WATER & RAILS DESIGN STUDIO
ECOLOGY WATER DUE 2015 // SAINT PETERSBURG Nadya Klevakina / Olga Malozemova / Gulnaz Nizamutdinova / Daniil Otmakhov
09/05/2015
step 1: COLLECTING THE DATA
LENINGRAD REGION HYDROLOGY SWAMPS BUILDING ENVIRONMENT
LENINGRAD REGION HYDROLOGY AGRO AREAS SWAMPS FORESTS BUILDING ENVIRONMENT
LENINGRAD REGION HYDROLOGY AGRO AREAS SWAMPS FORESTS PROTECTION AREAS
SWAMPS IS
78%
OF ALL THE WATER IN THE LENINGRAD REGION.
A RIVER NETWORK IS DENSE (UP TO 0.35 KM / KM2).
LENINGRAD REGION MEASURES OF URBANIZATION
FRAGMENTATION OF THE FORESTS
LENINGRAD LENINGRAD REGION. MEASURESREGION OF URBANIZATION MEASURES OF URBANIZATION
5 KM
URBANIZATION URBANIZATION OF THE OF NEVA THE RIVER. RIVER LACK NEVA. OF NATURAL LACKBANKS OF NATURAL
SHORE
HYDROLOGY
WATER IN ST. PETERSBURG OCCUPIES
10%
OF TOTAL AREA OF THE CITY GULF OF FINLAND EXCLUDED
TOPOLOGY OF THE WATER SURFACES
GUIF
LAKES
RIVERS
SMALL RIVERS
SWAMPS
CANALS
IRRIGATION
HYDROLOGY & BUILDING ENVIRONMENT
THE NATURE OF THE WATER SURFACE
CITY
DACHA
1 KM
DENSITY OF THE WATER NETWORK
IRRIGATION
NATURAL
BORDERS & DENSITY
CITY
1 KM
ARTIFICIAL AREAS
NATURAL
BANKS
OKKERVIL RIVER THE CHARACTER OF THE BANKS IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS PHOTO BY MARINA PETROVA
BANKS
OKKERVIL RIVER THE CHARACTER OF THE BANKS IN MICRODISTRICT PHOTO BY MARINA PETROVA
BANKS
OKKERVIL RIVER THE CHARACTER OF THE BANKS IN MICRODISTRICT PHOTO BY MARINA PETROVA
HYDROLOGY & AGRO AREAS
AGRO AREAS & FORESTS
AGRO AREAS & FORESTS
5 KM
FRAGMENTATION OF THE FORESTS
AGRO AREAS & FORESTS
1 KM
FRAGMENTATION OF THE FORESTS
BORDERS OF AGRO AREAS
RIVERS
2 KM
FORESTS ARE CUT OFF FROM WATER BY AGRICULTURAL AREAS
SEA
UNDERGROUND WATER
DAM
PHOTO BY THE-VILLAGE.RU
THE DESTRUCTION OF GULF OF FINLAND EASTERN COAST AND THE ECOLOGICAL WORSENING, SANITARY AND HYGIENIC INDICATORS ARE OBSERVED AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DAM. THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE DAM IS 23.4 KM.
WESTERN HIGH-SPEED DIAMETER
PHOTO BY NADYA KLEVAKINA
WESTERN HIGH-SPEED DIAMETER
WESTERN HIGH-SPEED DIAMETER NEAR THE NEVA BAY
THE PROJECTED NORTHERN SECTION OF WESTERN HIGH-SPEED DIAMETER COULD DAMAGE THE THREE EXISTING SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS, SWAMP LANDS OF YUNTOLOVSKY WILDLIFE SANCTUARY. IN SOME PLACES IT BECOMES AN OBSTACLE FOR MIGRATION OF LARGE MAMMALS, SUCH ELK.
