Nomadic city A Tale of An Anarchic Way of Living Liuyi Yan B.Arch, Dalian University of Technology, 2015. ‘Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture’ in The Faculty of Graduate Studies, School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Architecture Program’
Committee: AnnaLisa Meyboom George Wagner D’Arcy Jones Milos Begovic Gavin Schaefer
George Wagner.
AnnaLisa Meyboom The University of British Columbia Apr 2018 © Liuyi Yan
Figure 1.1 - Illusgration of Architecture Duality, Liuyi Yan.
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Abstract “ A building becomes inhumane in the absence of architecture or when it is clad in false architecture or Kitsch. Kitsch is both false appearance and abstraction. There is no reactionary or revolutionary architecture, there is only architecture or its absence, its abstraction.”
In ontological dualism, the world is divided into two overarching categories. Architecture, like the concept of mind-body dualism which considers mind and body are distinct and separable (Hart, W.D.,1996), can be viewed through the aspect of subject or object, matter or mind, public or private, inside or outside, vernacular or international, institution or grassroots, capitalism or socialism, etc. The world today is in extreme division. It’s becoming easier to labelling than to understand. What does true architecture stand for? What’s beyond the object-matter of architecture? Or should we view architecture in a more dialectic and holistic way? Architecture nowadays in many aspects exists as a manifesto from top-down institutions or corporations, promoting materialism, consumerism, lifestyle, a way of thinking, etc, to some degree, however, making architecture more exclusive rather than inclusive. If we shift our view to the opposite of this duality of architecture, what is architecture behind posters or advertisement? In real life, everyday life, at street level?
-Leon Krier, The Architecture of Community
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Table of Contents
I) Preface · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · I - Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I - Table of Comtents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II - List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV - Acknowledgements & Dedications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI II) Introduction · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1
- Statement of Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - Architectural Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
III) Architecture and its division, what is true architecture? · · · · · · · · · · 5
- Architecture and its Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - Architecture as Symbol, Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
IV) Everything Starts with Property · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 19
- Land Right to the City, Global Conceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Recent News of Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - What Kind of Rights? Who Has Them? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Origin and Evolving Conceptions of Right to the City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Pre-market Natural Economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Marx to Harvey & Nussbaum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Harvey’s Right to the City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Nussbaum’s Idea of Human Dignity & Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21 21 22 24 25 25 27 30
V) Housing as a Solution? · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 33
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- Housing as the Solution, Capabilities and Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 - Pruitt-Igoe, its Rise and Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
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- Newman’s Defensible Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 - Hope VI, Inclusive or Exclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 - Housing by People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI) Less is Enough? · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 45
- Asceticism as a Way of Living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII) Ideal Cities? · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 55
- Is there an Ideal City? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 - Utopian as the Future? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 - Selected Precedents Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
VIII) Towards a New City · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 69
- Approach and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
IX) A Tale of a Nomadic City · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 75
- Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 - Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 - The End, New Beginning? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
X)
Appendix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 116 - Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 - Annotated Biliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
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List of Figures
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Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5-2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 3.1 3.2-3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1-4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8, 4.9 4.10 4.11-4.13 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13
Illusgration of Architecture Duality, Liuyi Yan. Sat ikke ud, Eric Henningsen, 1892. John Hejduk, Object/Subject drawing from the sketchbook “Riga Project”, 1985. John Hejduk: The Riga Project, 1987. Oswald Mathias Ungers, proposal for neue Stadt housing Complex, Cologne, 1961–1964. Oswald Mathias Ungers, The City within the City—Berlin as a Green Archipelago, 1977. Oswald Mathias Ungers, Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Competition entry, perspectives. The Strip, 1968 — Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi. Duck and Decorated Shed, Complexity and Contradiction, Robert Venturi, 1966. The architects Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown on a 1968 field trip to Las Vegas. James Rosenquist, F-111, 1964. L’Architettura assassinata, 1976. Aldo Rossi, Lotus, 13 Dec 1976. Hector Gavin, Sanitary Ramblings, 1848. Enforced displacement in Daxing, Beijing, 27 Nov, 2017. Paris Commune, 1871 is a photograph by Granger which was uploaded on June 28th, 2012. Lower East Side, 1980s. May 27, 1991. A Pakistani immigrant’s store on Avenue A is looted. Homeless settlement being cleared in Manhattan’s East Village, near Tompkins Square, 1991. The televised demolition of Pruitt-Igoe. Collage view of Smithsons’ Golden Lane project. “Street in the air” of the Smithsons’ Golden Lane project, 1952. Revised Lobby of Bronxdale Houses. Newman’s adjustment for Sarah Lawrence College based on natural surveillance. “Thought bubble” above seats on New York subway cars, 1996. Jean-Louis Cohen Nid d’abeille-Sémiramis, Casablanca. Le Corbusier sits in library discussing the new monastery, photo by René Burri, 1946. Couvent de la Tourette, © 1959, Lucien Hervé. Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture: The Strip (Aerial Perspective). Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture, The Strip, project. 1972. Rendering of 6 prototypes, Absalon, 1992. Absalon, “Modèles des cellules habitables,” 1991 Photo: Ethan Hayes-Chute. Absalon, Solutions, 1992, Video, color, sound | 7:30. From Andrei Tarkovsky’s “Sculpting in time”. Hannes Meyer, Introduction to the Co-op Zimmer, “The New World”, “Der Standard”, 1926. Renovated rooms at the Empress Rooms in Vancouver, BC Friday, December 6, 2013. Attributed to André, Sketch of the plan of a community. Projet Phalanstère, Charles Fourier, terre ferme, 1832, industrielle. The panoptic state is seen as a monolithic structure, inspired by Foucault’s panopticon, 2017. Amanas, 1842-1932, relig. Hutteriten, 1874-heute, relig. Perfektionisten, 1848-1880, relig.-sozial. Owenites, 1825-1828, sozialistisch. Fourierites, 1842-1858, sozial. Shakers, 177o- aussterbend, relig. Rappisten, 1805-1905, relig. Moravians, 174o-ca.I85o, relig. Icarians, 1848-1898, sozial. François Mansart, hôtel de la Villière, 1635. carving a regular space within the intricacy of the city.
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P.I P.2 P.4 P.4 P.9 P.9 P . 11 P . 13 P . 13 P . 13 P . 14 P . 17 P . 17 P . 20 P . 23 P . 26 P . 29 P . 29 p . 31 P . 34 P . 37 P . 37 P . 39 P . 39 P . 40 P . 43 P . 46 P . 46 P . 47 P . 47 P . 48 P . 48 P . 49 P . 51 P . 52 P . 52 P . 56 P . 56 P . 58 P . 59 P . 59 P . 59 P . 59 P . 59 P . 59 P . 59 P . 59 P . 59 P . 60
Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19-6.21 6.22 6.23,6.24 6.25 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27
Elia Zenghelis, hotel Sphinx in Times Square, new york, 1975, axonometric view. Balmoral Hotel, Vancouver Downtown Eastside, photo by Robert Karpa. Ludwig Hilberseimer, hochhausstadt, 1924. Karl Marx Hof, view of forcourt, karl Elm, 1927 - 1930 Le plan obus Le Corbusier 1930, Alger. Frank Lloyd Wright (American, 1867–1959). Broadacre City. Project, 1934–35. Superstudio, The Twelve Ideal Cities, Città 2000, 1971. Superstudio, Continuous Monument, 1969. Superstudio Collection, Florence. Jack Self, Empire Hotel: Death on Credit is a co-operatively owned members club, 2015. Kon Wajiro, Statistic Index Drawing (Tokei Sakuin zu), 1925. Kon Wajiro, Variety of Merchants on Streets (Rojo no Shonin Iroiro), 1925. Liuyi Yan, Illustration of DTES Modernology, 2017. Liuyi Yan, Illustration of selected postures of homeless people, 2017. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, ISO Diagrams. Liuyi Yan, ISO Diagrams. Liuyi Yan, ISO Diagrams. Liuyi Yan, ISO Diagrams. Liuyi Yan, Plan & Elevations. Liuyi Yan, Plan & Elevations. Liuyi Yan, Plan & Elevations. Liuyi Yan, Plan & Elevations. Liuyi Yan, Plan & Elevations. Liuyi Yan, ISO Diagrams. Liuyi Yan, ISO Diagrams. Liuyi Yan, ISO Diagrams. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Illustration. Liuyi Yan, Plan Diagram. Liuyi Yan, Plan Diagram. Liuyi Yan, Plan Diagram.
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P . 60 P . 61 P . 62 P . 63 P . 64 P . 65 P . 66 P . 66 P . 67 P . 70 P . 70 P . 72 P . 73 P . 77 P . 79 P . 80 P . 81 P . 83 P . 85 P . 86 P . 87 P . 88 P . 89 P . 91 P . 92 P . 93 P . 95 P . 97 P . 99 P . 100 P . 101 P . 102 P . 103 P . 105 P . 106 P . 107 P . 109 P . 111 P . 112 P . 114
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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my GP I mentor advisor, professor George Wagner, who inspired me with so many interesting books and precedents and support me in this research. The time spent talking with him makes architecture a fascinating subject. I would also like to thank my GP II advisor, professor AnnaLisa Meyboom, for her insightful guidance and dedicated support. Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial help from professor Sara Stevens, who offered very insightful pieces of advice on the topic. I also like to thank professor D’Arcy Jones who since the beginning has provided much useful guidance and gave me encouragement to continue this research and Milos Begovic who introduced so many critical discussions in each committee meeting and support my research to the end. Last but not least, I’d like to thank my mentor Gavin Schaefer who never hesitated to share his ideas with me and encouraged me to finish the thesis.
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Introduction
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Figure 1.2 - Sat ikke ud, Eric Henningsen, 1892.
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Statement of Intent
I started the research thinking about the topic of the homeless crisis, and how the right to property makes a big difference in it. Then through research and learning, I realized that the duality character of architecture, its separation from ideologies to pure form, its added social economic meaning under the certain political and cultural background roots deeply in creating different dichotomies within the society. Through readings from Gabor Mate “In the realm of Hungry Ghosts” and other documentaries, it seems to me that things are to a great level pre-determined and in an infinite and endless loop. First, in a dialectical way, questions about what is true architecture and the ideal city will be discussed. What objects, purposes or interests should true architecture serve? Second, focusing on the Vancouver Chinatown and DTES area, how the discourses from earlier experimental proposals could offer instrumental solutions. In the end, by trying to find an alternative solution, a new form of community will be discussed.
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Architectural Issues “Denial or limitation of access is a means of maintaining class-divided societies with a class domination which thwarts the humanity of the subordinate and perverts that of the dominant class. The extent and distribution of that access is set by the system of property.”
Previously I imagined designing a utopian community in the downtown east side in Vancouver, running a different autonomous system, as an alternative solution to or a critique of the current situation. So I looked into different utopia proposals and critiques about them, For example, ideas from “ Architecture and Utopia, Design and capitalist development”, “The possibility of an absolute architecture”. Gradually I find the thing I want to study from the beginning is architecture and its relations to various social issues, human behaviors, or “Environmental determinism”. The ideas learnt from Foucault’s disciplinary city and Authoritarian Urbanism also helped me to realised the community I imagined at first place could be an alternative typology of a rehabilitation facility, a place where the new system and new disciplines will not only provide shelter but also help people to “escape” from the problems existing within the society, which pushes the disadvantaged to the margins. In a way, the facility may be a manifestation, against the political, socio-economic and cultural background.
- C.B. MacPherson, “Dilemmas of Liberalism and Socialism”, 1988.
