Fire Lift Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 229(4) & (5), a fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire fighting access lobby or in the absence of a lobby to the fire fighting staircase at each floor level (4). The fire lift shall discharge directly into the fire fighting access lobby fire fighting staircase or shall be connected to it by a protected corridor (5). There is only
two elevators built in Hua Yang Berhad as the height of the building exceeds 18.3 metres high. One of the elevators is a fire lift, which is located near to a fire escape staircase. A fire lift was designed to have additional protection, with controls that enable it to be used under the direct control of the fire and rescue service (Firefighting Lift, 2018). Therefore, the fire lift has to be comply with the requirements of BS 2655: Part 1: Appendix E. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 243 - Fire Lifts.
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2.2.2 Means of Escape (cont’d)
5860
Figure 2.74: Front Fire Engine Access (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.75 & Figure 2.76: Back Fire Engine Access (Ho, 2018)
2.3.2.6 Fire Engine Access Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 140, all buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The volume of Hua Yang Berhad building is 8457.8 cubic
metres, therefore it should be categorized under one sixth of the minimum proportions of perimeter of building. The width of the front two-way road is 5000 millimetres wide, while the back alley access is 5860 millimetres.
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2.4 Summary 2.4.1 Analysis of Active Fire Protection System 2.4.1.1 Overview & Suggested Improvements 2.4.2 Analysis of Passive Fire Protection System 2.4.2.1 Absence of Fire Rated Door 2.4.2.2 Fire Engine Access 2.4.2.3 Overview
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2.4.1 Analysis of Active Fire Protection System
2.4.1.1 Overview & Suggested Improvements In overall, Hua Yang Berhad’s active fire protection system has fulfilled the requirements in UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984. According to the TENTH SCHEDULE - TABLE OF REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT ALARM SYSTEMS AND EMERGENCY LIGHTINGS, for an office exceeding 18 metres but less than 10000 square metres, Hua Yang Berhad is required to have: 1. 2. 3.
Extinguishing system : Hose Reel Fire Alarm system : Automatic Fire Detectors System & Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System Emergency Lighting : Generator
These requirements has been discussed in previous chapter and Hua Yang Berhad has been proven to comply to these requirements. Emergency power system is powered by the genset room in Hua Yang Berhad, which complies to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 253: “Emergency power system. (1) Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to the elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life and property.”
However some minor improvements can be done: 1.
2.
Adopt water sprinkler system to enhance life safety by providing immediate response in an event of fire to reduce heat and smoke damage For portable fire extinguishers, use only ABC powder type in all the office levels as carbon dioxide type fire extinguishers are not effective enough to extinguish burning solids especially paper and wooden furnitures in office.
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2.4.2 Analysis of Passive Fire Protection System
Figure 2.77: Indication of Fire Evacuation Route Circulation on First Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.78: Indication of Fire Evacuation Route Circulation on Third Floor Plan (Ho, 2018)
Figure 2.79: Non fire-rated door (Ho, 2018)
2.4.2.1 Absence of Fire Rated Door There is three storey exits on the first floor and second floor level, while the third floor to the topmost floor consist of two storey exits. According to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 162, the exit door located at the fire lobby is not fire rated. As a result, this might maximize the spread of fire from the adjacent unit to the compartmented area during the evacuation period. This exit door should be replaced with a one hour fire rated door as well. 2.4.2.2 Fire Engine Access The width of the front two-way road is 5000 millimetres wide, while the back alley access is 5860 millimetres. Thus, according to UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 140, the adjacent road does not meet the requirement of more than 12 metres width for the accessibility of fire brigade appliances. Hence, the width of the road might defer the process of fire appliance to access the building in time during a fire emergency.
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2.4.2 Analysis of Passive Fire Protection System
Figure 2.80: Summary of Fire Evacuation Route in Hua Yang Berhad (Ho, 2018)
2.4.2.3 Overview of Fire Evacuation Route in Hua Yang Berhad In overall, Hua Yang Berhad’s passive fire protection system has fulfilled the requirements in UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984. The building provides sufficient fire resistant requirements for the compartmented areas to prolong the spread of fire in a period of time. A direct and well-planned means of escape throughout the building to evacuate the occupants safely and efficiently to the outdoors during a fire emergency. Other than the issue of absence of one of the fire rated door and the width of the street for fire engine access, Hua Yang Berhad has proved the majority aspects of passive fire protection system and it is considerably safe for its occupants.