ROADS & SWAMPS
2 KM
ROADS & NEVA RIVER
5 KM
PROTECTION AREAS
THE WHITE SEA – BALTIC SEA FLYWAY LINE IS PASSED THROUGH ST. PETERSBURG. PHOTO BY NADYA KLEVAKINA
BIODIVERSITY
THE CONSUMERS LOSE
1/3
OF THE WATER SUPPLY
SIGNIFICANT ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD FALLS ON WORK ON WATER SUPPLY AND LAND RECLAMATION MARINE FACADE OF ST. PETERSBURG (NEVA BAY) AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE PORT "UST-LUGA" (LUGA BAY).
ENGINEERING FEATURES
87%
OF THE SAMPLES IN THE WATER BODIES DO NOT MEET THE STANDARDS OF SANRAN THE NATURE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE ANNUALLY RECORDS
200 ILLEGAL DUMPS
IN ST. PETERSBURG WERE FORMED ABOUT
9 MILLION M OF WASTE, INCLUDING ABOUT 7.5 MILLION 3
3 M OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
KARPOVKA
IN THE SUMMER THE PART OF THE URBAN PONDS ARE COVERED WITH DUCKWEED AND HAVE A MARSH SMELL
OHTA
IZHORA
RISKS & POLUTION
50км
THERE IS ONLY
1 BEACH
SUITABLE FOR SWIMMING IN ST. PETERSBURG
The rivers of St. Peterburg are polluted by the residents who dump litter in them.
OKKERVIL RIVER
ST. PETERSBURG RANKS THE SECOND WORST PLACE IN RUSSIA IN TERMS OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGE PHOTO BY MARINA PETROVA
AMONG THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CONDITION OF WATER BODIES OF THE CITY ARE AS FOLLOWS: -DISCHARGE OF UNTREATED OR INADEQUATELY TREATED SEWAGE -HOUSEHOLD SEWERAGE AND RAINWATER DISPOSAL -SNOW DISPOSAL SITES FROM CLEANING THE ROAD NETWORK OF THE CITY -DUMPS OF HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTES IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF WATER BODIES
50км
step 2: SWOT-analysis
S
high level of biodiversity access to the Baltic sea deep water swampiness of the areas
O
clean water will provide many opportunities for development close connection among different ecosystems dam provides opportunities for urbanization public spaces related to water
- community - environment - economy - important for
- irrelevant for
- nonspatial point
- spatial point
W
T
flooding
draining of swamps forest fragmentation of by urbanization and agricultural areas water pollution Industrial “grey belt� shallowing of rivers passing through the dachas nuclear power plant and radioactive dumping on the coast of the Gulf of Finland poor air quality water areas that are not included in the Federal Register water territories for which the administration is not responsible legislative and environmental problems of preserve areas active exploitation of nature resources
Strengths
High level of biodiversity
Access to the Baltic sea
Deep water
Swampiness of the areas
The second region in Russia in water availability; 1800 lakes; Ladoga is the largest lake in Europe
Migration of animals
Increased biodiversity – mixing ecology layers; Better oxygenation
Swamps feed rivers of the Leningrad region; Swamps act as a water cleaner; Contribute to the development of biodiversity (bird migration)
Recreational value; Opportunities for research in the natural habitat
Comfortable environment for human; No access to the sea (improvement of coastal areas)
Wild travel routes
Trade routes to / from Europe and Scandinavia; Traffic artery; Fishing; Tourism, holiday destinations
Recreation - sport fishing
Recreation - berry picking
Peat reserves
Strengths strategical steps
> access to the sea > peat reserves
Weaknesses
Flood
Material damage >> Develop rules of building construction and structure in the flooded areas
Weaknesses strategical steps
> rules of building construction
Opportunities
Clean water
Close connection among different ecosystems
Remove dirty production; Implement rainwater cleaning system; Implement a set of measures on the arrangement and
“Green corridors” “Green belt” Opportunity for normal development of biodiversity
small business, public spaces, use of water production, resort area, etc.), Opportunity for recreation Rights (now only the one beach is active).
