Water ecology

WATER & RAILS DESIGN STUDIO

ECOLOGY WATER DUE 2015 // SAINT PETERSBURG Nadya Klevakina / Olga Malozemova / Gulnaz Nizamutdinova / Daniil Otmakhov

09/05/2015

step 1: COLLECTING THE DATA

LENINGRAD REGION HYDROLOGY SWAMPS BUILDING ENVIRONMENT

LENINGRAD REGION HYDROLOGY AGRO AREAS SWAMPS FORESTS BUILDING ENVIRONMENT

LENINGRAD REGION HYDROLOGY AGRO AREAS SWAMPS FORESTS PROTECTION AREAS

SWAMPS IS

78%

OF ALL THE WATER IN THE LENINGRAD REGION.

A RIVER NETWORK IS DENSE (UP TO 0.35 KM / KM2).

LENINGRAD REGION MEASURES OF URBANIZATION

FRAGMENTATION OF THE FORESTS

LENINGRAD LENINGRAD REGION. MEASURESREGION OF URBANIZATION MEASURES OF URBANIZATION

5 KM

URBANIZATION URBANIZATION OF THE OF NEVA THE RIVER. RIVER LACK NEVA. OF NATURAL LACKBANKS OF NATURAL

SHORE

HYDROLOGY

WATER IN ST. PETERSBURG OCCUPIES

10%

OF TOTAL AREA OF THE CITY GULF OF FINLAND EXCLUDED

TOPOLOGY OF THE WATER SURFACES

GUIF

LAKES

RIVERS

SMALL RIVERS

SWAMPS

CANALS

IRRIGATION

HYDROLOGY & BUILDING ENVIRONMENT

THE NATURE OF THE WATER SURFACE

CITY

DACHA

1 KM

DENSITY OF THE WATER NETWORK

IRRIGATION

NATURAL

BORDERS & DENSITY

CITY

1 KM

ARTIFICIAL AREAS

NATURAL

BANKS

OKKERVIL RIVER THE CHARACTER OF THE BANKS IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS PHOTO BY MARINA PETROVA

BANKS

OKKERVIL RIVER THE CHARACTER OF THE BANKS IN MICRODISTRICT PHOTO BY MARINA PETROVA

BANKS

OKKERVIL RIVER THE CHARACTER OF THE BANKS IN MICRODISTRICT PHOTO BY MARINA PETROVA

HYDROLOGY & AGRO AREAS

AGRO AREAS & FORESTS

AGRO AREAS & FORESTS

5 KM

FRAGMENTATION OF THE FORESTS

AGRO AREAS & FORESTS

1 KM

FRAGMENTATION OF THE FORESTS

BORDERS OF AGRO AREAS

RIVERS

2 KM

FORESTS ARE CUT OFF FROM WATER BY AGRICULTURAL AREAS

SEA

UNDERGROUND WATER

DAM

PHOTO BY THE-VILLAGE.RU

THE DESTRUCTION OF GULF OF FINLAND EASTERN COAST AND THE ECOLOGICAL WORSENING, SANITARY AND HYGIENIC INDICATORS ARE OBSERVED AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DAM. THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE DAM IS 23.4 KM.

WESTERN HIGH-SPEED DIAMETER

PHOTO BY NADYA KLEVAKINA

WESTERN HIGH-SPEED DIAMETER

WESTERN HIGH-SPEED DIAMETER NEAR THE NEVA BAY

THE PROJECTED NORTHERN SECTION OF WESTERN HIGH-SPEED DIAMETER COULD DAMAGE THE THREE EXISTING SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS, SWAMP LANDS OF YUNTOLOVSKY WILDLIFE SANCTUARY. IN SOME PLACES IT BECOMES AN OBSTACLE FOR MIGRATION OF LARGE MAMMALS, SUCH ELK.

