CLIENT PROFILE
SITE PLAN
The clients to this site are the Ng's. The couple works full time (8am - 5pm) and are without child, but have two beloved dogs. They are socialites who look to entertain their friends regularly at their new address. The site for their new residence is located in the Williamstown, a bay-bearing suburb to the West of Melbourne, with the foreshore immediately on the east. The couple also looks to uildt a pool in the future when funds allow. The couple have chosen a compact house plan and want to take full advantage of their large site for their dogs to play around, as well as to have late afternoon picnics with their friends. Also for this reason they have decided to include two guest bedrooms. The Ng's are both environmentally conscious and requested for the design to employ good passive design strategies, particularly the harvesting of the sea breeze for cooling. They also both work in a solar energy consultancy firm and want to rely on solar energy as much as possible.
SITING & ORIENTATION CONSIDERATIONS
Beach
LEGEND
Telecom Lines
Hot Winds
PCD
Stormwater Lines
Cool Winds Summer Sun Path Winter Sun Path
Premise Connection Device Side Entry Pit
Sewer pipe/ vent
Junction Pit
Sewerage Grid
Legal Point of Discharge
Water Grid
Water Meter
Gas Pipes
Gas grid
Telecom Pit
Water Pipes
Electricity Grid
Sewer pit
Electrical Cable
Drawing No.
A01
Project:
M
Electric Meter Clients:
COCKATOO The Ng's HOUSE
RWT
Rainwater Tank Ventilation
ROOFING & EQUIPMENT
Gravel Gravel/Sand Bed Filter PV Panel Solar Hot Water Panel
Utility Pole
Vegetation/ Lawn
Gas Meter
Water body
Drawn by:
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 914946
VEGETATION
Fig.1
Fig.2
Native shrubs such as Westringia (fig.1) and Banksia (fig.2) crowd the north and east of the house to intercept the hot northen wind and sandy beach gusts. The heat/ drought resistant Zoysia grass lawn (fig.3) is low maintenance and grown across the site.
Apricus Evacuated Tube Panel at 49째
LG Monocrystalline PV panels at 40째
Scale: 1:200 @ A3 Fig.3
Stratco CGI PreLysaght Klip-Lok 406 Roofing at 3째 curving roofing at ~25째
For ease of access, the house is placed at the South-Western corner of the site, allowing the house, entrance path and parking to be concentrated and easily accessed from the adjacent street, as well as leaving a large, unobstructed vista to the beach and plenty of lawn for picnics and the dogs to play around. The distance of the house from the Eastern boundary means that a low fence, not interrupting the view of the beach from the house, is sufficient on that particular side of the boundary. The large empty site also leaves enough area for a future pool. The orientation doesn't follow the cardinally orthagonal directions implied by the site and surrounding streets for the below reasons: 1. The living areas, to the North-Eastern end of the house, take full advantage of the cool sea breeze rushing on shore. 2. At the same time north facing clerestory windows/compound raked roofs in the living room allow for passive solar heating in winter. The louvred verandah has a similar advantage of having solar access in winter and summer. 3. The view from the living areas is diverted away from the tall neighbouring building to the south. 4. Water features and low native foliage around the north and east side of the house cool and divert the hot northen breeze in summer and acts as a barrier to the sandy gusts from the beach. 5. Well insulated bedrooms and utility rooms are riented south-westerly, largely away from sunlight. The incline roof is utlized for north-oriented solar energy harvesting. The master bedroom, the only one used daily, is at the south western corner and makes use of an existing tree's shading to further stop solar heat gain in summer.
Schematic Section (1:75)
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
Kitchen
Electronically controlled clerestory windows create ceiling level ventilation, flushing risen hot air out.
Bathroom
The high, electronically openable clerestory windows allow for cooling westerly breezes to create stack ventilation
Raked eaves to the curving roof allow more sun inside during winter while keeping most of the summer sun out Rammed earth wall providing thermal mass is insulated at the top and against externalities
The external water strip and shrubs cools the hot northern winds in summer
Bedroom 2 Dining
Rammed earth walls and the CSOG store heat from sunlight during the day, and release that heat when there exists ∆T, including at night.
Deck
Living
Bedroom 3 Schematic Section
Master Bedroom (1) & Ensuite
LEGEND
Gravel/Reed Bed Filter
Water Features
From Plan: Winter Sunlight
Exposed Concrete Flooring
Stack Ventilation
Rammed Earth Wall
Summer Sun
Reverse Brick Veneer Wall
Insulation (Against Thermal Bridges)
Cooling Winds
Insulated Stud Wall
Evaporative Cooling
Shurbs/Trees
Uninsulated Stud Wall
Radiant Heat
Cool Winds Hot Winds
Zoysia Grass Lawn Drawing No.
A02
Project:
Additional from Schematic Section:
Outdoor Deck
Clients:
COCKATOO The Ng's HOUSE
Ceiling Level Ventilation
Drawn by:
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 914946
Scale: 1:100 @ A3
OUTDOOR SHADING DESIGN The external louvred pergola is inclines at 25°to the horizontal, similar to their adjacent curved roofs, for aesthetic purposes. Steel louvres are at a further incline of 20°. This combined incline of 45°to the horizontal allows for sunlight to permeate during winter, and for the deck to be shaded otherwise
Good cross-ventilation (from the sea breeze) purges the heat bsorbed by thermal mass materials when it is not needed
The CSGO is insulated where it touches the ground so absorbed heat is not lost without internal benefit
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN
PASSIVE VENTILATION DESIGN
Thermal comfort achieved by means of passive solar heating in winter and shading in summer is most relevant to the living/dining areas of the house, as this is where the Ng's will likely be spending most of their time within their house. The strategies are pointed out in the above schematic section of the house. The other areas of the house simply utilize efficient active heating and good insulation (R3.0-R.4.0) below suspended timber floors, in walls and in the roof to maintain thermal comfort.
The prevalent winds for a beach-bearing site in Williamstown in summer are usually hot winds from the north during the day, and pleasant sea breezes from the east in the afternoon.