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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
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3.1 Overview
Air conditioning is a process of altering the properties of air to a thermally comfort condition by removing heat and moisture from interior of an occupied space. In Hua Yang Berhad, the building consists of one type of air conditioner system, which is one-to-one split unit air conditioner. This system consists of 2 different units which is outdoor unit (condenser) and indoor unit (AHU).
Figure 3.1 Overview of one-to-one split unit air conditioning system (Lazysupply, 2018)
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3.2.1 Outdoor units
Figure 3.2 3rd floor plan showing the location for condenser in semi enclosed space (Neo, 2018)
Figure 3.3 Outdoor unit in semi enclose space (Neo, 2018)
Figure 3.4 Neighbouring building’s outdoor unit located outside building (Neo, 2018)
Outdoor units consist of compressor, condenser, expansion and etc’. It is functions to dissipate the heat from cooled area and send the chilled air to the indoor units. The compressor is controlled by an internal thermostat. It circulates the refrigerant gas, increasing the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant as it compresses it through a series of pipes. The refrigerant is then move to condenser, to remove heat from the high-pressured gas. The gas phase refrigerant change to liquid. Chilled liquid pushed through tubing to indoor unit until it reaches the evaporator system. The process will cycle again while indoor unit will blow chilled air. In Hua Yang Berhad, outdoor units were attached to the outdoor wall with louvre covered, it functioned to hide the outdoor unit and easier for worker to reach the unit for any installation or service. Their method of placing outdoor unit might not maximise the performance, louvre will block the heat from escaping, resulting increase in energy bill for cooling and more maintenance will be needed.
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3.2.2 Indoor units
Figure 3.6 Ceiling mounted type (Neo, 2018)
Figure 3.7 Wall mounted type (Neo, 2018)
6th Floor plan Figure 3.5: Location of indoor unit, red square is ceiling mounted type, dark rectangle is wall mounted type (Neo, 2018)
Indoor unit contain evaporator (cooling coil), blower fan, supply air louvres, air filters and etc. It functions to blow cool air into the room while draw in warm air. The evaporate fan collect warm air that rises and passed it through a chamber containing the chilled liquid refrigerant. The fan system is then blow this cooled air back into the room and lowered the overall temperature of the space. The types of indoor unit Hua Yang Berhad used are wall mounted and cassette type. Each floor spaces have different volume, the small room such as meeting room will use wall mounted type, while larger space such as (Figure 3.5) used ceiling mounted type for bigger cooling coverage.
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3.3 Summary
Ground Floor plan
1st Floor plan
3rd Floor plan
Figure 3.8 Showing plans of different floors using different amount of ceiling mounted type and wall mounted type (Neo, 2018)
Based on figure 3.8 we can see 1st floor and 3rd floor have difference in space arrangement, 1st floor is offices, they use ceiling mounted type to enlarge the cooling radius, while 3rd floor consist of meeting rooms, it only needed wall mounted type to cool the whole room. In conclusion, one-to-one split unit air conditioner system is the best choice for Hua Yang Berhad. Due to the office does not need to operate air con in every floor in every hour ,therefor one-to-one split unit system will help them to save up overall electrical cost over the years by having isolation devices to control shut off for each air conditioner, refer to MS 1525: 2014: , 8.4.4 Off- hour control, 8.4.4.3 Systems that serve zones which can be expected to operate non- simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year should include isolation devices and controls to shut off the supply of cooling to each zone independently. Isolation is not required for zones expected to operate continuously.
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MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
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4.1 Overview
Figure 4.1 The air pressurisation system at the rooftop of Huayang Berhad (Chin, 2018)
4.1.1 Introduction to mechanical ventilation system used Supply-only ventilation system, work by pressurization is used in Huayang Berhad for ventilation and in case of fire emergency; This system sucks air from the outside into the building and causes the inside air to leak out through holes, openings, and windows. 4.1.2 Function of air pressurisation system There are major roles for this ventilation system in Huayang Berhad. Firstly, to prevent smoke leaking through closed doors into stairs by injecting or bringing clean air into the stairwell and lift lobby. This is to have the highest pressure in the stairwell and a reducing pressure in the office area to facilitate pedestrian escape route and firefighting access. Secondly, this pressurisation system is to allow better control of air that moves into the indoor. Outdoor air is to be filtered or dehumidify the indoor air quality. In high humid climates like Malaysia, the indoor air quality should be drier than outdoor air to achieve thermal comfort level. This will help keep building envelope materials dry while providing ventilation air that is both filtered and dehumidified.
