L u c a s K o l e i t s behance.net/lucaskoleits
au.linkedin.com/in/lucas-koleits-3b26aa72
vimeo.com/user30842345
Profe ssional
Contact lucaskoleits@gmail.com lucas.koleits@unimelb.edu.au +61 0433 550 876 7/8 Charles st, Prahran Victoria, Australia 3181
About me
issuu.com/lucaskoleits
Exp erience
G rad uat e Arch ite c t Hay bal l A r c h i t e c t s St u de n t - S e pt e m be r 2 0 1 4 t o J a n u a ry 2 016 G r adu at e - S e pt e m be r 2 06 t o p re s e n t A s a st u de n t a n d gr a du a t e a r c h i t e c t , I h a v e b e e n e x p o s e d t o a b ro a d r a n ge o f r e si de n t i a l , e du c a t i o n a l a n d m a st e r p l a n n i n g p ro j e ct s . I h a v e m o st e x pe r i e n c e pr e pa r i n g c o n t r a c t do c u m e n t a t i o n , m a s t e r p l a n n i n g pr o po sa l s a n d t o wn pl a n n i n g a p p l i ca t i o n s .
Tut or - D e sign Re s e arc h
I look to context - political, physical and social - to develop design. My broad experience in science and teaching has helped my develop a truly interdisciplinary approach to problem solving through design. It is through these methods that I seek to create a tangible connection between concept & site. I aim to develop my skills in architectural practice alongside a continuing engagement with academia and teaching. This includes an interest in participating in design competitions, installation design and the development and production of podcasts.
M e l bo u r n e S c h o o l o f D e si gn - F e b ru a ry 2 017 D e si gn Re se a r c h w a s a m a st e r s l e v e l su bj e ct t a u g h t a t t h e M e l b o u rn e S c h o o l o f D e si gn , t e a c h i n g c r i t i c a l c r e a t i v e re s e a rch m e t h o d s t o de v e l o p i m a gi n e d f u t u r e s f o r de si g n e d e n v i ro n m e n t s .
E d ucat i onal Out re ac h O ffi c e r C S IR O - J u l y 2 0 1 2 t o Au g u s t 2 014 A s a n o u t r e a c h o f f i c e r, I v i si t e d h u n dr e ds o f s ch o o l s a cro s s M e l b o u rn e a n d r u r a l V i c t o r i a t e a c h i n g st u de n t s r a n g i n g fro m p re p t o y e a r 12 f o r e n si c sc i e n c e, n a t u r a l di sa st e rs a n d a s t ro n o m y.
Re se arch S cie nt i st , Aust rali an A n tarc ti c Di v i s i o n O c t o be r 2 0 1 1 - A pr i l 2 012 I spe n t si x m o n t h s st a t i o n e d i n A n t a r c t i ca re s p o n s i b l e fo r a n e x pe r i m e n t i n v e st i ga t i n g t h e r e si l i e n c e o f l o ca l s e a u rch i n p o p u l a t i o n s t o c l i m a t e c h a n ge. Th i s e x pe r i e n c e a l so r e q u i re d s i g n i fi ca n t l o g i s t i ca l a n d su r v i v a l t r a i n i n g .
References Lynette Julian Senior Architect, Hayball ljulian@hayball.com.au +61 3 9699 3644 Janet McGaw Senior Lecturer, MSD mcgawjk@unimelb.edu.au +61 0412 659 161 Mond Qu Tutor & Director, UDMK m@mondqu.com +61 0431 039 988
Ed ucation Mas ter of A rchitecture (300pt), Uni v e r s i t y of M e l bour ne Mar c h 2013 - J une 2 016 Mas ter of A ntarctic Science, Univ e r s i t y of Ta s ma ni a Mar c h 2011 - May 2 012 Bachelor of Science, Univers it y of M e l bour ne Mar c h 2008 - N ovembe r 2 010
Skills A b o b e Su i te Rev i t R h i n o 5.0
Vr a y r e nd e r e r 3DS Max Gr a s s h oppe r
/05
/06
Practice
Intraglacial
Construction Design
/04
Preserving Palimpsests
Datascapes
Embassy for the Fourth World
/03 /02
/01
In 200 years time, what will we know of life in 2015? What sort of record will we leave if the vast majority of our culture is online? We risk creating a digital dark age, with digital culture becoming lost to generations in the future. What if we were to make an effort to capture the ephemeral matter of the Internet? With the exponential increase in data production and transmission, and an ever increasing reliance on the Internet, the logistics of such feat pose a unique architectural challenge. It would soon surpasses any other data center in existence today; growing across the landscape creating a new environment somewhere between the natural and the unnatural. It becomes a monument to the digital age, a monument built by everyone that has ever used the Internet.