In summer, the extended raked eaves block out ~85% of the hot sunlight potentially incidental to glazing, particularly the hottest afternoon sun, thus preventing direct solar heating. The glazing nonetheless allow in ambient daylight and is more than capable of lighting the kitchen, dining, and living areas during daytime. In winter, 12m2 of glazing to the north-west and east capture as much northern sun in the winter as possible. The raked roofs (900mm at 25°to the horizontal) allow for close to 100% of daylight admittance. The offset between the two raked roofs adds to the glazing area and adds to this effect. The electromagnetic radiation in sunlight warms strategically placed rammed earth walls, the unfinished reverse brick verneer, as well as uncovered Concrete-Slab-On-Ground (CSOG). Both these materials boast good high heat capacities (thermal mass) (respectively 1260 and 1000 J/kg.K) - they are therefore able to store large amounts of heat given by solar radiation, and release it at cooler temperatures (i.e. across a difference in temperature), most prominently at night. As this happens, Bulk insulation in/above the rammed earth earth walls and beneath/around the edges of the CSOG insulate the space, forcing stored heat to escape into the interior volume of the living/dining areas for thermal comfort. The uniform double-layered, Argon filled glazing in this area offer the best possible resistance to heat loss as far as glazing
The large amount of glazing on the eastern side of the home allows for passive solar strategies to be implemented, but the high conductivity of glazing means that the space is also most in need of ventilation. In this area, north-east-facing openable glazing are adjacent to those that are north-west facing. With greater an effective opening area to the north-west (12m2) is greater than that in the north-east (10.7m2), the afternoon cool westerly sea breeze in summer creates effective cross ventilation from the windward north-east to leeward north-west, notably pushing hot culminated hot air out at ceiling level and replacing it with cooler air. floor level air movement also promotes evaporative cooling on the occupants' skin. The usually hot southerly wind may also be harvested in hot weather by passing above water and vegetation before entering through windows by the kitchen, henceforth being evaporatively cooled. The cooling afternoon/night winds can purge the thermal mass present from unwanted heat gained via sunlight during the day. The bedrooms of the house are all facilitated with windows, with smaller, opening-restrictor-fitted casement windows to north or south and another larger, fully openable opening elsewhere that encourages cross-ventilation with pressure differentials. The bathroom is implemented with fixed window that allow in daylight but are not openable to reduce cost.
MATERIAL & CONSTRUCTION
Kitchen Bedroom 2
Bathroom Dining Deck
LEGEND
Concrete Flooring (bare)
Nogging Insulation
Reverse Brick Veneer Wall
Insulated Stud Wall Drawing No.
A03
Uninsulated Stud Wall Project:
Unconditioned areas' bounding walls, i.e. of the bathroom and ensuite, are insulated with R2.5 Rockwool batts (used due to easy installation and having the lowest embodied energy next to Cellulose fibre) limiting the effects of active heating to their intended areas.
Fig.4
Clients:
COCKATOO The Ng's HOUSE
Frame
U-Value
SHGC
W1
Double Casement
1100x1100
SG Low Solar Gain Low-E
Thermally Broken Timber (A Grade)
3.70
0.35
W2
Casement
1100x200
SG Low Solar Gain Low-E
Thermally Broken Timber (A Grade)
3.70
0.35
W3
Fixed
1100x200
SG Low Solar Gain Low-E
Thermally Broken Timber (A Grade)
3.70
0.35
W4
Fixed
1100x200
SG Translucent
Thermally Broken Alum. (A Grade)
3.70
0.35
W5
Centre Pivot
600x1600
DG Argon Fill Clear-Clear
Thermally Broken Timber (A Grade)
2.60
0.53
W6
Electronic Casement/Fixed
600x900
DG Argon Fill Clear-Clear
Thermally Broken Timber (A Grade)
2.60
0.53
W7
Electronic Casement
600x450
DG Argon Fill Clear-Clear
Thermally Broken Timber (A Grade)
2.60
0.53
W8
Collapsible Sliding Door
2100x 2400
DG Argon Fill Clear-Clear
Thermally Broken Timber (A Grade)
2.60
0.53
W9
Casement
1100x200
SG Low Solar Gain Low-E
Thermally Broken Timber (A Grade)
3.70
0.35
W10
Double Casement
1000x1100
SG Low Solar Gain Low-E
Thermally Broken Timber (A Grade)
3.70
0.35
W11
Centre Pivot
850x850
SG Low Solar Gain Low-E
Thermally Broken Timber (A Grade)
3.70
0.35
Kitchen/Dining/Living
Window No's. 1, 2, 9, 10 and 11 are situated in bedrooms. They are all casement/central pivot windows ith good sealing. While they are only single glazed (lower cost), they employ low solar gain and low-E coatings to benefit the insulation of these rooms during the day. Furthermore, becuase the bedrooms are only heated temporarily before bed in winter with heating panels below windows, the single glazing increases the speed at which the room warms (see page A07). Window No's. 3 and 4 are situated in the unconditioned bathroom. They are fixed windows, single glazed. They allow in daylight for purely for lighting purposes. The shower window is ranslucent for privacy. Window No's 5-8 are situated in the living/kitchen/dining areas. They are double glazed and Argon filled, with high SGHC values and low U-Values, in order to maximize the heat transferrance inwards during winter while minimizing heat loss with its high insulatng properties. All windows apart from sliding doors are good sealing types (casement/centre pivot). . All windows employ Thermally broken timber frames to disallow thermal bridges, which would otherwise lower the windows' U-Values despite the quality of glazing.
Bathroom
Uninsulated Stud Wall
Terrazzo Australian Marble Tiling (fig.4) is used instead of traditional tiles for its lower embodied energy in bathrooms. As are Ironwood Recycled Floorboards (fig.5) for the corridor. McMats Recycled Carpets (fig.6) line the suspended timber floor in bedrooms, providing further insulation.
1:10
Glazing
Insulated Stud Wall
Internal stud-framed walls are of VicINTERIOR WALLS & SPECIAL FINISHES torian Radiata Pine, with dry-wall finishing. Plasterboard
Size(mm)
Stainless Steel
Rammed Earth Wall
Terrazzo Tiling
Type
Bedroom
Recycled Carpet
Timber BoardFlooring
Outdoor Deck
No.