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Architecture and its division, what is true architecture?
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Figure 2.1 - John Hejduk, Object/Subject drawing from the sketchbook “Riga Project”, 1985. Figure 2.2 - John Hejduk: The Riga Project, 1987.
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Architecture and its Duality
“These two structures belong to the complementary side of the role of architecture, the one that we always forget; to shelter our dreams and the mystery of our presence here. In looking at the two structures we are certain that inside there is a part of ourselves.”
Discussing about the duality of architecture seems like talking about anything or nothing. Anyone can pick a group of two antonymic words to describe their feeling and experience about space, architecture and the city. But it is this intrinsic character that derives into a broad discourses across different disciplines. During the Renaissance the birth of ideal city design, making essential both the progressive objectivation of the city and the detached intellectual approach (aided by the increasing sophistication and employment of surveying and drawing instruments) adopted by the planner.1 Since then architects’ projection of the city kept distancing from the existing city. The Riga project by John Hejduk is one of the historical project that trying to present the obviousness and ambiguity of architecture. A revelation of the symbolic. Here the moving back and forward of these two structures blurred the space in-between, created a hermaphrodite state of subject and object in order to heal the Cartesian dichotomy. The process of consciousness facing continuous negation, continuous criticism and reconstruction of the knowledge of subject and object, and of the relation to one another when trying to come
- Meton R. Gadeiha
1. Ruth, Eaton., 2002, p41.
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2. Larry, I. Mitnick., 1987, p23. 3. Tafuri, Manfredo., 1976, p150-169. 4. Hart, W. D., 1994, p265–7. 5. Robert, Venturi. 1977, p16.
to terms with the world.2 Here the project stands as a evocative symbol rather than a clear sign, which the existence enables future reinterpretation and possibility. Ambiguity thus leads to freedom of new metaphors. Hejduk’s later words “there is more room in the margins” reminds us of the possibility of a new world, an alternative life, a new political and social structures. The introduction of ideas from ontology and semiology to different disciplines (such as literature, films, etc) can also be found in modern architecture discourses. Greatly influenced by the idea of the “Avant-garde” movement beginning the early twentieth century, architects tried to revitalize architecture in the way of exploring of its internal structure, which happened at the same time when “Avant-garde” attempted to abandon “ambiguous” communications and to create a productive universe, through the creation of
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artificial programming languages.3 In ontological dualism, the world is divided into two overarching categories. Architecture shares the concept of mind-body dualism which considers mind and body are distinct and separable.4 And like mind and body, the separation line in-between for architecture is also ambiguous. The state of form and ideology being independent and interconnected simultaneously, making architecture intrinsically present its contradictions and complexities. As mentioned by Venturi, he enjoyed the complex and contradictory characters of architecture over the incoherence or arbitrariness of incompetent architecture, over the intricacies or picturesqueness or expressionism. Because that modern architecture presents the experience of richness and ambiguity, which is similar to the one that people can feel inherently in art.5 However, as perceived by Venturi, it is only that
Figure 2.3 - Oswald Mathias Ungers, proposal for neue Stadt housing Complex, Cologne, 1961–1964. The city as a composition of “positives and negatives”. Figure 2.4 - Oswald Mathias Ungers, Rem Koolhaas, hans Kollhoff, Arthur Ovaska, and Peter Riemann, The City within the City—Berlin as a Green Archipelago, 1977. The city as a “project of crisis,” shrinking the city to its significant and irreducible parts.
5.1 Oswald Mathias Ungers, Rem Koolhaas, Hans Kollhoff, Arthur Ovaska, and Peter Riemann, The City within the City—Berlin as a Green Archipelago, 1977. The city as a “project of crisis,” shrinking the city to its significant and irreducible parts.
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179
6. Pier, Vittorio, Aureli, 2011., p180. 7. Pier, Vittorio, Aureli, 2011., p212.
good architecture which represents the implications of totality and inclusion that can be regarded as complex and contradictory. In this way architecture is divided into two categories according to his theory, those that bare great meanings and influences and those stay in the background, in the dark in-between. If we accept the way Venturi used to assort architecture, then we deliberately face off the vastness of the majority of architectures and their associations with people, the society and other issues beyond. Architecture thus becomes heroic in a way that only few of them can be seen as the counter force against existing problems, while the vast majority remain their uselessness and blankness. Here I’m not trying to deny the fact that Venturi had thought beyond the objectivity of architecture and understood its capability to evaluate subjects outside of itself, within the society, among
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the mass public. I’m arguing that architectures, no matter how incompetent, temporary or exclusive they are, bare no less complexity and contradiction regarding its relation to the people who inhabit in them, to the broader social environment, to the economic conditions, etc. Comparing Venturi’s ideologies with that of Ungers’s indicated in the project “The city within city - Berlin as a Green Archipelago”, which is collaboratively done with Rem Koolhaas, Hans Kollhaff, Arthur Ovaska and Peter Riemann, it can be seen clearly how in Ungers’s mind that single architecture are incapable of the expanding totality but fragmentation. He not only celebrates the positive but also eulogize the negative. The articulation and composition of simple architecture volumes not only frame a complex sequences of spaces but also, as a result, an intricate socio-economic relation.
As putted by Aureli,6 “Berlin as a Green Archipelago” countered the utopian visions of city dissolution or the intention of reducing the city to an overall system, or the ideas of restoring the image of urban control by consolidating forms such as the perimeter block. Instead, It proposed a paradigm, a “third way” to address the architecture and their juxtaposition with the city. A thinking that admitted the finitude and limits of single architecture form and re-evaluated them as unseparated parts that define the city. Thus architecture is looked from its inherent collective dimension, its dialectical nature, making the city a contested place composed of different, contradicted and opposing parts. And the approaches Ungers adopted in the design of “Berlin as a Green Archipelago”, not only refused to camouflage or cover the existing conflicts among the different parts, but deliberately make
obvious the the effects of forces on the city such as the fragmentation of urban form, accepting the anonymity of architecture, and instability of program.7 Therefore, the tensions reside in the background are not dissolved within the endless urbanization, but reinforced as a starting point, where new city paradigms are extracted from. Even the in-between area is manifested as a place providing informal and temporary inhabitance. What Ungers tried to emphasize is the idea of the parts, the human centrality, the place-making. This can be seen from his early drawings, the three perspective sequences which showed a surreal grid system, symbolizing modernism, driving the human figure from central role to supporting role.8 The thing that he want to intrigue in the end is the missing contradictions and tensions dissolved among the grids.
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Figure 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 - Oswald Mathias Ungers, Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne, 1975. Competition entry, perspectives. Courtesy of Oswald Mathias Ungers Archive.
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Architecture as Symbol, Label
“That aesthetically hideous, socially alienating and technically incompetent architecture is bound to replace that with traditional values when fossil-fuelled heteronomy takes over.”
In Learning from Las Vegas, Venturi discussed the iconography and symbolism of Modern architecture, critiquing them as decorated shed. Thus architecture of styles and signs is anti-spatial, it is an architecture of communication over space.1 But meanwhile he also admitted the way how these new forms represent a new modesty, an architectural populism under the neoliberal, market-driven society, and an acceptance of the ugly and the ordinary.
- John F.C. Turner
1. Robert, Venturi. 1972, p22. 2. Robert, Venturi. 1972, p23..
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“Las Vegas is to the strip what Rome to the piazza, each city is an archetype rather than a prototype”.2 Venturi as an observer, witnessed the emerging of a city in the post industrial era, when mass production and mass media pushes the architecture as the manifestation of consumerism, a generalization of expediency. New mobility enabled by the change of transportation created new urban values of architecture and land. As putted by Tafuri, the discovery of the fact that the inflected signs, devoid of any significance, mute and indifferent to the existing society, did away
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Figure 2.8 - The Strip, 1968 — Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi. Figure 2.9 - Duck and Decorated Shed, Complexity and Contradiction, Robert Venturi, 1966. Figure 2.10 - The architects Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown on a 1968 field trip to Las Vegas.
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Figure 2.11 - James Rosenquist, F-111, 1964.
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with any pretence of architecture as a “political” expression or signs.3 Heavily influenced by ideas drawn from the Dadaist mechanicalism, De Stijl elementarism and international Constructivism, the discourses of modern architecture managed to express itself as transparency of form and function.4 Systems of space and structure are directly responsive to the program, and ornament is applied independently of them. A “Naive Functionalism” described by Rossi. A “Naive Functionalism” described by Rossi. Architecture, under the big neon sign, becomes a self-monumental, self-referential sculpture with no intention to represent any ideologies. Similar to the idea of clear circulation in Boullée’s architecture, these decorated sheds managed only to organize a clear movement of people and traffic. Rosenquist’s F111 is one of most significant work which presented
the reductions of the metropolitan experience to the “deadly silence of a sign”.5 Composed of fifty one aluminum panel pieces, the work was intended to be sold separately. The feeling of fragmentation and discontinuity when one trying to collect the work can be related to the experience travelling inside Las Vegas.
3. Tafuri, Manfredo., 1976, p153. 4. Vinegar, Aron, 2008, p64. 5. Tafuri, Manfredo., 1976, p145.
Could the straightforwardness within these decorated sheds, however, be interpreted into a new Vernacular under the neoliberal age? An architecture typology that is stripped of any disciplinary ideologies which architects try desperately to embed? An anti-architecture that abandoned the institutional thinkings? An accommodation for a proliferation of communication under the fastpace information age? Or is it only the inherent shallowness embedded inside the capital driven society? The “bad taste” of money?
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6. Rossi, Aldo and Peter Eisenman, 1982, p12. 7. Aureli, Pier Vittorio and Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture, 2008, p7. 8. Tafuri, Manfredo., 1976, p174.
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“Learning from Las Vegas” forced us to rethink architecture and the city. The formation of a city from a tabula rasa state is different from the way Aldo Rossi described and perceived through his analysis of a city as an amalgamation of individual artefacts.6 The etch drawing of “Lotus” of him in 1976 visualized his theory of a city, which as a continuity of imagination and collective memories is not only determined by space but also time, by topography and form, a place with a succession of both ancient and recent events. In his mind, the city combines memories from every single person and building, and in this way it draws power and domination from the collective. This can be seen as a fundamental character of the Roman civitas, a gathering of people of different origins who decide to coexist under the same law, the political forms of coexistence which created a totality.7
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By Rossi’s standard, Las Vegas is a city of the moment, individuality here is overlooked as the memories are limited, enforced, and constrained by the native functionalism. It is the shaping, the continuous feedback process between form and event, that be regarded as the ideal way to form the city. Therefore, the collective memories will evoke the economic of the political will, free from the social and economic constraints of a society, which will lead to a formation of autonomous architecture.8 Rossi’s argument helped us to establish a relationship between the physical reality and the mental meanings, between the individual memory, the typology of the fragments and their confrontation with the totality of the city. It leads us to re-imagine an alternative type of humanist architecture and a new type of “public city” constituted with the collective consciousness of all.
Figure 2.12 - L’Architettura assassinata, 1976. Figure 2.13 - Aldo Rossi, Lotus, 13 Dec 1976.
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“Architecture, as a way of thinking, requires something outside of itself. It requires something to think about. The point is simple enough, though it seems that, because of the incessant pressure towards the production of a tangible, built object, architects have become more likely to lose sight of architecture’s fundamental capability to evaluate subjects. This suggests not only a deficiency in the culture of contemporary architectural practice, but also a deficiency in the forms of media we utilize.� - Daniel Martinez
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Everything strats
with property
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Figure 3.1 - Hector Gavin, Sanitary Ramblings, 1848.