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4.2 Supply Only Ventilation
Figure 4.2 The mechanism air flow in supply-only ventilation. Retrieved from: (“Types of Ventilation Systems�, 2018)
4.2.1 Introduction to supply-only ventilation Supply only ventilation system pushes fresh air into the home, which means that the interior air is subsequently pushed through the tiny pores and openings in the exterior walls. This mechanism consist of a fan that force outside air into the building while air leaks out of the building through holes in the ducts and intentional vents. Positive pressure or forced air systems bring air inside to create a positive, internal pressure that forces air movement outwards. The air will leak out through gaps and open doors and windows. For these systems to be effective, the supply air flow rate must be higher than the leakage air flow rate. The more airtight the home, the more effective the system.
Figure 4.3 Diagram shows how supply fan ventilates the space in supply-only ventilation system (Retrieved from: Bhatia, n.a)
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4.2 Supply Only Ventilation (cont’d)
Figure 4.4 Fire staircase with openable windows (Chin, 2018)
Figure 4.5 Fire staircase with emergency exit which is usually closed (Chin, 2018)
4.2.2 Stack effect across the stairwell Stack effect is the phenomenon of air movement in staircase or shaft within a building generated by buoyancy force due to the differences of density of insider or outside air Air is distributed evenly between floor by reverse stack effect when the cooler air inside the building sinks and draws warmer outside air in through the top of the building. Referring to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 202 Š, where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircase shall be automatically activated by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm.
Figure 4.6 Comparison between normal and reverse stack effect air flow diagram (Retrieved from: Bhatia, n.a)
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4.3 Stairwell and Lobby Pressurisation System 4.3.1 Introduction Air Pressurisation System 4.3.1.1 Location of pressurisation system: Ground and 1st Floor 4.3.1.2 Location of pressurisation system: 2nd Floor to 7th floor 4.3.1.3 Type of air pressurisation system: Class A System 4.3.1.4 Air Pressurisation System Requirements 4.3.2 Components of Air Pressurisation System 4.3.2.1 Pressurisation supply propeller inlet fan 4.3.2.2 Pressurisation Shaft 4.3.2.3 Pressurisation system control panel 4.3.2.4 Pressurisation exhaust outlet grilles
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4.3.1 Introduction to Stairwell and Lobby Air Pressurisation System
Figure 4.8 & 4.9 Enclosed windows and doors at ground and first floor of Huayang Berhad (Chin, 2018)
Figure 4.7 First Floor plan indicating Compartmentation (Chin, 2018) compartmentation Stairwell and lobby pressurisation system
4.3.1.1 Location of pressurisation system: Ground and 1st Floor The first floor of Huayang Berhad is ventilated by air pressurisation system. According to the compartmentation (refer to 2.?) in the fire escape staircase, outdoor air is supplied into the space. Almost all the doors and windows are enclosed to allow the air to be contained in the compartmentalised area in the first floor. Huayang Berhad consist of a ground floor and first floor that is connected with an extended shoplot. The pressurisation system only supplies outside air to the compartmentalised area which consist of fire staircase and lobby, but not inside the office area. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 199, buildings not exceeding 18 metres above ground level, staircase enclosures may be unventilated provided that access to them at all levels is through ventilated lobbies and staircase enclosures are permanently ventilated at the top with at least 5% of the area enclosures.
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4.3.1 Introduction to Stairwell and Lobby Air Pressurisation System (cont’d)
Figure 4.12 Facade with openable glass windows (Ho, 2018)
Figure 4.11 Lobby indicating Figure 4.10 2nd Floor plan air pressurisation indicating shaft Compartmentation (Ho, 2018) (Chin, 2018)
Figure 4.13 Air pressurisation shaft next to fire staircase (Ho, 2018)
4.3.1.2 Location of pressurisation system: 2nd Floor to 7th floor Huayang Berhad has the same layout for 2nd floor to 6th floor. The pressurisation system only supplies outside air to the compartmentalised area in each floor. The facade of the building are all adjustable glass windows and are usually closed daily. The office area is mostly ventilated with air conditioning system (refer to 3.?) The air is leaked out through windows and doors to minimise the outside air to increase the humidity level in the office area. Refer to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 198, All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less that 1 square metre per floor. Openable windows shall meet the operational requirements of the D.G.F.S.