Living
Bedroom 3
Master Bedroom (1) & Ensuite
JUSTIFICATION FOR GLAZING TYPES/FRAMES
WINDOW SCHEDULE
Fig.5
Fig.6
1:50
INSULATION DETAIL Insulation is placed at
1:10
CSOG and RBV wall Joint
joints between flooring, walls, and walls in adjacent or overlapping fashion to prevent any thermal bridges, and under-slab/edge/ between-joist insulation (R2.0 Rockwool Batt) prevent heat release into the gound. Window frames (fig.7) feature air gaps which prevent thermal bridging/heat loss.
Roof and RBV Wall Joint
Drawn by:
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 914946
Scale: 1:100 @ A3
1:10
Fig.7
THERMAL/EXTERIOR WALLS & CSOG Reverse Brick Verneer (RBV) walls are insulated with R3.0 sprayed Cellulose Fibre (chosen for lowest embodied energy) and 40m air gaps, fibrous cement weatherboard cladding (low in embodied energy) . Rammed Earth thermal walls are uninsulated (interior wall) or similarly insulated (external) with R3.0 Cellulose Fibre. The high diurnal range of Melbourne (average of 9.7°C) is dampened with the high thermal mass of the external rammed earth wall (1260J/kg.k) and insulation. The reverse brick veneer is adapted because of its internally facing thermal mass (1000J/ kg.k), which store heat from solar radiation, releasing it at night The Concrete-Slab-On-Ground (1000J/ kg.k) is sub/edge insulated with Kooltherm batts (R3.0). This prevents solar-gained heat being lost through contact to ground.
ROOF SECTION 1:20
50mm ventilated air gap Roof Battens
Rammed Earth Wall
Plasterboard
1:20 1:10 RBV Wall R4.0 Rockwool Batt Insulation
1:20
Insulated Rammed Earth Wall
Rafter Double Sided Reflective Foil
Stratco CGI Pre-Curving or Lysaught Klip-Lok 406 Light Metal Roofing
LIGHT FIXTURES
ELECTRICAL & TELECOM
Fig.8
LIGHTING SCHEDULE Room
Type
No.
CCT (K)
Wattage (W)
Intensity (Lm)
CRI
Kitchen
IP44 Narrow LED Downlights
6
3000
10
850
85
Dining
Plumen 001
1
2700
15
820
90
Corridor
IP44 Wide LED Downlights
3
3000
10
850
85
IP44 Wide LED Downlights
9
3000
10
700
85
Fan-Integrated LED downlight
1
3000
15
1800
80
Bedroom 1
IP44 Wide LED Downlights
5
3000
10
750
85
Bedroom 2
IP44 Wide LED Downlights
4
3000
10
750
85
Bedroom 3
IP44 Wide LED Downlights
4
3000
10
750
85
Ensuite
IP44 Narrow LED Downlights
3
5000
10
800
85
Bathrooms
IP44 Narrow LED Downlights
5
5000
10
800
85
IP44 Wide LED Downlights
5
3000
10
750
85
Solar Battery IP65 LED Torch
20
2500
1.7
200
70
IP65 LED MS Wall-Light
1
3000
10
750
75
IP65 LED Wall Light
3
3000
10
750
85
Fig.9
Living
Fig.10
Fig.12
Fig.11
Fig.13
Outdoor Fig.14
LEGEND
P
PV Controller Panel
Electrical Wiring
Multiple Powerpoint
C
DC/AC Converter
Ventilation
M
Electrical Meter
PV Panel Array on Roof
SB
Switch Board
B
Solar Batteries
Electric Pump Smoke Detector Permanent Wired Outlet Telecom Pit NTD
W
Modem Electronic Windows
LED Downlight Pendant Light Multiple Switch
Wiring from PV Panels
Switch
Motion Sensor Wall Light WallMounted Light
Ceiling Fan
Utility Pole
PCD
Premises Connection Device Solar Battery Torch
PV SYSTEM Eighteen 275W monocrystalline photovoltaic panels compose of a 5kW parallel array lining the 3° incline roof. The rows of panels are propped at a further 40° northward for. This exceeds Williamstown's latitude angle of 38°but allows for more solar gain in winter accomodating heating and hot water. The house therefore entirely relies on renewable solar energy without the need for gas, producing around 22kWh of electricity per day. Drawing No.
A04
Project:
Clients:
COCKATOO The Ng's HOUSE
It is noted that typical electricity usage of a two-person household, without gas connections for heating, etc., is 12.5kWh. The surplus solar output takes into consideration guests, and the future pool desired by the Ng's. Excess energy is stored in saltwater batteries, which have less embodied energy than Lithium Ion batteries, for night use, and any remaining electricity is sold back to the wider grid. If additional electricity is needed the grid provides.
Drawn by:
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 914946
Scale: 1:100 @ A3
Only one is placed in the corridor of the house, since it remains within 2 metres to each bedroom door.
Internet Cable
Waterproof Powerpoint Potential Lamp
SMOKE ALARMS
Saltwater battery stack
IRRADIANCE (W/m2<5)
PASSIVE VENTILATION DESIGN
Living areas
4.68
Corridor
3.57
Bedrooms
3.96
Bathrooms
3.68
Outdoors
2.67
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING 18x275W North-facing PV panels at 40°to H
Utility pole
Household Use Switchboard DC to AC converter
Control panel
Electric meter
Fig.15
15W 1800Lm Pendant LED Downlight (Copper Coloured Shade) (fig.14):Warm LED downlight installed in the living area as its main lighting arrangement. Wide beam, bright, warm and Integrated with 142cm 4 blade ceiling fan. 10W 850Lm Mercator Optica Trio LED Downlight (Plastic White Rim) (fig.8): Ceiling fitted with loft caps (fig.9) that sit under roof insulation to prevent thermal leakage. Colour Rendering Indexes of 85 allows full expression of the home’s varied finishing. Variations are installed as below: 1. In bedrooms, living areas and the outdoor decking area as warm, dimmable generic lighting. Alternative to the bright pendant light in the living area for watching TV or entertaining guests. 2. In the corridor with two-way switches at either end to streamline with circulation, as wide beam generic lighting. 3. In bathrooms as cool lights with narrow beams for task lighting. The cooler colour temperature allows a more sanitary complexion.