D ATA S C A P E S
/0 1 We live at the dawn of the digital age, where information is matter - traded, hoarded, stolen, liberated - a new currency for a new age. The amount of data we generate is growing exponentially and much of this data is short lived. Stored data is extremely fragile, and while some organisations go to the expense of maintaining long term archives, much of the culture we produce digitally is lost.
Hong Kong
The Internet is perceived as a ‘cloud’ – lacking materiality, without scale, comprised of ephemeral processes. But in reality the Internet is comprised of an immense infrastructure of fiber optic cables, data centers and power stations. When tracking data exchange around the world, one finds that data packets often travel through multiple countries before they reach their destinations. Our world is filled with discrete informational pathways, and as a consequence, the Internet manifests itself geopolitically. Some countries attempt to control or restrict the flow of information, while others may celebrate the freedom the Internet makes possible. Iceland is one of the first countries to try to capitalise on the geopolitical nature of the Internet. In support with ambitious legislation, and with abundant cheap electricity, and naturally cool climate, Iceland has begun to market itself as a ‘safe haven for data’. A safe place for data centers to establish themselves, away from the legal restrictions of other parts of the world.
A
S
I
O
P
E
A
Makakilo
A
R
C
T
I
C
O
C
E
A
N
Portland
Los Angeles
N
O
R
T
H
A
M
E
R
I
C
A
Paphos
K e fl a v i k
Jeddah
E
U
R
Alexandria
Widemouth Bay Palermo Marseille
Long Island New Jersey
Halifax
San Pedro
Lisbon
N
O
R
T
H
A
T
L
A
N
T
I
C
O
C
E
A
N
Bermuda
While the data haven industry in Iceland is only just begging to become established, it leads to some interesting speculations about the future of the island state. Iceland’s position close to a high density of important submarine cables, with many actually landing in Iceland itself, puts it in an interesting geopolitical position. And in the context of an exponential increase in data traffic over the next couple of decades, one can speculate upon the architectural implications of large scale data storage in Iceland.
Puerto Rico
For tazela
Data growt h fore c a s t d =0 . 0 0 5 e .371t where d = data in ze t a b y t e s a n d t = t i me i n y e a rs
ze t a by tes / km2
Required data storage (tons) 2 5 , 00 0
5000
2 0 , 00 0
4 000
15 , 000
10, 00 0 5 ,0 00
2015
2020
Using data from the last 7 years, as well as two forward projections for data production a decade into the future, one can plot the exponential growth of data production some time into the future. The curve is described by the function s = 0.0026e0.319t, which can be used to estimate usage of critical resources and required storage space, once one adjusts for the developments in data storage technology.
6
3000
Data space forecast s= 0.0026e .319t where s = space required for data centres in km 2 and t = time in years
2025
2030
2000 1000
2035
204 0 -1000
-2000
Ruthiniu m d e p l e t i on fore c a s t r =5 0 0 0 - (0 . 3 874 Δd ) where Δd = c h a n g e i n d a t a bet ween the c u r re n t a n d p re v i ou s y e a r.
-3000 -4 000 Ruthinium reser ves (tons)
Growth Algorithm The town of Seydisfjordur, in Eastern Iceland was selected as the site for this speculative data center. This small, picturesque town is deceptively the landing point for one of Iceland’s major submarine data cables. The storage of the data is initially centralised around on transcription point, constructed just outside the town limits. Assuming that the data center keeps up with the predicted increase in data production over the next decade, more transcription points will be needed. These grow into the valley, depositing data into secure concrete corridors built orthographically around the transcription points.
The town of Seydisfjordur was also set as a boundary for the diffusion limited aggregation algorithm. This resulted in a greater build up of data storage structures in this region, and creates a series of ‘peaks’ at this point in the valley.
The location of each new transcription point is determined by a diffusion limited aggregation function, with the surrounding topography as limiting factors to the growth of the system. The orientation of each transcription point takes into account the water and wind flow of the natural environment, maximising flow of both to optimise cooling for the heat intensive transcription process. The valley produces substantial katabatic winds which can vary significantly at different locations. A dynamic interference pattern emerges from the simple orthographic growth function as neighboring transcription points begin to produce data structures that intersect each other.
The growth of the structure quickly swallows the only road in and out of Seydisfjordur. As the structure grows further, a new road is created around the new landscape. At each node, the flow of katabatic winds and water flow along the natural terrain was analysed and influenced the orientation of the iterative growth of the structures. Neighboring node had differing conditions, resulting in intersecting geometries as the forms grew.