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4.3.1 Introduction to Stairwell and Lobby Air Pressurisation System (cont’d)
4.3.1.3 Type of air pressurisation system: Class A The Supply-only air pressurisation used is the Class A System. Class A system is that assuming that the building will not be evacuated unless it is directly threatened by the fire. The level of compartmentalisation of the fire is normally safe for the occupants who remain inside the building. Therefore, it is not likely that more than one door will be open at the same time in the protected space, either between the stairs and the lobby /corridor or the final exit door.
Figure 4.14 Diagram of airflow inside the compartmentation during fire with enclosed doors at different level (Retrieved from: Bhatia, n.a)
An air pressurisation system consists of three main components: i) Supply Air ( air is injected into the area that is to be protected), ii) Pressure Relief (to avoid overpressure when doors are closed) iii) Air Release (air and smoke is released from the adjoining fire area).
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4.3.1 Introduction to Stairwell and Lobby Air Pressurisation System (cont’d)
4.3.1.4 Air Pressurisation System Requirements There are two requirements to maintain within a pressurisation system. The requirements are: ●
Maintaining a pressure difference for a closed door condition. The pressure difference is needed to overcome buoyancy pressure generated by the expansion of the gases in the compartment due to heating, stack pressure and wind pressure.
Insufficient pressure difference across a closed door will allow the passage of smoke into the compartmentalised space. Excess pressure will impede door opening and hence escape. ●
Sustaining the air velocity for an open door condition. The velocity for an opened door is required to hold back the smoke on the fire floor when the door onto the fire floor is open.
Advantages of air pressurisation system ● ● ● ●
It helps reduces radon Improves open-fluid combustion apparatus operation Reduces humidity, surface condensation/mould growth Reduction of construction costs: Openings for air outlets, control dampers and additional weather protection equipment are usually not required.
Disadvantages of air pressurisation system ● Envelope condensation ● Electrical preheating the air
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4.3.2 Components of Stairwell and Lobby Air Pressurisation System
Figure 4.15 Air pressurisation fan (Chin, 2018)
4.3.2.1 Pressurisation supply propeller inlet fan To move fresh air from outside to indoors also requires an air intake, an air filter to remove particulates, ductwork, and room diffusers.The air intake is drew in from the outside air of the outdoor rooftop to avoid the intake of polluted air from buildings below. The inlet fan is set on high speed to draw in high capacity of cooling air.
Figure 4.16 Air pressurisation shaft (Chin, 2018)
4.3.2.2 Pressurisation Shaft The shaft of the pressurisation system is connected to different specific ductworks to channel the distribution of air from the top opening to the shaft in order transport into the building. To avoid blowing inlet air directly in that this causes cool air to rapidly heat and be dispersed around the compartment.
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4.3.2 Components of Stairwell and Lobby Air Pressurisation System (cont’d)
Figure 4.17 Air pressurisation control panel (Chin, 2018)
4.3.2.3 Pressurisation system control panel Control panel is used to control the pressure of air flowing to the whole building if needed. The air pressurisation control panel or a mimic panel for fire service use mounted in a position accessible at the topmost outdoor rooftop to be out of the emergency evacuation area. This control panel must be agreed with the fire service and incorporate status indication and manual override for fire service use. Refer to MS 1525:2014, 8.4 Controls; 8.4.5 Each mechanical ventilation system (supply and/or exhaust) should be equipped with a readily accessible switch or other means for shut-off or volume reduction when ventilation is not required. Examples include timer switch control and CO 2 sensor control.
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4.3.2 Components of Stairwell and Lobby Air Pressurisation System (cont’d)
Figure 4.18 Air pressurisation outlet grilles (Nurul, 2018)
4.3.2.4 Pressurisation exhaust outlet grilles The pressurisation grilles is where the outside air is released at each level. The shaft is located beside the fire staircase at every floor. The grilles are to release the distributed air at its opening into the compartmentalised area and then to the whole building. Refer to MS 1525:2014, 8.6 Air handling duct system insulation, all ducts plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Duct insulation is not required in the following cases: a)
b) c)
Where the design temperature differential between the air in the duct and the surrounding air is 8°C or less provided that the duct is within the air-conditioned space When heat gain or loss of the ducts, without insulation, will not increase the energy requirements of the building Exhaust air ducts subject to qualification 8.6 a)
The ductwork or shaft in Huayang Berhad does require insulation as it is located at an air-conditioned space.