4. In the kitchen as warm lights with narrow beams for task lighting. Dimmable for entertaining purposes 15W 820Lm Pendant Plumen Light (Tinted Glass Shade) (fig.10): Installed over the dining table, radiant, warm, and atmospheric. Relatively low brightness fulfils the needs of a limited area. 10W 750Lm Motion Sensing LED Wall Light (Silver Aluminium Casing) (fig.11): Soft and warm motion sensing light by house entrance operating during night time only. 10W 750Lm LED Wall Lights (Silver Aluminium Casing) (fig.12): used to generically light the outdoor decking area together with LED downlights, acting as a subtler backlight. 1.7W Solar-Charged LED Garden Lights (Stylized Black Plastic Casing) (fig.12): used agains the entrance path, and dotted through the eastern lawn of the house amongst flowing UC Verde grass for effect. Automatic charging and dispensing, lasting up to 10 hours in summer and 5 in winter. (CONTINUED ON A05)
SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEM DIAGRAM
WATER SUPPLY
A05 CONTINUED
Midday Afternoon
Fig.19
Morning
Fig.20
Evacuated tubes
Floor/bedside lamps where seen fit/needed(fig. 15): where overhead is insufficient or unnecessary, concentrated lamp lighting are accomodated for with powerpoints. Warm LED lamps such as YPPERLIG 7W 500Lm (floor lamp) or LANTLIG 3W 200Lm (Bedside lamp).
HOT WATER SYSTEM COMPONENTS Fig.21 Apricus 30 Tube Solar Thermal Evacuated Tube Collector Panel (1900mm x 2200mm) at 49° ElectraFlow Pressured 270L Hot Water Tank Hot water (60°) delivered for tempering household use (insulated)
Electric booster
Cold water from rainwater tank delivered to hot water tank/for household use
LEGEND F
RWT
Filter Electric Pump
DP
Downpipe
FFD
Below Ground Cold Water Pipes
Above Ground Cold Water Pipes
Water Meter
Below Ground Hot Water Pipes
Above Ground Hot Water Pipes
First Flush Diverter
Legal Point of Discharge
Solar Hot Water Panel on Roof
Rainwater Tank
RAINWATER SYSTEM The rainwater system proposed is an all-purpose wet system. The daily household use of water for the Ng's, calculated from scenarios pertaining to their habits, is approximately 250L. With greywater savings of around 20L a day, a roof catchment area of 110m2, and 5L first flush diverters, the Ng's can expect an average of 210 days of rainwater being available for use per year with a 2000L capacity rainwater tank. The tank is connected to the water mains which provides the home with water when rainwater runs out. Rainwater from the roof catchment area is first passed through rain-heads, with the first 5 Litres of particularly contaminated water (due accumulation of dust, leaves, etc on roof) filling the first flush diverters Drawing No.
A05
Project:
Clients:
COCKATOO The Ng's HOUSE
at each downpipe. This water is let out via a slow drip, eventually returning to groundwater. Beyond the first flush, rainwater passes through downpipes (one every ~20m2 of roof area) and run underneath the house to the rainwater tank. When water is used within the home, rainwater is pumped and passed through an 110Lpm single water filter system before output and use. On average, 4 days of rain per year in Melbourne may cause this configuration to overflow. Such, along with naturally captured rainfall, is diverted to shallow water features to the north-east and north-west of the house. These bodies of water evaporate and lends to cooling winds. Water pass on to the Legal Point of Discharge if overly full.
Drawn by:
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 914946
Scale: 1:100 @ A3
Solar Radiation
System integrated electric pump
Solar heated water (60°or lower) (insulated) System integrated electric pump
Cold water to undergo solar heating
ElectraFlow Hydronic Boiler 80L (heating use)
WET SYSTEM CATCHMENT DIAGRAM
Fig.15 110Lm Puretec whole house single water filter
First flush diverter
Overflow pipe
Rainfall
Downpipe
Fig.16 Shallow water feature for cooling
Household Use
Fig.17 To Legal Point of Discharge Slow drip
Fig.18
From mains water
Grundfos SCALA2 Electric pump
To household use/ hot water system
This derives from a mechanism of heating that progresses upward in the hot water tank. Cold water is pumped from bottom of the tank to the evacuated tubes on roof. Solar radiation take effect with greater efficiency in evacuated tubes than wounded piping in panels, both because of each tube's radial exposure to sunlight, increasing the incidental area of perpendicular sunlight during the day (fig.19), and the efficient convective vapor action taking place (fig.20). The heated water then returns to the tank at a higher location. The warmer water, again through convection, rises to the top of the tank, heated by the electric booster, bringing it to temperature and is pumped and expended.
LACK OF NATURAL GAS CONNECTIONS
Lysaght Klip-Lok 406 Roof Sheeting Box gutter
Kingspan Modline 2000L Colourbond Rainwater Tank (800mmx1400mm)
Water within the hot water tank is to be kept at 60°C for to prevent the growth of bacteria such as Legionella. Yet when high usage is experienced and cold water arrives from the rainwater tank, the tank uses utilizes principles of convection to conserve energy - in this regard the tank is superior to instantaneous systems: for water to dispense the overall temperature does not need to reach 60°C but only the warmest water at the top of the tank.
From downpipes
Natural gas is efficient for kitchen appliances and for boilers producing hot water. It is cheaper and cleaner than grid electricity (produced from brown coal in Victoria). Nonetheless it is not a renewable energy source as solar-generated electricity is. The hot water system in this circumstance uses a solar (tank) system given that the Ng's expertise and insistence. The roof mounted PV system, in anticipation for the swimming pool, then produces more than enough energy to power electric boosters rather than gas boosters, and also produces enough electricity to accomodate electric ovens and stoves.