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Land Right to the City Global Conceptions
“The slum is a poor immigrant quarter of overcrowded rooms, sweatshop manufacturing, poverty-stricken churches, broken-down schools, cheap retail shops, saloons, vice, and political corruption. Here the strong prey upon the weak; the ordinary man or woman trying to make a decent living and trying to lead a normal family life is continually harassed. Many are totally defeatd.” - Michael Harrington’s “The other America” , 1963.
Recent News 1. “数据动画带你 看：北京清退「低 端人口」，影响多 大？未来如何？ ｜端传媒 Initium Media.” [cited 2017]. Available from https://theinitium.com/article/20171201-mainland-Beijing-uprooted-data/.
of
Displacement
The displacement in Daxing, Beijing started with an accidental fire happened in one of the low rental unit hotels which was overly inhabited by immigrant workers. It is this accident, ignited by an aging electrical wire, caused a casualty of nineteen deaths and eight injures. The government immediately started a regional investigation searching for illegal temporary rental hotels running without permits or with risks of fires or other hazards. In less than a week, thousands of low income workers were forcefully evicted, with notification given only 3-4 days in advance. Empty hotels or storages were soon demolished. Because of the limited time given to move, without any subsidies or other remedy arrangements, people have to cheaply sell out or abandon all their personal belongings. There are only two choices, returning back home or paying higher rent for other legal rental units. According to the statistics, except the seven hotels that have already been evicted and demolished, there are still over two hundred locations waiting with uncertainty.1 This event triggered a massive opposition from the
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2. Lunghi A and Wheeler S, 2012. 3
McFarlane C, 2012.
4. Purcell M, 2003, p564-590. 5. Attoh, Kafui A, 2011, p85.
public regarding the inhuman way the government adopted. It is some of the hardest working but poorest paid people who got displaced, who have been contributing to the growing economy, offering cheap labor forces to the booming construction sites and manufacturing factories. This incident is one of many responses to the wave of austerity measures carried out by governments around the global, from Tahrir Square in Cairo to Zuccotti Park in New York, from Gezi Park in Istanbul to Puerta del Sol in Madrid, as a part of an ongoing global financial crisis.2 Although informal settlements and squatted spaces continue to be regarded by states and other international institutions as islands of resistance and/or outcast territories, they are also increasingly viewed as untapped markets and potential spaces of speculative urbanism.3
What
kind of rights?
Who - Evolving Concepts Rights and Right to the
has them? about
City
The right to the city is an idea and a slogan that was first proposed by Henri Lefebvre in his 1968 book Le Droit Ă la ville.4 On this idea, some scholars have treated the right to the city as a collective and socio-economic right to housing or transportation, while others have treated it as a classic liberty right against state surveillance or state interference in public protest.5 Inspecting incidents of dispossessions of squatted land and occupation protests against them around the global, we have to ask who ought to have the right to the city? What is right to the city? Is the right to the city a socio-economic right or a liberty right, a legal right or a moral right, a prima facie right or an absolute right? Rights themselves have long been
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Figure 3.2 - 3.5 - Enforced displacement in Daxing, Beijing, 27 Nov, 2017.
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6. Lefebvre H, 1968, p147-159.
disputed. In kafui’s article, he used comparison of differences between various kinds of rights to illuminate for a better understanding about the right to the city. By comparing three conceptions of rights, which is Wesley Hohfeld’s classic study of legal rights and their internal structure regarding four basic rights - claim rights, liberty rights, powers and immunities; Jeremy Waldron’s generational rights regarding respectively traditional liberties and privileges of citizenship, socio-economic rights, communities, peoples, and groups rights; Ronald Dworkin’s fusion of legal and moral issues and argument on moral right to break the law. The three major conceptions about how rights are composed and defined provide a background when discussing the right to the city, inspecting whether it has been conferred a full set of rights to the individuals or groups, whether it make sense if part of rights being neglected, whether
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it favours the majority or minority and whether it is inner controversial between different individuals and groups. Only after specifying what kind of right is being discussed, can we approach the right to the concept of right to the city.
Origin
and evolving
tions of
Right
to the
ConcepCity
As is mentioned early before, the concept of right to the city derives from Henri Lefebvre’s notion of the right to the city, which exists alongside his long-standing interest in the centrality of space and urban life under capitalism.6 In his writing, he described the city as as an oeuvre, or as a work produced through the labor and the daily actions of those who live in the city. And the right to the city signifies the right to inhabit the city, to produce urban life unaffected by the demands of exchanging value, for inhabitants to avoid being marginalized from urban life. To put it simply,
Lefebvre defines the right to the city most simply as a ‘transformed and renewed right to urban life’. Capitalism as a background or presumption Lefebvre set his conceptions of right to the city on, refrains the discussion within the time period after neoliberalism. What’s the similarities an differences before capitalism or under different political regimes? In order to answer this question, we have to look back history at rights under ancient natural economy which was family based and self-sufficient. Also we have to inspect on Marxist interpretations of contemporary socio-urban phenomena. Then there is also a need to look into evolving conceptions of right to the city derived from the theories of Marxist, and how throughout the history discourses of architecture and urbanism interpreted these ideas.
Pre-market Natural Economies When we observe the formation of ancient rural settlements all around the global, they all followed a similar pattern. This is a history of makeshift rural cottages, precarious and informal rural settlements, experimental housing initiatives and radical autonomous communities.7 The occupation of land was shaped by the family unit under natural economies which bears the character of self-sufficiency. The land and the nature is the resource where man’s physical needs or even spirit depends on. For Marx, this is ‘man’s inorganic body’.
Marx
to
7. Attoh, Kafui A, 2011, p87. 8. Marx, Karl, 1964, p22.
Harvey & Nussbaum
In the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, Marx exposed the intuition that ‘man’ shall continue the transformative dialogue with the self and with nature.8 However, during time of capitalism, this continuity is disrupted by enterprises who
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Figure 3.6 - Paris Commune, 1871 is a photograph by Granger which was uploaded on June 28th, 2012.
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thrived on the labor force from the workers who transforms the matter through means (in control by the hands of few) for the purpose of solely capital accumulation.9 Human significance, introduced by Marx, objected the animal condition workers were reduced into under capitalism, where a material body is utterly deprived of its sprits for capital accumulation for the few. In order to return to the transformative relation with nature, man has to revolutionnize, suggested by Marx, through a collective struggle, to gain back the ownership of means for transforming. In the words of Marx’s own text on the radical revolution led by Paris Commune, ‘this was . . . a revolution not against this or that, legitimate, constitutional, republican, or imperialist form of State power. It was a revolution against the State itself . . . a resumption by the people for the people of its own social life’.
Harvey’s Right
to the
City
As Harvey stated in 2008, The right to the city is far more than the individual liberty to access urban resources: it is a right to change ourselves by changing the city. It is, moreover, a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the processes of urbanization. The freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights.10
9. Claudia, Oana, 2016. 10. Basta, C, 2016.
The word ‘transformation’, which is central in his statement, merges and evolves from Marx’s conception of the ‘transformative dialogue that man should maintain with nature’. Shifting from nature to the urban dimension, Harvey emphasized on the idea of urban transformation as an mean of self-transformation. The right to the city is the collective right ‘to change ourselves by changing the city’.
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11. Harvey, David, 2013, p24.
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Based on the conceptions derived from Marx’s interpretations of capitalism, Harvey argues that Cities are crucial in satisfying capitalism’s perpetual ‘need to find profitable terrains for surplus production and absorption’.11 Under capitalism, the city is exclusively conducted by private interests pursing surplus value, which means only an small group of urban elites can control and manage surpluses but mainly for their own goods. The perpetual need to find profitable terrains for surplus production and absorption by running credit and subprime mortgage, by creating needs, by rapid urbanization under the background of emerging trend of globalization of elites and capital, by spreading the locally fiscal and financial risks around the world. Surplus absorption through urban transformation entailed repeated urban restructuring through “creative destruction”. This process always has been against certain classes since it is usually the poor, the underprivileged
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and those marginalized from political power that suffer first and foremost from this process. However, rapid urbanism under globalization isn’t as simple as only a way to absorb surplus value. It serves to maintain or even increase the power of the elites beyond current hegemony. As analyzed by Friedman about cosmopolitan elites and the re-configuration of the state, he argued that the globalization of the elites, the separation of the state from the nation and a combination of structural changes in political strategy have emptied politics of its former ideological content. This is shown in the emergence of New Public Management through transnational capitals as an eventual replacement for democratic regime, one that appears easiest to apply at the local, even the regional or the global level, since it can go unnoticed without contradictions by the majority of citizens whose concentration are shifted or used within
Figure 3.7 - Lower East Side, 1980s. Figure 3.8 - May 27, 1991. A Pakistani immigrant’s store on Avenue A is looted.
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12. Hansen and S. Bislev, 2000, p27. 13. Nussbaum M, 2002.
local populism. The interests groups under NPM regime try to steal the democratic concepts from a diametric dualism society and replace them with ‘management techniques, which are said to provide the same benefits as classical democratic institutions: to be responsive to customers is equivalent to democratic control, measuring performance is the essence of accountability, choice is pluralism, etc’.12 This pursue of absolute power through transnational capitals explains why the TPP, Trans-Pacific Partnership, is being discussed secretly away from the public. An example of conducting higher principles instead of representing the people’s will. Thus, at this point, what Harvey has argued, a collective democratic power represents equally each individual is needed to re-distribute the surplus value, re-claim the places and rights which belong to the majority before, is of vital importance not only as rights regained to the city, also to the globe.
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Nussbaum’s Idea of Human dignity & Capabilities Grounded also on Marx’s conception of Human significance, Nussbaum developed her conception focused on CHC - central human capability - which is ‘controlling the environment’.13 Different from Harvey, who remains faithful to Marx’s analysis of dispossession as class phenomenon, and evolves it into an idea of right to the city – a right that should be exercised collectively by those who are deprived of it. Nussbaum, however, does not follow the typical Marxist reasoning at the scale of collective power, nor has the tendency of grouping individuals into classes of individuals. She focuses on the concrete freedoms, and autonomy of choice, of each human being in a diverse but also fragmented world. A complete rights both in political form and material form. And to make sure one is entitled to
function as a human being, to live a life with dignity and thus to secure the corresponding capabilities to function in reality. Discussing her conceptions brings us back to the fist part of this article, which emphasizes on the completeness of rights conferred to individuals and whether they are functioning. ‘Having the rights to adequate shelter, for example, doesn’t mean that the person is concretely capable of having one or the society in which she lives enforces such right concretely, or what is considered ‘adequate’ in that society isn’t effective for this person. What should be focused on is the well-being of the people living in this ‘adequate’ condition.
Conclusion To discuss right to the city is to protect rights from aggressive capitalism diminishing fundamental human rights. To revolutionize not only concerning the rights we should be entitled, but how they are functioning equally and corresponding to various human capabilities. If we take right to property for example, claim right concerns owning a duty or asking for duties on others not to trepass. Liberty right conversely means free of any duty, allowing proprietors to do what they want with their property. Seen as secondary rights by Hohfeld, power is the ability to change a legal relation to sell or give away property. While an immunity is to be free of another’s legal power, to be protected from state confiscation. It would be different if the right to the city only comprises parts of the four rights listed above.
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Figure 3.9 - Homeless settlement being cleared in Manhattan’s East Village, near Tompkins Square, 1991. Elizabeth Felicella.
