19 minute read
EVIDENCE-BASED LP
Spotting Crime before an Incident
It all starts somewhere and somehow. Many, or maybe even most, crime attempts are spontaneous; they rarely involve much planning. But many crimes are planned, even if just a little. And often criminals and terrorists signal what they’re up to as they plan and scout. We teach our students to use “pre-incident indicators” or PIIs to detect potential events, help solve crimes, and improve prevention efforts.
Pre-Incident Indicators
Pre-incident indicators can be described as observable or otherwise detectable anomalies or incidents (clues) that may precede a crime attempt or attack. PIIs may indicate planning, preparation, recruiting, communication, scouting, or mobilization activities. It’s important to keep in mind, the observation of any one indicator may not, by itself, suggest a possible attack; contextual clusters of PIIs are better indicators. PIIs can help determine: ■ A specific asset being targeted, ■ The general or specific timing of a planned attack, and ■ The attack method and tools to be used.
Following are examples of PIIs for both robbery and terrorism activities. ■ Robbery—Individual makes one or more visits, drives slowly through the parking lot, is spotted concealed behind a dumpster, or loiters by the cash office. ■ Terrorism—One or more subjects is seen taking photos; uses twitter or texting to report details, recruit, or otherwise communicate; is seen loitering near targets.
It is important for loss prevention teams to identify important clusters of PIIs that could indicate pre-planning, and then to pass these on to field teams. Most retailers prefer very suspicious and potentially violent situations be reported to the proper authorities rather than have store employees trying to take action.
We also teach our classes that post-crime investigations should include looking for signs of pre-strike scouting or set up, such as hiding spots or previously unknown communications or tool acquisition, since this helps identify serial crime situations. Further, knowing about PIIs helps LP departments plan PII detection programs and crime prevention actions.
by Read Hayes, Ph.D., CPPDr. Hayes is director of the Loss Prevention Research Council and coordinator of the Loss Prevention Research Team at the University of Florida. He can be reached at 321-303-6193 or via email at rhayes@lpresearch.org. © 2012 Loss Prevention Research Council
Predatory Criminal Styles
Another important concept LP professionals should consider using with serial offenders and crimes is to learn how to profile offender hunting and attack styles. In a 2007 Journal of Family Violence article, criminologists Beauregard, Rossmo, and Proulx broke these styles down to aid criminal investigations and preventive programs alike.
Most offenders use some rationality as they search for, assess, and commit crimes. This rational choice perspective is what drives most crime prevention efforts, including our team’s research and development projects. In the case of serial criminals, Beauregard and his coauthors recommend looking at these factors: ■ Offender and victim routine activities ■ Choice of hunting ground ■ Victim selection ■ Method of approach ■ Attack location choice ■ Method to bring the victim to the crime site (if applicable) ■ Crime location choice ■ Method to commit the crime ■ Victim release location choice (if applicable)
Based on this approach, the authors propose several main hunting styles: ■ The Hunter—committed within an offender’s city ■ The Poacher—outside city or other than home base ■ The Troller—opportunistic, encounters victims through routine activities ■ The Trapper—potential victims come to them (such as child care centers) And just as important, actual attack styles include: ■ The Raptor—attacks almost immediately upon encountering ■ The Stalker—follows, watches, waits for opportune moment ■ The Ambusher—committed where the offender has a great deal of control
Theory vs. Practice
Why is this information important to loss prevention professionals? Commercial robbery, burglary, and booster groups; bad-check passers, diversion groups, fraudsters, rapists, abductors, child abusers, and murderers all regularly shop in retail stores, and many hunt and attack there. We recommend LP executives learn more about the whys and hows of these dangerous people to better protect customers and employees, and, hopefully, help law enforcement apprehend them.
Feature
The PrisoNs are full
The Impact on Retail Crime
By Frank Muscato
Everyone knows that prisons in the U.S. are full. So, what has that got to do with the retail industry?