GUTTER ALTERATIONS Uncovered box gutters (100mm deep and 150mm wide) is used across the roof of the home. Above the master bedroom of the home, where a tree overshadows the roof for thermal benefits, guard mesh should be implemented covering the gutter to prevent clogging and to reduce the frequency of necessary roof maintenance.
WATER RECYCLING AND DRAINAGE
GREYWATER SYSTEM
WATER CONSERVING FIXTURES
Due to an extensive amount of lawn, it is of keen interest for the Ng's that greywater - waste water from non-toilet plumbing fixtures and appliances - is reused to account for this need of water. Approximately 160L of the Ng's daily water use can be recycled as greywater.
Apart from recyling greywater, water efficient plumbing fixtures reduce water use in the first place and is a very effective means of saving water.
Greywater excludes waste water from toilets and the kitchen sink/dishwasher because they are contaminated with bio-matter, pathogens and grease which need to be disinfected. Such, or blackwater, is difficult to treat on a residential scale. Waste water from bathroom taps, showers, bath basins, as well as washing machines are collected to an outdoor, underground surge tank. After passing through a rough filter of mesh the effluent is pumped into a gravel and sand bed. As planted reeds grow hydroponically in this effluent between gravel and sand, a physical stopping filter for solids in the effluent is stablished. The reeds consume nutrients in the water. Oxygen arriving at the roots create an aerobic environment that encourges microorganisms to grow.They consume suspended solids - killing pathogens in natural competition. After experiencing some evaporation in the reed bed the filtered greywater (160L) will mostly exit within 24 hours. With subsurface 2mm nozzles at intervals of 0.5m surrounded by immediate gravel, 160L of of greywater is able to irrigate daily the 40m2 of Zoysia grass and shrubery immediately around the house (assuming 4L/m2/24hr)
LEGEND
F
Gravel/Reed Bed Filter
Underground Greywater Pipes
Underground Stormwater Pipes
Water Meter
Sewerage Pipes and Vent
Native Shurbs
Water Features
Sub-Surface Slow-Drip Pipe
Zoysia Grass Lawn
Sewer Pit
RWT
ST
Rainwater Tank Surge Tank
SEWERAGE CONNECTIONS
STORMWATER MEASURES
Sewerage piping is lid at a gradient of 1:80 takes the path with the shortest possible connections from toilets, the kitchen sink and the dishwasher. The connections are joined at 45°angles as a compromise between travel length chance of clogging, as more acute join angles mean waste will have to travel further, and perpendicular connections are likely to cause clogging. The sewer vent at the end of the main sewer line regulates air pressure in the pipes, allowing free-flow. Drawing No.
A06
Project:
Clients:
COCKATOO The Ng's HOUSE
Overflow from the rainwater tank (stored from roof catchment) is released into two shallow water features. If these water features too overflow they are tethered to the Legal Point of Discharge. Water witihin first flush diverters return to ground with a slow drip system. Sandy soil of the beach site is consolidated with native plants and Zoysia grass, which prevents soil runoff. The driveway is of water permeable gravel.
Drawn by:
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 914946
Scale: 1:100 @ A3
FIXTURES
Fig.24
Fig.25
Mizu Shower Head
GREYWATER SYSTEM DIAGRAM
Azzurra Dual Flush (WELS 4 Stars)
Planted with Typha Orientalis (Bulrush)
Fig.23
100L underground Surge Tank with coarse filter (mesh net)
Outdoor tap for gardening Subsurface coiled pipes with emitters that waters the already hardy Zoysia grass lawn
Sand/gravel bed (2400mmx1400mmx 500mm)
Davey Grey Water Drainage Pump Fig.22
Fig.28
Fig.27
Fig.26
EarthEasy Faucet Aerator
The Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards (WELS) scheme compares the water efficiency of a range of appliances/fixtures. Implemented within the home are: 1. Low-flow showerheads in bathroom and ensuite: the shower is likely to be used around twice daily by the couple and is a major source of water consumption. By utilizing an 6L/min showerhead (fig.24) rather than an 9L/ min showerhead by means higher pressurized fine water streams, the couple reduces their yearly water usage by ~36kL per year. 2. Faucet aerators in bathrooms and kitchen (fig.25): by injecting the waterflow with air, aerators reduce water usage without giving the impression of poor water pressure. With aerators installed tap-water use is reduced by as much as 80%. 3. Dual 4.5/3.5L flush toilets (fig.26) in bathrooms: dual flushing options save 1.5L per flush amounting to 4.5kL in water saving per year. 4. Washing machines and dishwashers (fig. 27, 28) with higher WELS rating can lead to significant savings.
Miele WKR 770 (WELS 4.5 Stars)
ZOYSIA LAWN
Bosch Series 8 (WELS 5 Stars) Fig.29
Limited use of bleach and other chemical essential
Valved pipe to sewerage pit - 24 hour periodic pass
Effluent passing from washing machine, bathroom sinks, showers, baths
Zoysia grass is tolerant of drought and heat. With low water and maintenance requirements, and preferance towards the sun on a site with limited shading, the soft grass is ideal for the client's picnicing demands.
HYDRONIC HEATING BOILER DIAGRAM
HEATING
LIVING AND DINING AREA HEATING STRATEGY
Solar Radiation
Apricus 30 Tube Solar Thermal Evacuated Tube Collector Panel (1900mm x 2200mm) at northfacing 49째to H on roof Cold water from rainwater tank delivered to boiler/for household use
System integrated electric pump
Hot water (80째C) to hydronic panels (insulated)
Living Area Schematic Section Cold water to undergo solar heating
Return water from bedroom heating loop
ElectraFlow Hydronic Heating Boiler 80L
Solar heated water (~60째C) (Insulated) System integrated electric pump Return water from living heating loop
LEGEND RWT
Rainwater Tank
HWT
Hot Water Tank
Above Ground Cold Water/Return Pipes
Warming Air Flow
Insulated Stud Wall
Above Ground Hot Water Pipes
Radiant Heat
Uninsulated Stud Wall
Ceiling Fan
Underground Cold Water/Return Pipes
Hydronic Panel Heater
Underground Hot Water Pipes
TYPICAL BEDROOM HEATING SRATEGY Master Bedroom Schematic Section
Rammed Earth Wall Reverse Brick Veneer Wall Solar Hot Water Panel on Roof
Exposed CSOG Winter Sunlight
Hydronic heating panels within all bedrooms are placed blow the single glaze windows, this is due to glazing having the lowest insulation within the building envelope, cooling the interior air immediately next to it. The heating panels heat the cold air by the window, which rises as it warms. and rising again when it cools and lowers. As heat always spreads from hot to cold, the warmed window interior now also have a reduced cooling effect. The fan running in reverse draws air up towards the roof and therefore augments the convective action induced by active heating around the room, ultimatedly making the roof warm faster.