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4.4 Other Mechanical Ventilation System Used
Figure 4.19 wall mounted fan in fire control room (Chin, 2018)
Figure 4.20 wall mounted fan in 2nd floor meeting room (Chin, 2018)
4.4.1 Wall mounted fan Fan does not reduce the air temperature within a space but actually circulates the air inside the room which creates a cooling effect. To minimise energy use, fans should be sized and controlled to move only the amount of ventilation air required. Most fresh air ventilation supply systems are designed to run continuously. Refer to MS 1525:2014, 8.4 Controls; 8.4.6: For fan system with air flow rate exceeding 17000 m3/h and operating for more than 750 hours a year, the power required for the entire fan system at design conditions should not exceed 0.42 per m3/h of air flow rate.
Figure 4.21 wall mounted fan components (RvVent, 2000)
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4.4 Other Mechanical Ventilation System Used (cont’d)
Figure 4.22 Window mounted fan toilets (Chin, 2018)
4.4.2 Window Mounted Propeller Exhaust fan The exhaust fan is situated at the bathrooms as it helps remove odors and excess moisture, humidity and other pollutants. This helps to improve comfort and indoor air quality. Occupants in Huayang Berhad will be much more comfortable with proper ventilation. In addition to improved indoor air quality, deterioration of the bathroom area is minimized saving the repair and maintenance cost. Referring to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 THIRD SCHEDULE (BY-LAW 41) CLAUSE 10 Water closets and toilets Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms , latrines, urinals or similar rooms or enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the building and in respect of which no such external walls are present, shall be provided with mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning having a minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 0.61 cmm per square meter of the floor area of ten air changes per hour, whichever is lower.
Figure 4.23 common exhaust fan components (Doe, 2018)
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4.4 Other Mechanical Ventilation System Used (cont’d)
Figure 4.24 exhaust fan in elevator machine room (Chin, 2018)
Figure 4.25 exhaust fan in elevator machine room with connection of fire alarm (Chin, 2018)
4.4.3 Shutter Wall Mounted Exhaust Fan Exhaust fan exist in the machine room of elevator. Machine room of the elevator that contain the operation or motion controller must be well ventilated with independent ventilation to prevent overheating of electrical equipment. The adjustable shutter regulates the flow of ventilation and act as an active seal for the outside air. It can be closed completely to avoid intrusion.
Figure 4.26 Inlet grille at the fire suppression system room (Chin, 2018)
4.4.4 Side wall inlet grilles Grilles are permanent, unmovable fixtures that serve an air supply into specific rooms like the motor room in Huayang Berhad. Grilles have louvres to allow the flow of air to be directed. It is a vent cover through which air is blown into or out of a room for circulation. Air is allowed to flow freely in and out of the motor room to prevent short-circuiting and contain or draw contaminated air. Grilles is also used to avoid negative pressure in the motor room which can result to overheating and minimum air flow rate. 68
4.5 Summary
Meter is indicated constantly at 0 and no fluctuation of meter is observed
Buttons on the control panel is not lighted up as observed, meaning there is no power supplied to the system Figure 4.27 Air pressurisation control panel not operating during office hours (Nurul, 2018)
The stairwell and lobby air pressurisation system in Huayang Berhad is the only system to ventilate the building with supplying outside air into the building. Based on Figure??, the air pressurisation system is turned off and usually not operable during working hours or operation of the building.It is only functioned during emergency evacuation during a fire. With the weak compartmentation mentioned in Chapter 2.3.1, plus the office spaces are not ventilated well, it could result in a hazardous situation even if there is a small fire. As the main ventilation system to supply air of the whole building, it is crucial to turn on the air pressurisation system to ventilate the stairwell and lobby. This is because due to the weak compartmentation and using only the air-conditioning system to provide air into the building, indoor air quality with poor ventilation could result in many factors affecting the occupants’ comfort level in the building.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
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5.1 Overview In Hua Yang Berhad, the main mechanical transportation system, elevators span the height of the building. The office building of 8 floors from the main access level are studied for its elevator usage.