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“One can say that the city itself is the collective memory of its people, and like memory it is associated with objects and places. The city is the locus of the collective memory.� - Aldo Rossi
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Housing as Solution?
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Figure 4.1 - 4.4 - The televised demolition of Pruitt-Igoe sparked widespread discussion over what precisely caused the project to fail so dramatically. ImageCourtesy of Wikimedia user Cadastral (Public Domain).
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Housing as the solution Capabilities and Limitation
“It happens as with cages: the birds without despair to get in, and those within despair of getting outr.”
Pruitt-Igoe -
- Michel Eyquem, seigneur de Montaigne, Upon some Verses of Virgil, chap. v.
1.
Jencks, Charles, 2002, p6.
2. Housing Act of 1949 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index. php?title=Housing_ Act_of_1949&oldid=809130672.
its
Rise
and
Fall
“Modern architecture died in St. Louis, Missouri on July 15, 1972, at 3.32 pm”.1 This famous declaration by architecture critic Charles Jencks still echoes when one tries to figure out the reason behind the failure of Pruitt-Igoe, the public housing proposed to fight against the ills of poverty and urban blight but failed. Like many emerging housing projects at that time, Pruitt-Igoe was a reaction to the increasing urban population after the World War II. A decline in urban living condition caused by the over populated environment and the lack of updated infrastructure pushed a large number of people from wealthy classes to the suburb, a place promoted by developers as the new found land for a reclamation of the “American Dream”. The massive losses of businesses and tax income following the suburbanization deteriorated the existing urban condition, making vacant communities be gradually occupied with slums, the so-called “blight” at that time. The “Housing Act of 1949” is introduced to end the blight condition within the urban area, funding or loaning for urban renewal projects which can substitute slums with new affordable housing.2
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3. Bauman, John F., Roger Biles, and Kristin M. Szylvian, 2000, p74. 4. Marshall, Colin, The Guardian, April 22, 2015. 5. Sennott, R. Stephen, 2004, p1066. 6. Lawrence J. Vale, 2013, p288. 7. Featured Plan: Smithsons’ Golden Lane Project (1952).2013. 8. Sert, José Luis, 1944, p121. 9. Richard Longstreth, 2006, p6. 10. Turner, John F. C., 1976, p12.
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Pruitt-Igoe as one example after the housing act, was developed during the transition time of annihilating the “separate but equal” law.3 Although the result is an integrated community from outlook, the existing idea of segregation still remains in the public, most of the original white residents moved out, followed by the black residents who can afford single family houses elsewhere. The remaining are the people who were unable to afford other places but here.4 Since the beginning Pruitt-Igoe had been subjected to the limited budget. Ideas like mixing low-rise units, playgrounds, ground-floor restrooms, additional landscaping were never built into reality. The cost-efficient idea of skip-stop elevators, elevated sidewalks for gathering and safe community life, all ended up contributed to the increasing criminal activities and vacancy.5 The following housing
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acts tended to favour private sector more to execute the urban renewal projects, trying to make housing industry more profitable by housing the “not-so-poor”.6 Similar situations also happened to the brutalist housing estate Robin Hood Gardens, designed by Alison and Peter Smithson based on their utopian idea from their competition entry project “Golden Lane”. As described in their statement, the proposed “streets in the air” are going to connect clusters of flats, accessible to residents from above and below. The concentrated pedestrian circulation system was supposed to create a sense of community and bring humanity back to the modern housing projects. In reality, the imagined sense of community, flexibility, adaptability, and orientation to pedestrian are all remained in the illusion.7 The inhuman scale of the structure, which against the human scale in urban planning by Josep
Lluís Sert, became a disaster for the surrounding urban environment.8 A doomed fate of demolition also happened in the summer of 2017. It’s not fair to criticize their architectural design as the only reason behind their failure. Lack of maintenance founding, deeply-rooted racism, poorly-designed housing policy, focus on quantity instead of quality, etc, these all are responsible for the irretrievable condition. But on the other hand, the increasing land speculation from the private sectors also pushed the speed of these urban renewal projects. Both the demolition processes of these two projects involved unpleasant stories of forced evictions, presented the ugly side of the concept of urban renewal. As stated by Richard Longstreth, the renewal started from the wholesale destruction of neighbourhoods we would rush to preserve today; to forced relocation
and, with it, community dissolution, primarily affecting underprivileged minority communities; to largescale commercial development, with cold, anonymous-looking architecture that is incompatible with the urban fabric around it; to vast, little used pedestrian plazas; to boundless accommodation of motor vehicles, including freeway neworks destined to augment, rather than relieve, congestion almost from the time of their completion, and immense parking garages that dwarf all that is around them.9 All the discussion above leads us to rethink about the scheme, the system behind these projects, to answer the questions brought up by John F.C. Turner in his book “Housing by people” - who decides what for whom.10 Figure 4.5 - Collage view of Smithsons’ Golden Lane project. Figure 4.6 - “Street in the air” of the Smithsons’ Golden Lane project, 1952.
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11. Balterman Lee, 1972, p93.
Newman’s Defensible Space After the failure of Pruitt-Igoe and other emergences of criminality and vandalism under the current housing scheme, many attempts had been made to find out the solutions. One major study is published in Oscar Newman’s book, “Defensible space”. In his study, he tried to measure the effects of the physical layout on the residents’ vulnerability to crime.11 As stated by Newman of the goal of the concept, “to return to the productive use of residents the public areas beyond the doors of individual apartments: the hallways, lobbies, grounds, and surrounding streets - areas which are now beyond the control of inhabitants.” He concluded four elements of physical design that contribute to the secure environments. sense of territoriality:
As also been recognized by the work
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of Jane Jacobs, Newman brought up the concept of territoriality again to emphasis on the importance of a sense of ownership and involvement in the housing community which will in turn trigger a better collective maintenance. natural surveillance:
The ideas of “eyes on the street” focus on the greater feeling of security from the constant observation from other inhabitants. But Newman also stressed that observation only may not be effective, other means of surveillance should also be combined. anti-stigma image:
Newman advocated that public housing should not have a certain typology. The distinctiveness of design of most public housing project forced them to stand out and be recognizable. The differentiation contributes in a negative way in marginalizing the people within.
Figure 4.7 - Revised Lobby of Bronxdale Houses has new intercom/phone, entry door locations and closed circuit TV, used by tenant monitors. Figure 4.8, 4.9 - Newman’s adjustment to the circulation space for Sarah Lawrence College based on the natural surveillance.
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Figure 4.10 - “Thought bubble” above seats on New York subway cars, 1996.
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milieu:
The living standard of the residents is also one important factor. As mentioned by Newman, not only the size and number of amenities should be considered, but also the inherent idea of lifestyle they try to symbolize and offer.
Hope VI, Inclusive
or
Exclusive
Although the ideas behind Newman’s defensible space still have instrumental meanings for community design, but his intention to limit the number of welfare-subsidized housing and antagonization against welfare-dependent tenants remained controversial.1 Gradually accepted by mainstream assumptions as the scheme for public housing design, Newman’s ideas were set as the foundation for the later program, HOPE VI. Intended to sanitize and update the reputation of the earlier pre-modernist housing
models, this program proposed to normalize the appearance of public housing by way of mixing people of different income.2
1.
In reality, focusing on blaming “cultures of poverty” itself, people forgot that most often these forcefully displaced tenants were some of the hardest working but poorest paid people, that it’s the inherent structural employment and racism is to be blamed. The “One Strike and You’re out” bill signed by President Clinton in 1996 accelerated the eviction speed.3 Accroding to the HUD, only 24 percent of “the total households relocated” had returned to HOPE VI sites.4 Thus housing no longer considers the poorest, but recuperates its selectivity which favours households with stable records of employment. Thus the de-concentration of poverty became a new strategy for the government to clear their way for rejuvenating the deteriorated urban blocks.5
4. Hope Vi 2017. https://en.wiki-
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Smith, Neil, 1999, p98-105.
2. Turner, et al, Jun 2007. 3. Tracy, James, Spring 2008.
pedia.org/w/index.php?title=HOPE_VI&oldid=813161383.
5. Lawrence J. Vale, 2013, p287.
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1.
Turner, John F. C., 1976, p32.
2. Freeman, Lisa. Other/Otherness.2010. 3. Fillitz, Thomas and A. Jamie Saris, 2013, p30. 4. Hall, Peter, 2014, p149. 5. 6. Martin, Richard and Ashna Mathema
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Housing By People Back to the question of “Who decides what for whom”, there seems to be endless interoperation. As stated by Tuner, it is the alienation of everyday life by the organizations who reify activities and institutionalize their values deprives the vast majority of us.1 This also echos with Edward Said’s Critique of Orientalism, a process of othering, which creates overtly generalized perceptions of particular groups of people based on behaviours associated with a stereotypical notion of place.2 The control and power through the alienation and othering, as mentioned by Edward Sapir, only end up offering us an insignificant and culturally abortive share in the satisfaction of the immediate wants of mankind, leaving us further deprived of both opportunity and stimulation to share in the production of new utilitarian values. Thus people become no better than
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drayhorses, listless consumers of goods with no least impress of our personality.3 Then the question in the beginning may shift to one brought up by Barnet and Müller, that which to choose between heteronomy (other-determined) or autonomy (self-determined) in personal and local matters.4 In this perspective, it make more sense to look at the experimental project PREVI. The inspiring part is to see how progressive development the people can achieve withs limited local resources, how the government should change their role to administrate services, guarantee fair share of available resources and provide complementary infrastructure that can be shared and accessed by all.5 Then we can achieve the ideal state of putting communities in the driver’s seat state.6
Figure 4.11, 4.12, 4.13 - Jean-Louis Cohen Nid d’abeille-Sémiramis, Casablanca.
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“He is happy who lives in accordance with complete virtue and is sufficiently equipped with external goods, not for some chance period but throughout a complete life.� - Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1101a10.
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Less is enough?
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Figure 5.1 - Le Corbusier sits in library discussing the new monastery, photo by René Burri, 1946. Figure 5.2 - Couvent de la Tourette, © 1959, Lucien Hervé.
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Less is enough?
Asceticism
as a
Way
of
Living
In Aureli’s recent book, Less is enough: on architecture and asceticism, he eulogize the idea of asceticism as a way of living. By quoting Max Webber, who believed that asceticism paves the way for a profound transformation of human subjectivity, giving it the capacity to undertake the continual adjustments of the inner self that required by the economic process of capitalism,1 Aureli reaffirmed that the internalization of man by the process of self repression made humans more human.2
Figure 5.3 - Rem Koolhaas, Elia Zenghelis, Madelon Vriesendorp, Zoe Zenghelis. Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture: The Strip (Aerial Perspective). 1972 | MoMA. Figure 5.4 - Rem Koolhaas, Elia Zenghelis, Madelon Vriesendorp, Zoe Zenghelis. Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture, The Strip, project. 1972.
1.
Aureli, Pier Vittorio, 2013, p8.
2. Aureli, Pier Vittorio, 2013, p9.
The pilgrimage to inner peace has always been a struggling journey for mankind. The resorting to other worldly, to different religions, parties, collectivity or even substances, still functions as the alternative way nowadays for people to get away from the senses of uneasiness, uprootedness and precocity generated from the modern society. Monastery is one formalized representation of the asceticism. The Convent of La Tourette finished in 1960 is Le Corbusier’s final building completed in Europe. His intention is “to give the monks what men today need most: silence and peace...