Points in the topography where the slope was great than 30 degrees were set as a boundary for the diffusion limited aggregation algorithm. This resulted in construction being constrained to reasonable slopes, moving the growth along the valley instead of up the mountainsides.
7
In response to increased hacking, most data transported across the transatlantic data network has encryption multiplied by a factor of 10
The world rushes to access Youtube to watch Donald Trump’s first speech as President of the United States
To present the project, 1:10,000 scale model of the valley and the data centre was sculpted, with the intricate detail of the structures being laser cut in several layers, and glued together. A corresponding digital model was used to generate projection mapped presentation media, instead of using printed drawings. These animations illustrated the growth and design of the structures on the model.
8
Datascapes The landscape is eclipsed by data and concrete. The intersections of concrete vaults create a distinctly alien topography, through which waterways find a new pathway. The archive is no longer a building; it is a landscape. It is a landscape generated by the browsing habits of billions of people across the world. Subtle patterns in the artificial topography can be read, corresponding to events that have pushed the capacity of the Internet to it limits.
The American - Chinese cyber war commences, utilising massive DDoS attacks, overwhelming existing digital infrastructure
While data is stored here for future generations, it is not organised by topic or subject. Due to the logistic of handling such a high volume of data, the information is organised by algorithms that determine the most efficient way to run the network of transcription nodes. This is algorithm made landscape, an artificial topography, the hills and valleys, cliffs and waterway all indicative of browsing habits of you and I.
Burst of Internet activity when Pokemon Go releases 100 new Pokemon in locations around the world
The only feasible way to store digital data for long periods of time using current technology is to use nickel alloys. Nickel is a readily available, affordable resource, and data can be efficiently transcribed onto thin layers and coated with a plastic protective layer. It is estimated that this system can reliably store data for up to 10,000 years.
As data traffic increases over time, the system needs new node points to be able to transcribe the data to speed. It is around these points that endless corridors of sealed data storage grows slowly outward, eventually intersecting with the data chambers grown from the neighboring seed point. Soon, the data centre become a landscape in itself; a landscape shaped by the seemingly ethereal information shared across the Internet.
9
The Embassy for the Fourth World is an architectural representation of political ideas that do not belong. The interactions between ideas and power, territory and landscape, ideology and program shape the architecture of the Embassy. Ideologies condense into towers, creating concentrations of politically charged program.
EMBASSY FOR THE FOURTH WORLD
/0 2 Mao Zedong, the Chinese communist revolutionary and the founder of the People’s Republic of China, politically divided the world into three parts. The first world of super powers and imperialists, the second world of lesser powers, and the third world of the exploited. But there are others who reject the global political status quo completely. These radicals desire to remove themselves from existing statehood and pursue individual goals. United in their opposition to regular entrenched ideologies, these people occupy micronations, social and political islands and extra-political spaces that are diverse in motivation but share a common execution – the political differentiation from existing states. These micronations do not fit into any of Mao’s political categories; instead they form a separate, Fourth World.
1960
1950
1970
1980
1990
2000 woomera detention centre
neverland mont saint michel
2010 villawood detention centre
Exclusive Australian
Reclusive Reclusive
Monasteries
la tourette
harmondsworth immigration removal Centre
Mount Carmel Centre Religious
Saint hill Scientology Centre
baldonia
nauru detention centre
Touristic
North dumpling island
neft daslari
navassa island Antagonistic
dotcom mansion Dominion of Melchizedek
Akhzivland
rose island Sea steading
mona
Touristic
scammers
Island platforms
Antagonistic
Art projects
enen-kio
State of sabotage
sealand ladonia
Aggressive
spratly island
Ecuadorian embassy Antagonistic
Republic of Minerva
Utopian
krugelmugel UN headquarters
christiania Festival
Black rock city
Festival
elleore
cato island
Sovereignty
Molossia Sovereignty
Limited territory
Seeking Sovereign-
lagoan isles
1950
forvik
hutt river
seborga 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Alternative Geographies Those who form micronations may be collectively opposed to the existing political status quo, but this is where most similarities stop. There is a wide variety of political, personal or financial motivations for becoming a micronation. The very definition of ‘micronation’ is vague and open to interpretation. The term micronation becomes less of an outright declaration of independence, and more of a spatial expression of political individuality. To understand the political complexities of micronations, I mapped out an alternate geography, organised by ideology and time rater than longitude and latitude. This drawing illuminated connections between micronations, and were sorted into five ideological categories: Reclusive, Entrepreneurial, Antagonistic, Utopian, and Libertarian.