Many of the people we apprehend stealing these facilities, how little room is afforded these criminals, and how these prisoners learn from other inmates? I have discussed these issues with a great many loss merchandise from our stores, writing bad checks, using forged or counterfeit credit cards, and passing bogus gift cards are former convicted felons and/or have cases pending in criminal court for the very crime for which they are now being apprehended. The vast majority of these convicted felons served only a small portion of their sentences behind bars, due to “prison overcrowding and the expense to keep them locked up,” therefore allowing them back out onto our streets, into our community, and into our stores.
Retail losses due to external theft continue to rise and a major reason is that those people involved in retail Many times those theft can continue their crimes with little fear of significant punishment involved in property for their crimes. If the crimes they are committing are not listed in the “violent offense” category, very few crimes receive probation the first, will ever see the inside of a prison. The end result is retail loss prevention second, and even organizations continue to deal with third offenses. the same people over and over again. This keeps those The Debate on Crime and Punishment The problem is not from lack individuals out on the streets with the of discussion. We hear concerns about the many issues involving ability to continue prisons and punishment from judges, committing thefts prosecutors, law enforcement, prison officials, not to mention politicians in our stores. We and legislators. Interestingly, those have heard offenders criminals who are committing these retail crimes also hear this discussion. over and over say, Here are a few of the major points in this debate: ■ The prisons are full, which “Retail theft is very profitable, with little means for every person taken in, someone has to be released. consequence.” ■ Offenders learn how to commit crimes while in prison. ■ The cost to house a prisoner is $30,000 or more per year. ■ There is little if any rehabilitation for offenders serving time in prison. ■ The U.S. houses more prisoners than any other country.
How often have we heard these statements, especially from government officials and the media? How many times have we heard about the deplorable conditions of our prisons, the dangers inside prevention professionals as well as law enforcement personnel. I have asked their opinions and talked at length about what we can or should try to do to combat this situation. I have also talked with a few retail industry researchers about the possibility of doing research on the effects of early-release prisoners. One professor told me that research on the cost of housing a prisoner in a penitentiary versus the cost of that person being out in the community could offer some important insight into these issues… if only funding could be found for such research. There is no doubt that this is a sensitive issue. Many states are dealing with retail theft and fraud by simply raising the felony theft levels, which apart from lowering the states’ crime statistics does nothing to combat crime. It simply makes more retail crime a misdemeanor offense. Some states are actually researching the possibility of making misdemeanor theft from a retail store a “civil matter” between the thieves and the retailers. In this situation the value of the merchandise would determine whether the crime would be criminal offense or a civil matter. Just imagine how those thieves and their attorneys could manipulate the criminal/civil figures. This would be yet another burden placed on the retailer. Retailers need to be vigilant, watching for these types of bills circulating within the state legislatures. Once a bill like this is passed in one state, other states will see this as a way to improve their budgets by eliminating these costs in their criminal justice systems. At some point retailers are going to have to get involved in this debate and in the correcting of these criminal justice issues that contribute to significant retail loss. For this reason I offer my thoughts on the who, what, where, when, why, and how of our prison systems.
The Prisons Are Full
We hear this oft-repeated statement from legislators and state government officials: “Our prisons are full and there is no place to put these new offenders unless we release those that are already there.” For many in the public, this argument creates the perception of multiple bunks in a tiny cell with little room to move
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around and absolutely no privacy. But many of us see a different image. We picture many of those offenders who should still be behind bars out on our streets committing more crimes.
There is no doubt that the threat of incarceration is no longer a deterrent to crime. You can almost hear the criminal saying, “Where are they going to put me if they catch me. Even if they do send me to prison, I won’t be there long because the prisons are full.”
Many of those involved in committing these crimes are actually quite open about how they work the criminal justice system. I never pass up a chance to interview these offenders, and the information I gain is very interesting and undeniable. When encouraged, an ex-convict will brag about defeating the system and what they can get away with. They laugh about the times they were arrested and how they beat the retailer who brought the charges against them. This is especially true for those involved in fencing stolen property. They know how hard it is to prove “that they knew the property was stolen before they purchased it.” Even if the arrest was accomplished through a sting operation, many times these fences just “walk.”