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Figure 5.5 - Rendering of 6 prototypes, Absalon, 1992. Figure 5.6 - Absalon, “Modèles des cellules habitables,” 1991 Photo: Ethan Hayes-Chute.
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Figure 5.7 - Absalon, Solutions, 1992, Video, color, sound | 7:30.
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3. Souza Eduardo, Dec 15, 2017. 4. Aureli, Pier Vittorio, 2013, p9. 5. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p197. 6. Feaver Dorothy, Mar 02, 2017.
This Monastery does not show off; it is on the inside that it lives.”3 This contestation of contemplation and reconciliation with nature against the smothering growing economic and social inequality offered another possibility of solitude and concentration, which our “productive” and “social” life tend to eliminate.4 We can also find this idea of escape in other design experiments. In 1972, under the influence of Ungers’ city within the city concept, Koolhaas and Zenghelis proposed the project Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture. By using the phrase “voluntary prisoner”, as a metaphor for the inhabitant of the metropolis in its most exacerbated situation, they want it to serve an extreme version of communitarian citizenship based on self-imposed closure.5 And this self-alienation of these voluntary prisoners represents their acceptation of the reality that the city is made of separation
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and exclusion instead of unity and inclusion. Absalon’s bold manifestation, 6 prototypes, is another design experiment which focused on the idea of centring on self rather than others. As opposing the idea from Thomas More, who perceived an ideal society as the one opening up of private life,6 Absalon’s “solution to living in society” is the introduction of “Cellules”, a series of portable houses for people to live alone. Each prototype presented a combination of the same basic features, providing a minimal way of living: every house has slit windows, a desk top, an integrated shower and toilet with a moveable grid, a futon mounted on a shelf. The acetic discipline of monastic life inspired him as a way of self-preservation. And the nomadic idea behind these prototypes presents his alternative way of living in modern society.
“The eternal silence of these infinite spaces frightens me.” - Blaise Pascal, Pensées
Figure 5.8 - From Andrei Tarkovsky’s “Sculpting in time”.
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Figure 5.9 - Hannes Meyer, Introduction to the Co-op Zimmer, “The New World” (Die neue Welt), “Der Standard”, 1926. Figure 5.10 - ATIRA Women’s Resource Society CEO Janice Abbott in one of the newly renovated rooms at the Empress Rooms in Vancouver, BC Friday, December 6, 2013. The Empress Rooms has 36 rooms and are a new housing resource for women at risk of homelessness and violence in the Downtown Eastside.JASON PAYNE / PNG.
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And we can trace this idea back to Hannes Meyer’s Co-op Zimmer, 1926, which emphasized on the autonomous individual among the collective and created a technological utopia transforming the man into a “semi-nomad”.7 Although by creating this image of minimal space equipped with standardized basic objects, Meyer intended to show how the mobility can present endless possibilities of liberal definition of modern man, how by reducing the people into an biological agglomeration of needs the modern productive system can offer people the freedom of investment, economics, simplification and relaxation. But there are still intrinsic contradictions between his idea and the reality. As long as the society is based on inequality, the egalitarian modern living with everyone owing his own room, which requires a fundamental overthrow of the existing capital society, will never be realistic. And we also
need to ask that will the outcome be like what Meyer imagined at the beginning? As stated by Tafuri, “to become a machine, to universal proletarianization, to forced production, in revealing the ideology of the plan all too explicitly, cannot fail to arouse suspicion as to their real intentions”.8 Thus the question of the minimum dwelling is therefore not a question for architecture only: it is above all a social and political question.
7. Meyer, Hannes, 1926. 8. Tafuri, Manfredo., 1976, p160.
Almost a hundred years later, it is shocking to see how the outlook of the interior in the SROs - (Single Room Occupancy) in Vancouver resembles that of Meyer’s Co-op Zimmer. Here the habitants don’t view mobility as a privilege, The psychological and spiritual emptiness is all they can feel within the room, but the inaccessibility and alienation from the consumer society also make the single room a place to be.
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“Man was conscious of himself only as a member of a race, people, party, family, or corporation - only through some general category. In Italy this veil first melted into air; an objective treatment and consideration of the state and of all things of this world became possible. The subjective at the same time asserted itself with corresponding emphasis; man became a spiritual individual, and recognized himself as such.� - Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, 1960.
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Is there an ideal city?
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Figure 6.1 - Attributed to André, Sketch of the plan of a community... ‘ based on equality, liberty, fraternity, unity, the eternal principles of which result in: happiness’. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, Départment des Imprimés. Figure 6.2 - Projet Phalanstère, Charles Fourier, terre ferme, 1832, industrielle.
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Is there an ideal city?
“The mode of production of material life determines the general character of the social, political and spiritual processes of life.�
Utopian
- Karl Marx, Selected writings in Sociology and Social Philodophy, 1859.
1.
Ruth, Eaton., 2002, p125.
2. Kreis, Steven, May 7, 2017.
as the
Future?
Since the Renaissance, efforts of architects and planners have never ceased to create the ideal city from their visions by romantically proposing experimental communities, urban models, or by offer literary description.1 Among then there were liberals, conservatives, rationalists, idealists, Catholics, atheists, revolutionaries and reactionaries, all with different ideologies, but all share the same core character, believing that the the imagination of the individual should determine the form and content of all.2 Through the Romantic movement, the French Revolution and till the Industrial Revolution, these idealists or socialists, later labeled by Marx and Engels as utopians ignorant of the realities of class struggle and the deep-rooted economic causes that the urban situation reflected, were deemed by the public as fanatics with the zeal of the religious prophet. But it’s still necessary to understand some of their thinkings about the way to deal with the massive challenges within the industrial society. In his phalanstery proposal, he emphasized the natural passions of people and believed that by grouping them according to their passions, universal
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3. Ruth, Eaton., 2002, p127. 4. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p199.
Figure 6.3 - The panoptic state is seen as a monolithic structure, inspired by Foucault’s panopticon, 2017.
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harmony could be achieved. He envisioned that the world will evolve into a state-free society based on shared ownership, management and profits.3 In the later political study by Ungers after moving to the United States in 1969, he initiated a series of researches into the historical examples of communal life in America. Against Marx’s critique of utopian socialist communes as ineffective and irrelevant in changing the general organization of the society, he thought that the social and political aspects of these communities may provide a viable urban paradigm echoing his previous idea of the city as a collective dimension.4 Similar to the monastery idea, the radical social lifestyles voluntarily adopted by the habitants formulated an autonomous system, enabling the people to build their villages as self-sufficient places. And these communities in Ungers’s mind were
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the prototypes of “concrete utopia” that can exist independently from the urban centres. The Shakers as one example, Ungers observed its organization based on communal life without private property, where all facilities were for collective use. But it’s later horrifying stories may remind us how these ideal principles could end up into a moral nightmare. Still the reality of the existences of idealogical will of a community to separate itself from the rest of society led Ungers to believe in his idea of the “city as an archipelago of limited parts”. And it imagined a new political prototype of a city where residents can control their own independence through reclamation of land and architecture. However there came the question of how in this regime social and economic segregation can be avoided? Do we envision a more unified
Figure 6.4 - Amanas, 1842-1932, relig.
Figure 6.5 - Hutteriten, 1874-heute, relig.
Figure 6.6 - Perfektionisten, 1848-1880, relig.-sozial.
Figure 6.7 - Owenites, 1825-1828, sozialistisch.
Figure 6.8 - Fourierites, 1842-1858, sozial.
Figure 6.9 - Shakers, 177o- aussterbend, relig.
Figure 6.10 - Rappisten, 1805-1905, relig.
Figure 6.11 - Moravians, 174o-ca.I85o, relig.
Figure 6.12 - Icarians, 1848-1898, sozial.
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Figure 6.13 - François Mansart, hôtel de la Villière, 1635. carving a regular space within the intricacy of the city. Figure 6.14 - Elia Zenghelis, Hotel Sphinx in Times Square, New York, 1975, axonometric view (painting by Zoe Zenghelis). 4.3 François Mansart, Hôtel de la Villière, 1635. Carving a regular space within the intricacy of the city.
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society or a more divided one? Or is the question itself a pseudo-proposition. In previous argument, I compared the interior outlook of Vancouver DTES SROs with Hans Meyer’s Co-op Zimmer. And it’s interesting when I found that most of these SROs’ names end with Hotel. When the typology first emerged and adopted by the new aristocracy, it was regarded as a new monumental response to the old medieval urban fabric.5 But the intrinsic character of the collective of different owners remains the same. Therefore, hotel as an prototype, brought together different elements in one universally uniformity and regularity which can be repeated everywhere within the city. In a way, it will lead to in Le Muet’s definition a more “generic city” made of middle-class composed of every type of person. Influenced by Ungers’s work and ideas, Koolhaas, in his book
Delirious New York emphasized on the possibility of hotel architecture as a new “cities within cities”.6 Both Zenghelis’s Hotel Sphinx (1975) and Koolhaas’s Welfare Palace Hotel (1976) envisioned the vertical city as a solution to the housing problem. Both projects consists of a base containing collective facilities, and towers including hotel rooms and more private shared facilities. As mentioned by Aureli, the two projects addressed the extreme individual anonymity and a seemingly limitless potential for encounter, allowing maximum flexibility and indeterminacy in its interior.7 This improved version of Co-op Zimmer with added shared amenities, different from Fourier’s phalanstery which is away from urban centres, is located intentionally by Koolhaas and Zenghelis as a contestation and manifestation against the existing urban fabric the way first hotel did centres ago.
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5. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p155. 6. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p213. 7. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p218.
Figure 6.15 - Balmoral Hotel, Vancouver Downtown Eastside, photo by Robert Karpa.
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Figure 6.16 - Ludwig Hilberseimer, Hochhausstadt, 1924. Urbanization as a totalizing superimposition of mobility, living, and work. Architecture is replaced by the endless repetition of identical urban systems.
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Figure 2.3 Karl Marx Hof, plan and view of forecourt, Karl Ehn, Figure1927–1930 6.17 - Karl Marx(Wiener Hof, view ofStadtforcourt,und karl Elm, 1927 - 1930 (Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv, Fotoarchiv Gerlach, FC1: C2961). Landesarchiv, Fotoarchiv Gerlach, FC1: C2961).
centuries. The superblocks created spaces that were both open and closed; that were available for circulation and public use but also enclosed within the built-up circumference of the city block; that overlapped with the existing urban grid but undermined the logic of its order. They accomplished this by replacing the existing ‘analytical’ structure of streets, blocks and open -63squares with ‘synthetic’ multi-purpose, multi-use NOMADIC CITY spaces that blurred the boundary between public and private. They did this without destroying the existing scale and fabric of the city, and without changing either the development plan (Generalregulierungsplan) or the building codes in effect at the time.14
Selected Precedents Study In 1927, Ludwig Hilberseimer announced the design for the vertical city, the Hochhaustadt. Defined himself as an organizer of the production cycle, Ludwig intended to use the overall plan to facilitate the city’s economy and production, while the single inhabitable cell for a basic living for the individual habitant. Thus a city became a “social machine”, devoid of any figurative or individualistic feature, reduced to solely reproductive conditions.1
Figure 6.18 - “Le plan obus Le Corbusier 1930, Alger”. 1.
Hilberseimer, Ludwig, 2012, p33.
2. Tafuri, Manfredo., 1976, p160.
Even Le Corbusier was influenced by the universality of technological production.2 The Obus plan for Algiers in 1930 presented his interpretation of forms and functions under the new industrial age. Although Corbusier proved that the individual cell can be maximumly tailored to different needs, the entire urban machine idea still make us doubted.
3. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p201.
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The Vienna’s superblock, or the socalled Red Vienna built during the social-democratic government of the Austrian capital. Between 1919 and 1934, although the bad economic conditions, the government of Vienna constructed 14,000 new apartments for the working class in the form of this super blocks. As analyzed by Ungers, unlike the homogeneous urban typology Ludwig had proposed, these superblocks were point interventions not based on the overall plan of the city. And different from other ideas like garden cities or Siedlung which isolated the working class from the rest of the society within a fragmented and marginalized district on the periphery of industrial cities, Vienna’s superblock stood within the city.3 Till now the remanence of Red Vienna still is presented in the city, providing over 80% affordable rental housing. Then we have to ask why the superblock survive and thrive in Vienna while the Pruitt-Ig-
Figure 6.19 - 6.21 - Frank Lloyd Wright (American, 1867–1959). Broadacre City. Project, 1934–35.
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Figure 6.22 - Superstudio, The Twelve Ideal Cities, CittĂ 2000, 1971. Centre Georges Pompidou, MNAM-CCI, Paris. Figure 6.23, 6.24 - Superstudio, Continuous Monument, 1969. Superstudio Collection, Florence.
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oe and the Golden Lane mentioned earlier failed? There were also anti-city ideas offering their alternative solutions. In 1932, Frank Lloyd Wright proposed his vision for future city, the Broadacre City. Considering the modern city as the source of diseased values, in order to achieve health, new values had to be established in new environment, the suburb.4 Wright is remembered as the prophet of suburbia and environmental degradation. But the idea of man with all means and resources for the pleasure of life still fascinates audience as a unrealistic fantasy. In the end, which part of the discourses should we chose or abandon in today’s globalized society and for the upcoming third industrial revolution? 30 years ago, Superstudio’s continuous monument, a gridded superstructure that would wrap around the world, critiqued the way
globalization was swamping the world with local cultures stripped away. People will live in sparse, functional spaces, free of local colour and individual expression.5 Strangely there was not even one interior look in their collages for continuous monument. All were people living a nomadic and traditional way of life which is quite the situation for under-privileged people in the global context. In recent dystopia proposal by Jack Self, he imagined a new housing system functioned like a global chain Hotel under the existing capital society. Each member who pays only a “small” mount of fee can enjoy the forced mobile way of living. It draws us back to the question “Who designed what for whom.” Can this romanticized modern living can provide the inner peace or inner security for the mass public or it’s another Wright style of narcissism.
Figure 6.25 - Jack Self, Empire Hotel: Death on Credit is a cooperatively owned members club, 2015.
4. Novak, Matt, Dec 11, 2017. 5. Glancey, Jonathan, 2003.
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“Technical intentionality presents itself as the determining factor in the construction of a ‘new subjectivity’, which works for the final goal of a ‘new synthesis’: the thread of technical intentionality which weaves its way through the technological civilization ended in integration. But the realization of this integration evidently does not depend solely on the organic character of an ideology of technology but, rather, in large part on the elaboration of a policy of technology.” - Giangiorgio Pasqualotto, Avanguardia e tecnologia, 1971.
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Towards a new City
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Figure 7.1 - Kon Wajiro, Statistic Index Drawing (Tokei Sakuin zu), 1925. Tokyo Ginza Fashion Research, Kon Wajiro Collection, Kogakuin University. Figure 7.2 - Kon Wajiro, Variety of Merchants on Streets (Rojo no Shonin Iroiro), 1925. Suburb and Slum Landscape Research, Kon Wajiro Collection, Kogakuin University.
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Towards a New City Approach and Methodology
“It happens as with cages: the birds without despair to get in, and those within despair of getting outr.” - Michel Eyquem, seigneur de Montaigne, Upon some Verses of Virgil, chap. v.
1.
Kuroishi, Izumi, 2015, p190-216.
Wajiro Kon (1888–1973) was a Japanese designer and architect, but his reputation rests more on his methods and theories than on any specic designs. Having become involved in anthropological fieldwork at an early stage in his career, he used this to analyze the role of material culture in a rapidly changing society. At a time when Japan was fast becoming a modern industrial nation, Kon’s writings presented an unusual “third way”: instead of reasserting the value of traditional crafts, or the wholesale acceptance of modernism, he encouraged designers to study the ways people actually lived and how they related to their surroundings and domestic goods. Of all the styles that were available to his generation, he felt that the rococo, which was abhorred by both modernists and traditionalists—was probably the most useful as a model for domestic design.1 In my design part, I will try to use similar methods to learn the life of people living in precarious condition in order to come up with a dialectic way of design.
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Figure 7.3 - Liuyi Yan, Illustration of DTES Modernology, 2017.
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Figure 7.4 - Liuyi Yan, Illustration of selected postures of homeless people, 2017.
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“The unity is in a process of continual historical transformation and tends to a constant restruction of its equilibrium on still higher levels.� - Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia, 1936.
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A tale of a nomadic city -75-
Background
Globalization never stops generating tensions and conflicts. Under this
background, Vancouver, because of its social and political stability, has become a hotspot attracting global capital and investment, a “Hedge City� in which people buy real estate and store capital as insurance against future uncertainty. The real estate market has gone in a fever for quite a long time and will maintain its growth in the near future. With a growing number of population pouring in, the demand will always be high. Tax methods will only function temporarily. Capital will always find its way into the desired market. And the government will never abandon the real estate development at the sacrifice of economic growth. Housing becomes unreachable as soaring rental prices make even the middle class feel unbearable. More and more people end up being nomadic on the street. But people still struggle to stay and make a living here cause the career opportunities and the convenient and colourful lifestyle. New techniques will emerge in the near future which will massively lower the cost of transforming recyclable materials such as plastic, metal or wood into building materials. Under this presumption, a housing NGO sees the opportunity...
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NOMADIC CITY
Story
A new scheme is designed and proposed to the government.This includes a
service centre where people can choose a basic model mobile unit and start their customization;a short term hostel where people can stay during the assembly; a community centre where people can read, learn and meet up with others; a soup kitchen and a laundromat. Because of the expensive land prices, all are designed to be mobile. With instructions, people can build a mobile shelter themselves using customizable pieces. The basic framework has been designed, all one has to do is to plug in different functions or to expand according to their needs. They can either pay a small amount of money for future expansion or they can do voluntary work such like helping the work of sorting and processing garbage to get credits. The government approved the plan gladly, cause it will alleviate the financial burden of recycling garbage, provide alternative solutions for those who are homeless or cannot afford housing or those who just want to save rent money. It will also improve social security as the precarious people will get occupied with things to do. Street situations will be restored. But in order not to create a more financial burden or hurt the economy, the initial scale will be small as an experimental model in DTES area and the number will be limited and application required.
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The basic model is a 2.2 x 2.2m cubic shape unit. Essential pipes, wires, sockets are embeded in the wall panels. Minimum furniture is provided.
BASIC MODEL
BASIC MODEL
OPTIONAL DINING MODE
BASIC MODEL FOLDED
BASIC MODEL SHOWER MODE
OPTIONAL SLEEPING MODE
BASIC MODEL FOLDED
BASIC MODEL OPTIONAL FURNITURE
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People not only can choose a variety of interior add-ons or furniture, but also lots of exterior plug-ins to help them expand their living space and different functionalities.
ATTIC ROOFCOMPONENT
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WIND TURBINE & SOLAR PANEL
WIND TURBINE & SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL
ATTIC ROOF COMPONENT
BALCONY PLATFORM COMPONENT
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Wide range of pre-designed furniture has been designed. People can order them. They can also customize them and 3D print the pieces using the prinnter in the service centre. Furniture is designed to be foldable and versatile to save space.
LADDER COMPONENT
LADDER COMPONENT
Optional furniture units are all designed to be foldable. Each furniture has multiple functionalities.
Autonomous carts are introduced to help move units around based on the parking conditions along urban roads.
MOBILITY SOLUTION
CUSTOMIZABLE WALL PANELS
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FURNITURE UNFLODING
FURNITURE UNFLODING
FURNITURE UNFLODING
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Although the interior seems to be limited, the NGO really works hard with
architects to take advantage of all the usable space inside and outside. Pieces of Furniture which will support small business are also designed to help the residents to make a living.
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NEWSTAND
BAKERY
THRIFT SHOP
FOOD KIOSK
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A series of mobile service facilities have also been designed and introduced to
the public. These offer a scheme to the people who are homeless and cannot afford housing to support their ways through building their own mobile shelter units. In the service centre, people can pick up basic components, customize add-ons or plug-ins, 3D print optional furniture or customized pieces, make components by hand, etc. In the community centre, people can rest, read, learn, surf the internet, organize meet-ups, etc. Mobile hostels offer temporary solutions to housing. Thus while buidling the units, people can choose to live in a capsule hostel or single-bedroom hostel until the completion of their units. Mobile soup kitchen and laundromat are also introduced to support the existing and forthcoming residents.
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SERVICE CENTRE 0
1000
2000
5000
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COMMUNITY CENTRE 0
1000
2000
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5000
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CAPULE HOSTEL 0
1000
2000
5000
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SINGLE-BEDROOM HOSTEL 0
1000
2000
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5000
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SOUP KITCHEN 0
1000
2000
5000
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The mobile service facilities are designed on the base of regular 8 x 10 ft or 8 x
20 ft containers. Interior furniture pieces are also 3d printed components. Because of the space limitation, expandable structures are also introduced to help enlarge space when needed. Opening and roof designs are based on different functionalities and lighting requirements. Each containter unit sits on and connects to an autonomous mobile cart base which can support different functionalities and store different supplies. Each autonomous cart base can be connected to another cart base by an articulation joint.
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SERVICE CENTRE - WORKSHOP + 3D PRINTING
SERVICE CENTRE - WORKSHOP + CUSTOMIZATION + PREFABRICATED PARTS
SERVICE CENTRE - WORKSHOP + LEISURE + BATHROOM
RECREATION CENTRE - READING + MEETING + LEISURE + ONLINE SURFING
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RECREATION CENTRE - COMMUNNICATION SPACE + BATHROOM
LAUNDROMAT - COMMUNNICATION SPACE + LAUNDRY
CAPSULE HOSTEL - LEISURE + TEMPORARY SHELTER
CAPSULE HOSTEL - LOCKER + SHOWER
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SOUP KITCHEN - KITCHEN + STORAGE
SOUP KITCHEN - DINING SPACE
SOUP KITCHEN - DINING SPACE + BATHROOM
SINGLE BED HOSTEL - TEMPORARY SHELTER
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At the beginning, everything seems to work well, although people compromise
to settle in these shelters, the living standard is still acceptable. Different service facilities help the residennts’ life easier. Infrastructures are built. (charging, water refill, grey water discharge, waste collecting, parking space, etc.) Shared autonomous drones are placed to help move these shelters around.
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It seems that finally people who are under great financial pressure can now have another option to choose. They no longer need to worry about being tied up by soaring housing prices. With the new scheme, people seems to be able to make their own decisions and adapt the units to meet their needs. The control of life seems to be in their hands again.
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Other basic schemes are also designed and promoted through design competi-
tions, students all show extreme eager and passion to come up with new designs that will make a change. All the things seem to be in the right direction.
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People present their creativities and transform the shelters into different small businesses. The once dead street life becomes lively again.
Although the small businesses tend to be low-end, they make huge differences in the life of people who don’t have much job skills or resources.