ROADS & SWAMPS

2 KM

ROADS & NEVA RIVER

5 KM

PROTECTION AREAS

THE WHITE SEA – BALTIC SEA FLYWAY LINE IS PASSED THROUGH ST. PETERSBURG. PHOTO BY NADYA KLEVAKINA

BIODIVERSITY

THE CONSUMERS LOSE

1/3

OF THE WATER SUPPLY

SIGNIFICANT ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD FALLS ON WORK ON WATER SUPPLY AND LAND RECLAMATION MARINE FACADE OF ST. PETERSBURG (NEVA BAY) AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE PORT "UST-LUGA" (LUGA BAY).

ENGINEERING FEATURES

87%

OF THE SAMPLES IN THE WATER BODIES DO NOT MEET THE STANDARDS OF SANRAN THE NATURE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE ANNUALLY RECORDS

200 ILLEGAL DUMPS

IN ST. PETERSBURG WERE FORMED ABOUT

9 MILLION M OF WASTE, INCLUDING ABOUT 7.5 MILLION 3

3 M OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

KARPOVKA

IN THE SUMMER THE PART OF THE URBAN PONDS ARE COVERED WITH DUCKWEED AND HAVE A MARSH SMELL

OHTA

IZHORA

RISKS & POLUTION

50км

THERE IS ONLY

1 BEACH

SUITABLE FOR SWIMMING IN ST. PETERSBURG

The rivers of St. Peterburg are polluted by the residents who dump litter in them.

OKKERVIL RIVER

ST. PETERSBURG RANKS THE SECOND WORST PLACE IN RUSSIA IN TERMS OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGE PHOTO BY MARINA PETROVA

AMONG THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CONDITION OF WATER BODIES OF THE CITY ARE AS FOLLOWS: -DISCHARGE OF UNTREATED OR INADEQUATELY TREATED SEWAGE -HOUSEHOLD SEWERAGE AND RAINWATER DISPOSAL -SNOW DISPOSAL SITES FROM CLEANING THE ROAD NETWORK OF THE CITY -DUMPS OF HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTES IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF WATER BODIES

50км

step 2: SWOT-analysis

S

high level of biodiversity access to the Baltic sea deep water swampiness of the areas

O

clean water will provide many opportunities for development close connection among different ecosystems dam provides opportunities for urbanization public spaces related to water

- community - environment - economy - important for

- irrelevant for

- nonspatial point

- spatial point

W

T

flooding

draining of swamps forest fragmentation of by urbanization and agricultural areas water pollution Industrial “grey belt� shallowing of rivers passing through the dachas nuclear power plant and radioactive dumping on the coast of the Gulf of Finland poor air quality water areas that are not included in the Federal Register water territories for which the administration is not responsible legislative and environmental problems of preserve areas active exploitation of nature resources

Strengths

High level of biodiversity

Access to the Baltic sea

Deep water

Swampiness of the areas

The second region in Russia in water availability; 1800 lakes; Ladoga is the largest lake in Europe

Migration of animals

Increased biodiversity – mixing ecology layers; Better oxygenation

Swamps feed rivers of the Leningrad region; Swamps act as a water cleaner; Contribute to the development of biodiversity (bird migration)

Recreational value; Opportunities for research in the natural habitat

Comfortable environment for human; No access to the sea (improvement of coastal areas)

Wild travel routes

Trade routes to / from Europe and Scandinavia; Traffic artery; Fishing; Tourism, holiday destinations

Recreation - sport fishing

Recreation - berry picking

Peat reserves

Strengths strategical steps

> access to the sea > peat reserves

Weaknesses

Flood

Material damage >> Develop rules of building construction and structure in the flooded areas

Weaknesses strategical steps

> rules of building construction

Opportunities

Clean water

Close connection among different ecosystems

Remove dirty production; Implement rainwater cleaning system; Implement a set of measures on the arrangement and

“Green corridors” “Green belt” Opportunity for normal development of biodiversity

small business, public spaces, use of water production, resort area, etc.), Opportunity for recreation Rights (now only the one beach is active).