Learning Crime in Prison
In my opinion this is a weak argument. Sure offenders learn things in prison, but not any more than they learn right out on the streets.
To be convicted for an offense that puts someone in prison, they had to commit a crime. This is not a chicken-or-egg argument. They first learned right in their own community—from their peer group, their gang, their family, on the street, on the Internet, by many means.
A person certainly does not need to go to prison to learn how to best steal large quantities of merchandise from a retail store without being detected, steal someone’s identity, or many other retail crimes. So, the “prisons just create offenders” argument just doesn’t ring true.
The Cost to House a Prisoner
Cost is one of the most discussed issues concerning prisons. So, let’s look closer at the many issues surrounding the cost of housing offenders.
While in prison the state has to pay for food, living quarters, clothes (which are generally recycled and reused), medical
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expenses, miscellaneous needs, and, of course, the prison guards and staff. The amounts vary by state. Some say it costs as much as $50,000 per prisoner, but the most realistic figure is closer to $20,000 to $30,000 per year.
How do those figures compare to the cost to the public when offenders are released back into the community? Keeping in mind that the recidivism rate is 60-plus percent, tax payers are paying for both those incarcerated as well as when they are released.
While they are in our community who pays for their food, their clothes, their living quarters, and their medical needs? Who pays for the parole officers who watch over these parolees? Who pays for the public defender the next time they are arrested? Who pays for the police who have to work on these new crimes?
One could argue that the cost to the tax payer for early-release offenders could easily exceed the amount to keep them behind bars.
Remember, too, that we’re not talking about first-time offenders. No one gets sent to prison for their first or even second felony, unless it involves serious violent crimes, such as murder or aggravated rape. Even those convicted of robbery will usually get second chances unless they hurt someone during the commission of the crime.
For example, I recently interviewed a person who was arrested in Texas for felony theft, which in Texas is $1,500 or more. During the interview we discussed his past history of retail theft. He is an undocumented alien from Honduras and has been in the United States for six years. He came illegally into the U.S. specifically to work in organized retail crime (ORC).
After extensive training and working with an experienced team, he became the leader of his own three-person “clan” who traveled throughout the Midwest and Southeast committing retail crimes. He told me that he went “on a trip” approximately two times per month, staying out for three to five days each time. During those trips, his group would steal more than $20,000 in product from drug and grocery stores each day. He acknowledged that his team had stolen more than $100,000 on many of these five-day outings. Each evening his clan would box and ship the stolen items to a fence, who was affiliated with the MS13 gang, for approximately 20 to 25 percent of the retail value.
No one can argue
that our prison Here is the most interesting part of the interview. He said that in the six system does not need to be fixed. years he had been doing this, he had been arrested four times, all in Texas. Although he had been stopped several
The fact that our more times, these were his only actual arrests where he was taken into custody. prisons are full is The first felony theft case he “plea not an excuse to bargained” for two years probation. The second felony theft arrest a year later, he open the doors to plea bargained to extend the probation retail criminals who to four years. The third felony theft arrest two years later, he plea bargained continue to prey on to extend his probation to five years. All these probations occurred while this our stores over person remained an undocumented alien. and over again. When I asked him how the prosecutor handled his being undocumented, he said that the prosecutor told him that the immigration service would be notified of his case. Immigration never contacted him. These cases all occurred within four years, and he had never even slowed down his ORC activities. He said that while in training, his fellow undocumented counterparts told him that as long as he didn’t hurt anyone physically, nothing would really happen to him, other than a few days in jail. When discussing the issue of costs, what about the victims of these crimes? Who pays for the victim’s suffering, their losses, or their recovery from these crimes? Again, the cost to crime victims through city, county, state, and federal government may also exceed that $20,000 to $30,000 figure. Again, wouldn’t it be nice to find the funds to conduct research that could answer the question of the cost of releasing offenders early versus keeping them in prison for their full sentence? Remember, when an offender is in prison, he is not in our stores.