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However, the real estate market shows no sign of cooling. Everything is in
inflation except the salary. People and capital keep pouring in while more people are pushed away from housing. Local activists call upon the public to join the building of their own mobile units to protest against the large capital and the government. A revolution against the existing stratified society starts. Protest continues and scales up. Under pressure, the government promises to remove the limit and put forward new policies to cool the market down. However, on one hand, the effect again is little. On the other, mobile shelters start to explode in number. The ones built with recycled materials occupied streets and parks along with other RVs. Things seem to go out of control. Growing complains from high-end neighbourhood force the government issue a new order to limit the area that allows parking of these shelters.
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Developers who want to turn their blight land surrounded by mobile shelters into profit hire star architects to design new types of towers (when flying vehicles are just going to start off) in the blighted area which will leave the entire ground area free for occupation with essential infrastructure. Above there will be mechanics, parking, affordable rate apartment, market-rate apartment, condos, townhouses, single-family houses and a luxury mansion on the top. There will be public facilities or parks between each section, and public transit station (for flying buses) on the second floor accessible by stairs or elevators from the ground level and from upper-level residents by interior elevators. Proposals are shown to the government. Developers use every method to lobby the officials to get relaxation on density and to get approved to build the design. Again, the design seems to offer enough affordable units and also offer to build infrastructure for the mobile shelters, the government approves the plan again.
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The End, New Beginning?
Although protests against the new development go on in front of the construction
site of these new types of towers, with the special approval, developers jointly start the construction without hesitation. And not long after, the buildings are finished helped by new construction methods. The whole area becomes a world-class first innovative neighbourhood designed based on the new flying transportation. People who used to follow the revolution moved back onto the towers, although the rent is a little bit high, they can still manage to make the ends meet with their monthly earnings. The only ones left are the people who were poor and homeless at the beginning and are still like that. Although now they have a better living condition. They still remain to be at the bottom of the society. New equilibrium emerges and waits for the next revolution.
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CITY WITHIN CITY
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CITY WITHIN CITY
Notes Architecture and its Duality 1. Eaton, Ruth. Ideal Cities: Utopianism and the (Un) Built Environment. London; New York, N.Y: Thames & Hudson, 2002, p41. 2. Larry, I. Mitnick. John Hejduk: the Riga Project. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The University of the Arts,The Rosenwald-Wolf Gallery and The Great Hall, 1987, p23. 3. Tafuri, Manfredo. Architecture and Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1976, p150-p169. 4. Hart, W. D. and Cambridge Books. The Evolution of Logic. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p265-7. 5. Venturi, Robert and Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.). Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. 2d -- ed. New York;Boston;: Museum of Modern Art, 1977, p16. 6. The Possibility of an Absolute Architecture. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2011, p180. 7. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p212.
Architecture as Symbol, Label 1. Venturi, Robert, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour. Learning from Las Vegas. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1972, p22. 2. Venturi, Robert, 1972, p23.
4. Purcell M (2003) Citizenship and the right to the global city: Reimagining the capitalist world order. Inter- national Journal of Urban Regional Research 27:564–590. 5. Attoh, Kafui A. 2011. What kind of right is the right to the city? Progress in Human Geography 35 (5): 669-85. 6. Lefebvre H (1968 [1996]) Le Droit à la ville. In: Kofman E and Leban E (eds) Writings on Cities. Oxford: Blackwell, 147–159. 7. Attoh, Kafui A, 2011, p87.
11. Harvey, David and ACLS Humanities E-Book. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. Paperback ed. New York;London;: Verso, 2013, p24.
6. Rossi, Aldo and Peter Eisenman. The Architecture of the City. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1982, p12. 7. Aureli, Pier Vittorio and Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture. The Project of Autonomy: Politics and Architecture within and Against Capitalism. 1st ed. New York: Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture, 2008, p7.
1. Jencks, Charles. The New Paradigm in Architecture: The Language of Post-Modernism. London;New Haven;: Yale University Press, 2002, p6. 2. Housing Act of 1949 2017. https://en.wikipedia. org/w/index.php?title=Housing_Act_ of_1949&oldid=809130672.
Recent news of Displacement
3. Bauman, John F., Roger Biles, and Kristin M. Szylvian. From Tenements To The Taylor Homes: In Search Of An Urban Housing Policy In TwentiethCentury America. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
1. “数据动画带你看：北京清退「低端人口」,影响 多大？未来如何？｜端传媒 Initium Media.” [cited 2017]. Available from https://theinitium.com/ article/20171201-mainland-Beijing-uprooted-data/.
4. Marshall, Colin. “Pruitt-Igoe: The Troubled Highrise That Came To Define Urban America – A History Of Cities In 50 Buildings, Day 21.” The Guardian. April 22, 2015.
2. Lunghi A and Wheeler S (eds) (2012) Occupy Everything: Re ections on Why It’s Kicking o Everywhere. London: Minor Compositions.
5. Sennott, R. Stephen. Encyclopedia of 20th Century Architecture. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004. p1066.
3. McFarlane C (2012) The entrepreneurial slum: Civil soci- ety, mobility and the co-production of urban development. Urban Studies 49: 2795–2816.
CITY WITHIN CITY
6. Carmon, Naomi, Susan S. Fainstein, and Project Muse University Press eBooks. Policy, Planning, and People: Promoting Justice in Urban Development. 1st ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,
4. Aureli, Pier Vittorio, 2013, p9. 5. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p197. 6. Feaver Dorothy. “Brave Old World: Absalon, Studio International.” Studio International - Visual Arts, Design and Architecture., last modified Mar 02, accessed Dec 11, 2017, http://www.studiointernational. com/index.php/brave-old-world-absalon. 7. Hannes Meyer, “Die neue Welt”, “Der Standard”, 1926. 8. Tafuri, Manfredo., 1976, p160.
Hope VI, Inclusive Exclusive
Utopian as the Future?
1. Smith Neil, Which New Urbanism? The Revanchist ‘90s, Perspecta, Vol. 30, Settlement Patterns, 1999, pp. 98-105.
1. Ruth, Eaton., 2002, p125.
2. Turner, et al. Estimating the Public Costs and Benefits of HOPE VI Investments: Methodological Report. The Urban Institute, June 2007.
12. Salskov-Iversen, D., H.K. Hansen and S. Bislev, Governmentality, globalization and local practice: transformations of a hegemonic discourse, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 25(2), p27.
Pruitt-Igoe-its Rise & Fall
5. Tafuri, Manfredo., 1976, p145.
8. Sert, José Luis. Can our Cities Survive?: An ABC of Urban Problems, their Analysis, their Solutions. Cambridge;London;: Harvard University Press, 1944, p121.
11. Balterman Lee, Defensible space: Alternatives to fear, progressive architecture, Oct 1972, p93.
10. Basta, C. 2016. On Marx’s human signi cance, Harvey’s right to the city, and Nussbaum’s capability approach. Planning Theory.
4. Vinegar, Aron. I Am a Monument: On Learning from Las Vegas. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2008, p64.
3. Souza Eduardo. “AD Classics: Convent of La Tourette / Le Corbuiser.” ArchDaily., last modified Dec 15, accessed Dec 11, 2017, http://www.archdaily. com/96824/ad-classics-convent-of-la-tourette-lecorbuiser/.
10. Turner, John F. C. Housing by People: Towards Autonomy in Building Environments. London: Marion Boyars, 1976, p12.
9. Claudia, Oana, Comparative analysis of the main categories of insurance product with capital accumulation, Journal of Business Economics and Information Technology, VOLUME III, ISSUE 5, Octomber 2016.
3. Tafuri, Manfredo, 1976, p153.
2. Aureli, Pier Vittorio, 2013, p9.
7. Featured Plan: Smithsons’ Golden Lane Project (1952) 2013. GRIDS Blog. http://www.grids-blog.com/ wordpress/plan-of-the-month-smithsons-golden-laneproject-1952/.
9. Longstreth, Richard, The Difficult Legacy of Urban Renewal, CRM JOURNAL, WINTER 2006, p6.
8. Marx, Karl. 1964. Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844. 1st American ed. New York: International Publishers, p22.
13. Nussbaum M (2002) Capabilities and social justice. International Studies Review 4(2): 123–135.
2013, p288.
3. Tracy, James, Hope VI Mixed-Income Housing Projects Displace Poor People, James, Spring 2008. http://www.reimaginerpe.org/node/1811. 4. Hope Vi 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index. php?title=HOPE_VI&oldid=813161383.
2. Kreis, Steven, The Utopian Socialists: Charles Fourier, May 7, 2017. 3. Ruth, Eaton., 2002, p127. 4. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p199. 5. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p155.
Selected Precedents Study
5. Lawrence J. Vale, 2013, p287.
1. Hilberseimer, Ludwig, Richard Anderson, and Pier Vittorio Aureli. Metropolisarchitecture and Selected Essays. Vol. 2-2, New York: GSAPP Books, 2012, p33.
Housing by People
2. Tafuri, Manfredo., 1976, p126.
1. Turner, John F. C., 1976, p32.
3. Aureli, Pier Vittorio., 2011, p201.
2. Freeman, Lisa. Other/Otherness.2010. 3. Fillitz, Thomas and A. Jamie Saris. Debating Authenticity: Concepts of Modernity in Anthropological Perspective. New York: Berghahn Books, 2013, p30.
4. Novak, Matt. “Broadacre City: Frank Lloyd Wright’s Unbuilt Suburban Utopia.” Paleofuture., accessed Dec 11, 2017, https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/ broadacre-city-frank-lloyd-wrights-unbuilt-suburbanut-1509433082.
4. Hall, Peter. Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design since 1880. Fourth;4;4th; ed. Chichester, West Sussex: WileyBlackwell, 2014, p149.
5. Glancey, Jonathan. 2003. “Superstudio: Life without Objects, Design Museum, London SE1.” The Guardian, -03-31T11:43:29.000Z. http://www.theguardian.com/ artanddesign/2003/mar/31/architecture.artsfeatures.
5. Turner, John F. C., 1976, p23. 6. Martin, Richard and Ashna Mathema. Development, Poverty, and Politics: Putting Communities in the Driver’s Seat. Vol. 23.;23;. New York: Routledge, 2010.
Less is enough? 1. Aureli, Pier Vittorio. Less is enough: On Architecture and Asceticism. First ed. Moscow: Strelka Press, 2013, p8.
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Torards a New City 1. Kon, Wajiro. “Selected Writings on Design and Modernology, 1924–47.” West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture 22, no. 2 (2015): 190-216.
Annotated Bibliography
Addition and mental, psychological, physical condition of addicts: - Fix: The Story of an Addicted City. Directed by Nettie Wild. Vancouver, B.C: Canada Wild Productions, 2002. (Story of Vancouver’s adoption of its four pillar drug policy and the struggle of drug users in the Downtown Eastside to gain acceptance in the community.)
- Maté, Gabor. In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2009. (Maté looks to the root causes of addiction, applying a clinical and psychological view to the physical manifestation and offering some enlightening answers for why people inflict such catastrophe on themselves.)
- Maté, Gabor. The Power of Addiction and the Addiction of Power: Gabor Maté at TEDxRio+20. Anonymous 2012. (https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=66cYcSak6nE&index=2&list=PL5Ny0F5gqA0WTFaE7XBt5txAMvyz5382r). (From drugs to power. From the lack of love to the desire to escape oneself, from susceptibility of the being to interior power. Maté looks to the root causes of addiction in general human nature and society culture.)