12
Utopian 136° 20’ E
136° 18’ E
Repurposed Scrap
Scrap Metal
Entrepenurial
136° 22’ E
136° 28’ E
136° 26’ E
136° 24’ E
Test debris 30° 58’ S
30° 58’ S
Woomera Test Range
31° 00’ S
31° 00’ S Restricted Zone
a nuclear reac ence of tor Pres
Restricted Zone
Australian Government
Antagonist Threa
To Woomera
t of military action 31° 02’ S
31° 02’ S Goalen Bluff Karnak Well
Libertarian Woomera Rocket Launch Facility
31° 04’ S
31° 04’ S Storage area
Viewing area
Launch Platforms
Lake Hart The site selected for the Embassy for the Fourth World is Lake Hart, a large dry salt lake located in the desert of South Australia. The lake is an active missile testing range, and military facilities adjoining the complex have been used for as a detention centre for asylum seekers. The interface between the white salt and the red earth demarcates the border between the Woomera Restricted Area, the largest military testing site in the world. This site provides opportunities for all types of micronationals to enact their own individual spatial expression of political independence. Antagonists can generate a dialogue with the Australian government. Entrepreneurs can utilise the resources here to generate a tax-free income. Utopians have a blank canvas to create their own version of paradise.
31° 06’ S
31° 06’ S
Reculsive
Entrepenurial
Antagonistic
Utopian
31° 08’ S
31° 08’ S
Libertarian
Border Crossing Lake Hart
Restricted Zone
31° 10’ S
31° 12’ S
To Coober Pedy
31° 10’ S
Four Mile Well
31° 12’ S
Restricted Zone
The salt lake becomes an island in the desert. A political and ideological safe haven for those with alternative ideologies to live true to their beliefs.
Lake Hart Salt Mine (abandoned) The Ghan Rail Line Sturt Highway 31° 12’ S
31° 12’ S
Island Lagoon
136° 18’ E
136° 20’ E
136° 22’ E
136° 28’ E
136° 26’ E
136° 24’ E
1 km
Water Tanks
Minor Roads
Structure
Major Roads
Salt Lake
Train Line
2 km
3 km
4 km
5 km
Woomera Restricted Zone Missile Trajectories (1956 - 2010)
13
Libertarian Antagonist Designed as the embodiment of programs that antagonise the Australian government, the Antagonist tower is built around a nuclear reactor. The tower operates as a power generator, enrichment facility and atomic clock. The clock is set to the embassy’s own timezone, 7 minutes behind South Australian time. Beneath the suspended reactor is a protest stage, with cameras set up in anticipation of the broadcast facilitated by the Libertarian Tower. Around this facility grows smaller antagonistic operations, such as illicit gambling houses and a black market money exchange.
14
Extending 236m into the sky, the Libertarian Tower is devoted to the facilitation of free speech and the expression of opinion. The base of the tower hold servers, radio stations and TV studios, for the embassy to communicate with the broader world. Large server racks act as digital embassies for online operators persecuted by the government. At the pinnacle are the radio transmitters, placed at such a height to transmit pirate radio and TV signals all the way to the city of Adelaide.
Entrepreneur A monumental amalgamation of scavenged machinery, this tower primarily operates as a scrap recycling plant. The large scrap piles, scavenged from the surrounding weapons range, are sources for those looking to make financial gain. A small workshop next to the scrap piles allows entrepreneurs to create artworks, machinery or inventions from the scrap These can be sold in the market encompassing the base of the tower.
Utopian Designed to facilitate the multiplicities of utopia, this tower is simply a framework supporting a large rentable space, elevated 80 meters above the salt lake. In this space there are no rules or accountability other than the ones you choose to impose. It is the ready-made foundation of your own private utopia. Beneath the platform lies the support infrastructure, ugly and exposed to those below, to facilitate the basic need of the Utopians above. At the entrance to the tower, entrepreneurs have set up helicopter and hot air balloon tours, allowing Utopians to view their creations from above.
15
This project is part of a research studio interested in investigating the architecture of extreme environments. Morocco provided a good example of innovative traditional responses to the harsh climate. Tasked with the challenge of designing a new building for the arid region, we looked further than the environmental conditions to inform our design. Recognising the importance of the rich architectural history, the success of traditional building methods, and the reality of the limited resources locals have to fund such a project, we developed a proposal for the reoccupation of the Ksour in Tamnougalt, a small town in the Dra’a Valley. By keeping the building technology to rammed earth and med brick, we ensured that local industries would be supported. A key design feature was to find ways to integrate digital design methods into traditional building practices - utilising parametric patterning for mashrabyas, critical positioning of wall openings, and the production of cheap, mass produced window openings optimised for the local climate.