ACTIVE HEATING SYSTEM Hydronic heating panels are the chosen active heating element for a balance between effectiveness, warming speed, cleanliness, and reliability. Two separate loops, for the living/dining areas and the bedrooms, are kept so that the circulation of hot water to hydronic panels is zoned and more efficient - the amount of water heated is only as much as that needed for a particular zone. The boiler system is similar to that of the domestic hot water system, albeit being a closed loop system. Cold water from the rainwater tank is heated through the evacuated solar tubes (only when the heating system is turned on) and is brought up to temperature with the electric booster (using electricity from the PV system). The heated water, at 80째C, is then pumped into one or both of the loops. Upon returning, the cooled water is returned to temperature with the electric booster, convectively rising, and pumped into the system again.
HYDRONIC PANEL CONNECTIONS Insulated hot water pipes in parallel
Because bedrooms usually only need to be warmed before the occupants go to bed, quickness of warming is the most important factor and is prioritized here. Adaptive warming (thick quilts) and good room insulation ensure thermal comfort after heating is turned off. Drawing No.
A07
Project:
Clients:
COCKATOO The Ng's HOUSE
Drawn by:
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 914946
Scale: 1:100 @ A3
Insulated return pipes in parallel
Fig.30
Hydronic panels are connected in two parrallel balancing arrays (fig.30) that allow the same hot water to reach each panel and return via another (i.e. each panel is connected in series to the boiler), Each panel therefore receives water without otherwise consecutive heat loss - of the same temperature. Master bedroom and living room panels are the respective first recipients of the warmest water in the loops, as they are most often used.
Dining Area Schematic Section
The living and dining are the areas of the house that will be occupied for the longest period of time in winter (and summer). Due to large amounts of heatloss-prone glazing and the fact that potential social occasions dictating dress codes, an adaptive warming approach will not be sufficient for thermal comfort.
Due to heating being required for extended periods of time, the hydronic heating panels in the living and dining areas are placed next to the rammed earth walls in these areas. The walls' high thermal mass (1260 J/kg.K) means that apart from the immediate heat from the hydronic panels warming air directly, heat is also stored in the rammed earth walls (as well as the Concrete-Slab-On-Ground) to be released later when heating is turned off. This means the active system is used for shorter periods of time, saving energy. This effect is coupled with the passive solar radiation rece ived by the rammed earth walls. Because the living and dining areas will mostly be used by the Ng's at night after work or for parties, the rammed earth walls and CSOG are already warmed by solar radiation during the day (i.e. their heat capacity is already partically occupied). The thermal mass will since take less time to warm, generating conductive warmth through contact. The active heating system in this regard works as auxillary heating to passive solar heating. The dan in the living room can be operated in reverse to push warm air from the ceiling downward, warming the areas more evenly. Insulation and thermal sealing is important for thermal mass to function, preventing external heat loss. Window frames are timber and feature pockets of air serving as hermal breaks. The tops of the rammed earth walls are also insulated to prevent rising heat within the the material to escape towards the ceiling/roof. The CSOG is insulated below and around the edges (R3.0), and the external rammed earth wall/reverse brick veneer walls are also insulated (R3.0), as is the roof (R4.0)
TYPICAL BEDROOM COOLING STRATEGY
COOLING
LIVING AREA COOLING STRATEGY
The bedrooms all feature two windows, the windward of which, whether through positioning or by opening-restrictors opening the window to the westerly sea breeze, is smaller (higher entering pressure) and the leeward bigger (lower exiting pressure). Cool afternoon sea breezes then cross ventilates the rooms in summer and cools them. Electric ceiling fans then operate to mechanically push down warmer ceiling level air down towards lower areas that are ventilated. The overall temperature of the building is therefore cooled with the fans accelerating convective action while integrating passive cooling by natural ventilation. The evaporative cooling effect of dry air movement on sweat is also in play, lowering felt temperature - air speed of 0.5m/s equates to a 3°C drop in temperature at relative humidity of 50%. Timers on the bedroom fans allow them to run as the occupants go to bed. Windows will be closed but the effects of evaporative cooling remain.
Living Area Schematic Section
The living area is fitted with one electric ceiling fan. The room is naturally ventilated at the floor level from sliding door to the kitchen windows, or in reverse. In both situations the fan cools by evaporative means and by pushing risen warm air downwards to be diffused out of the home by the natural ventilation. The clerestory windows operate with the ceiling fan in a different manner - when they are open (fixed with opening-restrictors towards only the north), ceiling level warm air is pushed out by cool breezes. The ceiling fan accelerates the cool ceiling air downward. Given that the electronic clerestory windows can be opened at night without being a security risk, the lowering cool air purge the thermal mass around the house and rise to see natural ventilation to expel the purging, heated air, leaving the thermal mass cool, ready to dampen outside heat the next day.
CURATED COOLING MICROCLIMATES LEGEND
Cooling Air Flow Propelling Hot Air
Native Shrubs
Coolth (From Thermal Mass)
Cooling Air flow
Water Feature
Natural Cooling Air Flow
Ceiling Fan
Hydronic Panel Heater
Ceiling Level Cool Air Flow Fan-forced Air Flow
FAN SCHEDULE Room
Area (m2)
Living Area
16.7
Bedroom 1
FAN TYPES Type
Size (mm)
Wattage (W)
Minkaire 4-Blade Light-Integrated Reversible
1420
4-29
13.6
Quantum 4-Blade Reversible+Timer*
1320
4-30
Bedroom 2
10.6
Quantum 4-Blade Reversible+Timer*
1320
4-30
Bedroom 3
11.1
Quantum 4-Blade Reversible+Timer*
1320
4-30
Minkaire 4-Blade Fig.31 Light-Integrated Reversible+Timer
All fans blades made from timber/plywood, bedroom fans are with 6 speed options and wall + remote control. Drawing No.