Dust High level of air pollution >> Development of the green corridor in the city (for example, in the “grey belt”)

Opportunity to build houses in areas that had been flooded (+ production for the economy, tourism, etc.)

Dam provides an opportunity for urbanisation

Public spaces

cleaning of rivers; Control of waste disposal.

In this scenario gives an opportunity to develop business and tourism near the water (a

Construction the most natural environment for the landscape

Possibility of existence in a comfortable environment provides better quality of life

The increase of economic activity in these areas

Opportunities strategical steps

> remove dirty production > cleaning small rivers > increase the level of economic activity > green coridors in the grey belt > green network > improvement of the natural landscape

Threats

Draining of swamps

Forest fragmentation

Pollution of rivers and surrounding water areas

“Grey belt�

Drying of rivers in dacha and residential areas

Swamps restoration

Green corridors; Strategic development of agricultural areas instead of chaotic spread Regular environmental audits sources of pollution; Waste treatment plants; Redevelopment of landfills; Control over the activities of waste incineration plants; Running the garbage Energy

Redevelopment (recovery of passive industrial zones)

Improving the quality of the environment (the theory of "broken windows")

Redevelopment (new areas for social infrastructure)

Strategizing of suburban areas; Legal regulation (water supervision)

Regular environmental audits sources of pollution; Waste treatment plants; Redevelopment of landfills; Control over the activities of waste incineration plants; Running the garbage Energy

Redevelopment (the ability to create new sustainable industries)

Threats strategical steps

> swamps restoration > green belt > redevelopment of the grey belt > redevelopment of landfills > strategy of agricultural areas > strategy of dachas > improve the quality of life

Threats administration

Nuclear power plants

Poor air quality

Water areas that are not included in the register

Transition to new types of nuclear reactors (fast neutrons)

Legal regulation of measures to reduce air pollution

Medical monitoring of staff and residents in surrounding areas; Social grants to employees of Leningrad NPP

Legal regulation of measures to reduce air pollution for residents of disadvantaged areas - voluntary medical examinations (paid by polluters)

Aquatic ecosystem is not protected from human influence >> Monitoring of unaccounted water bodies

Irresponsible attitude to nature reserves >> strict legal incentives

Active exploitation of water resources (resource depletion) >> Principles of environmental economics - quotas utilization (use of clearly defined volumes, all over - paid very high)

Reduction of energy costs by optimizing the cost of security

OPPORTUNITIES

TREATS

OPPORTUNITIES & TREATS

step 3: STRATEGY

REGENERATION OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS Photo by Taisia Khalikova

INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN THE CITY

Moscow St.Petersburg Krakow Ljubljana Sofia Warsaw Prague Seoul Hong Kong Paris London Atlanta

ISSUE: PASSIVE INDUSTRIAL AREAS

THE PACE OF TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS

ISSUE: POLLUTION OF THE WATER

TOP OF THE MOST POLLUTED RIVERS

BACTERIOLOGICAL POLLUTION

CHEMICAL POLLUTION

Ohta river Lubja river Goreliy creek Lapka river Okkervil river

Sleeve of Bolshaya Nevka river Neva river Ohta river Izhora river Tosna river Slavyanka river Mouth of Malaya Nevka river

ILLEGAL DISCHARGES

DAMPS

DOMESTIC POLLUTION

FRESH KILLS PARK

BEFORE

AFTER

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: New York city department of parks and recreation LOCATION: fresh kills landямБll site, Staten Island (New York, USA) PROJECT AREA: 2,200-acre PROJECT YEAR: 2008

SHANGHAI HOUTAN PARK

BEFORE

AFTER

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: Turenscape (Beijing Turen Design Institute) LOCATION: Shanghai, 2010 Shanghai Expo Park, China PROJECT AREA: 14 hectares PROJECT YEAR: 2010

QIJIANG PARK

BEFORE

AFTER

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: Kongjian Yu, Center for Landscape Architecture LOCATION: Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China PROJECT AREA: 23 hectares PROJECT YEAR: 2005