P R E S E R V I N G PA L I M P S E S T S
/0 3 Morocco is a historically diverse country, and place where cultures have co existed for centuries. Combined with an extreme environmental climate, has led to a unique architectural archetype developing in the region. The Ksours and Kasbahs of Morocco have been present in some shape or form for hundreds of years, but the urban fabric shows influences of many other cultural contributions as well. Many Moroccan structures are palimpsests of the country’s rich culture.
Tamnougalt Tamnougalt is located in the Dra’a valley, nestled within the parched Atlas Mountains. The Valley itself has been an important avenue of trade for thousands of years. Over this time, many different political, social and cultural influences have manifested within the Ksour; the fortified village town on the edge of the oasis. Berber tribes, several Arab dynasties, and the Spanish and the French colonial occupation have all influenced the urban and architectural structure of this village.
TOURIST ROUTES
‘OLD’ TAMNOUGALT
‘NEW’ TAMNOUGALT
RELIANCE ON AGRICULTURE
18
RELIANCE ON TOURISM
Tamnougalt Urban Structure
Case Study Site
The Ksours Recent efforts to modernise the region have led to the destruction of the local farming economy. With the local date growing industry weakened, locals left to find work in larger cities, neglecting their homes in the Ksours. Many locals express a strong desire to move back into the Ksours as the homes here are cheaper to maintain, and perform better thermally in the harsh environmental conditions. Our case study centres on a ruined former family residence in the centre of Tamnougalt. There is an argument to be made that these Ksours should be preserved to retain this rich architectural heritage. However, we argue the preservation is not the same as conservation. The Ksour is a palimpsest; an urban structure formed by the constant rewriting of design strategies. Once we choose to preserve what is left, the Ksour ceases to evolve as it has been for thousands of years. This case study proposes a design strategy intertwined with an economic strategy to revive the Ksour of Tamnougalt, and to add another layer to the rich palimpsest that already exists. We can rebuild these ruins to include housing for locals, and a small number of guest rooms to accommodate tourists coming to Tamnougalt, and supplementing the local family’s income.
19
Thermal chimney
Parametric mashrabyas
Terrace eating area
Rooftop terrace
Private bedrooms
Guest room
Guest rooms
Private residence
Central internal courtyard
Outdoor courtyard
Indoor courtyard Reception area
Private residence interior
20
The Design The rise of parametric design techniques within Architecture is a defining feature of the current paradigm. Designs utilising these techniques are often implemented with high tech manufacturing technology, which is generally unavailable in the deserts of Morocco. By using parametric tools to design construction elements that can me manufactured locally, we can increase the thermal performance, comfort levels, and aesthetic appeal of new constructions within the Ksour. We have done this by designing window openings specifically for rammed earth walls that are geometrically optimised to the Moroccan sun, allow light in during the winter, and maintaining shade in the summer. Parametrically generated mashrabya patterns also help control the amount of sunlight entering the envelope at different areas. The thermal chimney is designed to increase the efficacy of the traditional cold courtyard building design local to the area. By adding a glazed chimney, orientated to the sun, we generate a temperature gradient between the top of the chimney and the base of the cold courtyard. By controlling the ventilation openings between the two, we can draw in warmer are from the outer courtyards. This warm, dry air passes through cool, dark corridors and fountains to cool the air before it passes into the central living areas.
21
Over the past 50 years, escalation of resource consumption has been paralleled by society’s concern for the environment. Originally protected by the Madrid Protocol, Antarctica was opened to mining in 2041 under the condition that th pristine surface remained unaltered. Mining corporations tunnel deep into the ice caps, creating an intraglacial network of spaces to reach remote mineral reserves. Subjected to subzero temperatures, isolated from sunlight; with no direct access to the surface and experiencing unpredictably shifting surroundings, this is Intraglacial.
INTRAGL ACIAL
/0 4 The year is 2045, and 70% of the planet’s accessible mineral resources have been exhausted. Economic pressure pushes mankind to search for the last unexploited mineral resources on earth, located kilometers below the Antarctic ice cap.