A08
Project:
Clients:
COCKATOO The Ng's HOUSE
Quantum 4-Blade Fig.32 Reversible+Timer
Drawn by:
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 914946
Scale: 1:100 @ A3
Rammed Earth Wall Reverse Brick Veneer Wall Outdoor Decking Exposed CSOG
Natural Ventilation Master Bedroom Schematic Section
CHOICE OF COOLING SYSTEM Williamstown/wider Melbourne is considered to be within a cool temperate Oceanic climate zone. Even warmest summer (February) temperatures have averages of 14.6°C to 25.8°C. Therefore, the main focus in terms of thermal comfort should be the implementation of effective heating rather than cooling. The site is also near the beach, meaning that the usually substantial temperature differential between the cooler ocean air and that above land will result in stronger and cooling breezes. Taking these factors into consideration, electric ceiling fans, which do not lower true temperature but effect evaporative cooling (by moving dry air over occupants' sweaty bodies), are chosen to be the main source of active cooling. They are energy efficient - particularly because they operate on the home's solar produced electricity - the fitting are also low in embodied energy, and they operate well within the given circumstance: that is within a high thermal mass home that dampens extreme heat on occasion, and has access to draughty, cooling natural ventilation.
The Ng's have requested that outdoor picnic areas be created to accomodate afternoon picnics, as well as creating mild environments for the time they will spend with their pet canines outdoors. Schemas for cool areas/microclimates created by water encroachment and vegetation are compose to meet these needs. Both the on-deck and on-lawn microclimates are surrounded by native foliage and open water feature - the shallow ponds require an minimal amount of rainwater/ RWT runoff or mains water to maintain. Evaporation of the water then causes a cooling effect, while vegetaion reflects the infrared (heat-carrying) component in sunlight, casting shadows, and diverting hot northern winds during the summer day - all of which are cooling effects. The designated microclimates are also to the windward side (of cool afternoon sea breezes) of the house and is shaded by the house in summer afternoons - lending to a perfect environment for late afternoon picnics.
Front Deck Microclimate
Fig.33 Front Lawn Microclimate
Esquisse of Microclimate
HOME USER MANUAL The annual temperature average of Melbourne sees a low of 10.2°C to a high of merely 19.9°C! These temperatures mean that there is a huge temperature differential between day and night (thankfully kept at bay with good insulation andmaterials that absorb this heat), and that you will be feeling cold in your home more often than you are feeling hot, and nothing is more uncomfortable than a brittly cold living room where you would otherwise love to spend your time in. Both passive and active heating strategies have therefore been integrated into this area of your home to provide thermal comfort.
SEA BREEZE PURGING
W
Passively, solar heating is the main way to heat up your home in winter the winter sun rises at a lower angle than the summer sun, and the glazing is designed to let the sun penetrate into the living areas. the thermal mass (materials that can hold large amounts of heat) will then contain this heat, and re-release it at night, rendering your living areas more pleasant. To enable passive heating there is little to be done - just open up your blinds around all your living/dining/kitchen windows during the day!
ELECTRONICALLY OPERATED CLERESTORY WINDOWS
SEA BREEZE IN THE BEDROOM
Actively, hydronic heating panels are used. There are two different loops for the bedrooms and the living/dining areas - so turn on the boiler only for the area you use. The panels radiate heat to warm the surrounding air (as well as materials such as bricks, ACTIVE HEATING concrete and rammed earth), and both IN THE LIVING ROOM immediately and latently heats the living areas! Because the thermal absorb some of this warmth and releases when the heaters turn off, it is a good idea to turn off the heaters when the iving area begins to feel sufficiently warm or when you will be heading to bed soon, and let the thermal mass work its magic. It may also be a good idea to turn the ceiling fan on to a low reverse setting. The fan pulls hot air down above, near the ceiling, and drags sunken cool air down. This will make the room heat more evenly and quicker too.
A09
COCKATOO The Ng's HOUSE
VENTILATION IN THE LIVING AREAS
At night, when larger windows nd doors have to be closed, electronically open the clerestory windows closer to ceiling level with wall mounted controls - with cross ventilation they allow the rising warm air to be purged. Also turn on the ceiling fan on - the cooler air is pushed down to floor level and will carry away the heat attained from solar sources in your thermal mass, such as the concrete floor and ammed earth walls. You home will be cooler and ready for the next day's sun by morning.
LOUVRED PERGOLA ALLOWING WINTER SUN
ENJOYING THE OUTDOORS
THE BEDROOMS FRONT DECK MICROCLIMATE
USING WATER IN YOUR HOME The home uses a underground, wet pipe (i.e. the pipes are always wet), whole house rainwater collection system that collects rainwater with the roof as a catchment area. The water is stored in a 2000L rainwater tank, then filtered and pumped for every source of water use. Keep in mind that there won't be unlimited amounts of rainwater for use, only for around 200 days per year. Water conserving fixtures and appliances such as aerated taps, low-flow shower heads, etc. have been implemented to help conserve water.
Drawn by:
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 914946
The whole house is oriented so that the living room is optimally facing the beach, its views and its cool, refreshing gusts. The westerly sea breeze comes in summer during late afternoons. To harness this cooling breeze as needed, open windows in the living, dining and kitchen areas to desirable extents opening-restrictor will make sure to give you cross ventilation. To harness the breeze fully, open the windows to the end of their restrictors - the directionality and opening areas of the windows will allow maximum cross ventilation across the living and dining areas of the house.
The bedrooms also harness the cool wind both windows in the master bedroom to the extent of their opening-restrictors after returning from work to purge the room of any unwanted thermal gain throgh the day.