Figure 5.1 Ground floor plan indicating the two elevators in Hua Yang Berhad (Neo, 2018)
A total of two lifts are available to accommodate the occupants of the building. The elevator of Hua Yang Berhad is configured in such a way that both the passenger lift and fire lift are located side by side on the elevator lobby. The number of lifts provided complies to UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 124: “For all non- residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift should be provided.” It also complies MS 1184 2014: “ 15.1 All accessible levels of a building shall be accessible with ramps or lifts. Lifts are preferable, and shall be accessible for all people, including people with disabilities. At least one lift car, adjacent to a building entrance that is accessible for disabled persons, shall be designed as a lift for wheelchair user”
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5.1 Overview (cont’d) 5.1.1 Elevator System Used (Electric Elevator) The elevator system used is a geared traction lift with a machine room at the top most floor. Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which passes over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. A counterweight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight. The details of the elevator used are as below:
Type of elevator: Geared traction lift (with machine room) Brand: Sigma Manufacturing Company: RK Elevator Sdn Bhd Registered Number: PMA 4504 Carrying Capacity: 15 person, 1020 kg Rated Speed: 1.0 - 1.75 m/s Travel Distance: 24 m
Figure 5.2 Brand certificate located on the car operating panel (Nurul, 2018)
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5.1 Overview (cont’d)
Figure 5.3 Geared Traction Lift (Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Figure 5.4 Gearless Traction Lift (Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Figure 5.5 MRL Traction Lift (Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
5.1.2 Comparison of Traction Lift Geared traction lift, which is the lift used in Hua Yang Berhad are driven by AC or DC electric motors. It has a gearbox which is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the rope. It can travel up to 150m per minute. While the lift rates are slower compared to a gearless elevator, the gear reduction offers the advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the sheave. Gearless traction lift have its wheel directly attached to motor. This elevator runs at speed greater than 500m per minute. Traction lift consists of hoisting rope that is attached to the top of the elevator and wrapped around the sheave in a special groove. The other ends of the cables are attached to a counterweight that moves up and down in the hoistway on its own guide rails. Machine room-less (MRL) traction lifts do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. They are usually implemented with the smaller gearless traction motor that can place the inside the shaft to save space..
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift In Hua Yang Berhad, there are various components that work together to ensure the optimal functionality of transporting passengers from floor to floor smoothly and safely. The components of the geared traction elevators are elaborated in diagrams beloW.
Figure 5.6 Components of Geared Traction Lift (Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Figure 5.7 Components of Geared Machine (Electrical Knowhow, n.d.)
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) 5.2.1 Machine Room The machine room is a form of vertical transportation between building floors of multi-storey buildings.In Hua Yang Berhad, the machine room is located at the rooftop. Itt is located at the top of the lift shaft to minimize the length of the rope and optimize the efficiency of the elevator. The machine room contains the gear box, hoisting motor, traction sheave, overspeed governor, and the control panel.
Figure 5.8 shows the machine room of Hua Yang Berhad (Nurul, 2018)
The room is required to be ventilated with a vent or window as it is crucial to allow the cooling of the machines to prevent them from damage which might disrupt the safety of the passengers of the lift in the building.
Figure 5.9 shows the exhaust fan located in the machine room (Nurul ,2018)
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) Components of Geared Traction Machine a) Gearbox The sheave is connected to an electric motor attached to a gear box. It is a machine in the power transmission system. When the motor turns one direction, , the sheave raises the elevator car and vice versa. It consist of gears and gear trains which controls the movement of the elevator through the hoisting motor.
Figure 5.10 Gearbox attached to the hoisting motor. (Vishwacon, n.d.)
b) Hoisting motor A hoist motor is a device used for lifting or lowering a load with the aid of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium c ) Traction Sheave The sheave consists of a pulley with grooves around it. The traction sheave is connected to an electric motor. It is used to turn the sheave which then moves the elevator car. When the sheave rotates, the rope moves along with it. The traction sheave uses less energy compared to a gearless traction , which indirectly also saves cost.
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) d) Overspeed Governor The overspeed governor is mounted on the floor of the machine room. It is a safety device that is activated when the lift car moves too quickly. When this happens, the governor triggers the safety gear of the lift car via the governor rope. The lift car is brought to a standstill and clamps onto the guide rails which is located in the elevator shaft.
Diagram 5.11 Overspeed Governor (Veon Elevators, n.d.)
e) Control Panel The controller cabinets are installed usually in the elevator control room above the hoistway. It receives the signal from the operating panels and control the motor.