60˚W
Orcadas Staion (Argentina) 10/0 Signy Station (UK) 45/14
Comadante Ferraz (Brazil) 40/12 Machu Picchu Station (Peru) 28/0 Arctowski Station (Poland) 40/12 Carlini Station (Argentina) 100/20 King Sejong (Korea) 70/18 Artigas Station (Uraguay) 60/9 Bellingshausen (Russia) 38/25 Eduardo Montalva (Chile) 161/80 Great Wall Station (China) 40/14 Risopatron Station (Chile) 8/0 Arturo Prat Station (Chile) 15/9 Maldonaldo Station (Ecuador) 22/0 Camara Staion (Argentina) 36/0 Juan Carlos I (Spain) 25/0 Ohridsk Station (Bulgaria) 36/0 Guillermo Mann (Chile) 6/0 Deception Station (Argentina) 65/0 Gabriel de Castilla (Spain) 25/0
75˚W
The Antarctic continent
c ct i
6
’ 44
”
Tor Sta 4/0
Neumayer III (Germany) 50/9 SANAE (South Africa) 80/10 Wasa Station (Sweden) 20/0 Aboa Station (Finland) 20/0
Cu
Troll Station (N 40/7
Esperanza Station (Argentina) Bernando (Chile) 90/55 44/16
Ni
Petrel Station (Argentina) 55/0 Marambio Station (Argentina) 150/55
Co
Kohn 28/0 Hailey Station (UK) 65/15
Johann Gregor Mendel (Czech Republic) 20/0
2000 m
Primavera Station (Argentina) 18/0 Matienzo Station (Argentina) 15/0
Mechior (Argentina) 36/0 Gabriel Gonzalez (Chile) 9/0 Brown Station (Argentina) 18/0
The Antarctic environment is extremely challenging. On the surface, temperatures can get as low as -94.7°C, and wind speeds as high as 327 km/h. The continent is covered in slowly moving ice caps that are so immensely massive that they actually compress the continent beneath them. Scientific research in Antarctica has identified an abundance of mineral resources on the few exposed regions of the continent.
90˚W
tar An
cle Cir
3 6° 3
2500 m
COATS LAND
Palmer Station (USA) 43/12 Vernadsky Station (Ukraine) 24/12
ANTARCTIC PENINSULA
Belgrano Station (Argentina) 12/12
Cu Rothera Station (UK) 130/22
San Martin (Argentina) 20/20 Luis Caravajal (Chile) 30/0
Fossil Bluff (UK) 6/0
PALMER LAND
WEDDELL SEA
Sky Blu (UK) 6/0
Since the Antarctic Treaty came into effect in 1959, territorial claims for land on the continent were suspended, leaving claims recognised, but claimants with no power to enforce control of the continent. Instead, Antarctica has been devoted to the preservation of the environment and the practice of science. Mining has been formally banned in Antarctica since the Madrid Protocol was passed in 1991, and was due to be reviewed 50 years after that date. The existing reserves of many minerals identified in Antarctica will be close to, or completely expired before the 2041 review date.
BELLINGSHAUSEN SEA
Chilean Claim
Cu
Arturo Parodi (Chile) 25/0
ELLSWORTH MOUNTAINS
Aumndsen - Scott Base (USA) 250/75
ELLSWORTH LAND
TRANSANTA Coal
AMUNDSEN SEA
ed laim Unc
This leaves 2041 looming as an important date for humanity, where we may have to make the difficult decision between the technological and economic advancement of the humans race and the preservation of the world’s largest, most pristine nature reserve. 105˚W
MARIE BRYD LAND
ROSS SEA
McM 105
1610 1660
1710
Sc 63
y or rit Ter
Oil
Jan 60/
1990 Vostok ice drilling commences
1960 - 61 Antarctic Treaty is
120˚W
1957-58 International Geophysical year
1950
signed by UK, South Africa, Belgium, Japan, USA, Norway, France, NZ, and Russia
1960
1964 Measures of Flora & Fauna Act
1983 China and India sign the Antarctic Treaty
1972 Convention for the conservation of Antarctic Seals
1970
1980
1987 - 1991 Greenpeace protests in the Antarctic
1985 UN charter for equitable division of Antarctic mineral resources
1991 The Madrid Protocol,
banning mineral exploitation in Antarctica is signed
1990 1989 Australia and France refuse to sign CRAMRA 1988 CRAMRA convention is tabled
24
New Zea lan
2000
1998 The Madrid Prot comes into effect
60˚E
Norwegian Claim
Novolazarevskaya (Russia) 70/30
Maitri Station (India) 65/25
ation (Norway)
Norway)
Fe
Princess Elizabeth (Belgium) 20/0
DRONNING MAUD LAND
Fe
Ti
Syowa Station (Japan) 110/28
ENDERBY LAND
nen Station (Russia) 0
U 75˚E
KEMP LAND
3000 m 3500 m
Mawson Station (Australia) 60/20 Dome Fuji (Japan) 15/0
Dome Fuji 3786 m
Pole of Inaccessability (Abandoned)
PRINCE CHARLES MOUNTAINS
Fe Druzhnaya Station (Russia) 50/0
Bharati Station (India) 50/15 Zhongshan Station (China) 30/15 Progress Station (Russia) 77/20 Davis Station (Australia) 70/22
PRINCESS ELIZABETH LAND
Kunlun (China) 20/0
Dome Argus 4093 m
WILHELM II LAND
)
Mb Mirny Station (Russia) 169/60 Vostock (Russia) 25/13
3500 m
QUEEN MARY LAND
ARCTIC MOUNTAINS
Australian Claim
Taishan (China) 5/0
4000 m
Precedent: Project Iceworm An interesting precedent for adapting to cold environments can be found in the American military base, Camp Century, also known as Project Iceworm. Project Iceworm was an ambitious project to carve into the Greenland icecap to construct a long term military station, capable of housing nuclear warheads. The base could be well camouflaged from above, and occupying beneath the ice made it easier to regular living temperatures.