- Moore, Dawn, Lisa Freeman, and Marian Krawczyk. 2011. “Spatio-Therapeutics: Drug Treatment Courts and Urban Space.” Social & Legal Studies 20 (2): 157-172. (This article explores the intersection of geography, law and treatment through the lens of drug treatment courts.)
City and Urban Culture: - Choi, Julie. 2007. “The Metropolis and Mental Life in the Novel.” New Literary History 37 (4): 707-724. (The work of the early sociologist Georg Simmel provides unparalleled insight into the complex subjective consequences of the growth of an increasingly objective modern culture. This article provides a close reading of Simmel’s famous essay, ‘The Metropolis and Mental Life,’ to argue that the novel is the sustained realistic treatment of mental life in the large context of the money economy encapsulated in the idea of the metropolis.)
- Miles, Malcolm, Iain Borden, and Tim Hall. 2000. The City Cultures Reader. New York; London: Routledge. (The City Cultures Reader provides an accessible overview of the diverse material on the interface between cities and culture.)
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Architecture, Urbanism and sociology: - Culot, Maurice. 1987. Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History The Architectural Association. (Focusing on carefully selected cities at crucial periods in their history, Mark Girouard looks at their architecture and design in the light of the needs of the men and women who lived in them.)
- Dickens, P. G. 1979. “Marxism and Architectural Theory: A Critique of Recent Work.� Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 6 (1): 105-116. (A number of writers are currently trying, as part of an attempt to improve on the relatively impoverished state of architectural theory, to relate the study of building form to Marxism and aspects of semiology.)
- Freeman, Lisa. Other/Otherness.2010. (The classification of Other and the demarcation of Otherness refer to an identification of difference based on race, ethnicity, sex/gender, often under the guise of the exotic and the strange. This Otherness can also be understood (and experienced) as forms of marginalization and exclusion.)
- Gutman, Robert, Dana Cuff, John Wriedt, Bryan Bell, and Inc ebrary. 2010. Architecture from the Outside In. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. (Gutman in his writing andteaching initiated a conversation about the occupants of buildings and the forms, policies, plans, and theories that architects might shape.)
Architecture, housing, socioeconomic, property, land-right: - Aureli, Pier Vittorio. 2011. The Possibility of an Absolute Architecture. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. (Pier Vittorio Aureli proposes that a sharpened formal consciousness in architecture is a precondition for political, cultural, and social engagement with the city.)
- Blomley, Nicholas and Taylor & Francis eBooks - CRKN. 2003. Unsettling the City: Urban Land and the Politics of Property. New York: Routledge. (Short and accessible, this book interweaves a discussion of the geography of property in one global city, Vancouver, with a more general analysis of property, politics, and the city.)
- Harvey, David and Project Muse University Press Archival eBooks. 2010. Social Justice and the City. Rev.; REV - Revis ed. Vol. 1.; 1. Athens: University of Georgia Press. (Harvey analyzes core issues in city planning and policy--employment and housing location, zoning, transport costs, concentrations of poverty--asking in each case about the relationship between social justice and space.)
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- Harvey, David and ACLS Humanities. 2013. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. Paperback. New York; London: Verso. (Rebel Cities places the city at the heart of both capital and class struggles, asks how cities might be reorganized in more socially just and ecologically sane ways—and how they can become the focus for anti-capitalist resistance.)
- Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. Critique of Everyday Life. New York; London: Verso. (A work of enormous range and subtlety, Lefebvre takes as his starting-point and guide the “trivial” details of quotidian experience: an experience colonized by the commodity, shadowed by inauthenticity, yet one which remains the only source of resistance and change.)
- Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. The Production of Space. Cambridge, Mass., USA; Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell. (A search for a reconciliation between mental space (the space of the philosophers) and real space (the physical and social spheres in which we all live))
- Lefebvre, Henri, Stuart Elden, and Gerald Moore. 2004. Rhythmanalysis: Space, Time, and Everyday Life. New York; London: Continuum. (In the analysis of rhythms -- both biological and social -- Lefebvre shows the interrelation of space and time in the understanding of everyday life.)
- Macpherson, C. B. 1985. The Rise and Fall of Economic Justice, and Other Papers. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. (This book elicits the role of economic assumptions in political theory and opens new doors to an understanding of state, class, and property.)
- Martin, Reinhold, Jacob (Program coordinator) Moore, Susanne Schindler, and Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture. 2015. The Art of Inequality: Architecture, Housing, and Real Estate : A Provisional Report. 1st ed. New York: Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture, Columbia University. (This “provisional report” extends the project’s research into the real-world impact of cultural imaginaries, offering glimpses into the operating systems that run beneath housing discourse and shape its vocabulary by directing attention to the subtle ways in which architecture -through housing-lays the groundwork for present dilemmas involving inequality, not simply by casting them in concrete, but by concretely laying out their terms.)
- Nicholas Blomley: Property, Territory and the Right Not to be Excluded. Anonymous 2016. (https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=qLn23dYCwBo&t=20s&index=6&list=PL5Ny0F5gqA0WTFaE7XBt5txAMvyz5382r). (The lecture has a deep insight about property rights and land right.)
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- Otto, Frei, Berthold Burkhardt, and Michael Robinson. 2009. Occupying and Connecting: Thoughts on Territories and Spheres of Influence with Particular Reference to Human Settlement. Stuttgart: Edition Axel Menges. (About urban ecological, human settlements and their organisms, self-autonomy.)
- Riis, Jacob A. 1970. How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (Studies among the Tenements of New York (1890) was an early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s.)
- Saunders, Doug and Ebooks Corporation. 2010. Arrival City: The Final Migration and our Next World. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. (Arrival City offers a detailed tour of the key points in the Great Migration, and considers the actions that have turned this enormous population shift into either a success or a violent failure.)
- Smith, Neil. 1996. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. 1st ed. New York; London: Routledge. (This book challenges conventional wisdom, which holds gentrification to be the simple outcome of new middleclass tastes and a demand for urban living. It reveals gentrification as part of a much larger shift in the political economy and culture of the late twentieth century.)
Modernism & Modernology (Modern archaeology): - Fainstein, Susan S. and James DeFilippis. “Authoritarian High Modernism.” In , 75-93. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (About the vision of society in which social conflict was eliminated in favor of technological and scientific imperatives could embrace liberal, socialist, authoritarian, and even communist and fascist solutions. The world war was the high water mark for the political influence of engineers and planners.)
- Harootunian, Harry D. 2002. Overcome by Modernity: History, Culture, and Community in Interwar Japan. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. (Harootunian not only explains why the Japanese valued philosophical understandings of these events, often over sociological or empirical explanations, but also locates Japan’s experience of modernity within a larger global process marked by both modernism and fascism.)
- Kon, Wajirō. 1971. Kon Wajirō Shū. Tōkyō: Domesu shuppan. (About “modernology”, a branch of sociology which studied the changes in cityscape and people which emerged as a consequence of Tokyo becoming a modern metropolis in the early Showa Era.)
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Postmodernism, Utopia: - BANHAM, R., P. BARKER, P. HALL, and C. PRICE. 1969. “Non-Plan - Experiment in Freedom.” New Society 13 (338): 435-441. (“Non-Plan” was in essence an effort to discredit the role of centralized planning and design in shaping the urban environment. The authors decried the prescriptive interventions of the experts and advocated for what they termed “non-plan” — which is to say, they argued for the removal of regulations and in favor of the “spontaneous” urban development that would follow.)
- Banham, Reyner. 1976. Megastructure : Urban Futures of the Recent Past. New york: Harper & Row. (The author chronicles the rise and fall in popularity of the megastructure concept from its beginnings, under the influence of Le Corbusier, through its interpretations in architecture schools, to the view of it as the architecture of urban exploitation and to its resurgence in the format adopted at the Beaubourg centre, Paris.)
- Coleman, Nathaniel. 2005. Utopias and Architecture. New York; London: Routledge. (Through a detailed and innovative re-assessment of the work of three architects who sought to represent a utopian content in their work, and a consideration of the thoughts of a range of leading writers, Coleman offers the reader a unique perspective of idealism in architectural design.)
- Eaton, Ruth. 2002. Ideal Cities: Utopianism and the (Un)Built Environment. London; New York, N.Y: Thames & Hudson. (The author explores the ability of ideal cities to stimulate reflection and change, and suggests under what conditions they might continue to exercise their vital function in relation to the urban environment of the future. The ideal cities presented exist for the most part in the virtual domain of ideas, treading the fine line between dream and nightmare.)
- Fishman, Robert. 1977. Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. New York: Basic Books. (As Robert Fishman writes of three of urban planning’s greatest visionaries, Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier, they ‘hated the cities of their time with an overwhelming passion. The metropolis was the counter-image of their ideal cities, the hell that inspired their heavens.)
- Jennings, Chris. 2016. Paradise Now: The Story of American Utopianism. First ed. New York: Random House. (Story of five interrelated utopian movements, revealing their relevance both to their time and to our own.)
- Krier, Léon and Max Protetch Gallery. 1880. Leon Krier: Drawings 1967-1980. Bruxelles: Archives d’architecture moderne. (Drawings and utopia social architecture thinking of Leon Krier.)
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- Krier, Léon, Dhiru A. Thadani, and Peter J. Hetzel. 2009. The Architecture of Community. Washington, DC: Island Press. (The book provides a contemporary road map for designing or completing today’s fragmented communities.)
- Martin, Reinhold and Project Muse University Press eBooks. 2010. Utopia’s Ghost: Architecture and Postmodernism, Again. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Moschini, Francesco. 1984. Giorgio Grassi, Progetti 1960-1980. Firenze: Centro Di. (Combining discourse analysis, historical reconstruction, and close readings of buildings, projects, and texts from the 1970s and 1980s, Reinhold Martin argues that retheorizing postmodern architecture gives us new insights into cultural postmodernism and its aftermath.)
- Ragon, Michel. 1986. Histoire Mondiale De L’Architecture Et De L’Urbanisme Modernes. Nouv. éd. mise à jour et augm. ed. Tournai: Casterman. (The author emphasizes the unity of the movement, rejecting the usual treatment that allots to the individual architects separate and unconnected biographical accounts.)
- Rowe, Colin and Fred Koetter. 1978. Collage City. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. (A critical reappraisal of contemporary theories of urban planning and design and of the role of the architectplanner in an urban context. The authors, rejecting the grand utopian visions of “total planning” and “total design,” propose instead a “collage city” which can accommodate a whole range of utopias in miniature.)
- Venturi, Robert and Museum of Modern Art (New York, N Y ). 1977. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. 2d -- ed. New York; Boston: Museum of Modern Art. (A “gentle manifesto for a nonstraightforward architecture,” Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture expresses in the most compelling and original terms the postmodern rebellion against the purism of modernism.)
- Venturi, Robert, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour. 1972. Learning from Las Vegas. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. (A plea for proper architectural humanity and humility as well as a plan for accommodating the desires and values of ordinary people who are too often being dragged along on architectural ego trips and uplift programs. It is also realistic examination of the American vernacular environment-as-it-is and a reexamination of the goal of architecture and the role of the architect.)
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THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE PROGRAM
READING ROOM AUTHORIZATION In presenting this report in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the advanced degree in the Architecture Program at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Architecture Reading Room shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this report for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Chair of Architecture or by this or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.
Liuyi Yan Yongwook Seong
April/26th/2018 Apr 27, 2018.
Name of Author:
Date:
Signature: Title:
BecomingCity Animal Nomadic - A Tale of An Anarchic Way of Living
M.Arch
Degree:
M.Arch
Program:
Architecture Architecture
Year of Graduation Ceremony:
2018 2o18