ACTIVE HEATING
Clients:
The PV solar panel system installed is a 18 panel 5kW array, producing up to 22kWh of energy per day. this is much more than that needed but the sold back to the grid. The choice of saltwater batteries is due to your expertise on solar systems, deeming it to be the most cost efficient as well as the batteries with least embodied energy
THE LIVING ROOM
PASSIVE HEATING
Project:
YOUR ONSITE RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM
Occupying a premium beach-side site, the house is oriented to harness as much of the perks of the sea breeze as possible.
HEATING YOUR LIVING ROOM
Drawing No.
GETTING THE BEST OF THE SEA BREEZE
Scale: NOT APPLICABLE
The water which is used taking baths, showering, and doing laundry, known as greywater, is recycled and filtered through a gravel and reed bed. The water then irrigates the plant immdiately around the buildig footprnt in an automatic subsurface system - the species of grass (Zoysia) and native shrubs (Westringia, banksia) chosen for the landscaping of the site are hardyand do not require additional watering.
RAINWATER SYSTEM
GREYWATER SYSTEM
FRONT LAWN MICROCLIMATE
A large amount of frontal yard area is left mostly unoccupied lawn to accomodate the afternoon picnics, playing area for dogs, as well as the potential future pool per requested. The lawn is of zoysia grass and is low maintenance, rarely needing to be mowed or watered. but within this large outdoor area, specific sites that are best suited for picnics, or relaxation areas for the occupants when their dogs play can be recognized. The decked outdoor area and lawn immediately before it accomodate both purposes. The area provide a nice outlook towards the beach and is on the windward side of the house in regards to the westerly beach breeze. It is sheltered with two steeped pergolas with angled louvres that allow the deck below with winter warming sun and shades against harsh summer sun. It is also a microclimate in its own right, both the on-deck and on-lawn areas are surrounded by native foliage and open water feature shallow ponds from rainwater overflow. This area then provides the perfect area for summer afternoon picnics as the dogs play in the large yard - the house casts a shadow over these areas as the sun sets to the west, providing shelter from the hard sun. As the sun sets, the solar charged garden lights dot the lawn as the picnic might retreat onto the deck.
FIRSTRATE REPORT
WALLS
New Home 21 Melbourne RO
Reverse Brick Verneer
3.0
106.5
Suburban
Rammed Earth Insulated/Uninsulated
3.0/0.0
12.2/8.4
The Ng's
Internal Stud Wall Insulated/Uninsulated
2.5/0.0
42.6/56
Wiiliamstown 3016
FLOORS
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 7/04/2019
ENERGY USAGE
Concrete-Slab-on-Ground
R3.0
Enclosed
36.3
Timber Suspended
R5.0
Open
56.4
ROOF/CEILING
57.6 41.7 16.5
AREAS
Flat Framed (Metal Deck)
R5.0
67.1
Curved Framed (Metal Deck)
R5.0
25.6
WINDOWS 86.5 6.2
Timber A DG Argon Fill Clear-Clear
2.60
0.53
25.78
0.0
Timber A SG Low Solar Gain Low-E
3.70
0.35
6.35
ZONES
LIST OF FIGURES
WINDOW DIRECTIONS
36.2
28.1
1017.2
39.7
1442.8
13.6
67.5
918.0
3.4
45.9
10.6
37.4
397.1
3.0
32.4
11.1
21.6
240.7
2.1
23.8
1.5
-
-
-
-
3.0
113.6
344.0
0.2
0.5
3.4
3.5
12.0
0.1
0.1
4.7
-
-
-
-
8.4
138.0
1156.3
8.0
66.9
Page 1 www.oznativeplants.com www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/wind/selection_ map.shtml https://taaerrazzo.net.au/ Page 2 https://www.mcmatsrecycledcarpets.com.au/ https://ironwood.com.au/ https://www.blueskywindows.com.au/timber-aluminium-upvc-windows-comparison/ http://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/thermal-mass
Page 4 https://usshop.plumen.com https://www.build.com/minkaaire-shade https://thelightingoutlet.com.au/ https://www.energymadeeasy.gov.au/benchmark https://solarcalculator.com.au/solar-panel-angle/ https://www.vba.vic.gov.auf https://www.ikea.com/au/en/catalog/prod Page 5 https://www.hunterwater.com.au www.tankulator.ata.org.au www.puretec.com.au/applications/rainwater-wholehouse/em1-series
12.1
12.0
3.7
2.1
ROOF/CEILING PENETRATION Bathroom Vent
Bathroom/Ensuite
2
Yes
0.02
WC Vent
WC
2
Yes
0.02
Kitchen Vent
Kitchen
1
Yes
0.04
www.kingspan.com/au www.kingspan.com/au www.build.com.au/hot-water-systems-whats-rightsize www.apricus.com/html/solar_collector www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/solar-hot-water/evacuated-tube-collector.html Page 6 https://www.canstarblue.com.au/home-garden/varieties-of-lawn-in-australia/ https://davey.com.au/products/pumps-clean-waterand-rain-water/small-drainage-d10.html https://www.foodforest.com.au/fact-sheets/planning-
Louis (Luyao) Zhang 914946 your-house/designing-a-reedbed/ https://www.pennington.com/all-products/grassseed/resources/all-you-need-to-know-about-zoysia-grass www.bunnings.com.au%2Fazzurra-wels-4-star-4-53l-dual-flush-ambulant-series-wall-faced-toiletsuite Page 7 https://www.kingspan.com/au http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/thermal-mass/ http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940828&slug=1927554
8.2
Page 8 https://www.build.com/minkaaire-shade https://www.fansonline.com.au/aeroblade-quantumdc-ceiling-fan-with-remote-52-black.html
TEXT SOURCES:
Cadorel X. Environmental Building Systems - week 1 to week 6 (powerpoint slides). Retrieved from lms. unimelb.edu.au Unknown. Bureau of Metereology - Melbourne weather database. Retrieved from www.bom.gov.au Unknown. Your Home - australia's Guide to Environmentally Sustainable Homes. Retrieved from lms. unimelb.edu.au