3000 m
2500 m
WILKES LAND 2000 m
Zn
Casey Station (Australia) 70/20 Concordia Station (France/Italy) 60/13
Pb
Murdo Station (USA) 55/250
Dome Circe 3264 m
The project was ultimately a failure, as engineers failed to take into account the rapid rate of movement of Greenland’s icecaps. Within a yea the internal structure of the base was crushed by the force of the slow moving ice. This concept could be applied to Antarctica, where the ice caps move far slower, especially deep under the ice, away from the surface.
Mn
1760
0
Mn
cott Station (NZ) 3/10
90˚E
1810
1890
105˚E
TERRE ADELIE
1910 Mario Zucchelli (Italy) 92/0
ng Bogo Station (Korea) /16
OATES LAND
Mb
1990
Mb GEORGE V LAND
2010 Dumont d’Urville (France) 100/26
nd Claim 2040 Nickel reserves expire
2014 2001 Russia sends a mineral surveying ship to Antarctica
tocol
2002 UN backs the Antarctic Treaty System
2019 Zinc reserves expire
2010
2012 Russian drilling reaches Lake Vostok
2023 Gold, Silver and Lead reserves expire
2020
2029 Chromium reserves expire
2040
2030 2021 Titanium reserves expire
2026 Hafnium reserves expire
2041 Madrid Protocol reviewed
2035 Copper reserves expire
2032 Tin, Uranium and Oil reserves expire
2048 Platinum reserves expire
2050
120˚E
2046 Natural Gas reserves expire 2038 Antimony reserves expire
25
Gantry Cranes Primary Water Pump Personnel & Cargo Entrance Air Scrubbers Ore Loading Area
Primary Power Generator Water Filtration System Ore Marshalling Area Storage Area Personnel Living Quarters
Clean water Dirty water Ore product Slag waste CaCO 2 salts
Excavation Site
Personnel movement Power supply Filtered air Dirty air
Primary Ore Crushers Secondary Ore Crushers Refuse Pit
Intraglacial To attempt to preserve the pristine environment above, and still gain access to the mineral resources below, large tunnels are carved into the immense ice caps. The tunnels give access to areas identified as resource rich, at which point a ‘node’ is developed. A passage is melted using the dissociative chemical CaCl 2, and a support infrastructure is developed around the mining site.
Gantry Construction Site Mine Entrance Water Pump Glacier - Continental Interface
26
The access tunnels are widened to accommodate heavy machinery, gantry cranes are frozen into the walls of the main shaft to transport cargo. Halfway down the shaft, portable survival shelters are constructed as living quarters for personnel. The machinery is assembled, facilities for waste management and air and water purification are set up, and the mine begins to produce ore. This ore is refined and transported back through the tunnels to the rest of the world.
One layers of laser cut and etched perspex
each individual perspex piece
Assembly of perspex pieces
Installation of LED strips at the base of model
Photography of the final model
Section model The final presentation for the project was centered around a section model, constructed from 6 layers of 2mm clear perspex. Each layer was cut and etched so that when they were layered, it would produce a three dimensional effect. To use these cuts to advantage, LED light strips were installed at the top and bottom of the model. The direction of the lights maintained total internal reflection through the uncut parts of the perspex, only scattering where the perspex surface had either been etched or cut. This effectively used the light to outline every intricate detail of the model.