Lack of Rehabilitation in Prison
For those who argue that there is no rehabilitation in our prisons, for the most part it just isn’t true. There are educational and occupational courses offered in all U.S. prisons. The difference is the required cooperation needed of those prisoners who want an education. Prisons are limited to imposing work on prisoners unless they want to work, or requiring them to get an education unless they want to be educated. They can’t be required to learn a new skill to assist them when they get out unless they
want to learn that skill. All these requirements would fall under the legal concept of “cruel-and-unusual punishment.”
At the same time, most of us support a criminal justice system that offers prisoners the opportunity to change their lives through education or by learning productive skills. Most of us would even support giving someone a second or third chance if they are actually trying to succeed at rehabilitation.
Many feel that if there is a way to help rehabilitate these folks, we as a society should try hard to accomplish that goal.
In fact, many high school and college educators, religious and social organizations, and business people donate their time to help educate the prison population. Education is probably the most important element to rehabilitation. The prisoners who participate in educational and occupational training have a much better chance of being successful once released from prison. But how many truly want these classes and actually think that it will help them when they are released?
The federal government has even passed a bill that allows tax incentives to businesses that hire ex-convicts. Yes, there are incentives to hire those who are released early from prison. We all want these folks to succeed when released from prison, but in my opinion it should be after they have served the time for the crimes they committed in the first place.
Retail losses due to external theft continue to rise and a major reason is that those people involved in retail theft can continue their crimes with little fear of significant punishment for their crimes.
More Prisoners than Any Other Country
We certainly can’t disagree with the statement that there are more prisons and prisoners in the U.S. than any other country in the world. It can be sized up with one word and that’s “freedom.” The reason we have more people in prison here is because we have more freedoms than any other country.
Generally speaking, individuals here in the U.S. can be whatever they want to be, but they have to earn it. They have to put in the time, the work, and the effort to get the things they want. It’s all right here for the taking, but it’s not free for the taking.
Unfortunately, for a great number of reasons that could be offered by psychologists, sociologists, and criminologists, many in our society do not want to earn their way. They have decided it is easier to simply take what they want
or need knowing, as we have already discussed, that it is often easy to get away without getting caught, and even if they are caught, little is done to them.
It is an unfortunate aspect of our society that the freedom and opportunity afforded our citizens contributes to the crime in our stores and ultimately to the large numbers in our judicial and penal systems.
Reform of the Justice System
At some point our justice system is going to have to change. This discussion centered on just five of the many reasons and excuses states use to release prisoners early. Because of our current economy, “cost” seems to be the primary motivating factor in most state and federal government decisions.
We as retailers need to encourage our government leaders to look at the big picture, beyond the dollar sign, and take in all accounts of the costs, not just what appears on the bottom line. We are experiencing these crimes every day in our stores, and the number of these offenses will continue to rise because retail theft and fraud are considered non-violent crimes. It won’t be long before prisons will not accept anyone who has not committed a serious violent crime. Some states are already leaning that way. For example, last May California was ordered to release 40,000 non-violent prisoners to ease overcrowding.
Many times those involved in property crimes receive probation the first, second, and even third offenses. This keeps those individuals out on the streets with the ability to continue committing thefts in our stores. We have heard offenders over and over say, “Retail theft is very profitable, with little consequence.”
No one can argue that our prison system does not need to be fixed. The fact that our prisons are full is not an excuse to open the doors to retail criminals who continue to prey on our stores over and over again.
Retailers can and should take the lead in addressing this problem with state legislatures. Controls have to be created, and states should be held responsible to protect tax payers from these offenders.
FRANK MUSCATO retired from the Dallas Police Department’s Intelligence Division as a case supervisor in 1993 following twenty-five years of service to help create retail’s first organized retail crime division inside Walmart. After eleven years with Walmart, he went to Walgreens to assist in creating their ORC taskforce. In 2010 Muscato established The Muscato Group based in Dallas, specializing in ORC training and special investigations. He is recognized nationally for his expertise in ORC and in lobbying for ORC legislation and is affectionately referred to as “The Godfather of ORC” by his peers. He is also the coordinator of state representatives for the Coalition of Law Enforcement and Retail (CLEAR). Muscato can be reached at 214-930-9359 or fcmuscato@gmail.com.
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