Figure 5.12 shows the elevator controller located in the machine room (Nurul, 2018)
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) 5.2.2 Hoistway Hoistway, which is also known as an elevator shaft is an enclosed space for the elevator to move. The hoistway consists of several components such as suspension ropes, car guide rails, counterweight, and landing door.
Figure 5.13 shows the elevator shaft components (Archtoolbox, n.d.)
a) Suspension Rope
Figure 5.14 Example of suspension rope (Urban Fire Training, n.d.)
Suspension ropes used in traction lift are usually attached to the crosshead, extending up into the machine room looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counterweights.The lift in Hua Yang Berhad uses a single wrap roping system where the rope passes over the sheave once and is connected to the counterweight.
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) b) Car Guide Rail
Figure 5.15 Car guide rails situated in the hoistway (Elevatorbobs, 2007)
Guide rails are steel tracks that run the length of the hoistway to guide and direct the course of travel of an elevator car and the counterweight. The rail keeps the car and counterweight in place and also cooperate with the safety system to stop the car during a malfunction or emergency. Guide rails are mounted to the sides of the hoistway. c) Counterweight Counterweight is a tracked weight that is suspended from cables. It also rides a separate rail system along the hoistway. When the car moves down the shaft, the counterweight moves up. It is mainly used to balance the elevator car and makes it easier for the motor to raise and lower the lift car. It also reduces the mandatory consumed power for the moving elevator.
Figure 5.16 Components of the counterweight (Electrical Knowhow, 2012)
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) d) Landing Door
Figure 5.17 Landing door of Level 2 of Hua Yang Berhad (Nurul, 2018)
The door that is seen from each floor of a building is referred to as the landing or hoistway door. It is important to realize that the car door does all the work; the hoistway door is a dependent. These doors can be opened or closed by electric motors, or manually for emergency incidents. Safety devices are located at each landing to prevent inadvertent hoistway door openings and to prevent an elevator car from moving unless a door is in a locked position. The difference between the lift car door and the hoistway door is that the elevator car door travels through the elevator shaft with the car but the hoistway doors are fixed doors in each landing floor. Thus, the landing doors will only open if there is a lift car at the floor. Hua Yang Berhad has landing doors installed on every floor levels of the office building. The implementation of steel doors complies to the requirement where no glass shall be used for landing doors.
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) In conclusion, Hua Yang Berhad abides the requirement of UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 151: Openings in lift shaft which states “ No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more visions panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.”
e) Buffer A buffer is used to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal limit and to soften the force with which the elevator runs into the pit during an emergency. It is located in the elevator pit.
Buffer
Figure 5.18 Buffer located at the elevator pit (Phoenix Module Elevator, n.d.)
f) Elevator Pit That portion of an elevator shaft extending below the level of the bottom landing floor to provide for bottom overtravel, clearance, and for elevator parts that require space below the bottom limit of the lift car travel. The buffer usually sits in the middle of the elevator pit.
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) 5.2.3 Lift Car (Exterior)
Figure 5.19 shows the generic design of an elevator car (Hitachi, n.d.)
Elevator car is a compartment which carries user from floor to floor in a building within a vertical shaft. The main components of an elevator car are car frame, car sling, safety balustrade, .. a) Car Frame Car frame is used to support the car cabin, located at 3 different positions, which is the top, bottom and the sides.
Figure 5.20 Car Sling (Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
b) Car Sling Car sling acts as the load carrier element in the elevator car. This function to isolate vibrations due to the movement of the car. 82
5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) c) Safety Balustrade
Figure 5.21 Safety Balustrade (Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
This safety balustrade is located at the roof of the car to ensure the safety of the staff on the lift cabin during maintenance. d) Mechanical Accessories There are few mechanical accessories that can be found at the elevator car such as the door operator, guide shoes and door protective system. i) Door Operator The door operator system used in the lift in Hua Yang Berhad is a two speed centre opening door. During the opening, two of the panels, one of the left and one on the right will move in opposite direction. A motor-driven device is mounted on the elevator car which controls the opening and closing of the door operator.
Figure 5.22 Two speed centre opening door system (Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
ii) Guide Shoes Guide shoes are devices used mainly to guide the car and counterweight along the path of the guide rails and makes sure that the lateral motion of the car and counterweight is kept at a minimum as they travel along the guide rails.