27
28
CON STRU C TION D ES IG N /0 5
This project involved the design and detail of a structural systems of a commercial high rise tower at 510 Bourke st, Melbourne. Working in teams of three, I focused on the design of a facade system that simultaneously provided passive cooling and active generation of electricity thorough photovoltaic cells.
The design included several cantilevers, an externalised diagrid system and the inclusion of photo-voltaic panels. While most components used are existing, the steel diagrid components were designed specially for this project, based on the design of the Swiss RE center’s diagrid connection.
29
The Model The model was constructed from laser cut box board, designed to assembled without the use of glue. Only the diagrid structure was glued in this model, everything else was clipped in to carefully designed notches in the core and floor plates. This gave us great freedom to work on the model removing floor plates and trying new designs, and became an important tool in the design process. This also allowed us to create a cut down the middle of the model, allowing you to see the inner workings and alternative perspectives of the structure.
30
31
PRAC TIC E /0 6
Hayball is one of Australia’s largest practices, and specialises in architecture, interior design and urban planning. Over 30 years, the company has realised hundreds of projects across Australia, South-East Asia and China – from single and multi-residential buildings to schools and universities, commercial developments and urban design for entire suburbs. In 2015, it was named in the top 100 architecture firms in the world.
I have spent 18 months working as a graduate architect at Hayball, on a variety of projects, but centered around master planning. My background in as an educator and scientist proved useful in the development of education projects. In this folio, I have included two projects that I was significantly involved in, but have also worked on a wide variety of projects, including design development and site analysis of mix use high rise developments, apartment buildings and schools.
Site Massing Visualisation
SECONDARY ENERGY PRECINCT MAY BE TOO FAR FROM CENTRAL PLANT
NATURAL GAS
SUPPLIED FROM TWO SOURCES
STAGE 8
PRIMARY ENERGY PRECINCT HOT WATER, CHILLED WATER AND ELECTRICITY FROM CENTRAL PLANT
STAGE 9
CENTRAL PLANT
STAGE 8
TRIGENERATION OF HEATING, COOLING AND POWER COOLING TOWERS CONVENTIONAL CHILLERS IF REQUIRED
STAGE 1
#21 PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLAN
E-gate (2014-5)
HeadingMasterplan E-GATE Melbourne — Overall
The project was the largest ever undertaken at Hayball architects, and working on this project meant that I was working with some of the most
34
CENTRAL PLANT PRIMARY ENERGY PRECINCT SECONDARY ENERGY PRECINCT NATURAL GAS HEATING COOLING
#31A PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE STAGING
#23 CENTRAL PLANT & DISTRIBUTION
E-GATE Melbourne — Heading Overall Masterplan
In 2014, Hayball entered an expression of interest for the master planning of a large section of inner city Melbourne. The former rail yards were to be converted into a new residential/commercial district, linking the old West Melbourne with the newer dockland developments.
Section Illustration
STAGE 5
NORTH MELBOURNE STATION TRAIN LINE EXISTING BUS ROUTE POTENTIAL EXTENSION TO BUS ROUTE PROPOSED EGATE BUS LOOP PROPOSED BUS STOP EXISTING LIGHT RAIL PROPOSED LIGHT RAIL CORRIDOR PROPOSED LIGHT RAIL SUPER STOP MELBOURNE TOURIST SHUTTLE
HeadingMasterplan E-GATE Melbourne — Overall
influential and talented urban designers in the region. My responsibilities ranged from the development of visuals, production of diagrams, analysis of design, assisting with yield and feasibility analysis, site research and development of the proposal documentation. Integral to this was the work I performed developing the 3D model, which was used in the visualisation process, and general maintenance of the Revit model and
design analysis and response. A project of this size and scope was incredibly challenging, but very rewarding. The skills and strategies that I learnt on this project have been carried through to many other personal and professional projects.
Section through gym - theatre conversion
Aquinas College Master Plan Aquinas College is a catholic regional college for young people in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. They engaged Hayball architects to develop a 20 year master plan built around several key objectives. The community was engaged through workshops with staff, student representatives, parent information sessions, consultation with external user groups, and an ‘ideas wall’ that was set up on campus for students and staff to contribute at any time. From these investigations, it was ascertained that the key objectives were to enhance the entrance and welcoming feel of the campus, to increase the pedestrian safety around campus, to establish a strong middle school identity, consolidate music and arts into one location, and to facilitate modest growth over the next 20 years. As a graduate architect, I was closely involved in all processes of this project, seeing it through from start to finish. I was working closely with one other senior architect (Lynette Julian, a reference). My general duties involved production of drawings, preliminary sketching and design, community engagement and site research and analysis.
35