Dust High level of air pollution >> Development of the green corridor in the city (for example, in the “grey belt”)
Opportunity to build houses in areas that had been flooded (+ production for the economy, tourism, etc.)
Dam provides an opportunity for urbanisation
Public spaces
cleaning of rivers; Control of waste disposal. In this scenario gives an opportunity to develop business and tourism near the water (a
Construction the most natural environment for the landscape
Possibility of existence in a comfortable environment provides better quality of life
The increase of economic activity in these areas
Opportunities strategical steps
> remove dirty production > cleaning small rivers > increase the level of economic activity > green coridors in the grey belt > green network > improvement of the natural landscape
Threats
Draining of swamps
Forest fragmentation
Pollution of rivers and surrounding water areas
“Grey belt�
Drying of rivers in dacha and residential areas
Swamps restoration
Green corridors; Strategic development of agricultural areas instead of chaotic spread Regular environmental audits sources of pollution; Waste treatment plants; Redevelopment of landfills; Control over the activities of waste incineration plants; Running the garbage Energy
Redevelopment (recovery of passive industrial zones)
Improving the quality of the environment (the theory of "broken windows")
Redevelopment (new areas for social infrastructure)
Strategizing of suburban areas; Legal regulation (water supervision)
Regular environmental audits sources of pollution; Waste treatment plants; Redevelopment of landfills; Control over the activities of waste incineration plants; Running the garbage Energy
Redevelopment (the ability to create new sustainable industries)
Threats strategical steps
> swamps restoration > green belt > redevelopment of the grey belt > redevelopment of landfills > strategy of agricultural areas > strategy of dachas > improve the quality of life
Threats administration
Nuclear power plants
Poor air quality
Water areas that are not included in the register
Transition to new types of nuclear reactors (fast neutrons)
Legal regulation of measures to reduce air pollution
Medical monitoring of staff and residents in surrounding areas; Social grants to employees of Leningrad NPP
Legal regulation of measures to reduce air pollution for residents of disadvantaged areas - voluntary medical examinations (paid by polluters)
Aquatic ecosystem is not protected from human influence >> Monitoring of unaccounted water bodies
Irresponsible attitude to nature reserves >> strict legal incentives
Active exploitation of water resources (resource depletion) >> Principles of environmental economics - quotas utilization (use of clearly defined volumes, all over - paid very high)
Reduction of energy costs by optimizing the cost of security
OPPORTUNITIES
TREATS
OPPORTUNITIES & TREATS
step 3: STRATEGY
REGENERATION OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS Photo by Taisia Khalikova
INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN THE CITY
Moscow St.Petersburg Krakow Ljubljana Sofia Warsaw Prague Seoul Hong Kong Paris London Atlanta
ISSUE: PASSIVE INDUSTRIAL AREAS
THE PACE OF TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS
ISSUE: POLLUTION OF THE WATER
TOP OF THE MOST POLLUTED RIVERS
BACTERIOLOGICAL POLLUTION
CHEMICAL POLLUTION
Ohta river Lubja river Goreliy creek Lapka river Okkervil river
Sleeve of Bolshaya Nevka river Neva river Ohta river Izhora river Tosna river Slavyanka river Mouth of Malaya Nevka river
ILLEGAL DISCHARGES
DAMPS
DOMESTIC POLLUTION
FRESH KILLS PARK
BEFORE
AFTER
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: New York city department of parks and recreation LOCATION: fresh kills landямБll site, Staten Island (New York, USA) PROJECT AREA: 2,200-acre PROJECT YEAR: 2008
SHANGHAI HOUTAN PARK
BEFORE
AFTER
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: Turenscape (Beijing Turen Design Institute) LOCATION: Shanghai, 2010 Shanghai Expo Park, China PROJECT AREA: 14 hectares PROJECT YEAR: 2010
QIJIANG PARK
BEFORE
AFTER
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: Kongjian Yu, Center for Landscape Architecture LOCATION: Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China PROJECT AREA: 23 hectares PROJECT YEAR: 2005