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) 5.2.4 Lift Cabin (Interior)
Figure 5.23 shows the elevator cabin component (Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Elevator cabinet is enclosed by walls, floors and ceiling. It is made out of steel as it is durable and easy for maintenance. The only permitted openings are the car door, emergency trap door and ventilation apertures. a)
Car Wall
Figure 5.24 shows the car wall of the lift of Hua Yang Berhad (Nurul, 2018)
Figure 5.25 shows the handrail attached to the car wall (Nurul, 2018)
The car walls of the elevators in Hua Yang Berhad is made out of stainless steel. A flat bar handrail can be seen on all sides of the cabin to act as support for the users.
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) b) Operating Panel The buttons in the operating panel of the lift in Hua Yang Berhad glows in red to indicate that the floor is chosen after it is being pressed by the user. Braille can also be seen on the buttons, to allow the visually impaired to use the lifts safely.
Figure 5.26 shows the floor indicator of the lift in Hua Yang Berhad (Nurul, 2018)
Figure 5.27 shows the operating panel of the lift (Nurul, 2018)
Components in the operating panel Open and Close Door Button Informs the landing doors to open or close. Floor Request Button Indicate which floor the elevator is heading to after it is indicated by the user by pressing the button Emergency Bell Button In case of malfunction, users can press this button to alert the control room. Intercom System Allows communication between the user of the elevator and the control room in case of technical problems
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) 5.2.5 Safety Feature Safety is crucial to consider in every design to ensure the safety of the users and the usability of the elevators.The lift incorporates safety components which includes car apron, safety door edge, safety gear and the smoke detectors by the lift lobby. a) Apron The car apron ia a vertical protective board installed on the lift car sill. It acts as the barrier to hold the hold passengers evacuating the lift through an open hoistway under the car if the doors opened when the car is not at the landing.
Figure 5.28 Placement of apron (Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
b) Safety Door Edge This feature reverses door operation if a person or object is obstructing the closing doors. This normally involves photoelectric or infrared sensors.
Figure 5.29 Safety door edge (Nurul, 2018)
Figure 5.30 Action of a safety door edge (Mitsubishi Electric, n.d.)
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5.2 Components of Geared Traction Lift (cont’d) c) Safety Gear
Figure 5.31 Safety gear in an elevator (Electric Knowhow, 2013)
Safety gear is a mechanical device for stopping the car or counterweight by gripping the guide rails in the event of car speed attaining a predetermined value in a downward direction of travel.. It is mounted in the lower part of car sling and operated simultaneously by a linkage mechanism that actuated by overspeed governor. d) Smoke Detector
Figure 5.32 Smoke detector on the ceiling of the elevator lobby (Lin, 2018)
As mentioned in active fire protection, the smoke detector is a device that detects smoke and will send a signal to the alarm control panel. Hua Yang Berhad complies with the regulation stated in the UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 CLAUSE 153: “(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detector. (2) Lift not opening into smoke lobby shall not use door reopening device by light beam or photo detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty second of any interruption of the beam force the door to close within a preset time” 87
5.3 Summary
In conclusion, the quality in function and safety of the lifts in Hua Yang Berhad meets the standard requirement to ensure that passengers can be transported safely and efficiently. Maintaining every component of the elevator is crucial to ensure the elevator is functional, efficient and achieve the standard service requirement of a mechanical transportation system. The lift in Hua Yang Berhad is also in par with the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) 1984 and MS 1184 2014 requirements for the lifts which ensures the safety of the lift. Thus, Hua Yang Berhad has successfully provided a mean of mechanical transportation by giving complete ease of access between floor for the passengers throughout the building
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CONCLUSION
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Conclusion In conclusion, choosing Hua Yang berhad as our case study building for this project has equipped us the basic knowledge of the building services that can be found in a multi-storey building which allowed us to complete this project. This assignment was not an easy task, team communication and equal job distribution were the key factors in ensuring the progress of our work. The assignment would not have been completed without the hard work of each of the group member. Through the site visit, we were able to identify the building services component in Hua Yang Berhad and do a proper research about each of the components individually. We have learned and understood the importance of every component of the building services as they all play an important role in ensuring the functionality of the building and the safety of the occupants as well. We are able to translate our findings from our research through words, diagrams and photos from site. Hua Yang Berhad do have a well organised services system but some of them could be improved as there were a few components which did not comply with the Uniform Building By-Law 1984. We are able to come out with suggestions on improving the system through the guidance of sources such as the internet and books. Last but not least, we would like to thank Mr Mohamed Rizal, who have guided us throughout this project.
Our team with the staffs of Hua Yang Berhad
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